https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Abdul+kadar 2026-08-06T23:02:04Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Krishna_Nagar_Assembly_constituency&diff=528979 2026-05-08T09:39:20Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | constituency_no = 1<br /> | name = Ratabari<br /> | mla = [[Bijoy Malakar]]<br /> | party = {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | district = [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | electors = 173,974<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = Ratabari Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> | abolished= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ratabari Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 [[Assam Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in [[Northeast India|North Eastern]] India. It was also one of the 8 state legislative assembly constituencies included in the [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. This constituency was reserved for the Scheduled caste candidates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/ratabari.html |title=About Ratabari constituency |work=Election.in |accessdate=16 May 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This constituency was renamed to '''Ram Krishna Nagar''' in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=December 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Political Party<br /> ! Tenure<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |rowspan=2 |[[Bijoy Malakar]]<br /> |rowspan=3 style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}| ||rowspan=3 |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |rowspan=2|2019-''[[Incumbent]]''<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Kripanath Mallah]]<br /> |rowspan=2|2011-19<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |[[Sambhu Sing Mallah]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |2006-11<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |Kripanath Mallah<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |2003-06<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |Rathish Ranjan Choudhury<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Independent}}| ||[[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |2001-03<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |[[Sambhu Sing Mallah]]<br /> |rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}| ||rowspan=2|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |1996-01<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |[[Ramapayare Rabidas]]<br /> |1991-96<br /> |-<br /> |1985<br /> |Kumari Rabidas<br /> |rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |1985-91<br /> |-<br /> |1983<br /> |Subal Chandra Das<br /> |1983-85<br /> |-<br /> |1978<br /> |Lilamoy Das<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}| ||[[Janata Party|JP]]<br /> |1978-83<br /> |-<br /> |1972<br /> |Suranjan Nandy<br /> |rowspan=3 style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |1972-78<br /> |-<br /> |1967<br /> |B. Upadhyay<br /> |1967-72<br /> |-<br /> |1962<br /> |Baidyanath Mookerjee<br /> |1962-67<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Ram Krishna Nagar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[Bijoy Malakar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=134013 |percentage= 70.7 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suruchi Roy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50248 |percentage=26.51 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1247 |percentage=0.66 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=83765 |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= 189546|percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=BJP|loser= |swing=Hold }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratabari&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/2021/form21E_2021.html |title=AC_Wise Final Result as per Form 21E |work=CEO Assam |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bijoy Malakar]]|votes=84,711|percentage=61.92%|change=+2.77}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sambhu Sing Mallah]]|votes=48,490|percentage=35.44%|change=-2.97}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,200|percentage=0.88%|change=-0.17}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 36,221<br /> |percentage = 26.71%<br /> |change = +5.97<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=135,611|percentage=78.61%|change=+4.24}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =+2.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2019 Assam Legislative Assembly By-election: Ratabari&lt;ref name=&quot;By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |accessdate=9 January 2024 |date=25 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bijoy Malakar]]|votes=68,455|percentage=59.15|change=+11.07}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Keshab Prasad Rajak|votes=44,454|percentage=38.41|change=+12.18}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Birendra Rabidas|votes=944|percentage=0.82|change=+0.51}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,217|percentage=1.05|change=+0.26}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box majority||votes=24,001|percentage=20.74|change=−1.11}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,15,730|percentage=74.37|change=−1.55}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = +11.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratabari}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Kripanath Mallah]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 53,975<br /> |percentage = 48.08<br /> |change = +23.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Akhil Ranjan Talukdar]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 29,449<br /> |percentage = 26.23<br /> |change = -13.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Rajib Biswas]]<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |votes = 23,926<br /> |percentage = 21.31<br /> |change = +0.22<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Setul Chandra Namasudra<br /> |votes = 908<br /> |percentage = 0.80<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Nirmal Mallick<br /> |votes = 542<br /> |percentage = 0.48<br /> |change = -0.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Prabir Bardhan<br /> |votes = 487<br /> |percentage = 0.43<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Sanjoy Kumar Mallah<br /> |votes = 419<br /> |percentage = 0.37<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Kalipada Biswas<br /> |votes = 380<br /> |percentage = 0.33<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Manilal Rabidas<br /> |votes = 370<br /> |percentage = 0.32<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br /> |candidate = Satyendra Namasudra<br /> |votes = 354<br /> |percentage = 0.31<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Niranjan Mallah<br /> |votes = 267<br /> |percentage = 0.23<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Ranju Roy<br /> |votes = 247<br /> |percentage = 0.21<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Umesh Mallah<br /> |votes = 204<br /> |percentage = 0.18<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Amulya Namasudra<br /> |votes = 191<br /> |percentage = 0.16<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = None of the Above<br /> |party = None of the Above<br /> |votes = 889<br /> |percentage = 0.79<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 24,526<br /> |percentage = 21.85<br /> |change = +7.01<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,12,608<br /> |percentage = 75.92<br /> |change = +14.78<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,47,856<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratabari}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Kripanath Mallah<br /> |votes = 33,043<br /> |percentage = 39.82<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Nikhil Suklabaidya<br /> |votes = 20,614<br /> |percentage = 24.84<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |candidate = Priyada Ranjan Mallick<br /> |votes = 17,500<br /> |percentage = 21.09<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Amaresh Roy<br /> |votes = 3,938<br /> |percentage = 4.75<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India<br /> |candidate = Ragendra Chandra Das<br /> |votes = 3,147<br /> |percentage = 3.79<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Asom Gana Parishad<br /> |candidate = Moon Swarnakar<br /> |votes = 1,741<br /> |percentage = 2.10<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Bijoy Prasad Mallah<br /> |votes = 813<br /> |percentage = 0.98<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br /> |candidate = Munilal Rabidas<br /> |votes = 571<br /> |percentage = 0.69<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Nirmal Mallik<br /> |votes = 457<br /> |percentage = 0.55<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Parikshit Roy<br /> |votes = 414<br /> |percentage = 0.50<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Ananda Sankar Mallah<br /> |votes = 406<br /> |percentage = 0.49<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Pradip Bania<br /> |votes = 329<br /> |percentage = 0.40<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 12,429<br /> |percentage = 14.84<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 82,973<br /> |percentage = 61.14<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,35,706<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Ramkrishna Nagar, Karimganj|Ramkrishna Nagar]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br /> {{coord|24.59|92.40|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Karimganj district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Assam]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajesh_(Telugu_actor)&diff=528579 2026-05-07T20:52:13Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Rajesh<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 1958/1959<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = 1996<br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 1983-1992<br /> | spouse = Nagamani<br /> | children = 4, including [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and Manikandan Rajesh<br /> | relatives = [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] (sister)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajesh''' was an Indian actor who worked on Telugu films during the 1980s. He belongs to a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] family. He was known for his roles in [[Jandhyala]]'s films. He was born and brought up in [[Madras]] into a Telugu family from [[Rajahmundry]], [[East Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> == Early life and career ==<br /> Rajesh met [[Jandhyala]] through [[S. Gopal Reddy]] and debuted in ''[[Nelavanka]]'' (1983) with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] dubbing for him. That same year, he worked with Jandhyala again in ''[[Rendu Jella Sita]]'' (1983) and ''[[Ananda Bhairavi (film)|Ananda Bhairavi]]'' (1983) opposite Malavika Sarkar, which garnered him recognition. His sister [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] co-starred him in both films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/nelavanka_retro.php|title=Retrospect: Nelavanka (1983)|work=[[Telugucinema.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120074652/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/nelavanka_retro.php|archive-date=20 January 2010|date=16 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://idreampost.com/ananda-bhairavi-movie-analysis/|title=Ananda Bhairavi : సంగీతనృత్య అపురూప దృశ్యకావ్యం|date=21 January 2022|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was an alcoholic and donated the money he received from films to charity.&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telugudesk.net/heroin-aiswarya-rajesh-mother-troubles-after-rajesh/|title=హీరో రాజేష్ చనిపోతే ఎల్ఐసి ఏజెంట్ గా మారి ఎన్ని కష్టాలు పడుతూ కూతుర్ని హీరోయిన్ చేసిందో తెలుసా ఐశ్వర్య రాజేష్ తల్లి.. !! » Telugudesk|date=29 September 2020|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; He acted in around forty films.&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/senior-actor-srilakshmi-reveals-shocking-facts-about-aishwarya-rajesh-father-rajesh-demise-94358|title=ఐశ్వర్య రాజేష్ తండ్రి మరణానికి కారణం అదే, 38 ఏళ్ల వయస్సులోనే తమ్ముడు అలా: శ్రీలక్ష్మి|date=22 May 2023|website=[[ABP News|ABP Live]]|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; He died at the age of 38 due to liver damage at 2 a.m.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/alitho-saradaga/0206/121034967|title='విషం తాగి చనిపోదామంది'|website=[[Eenadu]]|date=18 February 2021|language=te|access-date=5 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Actress [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] is his daughter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=பிரபல நடிகை ஐஸ்வர்யா ராஜேஷின் தந்தை இவரா?... வைரலாகும் போட்டோ....! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/is-this-actress-aishwarya-rajesh-father-photo-going-viral-q5foyp |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |access-date=30 January 2024 |date=9 February 2020|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> *''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of Rajesh film credits<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 1983 || ''[[Nelavanka]]'' || Saleem ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Palletoori Monagadu]]'' || Ravi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rendu Jella Sita]]'' || Mohan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ananda Bhairavi (film)|Ananda Bhairavi]]'' || Anand Sharma || Simultaneously shot in [[Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dharmaatmudu]]'' || Shanthi's husband ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 1984 || ''Tella Gulabeelu'' || Raja ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bobbili Brahmanna]]'' || Rambabu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bharathamlo Sankharavam'' || Rajesh ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 1985 || ''Aggi Raju''|| Rajesh ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Premisthe Emavutundi''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Katna Leelalu''<br /> |Sivaram<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Muddula Chellelu'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Siksha (film)|Siksha]]'' || Krishna ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kutumba Bandham'' || Shekhar ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Terror'' || Raja ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1986 || ''Bhale Mithrulu'' || Police Inspector ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Chadastapu Mogudu''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Driver Babu]]'' || Ravi ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Malle Moggalu'' || Sivudu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Seetharama Kalyanam (1986 film)|Seetharama Kalyanam]]'' || Hari ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Apoorva Sahodarulu]]'' ||Vigyana Prasad||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1987 || ''[[Aatma Bandhuvulu]]'' || Rajesh || <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bhanumati Gari Mogudu|Bhanumathi Gari Mogudu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1988<br /> |''Nyayaniki Siksha''<br /> |Sub-Inspector<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Maa Inti Maharaju'' || Madhavayya's son ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]]'' || Phani || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aswaddhama]]'' || Veeru ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Agni Keratalu'' || Nagendra's brother-in-law ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1989 || ''[[Sahasame Naa Oopiri]]'' || Rapist ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Aakhari Kshanam'' || Ramkumar ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1990 || ''Alajadi'' || College bully || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Magaadu (1990 film)|Magaadu]]'' || Bhargav ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1991 || ''[[Pandirimancham]]'' || Rajesh || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anaswaram]]'' || Rajesh || [[Malayalam]] film<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1992 || ''Nani'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Asadhyulu]]'' || Jagapathi ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Actors in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:Place of death missing]]<br /> [[Category:1996 deaths]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poompuhar_Assembly_constituency&diff=525938 2026-05-06T18:34:45Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Poompuhar<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | constituency_no = 162<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Poompuhar.svg<br /> | established = 1977<br /> | district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mla = Nivedha M. Murugan<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | latest_election_year = 2021<br /> | electors = 259,262 <br /> }}<br /> '''Poompuhar''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[S. Ganesan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |rowspan=2| N. Vijayabalan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | M. Mohammad Siddik<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | M. Poorasamy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[G. Mohandasan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[N. Renganathan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[K. Periyasamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |rowspan=2| [[S. Pavunraj]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Nivedha M. Murugan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.40}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.48}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.66}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|46.14}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.55}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.88}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.47}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.33}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.22}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.36}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.95}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nivedha M. Murugan]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Pavunraj]]|party=AIADMK|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ilaya Nagulan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=TGRJ. Vijayalayan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =2,57,129 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Poompuhar Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a162|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nivedha M. Murugan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,102 |percentage=46.40% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Pavunraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=92,803 |percentage=44.81% |change=-0.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kaliyammal |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=14,823 |percentage=7.16% |change=+6.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Senthamizhan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,220 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,299 |percentage=1.59% |change= -8.75% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=207,105 |percentage=75.09% |change= -0.56% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=122|percentage=0.06% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,827 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.92% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Pavunraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,666 |percentage=45.48% |change=-5.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Shajahan |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=67,731 |percentage=35.14% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Anbalagan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=16,241 |percentage=8.43% |change=-35.52 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sankar |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=14,806 |percentage=7.68% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kaliyaperumal |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,946 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,478 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,935 |percentage=10.34% |change= 3.63% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=192,758 |percentage=75.64% |change= -4.25% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 254,828 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.18% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Pavunraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,839 |percentage=50.66% |change=+5.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Agoram |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=74,466 |percentage=43.94% |change=-2.2 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Y. Mohamed Tharik |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=2,984 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Balasubramanian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,091 |percentage=1.23% |change=+0.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Dhakshinamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,326 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramakrishnan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,237 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,373 |percentage=6.71% |change= 5.91% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=169,457 |percentage=79.89% |change= 5.60% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,106 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 4.52% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Periyasamy]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=55,375 |percentage=46.14% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Pavunraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,411 |percentage=45.34% |change=-5.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Maya Venkatesan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=3,328 |percentage=2.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Prabakaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,395 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Krishnamoorthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,062 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mari. Vengatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=852 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=803 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Karunanithi |party=Indian Justice Party |votes=626 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=964 |percentage=0.80% |change= -6.21% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=120,015 |percentage=74.29% |change= 7.25% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,553 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.41% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Renganathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,760 |percentage=50.55% |change=+18.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohammed Siddiq |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,305 |percentage=43.54% |change=-6.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Musahudeen |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,542 |percentage=3.33% |change=-8.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Raja Alias Kannadasan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,679 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Sampath |party=MNK(PLP) |votes=1,067 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,455 |percentage=7.01% |change= -10.90% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=106,353 |percentage=67.03% |change= -6.39% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,741 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.67% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Mohandasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,285 |percentage=49.88% |change=+16.14 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Vijayabalan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,872 |percentage=31.97% |change=-21.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Samsudeen |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,222 |percentage=11.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Gubendra Gunabalan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,682 |percentage=5.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,413 |percentage=17.91% |change= -1.83% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=102,827 |percentage=73.42% |change= 2.18% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,327 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.60% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Poorasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,478 |percentage=53.47% |change=+33.87 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohamed Siddik |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,107 |percentage=33.74% |change=-13.6 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sugumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=11,371 |percentage=11.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Selvanathan |party=Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam |votes=1,180 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,371 |percentage=19.74% |change= -7.99% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=98,136 |percentage=71.24% |change= 4.13% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,688 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.14% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohamed Siddik |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,657 |percentage=47.33% |change=+0.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajamannar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,839 |percentage=19.60% |change=-30.62 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Vijayabalan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,793 |percentage=16.06% |change=-34.16 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Jamal Mohieen Papa |party=Independent politician |votes=13,425 |percentage=15.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Renganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=730 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,818 |percentage=27.73% |change= 24.28% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=85,897 |percentage=67.11% |change= -14.09% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,542 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.89% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Vijayabalan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,860 |percentage=50.22% |change=-3.14 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jama Imoideen Papa |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,780 |percentage=46.77% |change=+0.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Peterraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,415 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,080 |percentage=3.45% |change= -3.27% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=89,328 |percentage=81.20% |change= 2.51% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,057 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.14% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Vijayabalan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,292 |percentage=53.36% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ganesan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,587 |percentage=46.64% |change=+1.69 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,705 |percentage=6.72% |change= -5.93% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=84,879 |percentage=78.69% |change= 6.88% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,786 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.41% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poompuhar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ganesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,105 |percentage=44.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Bharathi Mohan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=24,508 |percentage=32.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ethiraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,662 |percentage=12.73% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Deen |party=Janata Party |votes=7,605 |percentage=10.02% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,597 |percentage=12.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=75,880 |percentage=71.81% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,361 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|11.15|79.85|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br /> [[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flattened_rice&diff=499212 2026-04-30T07:34:53Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Type of rice dish}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox food<br /> | name = Flattened rice<br /> | image = poha.jpg<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | alternate_name =<br /> | country =<br /> | region = South and Southeast Asia<br /> | course =<br /> | type =<br /> | main_ingredient = Dehusked rice<br /> | variations =<br /> | similar_dish =<br /> | calories =<br /> | other =<br /> }}<br /> '''Flattened rice''' is a preparation of rice made from raw, toasted, or [[parboiled]] rice grains pounded into flat flakes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alford&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Alford |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Duguid |first2=Naomi |title=Seductions of rice |date=2003 |publisher=Artisan Books |location=New York |isbn=9781579655662 |page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is traditional to many rice-cultivating cultures in Southeast Asia and South Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bladholm&quot;/&gt; It is also known as '''rice flakes''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Smit&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smit |first1=B.A. |title=A New Kind of Normal: Back to the Basics a Comprehensive Survival Guide for Eating Sugar -- Gluten -- Dairy and Yeast Free |date=2011 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=9781426975127 |page=143}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''beaten rice''', '''pounded rice''', '''pressed rice'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Bladholm&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bladholm |first1=Linda |title=The Indian Grocery Store Demystified: A Food Lover's Guide to All the Best Ingredients in the Traditional Foods of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh |date=2016 |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |isbn=9781250120793 |pages=30–31}}&lt;/ref&gt; or '''chipped rice'''.<br /> <br /> It is toasted, fried, or used as ingredients or toppings for other dishes. Depending on their use and texture, it can be crispy, crunchy, chewy, or soft. Much like [[oatmeal]], the term &quot;flattened rice&quot; and its equivalents in other languages may refer to the ingredient itself or a dish based on the ingredient.<br /> <br /> ==South Asia==<br /> Flattened rice is a breakfast staple in South Asia, where it is called ''chiura'', ''poha'', avalakki ([[Kannada]]), ''aval'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]]), ''atukulu'' (Telugu), ''chuda'' ([[Odia language|Odia]]), ''chira'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]), ''sira'' ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]), and other names depending on the local language. It is particularly popular in India, [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bangladesh]]. ''Poha'' is made by dehusking rice grains and then [[parboiling]] or soaking them in hot water for 45 minutes. They are then dried, roasted, and flattened with rollers. They usually come in thin, medium, and thick varieties. Thinner varieties are ideal for cooking and dessert use, while thicker varieties are ideal for deep-frying.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bladholm&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sodha&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sodha |first1=Meera |title=Made in India: 130 Simple, Fresh and Flavourful Recipes from One Indian Family |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9780241278833}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Poha'' can be eaten as snacks such as [[Indori poha]], or cooked into various sweet, savory, or spicy dishes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bladholm&quot;/&gt; Enthusiasts of the dish, especially in India, celebrate 7 June as International Poha Day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-06-08 |title=On International Poha Day, we give you 3 reasons to have this (healthy) bowl of goodness! |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/on-international-poha-day-we-give-you-3-reasons-to-have-this-healthy-bowl-of-goodness/articleshow/100814688.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Nepal===<br /> Flattened rice is called ''chiura'' ({{lang|ne|चिउरा}}) in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and ''baji'' in [[Newar language|Newar]]. It is part of the traditional [[samay baji]] platter, and holds an important place in the traditional [[Newar]] wedding ceremony. Chiura is usually included in the [[bride price]]. After the initial wedding ceremony, the families escort the bride back to the groom's house. During this procession, the pounded rice ceremony occurs. The bride and groom are seated next to one another, and the bride is given the chiura. The groom asks three times for the bride to give him the chiura, each time using [[T–V distinction|a less formal version of the pronoun &quot;you&quot;]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ahearn |first=Laura M. |year=2001 |title=Invitations to Love: Literacy, Lover Letters, and Social Change in Nepal |publisher=University of Michigan Press |page=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://thebigfatindianwedding.com/2015/the-essential-guide-to-nepali-weddings-food-and-desserts/ |title=The Essential Guide to Nepali Weddings: Food and Desserts |work=The Big Fat Indian Wedding |date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Southeast Asia==<br /> ===Cambodia===<br /> {{See also|Bon Om Touk#Og Ambok}}<br /> Flattened rice is known in [[Cambodia]] as ''ambok'' ({{langx|km|អំបុក}}). It is made by toasting newly harvested rice (with husks on) on a [[wok]], then pounding the heated rice with a large wooden [[mortar and pestle]] until flat. The husks are then removed. Ambok plays a very significant role in the Cambodian Water Festival ([[Bon Om Touk]]). They are commonly eaten mixed with bananas, palm sugar, and coconut water, or roasted together with small shrimp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cambodians Enjoy Ambok-Eating Day |url=https://cambodiatribune.com/cambodians-enjoy-ambok-eating-day/ |website=Cambodian Tribune |date=9 November 2019 |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183038/https://cambodiatribune.com/cambodians-enjoy-ambok-eating-day/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Khmer gather to eat ork ambok as disruption attempt foiled (photo gallery) |url=https://aecnewstoday.com/2019/khmer-gather-to-eat-ork-ambok-as-disruption-attempt-foiled/ |website=ACC News Today |date=10 November 2019 |access-date=5 July 2021 |last=Le Fevre |first=John}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Myanmar===<br /> Flattened rice in Myanmar is known as ''mont hsan'' ({{langx|my|မုန့်ဆန်း}}). In [[Lower Myanmar]], it is traditionally given as an offering to [[U Shin Gyi]], a guardian [[nat (spirit)]] of waterways. ''Mont hsan'' is also consumed in Upper Myanmar, and is used as an ingredient in Burmese snacks called [[mont (food)|mont]].<br /> <br /> ===Philippines===<br /> [[File:Duman2jf.jpg|thumb|''Duman'', a variant of ''[[pinipig]]'' from the [[Philippines]]]]<br /> {{Main|Pinipig}}<br /> Flattened rice in the [[Philippines]] is called ''[[pinipig]]''. It is made using immature [[glutinous rice]] that is pounded and toasted. ''Pinipig'' is commonly eaten plain, used as toppings in desserts and drinks, or made into cakes.&lt;ref name=&quot;lopez&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Mellie Leandicho Lopez |title=A Study of Philippine Games |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |year=2001 |page=139 |isbn=9789715422956}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor=Alan Davidson |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |page=618 |isbn=9780199677337}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bowen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor=Jean Donald Bowen |title=Beginning Tagalog: A Course for Speakers of English |publisher=University of California Press |year=1965 |page=85 |isbn=9780520001565}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gs&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gourmetsleuth.com/ingredients/detail/pinipig |title=Pinipig |publisher=Gourmet Sleuth |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706130901/http://www.gourmetsleuth.com/ingredients/detail/pinipig |url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A notable variant of ''pinipig'', from [[Pampanga]], is ''duman'', which differs in that it is toasted first before being pounded. It is celebrated annually in the Duman Festival of [[Santa Rita, Pampanga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;duman&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com:8080/food-and-leisure/187469/love-duman |title=For the love of duman |author=Mary Ann Quioc Tayag |date=11 December 2002 |publisher=PhilStar |access-date=6 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Thailand===<br /> Flattened rice is known as ''khao mao'' ({{langx|th|ข้าวเม่า}}) in [[Thailand]]. Similar to the Philippine variant, it uses immature green [[glutinous rice]]. It is made by soaking dehusked rice grains in water for several hours, steaming them in a bamboo container, toasting them in a wok, and then pounding them flat in a mortar with a pestle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekasit&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ekasit |first1=O. |last2=Jiraporn |first2=B. |title=Some physical characteristics and bioactive compounds of young flattened rice (Khao-Mao) |journal=International Food Research Journal |date=2013 |pages=1323–1328 |url=http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/20%20(03)%202013/42%20IFRJ%2020%20(03)%202013%20Ekasit%20(435).pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Vietnam===<br /> [[File:Com.JPG|thumb|''[[Cốm]]'' from [[Vietnam]]]]<br /> {{Main|Cốm}}<br /> Flattened rice in [[Vietnam]] is known as ''[[cốm]]''. It is made by toasting immature green rice grains over low heat and then pounding them flat in a mortar with a pestle. The husk is removed afterwards via [[winnowing]]. It can be eaten plain, used as an ingredient in other dishes, or made into cakes known as ''[[bánh cốm]]''. It is commonly eaten during autumn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Tran |first1=Rachel |title=&quot;Cốm&quot; (Green Sticky Rice) – Autumn's Special Gift |url=https://vietnamdiscovery.com/culture-arts/com-green-sticky-rice/ |website=Vietnam Discovery |date=11 February 2020 |access-date=5 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{wiktionary}}<br /> * [[List of rice dishes]]<br /> * [[Puffed rice]]<br /> * [[Rice Krispies]]<br /> * [[Rolled oats]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Varieties of rice}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Breakfast cereals]]<br /> [[Category:Rice dishes]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gauri_Ingawale&diff=500053 2026-04-29T07:57:12Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}'''Gauri Ingawale''' is an Indian actress who works in Marathi films. She is known for her films like ''[[Panghrun]]'', ''[[3:56 Killari]]'', ''[[De Dhakka 2]]'', and ''[[Hi Anokhi Gaath]]''.<br /> [[File:Mahesh Manjrekar family.jpg|thumb|220px|Gauri Ingawale (L) with family]]<br /> <br /> ==Early life and family==<br /> Gauri is the stepdaughter of director [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]. She is the daughter of [[Medha Manjrekar]]. Because of this, Gauri uses her father's surname. She wanted to pursue a career in dance, but on Mahesh Manjrekar's suggestion, she chose to do acting. She completed her education at [[Nalanda University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=महेश मांजरेकरांची तिसरी लेक लावते 'इंंगवले' आडनाव, गौरीबद्दल या गोष्टी माहीत नसतील |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/mahesh-manjarekar-daughter-gauri-ingawale-vedat-marathe-veer-daudale-saat/articleshow/95418428.cms |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gauri has one sister from her father, Gargi Kulkarni, and also shares siblings [[Saiee Manjrekar|Saiee]], Ashwami and Satya from Mahesh Manjrekar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-04 |title=&quot;मला मुलगी मानलं, करिअरसाठी...&quot;, महेश मांजरेकरांबद्दल मानसकन्या गौरी इंगावलेची प्रतिक्रिया |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/gauri-ingawale-says-she-is-grateful-for-mahesh-manjrekar-for-introducing-her-in-this-industry-a-a945/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gauri Ingawale : आडनाव वेगळं, तरी महेश मांजरेकरांना पप्पा का म्हणते गौरी इंगवले? अभिनेत्रीनं सांगितली नात्यामागची गोष्ट |url=https://news18marathi.com/photogallery/entertainment/hi-anokhi-gaath-fame-gauri-ingawale-releation-with-mahesh-manjarekarmhnk-1130948.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=News18 Marathi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Film===<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role <br /> ! Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2012<br /> |''[[Kaksparsh]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Kutumb''<br /> |Laxmi Solkar<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |''[[3:56 Killari]]''<br /> |Sharayu<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022<br /> |''[[Panghrun]]''<br /> |Laxmi<br /> |Debut (lead actress)<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Panghrun' trailer: Gauri Ingawale and Amol Bavdekar starrer looks promising |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/panghrun-trailer-gauri-ingawale-and-amol-bavdekar-starrer-looks-promising/amp_articleshow/89091658.cms |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[De Dhakka 2]]''<br /> |Sayali<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-06-16 |title=Mahesh Manjrekar's 'De Dhakka 2' is all set to hit screens on August 5, 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mahesh-manjrekars-de-dhakka-2-is-all-set-to-hit-screens-on-august-5-2022/articleshow/92244600.cms |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |''[[Hi Anokhi Gaath]]''<br /> |Aamla<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title='Hi Anokhi Gaath' trailer: Shreyas Talpade plays liberal husband to Gauri Ingawale's reluctant wife |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1063592/hi-anokhi-gaath-trailer-shreyas-talpade-plays-liberal-husband-to-gauri-ingawales-reluctant-wife |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |''[[Punha Shivajiraje Bhosale]]''<br /> |Cameo<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=पुन्हा शिवाजीराजे भोसले:बळी 'राजा'च्या अस्तित्वासाठीची आर्त हाक |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/punha-shivajiraje-bhosale/moviereview/124985292.cms |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2027<br /> |{{Pending film|[[Vedat Marathe Veer Daudle Saat]]}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{TableTBA}}<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{TableTBA}}<br /> |{{Pending film|Niravadhi}}<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-09-12 |title='Niravadhi': Subodh Bhave, Gauri Ingawale and Upendra Limaye to star in Mahesh Manjrekar's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/niravadhi-subodh-bhave-gauri-ingawale-and-upendra-limaye-to-star-in-mahesh-manjrekars-next/articleshow/94147044.cms |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Theatre===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role <br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018<br /> |''Ovee''<br /> |Ovee<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-20 |title=LMOTY 2019: गौरी इंगवले अभिनयाची राणी, 'ओवी' नाटकासाठी 'महाराष्ट्रीयन ऑफ द इयर' |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/lokmat-maharashtrian-year-2019-actress-gauri-ingawale-wins-best-actress-award-marathi-play-ovi/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=भयनाट्याची प्रभावी रंगलिपी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/entertainment-drama/effective-hieroglyphs-of-fear/articleshow/64685660.cms |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role <br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010<br /> |''Chak Dhoom Dhoom''<br /> |Contestant<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Sparsh Shrivastav wins Chak Dhoom Dhoom |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sparsh-shrivastav-wins-chak-dhoom-dhoom-596131 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241127050433/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sparsh-shrivastav-wins-chak-dhoom-dhoom-596131 |archive-date=2024-11-27 |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> !Category<br /> !Nominated work<br /> !Result<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Marathi|Best Female Debut]]{{Efn|Shared with [[Hruta Durgule]]}}<br /> |''[[Panghrun]]''<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-filmfare-awards-marathi-2022_-57670.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Filmfare.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: Prasad Oak, Sayali Sanjeev Bag Top Honours, Godavari Named Best Film. Full Winners List |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-prasad-oak-sayali-sanjeev-bag-top-honours-godavari-named-best-film-full-winners-list-article-99131271 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|id=7080145}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ingawale, Gauri}}<br /> [[Category:Marathi actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Marathi theatre]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:People from Satara (city)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian theatre people]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palvai_Rajyalaxmi&diff=523999 2026-04-27T20:51:24Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new a article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br /> <br /> '''Palvai Rajyalaxmi''' is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. She is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sirpur Assembly constituency]] in the erstwhile Adilabad district, renamed as [[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=Ravi |date=2018-09-24 |title=Araku Valley killing: For some, an eerie feeling of deja vu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/for-some-an-eerie-feeling-of-deja-vu/article25023047.ece |access-date=2026-04-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: All Candidates of TDP for 1999 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/www.indiavotes.com/ac/allcabdidateparty?stateac=27&amp;emid=148&amp;party=141 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=IndiaVotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 15 September 1999, her husband and sitting Sirpur MLA, Palvai Purushotham Rao, was gunned down by maoists in [[Kagaznagar, Telangana|Kagaznagar]] town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=Ravi |date=2018-09-23 |title=Araku killing brings back haunting memories for families |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/slain-politicians-families-recall-the-horror-of-that-day/article25021252.ece |access-date=2026-04-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her son [[Palvai Harish Babu]] is a doctor and late became an MLA from the same constituency. She won from the seat held by her husband.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-02-20 |title=No respite for grand old party as one more leader set to jump ship to BJP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/Feb/20/no-respite-for-grand-old-party-as-one-more-leader-set-to-jump-ship-to-bjp-2266471.html |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She contested on [[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam]] ticket and won the [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Palvai Rajyalaxmi |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/2010/001_03_Palvai_Rajyalaxmi.pdfA |access-date=August 2, 2024 |website=ceotelangana.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Pillalamarri |date=2018-01-15 |title=Many young professionals try their luck with politics in Adilabad {{!}} Many young professionals try their luck with politics in Adilabad |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/150118/many-young-professionals-try-their-luck-with-politics-in-adilabad.html |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She polled 57,318 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Koneru Konappa of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 29,967 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sirpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sirpur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rajyalaxmi, Palvai}}<br /> [[Category:1950 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Association_of_Kickboxing_Organisations&diff=504034 2026-04-26T02:28:12Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Created new details...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|National kickboxing federation}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Notability|Org|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> |name = world Association of Kickboxing Organisations india<br /> |image = Kickboxing India.png<br /> |image_size = 200px<br /> |caption = <br /> |abbreviation = IAKO<br /> |formation = 1993<br /> |type = National Kickboxing Federation<br /> |status = Active (as per Govt. of India Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860)<br /> |purpose = Development and governance of the sport of [[kickboxing]]<br /> |headquarters = [[Odisha]]<br /> |location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India<br /> |region_served = [[India]]<br /> |membership = State association<br /> |leader_title = President<br /> |leader_name = S S Harichandan (India)<br /> |website = {{url|www.wakoindia.org/}}<br /> |remarks = [[Sports in India]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Indian Association of Kickboxing Organisations''' ('''IAKO''') is the national federation of [[kickboxing]] in India. IAKO was formed in 1993 to control and promote kickboxing activities throughout the country. IAKO promotes amateur kickboxing and professional kickboxing (under the banner of IAKO Pro) in all the states, union territories and special armed forces across the country.<br /> <br /> IAKO is the first among other martial arts federations recognised by School Games Federation of India (SGFI) since 2005 and is instrumental in introducing kickboxing in school games since 2006.<br /> <br /> == History of kickboxing in India ==<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=IAKO |first1=Official |title=History of Kickboxing India |url=https://www.iakoweb.com/historyofkickboxinginindia |website=www.iakoweb.com |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812152535/https://www.iakoweb.com/historyofkickboxinginindia |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> IAKO was first headquartered at [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], in 1993. IAKO is a government-registered body under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860. IAKO represented WAKO in India as its national federation and under [[World Association of Kickboxing Organizations|WAKO]] rules conducted the first national kickboxing championship in 1994 at [[Cuttack]], Odisha. Kickboxing has been introduced into school and university games through IAKO.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Saeed |first1=Umaima |title=First-ever Indian Open Kickboxing tournament to be held in Delh |url=https://thebridge.in/others/wako-indian-kickboxing-international-tournament-host-delhi/ |publisher=The Bridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Indian athletes have participated in [[Asian Games]], [[Asian Indoor games]], World championships, and [[World Martial Arts Games]] under the banner of IAKO and [[Indian Olympic Association]]. IAKO has its states' bodies to advance the sport and many of the IAKO state bodies have been recognised by the respective state Olympic association.<br /> <br /> == Styles ==<br /> === Tatami sports ===<br /> * Musical form<br /> * Aerokickboxing<br /> * Point fighting or semi contact<br /> * Light contact<br /> * Kick light<br /> <br /> === Ring sports ===<br /> * [[Full-contact sport|Full contact]]<br /> * [[Low kick]]<br /> * [[K-1]]<br /> <br /> == Achievements ==<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iakoweb.com/historyofkickboxinginindia|title=History of Kickboxing in India|website=Iakoweb.com|accessdate=12 August 2019|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812152535/https://www.iakoweb.com/historyofkickboxinginindia|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * IAKO was granted authorisation of WAKO Pro in India and South Asian Kickboxing Organisation by Mr. Ennio Falsoni, [[World Association of Kickboxing Organizations]] (WAKO) president in 2004. <br /> * IAKO is the first among other martial arts federations recognised by School Games Federation of India (SGFI) since 2005 and instrumental in introducing kickboxing in school games since 2006. And [[Association of Indian Universities]] (AIU) has become member of IAKO and included kickboxing in universities' games.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=53rd National School Games Kickboxing Championship |url=http://www.wakoweb.com/en/article/2008/02/25/53rd-national-school-games-kickboxing-championship--pumas-open-2007-co/18/ |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816190605/http://www.wakoweb.com/en/article/2008/02/25/53rd-national-school-games-kickboxing-championship--pumas-open-2007-co/18/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * IAKO represented by Er. Harichandan in the first ever anti doping seminar by the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA) &amp; [[National Anti-Doping Agency]] (NADA) in India on 6–7 October 2007 organised by MYAS, GOI &amp; Sports Authority of India (SAI).<br /> * Kickboxing has been included in the Asian Indoor Games since 2007, as a result [[Indian Olympic Association]] recognised kickboxing and IAKO as the national federation of kickboxing and send its team to take part in the Asian Indoor Games, Macau.<br /> * WAKO President Dr. Ennio Falsoni along with his spouse and a world champion coach visited India during the &quot;1st South Asian Kickboxing Referee Seminar&quot; organised by WAKO South Asia held in Kolkata in the year 2008 in conjunction with IAKO 13th Sub Junior, 13th Junior &amp; 14th Senior National Kickboxing Championship held on 5–10 August 2008 in SAI Sports Complex, [[Kolkata]], West Bengal.<br /> * Mr. Ennio Falsoni, overwhelmed by seeing the record breaking participation, was awarded the coveted WAKO 7th [[Dan (rank)|dan]] to Er. Harichandan, he appreciated the efforts of IAKO and Er. Harichandan for promoting and controlling WAKO India in right direction.<br /> * IAKO team represented India for 1st Asian Martial Art Games of OCA on 1–9 August 2009 held at [[Bangkok]], Thailand through Indian Olympic Association and received medals including a gold medal.<br /> * Ministry of Youth Affairs &amp; Sports, Govt. of India recognised kickboxing and the IAKO by sanctioning a kickboxing team through IOA to take part in the Asian Indoor Games 2009 in Vietnam.<br /> *Manjeet Singh Nagil &amp; Kuldeep Kumar own bronze medal for India in WAKO World Cup Kickboxing on 31 May TO 3 June 2012 – Italy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wakoweb.com/en/article/2012/07/02/manjeet-singh-nagil--kuldeep-kumar-own-bronze-medal-for-india-in-wako-/81/ |title=Manjeet Singh Nagil &amp; Kuldeep Kumar Own Bronze Medal for India in Wako World Cup Kickboxing on 31St May to 3Rd June 2012 - Italy - Wako |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816190607/http://www.wakoweb.com/en/article/2012/07/02/manjeet-singh-nagil--kuldeep-kumar-own-bronze-medal-for-india-in-wako-/81/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Official website|https://www.iakoweb.com/}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kickboxing in India]]<br /> [[Category:Kickboxing organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Kickboxing]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beatles_in_India&diff=540413 2026-04-23T10:30:08Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1968 visit to India by the Beatles}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2010}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> [[File:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the Beatles and companions in Rishikesh 1968.jpg|thumb|Group photo, February 1968. Seated in front of [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], from left: [[Ringo Starr]], [[Maureen Starkey Tigrett|Maureen Starkey]], [[Jane Asher]], [[Paul McCartney]], [[George Harrison]], [[Pattie Boyd]], [[Cynthia Lennon]], [[John Lennon]] and [[Mal Evans]]|alt=See 'group photo' section|220x220px]]In February 1968, the English rock band [[the Beatles]] travelled to [[Rishikesh]] in northern India to take part in a [[Transcendental Meditation technique|Transcendental Meditation]] (TM) training course at the [[ashram]] of [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]. The visit followed the Beatles' denunciation of drugs in favour of TM{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|p=152}} and received widespread media attention. The band's interest in the Maharishi's teachings was led by [[George Harrison]]'s commitment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|The Editors of ''Rolling Stone''|2002|p=139}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Shouler|Anthony|2009|p=223}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Frontani|2007|pp=196–98}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|first=Will|last=Hermes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qK2SnZnMMaoC&amp;q=Maharishi |title=George Harrison 1943–2001|magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=February 2002|page=22|access-date=8 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The visit influenced Western attitudes about Indian spirituality and encouraged the study of TM.{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|p=7}} It was also the most productive period for the Beatles' songwriting.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br /> <br /> The Beatles had intended to join the Maharishi in India soon after attending his [[The Beatles in Bangor|seminar in Bangor]], [[Wales]] in late August 1967. Their attendance was cut short by the death of their manager [[Brian Epstein]], after which they committed to making the television film ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]''. Harrison and [[John Lennon]] were convinced of the merits of TM and became spokesmen for the Maharishi's Spiritual Regeneration Movement, as he gained international prominence as the [[guru]] to the Beatles. The band members arrived in India in mid-February 1968, along with their wives, girlfriends, assistants, and numerous reporters. They joined a group of 60 training to be TM teachers; among the other celebrity meditators were musicians [[Donovan]], [[Mike Love]] and [[Paul Horn (musician)|Paul Horn]], and actress [[Mia Farrow]]. While there, Lennon, [[Paul McCartney]] and Harrison wrote many songs, and [[Ringo Starr]] finished writing his first. Eighteen were recorded for ''[[The Beatles (album)|The Beatles]]'' (&quot;the White Album&quot;), two others appeared on the ''[[Abbey Road]]'' album, and others were used for various solo projects.<br /> <br /> The retreat and the discipline required for meditation were met with varying degrees of commitment from the individual Beatles. Starr left on 1 March, after ten days; McCartney left later in March to attend to business concerns. Harrison and Lennon departed abruptly on 12 April following rumours of the Maharishi's inappropriate behaviour towards Farrow and another of his female students. The divisive influence of the Beatles' Greek friend [[Alexis Mardas]], financial disagreements, and suspicions that their teacher was taking advantage of the band's fame have also been cited by biographers and witnesses.<br /> <br /> The Beatles' denunciation of the Maharishi was detrimental to his reputation in the West, while their return from Rishikesh exposed differences that anticipated [[Break-up of the Beatles|the group's break-up]] in 1970. Harrison later apologised for the way that he and Lennon had treated the Maharishi; like many of the students at the ashram, he acknowledged that allegations concerning the Maharishi's inappropriate behaviour were untrue. Harrison gave a benefit concert in 1992 for the Maharishi-associated [[Natural Law Party]]. In 2009, McCartney and Starr performed at a benefit concert for the [[David Lynch Foundation]], which raises funds for teaching TM to at-risk students. As a result of continued interest in the Beatles' 1968 retreat, the abandoned ashram was opened to the public in 2015 and has since been renamed [[Beatles Ashram]].<br /> {{TOC limit|3}}<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{Main|The Beatles in Bangor}}{{Location map| India<br /> | relief = 1<br /> | alt = Map of India, with a marker indicating the location of the Beatles Ashram in Northern India, just south of the Himalayas<br /> | float = right<br /> | label = [[Beatles Ashram]]<br /> | lat_deg = 30.109745<br /> | lon_deg = 78.312774<br /> | position = bottom<br /> | marksize = 10<br /> | caption = Location of the ashram (now known as [[Beatles Ashram]]) in [[Rishikesh]], where the Beatles studied [[Transcendental Meditation]] with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi between February and April 1968}}<br /> <br /> [[The Beatles]] attended [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]'s [[Transcendental Meditation]] (TM) seminar in [[Bangor, Gwynedd|Bangor]] in Wales, but their stay was cut short on 27 August 1967 after they learned that their manager, [[Brian Epstein]], had been found dead in his London home. Eager to explore meditation further, the Beatles made plans to travel to the Maharishi's training centre in [[Rishikesh]], India, in late October.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=206}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Felton&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Beatles' Yogi Allows Shoes at Conference|first=Dave|last=Felton|work=Los Angeles Times|date=20 September 1967|page=A3}}&lt;/ref&gt; At [[Paul McCartney]]'s urging, they postponed the trip until the new year to work on their ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'' film project, since he was concerned that, with the loss of Epstein, the band should first focus on their career.{{sfn|Gould|2007|pp=439–40, 461}} [[George Harrison]] and [[John Lennon]], the two most committed to the Maharishi's teachings,{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=12}} appeared twice on [[David Frost]]'s television program in autumn 1967 to espouse the benefits of TM.{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|p=274}}<br /> <br /> Now publicised as &quot;the Beatles' Guru&quot;, the Maharishi went on his eighth world tour, giving lectures in Britain, Scandinavia, West Germany, Italy, Canada and California.&lt;ref name=Lefferts&gt;{{cite news|title=Chief Guru of the Western World|first=Barney|last=Lefferts|date=17 December 1967|work=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|page=235}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harrison introduced [[Dennis Wilson]] of [[the Beach Boys]] to the Maharishi{{sfn|Clayson|2003|p=231}} when he and Lennon joined their teacher at a [[UNICEF]] benefit in [[Paris]] in December.{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=287}} Wilson's bandmate [[Mike Love]] described the private lecture the Maharishi gave beforehand as &quot;awe-inspiring&quot; and &quot;the most profound experience I'd ever felt&quot;.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=12}}{{refn|group=nb|Love added: &quot;And the process of meditation was so simple, yet so powerful. It seemed obvious that if everyone did it, it would be an entirely different world out there – relaxed and peaceful.&quot;{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=12}}}} Having long shared Harrison's interest in meditation and Indian religious texts, Scottish singer [[Donovan]] also recognised the Maharishi as the &quot;guide&quot; they had been searching for.{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|p=151}}<br /> <br /> The Maharishi received considerable media coverage in the West,{{sfn|Oldmeadow|2004|p=273}} particularly the United States, where ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' devoted a cover article to TM{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=465}} and declared 1968 the &quot;Year of the Guru&quot;.{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=98}}{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=198}} The mainstream press remained largely suspicious of the Maharishi's motives, however;{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=519}} the British satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'' nicknamed him &quot;Veririchi Lotsamoney Yogi Bear&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Clayson|chapter=Express Yourself|title=Mojo Special Limited Edition: 1000 Days That Shook the World (The Psychedelic Beatles – April 1, 1965 to December 26, 1967)|location=London |publisher=Emap|year=2002|page=113|title-link=Mojo (magazine)#Special editions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lennon defended the Maharishi's requirement that his students donate a week's wages to his organisation, the [[Spiritual Regeneration Movement]], saying that it was &quot;the fairest thing I've heard of&quot;.{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=275}}{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=518}} Lennon added: &quot;So what if he's commercial? We're the most commercial group in the world!&quot;{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=16}} The Beatles were nevertheless concerned that the Maharishi appeared to be using their name for self-promotion.{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=408}}{{sfn|Gaines|1995|p=195}} According to [[Peter Brown (music industry)|Peter Brown]], who temporarily assumed Epstein's role following his death,{{sfn|Sounes|2010|p=194}} the Maharishi was negotiating with [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] in the US to make a television special featuring the band.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=259}} In an effort to stop him, Brown twice visited the Maharishi in [[Malmö]], Sweden – on the second occasion with Harrison and McCartney – only for him to &quot;giggle&quot; in response.{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=408}}{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=259}} In Brown's description, Harrison defended their teacher, saying: &quot;He's not a modern man. He just doesn't understand these things.&quot;{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=259}}<br /> <br /> {{The Beatles history}}<br /> <br /> Harrison flew to [[Bombay]] in January 1968 to work on the ''[[Wonderwall Music]]'' soundtrack, expecting the rest of the group to follow shortly. When they were delayed he flew back to London.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=461}} The group spent a week in the studio, recording songs for a single that would be released while they were away on their spiritual retreat.{{sfn|Gould|2007|pp=461–62}} The [[B-side]], Harrison's &quot;[[The Inner Light (song)|The Inner Light]]&quot;, was mostly recorded in Bombay and featured Indian instrumentation{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|pp=183–84}} and lyrics espousing meditation as a means to genuine understanding of the world.{{sfn|Greene|2006|pp=91–92}} Although it remained unreleased until late 1969, Lennon's &quot;[[Across the Universe]]&quot; contained the refrain &quot;Jai Guru Deva&quot;,{{sfn|Tillery|2010|p=65}} a standard greeting in the Spiritual Regeneration Movement.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=462}} Aside from the celebrity musicians who now endorsed TM, the Maharishi had gained the support of American film star [[Mia Farrow]] while in New York City. In late January, amid the publicity surrounding her separation from her husband, [[Frank Sinatra]], Farrow accompanied the Maharishi to India in advance of the Beatles' departure from London.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=465}}<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Arrivals==<br /> &lt;!-- Put references into this article from books or web pages or your edit will be deleted --&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote box|quote= It hadn't seemed very long ago that John Lennon had declared, casually, but catastrophically, that religious disciples were &quot;[[More popular than Jesus|thick and ordinary]]&quot;. Now, in mid-February 1968, a stunned world looked on as pop's reluctant anti-Christs found themselves chasing a self-proclaimed guru halfway across the globe in search of spiritual guidance.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=12}}|source= – Author and journalist Mark Paytress, 2003|width=25%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}<br /> <br /> The Beatles and their entourage travelled to Rishikesh in two groups.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=12}} Lennon and his wife, [[Cynthia Lennon|Cynthia]], Harrison and his wife, [[Pattie Boyd]], and Boyd's sister [[Jenny Boyd|Jenny]]{{sfn|Boyd|2007|pp=111–12}} arrived in [[Delhi]] on 15 February.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=12}} They were met by [[Mal Evans]], their longtime assistant and former [[road manager]],{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=158}} who had arranged the {{convert|150|mi|km|adj=on}},{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=293}} six-hour taxi drive to Rishikesh. Once there, the party walked across the [[Lakshman Jhula]] footbridge, over the [[Ganges|River Ganges]], and up the hill to the Maharishi's [[ashram]].{{sfn|Paytress|2003|pp=12–13}} McCartney and his girlfriend [[Jane Asher]] and [[Ringo Starr]] and his wife [[Maureen Starkey|Maureen]] landed in Delhi on 19 February.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=159}} Since the press were expecting McCartney and Starr's party after the first group's arrival, they were subjected to constant attention.{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=293}} As soon as Starr arrived, he asked Evans to take him to a doctor because of a reaction to an [[inoculation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Edmonds/SundayTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/profile/article/here-there-and-everywhere-rx3gk2f9n27 |first=Mark|last=Edmonds|title=Here, there and everywhere|date=20 March 2005|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|access-date=20 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, Starr, McCartney and their partners stayed overnight in Delhi and travelled to Rishikesh with Evans early on 20 February.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=159}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Laxmanjhula.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|The [[Lakshman Jhula]] suspension bridge over the River Ganges]]<br /> The Beatles arrived at the ashram three weeks into the course,{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=293}} which was due to end on 25 April.&lt;ref name=Lelyveld&gt;{{cite news|title=Beatles' Guru Is Turning Them into Gurus with a Cram Course|first=Joseph|last=Lelyveld|date=23 February 1968|newspaper=The New York Times|page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were followed by a retinue of reporters and photographers, who were mostly kept out of the fenced and gated compound.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leigh/Independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Spencer|last=Leigh|title=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Spiritual leader who introduced millions, including the Beatles, to transcendental meditation|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/maharishi-mahesh-yogi-spiritual-leader-who-introduced-millions-including-the-beatles-to-transcendental-meditation-779109.html |date=7 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129021330/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/maharishi-mahesh-yogi-spiritual-leader-who-introduced-millions-including-the-beatles-to-779109.html |archive-date=29 January 2016|access-date=30 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Evans and Beatles aide [[Neil Aspinall]] were there for much of the time.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=466}} [[Magic Alex|Alexis &quot;Magic Alex&quot; Mardas]], the Greek electronics engineer who had been among the first to recommend the Maharishi to the band in 1967,{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=242}} arrived four weeks later.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=111}} Denis O'Dell, the head of the Beatles' company [[Apple Films]], also joined them for a brief time.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=15}} In his memoir ''[[The Love You Make]]'', Brown says that he only learned of the Beatles' intention to leave for India that same month, even though he and the band were committed to launching their multimedia company [[Apple Corps]]. He adds: &quot;The mastery of Transcendental Meditation, they hoped, would give them the wisdom to run Apple.&quot;{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=258}}<br /> <br /> Also there were Donovan, songwriter and sculptor [[Gyp Mills|Gyp &quot;Gypsy Dave&quot; Mills]],{{sfn|Saltzman|2000|p=87}} Mike Love,{{sfn|Gaines|1995|p=195}} jazz flautist [[Paul Horn (musician)|Paul Horn]], actors Tom Simcox and Jerry Stovin,{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=131}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jerry Stovin, Actor: 1922–2005|first=John|last=Chaput|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|location=Toronto|date=2 November 2005|page=S.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; and dozens of others, all Europeans or Americans.&lt;ref name=Lelyveld/&gt;{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=115}} Farrow was joined by her sister, [[Prudence Farrow|Prudence]], and their brother John.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=465}}{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=115}} American socialite [[Nancy Cooke de Herrera]] was also present, in her role as the Maharishi's publicist and confidant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allspiritfitness.com/library/books/bl_NeedLoveRev.shtml|title=All You Need Is Love by Nancy Cooke de Herrera – a Review of the Book|publisher=All Spirit Fitness|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406151740/http://www.allspiritfitness.com/library/books/bl_NeedLoveRev.shtml|archive-date=6 April 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=nb|At the time, she was married to Morton &quot;Tony&quot; Jackson,&lt;ref name=&quot;LAT Nancy obit&quot; /&gt; a news analyst, and was referred to as Nancy Jackson.{{sfn|Lapham|2005|pp=60–61}}}} A lifelong devotee to TM and subsequently an instructor to many celebrities,&lt;ref name=&quot;LAT Nancy obit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/latimes/obituary.aspx?pid=163516857 |title=Nancy de Herrera Obituary|publisher=[[Legacy.com]]|date=8 March 2013|access-date=14 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press (4 March 2013). [https://www.newsday.com/long-island/obituaries/meditation-teacher-nancy-cooke-de-herrera-dies-1.4750563 &quot;Meditation teacher Nancy Cooke de Herrera dies&quot;]. ''[[Newsday]]''. Retrieved 14 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Cooke de Herrara later wrote that the Maharishi gave &quot;special attention&quot; to the celebrity meditators, which she feared would feed their [[egotism|egos]] and be detrimental to the experience.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|pp=212, 219, 252–53}} Although members of the press were barred from the ashram,{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=36}} journalist [[Lewis H. Lapham|Lewis Lapham]] was granted access to write a feature article on the retreat for ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=466}}{{refn|group=nb|Lapham was not permitted to probe the Beatles with personal questions, however.{{sfn|Lapham|2005|pp=33–34}}{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=199}} Apart from his own observations, much of the information he gleaned about the proceedings came from the other students there.{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=199}}}} [[Paul Saltzman]], a young Canadian filmmaker travelling in India, camped outside the compound until he was invited in and welcomed into the Beatles' circle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpe/Observer&quot;&gt;Thrope, Vanessa (21 January 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jan/21/beatles-ashram-rishikesh-india-paul-saltzman &quot;Revealed: Lucky break that led lovelorn traveller to a fling in India with the Beatles&quot;]. ''[[The Observer]]''{{hsp}}/[[The Guardian|theguardian.com]]. Retrieved 9 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Kane|2005|pp=59–60, 61}} Despite speculation, [[Shirley MacLaine]] did not attend the retreat,&lt;ref name=Lefferts/&gt;{{sfn|Leitch|2005|p=204}} and Lennon decided against bringing his artist friend [[Yoko Ono]].{{Sfn|Mason|1994|p=136}}{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=750}}<br /> <br /> ==Facility==<br /> {{Main|Beatles Ashram}}<br /> [[File:View of rishikesh from beach.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|View of Rishikesh from Ganga river bank]]<br /> Located in the &quot;Valley of the Saints&quot; in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]], Rishikesh is a place of religious significance,{{sfn|Oldmeadow|2004|p=136}} known as the &quot;[[yoga]] capital of the world&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/rishikesh-s-identity-as-yoga-capital-to-be-maintained/48548.html|title=Rishikesh's identity as yoga capital to be maintained|author=Tribune News Service|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=2 March 2015|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506212519/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/rishikesh-s-identity-as-yoga-capital-to-be-maintained/48548.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Maharishi's International Academy of Meditation, also called the Chaurasi Kutia ashram,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Paritosh|last=Kimothi|title=Ayush Gram to come up on Mahesh Yogi ashram site|work=[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]]|date=26 January 2011|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/313293/Ayush-Gram-to-come-up-on-Mahesh-Yogi-ashram-site.html|archive-date=6 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406204906/http://www.dailypioneer.com/313293/Ayush-Gram-to-come-up-on-Mahesh-Yogi-ashram-site.html|access-date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; was a {{convert|14|acre|m2|adj=on}} compound surrounded by jungle set across the Ganges from the town, {{convert|150|ft|m}} above the river. The facility was designed to suit Western habits;&lt;ref name=Nossiter&gt;{{cite news|title=In Yogi Land|first=Bernard|last=Nossiter|work=Los Angeles Times|date=18 February 1968|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Preacher of Peace|date=22 January 1968|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Starr later compared the ashram to &quot;a kind of spiritual [[Butlins]]&quot; (a low-cost British holiday camp).{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=397}} The Beatles' bungalows were equipped with electric heaters, running water, toilets, and English-style furniture.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=260}} According to Cooke de Herrera, the Maharishi obtained many &quot;special items&quot; from a nearby village so that the Beatles' rooms would have mirrors, wall-to-wall carpeting, wall coverings, foam mattresses and bedspreads. She wrote that, compared to the other students' bungalows, the Beatles' cottages &quot;looked like a palace&quot;.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=219}} In Cynthia Lennon's description, her and her husband's bedroom contained a four-poster bed, a dressing table, two chairs and an electric heater.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=208}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Meditation chambers at the old Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ashram, now in ruins, Muni Ki Reti.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Meditation domes at the International Academy of Meditation (pictured in 2006, long after the ashram's closure)]]<br /> Evans recalled there were around 40 staff, including cooks, cleaners, a [[joiner]], and a full printing department.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=115}} One of the Maharishi's aides, Ravindra Damodara, who later became a [[swami]] himself, kept a diary of this period at the ashram.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=xiv}}{{refn|group=nb|According to Beatles biographer [[Geoffrey Giuliano]], Damodara gave him the notebook in 2000 when they met in Rishikesh.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=xiv}} The 70 pages were originally written in Hindi and [[Nepali language|Nepali]].{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|pp=xiv, 118}}}} For the Beatles' stay, according to Damodara, four small stone-covered buildings had been constructed along the path from the main centre down to the ashram gates. These dome-shaped rooms included a raised platform, accessed by ladder, on which each Beatle could engage in advanced meditation.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=xiv}} The Maharishi's accommodation was a long, modern-style bungalow located away from the other buildings.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=260}}<br /> <br /> The ashram was surrounded by barbed wire and the gates were kept locked and guarded.&lt;ref name=Lelyveld/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MalEvansDiaryExtracts&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/profile/article/diary-extracts-03j7xvq00rb |title=Mal Evans' diary extracts |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=20 March 2005 |access-date=8 May 2011 |first1=Tom |last1=Coghlan |first2=Laura |last2=Pitel |first3=Sadie |last3=Gray}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Maharishi kept the media away from his famous students, he gave interviews to the press.&lt;ref name=Lelyveld/&gt; To the Beatles' gratitude, he asked the reporters to come back after the band had had &quot;a little time with the course&quot;.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=222}}<br /> <br /> Throughout the Beatles' time at the ashram, these reporters filed stories about the retreat. While the music journalists among them demonstrated a tolerant approach, those representing the mainstream press often ridiculed the idea of the retreat and meditation.{{sfn|Goldman|2001|pp=294–95}} The press found McCartney the most willing to engage; according to author [[Howard Sounes]], he was &quot;the newspaperman's pet, the sensible Beatle&quot; who gave them quotes and posed for photos on Lakshman Jhula bridge.{{sfn|Sounes|2010|p=202}}<br /> <br /> ==Experience==<br /> The Maharishi had arranged a simple lifestyle for his guests.{{sfn|Tillery|2010|p=66}} The days were devoted to meditating and attending his lectures, which he gave from a flower-bedecked platform in an auditorium.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=114}} He also gave private lessons to the individual Beatles, ostensibly due to their late arrival. The tranquil environment and protection from the media throng helped the band relax. Harrison told Saltzman, regarding the Beatles' motivation for embracing TM: &quot;We have all the money you could ever dream of. We have all the fame you could ever wish for. But, it isn't love. It isn't health. It isn't peace inside, is it?&quot;{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=93}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Kilachand/LiveMint&quot; /&gt; In Saltzman's description, Harrison had a genuine dedication to meditation whereas Lennon's approach was &quot;more adolescent … He was looking for 'The Answer'. Well, there isn't The Answer.&quot;{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=14}} According to Donovan, at the Beatles' first meeting with the Maharishi after arriving, an awkward silence filled the room until Lennon walked to the Maharishi and patted him on the head, saying, &quot;There's a good little guru.&quot;{{sfn|Tillery|2010|pp=65–66}}{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=114}} Everyone erupted with laughter.{{sfn|Tillery|2010|p=66}} Harrison's nickname for their teacher was &quot;the Big M&quot;.{{sfn|Shouler|Anthony|2009|p=223}}{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=56}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1st Sept 1967 in Amsterdam by Merk Ben from Nationaal Archief).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.6|Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, pictured in Amsterdam in September 1967]]<br /> In the Maharishi's teaching, there were seven levels of consciousness, and the course would provide students with experience in the fourth: &quot;pure&quot; or transcendental consciousness.{{sfn|Tillery|2011|p=63}}{{refn|group=nb|In full, the seven levels were: waking, dreaming, deep sleep, pure consciousness, cosmic consciousness, God consciousness, and Supreme Knowledge.{{sfn|Tillery|2011|p=63}}}} While TM had earned the sobriquet &quot;the [[McDonald's]] of meditation&quot; for its quick and simple application, and the Maharishi espoused its scientific basis over religious dogma,{{sfn|Shouler|Anthony|2009|p=214}} strong [[Vedas|Vedic]] and Hindu-aligned aspects remained.{{sfn|Turner|2006|pp=145–46}} His lectures included stories and parables, and comparisons between TM and Western practices, particularly Christianity. He advocated meditation before prayer, and said that Christianity's upholding of [[Jesus Christ]]'s earthbound suffering as a divine attribute was a &quot;humiliating teaching&quot; and a distraction from [[Self-realization|self-]] and [[God-realization|God-realisation]].{{sfn|Turner|2006|p=146}}<br /> <br /> The Maharishi soon cancelled the formal lectures and told students to meditate for as long as possible. One student meditated for 42 straight hours,{{Sfn|Mason|1994|p=134}} and Boyd said she once meditated for seven hours.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=115}} Jenny Boyd also meditated for long periods, but suffered from [[dysentery]] (misdiagnosed as [[tonsilitis]]); she said Lennon also felt unwell, suffering from [[jet lag]] and insomnia.{{sfn|Fleetwood|Davis|1991|p=62}} The lengthy meditation left many students moody and oversensitive.{{Sfn|Mason|1994|p=134}} Several people on the course and the Maharishi were particularly concerned about Prudence Farrow's unwillingness to stop meditating.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|pp=116–17}}<br /> <br /> All the students wore native dress{{sfn|Goldman|2001|p=294}} and the ashram had a tailor on the premises to make clothes for them.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|pp=115–16}} The women in the Beatles party shopped in local towns and bought [[sari]]s for themselves{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=209}} and material to be made into shirts and jackets for the men.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=222}} These towns included [[Dehradun]] and [[Mussoorie]], where markets were held by Tibetans driven out of their homeland by Chinese encroachment into [[Tibet]].{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=117}} The Beatles' adoption of traditional Indian clothing affected Western fashion when they wore them after going home.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=222}}{{Sfn|Paglia|2003|p=80}} Much of the proceedings at the ashram was filmed by various students on a [[16mm]] handheld camera. Segments of this footage appear in the 1995 television documentary ''[[The Beatles Anthology (documentary)|The Beatles Anthology]]''.{{sfn|Winn|2009|pp=161–62}}{{sfn|Ingham|2006|p=170}}<br /> <br /> {{quote box|quote= John and George were in their element. They threw themselves totally into the Maharishi's teachings, were relaxed and above all had found peace of mind that had been denied them for so long.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=157}}|source= – [[Cynthia Lennon]]|width=25%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}<br /> Vegetarian meals were eaten in a communal dining area,{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=283}} where food was vulnerable to aggressive monkeys ([[Hanuman langur]]s){{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=55}} and crows.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=114}} Lennon described the food as &quot;lousy&quot;,{{sfn|Sheff|2000|p=190}} while Pattie Boyd said it was &quot;delicious&quot;.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=114}} Menu items included [[chickpea]]s mixed with [[cumin]] seeds, whole wheat dough baked over a fire, spiced [[eggplant]], potatoes that had been picked locally,{{sfn|Greene|2006|pp=94–95}} and, for breakfast, cornflakes, toast and coffee.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=208}} Evans stockpiled eggs for Starr,{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=293}} who had problems with the diet because of his past illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;Edmonds/SundayTimes&quot; /&gt; Starr recalled: &quot;The food was impossible for me because I'm allergic to so many different things. I took two suitcases with me, one of clothes and one full of [[Heinz beans]].&quot;{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=284}} After dinner, the musicians gathered on the roof of Harrison's bungalow to talk and listen to the Ganges river.{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=95}} Sometimes they listened to records and played guitar or [[sitar]].{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|p=278}}{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=246}} Lapham recalled a conversation one evening between members of the Beatles and other students when Lennon described the band's records as &quot;diaries of its developing consciousness&quot; and said that this progression was also reflected in the photos and artwork used on their albums.{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=57}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|first=Troy|last=Brownfield|title=50 Years Ago: The Beatles Release Two Classics on One Single|url=https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2018/08/50-years-ago-beatles-release-two-classics-one-single-2/|magazine=[[The Saturday Evening Post]]|date=24 August 2018|access-date=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the weather was cool in February,{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=208}} it grew hot over the ensuing weeks.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=468}} By mid April, the Maharishi was planning to move the whole retreat to [[Kashmir]], at a higher and cooler altitude.{{Sfn|Mason|1994|p=141}}<br /> <br /> The Beatles' approach to meditation was marked by a friendly competitiveness among the band members.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=260}} Lennon was complimentary about Harrison's progress,{{sfn|Tillery|2011|p=64}} saying: &quot;The way George is going, he'll be flying a [[magic carpet]] by the time he's forty.&quot;{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=95}} Boyd recalls that she and Harrison each achieved an &quot;out-of-body experience&quot; through meditation but that, because their individual practice disturbed the other, they decided to move into separate rooms.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=114}} While Lennon was &quot;evangelical in his enthusiasm for the Maharishi&quot;, according to his wife Cynthia, she was &quot;a little more skeptical&quot;. Cynthia later wrote that she &quot;loved being in India&quot; and had hoped she and Lennon would &quot;rediscover our lost closeness&quot;; to her disappointment, however, Lennon became &quot;increasingly cold and aloof&quot;.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=208}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Cynthia/SundayTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Beatles, the Maharishi and me |first=Cynthia |last=Lennon |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=10 February 2008 |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3340963.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516010101/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3340963.ece|archive-date=16 May 2008|url-status=dead |access-date=28 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=nb|According to an entry in Damodara's diary, the Maharishi thought that Harrison was experiencing his &quot;last life&quot;, referring to advancing beyond the cycle of [[reincarnation]], whereas Lennon had &quot;many more to go&quot; and should avoid &quot;giv[ing] in to his weakness for women or it will ruin him&quot;.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=119}}{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=160}}}} After two weeks Lennon asked to sleep in a separate room, saying he could only meditate alone.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=755}} He walked to the local post office every morning to check for Ono's almost daily telegrams.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=114}} One read: &quot;Look up at the sky and when you see a cloud think of me&quot;.{{sfn|Tillery|2010|p=89}}<br /> <br /> ===Songwriting===<br /> [[File:Donovan 1969.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Donovan]] taught the Beatles a guitar finger-picking technique that they later incorporated in some of the songs on their [[The Beatles (album)|1968 double album]] commonly known as &quot;the White Album&quot;.]]<br /> Saltzman recalls that the Beatles were &quot;very close and tight&quot; during his time at the ashram.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kilachand/LiveMint&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/FH5XFZq1xpObzwJj8nxAML/8216Their-humour-was-one-way-they-kept-their-feet-on-the.html|first=Tara|last=Kilachand|title=Their humour was one way they kept their feet on the ground|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=17 May 2008|access-date=20 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Damodara, however, at times McCartney &quot;talk[ed] mean with George&quot; and appeared to want to be the Beatles' &quot;boss&quot;.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|pp=118–19}} Donovan taught Lennon a guitar finger-picking technique that McCartney partly mastered also.{{sfn|Leitch|2005|pp=209–10}} Lennon used the technique on the Beatles songs &quot;[[Julia (The Beatles song)|Julia]]&quot; and &quot;[[Dear Prudence]]&quot;.{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|p=300}} Lennon composed &quot;Dear Prudence&quot; to lure Prudence Farrow out of her intense meditation.{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=96}} He said later: &quot;She'd been locked in for three weeks and was trying to reach God quicker than anyone else.&quot;{{sfn|Sheff|2000|p=199}}<br /> <br /> The stay at the ashram turned out to be the group's most productive period for songwriting.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=14}} According to Lennon, he wrote some of the &quot;most miserable&quot;{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=534}} and some of his &quot;best&quot; songs while he was in Rishikesh.{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=283}} Starr completed his first solo composition, &quot;[[Don't Pass Me By]]&quot;, which he had begun writing in 1963.{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|p=286}} In his 2005 autobiography, Donovan recalls that while the other three Beatles played acoustic guitars, Starr sometimes played a set of [[tabla]] hand drums, which Harrison had bought for him in Delhi.{{sfn|Leitch|2005|pp=203–04, 207, 211}} The retreat was also a productive one for Donovan as a songwriter.{{sfn|Love|2017|p=192}} He recalls having &quot;many a great little jam&quot; with McCartney and says that, with Harrison demonstrating on sitar the knowledge he had gained through his teacher, [[Ravi Shankar]], he and Harrison were &quot;soon chording a new song or two&quot;, including the Indian-styled &quot;[[Hurdy Gurdy Man]]&quot;.{{sfn|Leitch|2005|pp=207, 211}}{{refn|group=nb|Harrison contributed a verse to &quot;Hurdy Gurdy Man&quot;, although it was edited from the single release in May 1968. While in Rishikesh, Donovan also wrote &quot;Happiness Runs&quot;, &quot;The Sun Is a Very Magic Fellow&quot; (with lyrical assistance from Evans) and &quot;Lord of the Reedy River&quot;, which was later recorded by [[Kate Bush]].{{sfn|Leitch|2005|pp=210–11, 215}}}}<br /> <br /> Plans were discussed for a possible concert in Delhi to feature the Beatles, the Beach Boys, Donovan, and Paul Horn.{{Sfn|Mason|1994|p=137}} While he also wrote several new songs in Rishikesh, Harrison complained that more time should be spent on meditating.{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=95}} When McCartney discussed his vision for an album containing the songs they had amassed so far, Harrison replied: &quot;We're not fucking here to do the next album. We're here to meditate!&quot;{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=754}} In Donovan's recollection, when not meditating, McCartney was rarely without his guitar and kept the Beatles party &quot;entertained&quot; with parody songs such as &quot;[[Rocky Raccoon]]&quot; and &quot;[[Back in the U.S.S.R.]]&quot;, but he was not &quot;totally convinced&quot; about TM.{{sfn|Leitch|2005|pp=205, 209–10}} Many of the Beatles' new songs were inspired by nature and reflected the simplicity of their surroundings.{{sfn|Turner|2006|pp=146–47}} In this way, they contrasted markedly with the band's psychedelic work over the previous year, although few of them were overtly reflective of the TM experience.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|pp=14–15}} An exception was &quot;[[Sour Milk Sea]]&quot;, in which Harrison exhorts his listeners to embrace meditation and &quot;illumination&quot;,{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=99}} while Lennon's &quot;[[Child of Nature]]&quot; and McCartney's &quot;[[Mother Nature's Son]]&quot; were both inspired by one of the Maharishi's lectures.{{sfn|Sheff|2000|p=200}}{{sfn|Miles|1997|pp=423, 490}}{{refn|group=nb|In addition, Lennon's lyrics in &quot;[[Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey]]&quot; include quotes from the Maharishi regarding meditation, such as &quot;Come on, it's such a joy&quot;{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|pp=167, 171}} and &quot;The deeper you go, the higher you fly / The higher you fly, the deeper you go&quot;.{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=99}}}}<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ===Special events===<br /> ====Group photo====<br /> In late February,{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=161}} the Maharishi arranged for a group photo of all the students.{{sfn|Lennon|1980|p=173}}{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=214}} In Lapham's description, the Maharishi began preparing for the shot early one morning and approached the task as if &quot;the director on a movie set&quot;.{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=59}} Instructing his assistants, he oversaw the assembly of a platform of risers, the precise placement of flowers and potted plants in front of the raised stage, and the seating allocation for each of the students from his hand-drawn diagram.{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=59}} The students were then called down to take their allocated seat.{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=59}}<br /> <br /> Surrounding the Maharishi, each member was dressed in traditional Indian attire and adorned with a [[Tagetes|marigold]] garland of orange.{{Sfn|Syman|2010|p=201}} Lapham commented that the Maharishi had the Beatles positioned &quot;in the center of the set&quot;, surrounding him, with the other students &quot;arranged according to the degrees of their celebrity&quot;.{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=59}} The Maharishi had a large picture of [[Brahmananda Saraswati]] – the guru evoked by Lennon in &quot;Across the Universe&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Woo|first=Elaine|title=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; founded Transcendental Meditation movement |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/la-me-maharishi6feb06,1,1158944.story |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=6 February 2008|access-date=15 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Tillery|2010|p=65}} – placed behind him.{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=59}} The Maharishi encouraged his students to present their best &quot;cosmic smiles&quot; to the camera.{{sfn|Lapham|2005|pp=59–60}} The photo took half an hour to complete while the participants sat facing the bright morning sun.{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=201}} In 2009, ''[[The Hindu]]'' described the result as &quot;one of the most iconic photographs in the history of rock 'n' roll&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=From Rishikesh to Abbey Road|first=Savitha|last=Gautam|work=The Hindu|date=2 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=nb|In a 2010 report on the production of film-maker [[Martin Scorsese]]'s documentary ''[[George Harrison: Living in the Material World]]'', the ''[[Daily News &amp; Analysis]]'' said: &quot;The pictures of the Beatles, the fashion leaders of the time, sitting cross-legged with the Maharishi, sparked a huge interest in Indian mysticism and meditation.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Choudhury/DN&amp;A&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> <br /> For the Beatles' public image, their attire contrasted with the modern, psychedelic clothing they had worn on arrival from London.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=13}}{{sfn|Syman|2010|pp=200–01}} The photo and others from the shoot were used in Lapham's cover article for ''The Saturday Evening Post'',{{sfn|Paytress|2003|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=5 (pic. section)}} a magazine that, although in decline by 1968, was influential among America's suburban middle class.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/archives/2010/06/pete_hamill_on.php|first=Peter|last=Hamill|title=More Irrelevant Than Irreverent|newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]|date=16 January 1969|access-date=15 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208225321/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/archives/2010/06/pete_hamill_on.php|archive-date=8 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=nb|Writing in the late 1970s, author [[Nicholas Schaffner]] said that the Maharishi's most enduring success was in attracting people in &quot;[[Middle America (United States)|Middle America]]&quot; to TM's benefits as a [[Stress Relief|stress reliever]]. By promoting his cause through more conservative channels, the Maharishi won adherents in academia, politics, the military and [[NASA]]'s [[Apollo program|Apollo]] space program.{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|p=88}}}} Saltzman was one of the photographers at the session. His shots from this time were compiled in his book ''The Beatles in Rishikesh'', published in 2000.&lt;ref&gt;Telegraph (India) staff (27 March 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110911101848/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050327/asp/look/story_4519992.asp &quot;Long and Winding Road to Rishikesh&quot;]. ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' (India). Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20060317072104/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050327/asp/look/story_4519992.asp the original] on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxEEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=%22Lennon+Remembers%22&amp;pg=PA28 |first=Christopher|last=Walsh|title=In Print|magazine=Billboard|date=16 December 2000|page=28|access-date=2 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Birthday celebrations and river excursions====<br /> On 25 February, the Maharishi held a party to celebrate Harrison's 25th birthday. The event included communal chanting,{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=201}} a sitar performance by Harrison,{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=283}} and a firework display.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=160}}{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|pp=157–58}} The Maharishi gave Harrison an upside-down plastic globe of the world and said: &quot;George, the globe I am giving you symbolizes the world today. I hope you will help us all in the task of putting it right.&quot;{{sfn|Lapham|2005|pp=4–5}} Harrison turned the globe over and said &quot;I've done it!&quot;, and the other students applauded.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=158}} For Love's birthday, on 15 March, members of the Beatles and Donovan performed &quot;Spiritual Regeneration/Happy Birthday Mike Love&quot;, a song based on the Beach Boys' &quot;[[Fun, Fun, Fun]]&quot;. Lennon presented Love with a round handmade card containing a self-portrait of him naked, and Harrison gave him a painting of Guru Dev.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=161}} A dual celebration was held on 17 March for the birthdays of Boyd and Horn.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=160}} On 8 April, the Maharishi gave an Indian prince's outfit to the Lennons for their son in England on his birthday.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=262}}{{sfn|Ryan|1982|p=153}}<br /> <br /> An aviation company owner and patron of the Maharishi's, Kershi Cambata, flew two helicopters to Rishikesh to take the Maharishi and his guests for rides.{{sfn|Mason|1994|p=135}} Lapham wrote that Cooke de Herrera, a friend of Cambata, had arranged this event to provide what she called a &quot;visitation of modernity&quot;.{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=60}} McCartney recalled that he asked Lennon why he was so eager to be the one to go with the Maharishi on his helicopter ride, and that Lennon replied: &quot;I thought he might slip me the Answer.&quot;{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=283}}<br /> <br /> In early March,{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=160}} an Italian newsreel company filmed the Maharishi and many students, including the Beatles and other musicians, going down to the river while the musicians sang standards such as &quot;[[When the Saints Go Marching In]]&quot; and &quot;[[You Are My Sunshine]]&quot;.{{sfn|Quantick|2002|p=21}}{{refn|group=nb|At the Maharishi's request, Donovan performed his composition &quot;Happiness Runs&quot;, with Harrison, and then &quot;[[Catch the Wind]]&quot;, accompanied at times by Lennon.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=160}} Excerpts from the Italian newsreel footage were used in the 1982 documentary ''[[The Compleat Beatles]]''.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=160}}}} One evening when the moon was full, the Maharishi arranged for everyone to cruise on the Ganges in two barges. The trip started with the chanting of [[Veda]]s by two [[pandit]]s, after which the musicians brought out their instruments. The Beatles sang Donovan songs, while Love and Donovan sang Beatles songs, and Horn played flute.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|pp=246–47}}&lt;ref name=Feather&gt;{{cite news|title=A Report From Meditation Land|first=Leonard|last=Feather|author-link=Leonard Feather|work=Los Angeles Times|date=22 April 1968|page=C27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Early departures===<br /> McCartney and Starr told Lapham that they had each experienced the benefits of meditation but the band's trip to India was more out of support for &quot;George's thing&quot;.{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=57}} Starr's wife had a strong aversion to insects;&lt;ref name=&quot;Edmonds/SundayTimes&quot; /&gt; McCartney recalled that Maureen was once &quot;trapped in her room because there was a fly over the door&quot;.{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=284}} Spiders, mosquitoes and flies were present at the ashram,{{sfn|Spitz|2005|pp=754–55}} and when Starr complained to the Maharishi he was told: &quot;For people travelling in the realm of pure consciousness, flies no longer matter very much.&quot;{{sfn|Shouler|Anthony|2009|p=223}} Starr said in reply, &quot;Yes, but that doesn't zap the flies, does it&quot;?{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=58}} Starr disliked the food, and he and Maureen missed their children.{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=294}}{{sfn|Sounes|2010|pp=202–03}} The couple left India on 1 March, and on their return to the UK, Starr was keen to <br /> avoid the impression that he was no longer interested in TM. He told reporters: &quot;The Academy is a great place and I enjoyed it a lot. I still meditate every day for half an hour in the morning and half an hour every evening and I think I'm a better person for it … If everyone in the world started meditating, the world would be a much happier place.&quot;{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|pp=125–26}}<br /> <br /> McCartney and Asher departed in mid to late March.{{refn|group=nb|The couple arrived back in London on 26 March.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=161}} Among Beatles biographers, [[Bob Spitz]] says they left Rishikesh on 24 March,{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=755}} [[Barry Miles]] gives a date of 26 March,{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=426}} and [[Ian MacDonald]] and [[Philip Norman (author)|Philip Norman]] both date their departure to mid-March.{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|p=448}}{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=536}} According to [[Bob Woffinden]], McCartney and Asher travelled in India before returning to the UK.{{sfn|Woffinden|1981|p=4}}}} According to Cooke de Herrera's account, McCartney had arranged to get back to London to supervise Apple Corps, and Asher had a theatrical commitment; as he left he told Cooke de Herrera, &quot;I'm a new man.&quot;{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=201}}{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=259}} According to what he told Lapham, however, McCartney was uncomfortable with the Maharishi's flattery,{{sfn|Shouler|Anthony|2009|p=224}}{{sfn|Lapham|2005|p=58}} particularly his calling the Beatles &quot;the blessed leaders of the world's youth&quot;, and he found himself lost in the Maharishi's more elaborate discussions.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=466}} Damodara wrote that Asher had no interest in meditation, a view echoed by Saltzman, who said that she was eager to visit the [[Taj Mahal]] with McCartney.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|pp=119, 126}} McCartney later said that his intention had always been to stay for only a month, and that he knew he risked accusations from his bandmates that he was not sincere about meditation.{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|pp=284–85}}<br /> <br /> Mia Farrow departed to begin work on a new film in London, where she arrived on 8 March.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|pp=222–23}} Described by author Jonathan Gould as &quot;restless&quot;, she had left the ashram before to visit [[Goa]], and then returned.{{sfn|Gould|2007|pp=465–66}} In her 1997 autobiography, Farrow recalls that she felt overwhelmed by the Maharishi's attention to her, which included private sessions, gifts of mangoes, and a birthday party where he gave her a paper crown.{{sfn|Farrow|1997|p=141}} Love left the retreat on 15 March, having stayed just over two weeks,{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=212}} due to his tour commitments with the Beach Boys, but would complete his TM instructor course in 1972.{{sfn|Love|2017|pp=190–91}} Donovan departed because he recognised he had a &quot;mission&quot; in music and sought to convey the Maharishi's teachings in that way.{{sfn|Leitch|2005|p=216}}{{refn|group=nb|In the 30 March issue of the ''[[NME]]'', Keith Altham reported on Donovan's recent concert at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London, where he performed new songs such as &quot;The Boy Who Fell in Love with a Swan&quot; and &quot;Hurdy Gurdy Man&quot;. Altham commented on the presence backstage of Farrow, dressed in an Indian shawl from Rishikesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|first=Keith|last=Altham|title=India Inspires Donovan to Compose|magazine=NME|date=30 March 1968|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==Tensions==<br /> ===Business arrangements and Mardas' arrival===<br /> According to Gould, Lennon and Harrison viewed their bandmates' departures as an example of McCartney and Starr &quot;once again balking on the path to higher consciousness&quot;, just as the pair, particularly McCartney, had earlier held out before joining them in their LSD experimentation.{{sfn|Gould|2007|pp=388, 466–67}} While Harrison and Lennon remained steadfast in their devotion to meditation, some members of the Beatles' circle continued to be distrustful of the Maharishi's hold on them.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=263}} Aspinall was surprised when he realised that the Maharishi was a sophisticated negotiator, knowing more than the average person about financial percentages.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=263}} According to Saltzman, Evans told him that the Maharishi wanted the band to deposit up to 25 per cent of their next album's profits into his Swiss bank account as a [[tithe]], to which Lennon replied, &quot;Over my dead body.&quot;{{sfn|Kane|2005|pp=60–61}}{{sfn|Spitz|2005|pp=755–56}} In Brown's account, Lennon was not opposed to paying the tithe until Alex Mardas, the Maharishi's &quot;most powerful critic&quot;, intervened.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=263}}<br /> <br /> Mardas arrived after McCartney had left.&lt;ref name=&quot;StatementbyMardas&quot;/&gt; He pointed to the luxury of the facility and the business acumen of the Maharishi{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=756}} and asked Lennon why the Maharishi always had an accountant by his side.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leigh/Independent&quot; /&gt; Mardas also derided the characters of the non-celebrity meditators and was highly critical of the way the Beatles had been assembled for the &quot;class photo&quot; and the promotion of the Maharishi's movement.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=263}} In an attempt to silence his criticism, according to Mardas, the Maharishi offered him money to build a high-powered radio station.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=263}} Lennon later told his wife that he felt that the Maharishi had, in her words, &quot;too much interest in public recognition, celebrities and money&quot; for a spiritual man.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=210}} Cynthia Lennon, Cooke de Herrera, and author and Beatles associate [[Barry Miles]] have blamed Mardas for turning Lennon against the Maharishi.{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=427}}{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|pp=213–214, 266}} Miles writes that Mardas feared for his status as Lennon's personal guru, and set about sabotaging the relationship between the Beatles and the Maharishi.{{sfn|Miles|1997|pp=427–28}} In a statement published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 2010, Mardas denied that this was the case.&lt;ref name=&quot;StatementbyMardas&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/arts/Mardas.pdf |title=Statement by John Alexis Mardas|work=The New York Times |date=February 2010 |access-date=3 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/04/pageoneplus/corrections.html|title=Corrections|date=4 March 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=8 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Competing documentary film proposals===<br /> Before leaving London in February, the Beatles had considered making a documentary film about the Maharishi through Apple Films.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=259}}{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=15}} The idea gained traction once they got to the ashram, which led to their summoning Denis O'Dell to Rishikesh.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=15}} Together with Aspinall, he flew to India intent on dissuading the Beatles from making the film.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=15}}{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=286}}{{refn|group=nb|In O'Dell's recollection, the band lost interest after he mentioned a possible film adaptation of Tolkien's ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He had just been discussing this project with [[United Artists]] as a feature film starring the Beatles, to be directed by [[David Lean]].{{sfn|Paytress|2003|pp=15–16}}}} According to Cooke de Herrera, the Maharishi gave the Beatles and Apple the rights for a film about him, his movement and his teacher, Guru Dev.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=238}} [[Joe Massot]], who had directed ''[[Wonderwall (film)|Wonderwall]]'', said that Harrison phoned him from India inviting him to participate in the project.&lt;ref name=&quot;Massot/Mojo&quot; /&gt; However, Charles Lutes, the head of the Spiritual Regeneration Movement in the US, had already arranged with the Maharishi to produce a similar documentary, with Horn. In early April, Lutes arrived at the ashram to ensure that his venture was not jeopardised by the Beatles' interest.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|pp=127–28}} He signed a contract with [[Four Star Films]] and John Farrow was scheduled to direct the film.&lt;ref name=Feather/&gt; Horn expected that Donovan, the Beatles, the Beach Boys and Mia Farrow would appear in it.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|pp=262–63}}<br /> <br /> According to Mike Dolan, another of the TM students, when a film crew from Lutes' company Bliss Productions arrived later in April, Lennon and Harrison &quot;were more than a little pissed&quot; and made a point of staying out of sight.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=128}} Horn said that the arrival of the film crew was the catalyst for the discontent that resulted in the last two Beatles' premature departure from Rishikesh.{{sfn|Turner|2006|p=148}} In Massot's recollection, the crew was led by producer [[Gene Corman]], who subsequently pleaded with Massot to use his influence with Harrison and Lennon to ensure the Beatles' participation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Massot/Mojo&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|first=Joe|last=Massot|title=Identity Crisis: Joe Massot|date=October 1996|magazine=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]|page=146}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cooke de Herrera also felt that the Four Star deal and the presence of the film crew was the reason for the sudden departure.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=266}}<br /> <br /> ===Allegations of sexual impropriety===<br /> [[File:Mia Farrow 1964.png|thumb|left|upright=0.6|[[Mia Farrow]], pictured in 1964]]<br /> Before leaving the ashram, Mia Farrow told some of the other students that the Maharishi had made a pass at her.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=126}} In her 1993 autobiography, Cooke de Herrera says that Farrow confided to her, before the arrival of the Beatles, that the Maharishi had made a pass during a private [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony by stroking her hair. Cooke de Herrera says she told Farrow that she had misinterpreted the Maharishi's actions.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|pp=213–214, 266}} Farrow's 1997 memoirs are ambiguous, describing an encounter in his private meditation &quot;cave&quot; when the Maharishi tried to put his arms around her.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=127}}{{refn|group=nb|In the 1970s, Farrow told Ned Wynn, one of her childhood friends, that the Maharishi had attempted to initiate sex with her.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=223}}}} She also says that her sister Prudence assured her that it was &quot;an honour&quot; and &quot;a tradition&quot; for a &quot;holy man&quot; to touch someone after meditation.{{sfn|Farrow|1997|p=141}}<br /> <br /> In Pattie Boyd's account, it was the allegations of the Maharishi's sexual impropriety that caused life at the retreat to go &quot;horribly wrong&quot;.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=118}} Through Mardas' insistence, Lennon became convinced that the Maharishi, who said he was [[celibate]],{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=467}} had had a sexual encounter with one of the young female students.{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=428}}{{refn|group=nb|Lennon later called the Maharishi a &quot;lecherous womanizer&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=TM disciples remain loyal despite controversies|first=Steve|last=Rabey|work=[[Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph]]|date=17 September 1994|page=E.2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=TIME 100: The Most Influential Asians of the Century: Gurus and Godmen|date=23 August 1999|volume=154|number=7/8}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} As reported by Brown, the woman was a &quot;pretty blond nurse from California&quot; who, Mardas said, had engaged in a sexual relationship with the Maharishi.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=264}} Dolan recalls that she was in fact a &quot;feisty&quot; schoolteacher from New York, named Rosalyn Bonas (or &quot;RB&quot;),&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolan/Trance&quot; /&gt; who was having an affair with Mardas.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|pp=176–77}} She had become disillusioned at the extent to which Hindu tradition and the Vedas were part of the course,{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=115}} and was prevented from leaving early for the US due to the conditions of her airline ticket.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=17}} Jenny Boyd wrote that she had seen Mardas and the woman deep in conversation, &quot;obviously cooking something up&quot;.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=177}}{{refn|group=nb|According to Dolan, &quot;RB&quot; was most likely susceptible to the distraction. She &quot;felt deceived&quot; by the Spiritual Regeneration Movement{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=115}} and had earned a reputation among the ashram staff as a troublemaker.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolan/Trance&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> <br /> On the Beatles' final night at the ashram,{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=17}} Mardas arranged to entrap the Maharishi by spying on him and the woman when they were alone together. Mardas then reported to the others that he saw the two of them in a compromising position.{{sfn|Goldman|2001|p=295}}{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|pp=264–65}} Many of the people at the ashram – including Harrison, Horn, Cooke de Herrera, Dolan, Cynthia Lennon and Jenny Boyd – did not believe that the Maharishi had made a pass at any woman.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=129}} According to Cynthia, however, Mardas' allegations &quot;gathered momentum ... without a single shred of evidence or justification&quot;.{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=427}}{{sfn|Lennon|1980|p=174}}{{refn|group=nb|McCartney similarly said: &quot;it was Magic Alex who made the original accusation and I think that it was completely untrue.&quot;{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=429}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Kozinn/NYT&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Kozinn|first=Allan |date=7 February 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/07/arts/music/07yogi.html?_r=0 |title=Meditation on the man who saved the Beatles|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=17 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his autobiography, Love writes: &quot;I'm not saying he's infallible but … the ''only'' time he was ever accused of misconduct was when the Beatles were right there with him? Please.&quot;{{sfn|Love|2017|p=191}}}} In her autobiography, Pattie Boyd also expresses doubt regarding the truth behind Mardas' claims, but in this atmosphere of suspicion, she had a &quot;horrid dream about Maharishi&quot; and, the next day, told Harrison that they should leave.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=118}} According to Harrison, Lennon &quot;had wanted to leave anyway&quot;, to see Ono, and the speculation surrounding Farrow and other female students &quot;stirred up a situation&quot; that Lennon was able to exploit.{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|pp=285–86}}{{refn|group=nb|Boyd also describes the allegations as Lennon's &quot;excuse&quot; to reunite with Ono, and says that they seemed to emanate from Mardas' desire &quot;to get John away from Rishikesh&quot;.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=118}}}}<br /> <br /> ===Infringements of the Maharishi's ban on alcohol and recreational drugs===<br /> [[Deepak Chopra]], who was not present but later became a disciple of the Maharishi and a friend of Harrison, said in 2006 that the Maharishi was displeased with the Beatles because they were taking drugs,&lt;ref name=&quot;foxnews.com&quot;&gt;Associated Press (6 February 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080208204559/https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,328965,00.html &quot;Beatles Meditation Guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Dies&quot;]. [[Fox News]]. Archived from [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,328965,00.html the original] on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; including LSD, at the ashram.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Times News Network|date=15 February 2006|title=When Maharishi threw Beatles out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/When-Maharishi-threw-Beatles-out/articleshow/1415230.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511140139/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-15/india/27830725_1_maharishi-mahesh-yogi-beatles-john-lennon |url-status=live |archive-date=11 May 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=19 January 2018}} Chopra: &quot;I'm sure there was never any truth to Lennon's allegations.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Maharish Mahesh Yogi, guru to The Beatles, dies |first=Ben |last=Rooney |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=6 February 2008 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1577866/Maharishi-Mahesh-Yogi-guru-to-Beatles-dies.html |access-date=15 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members of the Beatles group also violated the Maharishi's &quot;no alcohol rule&quot; when they consumed &quot;hooch&quot; that Mardas, whom Cynthia thought was not an active meditator,{{sfn|Lennon|2005|pp=209, 210}} acquired from a nearby village and shared with the women.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=264}}{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=17}} Harrison and Lennon did not imbibe and were highly critical of those who did.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=115}}<br /> <br /> Massot recalled that he himself arrived at the ashram with a small amount of [[hashish]], which he shared with Lennon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Massot/Mojo&quot; /&gt; In his autobiography, Donovan writes that when John Farrow arrived, he presented him with a large block of hashish that &quot;someone had brought into the ashram&quot;.{{sfn|Leitch|2005|p=213}} Donovan took the block from Farrow's hand and threw it out into the Ganges.{{sfn|Leitch|2005|p=213}}{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=159}} Dolan, who stayed in a bungalow next to the one occupied by Mardas and Bonas,{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|pp=115–16}} said that Bonas &quot;openly&quot; smoked hashish, and he became used to the &quot;familiar smell of very happy herb&quot; emanating from their room.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolan/Trance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dolan|first=Mike|url=http://minet.org/www.trancenet.net/personal/dolan/midnight.shtml |title=Mike Dolan's Transcendental Memories|publisher=TranceNet|access-date=30 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Chopra, the departure of Lennon and Harrison was not of their own volition but at the request of the Maharishi, due to his disapproval of their entourage taking drugs: &quot;[The Maharishi] lost his temper with them. He asked them to leave, and they did in a huff.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of India&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Lennon and Harrison's departure==<br /> On the night of 11–12 April, Lennon, Harrison and Mardas sat up late discussing the Maharishi and decided to leave the next morning.{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|p=448}}{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=97}} In Brown's description, they argued, and Harrison was &quot;furious&quot; at Mardas' actions and did not believe &quot;a word&quot; of the allegations.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=265}} In the morning, the Beatles and their wives left hurriedly,{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=265}}{{sfn|Goldman|2001|p=296}} while Mardas went to Dehradun to find taxis.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=756}} Lennon was chosen to speak to the Maharishi.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=265}}<br /> <br /> Lennon described the exchange in a highly emotional December 1970 interview with [[Jann Wenner]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', which was later published as the book ''[[Lennon Remembers]]''.{{sfn|Tillery|2010|pp=68–69, 178}} When the Maharishi asked why they were leaving, Lennon replied, &quot;If you're so cosmic, you'll know why.&quot;{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=296}}{{sfn|Tillery|2010|p=68}} Lennon recalled that his mind was made up when the Maharishi gave him a murderous look in response.{{sfn|Tillery|2010|p=68}}{{sfn|Mason|1994|p=140}} Lennon said he was &quot;a bit rough to him&quot; and the Maharishi responded by saying, &quot;I don't know why, you must tell me.&quot;{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=285}}{{sfn|Tillery|2010|pp=68–69}} According to Mardas' 2010 statement: &quot;John Lennon and I went to the Maharishi about what had happened&amp;nbsp;... he asked the Maharishi to explain himself&quot;; and the Maharishi answered Lennon's accusation by saying, &quot;I am only human.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;StatementbyMardas&quot;/&gt; With regard to his own position, Harrison said that he had already told the Maharishi that he would be leaving before the course relocated to Kashmir, because he was due to participate in the filming of ''[[Raga (film)|Raga]]'', a documentary about Ravi Shankar, in the south of India.{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=285}} According to Harrison's account of his and Lennon's final conversation with the Maharishi, in the 2000 book ''[[The Beatles Anthology (book)|The Beatles Anthology]]'', Harrison reminded him of the plan to join Shankar, but the Maharishi was unable to accept it. Harrison added: &quot;That's when John said something like, 'Well, ''you're'' supposed to be the mystic, you should know.'&quot;{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|pp=285–86}}<br /> <br /> While waiting for their taxis,{{sfn|Sheff|2000|p=191}} Lennon wrote &quot;Maharishi&quot; (later retitled &quot;[[Sexy Sadie]]&quot;), in which he sang: &quot;Maharishi – what have you done? / You made a fool of everyone.&quot;{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=130}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenner/RSI Pt 1&quot; /&gt;{{refn|group=nb|Also among the original lyrics were the lines &quot;You little twat / Who the fuck do you think you are?&quot;{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=17}} Lennon renamed the song after Harrison told him that the message was &quot;ridiculous&quot;{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=130}} and potentially libellous.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=757}}}} In a 1974 interview, Lennon said that they were convinced that the delay in the taxis' arrival was orchestrated by locals loyal to the Maharishi, and this paranoia was exacerbated by the presence of &quot;the mad Greek&quot;.{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=286}} According to Cynthia Lennon, when the group finally left the ashram, the Maharishi looked &quot;very biblical and isolated in his faith&quot;.{{sfn|Mason|1994|p=140}}{{sfn|Lennon|1980|p=176}} Jenny Boyd later wrote: &quot;Poor Maharishi. I remember him standing at the gate of the ashram, under an aide's umbrella, as the Beatles filed by, out of his life. 'Wait,' he cried. 'Talk to me.' But no one listened.&quot;{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=428}}{{sfn|Fleetwood|Davis|1991|p=63}}<br /> <br /> After leaving Rishikesh, the taxis repeatedly broke down, leading the Beatles to wonder if the Maharishi had placed a curse on them.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|pp=265–66}} The car that the Lennons were in suffered a flat tyre and the driver left them, apparently to find a replacement tyre, but did not return for hours. After it grew dark, the couple hitched a ride to Delhi.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=130}} They then took the first available flight back to London, during which Lennon drunkenly recounted a litany of his numerous infidelities to Cynthia.{{sfn|Quantick|2002|pp=37–38}} Harrison was not ready to return to London and face running Apple and the band's other commitments. In her autobiography, Boyd writes: &quot;Instead, we went to see Ravi Shankar and lost ourselves in his music.&quot;{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=118}} Harrison said when he got dysentery in Madras that he thought it might have been due to a spell cast by the Maharishi, but he recovered after Shankar gave him some [[amulet]]s.{{sfn|Fleetwood|Davis|1991|p=63}}{{refn|group=nb|As a result of falling ill in Madras, Harrison was unable to take part in filming for ''Raga''. He instead filmed his scenes with Shankar in June at the [[Esalen Institute]] in [[Big Sur]] in California.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=184}}}}<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath and impact on the Beatles==<br /> {{quote box|quote= [The Beatles'] trip to Rishikesh occupies a place in their story analogous to that of their first overseas adventure, their inaugural visit to Hamburg in the fall of 1960. Separated by eight years of once-unimaginable success, these two journeys represented the Beatles' real-life magical mystery tours … Though the symbolism and symmetry seem almost too perfect, the mysterious bond that had first been sealed on the stage of a seedy Hamburg nightclub called the [[Indra club|Indra]] would begin to unravel eight years later in the hills of India itself.{{sfn|Gould|2007|pp=468–69}}|source= – Author Jonathan Gould, 2007|width=25%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}<br /> <br /> The Beatles' departure and split with the Maharishi was well-publicised. In Delhi, Lennon and Harrison merely told reporters that they had urgent business in London and did not want to appear in the Maharishi's film.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=266}} Once reunited in the UK, the band announced that they were disillusioned by the Maharishi's desire for financial gain.&lt;ref name=Warga&gt;{{cite news|title=Maharishi Yogi Turns Other Cheek to The Beatles' Slur|first=Wayne|last=Warga|work=Los Angeles Times|date=17 May 1968|page=D14}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=nb|Lennon dismissed the idea that the presence of the film crew had contributed to the timing of his and Harrison's exit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Beatles Not To Teach|date=16 April 1968|work=The Times|page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} On 14 May, when Lennon and McCartney, accompanied by Mardas and [[Derek Taylor]], were in New York to launch Apple to the US media, Lennon used his appearance on ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|The Tonight Show]]'' to denounce the Maharishi.{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=297}} He told the host, [[Joe Garagiola Sr.|Joe Garagiola]],{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=297}} &quot;We believe in meditation, but not the Maharishi and his scene&quot;{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=202}} and: &quot;We made a mistake. He's human like the rest of us.&quot;{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=286}}{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=97}} On another occasion, McCartney said: &quot;[The Maharishi]'s a nice fellow. We're just not going out with him any more.&quot;{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|p=88}} By the time he returned to London, on 21 April,{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=296}} Harrison felt that he and Lennon were wrong in the way they had treated the Maharishi.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=468}} In June, Harrison told reporters in Los Angeles that his dissatisfaction was centred on how the Spiritual Regeneration Movement was &quot;too much of an organization&quot;.{{sfn|Syman|2010|pp=339–40}}{{refn|group=nb|The following year, by which point he and, briefly, Lennon were exploring [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Krishna Consciousness]] under [[Swami Prabhupada]],{{sfn|Turner|2006|pp=151–52}} Harrison told the ''[[International Times]]'': &quot;It's just that we physically left the Maharishi's camp but spiritually never moved an inch. We still meditate now. At least, I do.&quot;{{sfn|Clayson|2003|pp=232, 269}}}}<br /> <br /> Lennon's outspokenness was informed by the sense of personal betrayal he felt towards the Maharishi,{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=266}} and his 1970 ''Rolling Stone'' interview represented a purging of his past, in line with the emotional effects of his recent [[primal therapy]] treatment under [[Arthur Janov]].{{sfn|Riley|2011|pp=509–10}}{{refn|group=nb|Although he soon rejected Janov's guidance also,{{sfn|Doggett|2011|pp=143–44}} Lennon's 1970 ''Rolling Stone'' interview took place at a time when he believed primal therapy provided the solutions that he had been searching for with the Maharishi.{{sfn|Norman|2008|pp=648, 656}} Author [[Tim Riley (music critic)|Tim Riley]] comments that, when describing his and Harrison's departure from the ashram in the 1970 interview, Lennon included a &quot;whopper&quot; of a revelation related to his childhood abandonment issues and the unrealistic expectations he formed in his adult life: &quot;I'm always expecting my mother and I don't get her, that's what it is.&quot;{{sfn|Riley|2011|p=383}}}} In the interview, Lennon referred to &quot;a big hullaballo about [the Maharishi] trying to rape Mia Farrow or somebody and trying to get off with a few other women&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenner/RSI Pt 1&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lennon-remembers-part-one-19710121|first=Jann S.|last=Wenner|author-link=Jann Wenner|title=The Rolling Stone Interview: John Lennon (Part One)|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=21 January 1971|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203122700/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lennon-remembers-part-one-19710121 |archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=2 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and, since 1968, the allegations concerning Farrow were rumoured to be the cause of the Beatles' split with the Maharishi.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=127}}{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=30}} Brown wrote in ''The Love You Make'', first published in 1983, that his book told for the first time &quot;what really happened in the ashram&quot;, challenging the &quot;widely circulated&quot; but incorrect story about Farrow.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|pp=260, 266}}{{refn|group=nb|According to author Philip Goldberg, writing in 2010: &quot;For the rest of Maharishi's days, even in his obituaries, journalists could hardly mention his name without referring to the incident, more often than not assuming that the allegations were true. For the record, no evidence of hanky-panky has ever surfaced.&quot;{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|p=161}}}} Reflecting in a 1980 interview, Lennon said he had been &quot;bitter&quot; after discovering that the Maharishi was &quot;human&quot;, just as he was later about Janov for the same reason.{{sfn|Sheff|2000|p=128}} Lennon and Ono holidayed in India in late 1969.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=353}} According to author Susan Shumsky, a TM devotee, Lennon sent a telegram to the ashram, saying he was in Delhi and urgently wanted to see the Maharishi. As he and his secretary discussed the telegram, the Maharishi repeatedly claimed not to recognise Lennon's name, and he ended the conversation by saying: &quot;I do not know a ''John Lennon''.&quot;{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|pp=217–18}}<br /> <br /> [[File:TheBeatles68LP.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=A mostly plain white album cover, with the words &quot;the Beatles&quot; towards the center and a serial number towards the lower right corner|The cover of ''[[The Beatles (album)|The Beatles]]'']]<br /> Writing for ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'' in 2003, author and journalist Mark Paytress said that, for many observers, the Beatles' falling out with the Maharishi engendered a long-lasting suspicion that &quot;they'd become faddists tipped into eccentric habits by unfathomable fame&quot;.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=12}} Having given up touring in 1966, the trip to India was the last time all four Beatles travelled together.{{sfn|Greene|2006|pp=66, 100}} Their self-exploration through meditation and before that, LSD, led to each of them adopting a more individual focus, at the expense of band unity, through to [[Break-up of the Beatles|the group's break-up]] in 1970.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=12}} The acrimony within the band was evident during the recording of their 1968 double album ''[[The Beatles (album)|The Beatles]]'' (also known as the &quot;White Album&quot;), when they recorded many of the songs written in Rishikesh.{{sfn|Woffinden|1981|pp=4–5}} Adding to the tense atmosphere, after Lennon had left his wife, Ono became a constant presence from the start of the sessions and was viewed by the other Beatles as an unwelcome intrusion into the group dynamic.{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|pp=308, 310}}{{sfn|Ingham|2006|pp=49–50}}<br /> <br /> Author [[Nicholas Schaffner]] wrote in 1978 that, following their return from Rishikesh, Lennon, Harrison and McCartney were &quot;three very different personalities who seldom saw eye-to-eye any more&quot;. He also said that the trio served as an &quot;almost archetypal cross-section&quot; of the many young people who progressed from LSD to Indian spirituality during the late 1960s: Lennon &quot;continued to drift from one unconventional self-awareness trip to another&quot;; Harrison intensified his interest by embracing Krishna Consciousness, or the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna movement]], under [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]]; and McCartney exchanged &quot;consciousness expansion&quot; for &quot;more bourgeois preoccupations&quot;.{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|p=89}}<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> <br /> {{further|Yoga tourism|Postural yoga in India}}<br /> <br /> Philip Goldberg, in his book ''American Veda'', writes that the Beatles' trip to Rishikesh &quot;may have been the most momentous spiritual retreat since [[Jesus]] spent those [[Temptation of Christ|forty days in the wilderness]]&quot;.{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|p=7}} Despite their rejection of the Maharishi, the Beatles generated wider interest in TM, which encouraged the study of Eastern spirituality in Western popular culture.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=180}}{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|pp=7–8}} Chopra credits Harrison with spreading TM and other Eastern spiritual practices to America almost single-handedly.{{sfn|Quantick|2002|p=139}} Spiritual biographer [[Gary Tillery]] also recognises the Beatles, or more specifically Harrison, as having &quot;abruptly brought Indian spirituality to everyday awareness&quot; through their association with the Maharishi. Tillery writes that, while the influence of Indian gurus such as [[Vivekananda]], [[Paramahansa Yogananda|Yogananda]], the Maharishi and Prabhupada was well established by the late 1960s, it was the Beatles' endorsement of their respective philosophies that most contributed to yoga and meditation centres becoming ubiquitous in Western cities and towns over subsequent decades.{{sfn|Tillery|2011|p=151}} According to author Andrew Grant Jackson:<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Beat Generation|Beats]] had promoted Buddhism since the 1950s, but it was George Harrison's songs espousing Hindu philosophy and featuring Indian musicians, and the Beatles' study of Transcendental Meditation, that truly kick-started the [[human potential movement]] of the 1970s (rebranded [[New Age]] in the 1980s). In this way, the musicians helped expand the freedom of religion the United States was founded on to encompass options outside the Judeo-Christian tradition.{{sfn|Jackson|2015|p=282}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:MahareshiYogi2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.5|The Maharishi in 1973]]<br /> <br /> Mike Love arranged for the Beach Boys to [[The Beach Boys' 1968 US tour with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi|tour the United States with the Maharishi]] in May 1968.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=218–19}} However, the tour was cancelled after several appearances and was called &quot;one of the more bizarre entertainments of the era&quot;.{{sfn|Gaines|1995|p=195}}{{sfn|Frontani|2007|p=198}}{{refn|group=nb|Love attributes its failure to the Beatles' &quot;repudiation of Maharishi&quot;, which led to poor ticket sales and hostility from some concert-goers.{{sfn|Love|2017|p=199}}}} After 1968 the Maharishi fell out of the public spotlight for a period and TM was described as a passing fad.{{Sfn|Smith|1975|p=127}} Interest grew again in the 1970s when scientific studies began showing concrete results.&lt;ref name=Telegraph7870&gt;{{cite news|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=7 February 2008|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1577870/Maharishi-Mahesh-Yogi.html | location=London | title=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Maharishi appeared twice on American television's ''[[The Merv Griffin Show]]'' in the mid-1970s, leading to a surge of popularity called the &quot;Merv wave&quot; that lasted until the end of the decade.{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|pp=166–67, 169}} In a 1975 interview, Harrison said of the Beatles' association with TM: &quot;In retrospect, that was probably one of the greatest experiences I've ever had … Maharishi was always put down for propagating what was basically a spiritual thing but there's so much being propagated that's damaging to life that I'm glad there are good people around like him.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Hunt |editor-first=Chris |title=NME Originals: Beatles – The Solo Years 1970–1980|year=2005|publisher=IPC Ignite!|location=London|page=103|title-link=NME }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1978 Lennon wrote that he considered his meditation a &quot;source of creative inspiration&quot;.{{sfn|Tillery|2010|p=69}} Despite Lennon's public denouncing of the Maharishi, according to Tillery, &quot;for the rest of his life he often turned to meditation to restore himself and improve his creativity.&quot;{{sfn|Tillery|2010|p=69}}<br /> <br /> In her 2005 book ''Gurus in America'', author [[Cynthia Ann Humes]] comments that although the split between the Beatles and Maharishi was widely reported, there has been &quot;little mention&quot; of &quot;the continued positive relationship Maharishi maintained&quot; with Harrison and McCartney.{{sfn|Humes|2005|p=77}} During the 1990s, Harrison and McCartney were so convinced of the Maharishi's innocence on the issue of sexual impropriety that they each offered their apologies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kozinn/NYT&quot; /&gt; Harrison gave a benefit concert for the Maharishi-associated [[Natural Law Party]] in 1992,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Politics brings former Beatle back on stage in Britain|first=David|last=Israelson|work=Toronto Star|date=4 April 1992|page=A3}}&lt;/ref&gt; and later apologised for the way the Maharishi had been treated by saying, &quot;We were very young.&quot;{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=244}} In ''The Beatles Anthology'', he stated: &quot;It's probably in the history books that Maharishi 'tried to attack Mia Farrow' – but it's bullshit, total bullshit.&quot;{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|pp=285–86}}&lt;ref name=&quot;RSM&quot;&gt;(6 March 2008) Rolling Stone magazine&lt;/ref&gt; Asked if he forgave the Beatles, following Harrison's public apology in 1991, the Maharishi replied, &quot;I could never be upset with angels.&quot;{{sfn|Quantick|2002|p=136}}{{sfn|Tillery|2011|pp=137–38}} McCartney took his daughter [[Stella McCartney|Stella]] to visit the Maharishi in the Netherlands in 2007,&lt;ref name=&quot;SpiritualGuruDiesShankar&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aXiUpQyKxGnI&amp;refer=india |title=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Beatles' Spiritual Guru, Dies|first=Jay|last=Shankar|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=5 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105153011/https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aXiUpQyKxGnI&amp;refer=india|archive-date=5 November 2012|access-date=29 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; which renewed their friendship.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leigh/Independent&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Beatles Ashram Satsang Hall Rishikesh.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Satsang Hall in the abandoned ashram, 2012]]<br /> By the time of the Maharishi's death in 2008, more than 5 million people had learned TM, and his worldwide movement was valued in the billions of dollars.{{sfn| Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=131}} After the Maharishi died, McCartney said: &quot;my memories of him will only be joyful ones. He was a great man who worked tirelessly for the people of the world and the cause of unity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=Reuters|title=Memorial pays tribute to Indian guru|first=Catherine |last=Hornby|date=6 February 2008|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL0720517520080207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213120015/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL0720517520080207|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Starr said in 2008, &quot;I feel so blessed I met the Maharishi&amp;nbsp;– he gave me a mantra that no one can take away, and I still use it&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leigh/Independent&quot; /&gt; Representing her late husband, Yoko Ono said: &quot;John would have been the first one now, if he had been here, to recognize and acknowledge what Maharishi has done for the world and appreciate it.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;RSM&quot;/&gt; In 2009, McCartney, Starr, Donovan and Horn reunited at a concert held at New York's [[Radio City Music Hall]] to benefit the [[David Lynch Foundation]], which funds the teaching of TM in schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Just Say 'Om': The Fab Two Give a Little Help to a Cause|first=Jon|last=Pareles|work=The New York Times|date=6 April 2009|page=C.7}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2011 article titled &quot;Celebrities Who Meditate&quot;, in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', reported Harrison as having said: &quot;Maharishi only ever did good for us, and although I have not been with him physically, I never left him.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=George |date=28 June 2011 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/8602265/Celebrities-who-meditate.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701130144/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/8602265/Celebrities-who-meditate.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2011 |title=Celebrities Who Meditate |access-date=17 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2007, Indian-born American film-maker [[Mira Nair]] said she had begun work on a documentary film about the Beatles' visit to India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.timeout.com/film/news/1788/mira-nair-q-a.html |title=Mira Nair Q&amp;A |first=Ben |last=Walters |date=27 March 2007 |work=[[Time Out London]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607114213/http://www.timeout.com/film/news/1788/mira-nair-q-a.html |archive-date=7 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paul Saltzman's photographs from the retreat have been displayed in galleries throughout North America{{sfn|Kane|2005|p=61}} and in a permanent exhibition above the retail units in the departure lounge of [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Art Joins Arrivals at John Lennon Airport|url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2007/11/20/iconic-art-joins-arrivals-at-liverpool-airport-99623-20131815/|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=Liverpool Daily Post|date=20 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thebeatlesinindia.com/ |title=The Beatles in India |publisher=TheBeatlesInIndia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2018, the 50th anniversary of Lennon and Harrison's arrival in Rishikesh was marked by the opening of a two-year exhibition titled ''The Beatles in India'' at the [[The Beatles Story|Beatles Story]] museum in [[Liverpool]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpe/Observer&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Parthsarathi/TheWeek&quot; /&gt; A similar celebration took place at the ashram site, now known as [[Beatles Ashram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parthsarathi/TheWeek&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trivedi/HT&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Anupan|last=Trivedi|title=Beatles fans will be treated with rare photos at Chaurasi Kutia from today|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/beatles-fans-will-be-treated-with-rare-photos-at-chaurasi-kutia-from-today/story-DASNXo9OHuKRWNBI1RVwpK.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=18 February 2018|access-date=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The exhibition in Liverpool was announced as featuring memorabilia, photographs by Saltzman, a sitar courtesy of the Ravi Shankar Foundation, and video contributions from Pattie and Jenny Boyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parthsarathi/TheWeek&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Mona|last=Parthsarathi|title=Displays to mark 50 years of Beatles' arrival in India|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/displays-50-years-beatles-arrival-rishikesh.html|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=24 January 2018|access-date=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Documentaries===<br /> The Beatles' 1968 retreat in Rishikesh is the subject of Saltzman's documentary film ''[[Meeting the Beatles in India]]'' (2020), and formed part of the documentary ''[[The Beatles and India]]'' (2021) by [[Ajoy Bose]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Male/Guardian&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Male|title=The Beatles in India: 'With their long hair and jokes, they blew our minds!'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/jun/03/the-beatles-in-india-with-their-long-hair-and-jokes-they-blew-our-minds|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 June 2021|access-date=21 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=William|last=Hemingway|url=https://www.ukfilmreview.co.uk/post/the-beatles-and-india-documentary-film-review|title=The Beatles and India documentary film review|website=UK Film Review|date=8 October 2021|access-date=22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reviewing ''The Beatles and India'' for ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[Peter Bradshaw]] said the Beatles &quot;used their colossal influence, greater than any politician or movie star or religious leader, to direct the world's attention to India, a country which until then had been opaque for many in the west&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradshaw/Guardian&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Peter|last=Bradshaw|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/oct/01/the-beatles-and-india-review-documentary|title=The Beatles and India review – the fab four go looking for a guru|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 October 2021|access-date=22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=nb|In his review for ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'', [[Pete Paphides]] welcomes the &quot;corrective to pernicious inaccuracies&quot; surrounding Lennon and Harrison's departure from the ashram, as Bose's film includes Beatles historians [[Mark Lewisohn]] and [[Steve Turner (writer)|Steve Turner]] highlighting the &quot;Machiavellian machinations&quot; of Mardas in spreading rumours about the Maharishi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|first=Pete|last=Paphides|url=https://www.uncut.co.uk/reviews/dvd/the-beatles-and-india-134288/|title=The Beatles and India: The Maharishi, Magic Alex and some myths unravelled|magazine=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]|date=8 October 2021|access-date=22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==Songs written by the Beatles in Rishikesh==<br /> The Beatles wrote many songs during their visit to Rishikesh: 30 by one count,{{sfn|Goldman|2001|p=297}} 48 by another.&lt;ref name=&quot;Choudhury/DN&amp;A&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_martin-scorsese-films-harrison-s-tryst-with-indian-spirituality_1384278|title=Martin Scorsese films Harrison's tryst with Indian spirituality|last=Choudhury|first=Uttara|date=17 May 2010|newspaper=[[Daily News &amp; Analysis]]|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520060724/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_martin-scorsese-films-harrison-s-tryst-with-indian-spirituality_1384278|archive-date=20 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Nair|first=Mira|title=Here, There, and Mira Nair (An interview with Mira Nair)|magazine=What Is Enlightenment?|date=April–June 2007|page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lennon said: &quot;We wrote about thirty new songs between us. Paul must have done about a dozen. George says he's got six, and I wrote fifteen. And look what meditation did for Ringo – after all this time he wrote his first song.&quot;{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=305}} Many of the songs became a part of the album ''The Beatles'', while others appeared on ''[[Abbey Road]]'' in 1969 or on solo records.{{sfn|Miles|1997}}<br /> <br /> '''Released on ''The Beatles'':'''<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=50em|<br /> *&quot;[[Back in the U.S.S.R.]]&quot;{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=422}}<br /> *&quot;[[Blackbird (Beatles song)|Blackbird]]&quot;{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|pp=291–92}}<br /> *&quot;[[The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill]]&quot;{{sfn|Turner|2006|p=147}}<br /> *&quot;[[Cry Baby Cry]]&quot;{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|pp=296–97}}<br /> *&quot;[[Dear Prudence]]&quot;{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|p=300}}<br /> *&quot;[[Don't Pass Me By]]&quot;{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=397}}<br /> *&quot;[[Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey]]&quot;{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|p=293}}<br /> *&quot;[[I Will]]&quot;{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=420}}<br /> *&quot;[[I'm So Tired]]&quot;{{sfn|Ryan|1982|p=161}}<br /> *&quot;[[Julia (Beatles song)|Julia]]&quot;{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=421}}<br /> *&quot;[[Long, Long, Long]]&quot;{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=125}}<br /> *&quot;[[Mother Nature's Son]]&quot;{{sfn|Miles|1997|pp=423, 490}}<br /> *&quot;[[Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da]]&quot;{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=419}}<br /> *&quot;[[Revolution (Beatles song)|Revolution]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author= Steve Turner|year=2012|title= A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song|publisher= Carlton| ISBN =978-1-78097-096-7|page=191}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *&quot;[[Rocky Raccoon]]&quot;{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|p=308}}<br /> *&quot;[[Sexy Sadie]]&quot; (originally titled &quot;Maharishi&quot;){{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=757}}<br /> *&quot;[[Why Don't We Do It in the Road?]]&quot;{{sfn|Miles|1997|pp=498–99}}<br /> *&quot;[[Wild Honey Pie]]&quot;{{sfn|MacDonald|2007|p=309}}<br /> *&quot;[[Yer Blues]]&quot;{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=318}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Released on ''Abbey Road'':'''<br /> *&quot;[[Mean Mr. Mustard]]&quot;{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=421}}<br /> *&quot;[[Polythene Pam]]&quot;{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=421}}<br /> <br /> '''Released on solo albums, and others:'''<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=50em|<br /> *&quot;Child of Nature&quot; (reworked as &quot;[[Jealous Guy]]&quot; for Lennon's ''[[Imagine (John Lennon album)|Imagine]]''){{sfn|Sheff|2000|p=200}}<br /> *&quot;[[Circles (George Harrison song)#The Beatles' demo|Circles]]&quot; (on Harrison's ''[[Gone Troppo]]'' in 1982){{sfn|Leng|2006|pp=235–36}}<br /> *&quot;Cosmically Conscious&quot; (on McCartney's ''[[Off the Ground#Off the Ground: The Complete Works|Off the Ground: The Complete Works]]'' in 1993){{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=172}}<br /> *&quot;Dehradun&quot; (Harrison's song, released for the 50th Anniversary edition of 'All Things Must Pass'){{sfn|Leng|2006|p=34}}<br /> *&quot;[[Junk (song)|Junk]]&quot; (on ''[[McCartney (album)|McCartney]]'' in 1970){{sfn| MacDonald|2007|pp=278–79}}<br /> *&quot;[[Look at Me (John Lennon song)|Look at Me]]&quot; (on ''[[John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band]]'' in 1970){{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=123}}<br /> *&quot;[[Sour Milk Sea#The Beatles' demo|Sour Milk Sea]]&quot; (recorded by Apple Records artist [[Jackie Lomax]] and released on a single in 1968){{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=125}}<br /> *&quot;Spiritual Regeneration/Happy Birthday Mike Love&quot; (recorded at Rishikesh but never released){{sfn|Quantick|2002|p=21}}<br /> *&quot;[[Teddy Boy (song)|Teddy Boy]]&quot; (on ''McCartney'' in 1970){{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=123}}<br /> *&quot;[[What's the New Mary Jane]]&quot; (recorded for ''The Beatles'' double album but released on the 1996 compilation ''[[Anthology 3]]''){{sfn|MacDonald|2007|pp=308–09}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|1960s}}<br /> * [[Outline of the Beatles]]<br /> * [[The Beatles timeline]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|30em|group=nb}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> {{refbegin |30em}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Badman|first=Keith|title=The Beach Boys: The Definitive Diary of America's Greatest Band, on Stage and in the Studio|url=https://archive.org/details/beachboysdefinit0000badm|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Backbeat Books|location=San Francisco, CA|isbn=0-87930-818-4}}<br /> *{{cite book|author=The Beatles|author-link=The Beatles|title=The Beatles Anthology|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco, CA|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8118-2684-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesanthology0000unse}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Boyd|first1=Pattie|author-link=Pattie Boyd|last2=with Junor|first2=Penny|year=2007|title=Wonderful Today: The Autobiography|title-link=Wonderful Today|location=London|publisher=Headline Review|isbn=978-0-7553-1646-5|ref={{SfnRef|Boyd|2007}}}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter Brown (music industry)|last2=Gaines|first2=Steven|author-link2=Steven Gaines|title=The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles|title-link=The Love You Make|publisher=New American Library|location=New York, NY|year=2002|orig-year=1983|isbn=978-0-4512-0735-7}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Clayson|first=Alan|author-link=Alan Clayson|title=George Harrison|publisher=Sanctuary|location=London|year=2003|isbn=1-86074-489-3}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Cooke de Herrera, Nancy |author-link=Nancy Cooke de Herrera |title=Beyond Gurus: A Woman of Many Worlds |publisher=Blue Dolphin |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-931892-49-3 |ref={{SfnRef|Cooke de Herrera|1992}} |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondguruswoman00herr }}<br /> &lt;!--* {{cite book|last=Doggett|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Doggett|title=There's a Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture|year=2007|publisher=Canongate Books|location=Edinburgh, UK|isbn=978-1-84195-940-5}}--&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last=Doggett|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Doggett|title=You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup|title-link=You Never Give Me Your Money (book)|publisher=It Books|location=New York, NY|year=2011|isbn=978-0-06-177418-8}}<br /> * {{cite book|author=((The Editors of ''Rolling Stone''))|title=Harrison|publisher=Rolling Stone Press|location=New York, NY|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7432-3581-5|url=https://archive.org/details/harrison00fine}}<br /> *{{cite book|title=What Falls Away|location=New York, NY|publisher=Doubleday|year=1997|first=Mia|last=Farrow|author-link=Mia Farrow|isbn=978-0-385-40488-4}}<br /> *{{cite book|title=Fleetwood: My Life and Adventures in Fleetwood Mac|url=https://archive.org/details/fleetwoodmylifea00fleet|url-access=registration|last1=Fleetwood |first1=Mick|author-link=Mick Fleetwood|first2=Stephen |last2=Davis|author-link2=Stephen Davis (music journalist)|publisher=Avon Books|location=New York, NY|year=1991|isbn=978-0-3807-1616-6}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Frontani|first=Michael R.|year=2007|title=The Beatles: Image and the Media|url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesimagemedi0000fron|url-access=registration|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|location=Jackson, MS|isbn=978-1-57806-966-8}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Gaines|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Gaines|title=Heroes &amp; Villains: The True Story of the Beach Boys|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=Boston, MA|year=1995|orig-year=1986|isbn=978-0-306-80647-6}}<br /> *{{cite book|last1=Giuliano|first1=Geoffrey|last2=Giuliano|first2=Avalon|author-link1=Geoffrey Giuliano|title=Revolver: The Secret History of the Beatles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usR5AAAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=John Blake|location=London|isbn=978-1-84454-160-7}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Goldberg|first=Philip|title=American Veda: From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation – How Indian Spirituality Changed the West|publisher=Harmony Books|location=New York, NY|year=2010|isbn=978-0-385-52134-5|url=https://archive.org/details/americanvedafrom00gold |url-access=registration}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Albert|author-link=Albert Goldman|title=The Lives of John Lennon|title-link=The Lives of John Lennon|year=2001|orig-year=1988|publisher=Chicago Review Press|location=Chicago, IL|isbn=978-1-55652-399-1}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Jonathan|title=Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain, and America|title-link=Can't Buy Me Love (book)|publisher=Harmony Books|location=New York, NY|year=2007|isbn=978-0-307-35337-5}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Greene|first=Joshua M.|title=Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|year=2006|isbn=978-0-470-12780-3}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Humes|first=Cynthia Ann|author-link=Cynthia Ann Humes|year=2005|chapter=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Beyond the T.M. Technique|title=Gurus in America|editor1-first=Thomas A. |editor1-last=Forsthoefel |editor2-first=Cynthia Ann |editor2-last=Humes|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany, NY|isbn=0-7914-6573-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugSb7mArJlYC}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=The Rough Guide to the Beatles ''(2nd edn)''|last=Ingham|first=Chris|year=2006|publisher=Rough Guides|location=London|isbn=978-1-84836-525-4}}<br /> * {{cite book|first=Andrew Grant|last=Jackson|title=1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QI3BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR16|date=2015|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-250-05962-8}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Larry|author-link=Larry Kane|title=Lennon Revealed|year=2005|publisher=Running Press|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-7624-2364-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/lennonrevealed0000kane_p2o7}}<br /> &lt;!--* {{cite book|first=Gary|last=Lachman|authorlink=Gary Lachman|title=Turn Off Your Mind: The Mystic Sixties and the Dark Side of the Age of Aquarius|publisher=The Disinformation Company|year=2001|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-9713942-3-7}}--&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|first=Lewis|last=Lapham|author-link=Lewis H. Lapham|title=With the Beatles|publisher=Melville House|year=2005|location=Brooklyn, NY|isbn=978-1-612193977}}<br /> *{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Lavezzoli|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|publisher=Continuum|location=New York, NY|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Leitch|first=Donovan|author-link=Donovan|title=The Autobiography of Donovan: The Hurdy Gurdy Man|year=2005|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-312-35252-3}}<br /> *{{cite book|first=Simon|last=Leng |title=While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison|publisher=Hal Leonard|location=Milwaukee, WI|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4234-0609-9}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Lennon|first=Cynthia|author-link=Cynthia Lennon|year=1980|title=A Twist of Lennon|publisher=Avon Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-38045450-1}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Lennon|first=Cynthia|title=John|year=2005|publisher=Three Rivers Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-307-33856-3}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Love|first=Mike|author-link=Mike Love|title=Good Vibrations: My Life as a Beach Boy|title-link=Good Vibrations: My Life as a Beach Boy|year=2017|publisher=Faber &amp; Faber|location=London|isbn=978-0-571-32469-9}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=MacDonald|first=Ian|author-link=Ian MacDonald|title=Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties|publisher=Chicago Review Press|location=Chicago, IL|year=2007|isbn=978-1-55652-733-3|title-link=Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Mason|first=Paul|title=The Maharishi: The Biography of the Man Who Gave Transcendental Meditation to the World|year=1994|publisher=Element|location=Rockport, MA|isbn=978-1-85230-571-0}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Miles|first=Barry|author-link=Barry Miles|title=Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|location=New York, NY|year=1997|isbn=0-8050-5249-6|title-link=Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Miles|first=Barry|title=The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years|year=2001|publisher=Omnibus Press|location=London|isbn=0-7119-8308-9}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Norman|first=Philip|author-link=Philip Norman (author)|title=John Lennon: The Life|year=2008|publisher=Ecco|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-06-075402-0|url=https://archive.org/details/johnlennonlife00norm}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Oldmeadow|first=Harry|title=Journeys East: 20th Century Western Encounters with Eastern Religious Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vC1qAj6RbRQC |year=2004|publisher=World Wisdom|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-0-941532-57-0}}<br /> *{{cite journal|title=Cults and Cosmic Consciousness: Religious Visions in the American 1960s|first=Camille|last=Paglia|author-link=Camille Paglia|journal=[[Arion (journal)|Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics]]|series=3rd|volume=10|issue=3|pages=57–111|date=Winter 2003|jstor=20163901}}<br /> * {{cite book|first=Mark|last=Paytress|chapter=A Passage to India|year=2003|title=Mojo Special Limited Edition: 1000 Days of Revolution (The Beatles' Final Years – Jan 1, 1968 to Sept 27, 1970)|location=London|publisher=Emap|pages=10–17|title-link=Mojo (magazine)#Special editions}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Quantick|first=David|author-link=David Quantick|title=Revolution: The Making of The Beatles' White Album|year=2002|publisher=A Cappella Books|location=Chicago, IL|isbn=978-1-55652-470-7}}<br /> *{{cite book|first=Tim|last=Riley|author-link=Tim Riley (music critic)|year=2011|title=Lennon: The Man, the Myth, the Music – The Definitive Life|publisher=Random House|location=London|isbn=978-0-7535-4020-6}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Ryan|first=David Stuart|title=John Lennon's Secret: A Biography|publisher=Kozmik Press|location=London|year=1982|isbn=978-0-905116-08-2}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Saltzman|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Saltzman|title=The Beatles in Rishikesh|publisher=Viking Press|location=New York, NY|year=2000|isbn=978-0-670-89261-7}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Schaffner|first=Nicholas|author-link=Nicholas Schaffner|title=The Beatles Forever|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|year=1978|isbn=0-07-055087-5|url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesforever00scha}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sheff|first=David|author-link=David Sheff|title=All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York, NY|year=2000|orig-year=1981|isbn=0-312-25464-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL7X-YyrINUC}}<br /> *{{cite book|first1=Kenneth|last1=Shouler|first2=Susai|last2=Anthony|title=The Everything Hinduism Book: Learn the Traditions and Rituals of the &quot;Religion of Peace&quot;|publisher=Adams Media|location=Avon, MA|year=2009|isbn=978-1-59869-862-6}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Shumsky|first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrRJDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Rosalyn+Bonas&amp;pg=PT217 |title=Maharishi &amp; Me: Seeking Enlightenment with the Beatles' Guru|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|location=New York, NY|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5107-2268-2}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Adam|author-link=George Goodman|title=Powers of Mind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGzZAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Random House|isbn=0-394-49832-1}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sounes|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Sounes|title=Fab: An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney|publisher=HarperCollins|location=London|year=2010|isbn=978-0-00-723705-0}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Spitz|first=Bob|author-link=Bob Spitz|title=The Beatles: The Biography|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|location=New York, NY|year=2005|isbn=978-0-316-80352-6|title-link=The Beatles: The Biography}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Syman|first=Stefanie|author-link=Stefanie Syman|title=The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America|url=https://archive.org/details/subtlebodystoryo0000syma|url-access=registration|access-date=17 June 2011|year=2010|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-374-23676-2}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Tillery|first=Gary|author-link=Gary Tillery|title=The Cynical Idealist: A Spiritual Biography of John Lennon|publisher=Quest Books|location=Wheaton, IL|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8356-0875-6|url=https://archive.org/details/cynicalidealists0000till}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Tillery|first=Gary|title=Working Class Mystic: A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison|publisher=Quest Books|location=Wheaton, IL|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8356-0900-5}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Turner|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Turner (writer)|title=The Gospel According to the Beatles|date=2006|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville, KY|isbn=978-0-664-22983-2}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Winn|first=John C.|year=2009|title=That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970|publisher=Three Rivers Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-3074-5239-9}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Woffinden|first=Bob|author-link=Bob Woffinden|title=The Beatles Apart|publisher=Proteus|location=London|year=1981|isbn=0-906071-89-5}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Dragemark|first=Elsa|publisher=Förf|title=The Way to Maharishi's Himalayas|year=1972|asin=B0007B4LQG}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Needleman|first=Jacob|title=The New Religions|year=1970|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-1-101-14505-0}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PiAhzpGO1Qk Paul Saltzman's Beatles in India interview on VVH-TV]<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLeBZjPOJ-c Film of the Beatles with the Maharishi in Rishikesh]<br /> <br /> {{The Beatles main}}<br /> {{Transcendental Meditation movement}}<br /> {{Good article}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Beatles in India, The}}<br /> [[Category:1968 in India]]<br /> [[Category:The Beatles and India]]<br /> [[Category:History of the Beatles|India]]<br /> [[Category:Transcendental Meditation]]<br /> [[Category:Rishikesh]]<br /> [[Category:History of Uttarakhand (1947–present)]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asim_Arun&diff=488039 2026-04-23T07:47:35Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new the info from scratch - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Asim Arun<br /> | image = AsimArun.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|3 October 1970|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Budaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | office = [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|Minister of State (Independent Charge)]]&lt;br&gt;[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | governor = [[Anandiben Patel]]<br /> | 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]<br /> | term_start = 25 March 2022<br /> | office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = 10 March 2022<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Kannauj (Assembly constituency)|Kannauj]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Delhi University]]&lt;br&gt;[[University of British Columbia]]<br /> | 2blankname = Ministry &amp; Department's<br /> | 2namedata = *Social Welfare <br /> *SC/ST Welfare<br /> | predecessor1 = Anil Kumar Dohare<br /> | majority1 = 6,090<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Asim Arun''' (born 3 October 1970; sometimes spelt '''Aseem Arun''') is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[politician]] and [[retired]] 1994 Batch [[Indian Police Service]] officer who is currently serving as the member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kannauj (Assembly constituency)|Kannauj Sadar]] since March 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kannauj Election Result 2022 LIVE: Kannauj MLA Election Result &amp; Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/kannauj-assembly-elections-up-198/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kannauj Election Result 2022: सदर सीट पर असीम अरुण ने दर्ज की जीत, सपा के अनिल दोहरे हारे, यहां देखें राउंडवार वोट |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-up-election-result-2022-kannauj-news-update-kannauj-sadar-seat-result-of-bjp-aseem-arun-wining-news-22532722.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Pathikrit Chakraborty|date=Mar 12, 2022 |title=Asim Arun 1st Ips To Script Up Poll History {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/asim-arun-1st-ips-to-script-up-poll-history/articleshow/90161128.cms |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Mar 10, 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh: BJP candidate and ex-IPS officer Asim Arun wins from Kannauj assembly seat {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-bjp-candidate-and-ex-ips-officer-asim-arun-wins-from-kannauj-assembly-seat/articleshow/90127890.cms |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asim Arun(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KANNAUJ (SC)(KANNAUJ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1729 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-03-10 |title=Ex-top cop and BJP candidate Asim Arun wins from Kannauj |url=https://theprint.in/india/ex-top-cop-and-bjp-candidate-asim-arun-wins-from-kannauj/867826/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|Minister of State (Independent Charge)]] Social welfare &amp; SC/ST Welfare in [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UP Govt 2022: कन्नौज सदर से पहली बार विधायक बने असीम अरुण ने ली मंत्री पद की शपथ, यहां देखें पूरा प्रोफाइल |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-yogi-adityanath-cabinet-kannauj-sadar-mla-and-minister-asim-arun-profile-latest-hindi-news-22570442.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> <br /> Asim Arun was born on 3 October 1970 in Budaun, Uttar Pradesh. His family has its roots in the village Khair Nagar, Tirwa, Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh. His hometown is Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Asim completed his class 12 from St. Francis' College, Lucknow, in 1988. He then attended St. Stephen’s College, Delhi, from 1988 to 1991 to pursue a Bachelor of Science (B. Sc.). Thereafter, he cleared the Civil Services Examination and opted for the Indian Police Service. He joined the Indian Police Service in 1994, and later, obtained an MA in Public Policy from the University of British Columbia, Canada (2014-2016). He was good at extra-curricular activities in his college days and was a part of the Shakespeare Society of his college (St. Stephen’s College, Delhi).{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Police service ==<br /> Selected to the elite [[Indian Police Service]] in 1994, he served as District Police Chief in Agra, Aligarh, Hathras, Gorakhpur, etc.<br /> <br /> His last posting was as Commissioner of Police, Kanpur Nagar.<br /> <br /> The first IPS officer to volunteer and successfully complete the [[National Security Guard|NSG]]'s Black Cat Commando Course, he was chosen to Head the Close Protection Team (AIG CPT) of [[Special Protection Group]] for the then Prime Minister, [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] (2004–08).<br /> <br /> '''Project Seva 100'''<br /> <br /> In 2008, in Aligarh Arun initiated a professionally run police helpline 100 system. Highly acclaimed for its robust processes and assured response time, it introduced a new manner of functioning. He grew it in Hathras, Gorakhpur and Agra while heading these police districts. As Inspector General (Police Telecom), the same system but with better technology, was implemented in the Modern Police Control Rooms in Lucknow, Kanpur, Ghaziabad and, Prayagraj.<br /> <br /> '''COVID-19 Response by UP 112'''<br /> <br /> During the COVID-19 lockdown in March–April 2020, UP 112 swiftly modified its operations to become the primary agency responsible for receiving requests for humanitarian aid and providing the same through its Police Response Vehicles and Police Station's vehicles. During this operation, Arun was the Chief of UP 112.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2020-04-08 |title=Policemen manning 112 helpline number in UP don new role in lockdown' times |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/policemen-manning-112-helpline-number-in-up-don-new-role-in-lockdown-times-120040800726_1.html |access-date=2022-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Elets News |date=2020-04-11 |title=Elets Exclusive {{!}} 112 to rescue amidst COVID-19 crisis in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2020/04/112-to-rescue-amidst-covid-19-crisis-in-uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Elets eGov |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Panda |first=Sushmita |date=2020-03-27 |title=Dial 112 - Uttar Pradesh issues emergency number if you are stuck in coronavirus lockdown |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/fyi/uttar-pradesh-issues-emergency-numberm-112-coronavirus-lockdown-602000 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-11 |title=UP Police's 112 attends to 2.50 lakh distress calls |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/polices-112-attends-2-50-lakh-distress-calls |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=When helpline turns hope-line during lockdown |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/15/when-helpline-turns-hope-line-during-lockdown-.html |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=The Week |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> On January 8, 2022 Arun announced that he would leave the IPS and begin a political career with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<br /> <br /> He won the UP Assembly election from Kannauj Sadar, a stronghold of the Samajwadi Party for a longtime.<br /> <br /> He surprised everyone by visiting his rival candidate, Anil Doharey of Samajwadi Party, right after the announcement of the result, a courtesy rarely seen in Indian politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=UP Election Results: पूर्व IPS असीम अरुण जीत के बाद अचानक पहुंचे सपा कैंडिडेट के घर, जानें पूरा मामला |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/kannauj-former-ips-asim-arun-wins-from-kannauj-sadar-assembly-seat-and-meet-sp-candidate-anil-kumar-doharey-nodark-4063719.html |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=मिश्रा |first=नित्य |date=2022-03-11 |title=चुनाव जीतने के बाद बीजेपी नेता असीम अरुण ने किया ऐसा काम, हर कोई कर रहा है तारीफ |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/after-winning-the-election-from-kannauj-sadar-seat-asim-arun-met-sp-s-candidate-anil-dohre-ann-2079438 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> <br /> Arun graduated from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephens College]], Delhi in 1991. In 2016, he completed a Masters in Public Policy at the [[University of British Columbia]], Vancouver, Canada, while on study leave from the Indian Police Service. At the University of British Columbia he was very active with the Centre for India and South Asia Research (CISAR).<br /> <br /> == Award and honours ==<br /> Asim Arun is a recipient of the following medals:<br /> <br /> 1. Police Medal for Gallantry for an encounter in which ISIS terrorist, Saifullah died (March 8, 2017). Arun was Chief of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]'s Anti Terrorist Squad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-08-15 |title=UP police team involved in 'terrorist' killing honoured |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-police-team-involved-in-terrorist-killing-honoured-4798264/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 2. President of India's Police Medal for Distinguished Services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jan 26, 2021 |title=ADG (L&amp;O) among 8 UP cops to bag police gallantry medal {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/adg-loamong-8-up-copsto-bag-police-gallantry-medal/articleshow/80457532.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 3. President of India's Medal for Meritorious Service<br /> <br /> 4. UN Medal for service in Kosovo (UNMIK)<br /> <br /> 5. DGP Uttar Pradesh's Platinum Commendation Disc<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Arun, Asim}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1970 births]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kannauj district]]<br /> [[Category:Yogi ministry]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumgong_Assembly_constituency&diff=531065 2026-04-18T23:41:53Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Rumgong<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 32<br /> | state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Siang district|Siang]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]<br /> | established = 1990<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | map_image = Rumgong Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> | mla = [[Talem Taboh]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | electors = 12,689<br /> }}<br /> '''Rumgong''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts &amp; ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Siang district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || [[Tamiyo Taga]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Dibang Tatak<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Tamiyo Taga]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Dibang Tatak<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Tamiyo Taga]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Talem Taboh]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Rumgong&lt;ref name=&quot;Rumgong (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/rumgong|title=Rumgong (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024|date=2 June 2024|accessdate=25 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525180048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/rumgong|archivedate=25 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Rumgong&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0232.htm|title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Rumgong|date=2 June 2024|work=|accessdate=25 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525180049/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0232.htm|archivedate=25 May 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rumgong Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Talem Taboh wins&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/rumgong-assembly-election-results-2024-rumgong-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639462.cms|title=Rumgong Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Talem Taboh wins|date=2 June 2024|accessdate=25 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525180141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/rumgong-assembly-election-results-2024-rumgong-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639462.cms|archivedate=25 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Talem Taboh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,862 |percentage=52.48% |change={{increase}}4.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taja Bonung |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,680 |percentage=41.89% |change={{increase}}39.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tahan Mibang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=540 |percentage=4.83% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=38 |percentage=0.34% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,182 |percentage=10.58% |change= {{increase}}9.74 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,171 |percentage=88.04% |change= {{decrease}}1.82 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,689 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.43 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= {{increase}}3.67 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Rumgong&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Talem Taboh]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=4,949 |percentage=48.80% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tamiyo Taga]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,864 |percentage=47.96% |change={{decrease}}2.92 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tahang Taggu |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=274 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=54 |percentage=0.53% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=85 |percentage=0.84% |change= {{decrease}}1.26 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,141 |percentage=89.85% |change= {{increase}}4.35 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,286 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.54 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.08 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Rumgong&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tamiyo Taga]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,609 |percentage=50.88% |change={{increase}}12.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Talem Taboh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,419 |percentage=48.79% |change={{increase}}19.65 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=30 |percentage=0.33% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=190 |percentage=2.10% |change= {{decrease}}5.78 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,058 |percentage=85.51% |change= {{increase}}4.30 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,593 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.84 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Rumgong&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tamiyo Taga]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,658 |percentage=38.77% |change={{increase}}22.42 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Jerang |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,915 |percentage=30.89% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dibang Tatak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,749 |percentage=29.13% |change={{decrease}}15.61 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tayu Jerang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=114 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=743 |percentage=7.87% |change= {{increase}}2.04 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,436 |percentage=81.20% |change= {{increase}}3.28 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,620 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.27 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.98 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Rumgong&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dibang Tatak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,742 |percentage=44.74% |change={{decrease}}10.86 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tamiyo Taga]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,254 |percentage=38.91% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Jerang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,367 |percentage=16.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=488 |percentage=5.84% |change= {{decrease}}12.90 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=8,363 |percentage=73.10% |change= {{decrease}}2.37 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,732 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.86 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Rumgong&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tamiyo Taga]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,031 |percentage=55.60% |change={{increase}}9.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dibang Tatak |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=2,673 |percentage=36.87% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Jerang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=546 |percentage=7.53% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,358 |percentage=18.73% |change= {{increase}}15.66 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,250 |percentage=81.89% |change= {{decrease}}7.74 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,029 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.97 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Rumgong&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dibang Tatak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,901 |percentage=46.34% |change={{increase}}8.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tamiyo Taga]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,709 |percentage=43.27% |change={{increase}}27.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talong Taggu |party=Independent politician |votes=650 |percentage=10.38% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=192 |percentage=3.07% |change= {{decrease}}8.28 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,260 |percentage=88.62% |change= {{increase}}7.42 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,111 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}21.04 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Rumgong&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tamiyo Taga]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,778 |percentage=38.26% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Jerang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,954 |percentage=26.91% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tayi Gaduk |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,138 |percentage=15.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taje Komut |party=Independent politician |votes=786 |percentage=10.83% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taka Padung |party=Independent politician |votes=604 |percentage=8.32% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=824 |percentage=11.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,260 |percentage=81.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,006 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kaying]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Rumgong]]<br /> * [[Siang district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|28.31|94.89|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Siang district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]<br /> [[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._G._V._R._Naidu&diff=523334 2026-04-16T05:52:13Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = P. G. V. R. Naidu<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 2014<br /> | term_end = <br /> | successor = <br /> | predecessor = [[Malla Vijaya Prasad]]<br /> | constituency = [[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1999<br /> | term_end1 = 2004<br /> | successor1 = Tippala Gurumurthy Reddy<br /> | predecessor1 = M. Anjaneyulu<br /> | constituency1 = [[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|5|9|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Gopalapatnam]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | education = B.com., Avn Degree College<br /> MBA, Andhra University<br /> | occupation = * Politician<br /> * Sportsman<br /> | party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> | other_party = [[Praja Rajyam Party]]<br /> | father = [[P. Appalanarasimham]]<br /> | website = https://ganababu.com <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pethakamsetti Gana Venkata Reddy Naidu''' ('''P. G. V. R. Naidu''' also known as '''Gana Babu''') is an Indian politician. He is the incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> He was born in [[Gopalapatnam]], [[Visakhapatnam]] District. His father is [[P. Appalanarasimham|P.Appala Narasimham]], who is a former M.P. for Anakapalle, MLA Pendurthi Assembly constituency and a founding member of the Telugu Desam Party. After a stint in sports, Gana Babu worked as an employee of the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant briefly before entering politics.<br /> <br /> == Sports career ==<br /> He is an international volleyball player and represented the country on multiple occasions. He has won a gold medal at the Pune National Games and a Silver for India in the World Super Series held in Perth, Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Potnuru |first=Vasu |date=2024-07-07 |title=From an ardent sportsperson to an unbeatable politician |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/from-an-ardent-sportsperson-to-an-unbeatable-politician-889939 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He is actively involved in sports organisations and worked for the Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh, thereby actively involved in the organisation of the National Games in Visakhapatnam &amp; Hyderabad and the subsequent World Military games held in Hyderabad. He is known to be instrumental in bringing many international sports events to the state.<br /> <br /> He is president of Andhra Pradesh Volleyball Association (APCA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2018-10-10 |title=National volley ball tourney from Oct 11 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-10-10/National-volley-ball-tourney-from-Oct-11/421969 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also serves as vice-president of Volleyball Federation of India (VFI) and the chairman of Visakhapatnam District Olympic Association.<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> <br /> * He entered politics after resigning his job and winning as the ZPTC Chairman in 1995.<br /> * He was elected to the [[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi Assembly Constituency]] in 1999 by defeating Dronamraju Srinivasa Rao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pendurthi Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Pendurthi, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/pendurthi.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In the 2004 elections, he was denied ticket by the Telugu Desam Party and he stayed away from contesting.<br /> * In 2009, he joined [[Praja Rajyam Party|PRP]], he contested the [[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam west Assembly Constituency]] but lost to [[Malla Vijaya Prasad]] by 4144 Votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visakhapatnam West Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Visakhapatnam West, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/visakhapatnam-west.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In 2014, he contested again from [[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]] and won with a majority of 30,857 votes by high margin by defeating Dadi Ratnakar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visakhapatnam West Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Visakhapatnam West, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/visakhapatnam-west.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In 2019, he contested as a sitting MLA from Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency and won with a huge majority of 18,981 votes by defeating Malla Vijay Prasad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/visakhapatnamwest-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency#2019 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * He also served as a Govt. Whip from 2017 to 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Om |title=Government Whip Gana Babu and other VIPs prays at Tirumala – Tirumala Updates |url=https://www.tirumalaupdates.com/government-whip-gana-babu-and-other-vips-prays-at-tirumala/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In 2024, he contested again from the Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency and won with majority of over 35,000 votes over Adari Anand from YSRCP.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP Assembly Election Results 2024 - Visakhapatnam West&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |title=AP Assembly Election Results 2024 - Visakhapatnam West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0124.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113185007/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0124.htm |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * November 2024, appointed whip.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 November 2024 |title=AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173223/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=13 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=12 November 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=13 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, P. G. V. R.}}<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's volleyball players]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:People from Visakhapatnam district]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salipur_Assembly_constituency&diff=532149 2026-04-14T03:34:37Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Salepur}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Salipur<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | constituency_no = 94<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | division = Central Division<br /> | district = [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = Prasanta Behera.jpg<br /> | mla = [[Prasanta Behera]]<br /> | party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 2,49,033{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Salipur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Cuttack district]], [[Odisha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=94|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064523/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=94|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote=Constituency: Salepur (94) District: Cuttack |access-date=14 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This constituency includes Salepur block and 11 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Govindpur, Jaripada, Harianta, Napanga, Bhatimunda, Kanheipur, Uchapada, Kotsahi, Garudagaon, Safa and Salagaon) of Tangi-Chowdwar block.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Elected members==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp41.htm|title= 41 - Salepur (SC) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |access-date= 20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|56.26}}<br /> {{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.56}}<br /> {{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.35}}<br /> {{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.96}}<br /> {{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|75.97}}<br /> {{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.66}}<br /> {{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|58.82}}<br /> {{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|69.62}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections have been held here till date. It was a 2-member constituency for the Odisha Legislative Assembly elections held in 1952 &amp; 1957.<br /> <br /> List of members elected from Salipur constituency are:&lt;ref name=prevMLAs&gt;{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Candidate&gt;{{cite web|title= Salepur Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/salepur.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited |access-date=20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Salipur Assembly Election Results 2024: Salipur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/salipur-constituency-result-18094 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Prasanta Behera]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Salipur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/salipur-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Prakash Chandra Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Chandra Sarathi Behera]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kalindi Behera<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |Rabindra Kumar Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |Kalindi Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mayadhar Sethi<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Kalindi Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br /> |Baidhar Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> |Batakrushna Jena<br /> |{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |Surendranath Patnaik<br /> |{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br /> |Baidhar Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Praja Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br /> |Pradipta Kishore Das<br /> |-<br /> |Baidhar Behera<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br /> |Surendranath Patnaik<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |Purnananda Samal<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> Voting were held on 1st June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election &amp; 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prasanta Behera]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Arindam Roy]] by a margin of 7,594 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Salipur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Prasanta Behera]]<br /> |votes = 87,701<br /> |percentage = 45.75<br /> |change = {{decrease}}10.51<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Arindam Roy]] <br /> |votes = 80,107<br /> |percentage = 41.79<br /> |change = {{increase}}2.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Aquibuzzama Khan<br /> |votes = 19,930<br /> |percentage = 10.40<br /> |change = {{increase}}7.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 926<br /> |percentage = 0.48<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 7,594<br /> |percentage = 3.96<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,91,697<br /> |percentage = 76.98<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prasanta Behera]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Prakash Chandra Behera by a margin of 32,210 votes. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2019 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=1277 |access-date=16 April 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Salipur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Prasanta Behera]] <br /> |votes = 1,04,218<br /> |percentage = 56.26<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Prakash Chandra Behera<br /> |votes = 70,014<br /> |percentage = 38.86<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Rabindra Nath Kar<br /> |votes = 5,520<br /> |percentage = 2.98<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 763<br /> |percentage = 0.41<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 32,210<br /> |percentage = 17.4{{efn|% of total valid votes}}<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,85,123<br /> |percentage = 77.11<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 2,10,810<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Prakash Chandra Behera defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prasanta Behera]] by a margin of 2,117 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Salipur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Prakash Chandra Behera<br /> |votes = 78,343<br /> |percentage = 46.56<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Prasanta Behera]]<br /> |votes = 76,226<br /> |percentage = 45.31<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Choudhury Hemanta Kumar Sahu <br /> |votes = 7,712<br /> |percentage = 4.58<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 950<br /> |percentage = 0.56<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,117<br /> |percentage = 1.25{{efn|% of total valid votes}}<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,68,247<br /> |percentage = 79.59<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Chandra Sarathi Behera]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Prakash Chandra Behera by a margin of 1,277 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Salipur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Chandra Sarathi Behera]]<br /> |votes = 66,375<br /> |percentage = 47.35<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Prakash Chandra Behera<br /> |votes = 65098<br /> |percentage = 46.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Om Prakash Ray<br /> |votes = 5906<br /> |percentage = 5.21<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 1,277<br /> |percentage = 0.91{{efn|% of total valid votes}}<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,40,190<br /> |percentage = 70.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Cuttack district}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br /> {{coords|20.48|86.11|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Cuttack district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_Yoga_International&diff=549363 2026-04-14T03:00:51Z

<p>Abdul kadar: info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Non-profit food relief organization}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> | name = Food Yoga International<br /> | image = Food For Life Global logo.png<br /> | type = Charity<br /> | founded = 1974<br /> | tax_id = 36-4887167<br /> | registration_id = <br /> | founder = Paul Rodney Turner<br /> | location = Delaware, US<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | origins = Was first founded in Potomac, Maryland, in 1995; however, it has roots dating back to 1974<br /> | key_people = Juliana Castaneda, Steve Manz<br /> | region_served = Worldwide<br /> | product = <br /> | focus = World hunger and equality<br /> | method = <br /> | revenue = <br /> | endowment = <br /> | owner = <br /> | dissolved = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://ffl.org/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Image:ISKCON Food for life.jpg|thumb|Member of Food for Life Russia giving food]]<br /> [[Image:Vegetarian diet.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Food for Life distributes food produced solely from [[vegan]] and [[lacto-vegetarian]] ingredients.]]<br /> '''Food Yoga International''', formally '''Food For Life Global''', is a [[non-profit]] [[vegan]] food relief organization founded in 1995 to serve as the headquarters for Food Yoga International projects. Food Yoga International has its roots in [[ISKCON]] dating back to 1974. It is a completely independent non-profit organization that supports the work of Food Yoga International projects both inside and outside of ISKCON. Its network of 291 affiliates span the globe, with projects occupying over 65 countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;About Food for Life Global&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ffl.org/about/ |title=About Food Yoga International |access-date=2019-05-25 |archive-date=2019-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525023731/https://ffl.org/about/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Volunteers provide over 1 million free meals daily.&lt;ref name=&quot;About Food for Life Global&quot;/&gt; Food Yoga International engages in various sorts of hunger relief, including outreach to the homeless, provision for disadvantaged children throughout [[India]], and provision for victims of natural disasters around the world.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.evana.org/index.php?id=7759 European Vegetarian and Animal News Agency article: Interview with Paul Turner]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With roots in India, the Food for Life project views itself as a modern-day revival of the ancient [[Vedic civilization|Vedic]] culture of hospitality and service to those in need. It was conceived in 1974 as a local food relief in [[Mayapur]], India, as part of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]. In 1995, the headquarters was established in [[Maryland]], United States, to help support the expansion of the project, temporarily moved to [[Slovenia]] from 2015 to 2017, and then re-established in [[Delaware]], United States, in 2017.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Swami Prabhupada.jpg|thumb|right|x216px|[[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami]], who inspired Food Yoga International]]<br /> Food Yoga International as a project was initially inspired by an elderly Indian [[Swami]], known as [[Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Founder-Acharya of ISKCON]]. In 1974 when watching a group of village children fighting with street dogs over scraps of food, the Swami was shocked and told his students, &quot;No one within ten miles of our temple should go hungry... I want you to begin serving food immediately.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ffl&quot;&gt;[https://www.ffl.org/about/history/ History of Food for Life]&lt;/ref&gt; In response to his plea, members of ISKCON and volunteers around the world were inspired to expand that original effort into a global network of kitchens, cafes, vans, and mobile services, all providing free food, and establishing daily delivery routes in many large cities around the world. Since that day, Food Yoga International has grown into the world's largest vegan food relief. The distribution of sanctified plant-based meals has been and will continue to be an essential part of India's Vedic culture of hospitality from which Food for Life was born.<br /> <br /> With volunteers serving over 1,000,000 free plant-based meals daily to schools, as well as from mobile vans and to disaster areas. Food Yoga International is now the largest food relief network in the world, eclipsing even the United Nations [[World Food Programme.]]<br /> <br /> Food Yoga International volunteers have provided food for the poor and homeless during several recent disasters.<br /> <br /> *2024 – Food For Life Global rebrands to Food Yoga International<br /> *2021 – Responding to the global [[COVID-19 pandemic]] with freshly cooked meals in major cities across the world. <br /> *2020 – FFL Honduras served vegan meals to survivors of [[Hurricane Eta]].<br /> *2020 – FFL Costa Rica served vegan meals to survivors of Hurricane Eta that devastated the island.<br /> *2020 – FFL projects around the world continued to provide meals during the COVID-19 lockdown<br /> *2017 – FFL Mexico provided thousands of vegan meals to survivors of a [[2017 Puebla earthquake|7.1 Earthquake in Mexico]]<br /> *2015 – Food for Life Nepal provided over 100,000 vegan meals to survivors of the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]].<br /> *2013 – Food for Life provided vegan food relief to survivors of [[Cyclone Phailin]] in India and [[Typhoon Haiyan]] in the Philippines.<br /> *2008 – Food For Life served freshly cooked vegan meals to survivors of [[Hurricane Gustav]] and [[Hurricane Ike]] in the southern United States.<br /> *2007 – Food For Life volunteers were on the ground to feed many of the hundreds of thousands of survivors who were left homeless after [[Cyclone Sidr]], the deadliest cyclone to hit [[Bangladesh]] in a decade.<br /> *2005 – Following the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|earthquake]] in [[Pakistan]], Food For Life volunteers worked side-by-side with local military and police personnel, distributing drinking water, food, tents, and blankets.<br /> *2005 – When [[Hurricane Katrina]] struck the Gulf Coast with deadly force, Food For Life volunteers were among the first responders, distributing up to 800 freshly cooked meals daily to needy families in [[Mississippi]] and [[Texas]].<br /> *2004 – 2005 [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|A killer tsunami]] wreaked caused massive damage to areas in [[South Asia]], resulting in the deaths of nearly 200,000 people. Food For Life volunteers joined the relief effort on the very day of the disaster, providing thousands of meals daily, along with medical care, clothing, and shelter in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]].<br /> *the 1990s – Food For Life volunteers risked their lives in the war-torn countries of [[Chechnya]], [[Bosnia]] and [[Abkhazia]], distributing food to needy and frightened civilians.<br /> <br /> In total, Food Yoga International has distributed more than 8 billion meals since its inception.<br /> <br /> Food Yoga International has expanded its reach to include eco-projects such as [[Govardhana Eco Village]]; as well as orphanages such as Gokulam – Bhaktivedanta Children's Home Gokulam in Sri Lanka, a refuge where needy children receive food, shelter, medical care, education and loving care and Juliana's Animal Sanctuary, the only farm sanctuary in Colombia and the winner of Best International Sanctuary for 2021 by the Global Federation of Farm Sanctuaries.<br /> <br /> ==Cryptocurrency donations==<br /> Food for Life Global became one of the first international charities to accept cryptocurrency donations via The Giving Block. As a result, the non-profit co-founded The Kindly Ecosystem (Kindly),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.kindlycoin.com/ &quot;Kindly Coin&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; a humanitarian-based crypto project that supports measurable social impact, including serving vegan meals to people in need via Food for Life Global.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==COVID-19 relief==<br /> <br /> Although some Food for Life Global affiliates were not able to respond to the crisis because of lockdown and social distancing guidelines, many were able to provide freshly cooked vegan meals to needy people and first responders, including throughout India, Russia, Ukraine, England, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, to name a few.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==Disaster relief==<br /> <br /> ===Siege of Sarajevo===<br /> In the [[Siege of Sarajevo|war zone]] of [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], volunteers visited orphanages, homes for the elderly, hospitals, institutes for handicapped children, and basement shelters on a daily basis throughout the three-year conflict; an estimated 20 tons of food have been distributed since 1992.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ffl.org/emergency-relief/sarajevo-1994/ &quot;Sarajevo 1994&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Chechen Wars===<br /> In a ''[[New York Times]]'' article dated (December 12, 1995) volunteers in [[Chechnya]] were described as having &quot;a reputation like the one Mother Teresa has in Calcutta: it's not hard finding people to swear they are saints.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;New York Times&quot;&gt;[https://www.ffl.org/ffl_newyorktimes.php ''New York Times'', December 12, 1995] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616104254/http://ffl.org/ffl_newyorktimes.php |date=June 16, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2004 Tsunami===<br /> Food for Life was the first food relief agency to respond to the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami disaster of December 2004]]. On the same afternoon the great tsunami hit, Vaisnava monks at ISKCON's temple in Chennai, India, were preparing their weekly Sunday feast when they heard of the disaster. They immediately raced to the most affected areas on the southeast coastline of India and began serving thousands of people with their preprepared vegetable curry. Over the following six months, Food for Life Volunteers in [[Sri Lanka]], [[India]], Europe, the USA, and Australia provided more than 350,000 freshly cooked meals, along with medical care, water, clothing, and shelter for children at ISKCON's orphanage in Colombo, the [http://www.gokulam.org Bhaktivedanta Children's Home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021105942/https://gokulam.org/ |date=2020-10-21 }}.<br /> <br /> ===Hurricane Katrina===<br /> Food for Life Global Volunteers responded to the [[Hurricane Katrina]] disaster in late August 2005 by providing vegan meals to families relocated to [[Mississippi]] and [[Texas]]. Up to 800 meals were served daily.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ffl.org/emergency-relief/katrina-and-rita-2005/|access-date=July 6, 2011|title=Summary of Katrina/Rita Relief}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Pakistan earthquake===<br /> Volunteers from [[Udhampur]], [[Jammu]], [[Amritsar]], and [[Haridwar]] under the guidance of Navayogendra Swami Maharaj, a prominent disciple of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, came together to provide relief for victims of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|2005 earthquake in Pakistan]]. Working from an ISKCON temple in [[Udhampur]], which was within the earthquake-affected region, the volunteers loaded trucks with [[drinking water]], [[rice]], [[bread]], and blankets.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}<br /> <br /> ==ISKCON Food Relief Foundation==<br /> {{main|ISKCON Food Relief Foundation}}<br /> Food for Life Global's principal affiliate, the Food for Life Annamrita program, was founded by ISKCON Food Relief Foundation (IFRF), which believes in providing children with the right nutrition to support their education. IFRF's Food for Life Annamrita program is based on the belief that &quot;you become what you eat.&quot; The nutritious meals this program serves daily encourage over a million children to attend school. One of their goals is to help every child in India get a full education by providing wholesome meals. They are currently serving 1.3 million meals daily from dozens of high-tech kitchens in 21 cities.<br /> <br /> ==Food for Life Global==<br /> <br /> Food for Life Global (FFLG) was founded in 1995 in Maryland, US, but closed its offices at the end of 2014. It re-established its offices in Slovenia in 2015, where it continued to serve as the headquarters and coordinating office for all Food for Life projects worldwide. However, in 2017, the Slovenian office was closed, and a new US office was established in Wilmington, Delaware, to serve as the international headquarters.<br /> <br /> ==Founders==<br /> Paul Rodney Turner, also known as Priyavrata das or the &quot;food yogi,&quot; is the international director. Along with [[Mukunda Goswami]] and Rukmini Walker, they co-founded the original Food for Life Global charity in 1995. The new executive committee for Food for Life Global offices in USA and Europe can be found here:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ffl.org/about/board-of-directors-and-staff/|title=Executive Committee Director|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529215841/http://www.ffl.org/about/the-director-2/|archive-date=2015-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==FFLG Activities==<br /> <br /> *Coordinating and expanding the distribution of sanctified plant-based meals all over the world to the disadvantaged, malnourished, and victims of disasters.<br /> *Producing promotional and training materials for the development of Food for Life projects worldwide.<br /> *Presenting Food for Life to governments, the media, and the general public through public lectures, newspaper articles, the Internet, and mail.<br /> *Promoting the Vedic culture of hospitality and spiritual equality throughout the world.<br /> *Raising funds on behalf of Food for Life worldwide.<br /> *Helping establish pure food prepared and served with loving intention as a viable means to create peace and unity in the world.<br /> *Organizing and sponsoring emergency vegan relief efforts conducted by Food for Life volunteers.<br /> <br /> ==Food Yoga==<br /> In the early years of Food for Life Global, Paul Rodney Turner aspired to find a way to fulfill the vision of [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami]] who stated that &quot;everyone should get a chance to take prasadam.&quot; Figuring that it was impossible to reach everyone with the small number of volunteers that serve in Food for Life, Turner realized that the solution was to teach people about [[prasadam]], empowering them with the knowledge of spiritualizing their relationship with food. His book, ''FOOD YOGA – Nourishing Body, Mind, &amp; Soul'', published on Amazon,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/FOOD-YOGA-Nourishing-Body-Mind-ebook/dp/B00CJBOIQK?ref_=ast_sto_dp|access-date=August 17, 2022|title=FOOD YOGA|via=Amazon |date=29 November 2013 |publisher=Food for Life Global }}&lt;/ref&gt; was the culmination of many years of research and meditation and serves to directly educate the public about how to become prasadarians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ffl.org/food-yoga/|access-date=May 24, 2019|title=What is Food Yoga}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Food Yoga standard==<br /> Food Yoga is a completely new approach to holistic living. Until now, philosophies on healthy living and nutrition have focused on the mechanics of health and happiness, exclusively focusing on the body alone. In doing so, these philosophies have promoted practices and diets that, in one way or another, have alienated vast numbers of people. As a result, despite volumes of literature and research, there is no consensus on the best diet or mode of living. They have all failed to identify one underlying truth that connects us all and from which all health systems can be reconciled and/or elevated to their ultimate stature. That truth is: our constitutional nature is spirit and we are all spiritually equal. Any healthy living program, therefore, needs to address the &quot;nutritional&quot; needs of the body, mind, and spirit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ffl.org/food-yoga/food-yoga-standard/|access-date=May 24, 2019|title=Food Yoga Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Vegan policy==<br /> Although Food for Life started out as a vegetarian food relief, in 1998, a policy was adopted by Food for Life Global that it would only financially support Food for Life projects that served vegan meals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ffl.org/food-yoga/our-policy-on-veganism/|access-date=Aug 17, 2022|title=Our Policy on Veganism}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]<br /> * [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|Srila Prabhupada]]<br /> * [[List of vegetarian and vegan organizations]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Food for Life}}<br /> * {{Official website|http://www.ffl.org}}<br /> &lt;!-- per [[BP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only --&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Veganism}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Food for Life Global}}<br /> [[Category:International charities]]<br /> [[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness charities]]<br /> [[Category:Vegetarianism and religion]]<br /> [[Category:Vegan organizations based in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu relief organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Free meals]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1974]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism and science]]<br /> [[Category:501(c)(3) organizations]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thottumukkam&diff=541162 2026-04-07T15:41:55Z

<p>Abdul kadar: New - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> '''Thottumukkam''' is a border village in the districts of [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] [[Kerala]], India, under the administration of [[Kodiyathur]] Gram Panchayat on the banks of [[Cherupuzha (Areekode)|Thottumukkampuzha]], a major tributary of [[Chaliyar]]. It is bordered by [[Karassery]] of [[Kozhikode district]] and [[Urangattiri]] and [[Kizhuparamba]] gram panchayats of [[Malappuram district]]. Most of the people in the village are migrated farmers.<br /> <br /> Thottumukkam, including Kodiyathur gram panchayat is part of [[Thiruvambady (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvambady State Assembly Constituency]] of [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad Lok Sabha Constituency]]. Even though Thottumukkam is part of Kozhikode district, the area belongs to the Areacode (673639) sub-post office, Thottumukkam (0483) BSNL exchange, and Kizhuparamba KSEB section office of [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] district.<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> [[Rahul Gandhi]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] is the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] of [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad Loksabha Constituency.]]<br /> <br /> Com. [[Linto Joseph]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Thiruvambady]] Legislative Assembly Constituency. <br /> <br /> A native of Thottumukkam, Com. [[George M. Thomas (Indian politician)|George M. Thomas]] is ex. [[Thiruvambady]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] and a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] Kozhikode DC member.<br /> <br /> Divya Shibu, member of Ward 6 ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) is the current president of [[Kodiyathur]] Grama Panchayath and Siji Baiju is the member of Ward 5 ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]).<br /> <br /> == Transportation ==<br /> Thottumukkam is connected to both Kozhikode and Malappuram district through roads. Regular bus services connecting Thottumukkam to [[Areekode]] town of Malappuram, [[Mukkam]] via Parathode and [[Thiruvambady]] via [[Koodaranhi]] are available.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Kozhikode district}}<br /> {{coord|11.2825203|N|76.056611516|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Kozhikode district]]<br /> [[Category:Thamarassery area]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Kozhikode-geo-stub}}</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silk_industry_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&diff=535901 2026-04-03T09:00:59Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Details - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}} &lt;!-- &quot;none&quot; is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --&gt;<br /> {{more citations needed|date=December 2009}}<br /> [[File:Colours of India - Silk yarn waiting to be made into saris.jpg|thumb|Colours of India&amp;nbsp;— silk yarn waiting to be made into [[sari|saree]]s, [[Kanchipuram]].]]<br /> In India, about 97% of the raw mulberry [[silk]] is produced in the Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[West Bengal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tnsericulture.gov.in/prototype2/briefnoteonesriculture.htm |title=Sericulture - Brief Note on Sericulture |access-date=2016-03-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527142455/http://www.tnsericulture.gov.in/prototype2/briefnoteonesriculture.htm |archive-date=2012-05-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mysore]] and North Bangalore, the upcoming site of a US$20 million &quot;Silk City&quot;, contribute to a majority of silk production.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html|title=Silk city to come up near B'lore|date=17 October 2009|website=deccanherald.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715103600/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html|archive-date=15 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another emerging silk producer is [[Tamil Nadu]] in the place in where mulberry cultivation is concentrated in [[Salem district|Salem]], [[Erode]] and [[Dharmapuri]] districts. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Gobichettipalayam]], [[Tamil Nadu]] were the first locations to have automated silk reeling units.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Tamil-Nadursquos-first-automatic-silk-reeling-unit-opened/article15288487.ece|title=Tamil Nadu's first automatic silk reeling unit opened|date=24 August 2008|via=www.thehindu.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511002816/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Tamil-Nadursquos-first-automatic-silk-reeling-unit-opened/article15288487.ece|archive-date=11 May 2018|newspaper=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> ===Indus Valley Civilisation===<br /> [[File:Weeks Edwin The Silk Merchants.jpg|thumb|right|Silk merchants in the 19th century]]<br /> Recent archaeological discoveries in [[Harappa]] and [[Chanhudaro]] suggest that [[sericulture]], employing [[wild silk]] threads from native [[silkworm]] species, existed in [[South Asia]] during the time of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] dating between 2450 BC and 2000 BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;archaeo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Good|first1=I.L.|last2=Kenoyer|first2=J.M.|last3=Meadow|first3=R.H.|title=New evidence for early silk in the Indus civilization|journal=Archaeometry|volume=50|page=457|year=2009|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00454.x|issue=3 |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14117751|type=Submitted manuscript|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nat&gt;{{cite journal|title=Rethinking silk's origins|first=Philip|last=Ball|date=19 February 2009|journal=Nature|volume=457|issue=7232|pages=945|doi=10.1038/457945a|pmid=19238684|s2cid=4390646|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Indus silks were obtained from more than one species ''[[Antheraea]]'' and ''[[Philosamia]]'' ([[eri silk]]). ''[[Antheraea assamensis]]'' and ''[[Antheraea paphia|A. paphia]]'' were widely used. These findings were published in the journal ''[[Archaeometry (journal)|Archaeometry]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;archaeo&quot;/&gt; by archaeologists from [[Harvard University]] who examined the silk fibre excavated from two Indus valley cities of [[Harappa]] and [[Chanhudaro]]. The fibres were dated to around 2450–2000 BCE and were processed using similar techniques of [[degumming]] and reeling as that of the Chinese. Scanning electron micrographs of the fibre revealed that some fibres were spun after the silk moth was allowed to escape from the cocoon, similar to the [[ahimsa silk]] promoted by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Nevasa in 1500 BC also provides evidence of silk weaving, Arthashastra written around 4th century BC mentions a guild of silk weavers. Gupta inscriptions also mention this guild. Most of the silk was exported using Indian ocean trade and India was a major silk exporter during the Gupta periods. Romans imported all of their silk from India but Persians created a monopoly of the Indian silk trade hence Byzantine empire sought Silk route to not only import silk but introduce silk weaving in Western Asia and Europe.<br /> <br /> ===Ancient India===<br /> {{See also|Assam silk|Tussar silk}}<br /> [[File:Eastern India Bengal Silk, 1740-1828 Economic.png|thumb|left|Centres of cloth weaving for export and of Bengal silk manufacture (1740–1828)]]<br /> The brocade weaving centres of India developed in and around the capitals of kingdoms or holy cities because of the demand for expensive fabrics by the royal families and temples. Rich merchants of the trading ports or centres also contributed to the development of these fabrics. Besides trading in the finished product, they advanced money to the weavers to buy the costly raw materials that is silk and zari. The ancient centres were situated mainly in Gujarat, [[Malwa]] and [[South India]]. In the north, [[Delhi]], [[Lahore]], [[Agra]], Fatehpur Sikri, Varanasi, Mau, Azamgarh and Murshidabad were the main centres for brocade weaving. Northern weavers were greatly influenced by the brocade weaving regions of eastern and southern Persia, [[Turkey]], Central Asia and [[Afghanistan]].{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}<br /> <br /> Gujrati builders and weavers were brought by Akbar to the royal workshops in 1572 AD. Akbar took an active role in overseeing the royal textile workshops, established at Lahore, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri where skilled weavers from different backgrounds worked. Expert weavers from those distant lands worked with the local weavers and imparted their skills to the locals. This intermingling of creative techniques brought about a great transformation in the textile weaving industry. The exquisite latifa (beautiful) buti was the outcome of the fusion of Persian and Indian designs.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Brocades produced at the royal workshops of other well-known [[Muslim]] centres in Syria, [[Egypt]], Turkey and Persia were also exported to India.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Under the [[Mughals]], sericulture and silk-weaving received special encouragement and silk cloth produced in the Punjab came to be prized throughout the world. Lahore and Multan developed into major centres of silk industry. The tradition continues.<br /> <br /> ==Types of silk cloth==<br /> <br /> ===Silk brocades===<br /> Silk [[brocade]]s, texturally, are divided mainly into two groups:<br /> <br /> *''Kimkhwab''<br /> *''Pot-thans''<br /> <br /> ====Kimkhwab (brocade)====<br /> [[Kimkhwab]] was originally an elegant, heavy silk fabric with a floral or figured pattern known most for its butis and jals woven with silk as the warp and tilla as the weft, produced in China and Japan. Tilla in the earlier times was known as kasab. It was a combination of silver and tamba (copper) which was coated with a veneer of gold and silver. Kinkhwabs have also been known as ‘Kimkhabs’, ‘Kamkhwabs’, ‘Kincobs’, ‘Zar-baft’ (Gold Woven), zartari, zarkashi, mushaiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Blue Silk Brocade 473 Fabric {{!}} NY Designer Fabrics|url=http://www.nydesignerfabrics.com/brocades-and-jacquards/silk-brocades/blue-silk-brocade-473-fabric.html|website=www.nydesignerfabrics.com|access-date=9 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901163809/http://www.nydesignerfabrics.com/brocades-and-jacquards/silk-brocades/blue-silk-brocade-473-fabric.html|archive-date=1 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Kam'' means little or scarcely. ''Khwab'' means a dream and it is said that even with such a name ‘Its beauty, splendor and elegance can be hardly dreamt of’. Kinkhwabs are heavy fabrics or several layers of warp threads with an elaborate all-over pattern of extra weft, which may be of silk, gold and / or silver threads or combinations. There may be three to seven layers of warp threads. (''Tipara'' means three layers and ''Chaupara'' means four layers to ''Satpara'' meaning seven layers). Kin means golden in Chinese. Its specialty is in profusely using the gold and silver thread in a manner that sometimes leaves the silk background hardly visible.<br /> <br /> When the figure work is in silver threads with a background of gold threads it is called ‘Tashi Kinkhwab’. This is a variety of kinkhwab which has a ground worked with an extra warp of gold [badla (flat wire) zari] and the pattern created with an extra weft of silver badla zari or vice versa. A satin weave is very often used, resulting in a smooth ground for the fabric. The heavy fabric appears to be in layers, as the warp ends are crammed drawing three, four and up to seven ends per dent for the Tipara, Chaupara up to Satpara respectively.<br /> <br /> ''Zari'' is generally of two types Badla and Kala batto. Badla Zari was made of flattened gold or silver wire with the ancient method of making zari from pure metal without any core thread. This accounted for its peculiar stiffness. Sometimes cracks would develop in the metal during the process of weaving which resulted in the loss of its natural luster and smoothness. Therefore, weaving with Badla Zari was difficult and required great skill. Often a touch of Badla was given to floral motives to enhance the beauty. This type of zari has mostly gone out of favor amongst the contemporary weavers and they mostly depend on polyester or pure silk as a substitute.<br /> <br /> Silk brocade of Banaras, Ahmedabad and Surat were well known in the 17th century. While Banaras continues to be a centre of production of silk brocades, Ahmedabad and Surat have practically nothing to show today. On the other hand, silk brocade weaving has gained ground in the south of India.<br /> <br /> ====Pot-thans====<br /> These are called ''katan'' (a thread prepared by twisting a different number of silk filaments) brocades. Pot-thans are lighter in textures (lower thread count) than kinkhwabs but closely woven in silk and all or certain portions of the pattern are in gold or silver zaris. These fabrics are mostly used for making expensive garments and sarees. Very often the satin ground weave is particularly used for garments fabrics. These fabrics are characterized by their jals which are normally made out of silk and tilla.<br /> <br /> ====Mashru====<br /> The cloth was distinguished by its butis woven in circular shapes that gave an impression of ashrafis (gold coins). The ashrafis were usually woven in gold zari.<br /> <br /> This is a mixed fabric with a woven stripe or zigzag pattern. The warp and weft used were of two different materials (silk and cotton, cotton and linen, silk and wool or wool and cotton) in different colours. It was used mostly for lower garments such as trousers, the lining of the heavy brocade garments or as furnishing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=York|first1=Neil|title=Silk Fabrics from the Orient|date=2016|publisher=Lulu|location=USA|isbn=978-1-365-31798-9|edition=First}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Gulbadan (silk cloth)|''Gul badan'']] (the literal meaning of which is ‘flower like body’) was a known variety of mushru (cotton and silk) popular in the late 19th century. Sangi, Ganta, Ilaycha were types of mashru too. These were popular since ancient times and were known to be woven at all leading silk centres. One reason for their popularity was [[Islam]]. Since Islam does not allow men to wear pure silk, [[mashru]] (literally meaning permitted) became very popular amongst Muslims.<br /> <br /> ====Himru or Amru====<br /> A type of Indian brocade is the ''Himru'', a specialty of [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], which is woven from silk and zari on silk to produce variegated designs, woven on the principle of extra weft. Himru can be very pretty with a pseudo-rich effect in general. It continued to be in popular demand on the account of its low price as compared to the pure silk brocades. Another point in its favor is that it can be woven very fine so as to give it a soft feel, thus making it more suitable as a fabric for personal wear than the true brocade.<br /> <br /> The cloth is distinguished by its intricate ''char-khana'' (four squares) jal. These are woven like kinkhwabs, but without the use of kala battu (zari) instead badla zari is used.<br /> <br /> ===Kinkhwabs===<br /> Kinkhwabs fabrics of India have earned a great reputation for their craftsmanship and grandeur. By and large, still continue to do so, even in the face of fierce competition from other types of woven and printed fabrics.<br /> <br /> Kinkhwabs today are typically ornate, jacquard-woven fabrics. The pattern is usually emphasized by contrasting surfaces and colours and appears on the face of the fabric, which is distinguished easily from the back. Uses include apparel, draperies, upholstery and other decorative purposes.<br /> <br /> ====Gyasar====<br /> Gyasar is a silk fabric of a kinkhwab structure with ground, in which the gold thread is profusely used with Tibetan designs. The fabric is especially popular with Tibetans and used extensively in their dresses as well as in decorative hangings, prayer mats, etc. It has a standard width of 24 to 28 inches. It is popular as a ritualistic textile in Buddhist religion. It is not possible to weave on power-looms. It is a complete hand-loom product.<br /> <br /> ====Gyanta====<br /> Gyanta is a silk fabric of kinkhwab structure of a satin body with or without the use of gold thread. These sometimes have a tantric design (which is also known as tchingo) of human heads with three eyes woven in gold and silver threads on a black satin ground.<br /> <br /> ===Jamawar===<br /> &quot;Jama&quot; means robe and &quot;war&quot; is yard. The base of the [[jamawar]] is mostly silk, with perhaps an addition of a little [[polyester]]. The brocaded parts are woven in similar threads of silk and polyester. Most of the designs seen today are floral, with the kairy (i.e. the paisley) as the predominant motif.<br /> <br /> Today, the best jamawar is woven in [[Varanasi]]. This fabric is widely used in the country for bridal and special occasion outfits. The texture and weave of patterns is such that the fabric often gets caught when rubbed against rough surfaces (metallic embroidery, jewellery etc.) it must therefore be handled delicately when worn.<br /> <br /> ====Origin====<br /> Traders introduced this Chinese silk cloth to India, mainly from Samarkand and Bukhara and it gained immense popularity among the royalty and the aristocracy. King and nobles bought the woven fabric by the yard, wearing it as a gown or using it as a wrap or shawl. Jamawar weaving centres in India developed in the holy cities and the trade centres. The most well known jamawar weaving centres were in Assam, Gujrat, Malwa and South India.<br /> <br /> Due to its rich and fine raw materials, the rich and powerful merchants used jamawar and noblemen of the time, who could not only afford it but could even commission the weavers to make the fabric for them, as in the case of the Mughals. Emperor Akbar was one of its greatest patrons. He brought many weavers from East Turkestan to Kashmir.<br /> <br /> One of the main reasons for the diversity in the designs of the jamawar cloth was the migratory nature of its weavers. Ideas from almost all parts of the world influenced these designs.<br /> <br /> The Indian motifs were greatly influenced by nature like the sun, moon, stars, rivers, trees, flowers, birds etc. The figural and geometrical motifs such as trees, lotus flower, bulls, horses, lions, elephants, peacocks, swans, eagles, the sun, stars, diagonal or zigzag lines, squares, round shapes, etc. can be traced through the entire history of jamawar and are still being used but in a rather different form in terms of intricacy and compositions, thus creating new patterns.<br /> <br /> Indian weavers predominantly used a wide variety of classical motifs such as the swan (''hamsa''), the lotus (''kamala''), the tree of life (''kulpa'', ''vriksha''), the vase of plenty (''purna'', ''kumbha''), the elephant (''hathi''), the lion (''simha''), flowing floral creepers (''lata patra''), peacocks (''mayur'') and many more. [[Legendary creature]]s such as winged lions, centaurs, griffins, decorative of ferocious [[animal]]s, animals formally in profile or with turned heads, animals with [[human]] figures in combat or represented in roundels were also commonly used motifs. These motifs have remained in existence for more than two thousand years. However, new patterns have consistently been introduced; sometimes some of these are even an amalgamation of the existing patterns. Such attempts at evolving new designs were particularly noticeable from the 10th century onwards, when patterns were altered to meet the specific demands of the Muslim rulers.<br /> <br /> The bull or the swan, arranged between vertical and diagonal stripes, can still be found in the silk jamawar sarees of India. Patterns with small flowers and two-coloured squares (chess board design) are seen, used both as a garment and as furnishing material – bed spreads with same kind of pattern are still woven in some parts of Gujarat.<br /> <br /> Jamawar dating back to the Mughal era however contained big, bold and realistic patterns, which were rather simple with ample space between the motifs. The designs stood out prominently against the background of the cloth.<br /> <br /> Complex patterns were developed only when additional decorative elements were included in the basic pattern. During later periods, the gap between the motifs was also filled with smaller motifs or geometrical forms. The iris and narcissus flowers became the most celebrated motifs of this era and were combined with tulips, poppies, primulas, roses and lilies. A lot of figurative motifs were also used in the Mughal era such as deer, horses, butterflies, peacocks and insects. The Mughal kings played a vital role in the enhancement of jamawar by putting their inspirations into the cloth's designing and visiting the weavers on a regular basis to supervise its making. Shining, decorative pallus were jals were the main designs of this time. The borders were usually woven with silk and zari.<br /> <br /> After the Mughal period, the figurative motifs were discouraged by the Muslims and more floral and paisleys were introduced. However, inspiration was taken from these figurative motives and put into designs as in the case of using only the peacock feathers instead of the complete figure.<br /> <br /> Another big change was brought about in 1985, where the source of inspiration was the Chinese Shanghai cloth. The patterns of the Chinese Shanghai were amended in accordance to the weave construction of the jamawar cloth and introduced in the cloth. This proved to be a very successful change and is still appreciated by many.<br /> <br /> In recent years, the Indian government has attempted a modest revival of this art by setting up a shawl-weaving centre at Kanihama in Kashmir. Efforts to revive this art have also been made by bringing in innovations like the creation of jamawar sarees by craftsmen in Varanasi. Each saree is a shimmering tapestry of intricate design, in colours that range from the traditionally deep, rich shades to delicate pastels. A minimum of four months of patient effort goes into the creation of each jamawar saree. Many of the jamawar sarees now have matching silk shawls attached to them, creating elegant ensembles fit for royalty.<br /> <br /> ====Weaving of jamawar in Pakistan====<br /> Pakistan makes its own yarn from the imported cocoons that come from China. The yarn is cultivated in areas like [[Orangi Town|Orangi]] and [[Sher Shah (Karachi)|Shershah]] in [[Karachi]] which is then sold to the weavers. The pure silk yarn, before it can be used, has to undergo treatment such as bleaching or washing (in soap) and then dyeing. In its raw state, the silk is hard due to the sericlan; therefore it has to be removed. A single filament of the silk yarn is not strong enough to be woven on its own; therefore, it needs to be twisted in order to give it strength and hold.<br /> <br /> A specific person who is called a naqsha-bandh first draws the patterns or designs on paper which are then transferred on a graph paper on a comparatively much bigger scale. Every square in the graph signifies a specific number of threads on the loom. The unfinished, rough ideas and sketches are provided to these naqsha-bandhs by the wholesalers and are thus plotted on the graph. The use of various threads in the pattern such as zari, resham, polyester, etc. are separated on the graph with the help of colours indicated on a key chart. The wholesalers later decide the main colours and this information are forwarded to the weavers. The naqsha-bandhs do not have say in the designing of the motifs and patterns. They do what they are told to do.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}<br /> <br /> In this way, the pattern or motif is drawn on the graph paper to provide the weaver with the exact picture of each thread making up the design in the process of weaving. The designs and patterns are then transferred from the graph paper on a wooden frame and are referred to as the naqsha. The naqsha that is made with cotton threads is a smaller sample of the actual design, which is to be woven on the loom. The warp is then taken for the weaving process, which is carried out, on various looms such as the pit loom, [[jacquard loom]] and power loom. There is a vast difference between the outputs of the three types of looms. The power looms cannot match the intricacy that can be achieved using the pit or jacquard loom. This is the reason for the far superior workmanship that can be found in the earlier designs dating back to the Mughal era.<br /> <br /> ==Significant regions of silk==<br /> <br /> ===Assam silk===<br /> {{Main article|Assam silk}}<br /> [[Assam]] silk denotes the three major types of indigenous wild silks produced in Assam—golden muga, white pat and warm eri silk. The Assam silk industry, now centred in [[Sualkuchi]], is a labour-intensive industry. Its registered [[Indian trademark law|trademark]] is '''SUALKUCHI'S'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;SUALKUCHI'S&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ipindiaonline.gov.in/tmrpublicsearch/tmsearch.aspx?tn=45262680&amp;st=Wordmark | title=From 2016, Sualkuchi textile products has a trademark '''Sualkuchi's''' in proprietorship of Sualkuchi Tat Silpa Unnayan Samity. | publisher=Intellectual Property India | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043531/http://ipindiaonline.gov.in/tmrpublicsearch/tmsearch.aspx?tn=45262680&amp;st=Wordmark | archive-date=2016-11-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, Adarsh Gupta K of Nagaraju's research team at [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]], Hyderabad, India discovered the complete sequence and the protein structure of muga silk fibroin and published it in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' Scientific Reports &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Molecular architecture of silk fibroin of Indian golden silkmoth, ''Antheraea assama'' |author=Adarsh Gupta. K |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/srep12706 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220215252/http://www.nature.com/articles/srep12706 |archive-date=2016-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mysore===<br /> [[Karnataka]] produces 9,000 metric tons of mulberry silk of a total of 14,000 metric tons produced in the country, thus contributing to nearly 70% of the country's total mulberry silk. In Karnataka, silk is mainly grown in the Mysore district. In the second half of the 20th century, it revived and the Mysore State became the top multivoltine silk producer in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Global Silk Industry&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=R.k.datta |title=Global Silk Industry: A Complete Source Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8U1lmEGEdgC |access-date=January 22, 2013 |year=2007 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-8131300879 |page=17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Kanchipuram===<br /> [[File:Weaving silk - Kanchipuram.jpg|thumb|Weaving silk in [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India in 2010]]<br /> [[Kanchipuram]] is located very close to [[Chennai]], the capital of Tamil Nadu. From the past [[Kanchipuram silk sari|Kanchipuram Silk sarees]] stand out from others due to its intricate weaving patterns and the quality of the silk itself. Kanchipuram silk sarees are large and heavy owing to the [[zari]] work on the saree. Kanchipuram attracts large number of people, both from India and abroad, who come specifically to buy the silk sarees. Most of the sarees are still hand woven by workers in the weaving unit. More than 5000 families still indulge in silk weaving.<br /> <br /> In 2008 the noted [[Malayalee]] film director [[Priyadarshan]] made a Tamil film ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' about the silk weavers of the town during the pre-independence period. The film won the Best Film Award at the annual National Film Awards.<br /> <br /> ===Banarasi===<br /> {{Main article|Banarasi}}<br /> [[File:Silk Looms, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Tradition silk [[handloom]]s, in [[Varanasi]] India, where it usually takes two months to weave a [[Banarasi sari|Banarasi saree]].]]<br /> A [[Banarasi sari|'''Banarasi silk saree''']] is a saree made in Varanasi, a city which is also called Benares or Banaras. The sarees are among the finest sarees in India and are known for their gold and silver brocade or zari, fine silk and opulent embroidery. The sarees are made of finely woven silk and are decorated with intricate design, and, because of these engravings, are relatively heavy.<br /> <br /> Their special characteristics are Mughal inspired designs such as intricate intertwining floral and foliate motifs, kalga and bel, a string of upright leaves called jhallar at the outer, edge of border is a characteristic of these sarees. Other features are gold work, compact weaving, figures with small details, metallic visual effects, pallus, jal (a net like pattern), and mina work.<br /> <br /> The sarees are often part of an Indian bride's trousseau.<br /> <br /> Depending on the intricacy of its designs and patterns, a saree can take from 15 days to a month and sometimes up to six months to complete. Banarasi sarees are mostly worn by Indian women on important occasions such as when attending a wedding and are expected to be complemented by the woman's best jewellery. it is from [[Banarasi sari|Banarasi saree]].<br /> <br /> ====Origin====<br /> [[File:'Sari' from Varanasi (north-central India), silk and gold-wrapped silk yarn with supplementary weft brocade.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Sari|saree]] from Varanasi (Banaras), silk and gold-wrapped silk yarn with supplementary weft brocade]]<br /> [[Banaras]] ([[Varanasi]]) is situated on the Calcutta / Delhi rail route {{convert|760|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Calcutta. It has always been a big textile centre of silk weaving. European travellers like [[Marco Polo]] (1271–1295) and [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier|Tavernier]] (1665) do not mention the manufacture of brocades in Banaras. Ralph Fitch (1583–91) describes Banaras as a thriving sector of the cotton textile industry. The earliest mention of the brocade and Zari textiles of Banaras is found in the 19th century. With the migration of silk weavers from Gujarat during the famine of 1603, it is likely that silk brocade weaving started in Banaras in the 17th century and developed in excellence during the 18th and 19th century.<br /> <br /> ====Distinguishing characteristics====<br /> The following are considered to be the main characteristics of the brocade fabrics of Banaras.<br /> <br /> * heavy [[Gold_(color)|gold]] work<br /> * compact weaving<br /> * figures have small details<br /> * metallic visual effects<br /> * pallus<br /> * jal (a net like pattern)<br /> * mina work<br /> <br /> Banarasi brocade produced two sub-variants from its original structure namely:<br /> <br /> * Katan<br /> * Tanchoi<br /> <br /> =====Katan=====<br /> Katan is a thread, prepared by twisting a different number of silk filaments according to requirement gives a firm structure to the background fabric. Katan is a plain woven fabric with pure silk threads. It consists of two threads twisted together and is mostly used for the warp of light fabrics.<br /> <br /> Katan can be further classified into the following:<br /> <br /> # Katan Butidar: Fabric with Katan warp and weft with butis (designs and patterns) in gold or resham (untwisted silk).<br /> # Katan Butidar Mina: Katan Butidar with Mina work (design made out of zari thread) in butis.<br /> # Katan Butidar Paga Saree: Saree with Katan warp, resham weft, small butis all over body, closely spaced (about 10&amp;nbsp;cm (4&quot;) apart), about 5&amp;nbsp;cm (2&quot;) wide border and 30–55&amp;nbsp;cm (12-22&quot;) wide ''pallu''.<br /> # Katan Brocade: This is a fabric with Katan warp and Katan weft with figures in gold thread with or without mina, with the traditional styles being ‘katrawan’, ‘kardhwan’ and ‘Fekva’.<br /> ## Katrawan: A technique or design in which the floating portions of the extra weft (laid from selvege to selvege) at the back of the fabric is cut.<br /> ## Kardhwan<br /> ## Fekva<br /> # Jangla: Plain fabric of Katan warp and Katan weft, with all-over floral designs in an extra weft of either silk or zari.<br /> # Katan Katrawan Mina: A fabric in Katrawan style with Mina.<br /> <br /> These days the currently used designs and motifs involving Katan are:<br /> <br /> * Katan Jal Set: Over the years with minor innovations and influences from other materials, Jangla is now known as ‘Katan Jal Set’.<br /> * Katan Buti Zari Resham: Katan Butidar has evolved over time to become Katan Buti Zari Resham.<br /> * Katan Stripe and Katan Check are also popular variants found in the markets.<br /> <br /> ===Tanchoi===<br /> Plain woven body with one color extra weft, one color weft and one color warp. Relative to the jamawar, it is lighter and softer. Tanchoi could be further classified into the following:<br /> <br /> Satan Tanchoi is the satin weave (four ends and eight picks or five ends and five picks satin) with the warp in one color and the weft in one or more colors. The extra weft in the design may also be used as body weft.<br /> <br /> # Satan Jari Tanchoi: Satan Tanchoi with weft in the order of one silk and one gold thread (Jari), or two silk (double) and one gold thread.<br /> # Satan Jari Katrawan Tanchoi: Satan Jari tanchoi in which the floating, extra weft, gold thread at the back is cut and removed.<br /> # Atlas: Atlas is a pure satin body. Relative to other fabrics, Atlas is thicker, heavier and is shinier than other fabrics because of the extra use of zari. It is also known as gilt, because it is even shinier than the katan.<br /> # Mushabbar: The cloth is distinguished by its jal woven as bushes and branches of trees. The normal association with the design was that of a jungle.<br /> <br /> ===Karachi===<br /> <br /> ====Contemporary designs and motifs====<br /> The jamawar weaving technique is often defined as ‘embroidery weaving’ or ‘loom embroidery’. This technique can also be applied on other fibres but jamawar is generally restricted to rich silk threads. Currently, any of the major textile fibres may be used in a wide range of quality and price.<br /> <br /> Currently, two kinds of kinkhwab (jamawar) are available in the markets. Mughal jamawar and self jamawar. Mughal jamawar has a distinct characteristic of the use of gold and silver zari with silk, the use of gold zari with silver zari and the use of zari with polyester. Self jamawar does not involve zari and basically is either silk on silk or silk with polyester.<br /> [[File:Silk Sari Weaving at Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu.jpg|right|thumb|Silk [[sari|saree]] weaving at [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]] ]]<br /> [[File:Weaving silk, Khotan.jpg|thumb|left|Weaving silk in [[Khotan]], on the 'Southern [[Silk Road]]' 2011]]<br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{citation |title=Silk in Northeastern and Eastern India: The Indigenous Tradition |first=Lotika |last=Varadarajan |journal=Modern Asian Studies |year=1988 |volume=22 |number=3 |pages=561–570 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00009689 |jstor=312597|s2cid=145059684 }}<br /> * {{citation |title=Some crafts of Ancient Bengal (Textile) |first=Annapurna |last=Chottopadhoyaya |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1980 |volume=41 |pages=133–141 |jstor=44141834}}<br /> <br /> {{textile arts}}<br /> {{Silk fibre}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Silk In The Subcontinent}}<br /> [[Category:Silk production]]<br /> [[Category:Commodity markets in India]]<br /> [[Category:Textile arts of India]]<br /> [[Category:Textile arts of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Silk in India|*]]<br /> [[Category:Textile industry in Pakistan|*]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guntur_Municipal_Corporation&diff=481299 2026-03-30T16:04:31Z

<p>Abdul kadar: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Local civic body in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Guntur Municipal Corporation (GMC)&lt;hr/&gt;{{small|Guṇṭūru Nagara Pālaka Samstha&lt;br&gt;గుంటూరు నగర పాలక సంస్థ}}<br /> | coa_pic = GunturCollage06022017.jpg<br /> | coa_res = 250px<br /> | coa_alt = Greater Guntur Municipal Corporation<br /> | house_type = Municipal corporation<br /> | body = Guntur<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|1866}}<br /> | houses =<br /> | leader1_type = Mayor<br /> | leader1 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)<br /> |party1 = <br /> | leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br /> | leader2 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)<br /> | leader3_type = Corporation Commissioner<br /> | leader3 = Puli Srinivasulu<br /> | party3 =<br /> | election3 =<br /> | leader4_type =<br /> | leader4 =<br /> | party4 =<br /> | election4 =<br /> | leader5_type =<br /> | leader5 =<br /> | party5 =<br /> | election5 =<br /> | members =<br /> | house1 =<br /> | house2 =<br /> | structure2 =<br /> | structure2_res =<br /> | political_groups2 =<br /> | committees1 =<br /> | committees2 =<br /> | voting_system1 =<br /> | voting_system2 =<br /> | last_election1 = [[2021 Guntur Municipal Corporation election|10 March 2021]]<br /> &lt;!-- | structure1 = Guntur Municipal Corporation 2021.svg<br /> | structure1_res = 250px<br /> | political_groups1 =<br /> '''Government (46)'''<br /> *{{color box|#1569C7}} [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] (44)<br /> *{{Color box|#757575}} [[Independent Politician|IND]] (2)<br /> '''Opposition (11)'''<br /> *{{color box|#FFFF00}} [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] (9)<br /> *{{color box|#EE0000}} [[Jana Sena Party|JSP]] (2)]--&gt;<br /> | session_room = <br /> | session_res = <br /> | meeting_place = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://guntur.cdma.ap.gov.in|GMC website}}<br /> | footnotes =<br /> |next_election1=''TBH''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Guntur Municipal Corporation (GMC)''' is the civic body that governs the [[Guntur City|Guntur]] city in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the oldest municipalities and the third largest [[municipal corporation]] in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.gunturcorporation.org/|title = Guntur Municipal Corporation|access-date = 26 June 2014|publisher = gunturcorporation|ref = gmc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/decks-cleared-for-elections-to-gmc/article8699395.ece|title=Decks cleared for elections to GMC|date=7 June 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Guntur municipality was constituted in the year 1866 and the first elected body was formed in 1881. The municipality was upgraded to II-Grade in 1891, I-Grade in 1917, Special Grade in 1952 and then to Selection Grade in 1960. In 1994, Guntur municipality is upgraded to Guntur Municipal Corporation was formed.&lt;ref name=&quot;timeline&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Guntur Corporation's Timeline|url=http://www.gunturcorporation.org/about_gmc/timeline.html|website=B|publisher=C|access-date=13 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.gunturcorporation.org/about_gmc/History.html|title = Guntur Municipal Corporation|access-date = 2 June 2015|publisher = gunturcorporation|ref = gmc}}&lt;/ref&gt;. <br /> <br /> On 28 December 2025, '''Guntur Municipal Council''' had approved proposal of '''Greater Guntur Municipal Corporation''' (GGMC).The proposal has been submitted to the '''[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] (GoAP)''' for final approval.&lt;ref name=&quot;timeline_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Greater Guntur Municipal Corporation Timeline|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2025/andhra-pradesh/guntur/greater-guntur-approved-as-millennium-city-with-18-villages-merger-suri-1479503.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Governance==<br /> [[File:Guntur-municipal-corporation2017.jpg|thumb|right|Municipal corporation office]]<br /> <br /> ===Jurisdiction===<br /> <br /> The city limits were expanded by merging the ten surrounding villages into the corporation.&lt;ref name=&quot;expn&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=Expansion of corporation|url=http://www.gunturcorporation.org/townplanning/gos/GO_279_12072012.pdf|publisher=gunturcorporation|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928090108/http://www.gunturcorporation.org/townplanning/gos/GO_279_12072012.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=profile&gt;{{cite web| title=City Profile|url=http://www.gunturcorporation.org/about_gmc/GMC_Profile_27072011.pdf|website=Guntur Corporation| access-date=22 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present jurisdictional area of the corporation is spread over an area of {{Convert|168.41|km2|abbr=on}} with a population of {{formatnum:743354}} (2011 census).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=The Case of Guntur, India|url=http://dreams.ecobudget.org/fileadmin/dreams/files/Guntur.pdf|website=DReAMS – Development of Resources and Access to Municipal Services| access-date=18 February 2016|page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; There exists 57 political divisions post merger of villages into the corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title=Race on for post of Guntur Mayor|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/100616/race-on-for-post-of-guntur-mayor.html|access-date=23 June 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle| date=10 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> December 2025 the city limits were expanded by merging the Eighteen surrounding villages into the corporation.&lt;ref name=&quot;timeline_2025&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == List of Mayors ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; |Guntur Municipal Corporation (GMC)<br /> |-<br /> !SNo.<br /> ! Mayor<br /> ! style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot; | Deputy Mayor<br /> !Term start&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EX-OFFICIALS !! |url=http://210.212.227.99/Contact_Info/ex_officials.html |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=210.212.227.99}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !Term end<br /> !colspan=2 |Party<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |6.<br /> |Kovelamudi Ravindra<br /> |Vanama Bala Vajra Babu, Sk. Sajeela<br /> |28 April 2025<br /> | Incumbent<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | –<br /> |Sk. Sajeela<br /> |Vanama Bala Vajra Babu<br /> |21 March 2025&lt;ref name=&quot;GunturMayor&quot;/&gt;<br /> |27 April 2025<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[YSR Congress Party]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}&quot;|<br /> |Interim<br /> |-<br /> |5.<br /> |Kavati Siva Naga Manohar Naidu<br /> |Vanama Bala Vajra Babu, Sk. Sajeela<br /> |18 March 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kavati-manohar-naidu-is-guntur-mayor/article34102121.ece|title = Kavati Manohar Naidu is Guntur Mayor|date = 18 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |15 March 2025&lt;ref name=&quot;GunturMayor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/guntur-mayors-resignation-accepted/article69374130.ece|title=Guntur Mayor’s resignation accepted|date=25 March 2025|website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |4.<br /> |Rayapati Mohan Sai Krishna<br /> |Tadisetti Murali<br /> |3 May 2008<br /> |29 September 2010<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |3.<br /> |Kanna Nagaraju<br /> |Tadisetti Murali<br /> |5 October 2005<br /> |30 April 2008<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2.<br /> |Chukka Yesu Ratnam<br /> |K.S.Nageswararao<br /> |30 March 2000<br /> |29 March 2005<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1.<br /> |Dr. Kolli Saradha<br /> |Chukka Yesu Ratnam<br /> |30 March 1995<br /> |29 March 2000<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot;|<br /> |First Mayor of GMC<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 2021 Ordinary Elections ===<br /> <br /> {|CLASS=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !S.No.<br /> !colspan=2|Party name<br /> !Symbol<br /> !Won<br /> !Change<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}&quot;|<br /> |[[YSR Congress Party]]<br /> |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|105px]]<br /> |44<br /> |{{no change}}<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot;|<br /> |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]<br /> |9<br /> |{{no change}}<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Jana Sena Party}}&quot;|<br /> |[[Janasena Party]]<br /> |<br /> |2<br /> |{{no change}}<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |bgcolor=#C1C1C1|<br /> |[[Independent politician|Independents]]<br /> |<br /> |2<br /> |{{no change}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Functions ==<br /> <br /> Greater Guntur Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:&lt;ref name=&quot;gu9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation – Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gu10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .<br /> * Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.<br /> * Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.<br /> * Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.<br /> * Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.<br /> * Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.<br /> * Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.<br /> * Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.<br /> * Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.<br /> <br /> == Revenue sources ==<br /> <br /> The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;gu11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gu12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gu13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Revenue from taxes ===<br /> <br /> Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Property tax.<br /> * Profession tax.<br /> * Entertainment tax.<br /> * Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br /> * Advertisement tax.<br /> <br /> === Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br /> <br /> Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Water usage charges.<br /> * Fees from Documentation services.<br /> * Rent received from municipal property.<br /> * Funds from municipal bonds.<br /> <br /> ===Governing body===<br /> <br /> The ''Standing Committee'' of the corporation consists of two wings namely, executive and governing bodies.&lt;ref name=chart&gt;{{cite web|title=Organization Chart|url=http://www.gunturcorporation.org/genx/Organization_Chartx.pdf|publisher=Guntur Municipal Corporation|access-date=1 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=GMC-ITwing|url=http://www.gunturcorporation.org/Contact_Info/General_Infox.html|publisher=Guntur Municipal Corporation|access-date=1 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present Municipal commissioner Puli Srinivasulu .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jonathan |first=P. Samuel |date=1 June 2022 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Guntur Municipal Corporation to impose ban on plastic bags from July 1 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/guntur-municipal-corporation-to-impose-ban-on-plastic-bags-from-july-1/article65484992.ece |access-date=7 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The below table depicts the structure of the corporation:&lt;ref name=&quot;chart&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Standing Committee<br /> |-<br /> ! Executive body !! Governing body<br /> |-<br /> | Commissioner || [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]<br /> |-<br /> | Additional Commissioner || Deputy Mayor<br /> |-<br /> | Deputy Commissioner || Standing Committee chairman<br /> |-<br /> | Superintending Engineer || <br /> |-<br /> | City Planner || <br /> |-<br /> | Examiner of Accounts || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Civic services==<br /> [[File:Guntur-bridge-underpass2017.jpg|thumb|right|Intersection of an Over bridge, Underpass]]<br /> The corporation works on improving civic needs like roads, bus shelters, pavements, public gardens etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Guntur civic body plans to beautify roads|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/guntur-civic-body-plans-to-beautify-roads/article8201547.ece|access-date=18 February 2016|date=6 February 2016|location=Guntur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Projects===<br /> A 15 [[Megawatt|MW]] [[waste-to-energy plant]] is set up with the collaboration of the JITF Urban Infrastructure Limited.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Waste-to-energy plant to be set up in Guntur|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/wastetoenergy-plant-to-be-set-up-in-guntur/article8205532.ece|access-date=18 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=7 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and achievements==<br /> In 2015, as per the ''[[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]'' of the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], Guntur Municipal Corporation was ranked 70th in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sandeep Kumar|first1=S|title=Small towns fare better in Swachh Bharat rankings|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/small-towns-fare-better-in-swachh-bharat-rankings/article7520320.ece|access-date=30 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=10 August 2015|location=Vijayawada}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Guntur topics}}<br /> {{Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:1944 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Government of Guntur]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sick_Textile_Undertakings_(Nationalization)_Act,_1974&diff=535622 2026-03-25T23:44:56Z

<p>Abdul kadar: </p> <hr /> <div>{{moresources|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> The '''Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalization) Act, 1974''' is the law enacted by [[parliament of India]] in December 1974 to acquire sick textile units, reorganise and rehabilitate them to &quot;subserve the interests of the general public by the augmentation of the production and distribution, at fair prices, of different varieties of cloth and yarn&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://legislative.gov.in/actsofparliamentfromtheyear/sick-textile-undertakings-nationalisation-act-1974 The Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act, 1974|Legislative Department | Ministry of Law and Justice | GoI&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Under the Act, 103 sick [[textile mill]]s were nationalised and transferred to the [[National Textile Corporation]] (NTC). The mill owners were paid Rs. 34.75 [[crore]] as total compensation. <br /> <br /> The Act was amended in 1995 to allow the NTC to transfer, mortgage or dispose of the nationalized textile units' land, plant, machinery or other assets &quot;for the better management, modernisation, restructuring and revival of sick undertakings&quot;. After this amendment NTPC, sold land to develop commercial and residential buildings in [[Lower Parel]] and other areas in [[Mumbai]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Textile industry in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:1974 in law]]<br /> [[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1974]]<br /> [[Category:History of the textile industry in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-law-stub}}</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&diff=445400 2026-03-16T07:00:11Z

<p>Abdul kadar: typo fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ethnoreligious group of Punjab, India}}<br /> {{pp-protected|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{infobox ethnic group<br /> | group = Punjabi Hindus<br /> | native_name = पंजाबी हिंदू {{·}} ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਹਿੰਦੂ {{·}} {{Uninastaliq|پنجابی ہندو}} &lt;br /&gt;''Panjābī Hindū''<br /> | native_name_lang = pa<br /> | image = Durgiana Temple, Amritsar.jpg<br /> | image_caption = [[Durgiana Temple]], [[Amritsar]]<br /> | population = {{circa|17,630,000–19,990,000 approx.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113211224/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html | archive-date=13 November 2019 | title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/behind-the-decline/article7654960.ece | title=Behind the decline | date=16 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region1 = '''[[Punjab, India]]'''<br /> | pop1 = 10,678,140 ([[2011 Census of India|2011 census]])&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region2 = '''[[Hinduism in Delhi|Delhi]]'''<br /> | pop2 = 4,029,110 – 5,875,780 (2011 est.)&lt;ref name=&quot;delhi2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations &amp; Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=Delhi2015}}{{efn|name=Delhi1991}}{{efn|name=DelhiPopulation|Punjabi Hindus represent between 24 and 35 per cent of Delhi's population, determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanjay2008&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2015&quot;/&gt; Based on the 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 16,787,941, this amounts to between 4,029,106 and 5,875,779 persons.&lt;ref name=&quot;delhi2011&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> | region3 = '''[[Haryana]]'''<br /> | pop3 = 2,028,120 – 2,535,150 (2011 est.){{efn|name=Haryana2014|“Punjabis constitute about eight per cent of the state’s population, they are a can’t-be-ignored political constituency.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2014&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Virender |title=The 'vulnerable Punjabi' in an unthinkable post in Haryana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/the-vulnerable-punjabi-in-an-unthinkable-post-in-haryana/ |accessdate=9 September 2021 |work=Indian Express |date=28 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|name=Haryana2019|“Political experts attribute the rise of the BJP in the region to sustained consolidation among certain communities, especially the Punjabis who account for 8% of the state’s estimated population of around 28 million.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Naqshbandi2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Naqshbandi |first1=Aurangzeb |title=Manohar Lal Khattar gives BJP an edge in Haryana's Punjabi belt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/khattar-gives-bjp-an-edge-in-haryana-s-punjabi-belt/story-ZcKpjfaRGekxCgHDOHzctK.html |accessdate=9 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|name=Haryana2024|“From the announcement of candidates to the election campaign, the Congress primarily focused on the 22-25 percent Jat and 20-22 percent Scheduled Caste voters. In contrast, the BJP, in line with its non-Jat strategy, focused on the 30-32 percent OBCs, 9-10 percent Punjabis and 8-9 percent Brahmins.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Manav2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Manav |first1=Sushil|title=Haryana numbers show Congress had best strike rate among Jats, BJP among Punjabis &amp; Ahirs |url=https://theprint.in/politics/haryana-numbers-show-congress-had-best-strike-rate-among-jats-bjp-among-punjabis-ahirs/2309668/ |accessdate=10 December 2024 |work=[[The Print]] |date=14 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|name=Haryana2025|“The Punjabi population of Haryana is considered to be 10 percent of the total population of the state. Many constituencies even put this figure at around 14 percent. Of this population, 4 percent are Sikhs and the rest are Hindus.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Spokesman2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Spokesman|first1=Rozana|title=Reviving Punjabi Identity in Haryana: A Journey Through Linguistic and Cultural Progress |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/opinion/250325/reviving-punjabi-identity-in-haryana-a-journey-through-linguistic-an.html |accessdate=2 June 2025 |work=Rozana Spokesman |date=25 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|name=HaryanaPopulation|Punjabi Hindus represent between 8 and 10 percent of Haryana's population, determined from 2014, 2019, 2024, and 2025 estimates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2014&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Naqshbandi2019&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manav2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spokesman2025&quot;/&gt; Based on the 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 25,351,462, this amounts to between 2,028,117 and 2,535,146 persons.}}<br /> | region4 = '''[[Rajasthan]]'''<br /> | pop4 = 281,050 (2011 est.)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011-langreport&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=24 November 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/rsgpc-to-publicize-issue-of-punjabi-in-rajasthan/articleshow/62531214.cms | title=RSGPC to publicize issue of Punjabi in Rajasthan | newspaper=The Times of India | date=17 January 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region5 = '''[[Himachal Pradesh]]'''<br /> | pop5 = 222,410 (2011 est.)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachaltribune/una-amalgam-of-punjabi-and-pahari-cultures-591383|title = Una, amalgam of Punjabi and Pahari cultures}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/|title=Himachal Pradesh Youth status report: Sex ratio up but total fertility rate declining|agency=Express News Service|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 January 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|place=Shimla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092812/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region6 = '''[[Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab, Pakistan]]'''<br /> | pop6 = 249,716 ([[2023 Census of Pakistan|2023 census]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Population by Religion |url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region7 = '''[[Chandigarh]]'''<br /> | pop7 = 94,150 (2011 est.)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011-langreport&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=24 November 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region8 = '''[[Jammu division|Jammu]]'''<br /> | pop8 = 59,930 (2011 est.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/include-punjabi-as-official-language-in-jammu-and-kashmir-punjab-cm-amarinder-204566 | title=Include Punjabi as official language in Jammu and Kashmir: Punjab CM Amarinder }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011-langreport&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=24 November 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region9 = '''[[Uttarakhand]]'''<br /> | pop9 = 27,240 (2011 est.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.ghaintpunjab.com/GhaintPunjab/Article/37944/mini-punjab-uttrakhand-punjabi-cinema-sonam-bajwa-hometown | title=A Mini Punjab in Uttrakhand That Has Given Punjabi Cinema a Superstar Diva! }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011-langreport&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=24 November 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Punjabi dialects|its dialects]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Hindi]]<br /> | rels = [[Hinduism]] (incl. [[Nanakpanthi]])<br /> | related = {{flatlist|<br /> * [[Punjabi Sikhs]]<br /> * [[Punjabi Muslims]]<br /> * [[Punjabi Christians]]}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Hinduism}} <br /> {{Punjabis}}<br /> '''Punjabi Hindus''' are adherents of [[Hinduism]] who identify [[Ethnicity|ethnically]], [[Natural language|linguistically]], [[Culture|culturally]], and [[Genealogy|genealogically]] as [[Punjabis]] and are natives of the [[Punjab region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Punjabi Hindus are the third-largest religious group of the Punjabi community, after the [[Punjabi Muslims]] and the [[Punjabi Sikhs]]. Punjabi Hindus mostly inhabit the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], as well as [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], and [[Chandigarh]] today, but many have ancestry across the greater Punjab region, which was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947.<br /> <br /> Punjabi Hindus comprise a diverse range of [[Caste system in India|castes]], with the urban upper castes, particularly [[Khatri|Khatris]] and [[Arora|Aroras]], having historically played a dominant role in the region's trade, commerce, and industry. According to available demographic data, out of the Punjab state's total Hindu population of 38.5% ([[2011 census of India|2011 census]]), [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] constitute approximately 11%, while [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Classes]] account for around 8.3%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Abbi |first=Kumool |date=2 March 2022 |title=Sharpening Caste and Religious Identity Politics in the Punjab Elections |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sikh-formations-podcast/2022/03/02/sharpening-caste-and-religious-identity-politics-in-the-punjab-elections/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620133612/https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sikh-formations-podcast/2022/03/02/sharpening-caste-and-religious-identity-politics-in-the-punjab-elections/ |archive-date=20 June 2025 |access-date= |website=Sikh Formations Podcast |publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Ancient ===<br /> [[File:1500-1200 BCE Rigveda, manuscript page sample i, Mandala 1, Hymn 1 (Sukta 1), Adhyaya 1, lines 1.1.1 to 1.1.9, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|[[Rig Veda]]&amp;nbsp;is the oldest [[Vedic]] [[Sanskrit]] Hindu text that originated in the northwestern Punjab region.]]<br /> [[Hinduism]] is the oldest recorded religion practiced by the [[Punjabi people]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nayar1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kamala Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&amp;pg=PA7 |title=The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism |quote=Hinduism is the oldest of the religions practiced by the Punjabis |page=7 |date=2012 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[historical Vedic religion]] of the [[Vedic period]] (1500–500 BCE) constituted the religious ideas and practices in Punjab, and centred primarily in the worship of [[Indra]], the Hindu god of heaven and lightning.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berry1996p20&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Berry, Thomas |year=1996 |title=Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10781-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00berr/page/20 20]–21 |url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00berr |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vedic tribes moved further eastwards in the northern [[Indus Valley]] and towards the [[Ganges valley|Ganges-Yamuna doab]] during the late Vedic Period, and Brahminism developed out of the Vedic origins in the [[Kurukshetra]] area. The religion of the Vedic Period is one of the precursors of Hinduism, and the Vedic period ended when the [[Hindu synthesis]] developed out of the interaction between Brahminism, [[Śramaṇa|Sramanism]], and local religions.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;Vedic religion&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vedic-religion|title=Vedic religion|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|date=10 November 2023 |quote=It [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] takes its name from the collections of sacred texts known as the Vedas. Vedism is the oldest stratum of religious activity in India for which there exist written materials. It was one of the major traditions that shaped Hinduism.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Virdee |first=Pippa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYJIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA24 |title=From the Ashes of 1947 |date=February 2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42811-8 |pages=24 |language=en |quote=The Rig Veda and the Upanishads, which belonged to the Vedic religion, were a precursor of Hinduism, both of which were composed in Punjab.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|{{harvtxt|Michaels|2004|p=38}}: &quot;The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated. The influence of the mythology is indeed great, but the religious terminology changed considerably: all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning. The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts (''karma''), the cyclical destruction of the world, or the idea of salvation during one's lifetime (''jivanmukti; moksa; nirvana''); the idea of the world as illusion (''maya'') must have gone against the grain of ancient India, and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda. Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system, the burning of widows, the ban on remarriage, images of gods and temples, Puja worship, Yoga, pilgrimages, vegetarianism, the holiness of cows, the doctrine of stages of life (''asrama''), or knew them only at their inception. Thus, it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions.&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{cite web |first1=Stephanie |last1=Jamison |first2=Michael |last2=Witzel |year=1992 |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf |title=Vedic Hinduism |publisher=Harvard University |pages=3}}: &quot;... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism.&quot;&lt;br&gt;See also {{harvnb|Halbfass|1991|pp=1–2}}|name=&quot;Michaels-legacy&quot;}}<br /> <br /> The bulk of the [[Rigveda]] was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BCE,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin|url=https://archive.org/details/anintroductiontohinduismgavinfloodd.oupseeotherbooks_355_z/page/37/mode/2up|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|date=13 July 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the [[Yamuna]] and [[Ganges]] rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the [[Manusmriti]], developed by [[Brahmin]] [[Hindu priest|Hindu priests]], shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BCE onward.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nayar&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kamala Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&amp;pg=PA7 |title=The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism |date=2012 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5 |language=en |pages=7–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === British colonial era ===<br /> [[File:Sadhu and companion sit under a large tree in Lahore in 1914, a true-colour photograph taken by Albert Kahn.jpg|thumb|Colour photograph of a ''[[sadhu]]'' and companion sitting under a large tree in [[Lahore]], [[British Raj|India]] in 1914, taken by Stéphane Passet]]<br /> Prominent [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalists]] from Punjab, such as [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], belonged to the [[Arya Samaj]]. The Arya Samaj, a [[Hindu reform movements|Hindu reformist]] sect was active in propagating their message in Punjab.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Raj Kumar|title=Essays on Social Reform Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7SQW69LLSIC&amp;pg=PA1|year=2004|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-792-6|pages=3–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In the early part of the 20th century, the Samaj and organisations inspired by it, such as Jat Pat Todak Mandal, were active in campaigning against caste discrimination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rajivlochan |first1=M. |year=2014 |title=Coping with Exclusions the Non-Political Way. Mapping Social Exclusion in India: Caste, Religion and Borderlands |pages=82–83}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other activities in which the Samaj engaged included campaigning for the acceptance of [[widow remarriage]] and [[women's education]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Kishwar|first1=Madhu|title=Arya Samaj and Women's Education: Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Jalandhar|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|date=26 April 1986|volume=21|issue=17|pages=WS9–WS24|jstor=4375593}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[British Raj|colonial era]], the practice of [[religious syncretism]] among Punjabi Hindus and [[Punjabi Muslims]] was noted and documented by officials in census reports: <br /> <br /> {{blockquote|{{smaller|''&quot;In other parts of the Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab, [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]], the new year's day of the Hindus, is celebrated as an agricultural festival, by all Muhammadans, by racing bullocks yoked to the well gear, with the beat of tom-toms, and large crowds gather to witness the show, The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well-irrigated tracts. Then the processions of [[tazia]]s, in [[Muharram]], with the accompaniment of tom-toms, fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments (which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans) and the establishment of [[Sebil (fountain)|Sabils]] (shelters where water and [[Sharbat (beverage)|sharbat]] are served out) are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals, while the illuminations on occasions like the [[Mela Chiraghan|Chiraghan fair]] of [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalamar (Lahore)]] are no doubt practices answering to the holiday-making instinct of the converted Hindus.&quot;''&lt;ref name=&quot;punjab1911&quot;/&gt;{{rp|174}}&lt;br&gt;''&quot;Besides actual conversion, Islam has had a considerable influence on the Hindu religion. The sects of reformers based on a revolt from the orthodoxy of [[Varnashrama Dharma]] were obviously the outcome of the knowledge that a different religion could produce equally pious and right thinking men. Laxity in social restrictions also appeared simultaneously in various degrees and certain customs were assimilated to those of the Muhammadans. On the other hand the miraculous powers of Muhammadan saints were enough to attract the saint worshiping Hindus, to allegiance, if not to a total change of faith... The [[Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi|Shamsis]] are believers in [[Shamsuddin Sabzwari|Shah Shamas Tabrez]] of [[Multan]], and follow the [[Imam]], for the time being, of the [[Isma'ilism|Ismailia]] sect of [[Shias]]... they belong mostly to the [[Sunar|Sunar caste]] and their connection with the sect is kept a secret, like Freemasonry. They pass as ordinary Hindus, but their devotion to the Imam is very strong.&quot;''&lt;ref name=&quot;punjab1911&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/|title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 1, Report.|access-date=21 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|130}}}}<br /> |Excerpts from the [[Census of India]] ([[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]])|1911 CE}}<br /> <br /> === 1947 Partition ===<br /> Approximately 3 million Punjabi Hindus migrated from [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]] and [[North-West Frontier Province]] (present-day Pakistan) to [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]] and [[Delhi]] (present-day India) during the [[Partition of India|Partition]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Salamat|first=Zarina|title=The Punjab in 1920's: a case study of Muslims|date=1997|publisher=Royal Book Company|isbn=978-969-407-230-2|location=Karachi|pages=145|language=en|oclc=40480171}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Banerjee-Dube|first1=Ishita|title=Ancient to modern: religion, power, and community in India|last2=Dube|first2=Saurabh|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-569662-2|location=New Delhi; Oxford|language=en|oclc=302183130}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;washedu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf|title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes|access-date=19 December 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This split the former British province of Punjab between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The mostly [[Muslims|Muslim]] western part of the province became Pakistan's [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]]; the mostly [[Sikhs|Sikh]] and Hindu eastern part became India's East Punjab state (later divided into the new states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]). Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the Partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide.{{Sfn|Brass|1974|p=326}}<br /> <br /> The newly formed governments had not anticipated, and were completely unequipped for, a two-way migration of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the new India-Pakistan border. Estimates of the number of deaths vary, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 2,000,000. The worst case of violence among all regions is concluded to have taken place in Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=Partition of India: The Human Dimension|journal=Cultural and Social History|date=2009|volume=6|issue=4|pages=403–410|quote=The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims.|doi=10.2752/147800409X466254|s2cid=147110854}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D'Costa 2011 53&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia|last=D'Costa|first=Bina|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=9780415565660|page=53}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Butalia 2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html|title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India|last=Butalia|first=Urvashi|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations|last=Sikand|first=Yoginder|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9781134378258|page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Punjabi Suba and trifurcation of Punjab ===<br /> {{main|Punjabi Suba movement}}<br /> After the Partition, Sikh leaders and political parties demanded a [[Punjabi Suba movement|&quot;Punjabi Suba&quot;]] (Punjabi Province) where Punjabi language written in the [[Gurumukhi]] script would be the language of the state in North India.<br /> <br /> At the instigation of the [[Arya Samaj]], many Punjabi Hindus in present-day Ambala, Una, and Sirsa stated [[Hindi]] as their mother tongue in the censuses of 1951 and 1961. Some areas of the erstwhile East Punjab state where Hindi, [[Haryanvi]], and [[Western Pahari]]-speaking Hindus formed the majority, became part of the newly created states of [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] where Hindi was declared the state language. This was in contrast with the primarily Punjabi-speaking locals in some regions of the newly created states.&lt;ref name=&quot;google2&quot;&gt;Chopra R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=U_ODfrFOd8AC&amp;pg=PA9072 ''Love Is The Ultimate Winner''] Partridge, India 2013. p. 9072. {{ISBN|9781482800050}} Accessed 3 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; A direct result of the trifurcation of East Punjab into three states made Punjab a Sikh-majority state in India. Today, Punjabi Hindus make up approximately 38.5% population of present Punjab State of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;Lamba K. G. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aSzbGKyLqicC&amp;pg=PA90 ''Dynamics of Punjabi Suba Movement''] Deep and Deep 1999. p. 90 {{ISBN|9788176291293}} Accessed 3 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google3&quot;&gt;Grewal J. S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&amp;pg=PA187 ''The Sikhs of the Punjab''] Cambridge University Press 1998. p. 187 {{ISBN|9780521637640}} Accessed 3 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> === India ===<br /> [[File:Devi talab jal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Devi Talab Mandir]] in [[Jalandhar, Punjab]], [[India]].]]<br /> In the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Punjabi Hindus make up approximately 38.5% of the state's population; numbering 10.7 million and are a majority in the [[Doaba]] region. Punjabi Hindus form a majority in five districts of Punjab, namely, [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]], [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]], [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]], [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]] and [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district|Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar]] districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Religion by districts - Punjab |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in|access-date=20 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the 1947 partition, many Hindus from [[West Punjab]] and [[North-West Frontier Province]] settled in Delhi. Determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates, Punjabi Hindus form approximately 24 to 35 percent of Delhi's population;{{efn|name=Delhi1991|“Though Punjabis constitute a mere twenty-four per cent of so of the capital city's population, on average they hold fifty-three per cent of the available managerial positions.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanjay2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Sanjay Yadav | title=The Invasion of Delhi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTBBL1q5C_EC&amp;pg=PA10 | year=2008 | publisher=Worldwide Books | isbn=978-81-88054-00-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|54}}}}{{efn|name=Delhi2015|“The most important section among settlers is the Punjabis who are estimated to constitute around 35 percent of the population.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Raj |title=Delhi Assembly elections 2015: Important facts and major stakeholders |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/delhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html |accessdate=8 September 2021 |work=[[India TV]] |date=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} based on 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 16.8 million, this amounts to between 4 and 5.9 million people.&lt;ref name=&quot;delhi2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Punjabi Hindus form between approximately 8 and 10 percent of [[Haryana]]'s population; based on 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 25.4 million, this amounts to between 2.03 and 2.54 million people.{{efn|name=HaryanaPopulation}} Similar to Delhi, most Punjabi Hindus in Haryana can trace their ancestry to [[West Punjab]] and [[North-West Frontier Province]] due to mass migration associated with the 1947 partition. In the contemporary era, Punjabi Hindus are influential in the state politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2014&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Naqshbandi2019&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Punjabi language as a mother tongue in Haryana{{efn|Including speakers of [[Standard Punjabi]] and [[Western Punjabi (Lahnda)]]}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Subdivision<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1881 census&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1881A&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=26 July 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115015937/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1881B&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=26 July 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=169 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115015938/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1881C&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=26 July 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=123 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120083807/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1931 census&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1931&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=8 June 2025 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1961 census&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1961&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32026|title=Social and Cultural Tables, Part II-C(i) , Vol-XIII, Punjab - Census 1961|page=223|website=Census Digital Library|access-date=8 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1971 census&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1971&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/study/Dspace_123456789_4675|title=Social And Cultural Tables, Part II-C (ii), Series-6, Haryana - Census 1971|page=67|website=Census Digital Library|access-date=8 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Population<br /> !Percentage<br /> !Population<br /> !Percentage<br /> !Population<br /> !Percentage<br /> !Population<br /> !Percentage<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Ambala district]]<br /> | 351,418<br /> | {{Percentage | 351418 | 1067263 | 2 }}<br /> | 264,521<br /> | {{Percentage | 264521 | 742902 | 2 }}<br /> | 418,656<br /> | {{Percentage | 418656 | 1373477 | 2 }}<br /> | 153,142<br /> | {{Percentage | 153142 | 1098405 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Hisar district]]{{efn|1881 census count includes Sirsa District, which was later amalgamated with Hissar District.}}<br /> | 196,808<br /> | {{Percentage | 196808 | 757458 | 2 }}<br /> | 219,718<br /> | {{Percentage | 219718 | 899479 | 2 }}<br /> | 178,802<br /> | {{Percentage | 178802 | 1540508 | 2 }}<br /> | 314,829<br /> | {{Percentage | 314829 | 2132948 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Jind State]]/[[Jind district]]<br /> | 66,339<br /> | {{Percentage | 66339 | 249862 | 2 }}<br /> | 66,688<br /> | {{Percentage | 66688 | 324676 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 20,033<br /> | {{Percentage | 20033 | 639610 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Kalsia State]]<br /> | 28,168<br /> | {{Percentage | 28168 | 67708 | 2 }}<br /> | 10,551<br /> | {{Percentage | 10551 | 59848 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Karnal district]]<br /> | 26,580<br /> | {{Percentage | 26580 | 622621 | 2 }}<br /> | 16,430<br /> | {{Percentage | 16430 | 852614 | 2 }}<br /> | 198,292<br /> | {{Percentage | 198292 | 1490430 | 2 }}<br /> | 279,421<br /> | {{Percentage | 279421 | 1981303 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Rohtak district]]<br /> | 561<br /> | {{Percentage | 561 | 553609 | 2 }}<br /> | 526<br /> | {{Percentage | 526 | 805621 | 2 }}<br /> | 14,302<br /> | {{Percentage | 14302 | 1420391 | 2 }}<br /> | 33,000<br /> | {{Percentage | 33000 | 1785534 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Gurgaon district]]<br /> | 343<br /> | {{Percentage | 343 | 641848 | 2 }}<br /> | 899<br /> | {{Percentage | 899 | 740163 | 2 }}<br /> | 19,270<br /> | {{Percentage | 19270 | 1240706 | 2 }}<br /> | 40,003<br /> | {{Percentage | 40003 | 1707369 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Dujana|Dujana State]]<br /> | 8<br /> | {{Percentage | 8 | 23416 | 2 }}<br /> | 15<br /> | {{Percentage | 15 | 28216 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Pataudi State]]<br /> | 2<br /> | {{Percentage | 2 | 17847 | 2 }}<br /> | 1<br /> | {{Percentage | 1 | 18873 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Loharu State]]<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 13754 | 2 }}<br /> | 16<br /> | {{Percentage | 16 | 23338 | 2 }}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Mahendragarh district]]<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 2,895<br /> | {{Percentage | 2895 | 547850 | 2 }}<br /> | 3,444<br /> | {{Percentage | 3444 | 691639 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Total Punjabi language population<br /> ! 670,227<br /> ! {{Percentage | 670227 | 4015386 | 2 }}<br /> ! 579,365<br /> ! {{Percentage | 579365 | 4495730 | 2 }}<br /> ! 832,217<br /> ! {{Percentage | 832217 | 7613362 | 2 }}<br /> ! 843,872<br /> ! {{Percentage | 843872 | 10036808 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Total Haryana population<br /> ! 4,015,386<br /> ! {{Percentage | 4015386 | 4015386 | 2 }}<br /> ! 4,495,730 <br /> ! {{Percentage | 4495730 | 4495730 | 2 }}<br /> ! 7,613,362<br /> ! {{Percentage | 7613362 | 7613362 | 2 }}<br /> ! 10,036,808<br /> ! {{Percentage | 10036808 | 10036808 | 2 }}<br /> |- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Pakistan ===<br /> {{Main article|Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan}}<br /> [[File:Katas Raj Temple Top Mountain View.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Katas Raj Temples]] in [[Chakwal District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]].]]<br /> Following the large-scale exodus that took place during the 1947 partition, there remains a small Punjabi Hindu community in Pakistan today. According to the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 Census]], there are about 200,000 Hindus in Punjab province, forming approximately 0.2% of the total population.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017 Census&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf|access-date=8 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of the community resides in the primarily rural South Punjab districts of [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]] and [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]] where they form 3.12% and 1.12% of the population respectively,&lt;ref name=&quot;Districtwise&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-wise-census-2017-results|title=District wise census|access-date=20 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/120531/pakistani-hindus-celebrate-janmashtami-with-fervour/|title=Pakistani Hindus celebrate Janmashtami with fervour |author=Dharmindar Balach|newspaper=Daily Times|date=17 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the rest are concentrated in urban centres such as [[Lahore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1842865/1-hindu-community-celebrates-diwali-across-punjab|title=Hindu community celebrates Diwali across Punjab|work=The Express Tribune|date=8 November 2018|access-date=18 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/978422/victory-over-evil-dussehra-celebrated-at-krishna-mandir|title=Dussehra celebrated at Krishna Mandir|work=The Express Tribune|date=23 October 2015|access-date=18 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, the last functioning Hindu temple in Lahore, once the cultural capital of Punjabi Hindus, was destroyed to make way for a multi-story commercial building, and thus the millennia-old history of Hindus in Lahore came to an end.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/only-hindu-temple-in-lahore-demolished/articleshow/1643844.cms | title=Only Hindu temple in Lahore demolished | newspaper=The Times of India | date=13 June 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Diaspora ===<br /> Large [[Punjabi diaspora|diaspora]] communities exist in many countries including in [[Canada]], the [[Gulf Countries]], [[Australia]], the [[United States]], and the [[United Kingdom]].<br /> <br /> == Culture and religion ==<br /> [[File:Durgiana Temple, Amritsar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Durgiana Temple]] in Amritsar, Punjab, India.]]<br /> [[File:Fresco of Radha and Krishna painted in the early 19th century on the walls of the Maiyanatha Thakurdwara in Katra Dulo, Amritsar, Punjab.jpg|thumb|Fresco of [[Radha Krishna]] painted in the early 19th century on the walls of the Maiyanatha Thakurdwara in Katra Dulo, Amritsar, Punjab]]<br /> [[File:A Hindu illustrated manuscript written in Gurmukhi script with paintings inside 04.webp|thumb|A Hindu illustrated manuscript written in [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhi script]] with paintings inside]]<br /> As in many other parts of India, Hinduism in Punjab has adapted over time and has become a synthesis of culture and history.[[File:MATA MANSA DEVI-PANCHKULA, HARYANA outer view of temple on top.jpg|thumb|Mata Mansa Devi Mandir, Panchkula&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board |url=https://mansadevi.org.in/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=mansadevi.org.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;]] As [[Hindus]] believe that dharma is universal and evolves with time, many Hindus also value other spiritual paths and religious traditions. They believe that any traditions that are equally able to nurture one's ''Atman'' should be accepted and taught. Hinduism itself encourages any being to reach their own self-realization in their own unique way either through [[Bhagavan]] or through other means of devotion and meditation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sikhism {{!}} History, Doctrines, Practice, &amp; Literature|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism|access-date=11 June 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Punjabi Hindus continue heterogeneous religious practices in spiritual kinship with Sikhism. This not only includes veneration of the [[Sikh gurus]] in private practice but also visits to Sikh [[gurdwara]]s in addition to Hindu temples.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Dhooleka Sarhadi |title=Where Are You From? Middle-Class Migrants in the Modern World |date=2003 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520233836 |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6YwDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=punjabi+hindus+syncretic&amp;pg=PA80}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Anjali Gera Roy, The Hindu Punjabis of [[West Punjab|Western Punjab]] settled away from their ancestral homeland during 1947 partition, speak a hybrid language based on [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Hindi]] (or Hindi with Punjabi accent).&lt;ref&gt;MINE, T. I., &amp; ROY, A. G. (2004). NOT SPEAKING A LANGUAGE. Translation Today, 1, 26.[https://web.archive.org/web/20220304024011id_/https://www.ntm.org.in/download/ttvol/volume1_N2/Articles/02%20-%20Not%20Speaking%20A%20Language%20That%20is%20Mine%20-%20Anjali%20Gera%20Roy.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kumar, P. (1982). Communalisation of Hindus in Punjab. Secular Democracy, 11(9), 27-29.|url=https://idcindia.org/wp-content/themes/idc/pdf/3.communalism/news/1-Communalisation%20of%20Hindus%20in%20Punjab%20_%20Secular%20Democracy%20_%20October%201982%20_%20Vol%2015%20No.%20IX.pdf|page=8&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> === Udasis ===<br /> [[Udasi]] is a religious sect of ascetic [[sadhu]]s centered in Punjab Region. The Udasis were key interpreters of the Sikh philosophy and the custodians of important Sikh shrines until the [[Akali movement]]. They brought many converts into the Sikh fold during the 18th and the early 19th centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Pashaura Singh. Fenech, Louis E.|title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies|date=March 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|oclc=874522334}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, their religious practices border on a syncretism of [[Sikhism]] and Hinduism. When the [[Singh Sabha]], dominated by [[Tat Khalsa]] Sikhs, redefined the Sikh identity in the early 20th century, the Udasi [[mahant]]s were expelled from the Sikh shrines. Since then, the Udasis have increasingly regarded themselves as Hindus rather than Sikhs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Oberoi, Harjot.|title=The Construction of religious boundaries: culture, identity, and diversity in the Sikh tradition|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-563780-1|location=Delhi|oclc=39001441}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Nanakpanthis ===<br /> Numerous Punjabi Hindus are [[Nanakpanthi]], who revere [[Guru Nanak]] alongside their Hindu deities but without following the other gurus, and nor identify as [[Sikhs]] in terms of religious affiliation; at the time of the 1891 census of [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab]], it has been estimated that, out of the 1,8 million Sikhs around 579,000 were Hindu Nanakpanthis, but in later classifications the definitions of &quot;Hindu&quot; and &quot;Sikh&quot; would be more precise and the Hindu Nanakpanthis would stop being counted as &quot;Sikhs&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Richard Gabriel |title=Lions of the Punjab: culture in the making |date=1985 |publisher=Univ. of California Pr |isbn=978-0-520-05491-2 |edition=1. print |location=Berkeley, Calif. |pages=112–113}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Arya Samaj ===<br /> The [[Arya Samaj]] was a [[Hindu reform movements|Hindu reformist]] organization founded in the 1870s by [[Dayananda Saraswati]], and while he was from [[Gujarat]], the movement had a lot of influence among Punjabi Hindus, especially the [[Khatri|Khatris]] and [[Arora|Aroras]], the Arya Samajis being social reformers who aimed to promote [[monotheism]] and were against what they called &quot;supersititions&quot; such as idolatry, wanted to raise the literacy rates (especially for women) and were fighting [[Caste discrimination in India|caste discrimination]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christopher |title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India |publisher=Primus Books |year=2010 |pages=97}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Temples ==<br /> Punjabi Hindu temples historically had various names depending on the associated denomination, such as ''Shivala'' ([[Shaivism|Shaivist]] temple), ''Devidwara'' ([[Shaktism|Shaktist]] temple), or ''Thakurdwara'' ([[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavist]] temple).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagraj |title=A Complete Guide to Sikhism |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2009 |isbn=9788171427543 |pages=106–107 |chapter=Difference Between Gurdwara and Mandir (Temple) - Mandir (Temple)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Journal of Regional History |publisher=Department of History, Guru Nanak Dev University |year=1982 |pages=28–31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Viswambhar |title=Development: A Saga of Two Worlds |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2002 |isbn=9788170229469 |pages=29–31 |chapter=Life in My Ancestral Village: Places of Worship and Religious Practices}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thakurdwara complexes often had a ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadh]]'' (samadhi) mausoleum dedicated to the founder of the temple and a ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamsala]]'' (building for accommodating pilgrims and ascetics, such as ''[[Bairagi (Ascetics)|bairagis]]'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Devidwaras were devoted to the worship of the ''[[devi]]'' (goddesses).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Temples often have various deities as their central focus in the form of a ''[[murti]]'' (idol), with there being no general uniformity in this regard.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Hindu worshipping practices at a temple are more individualistic in-nature rather than congregational.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Temple architecture ===<br /> [[File:True-colour photograph - Lahore, India (now Pakistan) A Hindu temple, possibly Shaivite in 1914.jpg|thumb|True-colour photograph - Lahore, India (now Pakistan). A Hindu temple, possibly Shaivite, 1914]]<br /> The main room or area of a temple will house the deity in the form of a murti, with this space being known as ''[[Garbhagriha|garbha griha]]'' ([[sanctum sanctorum]]), which is the &quot;heart&quot; or inner-most point of the temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Also, there is a passageway that allows for [[Circumambulation|circuambulation]] of the garbha griha space, which is a requirement after prayers are given.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Architecturally, there is usually a dome or spire structure built over the garbha griha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Another feature is a small passageway called the ''[[Antarala|antrala]]'' ([[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]]), which connects the garbha griha and ''[[mandapa]]'' (pillard hall) spaces together.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The mandapa is a pavilion that allows the devotees to congregate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Temples are built on a raised, staired platform with one entryway, with the entrance-porch being called a ''[[Ardhamandapa|ardh-mandapa]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Hinduism|Punjab<br /> }}<br /> * [[History of Punjab]]<br /> * [[List of Punjabi Hindus]]<br /> * [[Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]<br /> * [[List of Hindu temples in India]]<br /> * [[Bhabra]]<br /> * [[List of Hindu festivals in Punjab]]<br /> * [[East Punjab]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> &lt;!--{{reflist|group=note}}--&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul Richard |author-link=Paul Brass |year=1974 |title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}<br /> * {{Citation |last =Halbfass |first =Wilhelm |year =1991 |title =Tradition and Reflection |publisher =SUNY Press |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=-5fImMZMqNIC |isbn =978-0-7914-0361-7 |access-date =23 December 2023 |archive-date =23 December 2023 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20231223184628/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5fImMZMqNIC |url-status =live }}<br /> * {{Citation |last =Michaels |first =Axel |author-link=Axel Michaels |year =2004 |title =Hinduism. Past and present |place =Princeton, New Jersey |publisher =Princeton University Press}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book|last=Talib|first=Gurbachan|author-link=Gurbachan Singh Talib|title= Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in Punjab 1947|year=1950|publisher=[[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]|location=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fQLAAAAIAAJ}}<br /> * {{Cite journal|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|author-link=Ayesha Jalal|date=1998|title=Nation, Reason and Religion: Punjab's Role in the Partition of India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407076|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=33|issue=32|pages=2183–2190|jstor=4407076|issn=0012-9976}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20010215153625/http://webpunjab.com/culture/main.htm The Punjab&amp;mdash;An Overview]}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060423232940/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/CULTURE/Historical.htm Punjab History]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060506005341/http://www.pcschicago.org/Punjab/historical.htm Punjab Historical Background]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613191214/http://durgianatirath.com/ Shri Durgiana Tirath]<br /> <br /> {{Hinduism in India by region}}<br /> {{Religion in India topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In Punjab}}<br /> [[Category:Punjabi Hindus| ]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu communities]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalyan&diff=461079 2026-03-16T06:56:30Z

<p>Abdul kadar: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|City in Maharashtra, India}}<br /> {{Other uses}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kalyan<br /> | settlement_type = [[City]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> Kalyan Railway Yard, Kalyan, Maharashtra, India - panoramio (2).jpg<br /> | nickname = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|19.24|N|73.13|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Kalyan-Dombivali Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | leader_title = [[Mayor]]<br /> | leader_name = Vinita Rane ([[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]])<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 137.15<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 8.84<br /> | population_total = 1,246,381 (with [[Dombivli]])<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|29th]]<br /> | population_demonym = Kalyankar<br /> | demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]<br /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN CODE]]<br /> | postal_code = 421301(Kalyan (West)) 421304 (Kalyan (S.O.)) 421306 (Kalyan (East))<br /> | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-05<br /> | unemployment_rate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = 917 females/1000 males [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | leader_title2 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]<br /> | leader_name2 = Dr. Indurani Jakhar<br /> | leader_title3 = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br /> | leader_name3 = Moreshwar Bhoir ([[Bharatiya Janata Party]])<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Literacy Rate]]<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = 93.06%<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kalyan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalyan]] which covers Kalyan East &amp; Kalyan Rural Vidhansabha Constituencies, Bhiwandi Loksabha Constituency which covers Kalyan West Vidhansabha Constituency <br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = Kalyan East, Kalyan West, Kalyan Rural <br /> | blank5_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank5_info_sec1 = [[Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Kalyan''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[kəljaːɳ]]]) is a city on the banks of [[Ulhas River]] in [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Konkan division]]. It is governed by [[Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation]]. Kalyan is a subdivision ([[Taluka]]) of [[Thane district]]. Kalyan and its neighbouring township of [[Dombivli]] jointly form [[Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation]], abbreviated as KDMC. It is a founding city of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Kalyan served as an important port in [[Classical India]]. Records of its existence as a port in the region have been found in ancient Greek manuscripts, particularly in ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]''. However, Kalyan is not mentioned in Ptolemy's ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' (c. 150 CE).&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNOUBlock1&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> | title = State and Society in South Asia: An Historical Introduction<br /> | publisher = Indira Gandhi National Open University<br /> | location = New Delhi<br /> | year = 2021<br /> | pages = 40, 48<br /> | url = https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/67704/1/Block-1.pdf<br /> | access-date = 2025-04-23<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The city has remains from the [[Mughal Empire]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur]], and the [[Maratha Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rede |first=Gayatri |date=December 2023 |title=&quot;Communities and Monuments: A Tale of Changed Settlement at Kalyan, Maharashtra, India.&quot; |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gayatri-Rede/publication/388091730_Communities_and_Monuments_A_Tale_of_Changed_Settlement_at_Kalyan_Maharashtra_India/links/678a02be98c4e967fa67053e/Communities-and-Monuments-A-Tale-of-Changed-Settlement-at-Kalyan-Maharashtra-India.pdf |journal=[[Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology]] |volume=11.2 |pages=722, 733 |via=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Durgadi Fort|Durgadi fort]], first constructed under Mughal rule, is one such example.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> The majority of Kalyan citizens are [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslim]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2011 Census - Religion (Maharashtra) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Climate==<br /> Kalyan is characterized by koppen classification Aw (tropical monsoon), with high rainfall during the monsoon season and dry season year around. Because of Kalyan's proximity to the sea, it experiences greater diurnal temperature variations, especially during winter, when on some days the average high would reach 34&amp;nbsp;°C, with average lows near 14-15&amp;nbsp;°C. Kalyan's humidity is also lower than Mumbai during the winter season and pre-summer (March–April) though it has seen high dew points, particularly in the month of May, with near to 30&amp;nbsp;°C dew points. Kalyan receives heavy rainfall during June–September.<br /> <br /> {{Weather box<br /> |location = Kalyan<br /> |metric first = Yes<br /> |single line = Yes<br /> |Jan high C = 29.3<br /> |Feb high C = 33.7<br /> |Mar high C = 34.6<br /> |Apr high C = 35.7<br /> |May high C = 34.7<br /> |Jun high C = 31.9<br /> |Jul high C = 29.8<br /> |Aug high C = 29.3<br /> |Sep high C = 30.1<br /> |Oct high C = 32.9<br /> |Nov high C = 33.4<br /> |Dec high C = 32.0<br /> |Jan low C = 14.6|Feb low C = 16.3<br /> |Mar low C = 19.6<br /> |Apr low C = 25.7<br /> |May low C = 26.1<br /> |Jun low C = 25.8<br /> |Jul low C = 24.8<br /> |Aug low C = 24.5<br /> |Sep low C = 24.0<br /> |Oct low C = 23.1<br /> |Nov low C = 20.5<br /> |Dec low C = 18.2<br /> |precipitation colour=green<br /> |Jan precipitation mm = 2.3<br /> |Feb precipitation mm = 1.0<br /> |Mar precipitation mm = 0.8<br /> |Apr precipitation mm = 1.8<br /> |May precipitation mm = 13.5<br /> |Jun precipitation mm = 432.6<br /> |Jul precipitation mm = 946.1<br /> |Aug precipitation mm = 553.3<br /> |Sep precipitation mm = 294.1<br /> |Oct precipitation mm = 87.1<br /> |Nov precipitation mm = 20.6<br /> |Dec precipitation mm = 2.1<br /> <br /> |source = [http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Thane/Climate-%20table.html Government of Maharashtra]<br /> |date = June 2012<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> [[Kalyan Junction railway station]] is on the railway line between Mumbai and [[Karjat]]/[[Kasara]]. Kalyan has access to four railway stations on the Central line - [[Thakurli]] Station, [[Vitthalwadi]], [[Shahad]] Station and '''Kalyan''' Junction. Kalyan Junction serves as an important railway station for the people in and around [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/mumbai-cst-bound-local-train-derails-near-kalyan-1-feared-dead_919143.html|title=Mumbai CST-bound local train derails near Kalyan, 1 killed|date=20 March 2014|work=Zee Media|publisher=Essel|access-date=28 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Civic amenities==<br /> <br /> With a population of more than 700,000, Kalyan is a part of the [[Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation]] established in 1983, with municipalities of Kalyan, Dombivli, [[Ambernath]] and 81 other villages.{{clarify|date=June 2018}}<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> [[Kalyan-Dombivali Municipal Corporation|KDMC]] is a municipal corporation in Thane district of Maharashtra State, India. The municipal corporation was formed in 1983 to administer the twin townships of Kalyan and Dombivli. The municipal corporation has a population 15,18,762 citizens as per the 2011 census. Due to its highly educated population, it is often called the second cultural capital of Maharashtra after Pune.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kalyan - Second cultural capital of Maharashtra |url=https://www.kalyanonline.in/guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The corporation is governed by Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act 1949. The following authorities are given charge to implement the provisions of the act:<br /> * A corporation<br /> * A standing committee<br /> * Ward committees<br /> * Municipal commissioner<br /> <br /> Both the cities are divided into 122 wards. Municipal Corporation consists of Councillors elected directly at Ward Elections. The number and boundaries of the Wards into which the city is divided is specified by the State Election Commissioner. There are five Councillors nominated by the corporation. <br /> As per the provisions of the Act, the total number of Councillors is 121.<br /> The Corporation elects one of its members as the Mayor and another to be the Deputy Mayor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.kalyancity.com/Govt_Offices.php| title=Government in Kalyan| author=kalyancity.com| publisher=kalyancity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Municipal finance ===<br /> According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kalyan–Dombivli Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/kalyan-dombivli |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=16 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Kalyan–Dombivli Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹1,247 crore (US$150 million) and total expenditure of ₹1,195 crore (US$143 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 39.1% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹298 crore in grants during the financial year.<br /> <br /> ==Schools and colleges==<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a school or college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> *[[Birla College of Arts, Science &amp; Commerce]]<br /> *[[Mar Thoma Special School for Children in Need of Special Care]]<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:KDMTBus.jpg|KDMT Buses<br /> File:Kalyan Railway Station During Floods.jpg|Kalyan Junction during the 26 July 2005 floods<br /> File:Kalyan Junction station on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway near Bombay LCCN2004707348.tif|Kalyan Junction<br /> File:Kalyan 1857.jpg|A post 1857 map by John Tallis focused on the events of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Rebellion]]. The author spells Kalyan as &quot;KALYAN LANJA&quot;/&quot;Calliannee&quot;.<br /> File:Kalyan 1883.jpg|Letts's Popular Atlas, 1883 (Letts &amp; Co., London), Spelled &quot;Kalliannee&quot;.<br /> File:Kalyan 1885.jpg|Cram atlas map, 1885. Spelled as &quot;Callian&quot;.<br /> File:Kalyan 1955.jpg|A documented map of Kalyan area 1955 from the US military. Spelled &quot;Kalyan&quot;.<br /> File:Kala Talao 1.jpg|Kala Talao, a historic lake<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> * [[Vishwanath Bhoir]]{{ndash}} MLA, (Kalyan West)<br /> * [[Tushar Deshpande]] {{ndash}} Indian cricketer. (Fast bowler)<br /> * [[Pranav Dhanawade]] {{ndash}} Indian cricketer. (Record holder for most runs 1009*)<br /> * [[Ganpat Gaikwad]]{{ndash}} MLA, BJP (Kalyan East)<br /> * [[Anandi Gopal Joshi]] {{ndash}} first Indian female physician<br /> * [[Gavin Packard]] {{ndash}} Indian actor<br /> * [[Pramod Ratan Patil]]{{ndash}} MLA, MNS (Kalyan Rural)<br /> * [[Narendra Pawar]] {{ndash}} Ex-MLA, BJP (Kalyan West)<br /> * [[Lalit Prabhakar]] {{ndash}} Indian actor<br /> * [[Shrikant Shinde]] {{ndash}} Member of Parliament (Kalyan)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041016193019/http://www.kdmc.gov.in/kdmc/ KDMC]: Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation<br /> <br /> {{Mumbai metropolitan area}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Thane district]]<br /> [[Category:Kalyan-Dombivli]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shyok_(village)&diff=535600 2026-03-15T04:36:43Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Shyok village<br /> | other_name = Shayok<br /> | native_name =<br /> | native_name_lang =<br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | image_caption =<br /> | etymology =<br /> | pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|34.1781|78.1399|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coordinates_footnotes =<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = Durbuk&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://leh.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/village/|title=Villages &amp;#124; District Leh, Union Territory of Ladakh &amp;#124; India|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629222248/https://leh.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/village/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | established_title =<br /> | established_date =<br /> | founder =<br /> | seat_type = [[Panchayat]]<br /> | seat =<br /> | leader_party =<br /> | leader_title =<br /> | leader_name =<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_total_km2 =<br /> | elevation_m = 3700<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym =<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code =<br /> | area_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]] --&gt;<br /> | area_code =<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shyok''' or '''Shayok''' is a village on the bank of the [[Shyok River]] in [[Durbuk]] [[tehsil]] of [[Leh district]] in [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. It is located at the southern tip of the V-shaped course of the Shyok River, where the Tangtse river joins it from the left. Historically, the winter caravan route from [[Leh]] to [[Yarkent|Yarkand]] passed through the village. In modern times, India's [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|strategic road]] to its border post at [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] uses the same route.<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> [[File:Shyok.png|thumb|left|The Shyok village is at the southern tip of the V-shaped Shyok River]]<br /> Shyok is connected to [[Durbuk]], 16 km to the south, and [[Agham, Ladakh|Agham]], 47 km to the north, via the Agam-Shyok-Durbuk Road,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11896019#map=11/34.2254/78.0581 Agam-Shyok-Durbuk Road mapped on OpenStreetMap], retrieved 15 November 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Durbuk is further connected to both [[Leh]] and [[Pangong Lake|Pangong]] via the Kharu-Pangong Road.<br /> <br /> <br /> A northwest road connects it beyond Agham to &lt;!-- IMPORTANT: REtain redlink as per wiki guidelines to encourage creation, draft being prepared.--&gt; [[Khalsar, India|Khalsar]] 73 km, [[Diskit]] 93 km, [[Panamik]]&lt;!-- IMPORTANT: REtain redlink as per wiki guidelines to encourage creation, draft being prepared.--&gt; 120 km and [[Sasoma]] 133 km, along the Shyok River valley.<br /> <br /> ==Caravan route==<br /> <br /> Till 1937, between Ladakh and [[Kashgar]] (in [[Xinjiang]]) on Shyok-DBO route via [[Karakoram Pass]] there were frequent trade caravans.&lt;ref name=tridbo1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Strategic role==<br /> Shyok has geostrategic importance as it is the last Indian village on the 235 km long [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road]] in the north which connects it to [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] (DBO) military post 225 km away on the China border. Shyok to BDO area is also called Sub-Sector North (SSN) by the [[Indian Military]], and civilians are not allowed to travel from Shyok to DBO.&lt;ref name=tridbo1&gt;[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/india-completes-vital-ladakh-road-762332 India completes vital Ladakh road] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609194834/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/india-completes-vital-ladakh-road-762332 |date=9 June 2020 }}, The Tribune, 23 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=tridbo2&gt;[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-working-on-two-roads-in-ladakh-amid-border-row/story-lAh4LPrp20Z1wxX4AU9EON.html India working on two roads in Ladakh amid border row], Hindustan Times, 9 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sasoma–Saser La Road]] will provide alternative connectivity to DBO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Rahul|last2=Choudhury|first2=Sunetra|date=9 June 2020|title=India working on two roads in Ladakh amid border row|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-working-on-two-roads-in-ladakh-amid-border-row/story-lAh4LPrp20Z1wxX4AU9EON.html|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 November 2018|title=World's First Galciated Motorable Road Being Laid in Ladakh by BRO Amid Extreme Weather Conditions|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/worlds-first-galciated-motorable-road-being-laid-in-ladakh-amid-extreme-weather-conditions-by-bro-1942829.html|access-date=2020-06-09|website=CNN-News18|publisher=PTI|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609091851/https://www.news18.com/news/india/worlds-first-galciated-motorable-road-being-laid-in-ladakh-amid-extreme-weather-conditions-by-bro-1942829.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-11-18|title=World's 'first' glaciated road coming up in Ladakh region of Kashmir|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/ladakh/worlds-first-glaciated-road-coming-up-in-ladakh-region-of-kashmir/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=[[Greater Kashmir]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also==<br /> * [[India-China Border Roads]]<br /> * [[Line of Actual Control]]<br /> * [[Sino-Indian border dispute]] <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ladakh}}<br /> {{Leh district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Durbuk tehsil]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._V._Nikesh_Kumar&diff=451891 2026-03-14T21:59:43Z

<p>Abdul kadar: General improvements to article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian journalist and politician}}<br /> {{moresources|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = M. V. Nikesh Kumar<br /> | image = NikeshKumar.jpg<br /> | alt = Journalist<br /> | native_name = എം വി നികേഷ് കുമാര്‍<br /> | birth_name = Melathu Veettil Nikesh Kumar<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|10|07}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | years_active = 1996 to 2024<br /> | known_for = Founder: [[Reporter TV]]<br /> | title = Member, CPI(M) Kannur District Committee<br /> | party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> | spouse = Rani Varghese (m. 2004)<br /> | children = {{Unbulleted_list|Sankaran Nikesh|Janaki Teresa Nikesh}}<br /> | parents = {{Unbulleted_list|[[M. V. Raghavan]]|Janaki Chenichery}}<br /> | awards = [[Ramnath Goenka Award]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Melathu Veettil Nikesh Kumar''' (born 28 May 1973) or '''MVN''' is an Indian [[politician]] from [[Kerala]]. He was also a [[journalist]] for 28 years and quit to become active in politics. He is also a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-25 |title=MV Nikesh Kumar quits media career; resigns from official duties to focus on politics |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1332046&amp;u=mv-nikesh-kumar-quits-media-career-resigns-from-official-duties-to-focus-on-politics-1332046 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Media News4U |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-25 |title=MV Nikesh Kumar quits media career; resigns from official duties to focus on politics |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/m-v-nikesh-kumar-steps-down-as-editor-in-chief-of-reporter-tv-to-pursue-political-career/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Media News 4U |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had contested the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly polls]] from [[Azhikode Assembly constituency]] and lost for 2,287 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sajit |first=C. P. |date=2021-03-09 |title=In Azhikode, there's always room for surprise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/in-azhikode-theres-always-room-for-surprise/article34031562.ece |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Nikesh Kumar is from Burnassery, [[Kannur]]. He is the youngest son of the late [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala|CMP]] leader and former minister [[M. V. Raghavan]] and Janaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=T. N. M. |title=Reporter TV Editor-in-Chief MV Nikesh Kumar quits journalism to enter politics |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/reporter-tv-editor-in-chief-mv-nikesh-kumar-quits-journalism-to-enter-politics |work=The News Minute |date=27 June 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is married to Rani Varghese.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kerala High Court stays action in cheating case against 'Reporter TV' executive |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kerala-high-court-stays-action-in-cheating-case-against-reporter-tv-executive/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=29 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple has two children: Sankaran Nikesh, Janaki Teresa Nikesh.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> After graduating in English literature from [[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and completing a PG Diploma in Journalism from the Institute of Journalism, Press Club, Thiruvananthapuram, Nikesh Kumar began his career as a news anchor and has worked with major Malayalam news channels, such as [[Asianet News]] and [[Indiavision]]. His career trajectory took a significant turn when he became the Managing Director of [[Reporter TV]].<br /> <br /> In 2010, he left [[Indiavision]] and he started new news channel [[Reporter TV]]. He was one of the founders of the channel and joined as MD. He anchored 'Editor's Hour' aired every day at 9 pm. Nikesh Kumar has been recognized for his contributions to the media industry, receiving various accolades, including the [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|Ramnath Goenka Award]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-06-25 |title=എംവി നികേഷ് കുമാർ മാധ്യമപ്രവർത്തനം അവസാനിപ്പിച്ചു, ഇനി സജീവ രാഷ്ട്രീയത്തിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/journalist-mv-nikesh-kumar-quits-reporter-tv-joins-cpm-sfn726 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> MV Nikesh Kumar was the Editor-in-Chief of [[Reporter TV]]. He resigned on 25 June 2024 from the official positions of the channel. He took such a decision to work actively in the political arena.<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> He has received several awards, including [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|Ramnath Goenka Award]] and Shifa Al Jazeera Media Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-15 |title=M V Nikesh Kumar |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2020/speakers/m-v-nikesh-kumar-mbifl-2020-1.4445749 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=MBIFL 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kerala-set-for-a-channel-boom-around-new-year-110110500057_1.html Nikesh Kumar will start new channel REPORTER<br /> *''[https://www.reporterlive.com/kerala/2024/06/25/mv-nikesh-kumar-to-active-in-politics റിപ്പോര്‍ട്ടര്‍ ടിവിയുടെ ഔദ്യോഗിക ചുമതലകളില്‍ നിന്ന് എംവി നികേഷ് കുമാര്‍ സ്ഥാനമൊഴിഞ്ഞു] . Source : [[Reporter TV]]''<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iuz-Rl_b2dg MV Nikesh Kumar resigns as editor after 28 years of media career] | Source : [https://www.youtube.com/@reporterlive Reporter TV Youtube]<br /> *[https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/journalist-mv-nikesh-kumar-in-cpm-kannur-district-committee-shl6pr Nikesh Kumar is Special Invitee in CPM Kannur]<br /> *[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/election/kerala-assembly-election-2026/vd-satheesan-slams-cpm-cyber-campaign-jnxtea87 Nikesh Kumar vs VD Satheeshan]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nikesh Kumar, M. V.}}<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1973 births]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]<br /> <br /> {{Kerala-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asghar_Khan&diff=462444 2026-03-11T20:51:16Z

<p>Abdul kadar: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Very long|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Short description|First native Pakistani Air Chief (1921-2018)}}<br /> {{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Air Marshal]]<br /> | name = Asghar Khan<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Hilal-e-Pakistan|HPk]] [[Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam|HQA]]<br /> | native_name = {{No bold|{{Script/Nastaliq|اصغر خان}}}}<br /> | native_name_lang = ur<br /> | image = Asghar Khan (1961).jpg<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | caption = Air Marshal Asghar Khan in his [[B-57 Canberra]], [[Pakistan Day]], 1962<br /> | office = [[Chairman]] [[Tehrik-e-Istiqlal]]<br /> | term_start = 1 March 1970<br /> | term_end = 12 December 2011<br /> | predecessor = '''[[Political party]] established'''<br /> | successor = Merged with [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]]<br /> | office1 = 2nd [[C-in-C of the PAF|Commander-in-Chief&lt;br&gt;Pakistan Air Force]]<br /> | term_start1 = 23 July 1957<br /> | term_end1 = 23 July 1965<br /> | president1 = {{small|[[Iskander Mirza]] (1956-1958)&lt;br&gt;[[Ayub Khan]] (1958-1969)}}<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Arthur McDonald]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Nur Khan]]<br /> | 1blankname1 = [[C.O.S. of the PAF|Deputy]]<br /> | 1namedata1 = {{small|Maqbool Rabb (1957-59)&lt;br&gt;[[M. A. Rahman]] (1959-1964)&lt;br&gt;Mohammad Akhtar (1964-65)}}<br /> | office2 = [[President (corporate title)|President]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pakistan International Airlines]]<br /> | term_start2 = 23 July 1965<br /> | term_end2 = 23 July 1968<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Nur Khan]]<br /> | successor2 = Mohammad Akhtar<br /> {{collapsed infobox section begin<br /> | cont = yes<br /> | Other positions<br /> | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | office3 = Member of the [[List of members of the 6th National Assembly of Pakistan|6th National Assembly]]<br /> | term_start3 = 21 March 1977<br /> | term_end3 = 4 July 1977<br /> | constituency3 = NA-13 Abbottabad-II&lt;br&gt;NA-190 Karachi-VIII<br /> | office4 = Chief Administrator Civil Aviation Authority and Tourism<br /> | term_start4 = 23 July 1965<br /> | term_end4 = 23 July 1968{{efn|Went on leave on 7 May 1968, officially retired on 23 July 1968.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es0pAQAAIAAJ|title=Who's who in British Aviation|page=38|year=1967|publisher=English Universities Press for Temple Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkwpAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=asghar|publisher=Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News|page=25|year=1968|title=People}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | successor4 = Mohammad Akhtar<br /> | office5 = 9th President&lt;br&gt;[[Pakistan Football Federation]]<br /> | term_start5 = January 1961<br /> | term_end5 = August 1965<br /> | office8 = [[Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Pakistan Air Force]]<br /> | term_start8 = (acting)&lt;br&gt;10 September 1951<br /> | term_end8 = 30 September 1951<br /> | office9 = [[Air Officer Commanding]]&lt;br&gt;No. 1 Group&lt;br&gt;[[Royal Pakistan Air Force]]<br /> | term_start9 = February 1949<br /> | term_end9 = September 1949<br /> | successor9 = G. B. Kelly<br /> | office10 = 1st [[Commandant]]&lt;br&gt;[[RPAF Flying Training School]]<br /> | term_start10 = 15 September 1947<br /> | term_end10 = 15 September 1948<br /> | predecessor10 = ''Office Established''<br /> | successor10 = [[Nur Khan]]<br /> | office11 = Chief Flying Instructor&lt;br&gt;Advanced Flying School Ambala <br /> | term_start11 = 1 November 1946<br /> | term_end11 = 14 August 1947<br /> | office12 = [[Commanding Officer]]&lt;br&gt;[[No. 9 Squadron RIAF]]<br /> | term_start12 = 28 August 1945<br /> | term_end12 = 30 October 1946<br /> | office13 = Flight Commander [[No. 9 Squadron RIAF]]&lt;br&gt;(B Flight)<br /> | term_start13 = 13 December 1944<br /> | term_end13 = 27 August 1945<br /> }}<br /> {{Collapsed infobox section end}}<br /> | birth_name = Mohammad Asghar Khan<br /> | birth_date = 17 January 1921<br /> | birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2018|1|5|1921|1|17}}<br /> | death_place = [[CMH Rawalpindi]], [[Pakistan]]<br /> | death_cause = [[Cardiac arrest]]<br /> | resting_place = [[Nawan Shehr]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan<br /> | height = 5 ft 10&lt;!-- --&gt;in<br /> | party = [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (2011–2018)<br /> | otherparty = Justice Party (1969)&lt;br&gt;[[Pakistan Democratic Party]] (1969)&lt;br&gt;[[Tehrik-e-Istiqlal]] (1970–2011)<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Amina Shamsie|1946|2023|reason=d.}}<br /> | children = 4, including [[Omar Asghar Khan|Omar]] and [[Ali Asghar Khan (Pakistani politician)|Ali]]<br /> | relatives = [[Aslam Khan (brigadier)|Aslam Khan]] (brother)&lt;br&gt;[[Abaidullah Khan]] (cousin)<br /> | nickname = ''Father of the [[Pakistan Air Force]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/264890|title=Asghar Khan would be remembered as 'Father of Pakistan Air Force': Air chief|date=5 January 2018|newspaper=[[The News International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Night Flier''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/265423|title=Asghar Khan was one of world's youngest air force chiefs at 36|date=7 January 2018|author=Sabir Shah|newspaper=[[The News International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | education = [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]]&lt;br&gt;[[Indian Military Academy]]&lt;br&gt;[[No. 1 (I) SFTS]]&lt;br&gt;[[No. 1 EFTS, Begumpet]]&lt;br&gt;[[Day Fighter Leaders School]]&lt;br&gt;[[RAF Staff College, Andover]]&lt;br&gt;[[Joint Services Staff College (UK)]] ([[BSc]])&lt;br&gt;[[Imperial Defence College]] ([[MSc]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf4WAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=asghar|title=Aviation Directory of Asia|page=227|year=1963|volume=8|publisher=Aeronautical Publications of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | branch = {{army|British Raj}} {{small|(1940)}}&lt;br&gt;{{air force|British Raj}} {{small|(1940-1947)}}&lt;br&gt;{{air force|PAK}} {{small|(1947-1965)}}<br /> | serviceyears = 1940–1968{{efn|He continued serving in his rank of [[Air Marshal]] as President of [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA).&lt;ref name=&quot;T&amp;I&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> | rank = [[File:UK-Air-OF8.svg|35px]] [[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|30px]] [[Air Marshal]]<br /> | unit = [[9th Deccan Horse]] {{small|(1940)}}&lt;br&gt;[[No. 3 Squadron RIAF]] {{small|(1941-1944)}}&lt;br&gt;[[No. 9 Squadron RIAF]] {{small|(1944-1946)}}<br /> | commands = [[Pakistan Air Force]]&lt;br&gt;[[RPAF Flying Training School]]&lt;br&gt;[[No. 9 Squadron RIAF]]<br /> | battles = {{collapsible list<br /> | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<br /> | title = ''See List:''<br /> | <br /> {{Tree list}}<br /> * [[World War II]]<br /> ** [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945]]<br /> * [[Indo-Pakistani conflicts]]<br /> ** [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]<br /> ** [[1959 Canberra shootdown]]<br /> ** [[Rann of Kutch conflict]]<br /> * [[Dir-Bajaur Campaign (1960-61)]]<br /> {{Tree list/end}}<br /> }}<br /> | mawards = '''[[#Awards and Decorations|See list]]'''<br /> | awards = *Gold Medal Human Rights Society of Pakistan (1985)&lt;ref name=&quot;denial&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Jinnah Award (2006){{efn|name=&quot;notec&quot;|The 2006 award was presented to him in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;JS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DAWN09&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> | module = {{Listen voice|filename=Asghar Khan's radio interview.wav|description=Asghar Khan on the political repression under the regime of [[Field Marshal Ayub Khan]], just before his official resignation, amidst signs of its imminent collapse.&lt;br /&gt;Broadcast 13 March 1969}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mohammad Asghar Khan'''{{efn|[[Urdu]]: {{nq|محمد اصغر خان}}; Sometimes spelled as Muhammad Asghar Khan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQDzCQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Muhammad+Asghar+Khan%22&amp;pg=PT200|title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability And Resilience|author=[[Christophe Jaffrelot]]|year=2015|publisher=Random House India|isbn=978-81-8400-707-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; or Mohammed Asghar Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;BR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/1653|title=Service Record: Air Marshal Mohammed Asghar Khan|website=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=25 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} (17 January 1921 – 5 January 2018) known as ''Night Flier,'' held the distinction of being the first native and second{{efn|Although the second [[C-in-C of the PAF|Commander-in-Chief]] after the 'Royal' prefix was dropped when [[Pakistan Day|Pakistan became a republic]] in 1956, Khan is officially recognised as the 5th Chief of Air Staff, a title rarely used in his tenure but formally adopted in 1972.}} [[C-in-C of the PAF|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] from 1957 to 1965. He has been described as the '''Father of the Pakistan Air Force.''' Additionally, he was the ninth president of the [[Pakistan Football Federation]], an airline executive, politician, and author.<br /> <br /> Born in [[Jammu]], Khan graduated with distinction from the [[Indian Military Academy]] and commissioned into the [[British Indian Army]] in 1940. With the onset of [[World War II]], the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] asked for volunteers and he transferred in December of that year. Stationed in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] in 1942, he was ordered by the martial law administrator of [[Sindh]] to attack a convoy of [[Hurs]] traveling with [[Pir of Pagaro VI]]. Leading three aircraft, Khan refused upon seeing it consisted of unarmed civilians and returned to base. Threatened with a [[court-martial]], Khan replied, &quot;I cannot follow an unlawful command.&quot;<br /> <br /> [[Flight Lieutenant]] Asghar Khan as commander 'B' Flight—[[No. 9 Squadron RIAF|No. 9 Sqn]], led operations in the [[Burma Campaign]] and became the commander of the squadron in 1945. After the war, he considered resigning to participate in the [[Indonesian National Revolution|Indonesian revolution]] but was advised by [[Jinnah]] to serve Pakistan's future air force. In 1946, he became the first [[Indian subcontinent]] pilot to fly a fighter jet, the [[Gloster Meteor]] III while attending the [[Day Fighter Leaders School]] at [[RAF West Raynham]]. After the [[Partition of British India]], he opted for the [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]] and planned to move to [[Lahore]] with his wife in 1947. Their home in the [[Ambala]] cantonment was reassigned to Wing Commander Nair, who barred them from traveling by train. Though Khan refused to seek help, Nair informed [[Allan Perry-Keene|Perry-Keene]], the [[AOC of the RPAF|Air Officer Commanding of the RPAF]], who arranged a flight to [[Peshawar]], saving their lives, as all passengers on their intended train were killed.<br /> <br /> At the age of 36 in 1957, Khan became the youngest [[C-in-C of the PAF|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] and the youngest Air Vice Marshal in the world. At 37, he became the youngest Air Marshal. He modernised the Air Force by founding the Fighter Leader's School, Mauripur{{efn|name=&quot;note6&quot;}} and [[PAF Staff College]], inducting advanced aircraft such as the [[F-86 Sabre]], [[B-57 Canberra]], and the [[F-104 Starfighter]]. He also established several [[Air base|air stations]], [[Wing (military unit)#Current use|wings]], [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]], and implemented operational reforms. Rejecting a widespread [[West Pakistan]]i notion that [[Bengalis]] were unfit for military service, he abolished height measurements from recruitment criteria. Shortly before the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], he switched offices with his successor, [[Air Marshal Nur Khan]], and became the head of [[Pakistan International Airlines]]. Their tenures are considered the airline's [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]].<br /> <br /> Criticising the regime of [[President Ayub Khan]], Asghar Khan entered politics alongside [[Syed Mahbub Murshed]] in 1968 after the arrest of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and spearheaded protests for his release. In 1970, he founded the [[Tehreek-e-Istiqlal]]. Following the commencement of [[Operation Searchlight]] in 1971, he led protests across [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan|West]] Pakistan, demanding the release of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], leveraging the popularity he had earned as Air Chief and repeatedly advocated for the rights of [[Bengalis]]. He opposed the [[Bengali genocide]] and demanded that [[President Yahya Khan]] be put on trial for his role. By the mid-1970s, Asghar Khan was the main figure behind the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) against [[Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<br /> <br /> Elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] from [[Abbottabad]] and [[Karachi]] in the [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 elections]], Khan was arrested by Prime Minister Bhutto under martial law during a crackdown on nationwide protests against widely alleged electoral rigging. While imprisoned, he read in a newspaper that a Pakistan Army major had killed a civilian who had made a [[V sign]] toward the officer. In response, Khan wrote a letter{{efn|See, ''[[#Authorship|MESSAGE: To The Officers Of The Defence Services of Pakistan (21 May 1977)]]''}} urging military officers to distinguish between lawful and unlawful orders. While providing an excerpt from his letter, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' said Khan was &quot;probably the most popular of the nine Alliance party leaders&quot;.<br /> <br /> After negotiations between the opposition and Bhutto's government failed, [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] launched a [[1977 Pakistani military coup|coup d'état]] in July 1977 and placed Khan under house arrest, where he remained until 1984. During this time, [[Amnesty International]] recognised him as a [[prisoner of conscience]]. Although Khan had earlier led the PNA movement against Bhutto who was [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto#Death sentence and appeal|executed in 1979]], he publicly demanded Bhutto's release in a letter to Zia. In the letter, he also criticised the military regime for failing to hold promised elections within 90 days of the coup.<br /> <br /> Despite his stand against authoritarianism, Khan's political influence remained limited in the early 1990s. He filed a lawsuit in 1996 challenging the results of the [[1990 Pakistani general election|1990 elections]], which came to be known as the ''[[Asghar Khan case]]''. The election was marred by widespread rigging, with [[Nawaz Sharif]] securing victory through an election cell created by [[President Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]. Funds from the country's [[foreign exchange reserves]] were illegally redirected to Sharif by the [[Pakistan Army]] and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]], who manipulated the election by bribing politicians. In 2012, Generals [[Aslam Beg]], [[Asad Durrani]], [[Hamid Gul]], and banker Yunus Habib publicly admitted their involvement in influencing the election results. The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] ruled in Khan's favour, and ordered the government to take action against those involved. Despite this, no one has faced any repercussions and the case remains largely forgotten. In 2011, Khan merged his party with [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]]. At the age of 96, he died from [[cardiac arrest]] in early 2018.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> [[File:Young Asghar Khan (1928-34).png|thumb|left|200px|Asghar Khan as a child]]<br /> Born on 17 January 1921 in Tavi, [[Jammu]], into an [[Afridi Pashtun]] family, Mohammad Asghar Khan was the son of Brigadier Rehmatullah Khan and his fourth wife, Gulam Fatima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sentinels&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UY31dNAJrb4C&amp;q=gulam%20fatima|title=The Jammu and Kashmir Government Gazette|year=1963|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Rehmatullah had a total of 13 children from his first and fourth marriages. From his first wife, he had Aysha Bibi, who died at the age of 12 from an illness, and Colonel Nasrullah Khan. From his fourth wife, Gulam Fatima, his children in order of age were [[Aslam Khan (brigadier)|Aslam Khan]], Asghar Khan, Major Mohammad Anwar Khan, Pilot Officer Mohammad Asaf Khan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://defencejournal.com/2018/02/10/asghar-khan-was-one-of-the-worlds-youngest-air-force-chiefs-at-36/|title=Asghar Khan was one of the world's youngest air force chiefs at 36|year=2018|website=Defence Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://imgur.com/a/brother-of-air-marshal-asghar-khan-pilot-officer-m-asaf-khan-was-first-pilot-of-royal-pakistan-air-force-to-die-accident-so0vWak|title=Brother of Air Marshal Asghar Khan, Pilot Officer M. Asaf Khan was the first pilot of the Royal Pakistan Air Force to die in an accident|website=[[Imgur]]|access-date=26 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Commander]] Mohammad Afzal Khan,{{efn|Officer in the [[Pakistan Navy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LK1&quot;/&gt;}} Salma Rehmat,{{efn|Wife of Colonel Ghulam Hyder, known for arresting the Governor of Gilgit in 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;LK1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hilal.gov.pk/view-article.php?i=8379|title=The Legacy of Khan Brothers in Pakistan Armed Forces (Part II)|date=March 2024|author=Colonel Azam Qadri (R)}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Squadron Leader Mohammad Khalid Khan,{{efn|Died in a flying accident on 23 June 1958, his parachute did not open above the Jamrud Range after he had reportedly ejected himself from his [[F-86 Sabre]] when the engine had flamed out.&lt;ref name=&quot;LK1&quot;/&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_flight-international_1958-07-11_74_2581/page/n19/mode/2up?q=%22Asghar+Khan%22|title=S/L. Khalid Khan|page=36|year=1958|publisher=[[Flight International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiZ5Q9zrhDkC&amp;q=asghar|title=The Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News|year=1958|volume=95|publisher=Temple Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flt Lt Mohammad Tariq Khan,{{efn|Retired [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]] officer and philanthropist.&lt;ref name=&quot;LK1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;}} Shamim Rehmat,{{efn|Wife of Colonel Aleem Afridi.&lt;ref name=&quot;LK1&quot;/&gt;}} Zarina Rehmat,{{efn|Wife of Air Marshal Ayaz Ahmed Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;LK1&quot;/&gt;}} and Farooq Rehmatullah.{{efn|Former Director General [[Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority]] and former Chairman [[Shell Pakistan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LK1&quot;/&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;remembers&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/pathan-remembers-issue-30-vol-09-154431/|title=Pathan Remembers|date=28 October 2017|first=Masood|last=Hussain|website=Kashmir Life}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOltAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22asghar%20khan%22|title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D.|year=2001|page=359|author=[[Ahmad Hasan Dani]]|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=978-969-35-1231-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In early 1933, while reading a newspaper, Asghar Khan saw an advertisement for the [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]] and enrolled after convincing his father who was initially reluctant. In March 1933, he arrived in [[Dehradun]] for the interview after being selected.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> His classmates were [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]] and [[Nur Khan]], who Asghar became close friends with.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt; Another batchmate was [[Sherbaz Khan Mazari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kt0bAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%20Khan%22|title= INTERVIEW: Sardar Sherbaz Khan Mazari|year=2007|publisher=Pakistan &amp; Gulf Economist|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt; The cadets were divided into three sections, known as Houses. Asghar and Nur Khan belonged to the Rawlinson House, while Yaqub was part of the Kitchener House.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.roba.co.in/about-us|title=ROBA History|publisher=Rimcollian Old Boys Association|access-date=25 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; After six years at the college, Asghar Khan was then eligible to take the entrance exam in Delhi to join the [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA). He was among 12 students from the entire [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]] and [[Tikka Khan]], who were selected for training in 1939.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar and [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]] lived in [[Srinagar]] and were required to undergo medical examinations at the Combined Military Hospital (CMH) in [[Sialkot]] before joining the IMA. Upon reporting to the CMH, they underwent laboratory tests and were examined by Major Puri of the [[Indian Medical Services]]. While Yaqub was declared fit, Major Puri informed Asghar Khan that the tests revealed dangerously high levels of [[albumin]] in his urine and he had only two to three months to live. He was admitted to the hospital and instructed to limit his physical activities, as exertion could further shorten his lifespan.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar Khan asked Yaqub to inform his father in [[Srinagar]] about his condition. Although he felt perfectly healthy, Khan spent two anxious days in the hospital until his father arrived, accompanied by a doctor from Srinagar and some medical books. These books explained that albumin had once been considered dangerous, but then-recent studies showed that some members of the [[Cambridge University]] rowing team had albumin in their urine, and further research distinguished between two types of albumin: caustic and functional. The caustic type was dangerous, while the functional type was harmless. In Asghar Khan's case, the albumin was determined to be functional. Major Puri, convinced by this information, declared him fit to join the academy.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He initially dreamt of becoming a fighter pilot in the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] and tried to transfer just before [[World War II]] broke out in 1939, but [[RAF College Cranwell]] to which he wanted to go first, had accepted only one Indian pilot for training in 1938 and entries were frozen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHopAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22cranwell%22|title=Men at the top: President, Pakistan International Airlines|publisher=Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News|year=1966|volume=112|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ancestry===<br /> [[File:Sardar Samad Khan Afridi (circa late 1800s).png|thumb|left|140px|Sardar Samad Khan Afridi]]<br /> [[File:Major General Samundar Khan Afridi.png|thumb|140px|left|Major General Samundar Khan Afridi, {{circa|1945}}]]<br /> Distrusting the Sikh Rajwaras, [[List of monarchs of Kashmir|Maharaja of Kashmir]] [[Ranjit Singh]] hired two groups as bodyguards. One group consisted of [[Dogras]] led by [[Gulab Singh]], while the other was a [[Pashtun]] group mainly made up of Malikdin Khel [[Afridi]]s, known for their military skills in the [[Khyber Pass]]. This group was led by Sardar Asad Khan and his son, Sardar Samad Khan, who was Asghar Khan's paternal grandfather. After Ranjit Singh died in 1839, internal conflicts among Sikh warlords left these forces without roles. Consequently, they returned to their homelands. Shortly after, Gulab Singh purchased the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] as a result of the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)]]. Facing resistance from Dogra warlords, Gulab Singh sought help from his Afridi ally, Sardar Samad Khan. Responding to the call, Khan arrived with a substantial force of Afridis and their families. They settled in an area called Haihama, about three miles north of [[Kupwara]]. The Afridi men joined various campaigns to suppress Dogra warlords and quelled uprisings in the [[Yasin Valley]], [[Hunza Valley]], and [[Nagar Valley]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqZFsNIuVWEC&amp;dq=%22Sardar+Samad+Khan%22&amp;pg=PA14|title=Gilgit Agency 1877-1935|year=1997|first=Amar Singh|last=Chohan|page=14|publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-146-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sardar Samad Khan had seven wives, the last of whom, Asghar Khan's paternal grandmother, was from [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]]. In 1855, Sardar Samad Khan moved from [[Tirah Valley]] and eventually settled in Battal-Ballian, near [[Udhampur]] in Jammu and Kashmir, where he lived until his death in 1900. He is buried with his wife in Magarmal Bagh, [[Srinagar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Major General Sardar Samundar Khan, Asghar Khan's paternal uncle,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVJuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%22|title=Memory Lane to Jammu|year=2004|author1=Rehmatullah Rad|author2=Khalid Hasan|pages=73, 120|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1572-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt; played a key role as the commander of [[Maharaja Hari Singh]]'s Kashmir Army. His leadership was particularly noted for fostering camaraderie within the first Kashmir Regiment, which under his guidance, constructed a hockey ground at [[Bunji, Pakistan|Bunji]], on a steep hillside. After retiring from the military, Samandar Khan contributed significantly to the Muslim community in his area. As the co-founder&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/httpswww.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-artssocial-science30103socio-religious-ref/mode/2up?q=Samandar|title=Socio Religious Reform Movements among the Muslim in Jammu and Kashmir during Dogra Period|first=Najma|last=Zahoor|date= February 2020|publisher=International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development|volume=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; and President of the Anjuman-e-Islamia, Jammu,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/the-communalisation-of-jammu-1900-1930/|title=The Communalisation of Jammu: 1900-1930|date=3 October 2021|website=[[Daily Excelsior]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; he helped establish a girls' high school in Mohalla Dalpattian and secured part of [[Bahu Fort|Jammu Fort]] for a boys' school, transforming it into Islamia High School.&lt;ref name=&quot;LK&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hilal.gov.pk/view-article.php?i=8324|title=The Legacy of Khan Brothers in Pakistan Armed Forces (Part I)|year=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HESVAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Samandar+Khan%22&amp;pg=PA136|title=Nothing But! Book Three: What Price Freedom|year=2013|author=Brigadier Samir Bhattacharya|publisher=Patridge Publishing India|isbn=978-1-4828-1625-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Previously, General Samandar Khan held high staff posts under Commander-in-Chief's Raja Ram Singh and later Raja Amar Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImRDAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22General+Samandar+Khan%22|title=Kashīr, Being a History of Kashmir from the Earliest Times to Our Own|volume=2|year=1974|page=811|author=G. M. D. Sufi|publisher=Light &amp; Life Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Known for his generosity, General Samundar Khan kept his home open to anyone in need within the [[Mohalla]]. His strong influence extended to his interactions with the Maharaja of Kashmir, who showed him &quot;great respect&quot; during his visits to the Durbar. Although he did not have children, he provided care and guidance to the children of his youngest brother Rahmatullah Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;LK&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Mehmood Hashmi|title=Kashmir Udaas Hai: Second Edition|year=1999|page=304}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Asghar Khan married Amina Shamsie in November 1946, while serving as the Chief Flying Instructor at [[RAF Ambala|RIAF Station Ambala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://pakobserver.net/rip-amina-asghar-khan-mother-of-paf/|title=RIP Amina Asghar Khan — Mother of PAF|date=3 September 2023|website=Pakistan Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the sister of Syed Saleem Shamsie, the husband of [[Muneeza Shamsie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2021/01/in-memoriam-sahabzada-m-yaqub-khan-my-uncle.html|title=In Memoriam: Sahabzada M. Yaqub Khan, My Uncle|date=18 January 2021|author=[[Muneeza Shamsie]]|website=3 Quarks Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar and Amina had two daughters, Nasreen and Shereen, and two sons,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHopAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=nasreen|title=Men at the top President, Pakistan International Airlines|publisher=Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News|year=1966|volume=112|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ali Asghar Khan (Pakistani politician)|Ali]] and Cambridge-educated Professor [[Omar Asghar Khan]], who died under mysterious circumstances&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/44882|title=Omar Asghar found dead|date=26 June 2002|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1266964|title=My father Omar Asghar Khan, my hero|first=Yasmeen|last=Omar|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=25 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; two months before the [[2002 Pakistani general election]], during the regime of [[General Musharraf]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After Omar's mysterious death, [[Ardeshir Cowasjee]] wrote in ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' that the &quot;indefatigable old warrior of our skies&quot; is &quot;sorely wounded&quot; by the loss of his son. He described Asghar Khan as &quot;an honest man of moderate means&quot; who &quot;genuinely wished to do good&quot; but believed there was &quot;no way, no way at all&quot; he could succeed in Pakistan's political environment, given &quot;the mindset of the majority.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1072612|title=We never learn from history|author=[[Ardeshir Cowasjee]]|date=21 July 2002|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his tenure as chief of the Air Force, a PAF officer approached his father, Rehmatullah Khan, seeking a recommendation for a preferred posting. Rehmatullah contacted [[President Ayub Khan]] to request that Asghar Khan assist the officer. Ayub Khan complied, but Asghar Khan declined the request. Following this incident, Asghar severed communication with his father for an extended period. Columnist Shahzad Chaudhry from ''[[The Express Tribune]]'', reflected on his principled refusal and said, &quot;They don't make them like that anymore&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/458840|title=The military-military divide|first=Shahzad|last=Chaudhry|date=31 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar Khan was fluent in [[Pashto]], Urdu, and English, though he spoke Punjabi only occasionally.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Military career==<br /> ===British Indian Army===<br /> [[File:Lt. Asghar Khan.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Second Lieutenant]] Asghar Khan in his Cavalry Blue Patrol Dress, 1940]]<br /> After 1½ years of training at the [[Indian Military Academy]],{{Efn|name=&quot;note8&quot;|group=&quot;note&quot;|[[World War II]] forced the early conclusion of the two-year training course.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;}} Khan graduated with distinction and was commissioned as a [[Second Lieutenant]] into the [[9th Deccan Horse]] of the [[British Indian Army]] on 3 January 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheAsiaWho'sWho&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJpAAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Indian%20Army%20Jan%203,%201940%22%20%22Air%20Marshal%20Khan%22|title=The Asia Who's who|date=1960 |volume=3|page=531|publisher=Pan-Asia Newspaper Alliance. |quote=commissioned in Indian Army Jan 3, 1940; seconded to Royal Indian Air Force 1940; served in various squadrons &amp; while in command of No. 9 Squadron, saw active service in Burma during WW2; Chief Flying Instructor, Fighter Conversion School, Ambala before Partition; appointed 1st Cmdt, Flying Training College, Pakistan Air Force 1947; successively served as Air Officer Commanding No. 1 ' Group; Ass't CoS for Administration &amp; Ass't Chief of Air Staff, Pakistan Air Force; CinC, Pakistan Air Force Jul 23, 1957}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf8nAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Imperial%20Defence|title=Enlite|page=12|volume=4|year=1968|publisher=Light Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Royal Indian Air Force and World War II service===<br /> [[File:No. 1 SFTS (November 1941), cropped.png|thumb|left|100px|Asghar Khan and [[Nur Khan]] among 77 [[Pilot Officer]] Cadets at [[No. 1 (I) SFTS]], 1941]]<br /> [[File:PWRIMC REUNION 1941.png|thumb|right|250px|Asghar Khan, Cadet Captain Dharanidhar Jayal, and [[Nur Khan]], at a [[PWRIMC]] reunion (1941)]]<br /> After the outbreak of [[World War II]], the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] began inducting personnel again and in pursuit of his dream, Khan was seconded to the air force on 22 December 1940.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284969/page/n255/mode/2up?q=%22Asghar+Khan%2C+Mohd.%22|title=The Half-Yearly Indian Army List For April Part I And II|year=1943|page=256|publisher=DEFENCE DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA}}&lt;/ref&gt; He began his training at the Initial Training Wing at [[Walton Airport|Walton]] in [[Lahore]], then trained at the [[No. 1 EFTS, Begumpet]] for a three month course on the [[Tiger Moth]], mastering the aircraft and then the [[Hawker Audax]] in [[Ambala Air Force Station|Ambala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 1941, Khan transferred to [[No. 3 Squadron RIAF|No. 3 Sqn]] stationed in [[Peshawar]] and became a pilot on [[Westland Wapiti|Wapiti]] and [[Hawker Hart]] aircraft. The squadron later moved to [[Kohat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHopAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22wapitis%22|title=Men at the top President, Pakistan International Airlines|publisher=Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News|year=1966|volume=112|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:RIAF Pilots circa 1941.jpg|thumb|left|From left: [[Nur Khan]], Asghar Khan, [[Abdur Rahim Khan]], [[Om Prakash Mehra]], [[Minoo Merwan Engineer]], and an unidentified officer (1944)]]<br /> <br /> Stationed in [[Hyderabad, Sindh]] in 1942, Asghar Khan's commanding officer was Flight Lieutenant [[Om Prakash Mehra]]. Khan was ordered by Major General Richardson, the Martial Law Administrator of [[Sindh]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmI8AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Martial+Law+General+Richardson+sindh|title=Sind Quarterly|year=1986|volume=14|page=11|publisher=Mazhar Yusuf}}&lt;/ref&gt; to destroy a convoy of [[Hurs]] which was proceeding East with [[Pir of Pagaro VI]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Daily&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/223760/kunduz-drone-attack/|title=Kunduz drone attack|date=5 April 2018|newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mehra ordered Khan to lead the flight, with Richardson telling them that this was an important mission and he would wait at the airbase for the return of Khan and his pilots. After taking off with four aircraft, Khan came across the convoy but upon seeing them, noticed that they were unarmed men, women, and children. He refused to carry out the order and returned to base without firing a single shot, telling an annoyed Richardson, who threatened him with a [[court-martial]], &quot;I cannot follow an unlawful command&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsline&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/mehrangate-act-one-part-two/|title=Mehrangate: Act One, Part Two|year=2012|publisher=[[Newsline (magazine)|Newsline]]|author=Noorilhuda}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Daily&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Sqn Ldr Shivdev Singh and Flt Lt Asghar Khan, WWII Mission Planning (1945).jpg|thumb|right|Squadron Leader [[Shivdev Singh]], second from left, flanked by a [[British Indian Army]] officer, while [[Flight Lieutenant]] Asghar Khan, third from the left, is flanked by a [[Wing Commander]] during a mission planning session, [[World War II]], 1945]]<br /> <br /> From 13 December 1944 to 27 August 1945, [[Flight Lieutenant]] Asghar Khan was Flight Commander 'B' Flight, [[No. 9 Squadron RIAF|No. 9 Sqn]], stationed in [[Burma]] during [[World War II]] and fought in the [[Burma campaign (1944–1945)|Burma Campaign]] leading aerial operations against Japanese forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/list.php?qunit=9%20Sqn%20&amp;qappt=Flt+Cdr|title=Flight Commander Appointments at No.9 Squadron|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=25 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He engaged in ground strikes in the [[Arakan]] flying aircraft such as the [[Hurricane IIC]], Spitfire [[Mk VIII]], and Spitfire [[Mk XIV]]. Afterwards, he participated in peacetime training at [[Delhi]] and [[Ranchi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHopAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=ranchi|title=Men at the top President, Pakistan International Airlines|publisher=Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News|year=1966|volume=112|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, retired Group Captain Micky Blake recalled his time with Khan when he was Flight Commander. Blake remembered Khan challenging an American squadron of [[P-38|lightning fighters]] who mocked their [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]]s as &quot;peashooters&quot;. In a dogfight over the base, Khan, despite being outnumbered two to one, &quot;skillfully got on their tails&quot;, leaving the [[USAF]] pilots &quot;much more subdued than when they took off!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hurricane Tales: Asghar Khan, American Visitors|date=20 March 2015|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/ww2/veterans/hurricane-tales/|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=25 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When his former squadron mate [[Dalip Singh Majithia]] fell ill in late February 1945, Flt Lt Asghar Khan, flew him to a hospital in [[Calcutta]] in a Harvard aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iafhistory.in/2022/07/27/celebrating-the-remarkable-life-of-indias-oldest-surviving-fighter-pilot/|title=DS Majithia: India's Oldest Surviving Fighter Pilot|date=27 July 2022|author=Anchit Gupta|website=IAF History}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Promoted to Squadron Leader, he was appointed Commanding Officer of [[No. 9 Squadron RIAF|No. 9 Sqn]] on 28 August 1945.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/list.php?qunit=9+Sqn|title=Commanding Officers: No. 9 Squadron|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=25 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The squadron remained at Ranchi until 16 October 1945, when it left for [[Calcutta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaEDAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=asghar%20khan|title=History of the Indian Air Force, 1933-45|page=28|year=1961|author=S.C. Gupta, M.A.|publisher=Combined Inter-services Historical Section, India &amp; Pakistan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Returning to [[British India]] from Burma in August 1945, he recalled that [[President Sukarno]] called on pilots from around the [[Muslim world]] to assist [[Indonesia]] in its [[Indonesian National Revolution|fight against Dutch colonisers]]. In his words, Khan was disillusioned with bureaucracy and inspired by Sukarno's anti-imperialist campaigns against the Dutch, and contemplated resigning to assist Indonesia in their quest for independence. Before making a decision, he walked four miles to [[Safdarjung Airport]] to meet [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of the [[All-India Muslim League]], in November 1945. This was their first meeting and Jinnah advised him to work for the anticipated new country, Pakistan's air force, instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTxuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=fed%20up|title=We've Learnt Nothing from History Pakistan: Politics and Military Power|year=2005|page=11|author=Mohammad Asghar Khan|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-597883-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the airstrip of [[Gurgaon]] on 12 March 1946, Air Marshal [[Roderick Carr]] presented a Japanese [[Samurai]] sword to Commanding Officer Asghar Khan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_p_fAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar+Khan%22+%22sword%22|title=The Eagle Strikes: The Royal Indian Air Force, 1932-1950|author=[[Rana Chhina]]|year=2006|page=235|publisher=Ambi Knowledge Resources |isbn=978-81-903591-0-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTET16-mOlUC&amp;q=%22sword%22|title=Japanese Sword Presented to R.I.A.F. Squadron: Presentation Ceremony At Gurgaon|pages=79, 80|date=April 1946|publisher=Indian Aviation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly after, he attended the [[Day Fighter Leaders School]] at [[RAF West Raynham]] and earned an 'A' grade as Squadron Commander. While there, he became the [[Indian subcontinent]]'s first pilot to fly a fighter jet, the [[Gloster Meteor]] III, on 20 May 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;TYOP&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/tenyearsofpakist0000paki/page/234/mode/2up?q=%22Asghar+Khan%22|title=Ten Years of Pakistan, 1947-1957|page=235|publisher=Pakistan Publications, Karachi|year=1957}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glo&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjxuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=gloster%20meteor|author=Mohammad Asghar Khan|title=Pakistan at the cross-roads|year=1969|publisher=Ferozsons|page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 7 June 1947, [[Squadron Leader]] Asghar Khan was appointed to the sub-committee led by Air Vice Marshal [[Allan Perry-Keene]] to distribute the defence assets of [[British India]] between the proposed states of [[Pakistan]] and [[India]]. Khan's attachment with [[No. 9 Squadron RIAF|No. 9 Sqn]], which he had commanded, was noted as being so deep that he insisted the squadron be awarded to the impending [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sentinels&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Sentinels in the Sky|pages=3–11|publisher=PAF Book Club|year=2014|author1=Azam Qadri|author2=Muhammad Ali}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Partition====<br /> After the [[Partition of British India]], he opted for [[Pakistan]] and was set to depart with his family from [[Ambala]] by train to [[Lahore]] on 23 August 1947. The house where he was staying, was assigned to Wing Commander Nair of the RIAF. Nair and his wife stayed as guests until Khan and his wife left. During this time, the region was engulfed in widespread communal violence, but Khan had limited information due to news censorship.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=My Political Struggle|year=2008|author=Asghar Khan|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=3, 4, 5, 6, 34, 501, 502}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A few days before Khan's departure, Wg Cdr Nair, who was informed about the dire situation in the two new countries, advised him not to travel by train due to the ongoing massacres. Instead, Nair suggested that Khan ask [[Allan Perry-Keene]], [[AOC of the RPAF|Air Officer Commanding]], [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]], to arrange an aircraft for their journey. Khan was hesitant, telling Nair that it would be odd for him, as a squadron leader to make such a request, but Nair insisted he would contact Keene himself if Khan did not.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Nair called Keene and he agreed. Two days later, a [[DC-3 Dakota]] which was carrying Keene's luggage from [[Delhi]] destined for [[Peshawar]], arrived for Khan and his family in [[Ambala]]. As they flew towards [[Peshawar]], Khan recalled that he witnessed houses ablaze in almost every village from Ambala to the Pakistani border near [[Lahore]]. In his book, ''My Political Struggle,'' Khan wrote that these were evidently the homes of Muslims, with this creating an unforgettable and distressing sight for him. Khan later discovered that all the passengers on the train he initially planned to take had been massacred, and none had survived the journey to Pakistan. He recalled, &quot;Wing Commander Nair did us a good turn and saved our lives&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Pakistan Air Force===<br /> After arriving in [[Pakistan]], Khan joined the [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]] where he was promoted to [[Wing Commander]] and tasked with establishing the [[RPAF Flying Training School]]. Appointed as its first commandant, he &quot;managed to build it to the extent that in a short time it produced as many pilots as could have been trained in pre-Independence Indo-Pakistan.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;TYOP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 13 April 1948, during his first visit to a unit of the RPAF, Governor-General [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], visited the Flying School at Risalpur—despite his deteriorating health. Accompanied by his sister, [[Fatima Jinnah]], he was welcomed by Asghar Khan and reviewed a ceremonial parade composed of Flight Cadets from the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th GD(P) courses.&lt;ref name=&quot;hali&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40280088|title=Quaid-i-Azam and the inspirations Pakistan Air Force drew from him|date=25 December 2023|author=S. M. Hali|website=[[Brecorder]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, Jinnah renamed the school as the Royal Pakistan Air Force College.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/826902|title=EXCERPT: Quaid-i-Azam And 9/11|date=20 December 2008|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|author=Ata Rabbani}}&lt;/ref&gt; Air Commodore M.K. Janjua and Asghar Khan designed the RPAF flag which Jinnah then presented to the Air Force.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8IEAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%20Khan%22|title=Museums Journal of Pakistan|year=1965|volume=17|page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt; The opening lines of the speech Jinnah delivered on this visit remain enshrined in the creed of the Pakistan Air Force:&lt;ref name=&quot;hali&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|&quot;There is no doubt that a country without a strong Air Force is at the mercy of any aggressor. Pakistan must build up her air force as quickly as possible. It must be an efficient air force second to none and must take its right place with the Army and the Navy in securing Pakistan's Defence.&quot;|sign=[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]}}<br /> <br /> On 15 September 1948, Asghar Khan was succeeded by [[Nur Khan]] as Commandant of the College,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6YGAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22September%201948%22|title=Ayub, Soldier and Statesman|author=Field Marshal Ayub Khan|year=1966|page=424|publisher=Mohammad Ali Academy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQMNAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%20Khan%20as%20the%20Commandant%20of%20the%20PAF%20College,%20at%20Risalpur.%22|title=Proust|author1=[[Samuel Beckett]]|author2=[[Georges Duthuit]]|year=1987|page=183|publisher=[[Calder Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7145-0034-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; while he was appointed Officer Commanding of a Fighter Bomber Wing based in [[Peshawar]], with operational responsibilities extending to [[Sargodha]] and the majority of the operational and transport units of the Air Force.&lt;ref name=&quot;gb&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3_fAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22wing%22%20%22Asghar%22|title=The Gold Bird: Pakistan and Its Air Force, Observations of a Pilot|pages=69, 70, 77|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2002|author=Air Commodore Syed Mansoor Ahmad Shah|isbn=978-0-19-579772-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After a 10-day gap in supply drops, a mission was undertaken on the night of 17/18 November 1948, during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|Indo-Pakistani war]]. Wing Commander Asghar Khan and Squadron Leader M.J. Khan successfully flew the first hazardous night sortie, leading to further operations that helped prevent enemy advances. Asghar Khan also oversaw the transport of vital equipment, such as a [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar barrel]] flown from [[Risalpur]] to [[Gilgit]]. His brother, Major [[Aslam Khan (brigadier)|Aslam Khan]], played a key role on the ground, and had trained the rebels who defeated the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] in the [[Battle of Muzaffarabad]], earning recognition as a &quot;liberator&quot; of Kashmir and as the ''Legend of Baltistan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sentinels&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/21-Aug-2015/the-legend-of-baltistan-brigadier-muhammad-aslam-khan|title=The Legend of Baltistan: Brigadier Muhammad Aslam Khan|newspaper=[[The Nation (Pakistan)]]|date=21 August 2015|first=Muqeet|last=Malik}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the war, which dragged on inconclusively until December 1948, some Pakistani forces continued fighting after the ceasefire due to broken landline and radio communications. It was decided that orders for the ceasefire would be airdropped by two [[DC-3 Dakota]]s from [[No. 6 Squadron PAF]]. Asghar Khan organised, briefed and joined the mission himself. The briefing was scheduled for 0600 hours and the departure at 0700 on a cold December morning. While Khan arrived at 0550 and most of the aircrew were on time, a few were reported late between 0601-0610. Reportedly, Asghar Khan was angered by the delay and ordered the entire squadron to report daily at 0400 hours at the air traffic control building until further notice. He also ordered Officer Commanding Squadron Leader M.J. Khan, to be present and record individual arrival times.&lt;ref name=&quot;gb&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> By 1949, Asghar was appointed Commander of No. 1 Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFBOAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22He%20later%20commanded%20a%20fighter%22|title=Asghar Khan's New Assignment As PIA President|publisher=Aero News|year=1965|volume=17|page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the time, the RPAF was organised into two groups: No. 1 Group Headquarters for Operations, based in [[Peshawar]], and No. 2 Group Headquarters for Maintenance, located at [[Drigh Road]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3_fAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22No.1%20Group%20HQ%20for%22|title=The Gold Bird: Pakistan and Its Air Force, Observations of a Pilot|page=165|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2002|author=Air Commodore Syed Mansoor Ahmad Shah|isbn=978-0-19-579772-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Group Captain Asghar Khan attended [[RAF Staff College, Andover]] in 1950. In the absence of Air Vice Marshal [[Leslie William Cannon]], who had gone to England to secure more equipment for the RPAF, Khan briefly served as acting [[C-in-C of the RPAF|Commander-in-Chief]] from 10 September to 30 September 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;TYOP&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Sands to fight in America|date=22 September 1951|quote=shared two goals at Baghdad-ul-Jadid earlier, were presented to the acting Commander-in-Chief of the RPAF, Group Captain Asghar Khan, before the game.|publisher=Civil &amp; Military Gazette (Lahore)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=More equipment needed for Pakistan Air Force|quote=Sept. 10 (Reuters), Pakistan Air Force needed more planes, explosives and radio equipment, said Air-Vice Marshal Cannon on arrival at London airport from Karachi.|date=11 September 1951|publisher=Civil &amp; Military Gazette (Lahore)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=R.P.A.F Chief back in Karachi|date=1 October 1951|quote=Sept. 30 (APP). — Air Vice-Marshal Cannon, Commander-in-Chief Royal Pakistan Air Force, arrived to-night from his tour to U.K.|publisher=Civil &amp; Military Gazette (Lahore)}}&lt;/ref&gt; That year, Khan was then appointed Director of Administration of the Air Force.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeAP0kUD6Z8C&amp;q=asghar%20khan|title=Royal Pakistan Air Force|page=45|year=1951|publisher=Aeroplane Directory of British Aviation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thereafter, he served as Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Operations).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFBOAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22He+also+served+As+Assistant+Chief+of+Air+Staff+Administration+and+Assistant+Chief+of+Air+Staff%22|title=Asghar Khan's New Assignment As PIA President|publisher=Aero News|year=1965|volume=17|page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1952, he was selected for a course at the [[Joint Services Staff College (UK)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TYOP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In response to the Communist threat, Gp Capt Asghar Khan, Gp Capt [[Nur Khan]], and Wg Cdr A. Qadir developed an expansion plan for the PAF in March 1954. This plan outlined a ten-year goal from 1954 to 1964, aiming to establish the Air Force with 768 aircraft across 44 squadrons. It included ten day-fighter squadrons, five night-fighter squadrons, six bomber squadrons, one reconnaissance squadron, twelve fighter-bomber squadrons, six tactical light bomber squadrons, two twin-engine and one four-engine transport squadrons, and two maritime squadrons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://capsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/DD-Journal-Oct-Dec-2022.pdf#page=26|publisher=[[Centre for Air Power Studies (India)]]|volume=11|year=2021|title=1971 War: The View From The Top|first=Anil|last=Chopra}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 17 April 1954, Group Captains' [[Haider Raza]] and Asghar Khan were both promoted to the rank of [[Air Commodore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1954 Promotion&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TWO_RPAF_OFFICERS_PROMTED_TO_AIR_COMMODORE.png|title=Two RPAF Officers Promoted To Air Commodore|date=18 April 1954|publisher=Civil &amp; Military Gazette (Lahore)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khan met with Brigadier [[William T. Sexton]], Chief of the [[Military Advisory Assistance Group]] to Pakistan, on 3 August 1954 to discuss equipment procurement for the Pakistan Air Force.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Syed Shabbir Hussain|author2=M. Tariq Qureshi|title=History of the Pakistan Air Force, 1947-1982|date=1982|publisher=Pakistan Air Force|location=Islamabad|page=332|isbn=978-0-19-648045-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aa8jAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%223rd%20August%201954%22%20Asghar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Along with [[Agha Hilaly]] and [[Sheikh Anwarul Haq]], Air Commodore Asghar Khan was chosen to attend the 1955 course at the [[Imperial Defence College]], which commenced in January of that year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_rusi-journal_1955-02_100_597/page/124/mode/2up?q=%22Asghar+Khan%22|title=Journal|volume=100|publisher=[[Royal United Services Institute]]|date=February 1955|page=124}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TYOP&quot;/&gt; On 19 April 1955, he was among a group of senior officers from the fighting and civil services attending the college, who visited the Barnsley factory of Brook Motors Ltd. This visit was part of a tour of industrial sites in [[Yorkshire]], aimed at providing the officers with insights into various challenges that would be relevant both at the College and in their future assignments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_electrical-review_1955-04-29_156_17/page/742/mode/2up?q=%22Asghar+Khan%22|title=The Electrical Review|page=742|year=1955|volume=156|publisher=St. John Patrick Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt; While at the college, he attempted to learn [[Egyptian Arabic]] and tried speaking it with an Egyptian attaché in Pakistan, but was greeted with &quot;helpless laughter&quot;, its noted that the language he had studied was not true Arabic but the version used by the British when shopping in the Muskey Bazaar in [[Cairo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHopAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22helpless%20laughter%22|title=Men at the top: President, Pakistan International Airlines|publisher=Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News|year=1966|volume=112|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 1955, [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]] [[General Ayub Khan]], asked his pilot Wing Commander S.M. ''Lanky'' Ahmad about the most suitable Pakistani officer to become the next [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Air Force]]. He responded that as the defence minister, Ayub was in the best position to judge. However, Ayub insisted on hearing his personal opinion. Lanky referred to the RPAF seniority list and mentioned three likely candidates: Air Commodores [[Haider Raza]], Maqbool Rabb, and Asghar Khan. He strongly recommended Asghar, who was still actively flying and &quot;very popular&quot;. He also noted that [[Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra|Prime Minister Bogra]] had already recommended Raza for the position, and the file was awaiting the approval of [[Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad]] at the Defence Ministry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooLfAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=next%20%22PAF%20C-in-C%22|title=A Lucky Pilot: Memoirs of Retired Wing Commander Lanky Ahmad|year=2001|author=S. M. Ahmad|publisher=Ferozsons |isbn=978-969-0-01371-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Air Commodore Asghar Khan was nominated as [[C-in-C of the PAF|Commander-in-Chief]] by [[Prime Minister H. S. Suhrawardy]] on 20 April 1957, set to assume command upon the retirement of [[Arthur McDonald]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results/1957-03-01/1999-12-31?basicsearch=%22commodore%20asghar%20appointed%20c-in-c.%20of%20pakistan%20air%20force%20karachi%2c%22&amp;exactsearch=false&amp;retrievecountrycounts=false&amp;newspapertitle=civil%20%26%20military%20gazette%20(lahore)&amp;sortorder=dayearly|title=Air Commodore Asghar Appointed C-in-C of Pakistan Air Force|date=21 April 1957|publisher=Civil and Military Gazette (Lahore)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_flight-international_1957-05-03_71_2519/page/572/mode/2up?q=%22A+Cdre+Asghar%22<br /> |title=In Brief|publisher=[[Flight International]]|date=3 May 1957|page=573}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Commander-in-Chief (1957—1965)====<br /> [[File:Air Vice Marshal Asghar Khan takes over (1957).png|thumb|right|200px|Air Vice Marshal Asghar Khan replies to the farewell address of [[Arthur McDonald]], 23 July 1957]]<br /> [[File:Asghar Khan, 1958.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Portrait of Air-Vice Marshal Asghar Khan, 1958{{efn|This image was taken between 23 July 1957 and February 1958, the latter being the publication date. Asghar Khan was promoted to Air Marshal on 5 November 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAE&quot;/&gt;}}]]<br /> On 23 July 1957, Asghar Khan was promoted and became the youngest [[Air Vice Marshal]] (AVM) in the world at 36, and the first native chief of the [[Pakistan Air Force]], succeeding McDonald.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73CciTImPh4C&amp;q=%22asghar%20khan%22|title=Flight|volume=73|year=1958|publisher=IPC Transport Press Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQZNAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22M.%20Asghar%20Khan%22|title=The Roundel|page=20|year=1959|volume=11|publisher=Published on the authority of the Chief of the Air Staff, Royal Canadian Air Force}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chronicle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.therepublicofrumi.com/chronicle/1957.htm|title=Native air marshal|date=22 July 1957|publisher=The Chronicle of Pakistan}}&lt;/ref&gt; With his appointment, all three branches of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]—the [[Pakistan Army|Army]], [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]], and Air Force—were now under Pakistani command for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dBFAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=asghar|title=Discharge of British Commander Greeted|date=24 April 1957|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|quote=The appointment of Air Commodore Moham-mad Asghar Khan to take over the command from Air Vice-Marshal A.W.B. McDonald was made by the Pakistani Government on April 20, thus bringing all the three forces under the command of Paki-stanis. The Pakistan Times said that until command of the country's defence services was fully nationalised its sovereignty must be limited to some extent. Its security would remain subject to the risk of unfavourable decisions taken in foreign lands for interests other than its own. For this and other related reasons, the people of Pakistan would greet Asghar Khan's appointment with great relief and joy, the paper declared end item.|page=231}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The handing-over ceremony took place at [[PAF Station Mauripur]] with a lineup of over 100 aircraft, primarily [[F-86 Sabre]] and [[T-33]] jets, on the tarmac. A guard of honour from Mauripur station was present for the ceremony. After inspecting the contingent and reviewing the aircraft, outgoing Air Vice Marshal McDonald praised the growing efficiency of the Air Force and reflected on its progress over the last ten years.&lt;ref name=&quot;speech&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Vice_Marshal_Asghar_Khan%27s_speech.png|title=Change Over—Air Vice-Marshal M. Asghar Khan|date=23 July 1957|author=Pakistan Air Force}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his response, Asghar Khan thanked McDonald for his generous tribute to the PAF's growing efficiency and acknowledged the contributions of the [[Royal Air Force]] to the development of the PAF. He further expressed confidence that, as members of [[The Commonwealth]], [[SEATO]], and the [[Baghdad Pact]], their relationship would grow in strength and importance. He also shared his optimism about the demonstrated enthusiasm and efficiency of PAF personnel and emphasised the strong support they had received from both the government and the nation in building this crucial arm of Pakistan's defence forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;speech&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> As chief, Asghar Khan significantly dismissed the notion held by the leadership of [[West Pakistan]], that [[Bengalis]] were physically unfit for army recruitment. He abolished this standard in the PAF, arguing that height and chest measurements were irrelevant to combat effectiveness.&lt;ref name=&quot;AvsA&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1458641|title=Asghar vs Aslam|date=20 January 2019|author=Asad Rahim Khan|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 1958, Asghar Khan tasked [[Wing Commander]]s' [[FS Hussain]] and [[Mitty Masud]] with training pilots for [[King Zahir Shah]] of Afghanistan's visit to Pakistan. The [[PAF Falcons|Falcons]] aerobatic team, led by Masud, set a world record on 2 February with a [[World record loop|16-aircraft diamond loop]] in [[F-86 Sabres]]. The event, attended by 30,000 spectators—including [[President Iskandar Ali Mirza]], [[General Ayub Khan]], Asghar Khan, Air Commodore [[Nur Khan]], [[List of commanders of the Turkish Air Force|Turkish Air Force General]] {{ill|Suphi Göker|tr}}, [[Iraqi Air Force|Iraqi Air Chief]] Abdul Kadhim Abaddi, and Iranian Air Force General [[Hedayatollah Gilanshah]] and the king—was a success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mitty Masud folds his wings|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1065137|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=13 October 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though [[FS Hussain]] did not fly, Asghar Khan later commended him in a letter, praising his expertise and guidance in ensuring smooth operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AVM_Asghar_Khan%27s_letter_to_FS_Hussain_(1958).jpg|title=DO/MAK: My dear F.S.|date=4 February 1958|publisher=Pakistan Air Force Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm|thumb|right|250px|[[King Zahir Shah]] arrives at [[PAF Station Mauripur]] with [[President Iskandar Mirza]] and [[Nahid Mirza]], welcomed by AVM Asghar Khan and Air Cdre [[Nur Khan]]. Also present are [[General Ayub Khan]] and the Iraqi, Turkish, and Iranian Air Chiefs. The [[World record loop]] is featured at the end of the footage, 2 February 1958.]]<br /> <br /> During a meeting with [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs|Assistant Secretary of Defense]] [[Mansfield D. Sprague]], in [[Washington, D.C.]] on 29 April 1958, [[General Ayub Khan]] and AVM Asghar Khan discussed U.S. military aid to Pakistan. Ayub requested the expedited delivery of a light bomber squadron under the 1954 Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement. When Asghar learned the aircraft would be the [[B-57 Canberra]], he expressed his concerns as a technician, stating it was outdated and unworthy of Pakistani resources. He argued that the [[B-66 Destroyer]] or [[English Electric Canberra]] would be better options. Ayub appeared shocked by the back-and-forth discussion, especially as Asghar remained adamant against accepting the B–57 despite assurances of its quality. The meeting concluded with plans for Asghar Khan to visit a U.S. squadron operating B–57s for further evaluation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v15/d309|title=Memorandum for the Record of a Meeting|date=29 April 1958|publisher=[[Office of the Historian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 27 October, the night of the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état]], AVM Asghar Khan was asked by [[General Ayub Khan]] to accompany Generals [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]], [[Wajid Ali Khan Burki]], K. M. Sheikh, and Brigadier [[Malik Sher Bahadur]] in approaching [[President Iskandar Mirza]] to demand his resignation. However, Asghar declined the request, stating that he &quot;found the whole exercise distasteful,&quot; including Mirza's [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956#Demise|abrogation of the constitution]], through which he imposed martial law just three weeks earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_0LAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22distasteful%22|title=Generals in Politics: Pakistan 1958-1982|year=1983|author=Mohammad Asghar Khan|page=9|publisher=Vikas|isbn=978-0-7069-2411-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%20Khan%20recalls%22|title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within|year=2008|author=Shuja Nawaz|page=161|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-547660-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; On that night, Asghar Khan arrived at the VIP room of [[PAF Station Mauripur|Mauripur]] airfield to bid farewell to [[Iskandar Mirza]] and his wife [[Nahid Mirza]], who were being sent into exile by [[Ayub Khan]]. He found the couple seated on a sofa, with a junior Pakistan Army officer in an adjacent chair, his legs stretched across the table in front of the former President. Asghar told the officer that this was &quot;the height of insolence&quot; and &quot;totally unnecessary,&quot; and ordered him out of the room.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sanipanhwar.com/uploads/books/2024-08-27_15-35-05_bf905997ddcdf1076610ff0b82158f86.pdf#page=160|title=Iskandar Mirza: Rise and Fall of a President|first=Ahmad|last=Salim|year=1997|page=160|publisher=Gora Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 30 October, [[General Musa Khan]], Vice Admiral [[HMS Choudri]], and Air Vice Marshal Asghar Khan were appointed Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrators through Order No. 11, issued by the [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]], [[General Ayub Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=li4-AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Order%20No.%2011%22%20%22Asghar%20Khan%22|title=The All Pakistan Legal Decisions|volume=13|year=1961|page=967|publisher=All-Pakistan Legal Decisions}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 November 1958, Asghar Khan was promoted to the [[three-star rank]] of [[Air Marshal]] (AM).&lt;ref name=&quot;FAE&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> Following the [[1959 Canberra shootdown]] by the PAF, he presented a six-page list of then-recent violations of Pakistani airspace to a news correspondent in Karachi in May of that year. Several of the violations were from India. Within the preceding month, there had also been a significant number of violations by unidentified aircraft over the [[Gilgit Agency]]. Khan left the presumption open that they were Russian bombers on [[recon]]naissance missions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dailycolonist19590515/page/n3/mode/2up?q=%22Asghar+Khan%22|newspaper=[[The Daily Colonist]]|date=15 May 1959|title=Rapprochement Mooted|first=Phil|last=Newsom}}&lt;/ref&gt; That year, he was also appointed as a Military Adviser to [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] (SEATO).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daHCJc87qOwC&amp;q=%22who%20has%20been%20a%20SEATO%20Military%22<br /> |title=SEATO News-bulletin|page=24|year=1964|volume=3-6|publisher=[[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first [[B-57 Canberra]] of the PAF was piloted by Asghar Khan and landed on 23 November 1959 at [[PAF Station Drigh Road]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV8owzvrKrkC&amp;q=asghar|title=Shaheen: Journal of the Pakistan Air Force|year=1988|page=60|volume=35|publisher=Air Headquarters}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 1960, he became the 1,131st recipient of the Certificate of Supersonic Recognition for [[Mach number|mach busting]] after piloting the [[North American F-100F]] Super Sabre. The award was presented to him by Major General Viccellio of the [[United States Air Force]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FAWS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuaRNsLfidUC&amp;dq=%22Asghar+Khan%22&amp;pg=PA318|page=318|title=Fundamentals of Aerospace Weapon Systems|year=1961|volume=6|publisher=Air Force ROTC, Air University}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the 12th [[SEATO]] military advisers conference on 25 May 1960, Khan called on members of the pact to keep their guard up and said: &quot;Conditions in South and Southeast Asia require vigilance from the members of this alliance and we are conscious of the great responsibility that is shared by its members&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_japan-times_1960-05-26_22028/mode/2up?q=%22Asghar+Khan%22|title=Advisers of SEATO told U.S. Prepared|date=26 May 1960|work=[[The Japan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Asghar Khan, Queen Sirikit &amp; King Bhumibol of Thailand, Amina Shamsie (1962).png|thumb|right|250px|Asghar Khan, Chief Guests [[Queen Sirikit]] and [[King Bhumibol]] of Thailand, and Khan's wife Amina at a banquet in PAF Officer's Mess Peshawar (1962)]]<br /> <br /> The Government of Pakistan extended his tenure as Commander-in-Chief by four years on 7 April 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt; In 1964, Asghar Khan became the first air chief to lead the fly past on the [[Pakistan Day]] parade in an [[B-57 Canberra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTxuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=fly%20past|title=We've Learnt Nothing from History Pakistan: Politics and Military Power|year=2005|page=12|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-597883-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the lead-up to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], tensions between India and Pakistan escalated. On 8 April 1965, both nations [[Operation Desert Hawk|launched attacks on each other's posts]]. On 14 April, he called Air Chief Marshal [[Arjan Singh]] of India—his former colleague from the [[RIAF]]—and they agreed to keep their forces out of the conflict. During this phone call, Air Marshal Asghar Khan warned that if the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) targeted Pakistani ground forces, the PAF would respond as necessary, potentially escalating the conflict. Despite pressure from Indian military leaders to deploy the IAF, Singh concurred with Khan's stance and refrained from sending the IAF into action as he was aware of the PAF's strategic advantages with airfields in Karachi and Badin. This agreement helped prevent the use of air power during the early stages of the conflict, despite the rising tensions between the two countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Brecher|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjY7aV_6FPwC&amp;pg=PA170|title=A study of crisis|last2=Wilkenfeld|first2=Jonathan|date=November 1997|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-10806-0|pages=170–172}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTdeAQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=asghar+khan&amp;pg=PT57|title=Indian Air Force in Wars|author=Air Vice Marshal Arun Kumar Tiwary|year=2013|page=57|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-79-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:SEATO MEETING (1965).webm|thumb|right|250px|Air Marshal Asghar Khan appears throughout{{efn|Khan is seen at various timestamps 0:17-0:18, 1:13-1:17, and 1:26-1:28}} a video of the [[SEATO]] military chiefs' conference at [[Lancaster House]], where military leaders discussed Far Eastern defence and the [[Vietnam War]], 1965.]]<br /> <br /> Asghar Khan is credited with establishing the following:&lt;ref name=&quot;Sentinels&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Fighter Leader's School{{efn|name=&quot;note6&quot;|group=&quot;notes&quot;|Established in 1958, disbanded and reformed into the [[Combat Commanders' School]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sentinels&quot;/&gt;}} at [[PAF Station Mauripur]] in June 1958<br /> * Introducing monthly air staff presentations in July 1958<br /> * Establishing [[PAF Staff College]] in January 1959, inducting [[F-86 Sabre]]'s into the PAF along with [[Nur Khan]]<br /> * Forming an inspectorate team at [[AHQ (PAF)]] in January 1959<br /> * Establishing PAF's first maintenance unit at [[Drigh Road]] in January 1959<br /> * Installing the first high-powered radar at [[Badin]] and inducting the [[B-57 Canberra]] into the fleet of the PAF in November 1959<br /> * Establishing the Ski &amp; Snow Survival School at Kalabagh Nathiagali in 1960<br /> * Forming Sector Operations Center (North) Sakesar in July 1960<br /> * Inducting [[F-104 Starfighter]]'s in March 1961<br /> * Establishing [[PAF Station Sargodha]] and [[PAF Station Samungli]]{{efn|All PAF stations were renamed to bases on 1 July 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pakfizaia.tripod.com/chronology2.html|title=Chronology of Events of the Pakistan Air Force|year=2002|website=Pakistan Air Force|access-date=17 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> * Forming No 31/33/34/35 wings<br /> * Introducing [[ground-controlled approach]] (GCA) in the PAF in 1961<br /> * Forming Airfield Construction Squadrons in January 1962<br /> * Establishing the School of Physical Fitness and PAF's first [[printing press]]<br /> * Inducting [[T-33]] and [[Cessna T-37 Tweet|T-37]] trainer aircraft in February 1962<br /> * Introducing the concept of the Inter-Squadron Armament Competition and Annual Flight Safety Trophy<br /> * Establishing the No 3 (Transport Conversion School), [[No. 7 Squadron PAF|No. 7 Sqn PAF]], [[No. 8 Squadron PAF|No. 8 Sqn PAF]], [[No. 18 Squadron PAF|No. 18 Sqn PAF]], [[No. 19 Squadron PAF|No. 19 Sqn PAF]], No. 23 Sqn PAF, [[No. 24 Squadron PAF|No. 24 Sqn PAF]]<br /> * Inducting the C-130 [[Hercules aircraft]] into the fleet of PAF in March 1963<br /> * Establishing No 32 Wing in July 1964<br /> * Establishing the [[College of Aeronautical Engineering]] in March 1965<br /> * Establishing the PAF Model School (now Fazaia) in April 1965.<br /> <br /> ==Sports administration (1961-1968)==<br /> [[File:1961–62 National Football Championship final. Ayub Khan and Asghar Khan meeting with Dacca Division.jpg|left|thumb|Asghar Khan and [[President Ayub Khan]] with the Dacca Division team at the 1961–62 [[National Football Championship (Pakistan)|National Football Championship]] final against Karachi Blues.]]<br /> On 10 January 1961, Asghar Khan was appointed as the ninth President of the [[Pakistan Football Federation]] by the control board, which selected him to lead efforts in reorganising and revitalising the federation's activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Re-organisation Of Soccer Body|date=11 January 1961|publisher=Civil &amp; Military Gazette (Lahore)}}&lt;/ref&gt; He resigned as President in August 1965 after serving in what was described as a &quot;praiseworthy manner&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsMdAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Asghar%20Khan|title=Asghar Khan's services to football|publisher=Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan|volume=17|year=1965}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1014346|title=PFF: waiting for a leader|date=28 May 2013|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Peshawar Golf Club celebrated its [[Centenary]] in 1963 under the leadership of its president, Air Marshal Asghar Khan and to mark the occasion, he invited professional golfer John Jacobs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2017/01/21/john-jacobs-golfer-obituary/|date=21 January 2017|title=John Jacobs, golfer – obituary|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; from Middlesex's Sandy Lodge Club.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Revival of golf in Pakistan|year=1963|pages=30, 31|publisher=Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan|volume=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyXymRM2g64C&amp;q=asghar+khan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 1965 to 1968, Khan also served as President of the [[Karachi Golf Club]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://karachigolf.com.pk/management/past-presidents/|title=Past Presidents|website=[[Karachi Golf Club]]|access-date=1 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==President Pakistan International Airlines (1965-1968)==<br /> {{main|Pakistan International Airlines}}<br /> [[File:President Asghar Khan and Vice President Mufti Mohammad Salim (1966).jpg|thumb|right|250px|PIA President Air Marshal Asghar Khan (left) and Vice President Mohammad Salim (right) at the 22nd [[IATA]] Annual General Meeting in [[Mexico City, Mexico]], in 1966.]]<br /> Asghar Khan was initially uninterested in taking on any government position, expressing his desire for retirement and reluctance to engage in employment. However, [[President Ayub Khan]] insisted that he remain in service but as the head of [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA), as well as overseeing Civil Aviation and Tourism—all of which operated under the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]]. Despite his efforts to dissuade Ayub Khan, he remained firm in his insistence. After extensive discussions and debates, Asghar Khan eventually agreed to the president's suggestion. He agreed to temporarily take on the role until a suitable replacement for the PIA could be found and continued serving in his rank of [[Air Marshal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ML&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://migrationletters.com/index.php/ml/article/view/6912/4587|title=Golden Age Of Pakistan International Airline A Case Study Of Asghar Khan As A Chairman Of PIA|date=19 January 2024|author=Muhammad Khalid|journal=Migration Letters |volume=21 |issue=S3 |pages=1110–1118}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to Asghar Khan's appointment as president, his brother Afzal Khan, who was a former [[Commander]] in the [[Pakistan Navy]] and the owner of a [[dairy company]], had a lucrative contract to supply the PIA, which accounted for 50% of his profit. Asghar Khan canceled this contract upon taking over, citing that it was not ethically acceptable to him for his brother to make money while he was the head of the airline.&lt;ref name=&quot;ML&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After taking on the new role, Asghar Khan moved into a larger residence in [[Karachi]], which gave him more time to enjoy gardening and his favorite sport—golf. In July 1966, the ''[[Aeroplane (discontinued)|Aeroplane]]'' observed that the &quot;serene environment&quot; of the golf course may have influenced some of the policies that were becoming more visible in PIA. To promote similar recreational activities, he planned the development of additional golf courses in Pakistan, and he had already increased the domestic baggage allowance to accommodate golf equipment. In his role as head of the national tourism organisation, he was also tasked with improving recreational facilities across the country. Given his prior experience on PIA's board of directors, these roles were not unfamiliar to him. Khan moved swiftly to reinforce PIA's organisational structure, aligning it with reforms he was introducing in the other institutions under his leadership. His main base of operations was his office at Karachi Airport, where he delegated much of his authority to senior staff members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHopAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22tranquillity%20of%20the%20golf%20course%22|title=Men at the top: President, Pakistan International Airlines|publisher=Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News|year=1966|volume=112|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEPM8Puv2T8C&amp;q=%22M.%20Asghar%20Khan%22|title=The Commonwealth Office Year Book|year=1968|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=196}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also given the additional charge of Chief Administrator Civil Aviation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEPM8Puv2T8C&amp;q=%22Air%20Marshal%20M.%20Asghar%22|title=The Commonwealth Office Year Book|page=196|year=1968 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1966, Asghar Khan told [[Omar Kureishi]], the head of PIA's Public Relations team, that he wanted to change the air hostess uniforms. Kureishi recommended renowned French designer [[Pierre Cardin]]. After the two met, Pierre created a fawn-colored summer uniform, a moss-green winter uniform, and an iconic [[dupatta]], which captivated the aviation world in 1966, boosting PIA's global reputation. During this period, PIA achieved its lowest accident rate and recorded a historic net profit of PKR 55.5 million. Asghar Khan, interested in commercial aviation, appeared before the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) for the commercial pilot's exam and earned his license, occasionally captaining Boeing flights. In 1967, PIA acquired Pakistan's first computer, the [[IBM 1401]]. PIA also commissioned an engine overhaul shop near its Head Office and completed a jet hangar with an airframe overhaul shop in 1968. Additionally, the airline inducted three new Boeing 707 jets, with a fourth expected in July 1968.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.piac.com.pk/corporate/about-us/history|title=The Pursuit of Excellence through Technology and Quality Control|publisher=[[Pakistan International Airlines]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://aurora.dawn.com/news/1143955|title=PIA's High Fashion French Connection|date=11 January 2021|first=Semyne|last=Khan|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.divaonline.com.pk/jet-setter-fashion-pia-uniforms-through-the-years-that-defined-style-in-the-sky/|title=Jet-Setter Fashion: PIA Uniforms Through the Years That Defined Style in the Sky!|publisher=[[Diva Magazine (Pakistan)|Diva]]|first=Shahjehan|last=Saleem|date=30 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/76114|title=Doyen of cricket commentary and a man for all seasons|date=20 December 2020|first=Dr. Salman|last=Faridi|publisher=[[The News International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thefridaytimes.com/14-Apr-2017/the-rise-and-fall-of-pia-i|title=The rise and fall of PIA - I|first=Akhtar|last=Mummunka|work=The Friday Times |date=14 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1365862|title=From the past pages of dawn: 1967: Fifty years ago: PIA's New York service|date=24 October 2017|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHopAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=asghar%20khan|publisher=Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News|title=PIA record year|date=1967 |page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During a news conference in Karachi on 11 May 1967, Air Marshal Asghar Khan announced that PIA had become the fifth largest profit-making airline in the world, carrying one million passengers annually.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyaQSgdpf_cC&amp;q=asghar|title=PIA set world record for punctuality|date=11 May 1967|publisher=Pakistan News Digest}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference held at the PIA headquarters in Karachi in July 1967, he announced plans for the construction of a series of small hotels in major cities and resort areas across the country, with a total investment of Rs44.5 million or {{US$|9,345,000|1967}}. The project included building 64-room hotels in [[Sylhet]], [[Sargodha]], [[Sukkur]], [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Chitral]], [[Gilgit]], and [[Kaptai Upazila|Kaptai]], and 88-room hotels in [[Khulna]], [[Lyallpur]], [[Multan]], and [[Murree]], with an additional 20 cottages attached to the new 644 room Kaptai Hotel. Furthermore, [[Peshawar]] and [[Chittagong]] would each have hotels with 125 rooms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkaxIHcu6lkC&amp;dq=%22Asghar%20Khan%22&amp;pg=RA3-PA39|date=24 July 1967|title=Future Construction|publisher=Foreign Commerce Weekly|volume=73|page=39}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0f8hAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Air%20Marshal%20Asghar%22|title=Trade and Industry|year=1967|page=514|publisher=G. Naseeruddin.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The PIA Pavilion for the Pakistan Golf Federation was opened by Khan on 26 March 1968, and is now the Clubhouse of Islamabad Gymkhana Club.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pgf.com.pk/history.php|title=History of Pakistan Golf Federation|publisher=[[Pakistan Golf Federation]]|access-date=10 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Air Vice Marshal Mohammad Akhtar officially took control of the PIA on 23 July 1968, after Khan went on leave on 7 May.&lt;ref name=&quot;T&amp;I&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gEiAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22marshal%20M.%20Akhtar%22|title=Air-Vice Marshal M. Akhtar|date=7 March 1968|publisher=Trade and Industry}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezyzXAKbSO8C&amp;q=%22Marshal%20Mohammad%20Akhtar%22|title=PIA's New President|publisher=[[Flight International]]|page=400|year=1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airline, which had achieved eight consecutive years of profitability under both Asghar and his predecessor, Air Vice Marshal [[Nur Khan]], expanded its routes during Asghar Khan's tenure, to new destinations including [[Paris]], [[Istanbul]], [[Nairobi]], and [[Bangkok]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSD1t7Hk91gC&amp;q=%22Asghar+Khan+handed+over%22+%22eight+years+of+profitable%22|page=179|title=PIA|volume=109|year=1976|publisher=[[Flight International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bQdtcv7RfQC&amp;q=marshal%20asghar|title=Pakistan News Digest|pages=2, 8|year=1965|volume=13-15|publisher=Principal Information Officer, Press Information Department}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their tenures are considered the airline's [[golden age]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-73928-The-promise|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406213304/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-73928-The-promise|title=The promise|first=Masood|last=Hasan|date=23 October 2011|archive-date=6 April 2012|website=[[The News International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ML&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> [[File:Asghar Khan Visits Bhutto in Larkana,1968-69.jpg|thumb|right|Asghar Khan visits [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], who was on house arrest in [[Larkana]], circa 1968-69]]<br /> <br /> ===Initial years and Justice Party===<br /> After retiring from the airline, Asghar Khan lived quietly at his home in Abbottabad. Before being imprisoned by President [[Field Marshal Ayub Khan]], [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] approached Asghar Khan, asking him to join his party, the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP). Khan declined and said he had no interest in politics. Bhutto then confided, &quot;Ayub will have me killed through the [[Nawab of Kalabagh]]&quot;. In response, Asghar Khan assured him, &quot;If Ayub arrests you, I will publicly protest on your behalf&quot;. After Bhutto's arrest on 13 November 1968, Asghar Khan held a press conference in Lahore on 17 November,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPptAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%20Khan%22%201968|title=Research Papers on Pakistan|author=Nadeem Shafiq Malik|volume=1|year=1998|publisher=National Book Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he openly criticised Ayub Khan. During his speech, Asghar Khan remarked, &quot;graft, nepotism, corruption, and administrative incompetence are affecting the lives and happiness of millions. Social inequality and economic disparity are increasing. Telephones are tapped, opinion is shackled, the opposition is shadowed and jailed, and no one can express his views fully&quot;. When asked by reporters about his role as chief of the air force when [[General Ayub Khan]] staged a [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|coup d'état in 1958]], Asghar said &quot;I had a job to do, to run the Air Force and I continued to do this until my retirement. It wasn't a question of supporting any one&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2LVAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22I%20had%20a%20job%20to%20do%22|title=Air Marshal Asghar Khan Enters Politics|year=1968|page=8699|publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The following week, Khan told ''[[The Times]]'', &quot;at present the whole structure stinks. It is not a healthy system, there is no criticism. The press is completely suppressed, there is no check on the government. We are bordering on a police state&quot;. Asghar Khan led protests calling for Bhutto's release, which ultimately led to his freedom and grew so close to Bhutto that many saw him as a potential successor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=asghar%20khan%20committee|page=265|title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan|year=2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|author=Hasan Askari Rizvi|isbn=978-0-230-59904-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ62tP_5a2AC&amp;q=asghar%20|title=Mission with a Difference|year=1985|author=(R) Lt Gen KN Kathpalia|page=16|publisher=Lancer Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsnwF5v_RO0C&amp;q=Air%20Marshal%20Asghar|title=The International Who's Who, 1974-75|year=1975|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-900362-72-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6TIagGt_rA&amp;ab_channel=DunyaNews|title=Air Marshal(R) Asghar Khan|date=15 February 2010|publisher=Dunya TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1381149|date=6 January 2018|title=Asghar Khan: A soldier and an idealist politician|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.girilaljainarchive.net/1968/11/struggle-in-pakistan-asghar-khan-enters-the-fray-girilal-jain/|title=Struggle in Pakistan: Asghar Khan enters the fray|author=[[Girilal Jain]]|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 November 1968}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a letter on 9 December 1968, Asghar Khan formally requested written permission to meet [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] in jail to discuss the political situation in the country. He referred to a previous phone conversation with the Home Secretary on 3 December in which he requested a private meeting with Bhutto. However, he was informed that a meeting without a police officer present would not be allowed. Khan stated that the presence of a police officer would defeat the purpose of the meeting. He added that if the government could not permit a private meeting &quot;despite the deteriorating situation in the country,&quot; he would in any case &quot;like to call on Mr. Bhutto in jail.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1450387|title=From The Past Pages Of Dawn: 1968: Fifty Years Ago: Asghar Khan and Bhutto|date=9 December 2018|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar Khan began his 11-day tour of [[East Pakistan]] on 11 December 1968. At an [[Iftar]] gathering held at [[Awami League (Pakistan)|Awami League]] leader [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]'s residence at [[Dhanmondi 32]], on the evening of 12 December, Khan revealed that he sought permission to meet Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who was in military custody.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://songramernotebook.com/archives/494252|title=Asghar Khan seeks permission to see Mujib|date=13 December 1968|publisher=Pakistan Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Criticising [[President Ayub Khan]]'s comments about the substantial funds allocated for East Pakistan's redevelopment, Asghar Khan remarked, &quot;It was a colonial approach.&quot; He explained that during the [[British Raj]], &quot;our rulers used to make frequent repetitions of what they (the British) had done for this subcontinent to convince the people that they were here in the interest of the people of this land.&quot; Describing this as an &quot;outdated colonial approach,&quot; he reiterated that East Pakistan must receive an equal share in all national matters—whether economic or political.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1451153|title=From The Past Pages Of Dawn: 1968: Fifty Years Ago: Asghar Khan's plea|date=13 December 2018|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 15 December 1968 at a rally in [[Dacca]], [[Syed Mahbub Murshed]] and Asghar Khan announced their full support for the &quot;legitimate interests&quot; of both [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan]], advocating for the fullest possible autonomy for East Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&amp;q=asghar%20khan%20mujib%27s|title=Bangladesh: Past and Present|year=2004|author=Salahuddin Ahmed|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7648-469-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cifzAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=asghar|title=Report on World Affairs|volume=49-50|year=1968}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%20Khan%22|title=India-Pakistan Relations, 1962-1969|year=1989|author=Denis Wright|publisher=Sterling Publishers|page=113|isbn=978-81-207-0999-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two days later, Khan was charged by the [[Government of Pakistan]] for unlawfully inciting a crowd to assemble.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/12/21/archives/asghar-khan-faces-charge-in-pakistan.html|title=Asghar Khan Faces Charge In Pakistan|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 December 1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 December, Asghar Khan visited [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] who was imprisoned in Sahiwal Jail.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xliNAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Sahiwal%20Jail%20on%2029%20December%22|title=The Pakistan People's Party: Rise to Power|year=2003|author=Philip Edward Jones|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-579966-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar Khan renounced his [[Hilal-e-Pakistan]] and [[Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam]] awards on 29 January 1969, in protest against [[President Ayub Khan]]'s regime—which was described as an unprecedented move for an Air Marshal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pONtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22AIr%20Marshal%20(Retd.)%20Asghar%22%20award|title=Pakistan Chronology, 1947-1997: With Prologue and Afterword|year=1998|page=285|publisher=Government of Pakistan|isbn=978-969-507-000-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3eCAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=sparked|title=The Government|publisher=Department of Political Science, [[University of Sindh]]|year=1993|volume=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asghar Khan rose to the status of a national hero and was often referred to as the &quot;President-in-waiting&quot;. Even the government-controlled press under [[President Ayub Khan]] regarded him as a potential successor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nv9tAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=asghar|title=Pakistan: Political Roots and Development|page=106|year=1990|author=Safdar Mahmood|publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-1125-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in diplomatic and other discussions, Asghar Khan and Air Vice Marshal [[Khyber Khan]] were considered among the likely successors to [[President Ayub Khan]] during the collapse of his regime.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_MuAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Khyber%20Khan%22|title=Reports Service: South Asia Series|publisher=American Universities Field Staff|year=1968|volume=12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] had been released from house arrest in February 1969, he went to visit Asghar Khan at his home and again extended an invitation to join his party, the Pakistan People's Party (PPP). However, Khan expressed disinterest, stating that he had no intention of entering politics. When Khan inquired about the party's agenda, Bhutto laughed and looked to his entourage and remarked, &quot;Look at how simple this man is&quot;. He then said, &quot;The people are fools; we will deceive them. We will be in power for 20 years, the danda (stick) will be in our hands, and no one will be able to remove us&quot;. Asghar Khan replied, &quot;From this day forward I will be in opposition against you&quot;. Bhutto replied, &quot;Go ahead, you will see that I am right&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sFF1zpRaiI&amp;ab_channel=Jahanzeb|title=Stupid (Bewaqoof) people of Pakistan according to Bhutto|website=[[YouTube]]|date=24 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsweek&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Khan actively campaigned in [[East Pakistan]] where he was very popular, advocating for the rights of the people of [[East Pakistan]] prior to&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1451153|title=From The Past Pages Of Dawn: 1968: Fifty Years Ago: Asghar Khan's plea|date=13 December 2018|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and after the [[1971 War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igw8AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=asghar%20khan|title=Economic Review|volume=2|year=1971|publisher=Economic &amp; Industrial Publications.|quote=Air Marshal Asghar Khan had accused the provincial administration for blacking out his political activities in East Pakistan.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar Khan formed the Justice Party (JP) on 13 March 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7z2OAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=air%20marshal|title=The Awami League, 1949-1971|page=163|year=1990|author=Shyamali Ghosh|publisher=Academic Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt; In terms of social justice and economic policies, it was characterised as a left-oriented party, while in its approach to Islamic values, it aligned more with right-wing principles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfptAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Justice%20Party%22|title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society|volume=46|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|year=1998|page=38}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first to join the party were veteran [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim Leaguers]] such as Mian Bashir Ahmad and his wife, along with Saeed Enver, a former member of the Working Committee of the [[All-India Muslim League]]. They were soon followed by Sheikh Khalid Mahmood, the General Secretary of the Kashmir Liberation Movement, Mian Manzar Bashir, a prominent member of the [[Council Muslim League]], [[Rahim Bux Soomro]], and two notable leaders of the [[Urdu-speaking]] community, Hafiz Mubarik Ali Shah and Khalid Bin Jaffar, who joined alongside their entire groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igOLAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22join%20the%20JP%22|title=The Politics of Opposition in Pakistan: A Case Study of the Tehrik-i Istiqlal, 1971-77|year=1996|author=Nadeem Shafiq Malik|publisher=Plus Communications}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1481953|title=From The Past Pages of Dawn: 1969: Fifty years ago: Asghar, Ata talks|date=13 May 2019|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 1969, Abu Hisham, a leader of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] and [[Al-Fatah]] met with Asghar Khan and explained to him the activities of the organisation. Khan assured Abu Hisham of full support from himself and his party, saying that he would be ready to visit any place to give any advice or help to the Palestinian militants. Hisham thanked Khan for the assurance of cooperation and support.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6ErtQkez9cC&amp;dq=%22air+marshal+asghar+khan%22&amp;pg=PA22142|title=Meets Asghar|publisher=United States Congressional Record|year=1969|page=22142}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Justice Party merged into the [[Pakistan Democratic Party]] (PDP) on 24 June 1969, which elected [[Nurul Amin]] as its chairman.&lt;ref name=&quot;AH&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5jTh7DA598C&amp;dq=%22asghar+khan%22&amp;pg=PA238|title=Area Handbook for Pakistan|year=1971|page=238|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHESAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=March%201969,%20Air%20Marshal|page=927|title=The Far East and Australasia|year=1980|author=Cengage Gale|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=978-0-905118-51-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-AEAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=asghar%20|title=Pakistan General Elections, 1970|page=46|year=1976|author=Iftikhar Ahmad|publisher=South Asian Institute, Punjab University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_quEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Asghar+Khan&amp;pg=PA323|title=Intimation of Revolution: Global Sixties and the Making of Bangladesh|author=Subho Basu|year=2023|page=323|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-009-32987-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this capacity, Asghar Khan was appointed as the Chairman of the Manifesto Committee. Mushtaq Ahmed, author of the book ''Politics Without Social Change,'' noted that Asghar Khan was &quot;already an author of a manifesto issued earlier by the Justice Party, which was sufficiently radical, to raise hopes that the draft would be influenced by his thinking&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyEdAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%20Khan%22|title=Politics Without Social Change|year=1971|author=Mushtaq Ahmad|publisher=Space Publishers|page=108}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Tehreek-e-Istiqlal and 1970 election===<br /> {{main|1970 Pakistani general election}}<br /> {{main|Tehreek-e-Istiqlal#Violence against Istiqlal members}}<br /> Asghar Khan launched his political party, [[Tehreek-e-Istiqlal]] (Movement for Solidarity) on 1 March 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results/1970-01-01/1999-12-31?basicsearch=%22asghar%20khan%20yesterday%22&amp;exactsearch=false&amp;retrievecountrycounts=false&amp;newspapertitle=the%2bscotsman&amp;sortorder=dayearly|title=Movement for democracy?|date=2 March 1970|publisher=The Scotsman}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ahead of the December [[1970 Pakistani general election]], [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and Asghar Khan were among several leaders who declared that, if elected, they would reclaim [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] by force.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6nLQeipwvUC&amp;q=%22Asghar+Khan%22|title=Pakistan Analyzed: Delhi General Overseas Service in English|date=25 March 1969}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khan ran for a seat in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] in the election, with [[NW-26 Rawalpindi-I]] as his constituency, he thought its large voting population, connected to the armed forces, would value the contributions of the former Air Marshal. He was the runner-up with 28,209 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=asghar+khan&amp;pg=PA76|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=19 March 2015 |pages=76–77|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-4148-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://electionpakistani.com/ge1970/nw-26.htm|title=All Candidate Votes Election 1970 of NW26 Rawalpindi|website=Election Pakistani|access-date=18 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Opposition and By-Election Campaigns (1971–1977)===<br /> Following the arrest of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] as part of [[Operation Searchlight]] in March 1971, Asghar Khan spearheaded protests demanding his release from prison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZED5WcF-NJEC&amp;dq=%22Asghar+Khan+%22&amp;pg=PA20144|title=Pakistani Students In United States Object To Military Excesses In East Bengal|page=20144|date=16 June 1971|publisher=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Khan offered a &quot;[[Conciliation|conciliatory program]]&quot; focused on major development efforts in [[East Pakistan]] and genuine political freedom for its people, but it was completely censored. On 8 October, he announced his withdrawal from the [[by-election]], stating that no candidate could run unless they had access to the press to reach the public. &quot;Today is a black day for democracy in Pakistan,&quot; he said, &quot;when even I, with a mild program breaking no martial-law regulations, am frozen out.&quot; After the [[Pakistan Army]] occupied [[East Pakistan]] and banned the [[Awami League]], the election was effectively annulled. Some elected assemblymen were cleared by the army to take their seats, but most had fled to India or joined the [[Mukti Bahini|guerrillas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/14/archives/horrors-of-east-pakistan-turning-hope-into-despair-horrors-of-east.html|title=Program Was Censored|author=[[Malcolm Browne]]|date=14 October 1971|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 1971, Khan was one of the 42 signatories, including [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]], who urged [[President Yahya Khan]] to release Sheikh Mujiubur Rahman.&lt;ref name=&quot;BANGLA&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWEwAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=asghar|pages=3, 7, 20|title=Bangladesh|year=1972|publisher=Embassy of Bangladesh.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVZ4WbJIYzQC&amp;q=%22Asghar%20Khan%22|title=Passions Become Heated|date=12 April 1971|publisher=Translations on South and East Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, Asghar Khan demanded for a public trial of Yahya Khan for his role in the [[Bengali genocide]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQMuAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=asghar|page=10584|date=19 December 1971|title=Demand For Trial of Gen. Yahya Khan|publisher=Asian Recorder}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000629069.pdf|title=India-Pakistan Situation Report: New Regime in Pakistan|date=20 December 1971|publisher=[[CIA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By January 1972, Asghar Khan was the first to call for Pakistan's recognition of [[Bangladesh]]. In response, [[President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] called Khan a traitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;BANGLA&quot;/&gt; In March, Asghar Khan had described President Bhutto as, &quot;a living [[Yazid I|Yazid]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYGUGhfd6NIC&amp;q=%22Imam%22|title=Asian Recorder|page=10675|volume=18|date=18-24 March 1972|publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 June, Asghar Khan accused Bhutto of advising former [[President Yahya Khan]] to use military force in [[East Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e685AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Bhutto%20advised%20Yahya%22%20%22Asghar%20Khan%22|title=Bhutto advised Yahya to use force in East Wing: Asghar's Charge|publisher=News Review on South Asia|date=June 1972}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 10 July, President Bhutto sent Ghulam Qadir Bhutto with 70 armed men who seized and looted Khan's 242 acre farm in [[Sukkur]] at 10:30am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ce0VAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=10.30|title=Outlook|year=1972|volume=1|page=4|publisher=I. H. Burney}}&lt;/ref&gt; President Bhutto's cousin, the [[Chief Minister of Sindh]] [[Mumtaz Bhutto]] while addressing the Sindh Assembly, said that the Government had nothing to do with the incident. A few weeks later, Khan's home in [[Abbottabad]] was burned down, garnering significant public attention. Despite a police investigation, the findings were never disclosed, and Khan's family was forced to live in a stable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=60YSAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=sukkur%2070|page=20|title=Outlook; a Journal of Opinion|year=1972|volume=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=60YSAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=subedar|page=20|title=Outlook; a Journal of Opinion|year=1972|volume=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfQxAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22asghar%20khan%22|title=The Statesman|year=1972|page=1|volume=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While addressing lawyers of the Peshawar Bar Association on 6 November, Asghar Khan accused Bhutto of allowing Pakistani [[Prisoners of War]] of [[1971 War|1971]] to remain in India so that he could use their return to his advantage in the next elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLY5AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=asghar%20khan%20|title=&quot;Bhutto delaying POWs release&quot;: Asghar Khan|date=6 November 1972|page=48|publisher=The Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 30 November, Asghar Khan was attacked by the police and wounded while he was on his way to [[Multan]] to investigate the death of a student in a demonstration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLY5AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=multan%20student|title=Asghar Khan wounded in police attack|page=31|publisher=News Review on South Asia|year=1972}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Khwaja Mohammed Rafique, a prominent politician who was the president of the right-wing Pakistan Unity Party, former chief of the [[Pakistan Democratic Party]], and the father of [[Khawaja Saad Rafique]], was fatally shot by unidentified attackers in [[Lahore]] on 20 December 1972. He was on his way home after participating in a procession organised by [[Tehreek-e-Istiqlal]], which was led by Asghar Khan. The demonstration, protested primarily against inflation and was held to mark a &quot;black day&quot; on the first anniversary of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]'s presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/21/archives/noted-pakistani-politician-is-shot-to-death-in-lahore.html|title=Noted Pakistani Politician Is Shot to Death in Lahore|date=21 December 1972|work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khan described Rafique's &quot;murder in broad daylight, under the very nose of the police&quot;, as a &quot;shocking act of gangsterism,&quot; and accused Bhutto's government of &quot;aiding and encouraging armed hooligans&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLY5AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=broad%20daylight|title=News Review on South Asia|page=47|year=1972|publisher=The Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1974, Asghar Khan suggested that Pakistan form a defence pact with China in order to combat a potential nuclear threat from India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SPmAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Marshal%20Asghar%22|title=Sees Red|publisher=Himmat|volume=10|year=1974}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar Khan was detained by [[Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]'s [[Federal Security Force]] on 1 December 1974. This occurred because Bhutto, who was on a political tour, wanted to prevent Khan from holding rallies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_5PAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Air%20Marshal%20Asghar%22|title=Debates|year=1974|volume=6|publisher=[[National Assembly of Pakistan]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, Tehreek-e-Istiqlal threatened to organise demonstrations at Pakistani embassies worldwide to protest the unlawful detention of their leader. On 17 December, [[Ahmad Raza Khan Kasuri]] informed the National Assembly that Asghar Khan had been forcibly confined in a house in Hyderabad, Sindh for the past four days, with 100 security personnel surrounding the premises.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38xtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Din%20Panah|title=Asian Almanac|year=1975|volume=13|page=6838|publisher=V.T. Sambandan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7-7H0iB2l8C&amp;q=asghar|title=News Review on South Asia|volume=18|year=1975|publisher=The Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[General Ayub Khan]], Bhutto, and [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] notably placed Asghar Khan under house arrest, with his detention under General Zia lasting 1,603 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/2009/04/26/wise-words-from-an-old-warrior/|title=Wise words from an old warrior|first=Ardeshir|last=Cowasjee|date=26 April 2009|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Assassination attempts===<br /> Throughout his reign, [[Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] attempted to have Asghar Khan, [[Ghulam Mustafa Khar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uS8aAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Ghulam%20Mustafa%20Khar%20and%20Air%20Marshal%20M.%20Asghar%20Khan%22|title=White Paper on the Conduct of the General Elections in March 1977|year=1978|page=203|publisher=Government of Pakistan}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shah Ahmad Noorani]], and [[Sherbaz Khan Mazari]] assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_cbAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=asghar%20khan%20assassination%20shah|title=Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan, Last Days|page=206|year=1992|author=Kausar Niyazi|publisher=Vikas Publishing House}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 23 May 1973, Asghar Khan had boarded a [[Pakistan International Airlines]] flight at Quetta Airport, when all passengers were instructed to disembark and identify their luggage. One suitcase went unclaimed. Khan was informed that this procedure was implemented due to reports that a suitcase containing a bomb had been loaded onto the aircraft. The suitcase was neither opened nor inspected in the presence of passengers and despite widespread media coverage of the incident, the government provided no explanation.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whBSAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=asghar|title=Decisions of the Chair, 1972-1975|year=1976|volume=4|page=41|publisher=Manager of Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 26 July 1973, Asghar Khan's vehicle was chased by armed men in a jeep and two trucks. One of the men fired shots at Khan. Shortly afterwards, the press discovered that the jeep was registered in the name of Inspector General [[Sindh Police]], Chaudhary Fazal-e-Haq.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1975 on [[Pakistan Day]], a reception was arranged at the [[Lahore Railway Station]] for Asghar Khan as he was passing through the city. The [[Federal Security Force]] (FSF), Bhutto's [[secret police]], arranged for a bomb to be planted in the train. FSF Agent Riaz was caught in the act by the police. However, the FSF had exerted pressure leading to his eventual release.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RHwk12xNWcC&amp;q=asghar+khan+train|title=White Paper on the Performance of the Bhutto Regime|page=30|volume=3-4|year=1979|publisher=Government of Pakistan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1977 elections campaign===<br /> {{main|1977 Pakistani general election}}<br /> [[Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] announced on 7 January 1977 that new elections would be held on 7 March. In preparation, Khan was instrumental in organising the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA), a group of parties opposed to Bhutto and his government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&amp;dq=asghar%20khan&amp;pg=PA1163|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|year=2002|publisher=Europa Publications|page=1163|isbn=978-1-85743-133-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Approaching the election date, Khan gained recognition as the most prominent opposition leader.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00975A029900010034-3.pdf#page=10|title=National Intelligence Daily Cable|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=19 March 1977}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/20/archives/the-world-in-summary-pakistan-voters-have-elected-only-trouble-why.html|title=The World: Pakistan Voters Have Elected Only Trouble|date=20 March 1977|work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[The Pakistan Times]]'' was ordered by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to air propaganda and &quot;expose&quot; Asghar Khan. However, as the campaign developed, Bhutto called it off saying he didn't want a full-scale campaign against Khan because &quot;that will be stupid and give him importance and blow him up&quot;, instead he directed that Khan should be &quot;exposed surreptitiously and casually, without building a media campaign against him.&quot; In another attempt, he desired that Khan should be portrayed as a &quot;joker&quot; so that the people should learn through the press &quot;that we have a clown in our midst.&quot; Asghar Khan was therefore spared from an orchestrated campaign although like other opposition leaders, he was continuously subjected to [[character assassination]] and slanderous attacks by the media. On occasion, false and fabricated reports were planted in the press about him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7M4LAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=trated|title=White Paper on Misuse of Media, December 20, 1971-July 4, 1977|page=151|year=1978|publisher=Manager, Print. Corporation of Pakistan Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During discussions, it was concluded that the opposition parties were too divided to present a united front against the People's Party. Asghar Khan was approached by [[Sherbaz Khan Mazari]] and [[Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed]] to join the [[United Democratic Front (Pakistan)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) but declined due to previous negative experiences with alliances. Despite efforts, Asghar Khan and Maulana Noorani only agreed to meet other UDF leaders. They set conditions for joining that mainly concerned the allocation of seats. Bhutto aimed to prevent Asghar Khan from gaining a leadership position within the opposition alliance, eventually securing [[Mufti Mehmood]] as the head of the PNA. [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and his advisers were overly confident, believing there was no threat in any alliance that wasn't led by Asghar Khan. In their view, any such alliance was insignificant compared to the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_cbAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=unduly|title=Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan, Last Days|page=65|year=1992|author=Kausar Niyazi|publisher=Vikas Publishing House}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In preparations for the election, Asghar Khan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, traded barbs with each other, with Khan calling him a rat from Larkana who &quot;could not recite a single verse from the [[Quran]] and yet claimed to be a good Muslim&quot;. Khan further attacked Bhutto by saying, &quot;With full responsibility I say that Bhutto is not a Muslim. In Peshawar, I challenge him that if he offers the [[Namaz]] on T.V. within ten days, I shall retire from the contest. Since 1 February, Maulana [[Ehtisham ul Haq Thanvi]], has been teaching him Namaz, but he has not been able to learn it&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWNrtxB7RysC&amp;q=%22rat%20from%20larkana%22|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|volume=100|year=1979|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman &amp; Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar Khan attracted massive crowds during rallies leading up to the [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 general election]], with the [[BBC]] reporting that over 1.6 million people attended his rally in February.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt; While speaking at an election rally in [[Rawalpindi]] on 4 February, Asghar Khan criticised the economic policies of the [[Government of Pakistan]] and said that the extravagance on the governments part was responsible for the rising prices in the country. He cited examples of government overspending and said that 80 percent of the industry was at a standstill after the [[Nationalisation in Pakistan|takeover of industrial units by the Government]], which discouraged investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcEIAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%2280%20per%20cent%22|title=Contemporary World Affairs|author=Irfan-ur-Rehman Raja|year=1977|pages=213, 215|publisher=Progressive Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March, Khan won the election in NA-13 Abbottabad-II with 35,711 votes and in NA-190 Karachi VIII with 44,252 votes, securing a seat in the [[List of members of the 6th National Assembly of Pakistan|6th National Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/storage/files/1/GE%2007-03-1977.pdf|title=Notification|date=21 March 1977|publisher=[[Election Commission of Pakistan]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719090014/https://ecp.gov.pk/storage/files/1/GE%2007-03-1977.pdf|pages=1, 8|archive-date=19 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://electionpakistani.com/ge1977/NA-13.htm|title=All Candidate Votes Election 1977 of NA13 Abbottabad|website=Election Pakistani|access-date=18 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://electionpakistani.com/ge1977/NA-190.htm|title=All Candidate Votes Election 1977 of NA190 Karachi|website=Election Pakistani|access-date=18 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had contested the election in multiple constituencies, including NA-1 Peshawar,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uS8aAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22asghar%20khan%22|title=White Paper on the Conduct of the General Elections in March 1977|year=1978|publisher=Government of Pakistan}}&lt;/ref&gt; NA-38 Rawalpindi, and NA-12 Abbottabad, finishing second in all three with 34,040, 40,037, and 26,954 votes, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.electionpakistani.com/ge1977/NA-1.htm|title=All Candidate Votes Election 1977 of NA1 Peshawar|website=Election Pakistani|access-date=18 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.electionpakistani.com/ge1977/NA-38.htm|title=All Candidate Votes Election 1977 of NA38 Rawalpindi|website=Election Pakistani|access-date=18 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://electionpakistani.com/ge1977/NA-12.htm|title=All Candidate Votes Election 1977 of NA12 Abbottabad|website=Election Pakistani|access-date=18 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Post-election period====<br /> Following the riots after the elections, which the opposition stated were rigged,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/09/archives/foes-accuse-bhutto-of-rigging-the-voting.html|title=Foes Accuse Bhutto Of Rigging the Voting|date=9 March 1977|work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; widespread protests erupted across Pakistan, resulting in the deaths of 85 people and the imposition of martial law by [[Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]. Asghar Khan, who was imprisoned shortly after, refused to leave jail until Bhutto resigned, all political prisoners were released, and the government lifted a seven-year state of emergency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=World News Briefs: Asghar Khan is Refusing To Leave Pakistan Jail|date=22 March 1977|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/22/archives/world-news-briefs-woodcock-calls-carter-with-report-on-mission.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/251045778?searchTerm=%22Asghar%20Khan%22|title=Refuses to talk|publisher=[[Papua New Guinea Post-Courier]]|date=23 March 1977|page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110729799?searchTerm=%22Marshal%20Asghar%20Khan%22|title=85 PAKISTANIS KILLED: Opposition tells Bhutto to quit|newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]]|date=23 March 1977|page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 9 April 1977, Khan's wife Amina Shamsie, was arrested while participating in a women's procession in Lahore and beaten up by the police, receiving injuries and was imprisoned for a day. A few days later, Amina was arrested at another procession in Rawalpindi and kept for three weeks in detention in Dadar, [[Mansehra]]. Asghar Khan was lodged in the same room when he was arrested.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_0LAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=lock%20lahore|title=Generals in Politics: Pakistan 1958-1982|year=1983|page=94|publisher=Vikas |isbn=978-0-7069-2411-4|author=M}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 1 May, in a statement smuggled out of [[Sihala]] jail, Asghar Khan declared that the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) would not compromise on its demand for Prime Minister Bhutto's resignation or the holding of new elections. He also urged the [[Pak Army|army]] to defy orders issued by what he called the &quot;illegal&quot; government. On 6 May, the [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Interior Ministry]] announced it was considering legal action against Asghar Khan for [[sedition]], as well as against his wife, who was suspected of smuggling out his statement. She was placed under house arrest on 10 May.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ly7JZ9-5jt4C&amp;q=%22Bhutto%27s+resignation+and%22+Asghar|year=1977|title=Keesing's Contemporary Archives|page=28568|publisher=Keesing's Limited. |quote=In a statement smuggled out from Sihala on May 1 Air Marshal Asghar Khan said that the PNA would not compromise on its demand for Mr Bhutto's resignation and for new elec-tions, and appealed to the Army to refuse to obey orders from the &quot;illegal&quot; Government. The Interior Ministry announced on May 6 that it was considering taking legal action against him for [[sedition]], and his wife, who was alleged to have smuggled out the statement, was placed under house arrest on May 10.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, on 12 May, Prime Minister Bhutto accused Asghar Khan of [[high treason]] during a speech in the National Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_MLAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=high%20treason|title=Pakistan's Geopolitical and Strategic Compulsions|year=1980|author=Ikram Azam|page=324|publisher=Progressive Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While imprisoned in [[Kot Lakhpat Jail]], Asghar Khan read a newspaper report about a Pakistan Army Major who had executed a boy for making a [[V sign]] towards him on 21 May 1977, during the martial law imposed by Prime Minister Bhutto. This incident prompted him to write a letter condemning the army's actions and urging officers to discern between lawful and unlawful commands amid Bhutto's severe crackdown on nationwide protests against the rigged March 1977 elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/07/archives/at-least-two-killed-as-pakistani-soldiers-fire-on-protesters-in.html|title=At Least Two Killed as Pakistani Soldiers Fire on Protesters in Lahore|date=7 May 1977|work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/article/76719/remembering-air-marshal-retd-asghar-khan-a-soldier-a-maverick-and-a-loving-grandfather|title=Remembering Air Marshal (Retd) Asghar Khan: A Soldier, A Maverick, And A Loving Grandfather|date=5 January 2019|author=Mustafa Omar|website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khan further said, &quot;It is not your duty to support his illegal regime nor can you be called upon to kill your own people so that he can continue in office a little longer. Let it not be said that the Pakistan armed forces are a degenerate police force fit only for killing unarmed civilians.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/05/03/chinese-workers-surrounded-by-bhuttos-foes/2c84211c-5466-4f88-b891-efd789a4851b/|title=Chinese Workers Surrounded by Bhutto's Foes|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=2 May 1977|quote=Meanwhile retired Air Marshal Asghar Kan, probably the most popular of the nine Alliance party leaders, has called on Pakistan's armed forces leaders to disobey what he termed &quot;illegal&quot; order to fight demonstrators. Asghar made his appeal in a letter smuggled out of a police guesthouse near here, where all top Alliance leaders are being detained. In the letter, delivered to the chiefs of staff of the three branches of the armed forces and to 3,000 officers, Asghar charged that Bhutto &quot;has violated the constitution and is guilty of a grave crime against the people,&quot; adding: &quot;It is not your duty to support his illegal regime nor can you be called upon to kill your own people so that he can continue in office a little longer. Let it not be said that the Pakistan armed forces are a degenerate police force fit only for killing unarmed civilians.&quot; About 3,000 people have been killed since the elections. A foreign observer noted that since the National Assembly approved legislation providing the armed forces and the civilian government with extraordinary powers to combat the current agitation last week. Asghar's appeal could be considered treasonous. The Kohistani tribesmen, who are among the most zealous Moslems and ferocious fighters in Pakistan, are understood to have released a small delegation of the surrounded Chinese workers so they could contact their government.}}&lt;/ref&gt; His remarks were misinterpreted as a call for military intervention, as two months later, [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] would carry out the [[1977 Pakistani military coup]] that overthrew Bhutto's government.<br /> <br /> ====Next arrest, release, and other activities====<br /> In September 1979, [[President Zia-ul-Haq]] placed Asghar Khan under house arrest. He was released on 18 March 1980 by the courts. Following this, Khan called for the overthrow of President Zia, and referred to him as &quot;a usurper who led a ruthless junta which ruled by deceit and lies... General Zia and army rule must be replaced. Zia has no intention of letting democracy function. Any general who might replace him will be the same... As long as this junta remains in power, this country suffers&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results/1970-01-01/1999-12-31?basicsearch=%22former%20air%20marshal%20asghar%20khan%20released%20from%22&amp;exactsearch=false&amp;retrievecountrycounts=false&amp;newspapertitle=the%2bscotsman&amp;sortorder=dayearly|title=Zia challenged|newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]|date=25 April 1980}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amnesty&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa330241981en.pdf#page=26|title=Detention without trial: three cases|year=1981|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|page=26|access-date=22 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asghar Khan was seen as a possible successor to President Zia after he promised to restore to a civilian government in 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/18/archives/world-news-briefs-pakistani-military-regime-rounds-up-opponents.html|title=World News Briefs: Pakistani Military Regime Rounds Up Opponents|date=18 October 1979|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 1980, [[Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo]] proposed a joint manifesto as part of an anti-government alliance between his [[National Party (Pakistan)|National Party]] and Asghar Khan's [[Tehreek-e-Istiqlal]]. The draft manifesto, submitted for Khan's approval, sought to limit the central government's authority to defence, foreign affairs, communications, and currency—while allowing provincial units the right to [[Secession|secede]] if [[Islamabad]] violated their constitutional rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLnCAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%22|title=In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations|year=1981|page=58|author=[[Selig S. Harrison]]|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |isbn=978-0-87003-029-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Before Khan could respond, he was arrested by police in [[Karachi]] on 7 May 1980 for calling for the overthrow of [[General Zia-ul-Haq]]'s regime.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amnesty&quot;/&gt; In the meantime, Bizenjo circulated copies of the draft, which was never published, to a small circle of [[Baloch people|Baluch]] leaders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar Khan was released on 29 May and exiled from Karachi. Upon arriving in [[Peshawar]], he was arrested again. The provincial government announced his detention without providing any reason, and he was denied access to a lawyer until 26 June. Initially held at his Abbottabad home, he was moved to Dadar sub-jail on 6 August, where he remained in solitary confinement until 3 October. Due to his worsening health, he was transferred back to Abbottabad and treated at the local military hospital, where his immediate family was allowed to visit him. By late 1981, he remained in detention under Martial Law Order 78, and [[Amnesty International]] recognised him as a prisoner of conscience.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amnesty&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] amended the constitution to block any legal challenges to his military courts and martial law government on 29 May 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?basicsearch=%22zia%20curbs%20judiciary%20powers%22%20asghar&amp;retrievecountrycounts=false|title=Zia curbs judiciary powers|date=29 May 1980|newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opposition party leaders, including senior members of Asghar Khan's [[Tehreek-e-Istiqlal]] were arrested under Martial Law Order No. 78 on 5 August 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5wcH0abSQcC&amp;q=air%20marshal%20asghar|title=A Political Chronology of Central, South and East Asia|year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-35680-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/POL1000011981ENGLISH.pdf#page=128|title=Pakistan|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|page=128|year=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 1981, Asghar Khan and [[Nasim Wali Khan]] came together to form the [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]], a political alliance against [[General Zia-ul-Haq]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMCKAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%20Khan%22|title=Pakistan: Political and Constitutional Dilemmas|year=1987|author=Kamal Azfar|page=156|publisher=Pakistan Law House }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 1 October 1984, the Government of the [[North-West Frontier Province]] released Asghar Khan, [[Naseerullah Babar]], and [[Aftab Ahmad Khan Sherpao]]. Reportedly, they were the only political detainees in the province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbYIZZzSVOYC&amp;q=%22asghar%22|title=Detained Leaders Released in Frontier Province|page=38|publisher=[[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]]|date=2 October 1984|volume=84}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Governor of Sindh]], Lt General [[Jahan Dad Khan]], imposed a 30-day ban on Asghar Khan's entry into [[Sindh]] effective 14 October 1984,&lt;ref name=&quot;MPS&quot;/&gt; the day Khan was released from five years of house arrest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU8LAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar+Khan%22+%22released%22|title=RELEASED: Asghar Khan|publisher=Asiaweek|year=1984}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h59tAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22asghar%20khan%22|title=October 14: Asghar Khan released after 5 years' detention|year=1986|publisher=Asian Recorder|page=18736}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asghar Khan had planned to start an eight-day tour of Sindh from [[Sukkur]] on 20 October, and then travel to [[Quetta]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. Consequently, he revised his itinerary to visit various cities in the [[North-West Frontier Province]] at the end of October instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFg8AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Asghar|title=News Review On South Asia/October 1984|date=1984 |page=563|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Later election campaigns (1985-1990)===<br /> {{main|1985 Pakistani general election}}<br /> In 1985, Asghar Khan warned that Pakistan's emerging drug mafia could influence the upcoming general election if precautions were not taken.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/assets/documents/oral_histories/project/India.pdf#page=31|title=Patronage, Protection|publisher=[[Jimmy Carter Library and Museum]]|year=1985|page=31}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April, Khan said that Pakistan could not afford to maintain permanent hostility with the [[Soviet Union]] and should begin dialogue with the [[Babrak Karmal]] government in Afghanistan. He contended that [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] could not reject such talks on the grounds that the Kabul regime lacked legitimacy, as both Karmal and Zia were, in his words, &quot;sailing in the same boat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA351901/page/164/mode/2up?q=%22Asghar+Khan%22|title=Commentary Discusses Demand For Direct Negotiations On Afghanistan|date=13 April 1985|author=Sultan Ahmed|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[Defense Technical Information Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the elections, Khan traveled to [[Kabul]] on 29 August 1987 and met with [[President Dr. Najibullah]] in September 1987, amid rising tensions between [[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations|Afghanistan–Pakistan]]. The [[Government of Pakistan]] referred to Khan as &quot;[[Brutus]]&quot; for opposing the state narrative and campaigning for friendship between the two countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/564754|title=Military man turned democrat|date=14 January 2018|website=[[The News International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/122416077?searchTerm=%22Air%20Marshal%20Asghar%20Khan%22|title=Geneva talks on Afghanistan seem to hold promise|date=15 December 1987|publisher=[[The Canberra Times]]|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to his visit, Khan had demanded direct talks between the two countries and severely criticised Pakistan's growing subservience to the [[United States]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fh0NAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%20Khan%22%20%22Pakistan%27s%20growing%20subservience%20to%20the%20United%20States%22|title=Pakistan Under Siege|page=365|author=I. A. Rahman|year=1990|publisher=Rohtas Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A few days before the [[Death of Zia-ul-Haq]] in August 1988, Asghar Khan joined forces with [[Benazir Bhutto]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl4gAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=asghar%20khan|title=South|year=1988|page=24|publisher=South Publications Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khan was the runner-up in the [[1990 Pakistani general election|1990 general election]] for the National Assembly seat NA-95 (Lahore) receiving 39,585 votes, losing to [[Nawaz Sharif]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.electionpakistani.com/ge1990/NA-95.htm|title=NA-95 Lahore IV Detail Election Result 1990|website=Election Pakistani|access-date=18 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The election results were heavily influenced by rigging, with Nawaz securing victory through the support of President [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]], Generals [[Aslam Beg]], [[Hamid Gul]], [[Asad Durrani]], and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]], who worked to buy the loyalties of various politicians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/413571|title=Asghar Khan case: SC passed conclusive judgment in October 2012|date=2 January 2019|newspaper=[[The News International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/701288|title=Money arranged at behest of Ghulam Ishaq, Aslam Beg: Habib|date=9 March 2012|first=Nasir|last=Iqbal|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/09/former-isi-chief-1990-pakistan-election|title=Former ISI chief says army money used to influence 1990 Pakistan election|date=9 March 2012|work=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/760219|title=Hamid Gul accepts responsibility for creating IJI|date=30 October 2012|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AvsA&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Diminishing role===<br /> Asghar Khan's [[Tehrik-e-Istiqlal]] (TI) was among three parties who merged to form the Qaumi Jamhoori Party (QJP) led by his son, [[Omar Asghar Khan]], on 4 December 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;QJP&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/9259|title=LAHORE: 3 parties merged into Qaumi Jamhoori Party|date=5 December 2001|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 October 2003, as President of the Qaumi Jamhoori Party (QJP), Asghar Khan met with Indian peace activist [[Nirmala Deshpande]], who was accompanied by [[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]], a member of the [[Lok Sabha]], and Pakistani [[Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan|MNA]]s Chaudhry Manzoor Ahmed and [[Qamar Zaman Kaira]]. He welcomed their visit and underscored the importance of such exchanges. He also praised Deshpande's efforts in fostering people-to-people connections and expressed hope that both governments would respond positively.&lt;ref name=&quot;DW2003&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/121676|title=ISLAMABAD: Asghar welcomes Indian steps for ties' normalization|date=26 October 2003|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Welcoming the Indian government's 12-point announcement and calling it a step toward reducing tensions between the two nuclear rivals in South Asia, Asghar Khan expressed hope that such initiatives could build confidence between India and Pakistan and make travel between the two easier. However, Khan reiterated his long-held position on Kashmir,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/97069|title=Asghar Khan advocates independent Kashmir|date=21 April 2003|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; advocating for its independence with both India and Pakistan sharing responsibility for its defence. He stressed that without sincere efforts from both sides to engage in meaningful dialogue, any improvement in relations would be short-lived.&lt;ref name=&quot;DW2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Later life==<br /> [[File:Air Marshal Asghar Khan.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Asghar Khan in 2008]]<br /> Asghar Khan wrote several books throughout his life and was the chief patron of the Defence Journal in Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W67fAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=asghar%20khan|title=Defence Journal|year=2006|volume=9|page=8|publisher=Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 1998, [[Bangladesh]] demanded that Pakistan apologise for the [[Bengali genocide]] committed by the [[Pakistan Army]] and their collaborators. As President of the Pakistan National Conference, Asghar Khan supported [[Dhaka]]'s move and stated that Pakistan would never be able to absolve itself from the &quot;tragedy of [[East Pakistan]]&quot; despite a lapse of 27 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IxtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Asghar%20Khan%22 |title=Asghar Khan for apology to Dhaka |publisher=Asian Recorder |year=1998 |volume=44 |page=27128}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In July 1998, Asghar Khan, [[Nur Khan]], and [[Saeedullah Khan]], were among 63 retired Pakistani, Indian, and Bengali armed forces personnel who signed an agreement urging Pakistan and India to refrain from developing nuclear weapons. Instead, they advocated for limiting nuclear research and development strictly to peaceful and beneficial purposes. They also called for the two countries to resolve their disputes through peaceful means and address their real problems of poverty and backwardness, rather than wasting their scarce resources on acquiring means of destruction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSSNtPs521cC&amp;q=Saeedullah+Khan|title=Out of the Nuclear Shadow|page=408|year=2001|isbn=978-1-84277-059-7|last1=Kothari|first1=Smitu|last2=Mian|first2=Zia|publisher=Zed Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wagingpeace.org/joint-statement-against-nuclear-tests-and-weapons-by-retired-pakistani-indian-and-bangladeshi-armed-forces-personnel/|title=Joint Statement Against Nuclear Tests And Weapons By Retired Pakistani, Indian And Bangladeshi Armed Forces Personnel|date=1 July 1998|website=Waging Peace}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1004466|title=Asghar Khan's views on nuclear weapons|date=5 May 2009|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar Khan launched his book, ''We've Learnt Nothing from History —Pakistan: Politics and Military Power'', on 1 July 2005 at a ceremony in [[Karachi]]. Others in attendance included [[Sherbaz Khan Mazari]], [[Ardeshir Cowasjee]], and [[Abdul Hafeez Shaikh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/145978|title=KARACHI: Asghar Khan's book launched|date=2 July 2005|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 April 2009, at a ceremony held at the [[Marriott International|Marriott hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], the Jinnah Society posthumously awarded the 2007 Jinnah Award to [[Ahmad Ali Khan (journalist)|Ahmad Ali Khan]], former Chief Editor of ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', while the 2006 award went to Asghar Khan, in honour of his 'exceptional contributions to democracy and human rights in Pakistan.'&lt;ref name=&quot;DAWN09&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/975527|title=KARACHI: Jinnah Award conferred upon Ahmad Ali Khan, Asghar Khan|date=21 April 2009|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://jinnahsociety.org.pk/AsgharKhan_AhmedAli.html|title=The Jinnah Awards/Retired Air Marshal Asghar Khan and Former Chief Editor Dawn - Late Ahmed Ali Khan|website=The Jinnah Society|year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his acceptance speech, Khan expressed gratitude to the ceremony's organisers for the award. He then addressed the societal challenges that deviated from [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]]'s vision for the country: &quot;What we have done since 1948 is not the vision of the Quaid. It has rapidly led us to civil war. The United States and (General) Zia played a major role in mobilising the youths of the NWFP against the Soviets. The results can be seen today.. Pakistan has been led at different times by acknowledged criminals.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;DAWN09&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He further advocated for reducing the national defence budget and said, &quot;The criminal misuse of Pakistan's natural resources has cost Pakistan dearly. We must have a close look at our defence expenditure.&quot; Khan was openly critical of the country's nuclear program, remarking that it had &quot;endangered Pakistan's very survival,&quot; while the Pakistan Army's spokesperson Maj. Gen. [[Athar Abbas]] was present in the audience.&lt;ref name=&quot;DAWN09&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After the [[Killing of Osama bin Laden]] in Asghar Khan's hometown of [[Abbottabad]] in 2011, he told ''[[Newsweek Pakistan]]'', &quot;I was surprised. I don't think anyone knew about it, but they should have known. Here was this man living inside the cantonment and not a soul had a clue. Arabs in the middle of Abbottabad! Yet, no one knew for five or six years. The level of incompetence is fantastic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsweek&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweekpakistan.com/the-take/354|title=THE LAST WORD: 'Bhutto Was Right'|date=15 July 2011|publisher=[[Newsweek Pakistan]]|first=Qasim|last=Nauman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716002144/http://www.newsweekpakistan.com/the-take/354 |archive-date=16 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A year later, when ''[[Newsline (magazine)|Newsline]]'' asked him about the incident, he replied, &quot;That was a very odd thing that happened, odd that nobody knew about it. I wonder what is taking the commission [investigating the incident] so long. And what of [[Memogate (Pakistan)|Memogate]]? I don't understand what's going on.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsline&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 October 2011, at the launch ceremony for [[Imran Khan]]'s book, ''[[Pakistan: A Personal History]]'', Asghar Khan took the podium and stated: {{blockquote|text=&quot;In the last over 60 years, India has never attacked Pakistan, as it can't afford it. Indians know well, if Pakistan is destroyed, they will be the next target, It was made our problem that one day India would invade us. But we did so four times and the first attack was on Kashmir, where Maharaja was not prepared to accede to India for he wanted to join Pakistan and waited for this for 21 days...Indian forces came to East Pakistan when people were being slaughtered there. Moreover, again at Kargil, Indian never mounted an assault.&quot;|sign=Asghar Khan|source=&lt;ref name=&quot;Alvi&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Alvi|first=Mumtaz|title=Asghar Khan claims Pakistan attacked India four times since 1947|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-73654-Asghar-Khan-claims-Pakistan-attacked-India-four-times-since-1947|access-date=15 March 2012|newspaper=[[The News International]]|date=21 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331194833/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-73654-Asghar-Khan-claims-Pakistan-attacked-India-four-times-since-1947|archive-date=31 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> He further remarked that the majority in Pakistan voted for corrupt politicians, as they too sought to have their work accomplished &quot;by hook or by crook.&quot; He recalled his dismay upon learning years prior that, in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], 20,000 individuals with criminal records had been recruited into the [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]], while a significant number of [[dacoit]]s were hired into the [[Sindh Police]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Alvi&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Asghar Khan merged his party, [[Tehrik-e-Istiqlal]] with [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI) on 12 December 2011 and announced his full support for [[Imran Khan]]. He praised Imran for his efforts, endorsing him as the last hope for Pakistan's survival. Asghar stated, &quot;There is panic all around the country. The price hike is touching the skies. The country's economy is on the verge of collapse. People want change, and the PTI is the only party that can provide that&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Asghar Khan backs Imran's PTI|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/679989|access-date=14 March 2012|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=12 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Reinforcement: Asghar Khan is latest PTI recruit|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/305443|access-date=14 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=12 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Authorship==<br /> ===English===<br /> * {{cite book|author=Mohammad Asghar Khan|title=[[Masroor Hosain#Death|Obituary note for Air Commodore Masroor Hosain]]|date=May 1967}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=1969|title=Pakistan at the Cross Roads|location=Karachi|publisher=Ferozsons|oclc=116825}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.newscentralasia.net/2012/12/27/asghar-khan-to-tahirul-qadri/|title=MESSAGE: To The Officers Of The Defence Services of Pakistan|date=21 May 1977|author-mask=2}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=1979|title=The First Round, Indo-Pakistan War 1965|location=Sahibabad|publisher=Vikas|isbn=0-7069-0978-X}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=1983|title=Generals in Politics|location=New Delhi|publisher=Vikas|isbn=0-7069-2215-8}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=1985|title=Islam, Politics, and the State: The Pakistan Experience|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=0-86232-471-8}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=1985|title=The Lighter side of the Power Game|location=Lahore|publisher=Jang Publishers|oclc=15107608}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=2005|title=We've Learnt Nothing from History|location=Karachi|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-597883-8}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=2008|title=My Political Struggle|location=Karachi|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-547620-0}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=2009|title=Milestones in a Political Journey|location=Islamabad|publisher=Dost Publications|isbn=978-9694963556}}<br /> <br /> ===Urdu===<br /> * {{cite book|author=Mohammad Asghar Khan|date=1969|title=Shaheen-e-Millat|location=Lahore|oclc=11262262}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=1985|title=Sada-i-Hosh|location=Lahore|publisher=Jang Publishers|oclc=14214332}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=1998|title=Chehray nahi Nizam ko Badlo|location=Islamabad|publisher=Dost Publications|isbn=978-9694960401}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=1999|title=Islam – Jamhooriat aur Pakistan|location=Islamabad|publisher=Dost Publications|isbn=978-9694960852}}<br /> * {{cite book|author-mask=2|date=1999|title=Ye Batain Hakim Logon Ki|location=Islamabad|publisher=Dost Publications|isbn=978-9694960876}}<br /> <br /> ==Illness and death==<br /> At the age of 96, Asghar Khan died at 6:00 AM [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]] on 5 January 2018, at [[CMH Rawalpindi]] from [[Cardiac arrest]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://arynews.tv/funeral-prayers-former-air-chief-asghar-khan/|title=Former air chief Asghar Khan laid to rest with military honours|date=6 January 2018|publisher=[[ARY News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was admitted to intensive care on 30 December 2017 after his health deteriorated; he had been suffering from [[acute respiratory infection]], [[dementia]], and [[ischemic heart disease]]. He was given a [[state funeral]] by the [[Government of Pakistan]] which was attended by Prime Minister [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]], General [[Zubair Mahmood Hayat]], Air Chief Marshal [[Sohail Aman]], Admiral [[Zafar Mahmood Abbasi]], Federal Ministers, several former chiefs of the Air Force, government officials, bureaucrats, and the general public. Afterwards, the coffin was transported via helicopter to his native village of [[Nawan Shehr]], where Asghar Khan was buried beside his son [[Omar Asghar Khan|Omar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1381140|title=Ex-PAF chief Asghar Khan passes away|date=6 January 2018|first1=Rashid|last1=Javed|first2=Aamir|last2=Yasin|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1602130|date=6 January 2018|title=State funeral for former air chief Asghar Khan held at Nur Khan Airbase|newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1602683|title=Asghar Khan laid to rest in Nawanshehr|date=7 January 2018|newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A formation of four [[K-8 Karakorum]]'s and four [[T-37 Tweet]]'s from the [[PAF Academy]] presented a fly past in honour of Khan, flying the [[missing man formation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/265312|title=Air Marshal Asghar Khan departs for eternal abode|date=6 January 2018|newspaper=[[The News International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reactions===<br /> [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] Chairman [[Imran Khan]] shared his condolences on Twitter: &quot;Saddened to learn of Air Chief Marshal Asghar Khan's death early this morning. He transformed the PAF and was a man of steadfast principles and integrity. My prayers and condolences go to his family&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1380944|title=Air Marshal Asghar Khan passes away in Islamabad|first=Naveed|last=Siddiqui|date=5 January 2018|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Retired [[Air Commodore Sajad Haider]] paid tribute to Asghar Khan, whom he regarded as one of the &quot;greatest sons of the soil.&quot; Haider described him as an &quot;unparalleled commander-in-chief,&quot; who earned the &quot;respect and admiration of all those he led through his qualities of vision, courage, integrity, honesty, and strict dedication to discipline&quot;. Haider recalled that under Khan's leadership, Flt Lt M. Yunis [[1959 Canberra shootdown|shot down an Indian spy bomber]] that violated Pakistani airspace in 1959. The early air defence system Khan prioritised proved effective, resulting in Yunis bringing the bomber down at 40,000 feet, which was noted as being far beyond the operational capability of PAF fighters, with both the Indian pilot and navigator ejecting from their aircraft and taken into custody. Haider said that the indomitable spirit instilled by Asghar Khan propelled the Air Force during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] and that the air force would continue to build upon the solid foundations he laid.&lt;ref name=&quot;tributes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1381996|title=Tributes to Asghar Khan|date=10 January 2018|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The spokesperson of the [[Pakistan Army]], Major General [[Asif Ghafoor]] said, &quot;COAS expresses his grief on the sad demise of ex Air Chief, Air Marshal Asghar Khan, Retired. An iconic soldier who will be remembered for his historic contributions for laying foundations of a strong Pakistan Air Force. May Allah bless his soul-Ameen&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://kashmirlife.net/pakistans-kashmiri-air-marshal-passes-away-161049/|title=Pakistans Kashmiri Air marshal passes away|date=5 January 2018|website=Kashmir Life}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Former pilot Peter A. Thatcher, recalled a near-death experience in 1962 during his second solo flight at the Peshawar Flying Club. While flying at 1,000 feet, four Canberra bombers nearly collided with him, narrowly dipping below his plane. Later, as he approached the runway with zero visibility, another Canberra came close to crashing into him. Shaken but alive, Thatcher landed safely. A confrontation with an angry Air Marshal Asghar Khan followed, but his instructor, Hyder Hassan Rizvi, a retired IAF squadron leader, intervened and convinced Khan that the tower was at fault. Thatcher later met Khan at a dinner party, where they laughed about the incident. He also remembered the air marshal's stance on Pakistan's nuclear program, suggesting that the country would be safer without nukes, though acknowledging Pakistan would never give them up.&lt;ref name=&quot;tributes&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Retired PAF officer Aijazuddin recalled joining the [[RPAF Flying Training School]] in 1947/48, when Asghar Khan was the Commandant. In a tribute to Khan, he described him as a principled and resolute leader, and noted that he embodied the qualities of a complete officer and expressed his condolences to the family.&lt;ref name=&quot;tributes&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Commemorations==<br /> On 23 March 2017, at a ceremony with Khan as the chief guest, the PAF Academy was renamed to [[Pakistan Air Force Academy Asghar Khan]]. The event was attended by [[CAS of the PAF|Chief of Air Staff]] [[Sohail Aman]], alongside former air chiefs, war veterans, and serving officers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1322506|title=PAF's academy named after Asghar Khan|date=24 March 2017|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The auditorium at the [[Pakistan International Airlines]] training center, located at the airlines head office in [[Karachi]], was renamed to Asghar Khan Auditorium and inaugurated by [[Maulana Tariq Jameel]] on 19 December 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theazb.com/asghar-khan-auditorium-pia-training-center-inaugurated/|title=Asghar Khan Auditorium PIA Training Center Inaugurated|date=19 December 2019|publisher=The Azb}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dates of rank==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background:#FFFFE0&quot;| Insignia !! style=&quot;background:#FFFFE0&quot;|Rank !!style=&quot;background:#FFFFE0&quot;| Date<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[File:UK-Air-OF8.svg|20px]] [[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|50px]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[Air Marshal]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|5 November 1958&lt;ref name=&quot;FAE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lT5YASiHHIC&amp;q=asghar|page=809|title=IN BRIEF|date=November 1958}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[File:UK-Air-OF7.svg|20px]] [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|35px]] ||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[Air Vice Marshal]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|23 July 1957&lt;ref name=&quot;Chronicle&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[File:UK-Air-OF6.svg|20px]] [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|25px]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[Air Commodore]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|17 April 1954&lt;ref name=&quot;1954 Promotion&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[File:UK-Air-OF5.svg|20px]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[Group Captain]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|1949&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeAP0kUD6Z8C&amp;q=Asghar%20Khan|title=Aeroplane Directory of British Aviation|year=1950|page=45|publisher=English Universities}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[File:UK-Air-OF4.svg|20px]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[Wing Commander]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|15 September 1947<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[File:UK-Air-OF3.svg|20px]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[Squadron Leader]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|28 August 1945&lt;ref name=&quot;BR&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[File:UK-Air-OF2.svg|20px]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[Flight Lieutenant]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|1 October 1944&lt;ref name=&quot;BR&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[File:UK-Air-OF1A.svg|20px]]|| style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[Flying Officer]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|3 April 1942&lt;ref name=&quot;BR&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[File:UK-Air-OF1B.svg|20px]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|[[Pilot Officer]]||style=&quot;background:#7DF9FF;&quot;|22 December 1940&lt;ref name=&quot;BR&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#e6e6aa;&quot;|[[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-1a.svg|20px]]||style=&quot;background:#e6e6aa;&quot;|[[Second Lieutenant]]||style=&quot;background:#e6e6aa;&quot;|3 January 1940&lt;ref name=&quot;TheAsiaWho'sWho&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and decorations==<br /> * [[Crosses of Aeronautical Merit (Spain)|Order of Aeronautical Merit (Spain)]] (1957)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/NPCM19571125/page/n1/mode/2up?q=%22Air+Vice+Marshal+Asghar+Khan%22|title=Decoration|date=24 November 1957|publisher=[[The China Mail]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFBOAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=crown%20|title=Aero News|volume=17|date=August 1965|publisher=Kitab.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam]] (1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzMMAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=asghar|page=181|title=Pakistan|publisher=[[The Belfast Gazette]]|year=1965}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Nishan-i-Taj]] (1959)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqAEAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Aeronautical%20Merit|title=Asghar Khan profile|publisher=Ilmi Encyclopaedia of General Knowledge|year=1979|page=282}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Certificate of Supersonic Recognition: Order of [[F-104 Starfighter]]s (1960)&lt;ref name=&quot;FAWS&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Order of the Crown of Thailand]] (1962)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Mohammad Asghar Khan|title=Pakistan at the cross-roads|year=1969|publisher=Ferozsons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjxuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Thailand+|access-date=11 April 2018|page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Hilal-i-Pakistan]] (1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Mohammad Asghar Khan|title=Pakistan at the cross-roads|date=1969|publisher=Ferozsons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjxuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=renounced|page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Gold Medal Human Rights Society of Pakistan (1985)&lt;ref name=&quot;denial&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA351901/page/178/mode/2up?q=%22Asghar+Khan%22|title=Asghar Khan Assails Denial of Basic Rights|date=30 March 1985|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Jinnah Award (2006){{efn|name=&quot;notec&quot;}}<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |colspan =&quot;5&quot;|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=PAF GDP Red.png|width=200}}<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|width=130}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the Crown (Iran) - ribbon bar.gif|width=130}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=ESP Gran Cruz Merito Aeronautico (Distintivo Rojo) pasador.svg|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the Crown of Thailand - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|width=130}}<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''[[RPAF|PAF]]''' GD(P) Badge '''RED''' (More than '''3000''' Flying Hours)<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]]'''<br /> <br /> ''(Crescent of Pakistan)''&lt;br&gt;'''1962'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''[[Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''<br /> ''(Crescent of [[Quaid-e-Azam]])''&lt;br&gt;'''1958'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Burma Star]]'''<br /> |'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''<br /> |'''[[Pakistan Medal]]'''<br /> ''(Tamgha-e-Pakistan)''&lt;br&gt;'''1947'''<br /> |'''[[Nishan-i-Taj]]'''&lt;br&gt;''(Order of the Crown of Iran)''&lt;br&gt;'''1951'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''<br /> '''1953'''<br /> |'''[[Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria]]'''<br /> ''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''&lt;br&gt;'''1956'''<br /> |'''[[Crosses of Aeronautical Merit (Spain)|Order of Aeronautical Merit (Spain)]]'''&lt;br&gt;''(Grand Cross)''&lt;br&gt;'''1957'''<br /> |'''[[Order of the Crown of Thailand]]'''<br /> ''([[PM (GCCT)|Knight Grand Cross]])&lt;br&gt;''(First Class)&lt;br&gt;'''1962'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-mil}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Arthur McDonald]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[C-in-C of the PAF|Commander-in-Chief]]|years=1957–1965}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Nur Khan]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Pakistan International Airlines}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mohammad Asghar}}<br /> [[Category:1921 births]]<br /> [[Category:2018 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Pashtun people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Activists for Palestinian solidarity]]<br /> [[Category:Rashtriya Indian Military College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Aviators from British India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army personnel]]<br /> [[Category:People with dementia]]<br /> [[Category:British Indian Army officers]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1977]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]<br /> [[Category:Pashtun activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian aviators]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of World War II]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Air Force officers]]<br /> [[Category:Afridi people]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan International Airlines people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian World War II pilots]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Air Force air marshals]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani conscientious objectors]]<br /> [[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (Pakistan)]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani chief executives in the airline industry]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani anti-war activists]]<br /> [[Category:Commercial aviators]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani aviation record holders]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Quaid-i-Azam]]<br /> [[Category:Conservatism in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani Islamists]]<br /> [[Category:Pashtun military personnel]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani autobiographers]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani dissidents]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani prisoners and detainees]]<br /> [[Category:Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:People from Abbottabad]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani anti-corruption activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian aviation record holders]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Democratic Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani military historians]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani memoirists]]<br /> [[Category:English-language Pakistani writers]]<br /> [[Category:Crosses of Aeronautical Merit]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani nationalists]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani anti–nuclear weapons activists]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryada_(1971_film)&diff=459399 2026-03-03T23:32:57Z

<p>Abdul kadar: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Refimprove|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Maryada<br /> | image = Maryada (1971).jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = Arabind Sen<br /> | producer = Arabind Sen<br /> | writer = Satish Bhatnagar<br /> | screenplay = Suhrid Kar<br /> | story = Suhrid Kar<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = [[Mala Sinha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Raaj Kumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rajesh Khanna]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]<br /> | music = [[Kalyanji–Anandji]]<br /> | cinematography = N. V. Srinivas<br /> | editing = Shankar Hurde<br /> | studio = Lalit Kala Mandir<br /> | distributor = Lalit Kala Mandir<br /> | released = {{Film date|1971|05|28}}<br /> | runtime = 152 mins<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | gross = 4.5 crore <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Maryada''''' (meaning decorum, conduct) is a 1971 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[tragedy]] film directed by Arabind Sen. The film stars [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Raaj Kumar]] and [[Mala Sinha]]. This film is counted among the 17 consecutive hit films of Khanna between 1969 and 1971, by adding the two-hero films ''Maryada'' and ''Andaz'' to the 15 consecutive solo hits he gave from 1969 to 1971.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/maryada-1971/.ece] {{dead link|date=November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/eight-lesser-known-facts-about-rajesh-khanna-on-his-death-anniversary/story-eMKmVMlFkKlbSLqAFAf7qI.html |title=Eight lesser known facts about Rajesh Khanna on his death anniversary &amp;#124; chandigarh &amp;#124; Hindustan Times |date=18 July 2015 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829000244/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/eight-lesser-known-facts-about-rajesh-khanna-on-his-death-anniversary/story-eMKmVMlFkKlbSLqAFAf7qI.html |archive-date=29 August 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Lalita ([[Mala Sinha]]) lives with her widowed mother ([[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]]) in a small village in India. One day while traveling by road, she is stranded, and a young man named Raja Babu ([[Rajesh Khanna]]) comes to her assistance. Both fall in love with each other. When she informs her mother about her love for Raja, she is met with strong opposition, as her mother knows that Raja Babu is already married and has a son. She also reminds Lalita about her marriage with Diwan ([[Abhi Bhattacharya]]). When Lalita meets with Raja, he admits to her that he is not Raja but his real name is Rajan Ram Bahadur, but refuses to divulge any other information to her. She decides that she will have nothing to do with him. The mystery deepens when Pran Bahadur ([[Pran (actor)|Pran]]), the step-brother of Raja Babu returns and wants to confront the young man who has taken over Raja's identity, with results that will change the lives of everyone around them forever.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Mala Sinha]] as Laxmi / Lalita<br /> * [[Raaj Kumar]] as Raja Babu<br /> * [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Raja Babu / Rajan Ram Bahadur<br /> * [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Pran Bahadur, Raja's step-brother<br /> * [[Rajendra Nath]] <br /> * [[Bipin Gupta]] as Ram Bahadur, Rajan Bahadur's father <br /> * [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Dhondumal<br /> * [[Jankidas]] as Seth Kirodimal <br /> * [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Diwan (Lalita's husband)<br /> * [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Lalita's mom<br /> * [[Helen Jairag Richardson|Helen]] as the dancer in the item number &quot;Dil Ka Lena Dena&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The film score is composed by the musical duo [[Kalyanji–Anandji]]. The lyrics were written by [[Anand Bakshi]]. Vocals are supplied by <br /> [[Kishore Kumar]] (for Khanna), [[Mohammed Rafi]] (for Raaj Kumar), [[Lata Mangeshkar]] (for Sinha) and [[Asha Bhosle]] (for Helen), with one song by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] rendered for Khanna.<br /> <br /> ===Track listing===<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> |title6 = Zuban Pe Dard Bhari Dastaan Chali Aayi | extra6 = [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]<br /> |title7 = Mohabbat Ke Suhane Din | extra7 = Mohammed Rafi<br /> |title3 = Chupke Se Dil De De | extra3 = Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |title4 = Tu Bhi Aajaa Ke Aa Gai Rut (Duet) | extra4 = Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> |title5 = Dil Ka Lena Dena Humne | extra5 = [[Asha Bhosle]], Mohammed Rafi<br /> |title1 = Gussaa Itanaa Hasin Hai To Pyaar Kaisaa Hogaa | extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]<br /> |title2 = O Ladki Diwani Suno Ek Kahaani | extra2 = Kishore Kumar<br /> |title8 = Tu Bhi Aa Ja Ki Aa Gayi Rut (solo) | extra8 = Lata Mangeshkar<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0067403|title=Maryada}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1971 films]]<br /> [[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1971 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]<br /> [[Category:1971 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian family films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasirekha_Parinayam_(film)&diff=446058 2026-03-03T18:12:25Z

<p>Abdul kadar: revise</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox film<br /> | name = Sasirekha Parinayam<br /> | image = Sasirekha Parinayam (film).jpg<br /> <br /> | caption = Film poster<br /> | director = [[Krishna Vamsi]]<br /> | producer = Sunkara Madhumurali<br /> | writer = Krishna Vamsi<br /> | narrator =<br /> | starring = [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia]]<br /> | music = [[Mani Sharma]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Samalabhasker]]<br /> | editing = Shankar<br /> | distributor =<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|1|1|ref1=}}<br /> | runtime = 162 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget =<br /> | gross =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Sasirekha Parinayam''''' is a 2009 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]] and produced by Sunkara Madhumurali. The film stars [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] and [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/29slde1-krishnavamsi-interview.htm|title=rediff.com: 'Sasirekha Parinayam has no connection with Jab We Met'|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/genelia.html|title=Interview with Genelia|date=8 November 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film has been dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Bhagam Bhag Love'' and into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Sasirekhavin Kalyanam''.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> <br /> A independent and spirited woman, Sasirekha ([[Genelia]]) is ordered by her father to marry an [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]]. She is to see a video of the groom and his house, but stamps on it, declaring she doesn't want to get married. When the groom's father demands dowry on the wedding day, she runs away from her marriage. Soon after, she runs into Anand ([[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]]). They bond well during their acquaintance and the rest of the movie is about how she falls in love with Anand. As it turns out, Anand is Abhimanyu, the one she was supposed to marry, but due to dowry disputes with his dad, the wedding party leaves without him.<br /> <br /> Sasi tries reaching her friend in Hyderabad while escaping her relatives and finding her stolen ornaments with the help of Anand aka Abhimanyu who is deeply in love with her. On reaching Hyderabad after many adventurous events, Sasi get hit by a glass bottle during a strike. A completely teary Abhimanyu takes her to the hospital in auto and Sasi declares her love for him on the way. The climax has Sasi's family and Abhimanyu's family in the hospital where Abhimanyu makes them realise their mistakes and Sasi realises that Anand is indeed Abhimanyu. She gets very happy on knowing this and they get married and all ends well.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia]] as Akula Veera Venkata Naga Sathya Sai Sasirekha aka Sasi / (Bujjamma) (voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])<br /> * [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] as Anand / Abhimanyu<br /> * [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Akula Thathabbai, Sasirekha's father<br /> * [[Paruchuri Gopala Krishna|Gopala Krishna]] as Chalasani Gopala Krishna<br /> * [[Raghu Babu]] as Abbulu<br /> * [[M. S. Narayana]] as A. Koti<br /> * [[Noel Sean]]<br /> * [[Subbaraju]] as Aranam, Sasirekha's uncle<br /> * [[Suthivelu]] as Thathabbai's father-in-law<br /> * [[Sivaji Raja]]<br /> * Surekha Vani<br /> * [[Geetha Singh]]<br /> * [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Sasirekha's mother<br /> * Abhishek as Chalasani Gopala Krishna's son<br /> * Vamshi Paidithalli<br /> * [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Truck driver<br /> * [[Ananth Babu]] as Hotel Receptionist<br /> * [[Jogi Krishnam Raju]] as thief<br /> * [[Goparaju Ramana]] as police inspector<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Sasirekha Parinayam<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = {{unbulleted list|[[Mani Sharma]]|[[VidyaSagar]]}}<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|12|22}}<br /> | recorded = 2008<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 29:21<br /> | language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | label = [[Aditya Music]]<br /> | producer = [[Mani Sharma]]&lt;br /&gt;[[VidyaSagar]]<br /> | chronology = [[Mani Sharma]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Souryam]]<br /> | prev_year = 2008<br /> | next_title = [[Evaraina Epudaina]]<br /> | next_year = 2009<br /> | misc = {{Extra chronology<br /> | artist = [[VidyaSagar]]<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | prev_title = [[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]<br /> | prev_year = 2008<br /> | title = Sasirekha Parinayam<br /> | year = 2009<br /> | next_title = [[1977 (film)|1977]]<br /> | next_year = 2009<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The music and background score was composed by [[Mani Sharma]] with the lyrics penned by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] and [[Ananta Sriram]]. Music director [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] composed two songs in the album (&quot;Yedo Yedo&quot; and &quot;Bujjamma&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/album/A0001407.html|title=Sasirekha Parinayam Songs - Telugu Movie Songs - Raaga.com|work=Raaga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-sasirekhaparinayam.html|title=Sasirekha Parinayam music launch|date=4 December 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | total_length = 29:21<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Elaa Entha Sepu | extra1 = [[Rahul Nambiar]] | music1 = [[Mani Sharma]] | lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]|length1 = 5:09<br /> | title2 = Gundello Golisoda | extra2 = [[Jai Srinivas]] | music2 = Mani Sharma | lyrics2 = [[Ananta Sriram]]| length2 = 4:44<br /> | title3 = O Bujjamma | extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]| music3 = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] | lyrics3 =Ananta Sriram| length3 = 4:46<br /> | title4 = Yedho Yedho | extra4 = [[Saindhavi]] | music4 = Vidyasagar | lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|length4 = 2:57<br /> | title5 = Bejawada | extra5 = [[Naveen Madhav]], [[Rita Thyagarajan]] | music5 = Mani Sharma | lyrics5 =Ananta Sriram| length5 = 5:23<br /> | title6 = Yedho Yedho II | extra6 = Saindhavi | music6 = Mani Sharma | lyrics6 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry |length6 = 3:14<br /> | title7 = Ninne Ninne | music7 = Mani Sharma |lyrics7 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry |extra7 = [[K. S. Chitra]] | length7 = 4:28<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that &quot;The initial half of the second half is boring (a common problem with journey flicks if they do not have conflict point). The director makes it up in the last half an hour&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sasirekhaparinayam.html|title=Sasirekha Parinayam review - Telugu cinema Review - Tarun &amp; Ganelia|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=1 January 2009|last=Jeevi}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[123telugu]]'' wrote that &quot;Watch it, simply because there are few better movies running today. The first half is adequate. The second half promises to be brilliant and except for the last half hour does not deliver on that promise. Watch it only for Genelia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/S/Sasirekha_Parinayam/Sasirekha_Parinayam_review1.html|title=Sasirekha Parinayam - A good film that could have been great|work=[[123telugu]]|date=1 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|1627934|title=Sasirekha Parinayam}}<br /> <br /> {{Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sasirekha Parinayam (2008 Film)}}<br /> [[Category:2009 films]]<br /> [[Category:2009 romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2000s road comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian road comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Krishna Vamsi]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Vijayawada]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Vijayawada]]<br /> [[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khatarnak_(2006_film)&diff=509649 2026-03-03T18:07:03Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Created info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Khatarnak 2006 poster.jpg<br /> | writer = Amma Rajashekhar&lt;br&gt;[[Marudhuri Raja]]<br /> | starring = [[Ravi Teja]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ileana D'Cruz]]&lt;br&gt;[[Biju Menon]]&lt;br&gt;[[Prakash Raj]]<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = Amma Rajashekhar<br /> | cinematography = [[Santosh Srinivas]]<br /> | producer = [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]]<br /> | music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> | editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]<br /> | distributor = [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | released = {{Film date|2006|12|13|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 152 minutes<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Khatarnak''''' ({{translation|Dangerous}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by choreographer-turned-director Amma Rajasekhar. The film stars [[Ravi Teja]], [[Biju Menon]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] play the lead roles. [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]] has produced this film. The film was released on 13 December 2006 and was a box office failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=24 March 2022 |title=Ahead of 'RRR', here is a look at S S Rajamouli's enviable legacy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ahead-of-rrr-here-is-a-look-at-s-s-rajamoulis-enviable-legacy-1094239.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720093410/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ahead-of-rrr-here-is-a-look-at-s-s-rajamoulis-enviable-legacy-1094239.html |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is inspired by the Korean film ''[[Mr. Socrates]]'' (2005).&lt;ref name=&quot;S&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> <br /> Dasu ([[Ravi Teja]]) is the son of a counterfeit racketeer ([[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]). As his father goes to jail, Dasu becomes an orphan. He stops his education at 10th class and moves like a vagabond. On the other side, a smuggler used to smuggle drugs and arms into the country. But an honest police officer ([[Prakash Raj]]) hatches a plan and sends an informer Venu (Raja Ravindra) into their underworld. He stays with them for some time and passes on information to the police, with the help of which the police can bust the smugglers' team, though not the kingpin. The don's assistant, who was also a lawyer advises him to play the same trick and admit one of their henchmen into the police to get information from the reverse side. However, he should not be in police records but should be crooked and cunning. The smugglers' team's search ends with Dasu. The group threatens Dasu and makes him play like a puppet in their hands. To push him inside the police department, he should at least pass the tenth class. So, they admit him to a school, where he falls in love with a teacher Nakshatra ([[Ileana D'Cruz]]). However, she doesn't like him as he neither has good education nor good looks. After a few incidents, the don's right hand i.e., the lawyer tells Dasu to study well and become a police officer to win her love. Admitting the idea, Dasu turns into a good student and gets through the exam. Later, he becomes a constable and gets posted in traffic. The smugglers' unit hatches another plan and succeeds in pushing him into the crime police. After watching Dasu as a sincere police constable, Nakshatra too starts liking him. Soon, in a turn of events, Venu who was Nakshatra's brother is killed at the hands of Dasu at the behest of the don. She chides Dasu and starts hating him. Dasu starts disliking his job since he became a police officer only to win her love. As he lost her love, Dasu turns against the don and finally kills him. Nakshatra learns from the lawyer that her brother died at the hands of the don, she reunites with Dasu and the film ends on a happy note.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Ravi Teja]] as Dasu <br /> * [[Ileana D'Cruz]] as Nakshatra<br /> * [[Biju Menon]] as Lawyer<br /> * [[Prakash Raj]] as Commissioner of Police<br /> * [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Dasu's father<br /> * [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Sathi Pandu<br /> * [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Puli<br /> * [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as the smuggler<br /> * [[Brahmanandam]] as Phillips<br /> * [[Suman Setty]] as Student<br /> * [[MS Narayana]] as Traffic Police officer<br /> * [[Raghu Babu]] as Escaped Prisoner<br /> * [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Lawyer's assistant <br /> * [[Uttej]] as Police Constable<br /> * [[Raja Ravindra]] as Venu, Police informer and Nakshatra's brother<br /> * [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as School principal<br /> * [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as MLA<br /> * Shravan as Lawyer's assistant <br /> * Uma Devi as teacher<br /> * [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as G. Dass, magistrate <br /> * [[Ankitha]] (special appearance in the song &quot;Maatante Maateraa&quot;)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Khatarnak<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|11|14}}<br /> | recorded = 2006<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length =<br /> | language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | label = [[Aditya Music]]<br /> | producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Amma Cheppindi]]<br /> | prev_year = 2006<br /> | next_title = [[Yamadonga]]<br /> | next_year = 2007<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The music of the film released on 14 November 2006 statewide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-khatarnak.html|title=Audio Launch - Khatarnak|date=15 November 2006|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720093410/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-khatarnak.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film has six songs composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/khatarnak-songs-review-telugu-movie-8880|title=Memorable mass tunes from Keeravani|date=14 December 2006|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720093410/https://www.indiaglitz.com/khatarnak-songs-review-telugu-movie-8880|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Aa Gaganamlo&quot; has tunes borrowed from the song &quot;[[The Next Episode]]&quot; by American rapper [[Dr. Dre]]. The song &quot;Doma Kudithe Chicken Huniya&quot; was based on the song &quot;Aa Mudhal Akku&quot; composed by [[Srikanth Deva]] for the Tamil movie ''[[Jithan]]''.<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = <br /> | title1 = Aa Gaganamlo<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Geetha Madhuri]], Nani, Noyel<br /> | length1 = <br /> | title2 = Bujji Bujji Papa<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao]]<br /> | extra2 = Gayatri R., Noyel, [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br /> | length2 = <br /> | title3 = Doma Kudithe Chikungunya<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]]<br /> | length3 = 5.06<br /> | title4 = Love Chese Vallaki<br /> | lyrics4 = Bhasha Sree<br /> | extra4 = Ulaganathan, [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]<br /> | length4 = <br /> | title5 = Maatante Maateraa<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]<br /> | length5 = <br /> | title6 = Vestaavaa<br /> | lyrics6 = Shiva Shakthi Datta<br /> | extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]]<br /> | length6 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' critic G P Aditya Vardhan rated the film 1.5/5 and criticized the film for poor writing and direction. &quot;The music by Keeravani is pathetic. So are the dance numbers. The double entendre and the bizarre stunts hurt. Only a miracle can save this film,&quot; he wrote.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Khatarnak: Watch at own risk!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/15khatarnak.htm|access-date=2021-07-29|website=[[Rediff.com]]|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729153135/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/15khatarnak.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alluru Rahim of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' gave also a negative review for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rahim|first=Alluru|date=22 December 2006|title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: ఖతర్నాక్ రోత పుటించింది|page=9|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2006/Dec/22-Dec-2006.pdf|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628020501/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2006/Dec/22-Dec-2006.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that &quot;Director Amma Rajasekhar could not do the execution right&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/thegoodthebadtheugly/khatarnak.html|title=Khatarank movie review - The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly|last=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=14 December 2006|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720093501/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/thegoodthebadtheugly/khatarnak.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, &quot;Choreographer Amma Rajashekar who made successful debut as director with Ranam has directed this. Confused story, jaded screenplay with too many mass elements, boring songs- all mar the tempo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;S&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=14350262&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2430|title=Review: Khatarnak|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103162254/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=14350262&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2430|archive-date=3 November 2007|access-date=2 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|tt0924234}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2006 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 action films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Are_You_Ok_Baby%3F&diff=487386 2026-03-03T02:31:59Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new the post first draft - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Are You Ok Baby.jpg<br /> | caption = Release poster<br /> | director = [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]]<br /> | writer = Lakshmy Ramakrishnan<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = <br /> | producer = Ramakrishnan Gopalakrishnan<br /> | starring = {{Plain list| *[[Samuthirakani]]<br /> *[[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]]<br /> * Mullai Arasi<br /> *[[Ashok Kumar Balakrishnan]]}}<br /> | cinematography = Krishna Sekhar<br /> | editing = CS Prem Kumar<br /> | music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> | studio = Monkey Creative Labs<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|9|22}}<br /> | runtime = 113 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Are You Ok Baby?''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title='ஆர் யூ ஓகே பேபி?' சொல்லப்பட வேண்டிய கதை - லட்சுமி ராமகிருஷ்ணன் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1030409-are-you-ok-baby-a-story-to-be-told-lakshmy-ramakrishnan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629022215/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1030409-are-you-ok-baby-a-story-to-be-told-lakshmy-ramakrishnan.html |archive-date=2023-06-29 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; and produced by Ramakrishnan Gopalakrishnan. The film stars [[Samuthirakani]], [[Abhirami Gopikumar|Abhirami]], Mullai Arasi and [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok Kumar Balakrishnan]] in the lead roles, with [[Mysskin]], [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]], [[Anupama Kumar]], [[Aadukalam Naren]], [[Pavel Navageethan]], [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]], [[Kalairani]], [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]], [[Uday Mahesh]], and [[Robo Shankar]] in supporting roles. The film's music is composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-01-04 |title=Ilaiyaraaja completes work on Lakshmy Ramakrishnan's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ilaiyaraaja-completes-work-on-lakshmy-ramakrishnans-next/articleshow/96730189.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105082826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ilaiyaraaja-completes-work-on-lakshmy-ramakrishnans-next/articleshow/96730189.cms |archive-date=2023-01-05 |access-date=2023-09-18 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the cinematography is handled by Krishna Sekhar and editing is by CS Prem Kumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-09-15 |title=Are You Ok Baby? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/are-you-ok-baby/articleshow/103692949.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919222223/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/are-you-ok-baby/articleshow/103692949.cms |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-18 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Balachandhran (Samuthirakani) and Vidhya (Abhirami), who had adopted a female child a year ago, receive a call from Rashmy Ramakrishnan (Lakshmy Ramakrishnan), the host of the reality show Sollaadhadhum Unmai from the N Tamil channel. Rashmy tells Balachandhran that the birth mother Shobha (Mullai) is seeking help from the show to retrieve her child back to her. The N Tamil channel and Shobha takes up the issue with the child welfare committee and then to the CID branch. The plot then moves on from there and ends with whether Shobha is able to retrieve her child or not.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Samuthirakani]] as Balachandhran<br /> * [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Vidhya<br /> * Mullai Arasi as Shobha<br /> * [[Ashok Kumar Balakrishnan]] as Thyagi<br /> * [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] as Rashmy Ramakrishnan<br /> * C. G. Kumar as Lanka<br /> * [[Pavel Navageethan]] as Ezhil<br /> * [[Anupama Kumar]] as Gopika Vijayakumar<br /> * [[Uday Mahesh]] as Public prosecutor<br /> * [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Judge<br /> * [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as Thyagi's father<br /> * [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Suguna<br /> * [[Kalairani]] as Balachandhran's mother<br /> * [[Mysskin]] as Child welfare committee director<br /> * [[Robo Shankar]] as Selvaraj<br /> * Ashiq Hussain as Abraham<br /> * Ramakrishnan Gopalakrishnan as Ramakrishnan<br /> * Lovelyn Chandrasekhar as Rashmy's daughter<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> According to the director, the film does not fit into any single genre, but she described it as a mix of &quot;crime, legal and family drama&quot;. The film's title is based on a line from ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' (2015).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=29 June 2023 |title=Lakshmy Ramakrishnan's next to be a mix of genres |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Jun/29/lakshmy-ramakrishnans-next-to-be-a-mix-of-genres-2589435.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206114141/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Jun/29/lakshmy-ramakrishnans-next-to-be-a-mix-of-genres-2589435.html |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Principal photography]] took place in [[Chennai]], [[Rajapalayam]], and Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=லட்சுமி ராமகிருஷ்ணனின் 5-வது படம் 'ஆர் யூ ஓகே பேபி' |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/director-lakshmi-ramakrishnans-5th-film-are-you-ok-baby-772708 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919165758/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/director-lakshmi-ramakrishnans-5th-film-are-you-ok-baby-772708 |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; The entire shoot was completed in June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-05 |title=It's a wrap for Lakshmy Ramakrishnan's 'Are You Ok Baby', starring Samuthirakani and Mysskin; first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-lakshmy-ramakrishnans-are-you-ok-baby-starring-samuthirakani-and-mysskin-first-look-out/article67019979.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705235135/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-lakshmy-ramakrishnans-are-you-ok-baby-starring-samuthirakani-and-mysskin-first-look-out/article67019979.ece |archive-date=2023-07-05 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> <br /> The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> <br /> The film released on 22 September 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=manimegalai.a |title=சொல்லாதது உண்மை! நிஜத்தில் சந்தித்த பிரச்னையை படமாக்கிய லட்சுமி ராமகிருஷ்ணன்! 'ஆர் யூ ஓகே பேபி' ட்ரைலர் இதோ! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/video/trailer/lakshmy-ramakrishnan-directing-are-you-ok-baby-trailer-released-s113bt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206114140/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/video/trailer/lakshmy-ramakrishnan-directing-are-you-ok-baby-trailer-released-s113bt |archive-date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raakvkumaar of ''[[Kalkionline]]'' said kudos to Lakshmi Ramakrishna who changed the name of a live show she conducted and said that she has not done any kind of Sama Rasa in the film she is directing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ராகவ்குமார் |date=2023-09-21 |title=விமர்சனம்: 'ஆர் யூ ஒகே பேபி' |url=https://kalkionline.com/cinema/review/are-you-ok-baby-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240206114828/https://kalkionline.com/cinema/review/are-you-ok-baby-movie-review |archive-date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Kalki Online |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3 out of 5 and stated that &quot;A well-intentioned film that explores adoption and its complications&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |title=Are You Ok Baby Movie Review : A well-intentioned film that explores adoption and its complications |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/are-you-ok-baby/movie-review/103833065.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925182554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/are-you-ok-baby/movie-review/103833065.cms |archive-date=2023-09-25 |access-date=2023-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that the director &quot;gives a two-hour-long defence argument in support of her show that is also a clarification, partly an advertisement, and also an elaborate reply to criticism; the result is a choppy film that doesn’t find a rhythm in its non-linear narrative and one that is bogged down by its own needless expectations&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=22 September 2023 |title='Are You Okay Baby?' movie review: Partly a defence statement, partly an ineffective legal drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/are-you-okay-baby-movie-review-partly-a-defence-statement-partly-an-ineffective-legal-drama/article67333667.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s legal drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 crime drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about adoption]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian legal drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badrinath_Ki_Dulhania&diff=463548 2026-03-02T09:38:27Z

<p>Abdul kadar: improved layout also and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2017 Indian romantic comedy film}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Badrinath Ki Dulhania<br /> | image = Badrinath Ki Dulhania poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Shashank Khaitan]]<br /> | producer = Hiroo Yash Johar&lt;br /&gt;[[Karan Johar]]&lt;br /&gt;Apoorva Mehta<br /> | writer = Shashank Khaitan<br /> | starring = [[Varun Dhawan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Alia Bhatt]]<br /> | music = {{ubl|'''Score:'''|John Stewart Eduri|'''Songs:'''|[[Akhil Sachdeva]]|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]|[[Amaal Mallik]]|[[Bappi Lahiri]]}}<br /> | cinematography = Neha Parti Matiyani<br /> | editing = Manan Ajay Sagar<br /> | studio = [[Dharma Productions]]<br /> | distributor = [[Fox Star Studios]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2017|03|10|India|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 139 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR}}39 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;BOI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3480/ |title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania – Movie – Box Office India |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR}}200.45 crore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badrinath-ki-dulhania/box-office/|title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania Box Office Collection till Now &amp;#124; Box Collection - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 March 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Badrinath Ki Dulhania''' ({{translation| ''Badrinath's Bride''}}) is a 2017 Indian [[romantic comedy film]] written and directed by [[Shashank Khaitan]] and produced by [[Dharma Productions]]. It is the second installment of the ''Dulhania'' franchise and a [[spiritual successor]] to ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]'' (2014), the film stars [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Alia Bhatt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/badrinath-ki-dulhania-movie-review-box-office-collection-story-synopsis-trailer-songs-cast-crew-badri-ki-dulhania-review/articleshow/57568668.cms |title=LIVE: Badrinath Ki Dulhania Movie Review, Story, Synopsis, Trailer, Songs, Cast &amp; Crew |date=10 March 2017 |work=Times of India |access-date=10 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/badrinath-ki-dulhania-different-from-humpty-varun-dhawan-2917488/ |title='Badrinath Ki Dulhania' different from Humpty: Varun Dhawan |date=16 July 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2016-09-03 |agency=PTI}}&lt;/ref&gt; It follows the story of an aspiring independent air hostess from a small town who refuses to conform to the patriarchal expectations of her chauvinistic fiancé.<br /> <br /> [[Principal photography]] commenced in May 2016 and took place in [[Panvel]], [[Singapore]], and [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]. The film was theatrically released in India on 10 March 2017 during the [[Holi]] weekend and became a financial success, earning over ₹200.45 crores worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2017/01/30/pictures-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-spotted-shooting-for-badrinath-ki-dulania-photo-gallery |title=In Pics: Alia Bhatt &amp; Varun Dhawan Have a Working Sunday |date=20 January 2017 |website=The Quint |access-date=20 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-salman-khans-tubelight-2nd-highest-worldwide-grosser-2017-unlikely-beat-raees/ |title=Box Office: Salman Khan's Tubelight is the 2nd highest worldwide grosser of 2017, unlikely to beat Raees – Bollywood Hungama |date=2017-07-05 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=2018-01-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the [[63rd Filmfare Awards]], ''Badrinath Ki Dulhania'' received 8 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Khaitan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Dhawan) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Bhatt), and won [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] ([[Arijit Singh]] for &quot;Roke Na Ruke Naina&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2018-nominations-5029617/ |title=Filmfare Awards 2018: Complete list of nominations |date=2018-01-18 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2018-01-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Badrinath &quot;Badri&quot; Bansal is the youngest son in a wealthy family from Jhansi, where his father, Ambar, exerts strict control over the lives of his children. Badri's elder brother, Alok, once in love with another woman, was forced to abandon his dreams and enter into an arranged marriage with Urmila after their father's heart attack. This marriage has left Alok deeply unhappy, as Urmila, despite being intelligent and well-qualified, is not allowed to work, and Alok spends much of his time drinking to cope with his dissatisfaction. Badri, observing his brother's plight, fears the same fate for himself and becomes desperate to avoid it.<br /> <br /> At a wedding, Badri meets Vaidehi Trivedi, a beautiful and well-educated woman who has her own career aspirations. Despite his limited education, Badri becomes infatuated with Vaidehi and decides that he must marry her, seeking his father's approval for the union. However, Vaidehi is uninterested in marriage, especially after a previous relationship ended in betrayal, where her ex-boyfriend Sagar tricked her family and ran off with their money. Although Badri helps Vaidehi's sister with her marriage, winning some favor with Vaidehi, she ultimately runs away on their wedding day, choosing to pursue her dream of becoming a flight attendant in Singapore instead.<br /> <br /> Heartbroken and under pressure from his father, Badri follows Vaidehi to Singapore, where he confronts her in an intense and emotional encounter. Though initially furious, Badri gradually begins to understand and respect Vaidehi's independence and ambitions. As they spend more time together, Badri realizes that if they are to be together, he must support her career and convince his father to accept their relationship on more equal terms. Vaidehi agrees to consider marriage only if Badri can secure her right to work and live freely, a significant challenge given his father's traditional views.<br /> <br /> Returning to Jhansi, Badri finally stands up to his father, Ambar, defending Vaidehi's right to work and asserting their decision to marry on their own terms. Vaidehi arrives in Jhansi, and together they confront Ambar, insisting that their marriage will proceed regardless of his approval. The story concludes with Vaidehi finishing her training and returning to India, where she and Badri maintain a long-distance relationship before reuniting. They vow to raise their future children in a more progressive environment, rejecting traditional practices like dowry and ensuring that gender equality is upheld within their family. Their journey marks a significant shift in the family's dynamics, challenging and changing the deeply entrenched patriarchal values.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Varun Dhawan]] as Badrinath &quot;Badri&quot; Bansal<br /> * [[Alia Bhatt]] as Vaidehi Trivedi Bansal<br /> * [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]] as Ambarnath &quot;Ambar&quot; Bansal: Sandhya's husband, Alok and Badri's father<br /> * [[Yash Sinha]] as Aloknath &quot;Alok&quot; Bansal: Ambar and Sandhya's son, Badri's elder brother, Urmila's husband<br /> * [[Shweta Basu Prasad]] as Urmila Shukla Bansal: Alok's wife<br /> * [[Swanand Kirkire]] as Mayank Trivedi: Manasvi's husband, Kritika and Vaidehi's father<br /> * Kanupriya Pandit as Manasvi Trivedi: Kritika and Vaidehi's mother<br /> * [[Sahil Vaid]] as Somdev Mishra: Badrinath's best friend<br /> * Sukhmani Lamba as Kritika Mishra ([[née]] Trivedi): Mayank and Manasvi's elder daughter; Vaidehi's elder sister; Bhushan's wife<br /> * [[Aparshakti Khurana]] as Bhushan Mishra: Kritika's husband<br /> * Rajendra Sethi as Jitendra Mishra: Bhushan's father<br /> * [[Aakanksha Singh]] as Kiran Kakkar: Vaidehi's best friend and flatmate in Singapore<br /> * [[Gaurav Pandey]] as Gurmeet Singh Lamba: Vaidehi's friend in Singapore and Kiran's boyfriend <br /> * [[Gauahar Khan]] as [[Sergeant]] Laxmi Shankar<br /> * Atul Narang as Sagar: Vaidehi's Former Fiancé<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Badrinath Ki Dulhania'' marks the second installment of a franchise that began with the romantic comedy ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]'' (2014), which was also directed by [[Shashank Khaitan]], produced by [[Karan Johar]] for [[Dharma Productions]] and starred [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Alia Bhatt]]. The film was first announced on 3 May 2016 with the release of an online motion poster featuring Dhawan and Bhatt at a local village fair.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video|publisher=Dharma Productions|title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania – First Look – Varun Dhawan &amp; Alia Bhatt|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8IS-fsVKpU|date=3 May 2016|access-date=3 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video|publisher=The Quint|title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania Trailer Promises Oodles of Desi Fun &amp; Drama |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2017/02/02/badrinath-ki-dulhania-trailer-starring-alia-bhatt-and-varun-dhawan-promises-oodles-of-desi-fun-and-drama|date=3 May 2016|access-date=2 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Principal photography also began on the same day. Some of the scenes were also shot at the Ghatotkach Circle, Kishore Sagar Lake and Seven Wonders Park in [[Kota, Rajasthan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollylocations.com/movies/Badrinath-Ki-Dulhania|title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania Shooting Locations|website=Bollylocations|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105084620/http://www.bollylocations.com/movies/Badrinath-Ki-Dulhania|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Badrinath Ki Dulhania<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and [[Akhil Sachdeva]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 21 February 2017<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 22:54<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br /> | producer = Hiroo Yash Johar&lt;br /&gt;Karan Johar<br /> | prev_title = <br /> | prev_year = <br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The music for the film has been composed by [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and Akhil Sachdeva while the lyrics have been written by [[Kumaar]], [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], Akhil Sachdeva, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and [[Indeevar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania Cast List |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badrinath-ki-dulhania/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=18 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The soundtrack was released on 21 February 2017 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/badrinath-ki-dulhania-original/1205913413|title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Amaal Mallik, Akhil Sachdeva, Tanishk Bagchi &amp; Bappi Lahiri on Apple Music|work=[[iTunes Store]]|date=14 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The song &quot;Humsafar&quot; was originally composed by [[Akhil Sachdeva]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-singer-akhil-sachdeva-huma-introduced-me-to-the-director-of-badrinath-ki-dulhania/articleshow/57555264.cms |title= Delhi singer Akhil Sachdeva: Huma introduced me to the director of 'Badrinath Ki Dulhania'|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=10 March 2017|access-date=11 March 2017|author=Divya Kaushik }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Tamma Tamma Again&quot; is a recreation of the song &quot;Tamma Tamma&quot; produced by [[Bappi Lahiri]] for the 1990 film ''[[Thanedaar]]''. In turn, &quot;Tamma Tamma&quot; itself was based on two songs from [[Mory Kanté]]'s 1987 album ''Akwaba Beach'': &quot;Tama&quot; and &quot;[[Yé ké yé ké]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-guinean-singer-mory-kantes-music-was-lifted-to-create-tamma-tamma-loge-and-jumma-chumma-de-de/ |title=How Guinean Singer Mory Kanté's Music Was Lifted To Create 'Tamma Tamma Loge' and 'Jumma Chumma De De' |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=16 October 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606090031/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-guinean-singer-mory-kantes-music-was-lifted-to-create-tamma-tamma-loge-and-jumma-chumma-de-de/ |archive-date=6 June 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=tamma&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-madhuri-dixit-s-top-25-dance-numbers/20120515.htm|work=[[rediff.com]]| access-date=7 August 2012|date=15 May 2012|title=Madhuri Dixit's Top 25 Dance Numbers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The title track &quot;Badri Ki Dulhania&quot; appears to be inspired by the song &quot;Chalat Musafir&quot; from the film ''[[Teesri Kasam]]'' (1966), which in turn was inspired by a [[Music of Bihar|Bihari folk song]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Badrinath Ki Dulhaniya title song inspired ! |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-badrinath-ki-dulhaniya-title-song-inspired-2316693 |access-date=18 April 2019 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=9 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Arijit Singh]] won the Best Playback Singer (Male) in the Filmfare Awards 2018 for his rendition of the song &quot;Roke Na Ruke Naina&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2018-full-list-of-winners-with-nominees/1023391/|title=Filmfare awards 2018: Full list of winners with nominees|date=20 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Aashiq Surrender Hua<br /> | length1 = 4:10<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]<br /> | music1 = [[Amaal Mallik]]<br /> | extra1 = Amaal Mallik, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> | title2 = Roke Na Ruke Naina<br /> | length2 = 4:39<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Kumaar]]<br /> | music2 = Amaal Mallik<br /> | extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]]<br /> | title3 = Humsafar<br /> | length3 = 4:29<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Akhil Sachdeva]]<br /> | music3 = Akhil Sachdeva<br /> | extra3 = Akhil Sachdeva, Mansheel Gujral<br /> | title4 = Badri Ki Dulhania (Title Track)<br /> | length4 = 3:27<br /> | lyrics4 = Shabbir Ahmed<br /> | music4 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br /> | extra4 = [[Dev Negi]], [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Monali Thakur]], [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]<br /> | title5 = Tamma Tamma Again<br /> | length5 = 3:19<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[Indeevar]]<br /> | music5 = Tanishk Bagchi, Bappi Lahiri <br /> | extra5 = [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]], Badshah, [[Ameen Sayani]]<br /> | title6 = Humsafar<br /> | extra6 = [[Alia Bhatt]], Akhil Sachdeva<br /> | length6 = 2:50<br /> | note6 = Alia's Version<br /> | lyrics6 = Akhil Sachdeva<br /> | music6 = Akhil Sachdeva<br /> | total_length = 22:54<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Critical reception ==<br /> The film received generally positive reviews, with the [[review aggregator|review aggregation]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] giving a rating of 80%, based on ten reviews.&lt;ref name=&quot;RT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/badrinath_ki_dulhania |title= Badrinath Ki Dulhania (2017) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=16 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nihit Bhave from [[Times of India]] rated the film 3.5/5 and stated &quot;Badrinath Ki Dulhania is a rucksack full of radioactive social issues handled cautiously&quot;. He also praised Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhat's chemistry saying, &quot;Together, Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt are the best thing that could have happened to our screens&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/badrinath-ki-dulhania/movie-review/57571715.cms|title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania Movie Review|work=[[Times of India]]|author=Nihit Bhave|access-date=10 March 2017|date=10 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rohit Vats from [[Hindustan Times]] gave film 2.5/5 and noted that Varun Dhawan by portraying a Jhansi boy, reminds of [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/badrinath-ki-dulhania-movie-review-varun-dhawan-alia-bhatt-s-fresh-take-on-romance/story-TVYxxVNAF68GSXOpIVXJ3N.html|title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania movie review: Varun Dhawan, Alia Bhatt's film is progressive and formula based|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|author=Robhit Rats|access-date=10 March 2017|date=10 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shubhra Gupta from [[The Indian Express]] gave film 3/5 saying, &quot;Alia Bhatt is pitch-perfect as dulhania with a mind of her own. Varun Dhawan impresses as a boy-struggling-to-be-a-man. Together, they offer us a flavourful romance which takes down patriarchy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/badrinath-ki-dulhania-movie-review-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-shashank-khaitan-star-rating-4563044/|title=Badrinath Ki Dulhaniya movie review: Cheer for Alia Bhatt, Varun Dhawan, it's that kind of a film|work=[[The Indian Express]]|author=Subhra Gupta|access-date=10 March 2017|date=10 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tushar Joshi from [[DNA India]] described the film as light, entertaining and likeable. He writes, &quot;Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt prove that on screen chemistry can be enough sometimes to keep you engaged in an average plot with a predictable narrative&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-badrinath-ki-dulhania-review-varun-and-alia-s-chemistry-keeps-you-engaged-despite-an-average-plot-2348603|title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania Review: Varun and Alia's crackling chemistry works wonders for this desi love story!|publisher=[[DNA India]]|date=10 March 2017|access-date=11 March 2017|author=Tushar Joshi}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Anupama Chopra]] of Film Companion gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and said, &quot;Think of Badrinath ki Dulhania as a dose of feminism-lite. I was smiling through the film.<br /> ...Varun excels as Badri. He has an earnestness that connects instantly. He captures each nuance of Badri – his longing for Vaidehi, his confusion and hurt and the eventual transformation of his rage into understanding and respect.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania Movie Review: A Frothy Romance With A Light Dose Of Feminism|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/badrinath-ki-dulhaniya-movie-review/|first=Anupama |last=Chopra |publisher=Film Companion |date=10 March 2017}}{{Rating|3|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raja Sen of [[Rediff]] gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and said, &quot;What makes Badrinath Ki Dulhania work, really, is the intent and the two principal actors.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Review: Badrinath Ki Dulhania is a clever entertainer<br /> |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-badrinath-ki-dulhania-is-a-clever-entertainer/20170310.htm|first=Raja |last=Sen |publisher=Rediff |date=10 March 2017}}{{Rating|3|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5, commenting &quot;Writer-director Shashank Khaitan evidently bites off more than he can chew. Badrinath Ki Dulhania isn’t merely interested in being a breezy rom-com. Admirably, it’s also a critique on the dowry system, and makes a strong case for a woman’s right to choose career over marriage. Unfortunately some of this is communicated in a tone that’s too heavy-handed, and as a result you’re easily bored.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania Review: Has Its Heart in the Right Place|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/badrinath-ki-dulhania-review-has-its-heart-in-the-right-place-but-its-writing-clumsy-1358649.html |date=1 November 2017 |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=16 August 2021 |author=Rajeev Masand}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Box office ==<br /> <br /> ''Badrinath Ki Dulhania'' netted {{INR}}12.25 crore in India on its opening day. On the second and third day, it earned {{INR}}14.75 crore and {{INR}}16.05 crore nett, taking total opening weekend domestic nett collection to {{INR}}43.05 crore. The film grossed {{INR}}73.66 crore nett domestically in its opening week. It netted {{INR}}27.08 crore in its second week, in which it had entered the [[100 Crore Club]], taking two weeks total nett collection at {{INR}}100.74 crore. The film's lifetime gross collection domestically was {{INR}}162 crore (including a nett total of {{INR}}117.83 crore) and lifetime gross collection in overseas markets was {{INR|44.85 crore}},&lt;ref name=&quot;BO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-salman-khans-tubelight-2nd-highest-worldwide-grosser-2017-unlikely-beat-raees/|title=Box office Worldwide collection and day wise break up of Badrinath Ki Dulhania|access-date=15 August 2017|date=5 July 2017|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; thus making a worldwide total collection of {{INR}}206 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boi_pages.php?year=2017&amp;pageId=1|title=Top day 1 India 2017|work=[[Box office India]]|date=28 April 2017|access-date=16 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Date of ceremony<br /> !Award<br /> !Category<br /> !Recipient(s) and nominee(s)<br /> !Result<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |4 December 2017<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Screen Awards|Star Screen Awards]]<br /> |Best Actor in a Comic Role<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Varun Dhawan]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/awards/star-screen-awards-2018-complete-list-of-winners-bollywood-article69515.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194309/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/awards/star-screen-awards-2018-complete-list-of-winners-bollywood-article69515.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2018|title=Star Screen Awards 2018: Here's The Complete List of Winners!|work=Desimartini|access-date=2018-01-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actor – Male (Popular)<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actor – Female (Popular)<br /> |[[Alia Bhatt]]<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Best Film<br /> |''Badrinath Ki Dulhania''<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Best Director<br /> |[[Shashank Khaitan]]<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |30 December 2017<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br /> |Best Actor – Male (Jury's Choice)<br /> |[[Varun Dhawan]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/|title=2018 Archives – Zee Cine Awards|website=Zee Cine Awards|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actor – Female (Viewer's Choice)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Alia Bhatt]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actor – Female (Jury's Choice)<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Sound Design<br /> |Sohel Sanwari<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Playback Singer (Male)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Akhil Sachdeva &lt;small&gt;(for the song &quot;Humsafar&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Lyrics<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Film (Viewer's Choice)<br /> |Shashank Khaitan<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Song of the Year (Viewer's Choice)<br /> |&quot;Tamma Tamma Again&quot;<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Music<br /> |Akhil Sachdeva, Amaal Malik, Tanishk Bagchi, Bappi Lahiri<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |30 December 2017<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[Stardust Awards]]<br /> |Best Actor In A Comic Role <br /> |[[Varun Dhawan]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/|title=2018 Archives – Zee Cine Awards|website=Zee Cine Awards|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actor – Female (Viewer's Choice)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Alia Bhatt]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actor – Female (Jury's Choice)<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Sound Design<br /> |Sohel Sanwari<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Playback Singer (Male)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Dev Negi]] &lt;small&gt;(for the song &quot;Badri Ki Dulhania&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Lyrics<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Film (Viewer's Choice)<br /> |Shashank Khaitan<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Jodi<br /> |[[Alia Bhatt]] and [[Varun Dhawan]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Music<br /> |Akhil Sachdeva, Amaal Malik, Tanishk Bagchi, Bappi Lahiri, Dev Negi, Ikka Singh, Badshah<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |20 January 2018<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> |Best Film<br /> |''Badrinath Ki Dulhania''<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-1.html|title=Nominations for the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018|work=filmfare.com|access-date=2018-01-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Director<br /> |[[Shashank Khaitan]]<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actor<br /> |[[Varun Dhawan]]<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actress<br /> |[[Alia Bhatt]]<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Music Album<br /> |Akhil Sachdeva, Amaal Mallik, Tanishk Bagchi<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Best Playback Singer (Male)<br /> |Akhil Sachdeva &lt;small&gt;(for the song &quot;Humsafar&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Arijit Singh]] &lt;small&gt;(for the song &quot;Roke Na Ruke Naina&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Choreography<br /> |[[Ganesh Acharya]] &lt;small&gt;(for the song &quot;Badri Ki Dulhania&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[10th Mirchi Music Awards|28 January 2018]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]<br /> | &quot;Aashiq Surrender Hua&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Roke Na Ruke Naina&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]<br /> | Arijit Singh &lt;small&gt;(for the song &quot;Roke Na Ruke Naina&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]<br /> | [[Monali Thakur]] and [[Neha Kakkar]] &lt;small&gt;(for the song &quot;Badri Ki Dulhania&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]<br /> | [[Amaal Mallik]] &lt;small&gt;(for the song &quot;Aashiq Surrender Hua&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Song Engineer (Recording &amp; Mixing)<br /> | [[Eric Pillai]], Shantanu Hudlikar, Abhishek Khandelwal &amp; Manasi Tare &lt;small&gt;(for the song &quot;Roke Na Ruke Naina&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |20 March 2018<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |News18 Reel Movie Awards<br /> |Best Music<br /> |Akhil Sachdeva, Amaal Malik, Tanishk Bagchi, Bappi Lahiri<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/reel-movie-awards-2018/behind-the-scenes-awards/|title=Reel Movie Behind The Scenes Awards 2018 {{!}}Best Cinematography, Sound, Art / Production Design, Editing, Music, Screenplay, Dialogues|website=News18|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Best Playback Singer (Male)<br /> |[[Arijit Singh]] &lt;small&gt;(for the song &quot;Roke Na Ruke Naina&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Akhil Sachdeva &lt;small&gt;(for the song &quot;Humsafar&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |22 June 2018<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br /> |Best Actress<br /> |[[Alia Bhatt]]<br /> |{{Nominated}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-nominations-2018-tumhari-sulu-leads-with-7-nods-newton-follows-1855889|title=IIFA Nominations 2018: Tumhari Sulu Leads With 7 Nods, Newton Follows|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Music Direction<br /> |Akhil Sachdeva, Amaal Malik, Tanishk Bagchi, Bappi Lahiri<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}<br /> * {{IMDb title|6277440}}<br /> * {{rotten-tomatoes|badrinath_ki_dulhania}}<br /> * [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badrinath-ki-dulhania/ Badrinath Ki Dulhania] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]<br /> *{{facebook|BKDMovieOfficial}}<br /> {{Shashank Khaitan}}<br /> {{Karan Johar}}<br /> {{Dharma Productions}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Amaal Mallik]]<br /> [[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Shashank Khaitan]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dankuni_Siddiquia_senior_Madrasa&diff=495542 2026-02-21T09:58:07Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Dankuni Siddiquia Senior Madrasa [[Fazil madrasa|(Fazil)]]<br /> | native_name =<br /> | image = ডানকুনি সিদ্দিকিয়া সিনিয়র মাদ্রাসা.png<br /> | caption = ডানকুনি সিদ্দিকিয়া সিনিয়র মাদ্রাসার (হালকা এডিট করা ছবি)<br /> | motto = Blending religious and modern education<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | type = Madrasa (Higher Secondary)<br /> | affiliation = [[West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education]]<br /> | principal = Mohammad Idris Ali<br /> | faculty = 25<br /> | enrollment = 500+<br /> | grades = KG to 12th grade<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | campus_type = Urban<br /> | location = Mollapara, Gobra, Dankuni, Hooghly<br /> | state = West Bengal<br /> | country = India<br /> | postal_code = 712310<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.6733|N|88.2992|E|type:edu|display=title|address=M7WP+965, Naity Rd, Gobra, Dankuni, Akdanga, West Bengal 712310}}<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dankuni Siddiquia Senior Madrasa''' {{Audio|ডানকুনি সিদ্দিকিয়া সিনিয়র মাদ্রাসা (অডিও).oga|Listen}} is a [[madrasa]] located in the [[Dankuni]] area of [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]]. It was established in 1952&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DANKUNI SIDDIQUIA SR. MADRASAA - Ward No.-iv District Hugli (West Bengal) |url=https://schools.org.in/hugli/19123100402/dankuni-siddiquia-sr-madrasaa.html |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=schools.org.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; by Abdul Hai Siddiqui.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DSSM STUDENTS SOLUTION - Booklist |url=https://sites.google.com/view/dssmss/booklist |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=sites.google.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It offers higher secondary education and follows a blend of religious and modern education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Affiliated Aided Madrasahs – WEST BENGAL BOARD OF MADRASAH EDUCATION |url=https://wbbme.org/affiliated-aided-madrasahs/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=This news item mentions the name of Dankuni Siddiquia Senior Madrasa. |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/habibullah-from-hoogly-has-topped-in-fazil-examination-2019-1.993593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223004939/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/habibullah-from-hoogly-has-topped-in-fazil-examination-2019-1.993593 |archive-date=2021-02-23 |access-date=2025-08-22 |pages=৫৩২ নম্বর পেয়ে ফাজিলে যুগ্ম চতুর্থ ডানকুনি সিদ্দিকিয়া সিনিয়র মাদ্রাসার শেখ মাসুম। আলিমে সে দশম হয়েছিল। কামারকুণ্ডুর মুস্তাফাপুরের বাসিন্দা মাসুমের ইচ্ছে, ধর্মতত্ত্ব নিয়ে পড়ার।}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Dankuni Siddiquia Senior Madrasa was established in 1952,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=DANKUNI SIDDIQUIA SR. MADRASAA - Ward No.-iv District Hugli (West Bengal)|url=https://schools.org.in/hugli/19123100402/dankuni-siddiquia-sr-madrasaa.html|access-date=2025-02-17|website=schools.org.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; by a Islamic scholar and educationist [[Abdul Hai Siddiqui]]. Since its establishment, it has gradually expanded and currently offers education up to the [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|Higher Secondary]] level.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date= |title=Madrasah Booklist |url=https://sites.google.com/view/dssmss/booklist?authuser=0 |access-date= |publisher=DSSMSS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> The madrasa is located in the [[Hooghly district|Hooghly District's]] [[Dankuni]] area. It is accessible from [[Dankuni Junction railway station|Dankuni Railway Station]].<br /> <br /> == Academic system ==<br /> Dankuni Siddiquia Senior Madrasa offers [[Higher Secondary Certificate|higher secondary education]] and follows a blend of religious and modern education. The syllabus includes various subjects such as Bengali, English, Mathematics, Science, History, and Islamic Studies.<br /> <br /> == Administration and management ==<br /> The madrasa operates under the [[West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education]] and is an aided madrasa recognized by the board.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education (Official Website)|url=https://wbbme.org/affiliated-aided-madrasahs/|website=wbbme.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Madrasas in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Schools in Hooghly district]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1952]]<br /> [[Category:1952 establishments in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Narayan&diff=530717 2026-02-10T03:06:48Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Kannada film actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Roger Narayan<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_name = Raj Narayan&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot; /&gt;<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | yearsactive = 1985{{ndash}}1993&lt;br /&gt;2006{{ndash}}present<br /> }}<br /> '''Raj Narayan''' is an actor who works in predominantly Kannada and English-language films. He is known for playing the titular role in ''[[Hola Venky!]]'' and starring in ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]'' (2016).<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Roger Narayan studied engineering at [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani|BITS Pilani]] before deciding to pursue his passion of becoming an actor. He subsequently learned acting in several institutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/making-the-uturn-home/article8393358.ece|title=Making the U-turn home|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=K.|first=Bhumika|date=24 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hollywood-actor-is-hero-of-kannada-film/articleshow/50830489.cms|title=Hollywood actor is hero of Kannada film|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 January 2017|last=Suresh|first=Sunayana}}&lt;/ref&gt; He changed his stage name from Raj to Roger so that he would not be cast in stereotypical Indian roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;/&gt; He started off as a child artist in Kannada films before played supporting roles in several English films and television shows before debuting as a lead actor with the quirky Indian English film ''[[Hola Venky!]]'' (2014), which was shot in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;/&gt; He garnered recognition for his role in the [[Kannada]] film ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]'' (2016) as a [[sub-inspector]] of police.&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Tales-from-a-journeyman/article14513152.ece|title=Tales from a journeyman|date=28 July 2016|last=Joseph|first=Raveena|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He played the role of an [[iyengar]] in ''[[The Man Who Knew Infinity]]'' (2015) and starred in ''417 Miles'', another multilingual venture.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt; He starred in ''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]'' (2018) as a [[non-resident Indian|NRI]] politician.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/dec/19/roger-narayan-plays-outsider-and-conscience-in-humble-politician-nograj-3685.html|title=Roger Narayan plays an outsider in Humble Politician Nograj|work=[[New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]|date=19 December 2017|last=Sharadhaa|first=A.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a review of the film, a critic noted that &quot;Roger Narayan is a perfect fit as Arun Patil&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jan/12/humble-politician-nograj-review-good-for-voters-right-in-time-for-polls-1752339.html|title='Humble Politician Nograj' review: Good for voters, right in time for polls|work=[[New Indian Express]]|date=12 January 2018|last=Sharadhaa|first=A.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roger Narayan made his debut as an antagonist in the Kannada film ''[[Chambal (film)|Chambal]]'' (2019).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/a-suave-villain-well-roger-that/articleshow/68034688.cms|title=A suave villain? Well, Roger that!|last=Desai|first=Dhwani|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/roger-narayan-turns-anti-hero-for-his-next/articleshow/68654615.cms|title=Roger Narayan turns anti-hero for his next|date=31 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/roger-narayan-turns-baddie/articleshow/53364009.cms|title=U-Turn actor turns baddie|last=Suresh|first=Sunayana|date=24 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Partial filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1985 || ''[[Jeevana Chakra]]'' || Krishna || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Kannada]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Child actor <br /> |-<br /> | 1988 || ''[[Sangliyana]]'' || Kumar <br /> |-<br /> |1993 || ''[[Aakasmika]]'' || Raja <br /> |-<br /> |2010 || ''Keeping Up with the Guptas''|| Kumar || rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[English language|English]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2011 || ''[[Happy Feet Two]]'' || Indian penguin || voice role<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''The Test'' || Marcus || <br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Hola Venky!]]'' || Venky || <br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''[[The Man Who Knew Infinity (film)|The Man Who Knew Infinity]]'' || Iyengar ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016<br /> | ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]'' || Nayak || Kannada ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''417 Miles'' || Srinivas || English ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''[[Nibunan|Vismaya]]'' || {{n/a}} || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Kannada || Lyricist for &quot;Kaaki Shirt-Ina&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]'' || Arun Patil ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2019 || ''[[Chambal (film)|Chambal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Punyakoti]]'' || Kalinga || [[Sanskrit]] || voice role<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || ''DNA'' || Akash || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Kannada ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2023|| ''Diamond Cross'' || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Roger Narayan headlines Ramdeep's directorial debut, Diamond Cross |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jul/08/roger-narayan-headlines-ramdeeps-directorial-debut-diamond-cross-2592499.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=8 July 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2025 || ''[[The Devil (2025 film)|The Devil]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> *''All television shows are in English, unless otherwise noted.''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2009<br /> | ''[[House (TV series)|House]]'' || Pundit || Episode &quot;Simple Explanation&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Better Off Ted]]'' || Jim || Episode &quot;Goodbye, Mr. Chips&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' || Novich || 3 episodes (season 1)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2010 || ''[[Miami Medical]]'' || Mukesh || Episodes &quot;Pilot&quot; and &quot;88 Seconds&quot; of season 1{{efn|name=Miami|While his role in the episode &quot;Pilot&quot; is credited, his role in the episode &quot;88 Seconds&quot; is not credited.}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' || Babaka || Episode &quot;Blitzgiving&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Victorious]]'' || Dr. Bornstein || Episode &quot;Rex Dies&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2012 || ''[[Weeds (TV series)|Weeds]]'' || Bandhi || 2 episodes<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Incredible Crew]]'' || Mr. Narayan || Episode &quot;Pancake Genie&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]'' || Roger Ali || Episode &quot;Allegiance&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''[[The Leftovers (TV Series)|The Leftovers]]'' || Bhagat || Episode &quot;[[A Matter of Geography]]&quot; <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Work<br /> ! Outcome<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || [[64th Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]'' ||{{nom}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south/articleshow/59192157.cms|title=Winners: 64th Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 (South)|date=16 June 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=1 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]] || Best Debut Actor || {{nom}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-awards-2017-mohanlal-wins-best-actor-vijay-entertainer-1021933-2017-07-02|title=SIIMA Awards 2017 Day 2: Mohanlal wins Best Actor, Vijay bags Best Entertainer|work=[[India Today]]|date= 2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]] || Best Actor In A Supporting Role || ''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]'' || {{nom}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelivemirror.com/siima-2019-nominations-complete-list/|title=SIIMA 2019 Nominations: See Full List Of Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam &amp; Kannada Film Industry|work=The Live Mirror|date=19 July 2019|last=Khandelwal|first=Stuti}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb name|1963145}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Roger}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owais_Mohammad&diff=523272 2026-02-09T05:00:50Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian immunologist and nanotechnologist}}<br /> {{distinguish|Mohammed Al-Owais|Mohammad Awais|Abdul Rahman Mohammed Al Owais}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Owais Mohammad<br /> | image =<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | fields = {{ublist | [[Immunology]] | [[Nanotechnology]] }}<br /> | workplaces = {{ublist | [[Aligarh Muslim University]] }}<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | doctoral_advisor = <br /> | doctoral_students = <br /> | known_for = Studies on [[nanotechnology]]-based vaccine and [[drug delivery]]<br /> | awards = {{ublist| 2007&amp;nbsp;[[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | [[India International Friendship Society|IIFS]] Rashtriya Gaurav Award }}<br /> VIFRA Distinguished Scientist Award-2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;VIFRA Research Awards 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://viraw.info/ra15list/ra15/Mohdowais.html |title=Venus International Foundation - Research Awards 2015 |language=en |access-date=2018-03-03 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164749/http://viraw.info/ra15list/ra15/Mohdowais.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> }}<br /> '''Owais Mohammad''' is an Indian immunologist, nano-technologist and a professor at the interdisciplinary biotechnology unit of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Aligarh Muslim University - Department Page&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.amu.ac.in/dshowfacultydata.jsp?did=47&amp;eid=10058666 |title=Aligarh Muslim University - Department Page |date=2017-12-27 |website=www.amu.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Known for his studies on nanotechnology-based vaccine and drug delivery, Owais is the author of two books, ''Trypanothione reductase: a potential anti-leishmanial drug target''&lt;ref name=&quot;Trypanothione reductase: a potential anti-leishmanial drug target: Recent trend of development of drug resistant field isolates and usage of alternate strategy for treatment of leishmaniasis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Trypanothione reductase: a potential anti-leishmanial drug target: Recent trend of development of drug resistant field isolates and usage of alternate strategy for treatment of leishmaniasis |last=Mohammad Owais |publisher=VDM Verlag Dr. Müller |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-639-21244-0 |page=144}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Antimicrobial properties of clove oil: clove oils as antimicrobial agent''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antimicrobial properties of clove oil: clove oils as antimicrobial agent&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Antimicrobial properties of clove oil: clove oils as antimicrobial agent |last=Anis Ahmad, Mohammad Owais, Shailender Singh Gaurav |publisher=LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-659-41578-4 |page=56}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also co-edited two books, ''Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs''&lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs |last=Iqbal Ahmad, Farrukh Aqil, Mohammad Owais (Editors) |publisher=Wiley-VCH |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-527-31530-7 |page=404}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Combating Fungal Infections: Problems and Remedy'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Combating Fungal Infections: Problems and Remedy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Combating Fungal Infections: Problems and Remedy |last=Iqbal Ahmad, Mohammad Owais Mohammed Shahid, Farrukh Aqil (Editors) |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-642-44672-6 |page=539}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has contributed chapters.&lt;ref name=&quot;AhmadOwais2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Iqbal Ahmad, Mohammad Owais|author2=Mohammed Shahid, Farrukh Aqil (Eds.)|author3=Qamar Shia, Nishat Fathima, Maroof Alam, Deepa Bisht, Prashant Yadav, Iqbal Ahmad, Farooq Aqil, Mohammed Owais (chapter authors)|title=Combating Fungal Infections: Problems and Remedy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXlXSEzuicwC&amp;pg=PA397|date=3 August 2010|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-12173-9|pages=397–|chapter=Immunomodulators: Potential in Treatment of Systemic Fungal Infections}}&lt;/ref&gt; His studies have also been documented by way of a number of articles&lt;ref name=&quot;On Google Scholar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.se/citations?user=jI3Kfa8AAAAJ&amp;hl=th |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017-11-23 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 60 of them.&lt;ref name=&quot;On ResearchGate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/38154880_Mohammad_Owais |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-12-21 |access-date=2017-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a recipient of the Rashtriya Gaurav Award of the [[India International Friendship Society]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Faculty profile - AMU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.amu.ac.in/empcv/10058666.pdf |title=Faculty profile - AMU |date=2017-12-27 |website=Aligarh Muslim University |access-date=2017-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; His work has been displayed on cover pages of ''FEMS Immunol. Med Microbiology'' for all the issues of ''Year'' 2006 and ''Molecular Medicine'' in May–June issue of Year 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aligarh Muslim University - Department Page&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education and career ==<br /> Owais did his undergraduate and post-graduate studies in Pharmacy from [[Delhi University]], India, after which he pursued his doctoral research from [[Institute of Microbial Technology]] (IMTECH), one of premier biotechnology institutes in India and [[Panjab University]], Chandigarh, under the mentorship of Prof. [[C. M. Gupta]]. Later, he joined [[National Cancer Institute]], [[National Institutes of Health]], Bethesda, USA as Fogarty Post Doctoral Fellow, where he worked on [[HIV]]. During his stay at [[National Institutes of Health|NIH]], he demonstrated that the introduction of [[HIV]]-1 genome into [[PBMC]]s blocks the propagation of [[HIV]]-2 viruses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Al-Harthi|first1=Lena|last2=Owais|first2=Mohammad|last3=Arya|first3=Suresh K.|date=1998-01-01|title=Short Communication: Molecular Inhibition of HIV Type 1 by HIV Type 2: Effectiveness in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells|journal=AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses|volume=14|issue=1|pages=59–64|doi=10.1089/aid.1998.14.59|pmid=9453252|issn=0889-2229}}&lt;/ref&gt; His work on the [[Antiviral drug|antiviral]] [[chemokine]], [[RANTES]] established that the amino-terminal domain of the [[chemokine]] was not essential for its antiviral activity or for its binding to the [[CCR5 receptor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Owais|first1=M.|last2=Arya|first2=S. K.|date=September 1999|title=Antiviral chemokines: intracellular life of recombinant C-C chemokine RANTES|journal=Journal of Human Virology|volume=2|issue=5|pages=270–282|issn=1090-9508|pmid=10551733}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is currently serving as a professor of biotechnology at Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Aligarh]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Aligarh Muslim University - Department Page&quot; /&gt; working in the area of drug delivery since his joining in 1998.<br /> <br /> == Research ==<br /> Besides active involvement in teaching modern biochemistry/biotechnology courses to M.Sc./Ph.D students, Owais has successfully established a small but active research group with focus on [[nanoparticle]]-based novel delivery systems including [[dendrimer]]s/[[virosome]]s for gene packaging and [[liposome]]s, [[niosome]]s, [[Microparticle#Microspheres|microspheres]] and [[Solid lipid nanoparticle|solid core lipid nano-particles]] for [[Vaccine#Delivery systems|vaccine delivery]], [[gene delivery]], targeted drug delivery etc.; with a view to increase the efficacy and safety of encapsulated [[List of chemotherapeutic agents|chemotherapeutic agents]]/[[subunit vaccine]]s for some important infectious diseases.<br /> <br /> The research focus of Dr. Owais's group has been on:<br /> * [[Nanoparticle]]s based [[antigen]]/[[DNA vaccination|DNA vaccine]] against various infectious diseases with special converges on [[intracellular pathogens]].<br /> * Novel nano-carriers for targeted delivery of encapsulated therapeutic agents ([[Small interfering RNA|siRNA]]/drug of interest) for improved treatment of [[cancer]] and some imperative infectious diseases.<br /> * [[Nanoparticle]]s with assorted applications in the field of diagnostics, taste/odor masking and treatment of [[hyperbilirubinemia]] in model animals.<br /> <br /> === ''Nano-carrier based vaccines: prophylactic measures against infectious diseases'' ===<br /> Reckoning with the limitations of conventional vaccine, the main focus of Dr. Owais's research endeavors has been to develop nano-vaccines against various infectious diseases of bacterial ([[tuberculosis]], [[salmonellosis]], [[listeriosis]] and [[brucellosis]]), protozoan ([[malaria]], [[leishmaniasis]]) and fungal ([[Candidiasis|candidasis]] and [[Cryptococcosis|cryoptococcosis]]) origin.<br /> <br /> In general, specialized groups of pathogens adapt intra-cellular parasitism as a strategy to avoid [[antibody]] onslaught. Keeping into consideration the non-effectiveness of [[Humoral immunity|humoral immune response]] against such [[Intracellular parasite|intracellular pathogens]], Dr. Owais evaluated potential of fusogenic [[lipid]] based [[vaccine]]s as an alternative prophylactic strategy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atif 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Atif|first1=Shaikh Muhammad|last2=Hasan|first2=Imtaiyaz|last3=Ahmad|first3=Nadeem|last4=Khan|first4=Umber|last5=Owais|first5=Mohammad|date=2006-04-17|title=Fusogenic potential of sperm membrane lipids: Nature's wisdom to accomplish targeted gene delivery|journal=FEBS Letters|language=en|volume=580|issue=9|pages=2183–2190|doi=10.1016/j.febslet.2006.03.015|pmid=16580670|s2cid=937752 |issn=1873-3468|doi-access=|bibcode=2006FEBSL.580.2183A }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmad 2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=N.|last2=Masood|first2=A. K.|last3=Owais|first3=M.|date=2001-11-15|title=Fusogenic potential of prokaryotic membrane lipids.|journal=European Journal of Biochemistry|language=en|volume=268|issue=22|pages=5667–5675|doi=10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02507.x|pmid=11722550|issn=1432-1033}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this regard, he has compared [[lipid]] compositions of [[Cell membrane|plasma membranes]] of both prokaryotic&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmad 2001&quot; /&gt; as well as eukaryotic cells.&lt;ref name=&quot;Owais 2000&quot; /&gt; These studies established a correlation between the [[lipid]] compositions of [[Cell membrane|plasma membranes]] of living organisms with evolutionary trend. [[Lipid]] isolated from [[Monera|lower organisms]] possesses strong fusogenic potential.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmad 2001&quot;/&gt; He established that model [[antigen]]s entrapped in [[liposome]]s made up of fusogenic [[lipid]]s, can be delivered to the target cells including [[antigen-presenting cell]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;Owais 2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Owais|first1=M.|last2=Gupta|first2=C. M.|date=2000-07-01|title=Liposome-mediated cytosolic delivery of macromolecules and its possible use in vaccine development|journal=European Journal of Biochemistry|language=en|volume=267|issue=13|pages=3946–3956|doi=10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01447.x|pmid=10866793|issn=1432-1033|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; resulting in both the endo/lysosomal and cytosolic degradation pathways for [[antigen processing]]. The dual processing of [[antigen]]s in the [[Antigen-presenting cell|antigen presenting cells]] activated both the CD4+ [[T helper cell|T helper]] as well as CD8+ [[cytotoxic T cell]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Syed 2003&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2006-03-10|title=Non PC liposome entrapped promastigote antigens elicit parasite specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell immune response and protect hamsters against visceral leishmaniasis|journal=Vaccine|language=en|volume=24|issue=11|pages=1800–1810|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.025|pmid=16310900|issn=0264-410X|last1=Sharma|first1=Sharad Kumar|last2=Dube|first2=Anuradha|last3=Nadeem|first3=Ahmad|last4=Khan|first4=Shazia|last5=Saleem|first5=Iram|last6=Garg|first6=Ravendra|last7=Mohammad|first7=Owais}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2009-01-14|title=Adjuvanticity and protective immunity of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis blood-stage soluble antigens encapsulated in fusogenic liposome|journal=Vaccine|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=473–482|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.054|pmid=18996429|issn=0264-410X|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Varun|last2=Vasco|first2=Azevedo|last3=Vedi|first3=Satish|last4=Dangi|first4=Anil|last5=Arif|first5=Khan|last6=Bhattacharya|first6=Shailja Mishra|last7=Owais|first7=Mohammad}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further, he established that [[immunization]] with fusogenic [[liposome]]s resulted in expression of both [[Interleukin 2|IL-2]] and [[Interferon gamma|IFN-γ]], the two key [[cytokine]]s that eventually help in protection against intracellular infections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Syed 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2003-06-02|title=Antigen entrapped in the escheriosomes leads to the generation of CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response|journal=Vaccine|language=en|volume=21|issue=19–20|pages=2383–2393|doi=10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00106-3|pmid=12744869|issn=0264-410X|last1=Syed|first1=Faisal M.|last2=Khan|first2=Masood A.|last3=Nasti|first3=Tahseen H.|last4=Ahmad|first4=Nadeem|last5=Mohammad|first5=Owais|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Keeping in view that sperm-ova fusion during zygote formation is generally facilitated by specific [[lipid]] compositions of the two cell populations, he demonstrated the fusogenic attributes of sperm [[Cell membrane|plasma membrane]] lipids,&lt;ref name=&quot;Atif 2006&quot; /&gt; and established the prophylactic potential of spermatosome based [[vaccine]]s against various [[Intracellular parasite|intracellular pathogens.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Atif|first1=S.M.|last2=Salam|first2=N.|last3=Ahmad|first3=N.|last4=Hasan|first4=I.M.|last5=Jamal|first5=H.S.|last6=Sudhanshu|first6=A.|last7=Azevedo|first7=V.|last8=Owais|first8=M.|title=Sperm membrane lipid liposomes can evoke an effective immune response against encapsulated antigen in BALB/c mice|journal=Vaccine|volume=26|issue=46|pages=5874–5882|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.013|pmid=18789993|year=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; As conventional egg [[phosphatidylcholine]] based [[liposome]]s are of limited application in activation of [[pathogen]] specific [[Cytotoxic T cell|CTL]] response required for inhibiting [[Intracellular parasite|intracellular pathogens]], he developed non-phosphatidylcholine [[liposome]] as vehicle for delivery of [[antigen]]s in prophylactic treatment of experimental [[leishmaniasis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma 2006&quot; /&gt; Further, the [[liposome]]/[[niosome]] based [[vaccine]]s were also found to be effective against malaria parasite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Varun|last2=Vasco|first2=Azevedo|last3=Vedi|first3=Satish|last4=Dangi|first4=Anil|last5=Arif|first5=Khan|last6=Bhattacharya|first6=Shailja Mishra|last7=Owais|first7=Mohammad|title=Adjuvanticity and protective immunity of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis blood-stage soluble antigens encapsulated in fusogenic liposome|journal=Vaccine|volume=27|issue=3|pages=473–482|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.054|pmid=18996429|year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, he has prepared [[Archaea|archael]] [[lipid]] based [[liposome]]s and demonstrated their [[Immunologic adjuvant|immunoadjuvant]] potential in [[Model organism|model animals]]. Of note, the archaeosome based vaccine were used to mount long lasting memory response against experimental [[listeriosis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ansari|first1=Mairaj Ahmed|last2=Zubair|first2=Swaleha|last3=Tufail|first3=Saba|last4=Ahmed|first4=Ejaj|last5=Khan|first5=Mohsin Raza|last6=Qadari|first6=Zainuddin|last7=Owais|first7=Mohammad|date=2012-06-06|title=Ether lipid vesicle-based antigens impart protection against experimental listeriosis|journal=International Journal of Nanomedicine|language=English|volume=7|pages=2433–2447|doi=10.2147/IJN.S25875|pmid=22745536|pmc=3383290 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Further, Dr. Owais has highlighted interactions between two [[Mycobacterium|mycobacterial]] proteins viz. Rv3619 (RD9 family) and Rv3620 (CFP-10 analog). He demonstrated that Rv3619 protein disrupted the [[Biological membrane|biomembrane]] and also evoked a strong [[Immune response|immunological response]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mahmood|first1=Anjum|last2=Srivastava|first2=Shubhra|last3=Tripathi|first3=Sarita|last4=Ansari|first4=Mairaj Ahmed|last5=Owais|first5=Mohammad|last6=Arora|first6=Ashish|date=2011-01-01|title=Molecular characterization of secretory proteins Rv3619c and Rv3620c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv|journal=FEBS Journal|language=en|volume=278|issue=2|pages=341–353|doi=10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07958.x|pmid=21134129|issn=1742-4658|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, it was revealed that [[nanoparticle]] mediated targeting of RD9 gene products to [[dendritic cell]]s favors Th1 prototype of CD4+ T [[lymphocyte]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ansari|first1=Mairaj Ahmed|last2=Zubair|first2=Swaleha|last3=Mahmood|first3=Anjum|last4=Gupta|first4=Pushpa|last5=Khan|first5=Aijaz A.|last6=Gupta|first6=Umesh D.|last7=Arora|first7=Ashish|last8=Owais|first8=Mohammad|date=2011|title=RD antigen based nanovaccine imparts long term protection by inducing memory response against experimental murine tuberculosis|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=8|article-number=e22889|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022889|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3154911|pmid=21853054|bibcode=2011PLoSO...622889A |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had successfully expressed L7/L12 ribosomal protein, [[Superoxide dismutase|SOD]]-[[Interleukin 18|IL-18]] [[fusion protein]] of ''[[Brucella]] spp''. and trypanothione reductase of ''[[Leishmania donovani|Leishmania donavani]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mittal|first1=Mukul K.|last2=Misra|first2=Smita|last3=Owais|first3=Mohammad|last4=Goyal|first4=Neena|title=Expression, purification, and characterization of Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase in Escherichia coli|journal=Protein Expression and Purification|volume=40|issue=2|pages=279–286|doi=10.1016/j.pep.2004.12.012|pmid=15766869|year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; The recombinant proteins were used as potent [[subunit vaccine]]s in protection studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mallick|first1=A. I.|last2=Singha|first2=H.|last3=Khan|first3=S.|last4=Anwar|first4=T.|last5=Ansari|first5=M. A.|last6=Khalid|first6=R.|last7=Chaudhuri|first7=P.|last8=Owais|first8=M.|date=2007-11-14|title=Escheriosome-mediated delivery of recombinant ribosomal L7/L12 protein confers protection against murine brucellosis|journal=Vaccine|volume=25|issue=46|pages=7873–7884|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.008|issn=0264-410X|pmid=17931756}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singha|first1=Harisankar|last2=Mallick|first2=Amirul Islam|last3=Jana|first3=Chandrakanta|last4=Fatima|first4=Nishat|last5=Owais|first5=Mohammad|last6=Chaudhuri|first6=Pallab|date=2011-06-24|title=Co-immunization with interlukin-18 enhances the protective efficacy of liposomes encapsulated recombinant Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase protein against Brucella abortus|journal=Vaccine|volume=29|issue=29–30|pages=4720–4727|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.088|issn=1873-2518|pmid=21565241}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Liposome]]-based [[DNA vaccination|DNA vaccine]] developed by Dr. Owais has shown remarkable promise against experimental murine [[brucellosis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=SINGHA|first1=H|last2=MALLICK|first2=A|last3=JANA|first3=C|last4=ISORE|first4=D|last5=GOSWAMI|first5=T|last6=SRIVASTAVA|first6=S|last7=AZEVEDO|first7=V|last8=CHAUDHURI|first8=P|last9=OWAIS|first9=M|title=Escheriosomes entrapped DNA vaccine co-expressing Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase and IL-18 confers protection against Brucella abortus|journal=Microbes and Infection|volume=10|issue=10–11|pages=1089–1096|doi=10.1016/j.micinf.2008.05.007|pmid=18602490|year=2008|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Besides introducing [[liposome]], [[niosome]] and [[microsphere]] based novel particulate [[vaccine]]s; Dr. Owais has recently employed an autologous plasma bead based dual [[antigen]] delivery system as a prophylactic strategy against intracellular infections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Ejaj|last2=Fatima|first2=Munazza T.|last3=Saleemuddin|first3=M.|last4=Owais|first4=M.|date=2012-11-06|title=Plasma beads loaded with Candida albicans cytosolic proteins impart protection against the fungal infection in BALB/c mice|journal=Vaccine|volume=30|issue=48|pages=6851–6858|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.010|issn=1873-2518|pmid=23044405}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[liposome]]/[[microsphere]] entrapped [[antigen]] further co-entrapped in dual core fibrin beads based [[vaccine]] was shown to eliminate [[intracellular pathogens]] from systemic circulation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Azmat Ali|last2=Jabeen|first2=Mumtaz|last3=Chauhan|first3=Arun|last4=Owais|first4=Mohammad|date=June 2012|title=Vaccine potential of cytosolic proteins loaded fibrin microspheres of Cryptococcus neoformans in BALB/c mice|journal=Journal of Drug Targeting|volume=20|issue=5|pages=453–466|doi=10.3109/1061186X.2012.685474|issn=1029-2330|pmid=22553959|s2cid=26238326}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === ''Targeted nano-delivery system'' ===<br /> [[Liposome]]s have been widely considered useful as [[drug]]/enzyme/nucleic acid vehicles in therapy. However, their successful application was limited by their rapid lysis in blood, major uptake by the RES, and lack of availability of simple procedures for specific targeted delivery. The main emphasis of Dr. Owais has been therefore on addressing some of the problems associated with the [[liposome]]s as drug delivery systems. He demonstrated that covalent attachment of anti-erythrocyte F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; to the [[liposome]]s surface enables the [[liposome]]s to specifically recognize the erythrocytes [[in vivo]] and deliver their contents to these cells. It was further demonstrated that the entrapment of anti-[[malaria]]l drugs like [[chloroquine]] (chq), in the antibody-coated [[liposome]]s increases the drug efficacy not only against the chq-sensitive but also against the chq-resistant [[malaria]]l infections. Encouraged by these results, the [[liposome]]s were coated with F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragments of a [[monoclonal antibody]] which specifically recognized the [[malaria]]-infected erythrocytes (Patent No. 182550).&lt;ref&gt;Gupta, C.M.; Owais, M. and Varshney, G.C. A process for the preparation of drug encapsulated target specific immunoliposomes for the treatment of drug resistant diseases. (Indian Patent No: 182550)&lt;/ref&gt; The [[monoclonal antibody]] bearing [[liposome]]s with encapsulated chq were found to be highly effective in the treatment of chq-resistant experimental [[malaria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Owais|first1=M.|last2=Varshney|first2=G. C.|last3=Choudhury|first3=A.|last4=Chandra|first4=S.|last5=Gupta|first5=C. M.|date=1995-01-01|title=Chloroquine encapsulated in malaria-infected erythrocyte-specific antibody-bearing liposomes effectively controls chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei infections in mice.|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=180–184|doi=10.1128/AAC.39.1.180|issn=0066-4804|pmid=7695303|pmc=162506}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honors ==<br /> He was awarded the Young Scientist Award (MYSA) in Life Sciences in 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aligarh Muslim University - Department Page&quot; /&gt; Aligarh Muslim University bestowed him with Outstanding University Researcher Award in 2008 and again with the Best Teacher Award in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aligarh Muslim University - Department Page&quot; /&gt; The [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT) of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2007. In 2013, he received the TATA Innovation Award by DBT, Govt. of India and IIFS-Rashtriya Gaurav Award. Other notable awards include VIFRA Distinguished Research Scientist Award-2015&lt;ref name=&quot;VIFRA Research Awards 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://viraw.info/ra15list/ra15/Mohdowais.html |title=Venus International Foundation - Research Awards 2015 |language=en |access-date=2018-03-03 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164749/http://viraw.info/ra15list/ra15/Mohdowais.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Indus Research Excellence Award-2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aligarh Muslim University - Department Page&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Owais is a member of editorial boards of several international journals including the Open Vaccine Journal (Bentham Press), BioMed Research International (Hindawi Publishing Group), Journal of Clinical Medicine Research (Academic Press), Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine, Biomedical Research, World Journal of Critical Infectious Diseases (BPG Press), World Journal of Experimental medicine (BPG Press).&lt;ref name=&quot;Aligarh Muslim University - Department Page&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Selected bibliography ==<br /> === Books ===<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs |last2=Aqil |first2=Farrukh |last3=Owais |first3=Mohammad |last1=Ahmad |first1=Iqbal |publisher=Wiley-VCH |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-527-31530-7 |page=404}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Trypanothione reductase: a potential anti-leishmanial drug target: Recent trend of development of drug resistant field isolates and usage of alternate strategy for treatment of leishmaniasis |last=Owais |first=Mohammad |publisher=VDM Verlag Dr. Müller |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-639-21244-0 |page=144}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Combating Fungal Infections: Problems and Remedy |last2=Owais |first2=Mohammad |last3=Shahid |first3=Mohammed |last4=Aqil |first4=Farrukh |last1=Ahmad |first1=Iqbal |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-642-44672-6 |page=539}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Antimicrobial properties of clove oil: clove oils as antimicrobial agent |last=Anis Ahmad, Mohammad Owais, Shailender Singh Gaurav |publisher=LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-659-41578-4 |page=56}}<br /> <br /> === Selected publications ===<br /> <br /> * Kaushik S, Iqbal N, Singh N, Sikarwar JS, Singh PK, Sharma P, Kaur P, Sharma S, '''Owais M''', Singh TP. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29301982 &quot;Search of multiple hot spots on the surface of peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase: structural, binding and antibacterial studies&quot;]. Biochem J. 2018, '''475''' (3):547-560. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29301982 doi: 10.1042/BCJ20170666.]<br /> * Ahmad F, Zubair S, Gupta P, Gupta UD, Patel R, '''Owais M'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230211 Evaluation of Aggregated Ag85B Antigen for Its Biophysical Properties, Immunogenicity, and Vaccination Potential in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis Infection.] Front Immunol. 2017, 27;8:1608. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230211 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01608.] eCollection 2017.<br /> * Dinh T, Zia Q, Zubair S, Stapleton P, Singh R, '''Owais M''', Somavarapu S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216150 Novel biodegradable poly(gamma-glutamic acid)-amphotericin B complexes show promise as improved amphotericin B formulations.] Nanomedicine. 2017, 13(5):1773-1783. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216150 doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.02.003.]<br /> * Zia Q, '''Mohammad O''', Rauf MA, Khan W, Zubair S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28928478 Biomimetically engineered Amphotericin B nano-aggregates circumvent toxicity constraints and treat systemic fungal infection in experimental animals.] ''Sci Rep.'' 2017, 19;7(1):11873. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28928478 doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11847-0.]<br /> * '''Mohammad O''', Kaur J, Singh G, Faisal SM, Azhar A, Rauf MA, Gupta UD, Gupta P, Pal R, Zubair S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27023750 TLR Agonist Augments Prophylactic Potential of Acid Inducible Antigen Rv3203 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in Experimental Animals.] ''PLOS One''. 2016, 29;11(3):e0152240. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27023750 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152240.]<br /> * Tufail S, '''Owais M''', Kazmi S, Balyan R, Khalsa JK, Faisal SM, Sherwani MA, Gatoo MA, Umar MS, Zubair S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25512377 Amyloid form of ovalbumin evokes native antigen-specific immune response in the host: prospective immuno-prophylactic potential.] J Biol Chem. 2015,13;290(7):4131-48. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25512377 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.540989.]<br /> * Zia Q, Khan AA, Swaleha Z, '''Owais M'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25784804 Self-assembled amphotericin B-loaded polyglutamic acid nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and in vitro potential against Candida albicans.] ''Int J Nanomed.'' 2015, 5;10:1769-90. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25784804 doi: 10.2147/IJN.S31565.]<br /> * Alam M, Zubair S, Farazuddin M, Ahmad E, Khan A, Zia Q, Malik A, '''Mohammad O'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22858760 Development, characterization and efficacy of niosomal diallyl disulfide in treatment of disseminated murine candidiasis.] ''Nanomedicine''. 2013, 9(2):247-56. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22858760 doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.07.004.]<br /> * Tufail S, Badrealam KF, Sherwani A, Gupta UD, '''Owais M'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986763 Tissue specific heterogeneity in effector immune cell response.] ''Front Immunol.'' 2013, 27;4:254. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986763 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00254.]<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;[[Biochim Biophys Acta|&lt;u&gt;Nanomedicine&lt;/u&gt;]]&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> * {{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Azmat Ali |last2=Jabeen |first2=Mumtaz |last3=Khan |first3=Aijaz Ahmed |last4=Owais |first4=Mohammad |date=August 2013 |title=Anticancer Efficacy of A Novel Propofol–Linoleic Acid-Loaded Escheriosomal Formulation Against Murine Hepatocellular Carcinoma |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2217/nnm.12.166 |journal=Nanomedicine |language=en |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=1281–1294 |doi=10.2217/nnm.12.166 |pmid=23311988 |issn=1743-5889|url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last1=Alam |first1=Maroof |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Varun |last3=Khan |first3=Aijaz Ahmed |last4=Mohammad |first4=Owais |date=October 2009 |title=Efficacy of Niosomal Formulation of Diallyl Sulfide Against Experimental Candidiasis in Swiss Albino Mice |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2217/nnm.09.60 |journal=Nanomedicine |language=en |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=713–724 |doi=10.2217/nnm.09.60 |pmid=19839808 |issn=1743-5889|url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last1=Chauhan |first1=Arun |last2=Zubair |first2=Swaleha |last3=Nadeem |first3=Ahmad |last4=Ansari |first4=Sajid Ali |last5=Ansari |first5=Mohammad Yunus |last6=Mohammad |first6=Owais |date=March 2014 |title=Escheriosome-Mediated Cytosolic Delivery of PLK1-Specific siRNA: Potential in Treatment of Liver Cancer in BALB/c Mice |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2217/nnm.13.21 |journal=Nanomedicine |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=407–420 |doi=10.2217/nnm.13.21 |pmid=24910873 |issn=1743-5889|url-access=subscription }}<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;[[Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|&lt;u&gt;J Antimicrob Chemother&lt;/u&gt;]]&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> * Khan MA, '''Owais M'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709592 Toxicity, stability and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in immunomodulator tuftsin-bearing liposomes in a murine model.] J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006, 58(1):125-32.<br /> * Khan MA, Jabeen R, Nasti TH, '''Mohammad O'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Enhanced+anticryptococcal+activity+of+chloroquine+in+phosphatidylserine-containing+liposomes+in+a+murine+model. Enhanced anticryptococcal activity of chloroquine in phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes in a murine model.] J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005, 55(2):223-8.<br /> * Nasti TH, Khan MA, '''Owais M'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Enhanced+efficacy+of+pH-sensitive+nystatin+liposomes+against+Cryptococcus+neoformans+in+murine+model. Enhanced efficacy of pH-sensitive nystatin liposomes against Cryptococcus neoformans in murine model.] J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006, 57(2):349-52.<br /> * Khan MA, Nasti TH, '''Owais M'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Incorporation+of+amphotericin+B+in+tuftsin-bearing+liposomes+showed+enhanced+efficacy+against+systemic+cryptococcosis+in+leucopenic+mice. Incorporation of amphotericin B in tuftsin-bearing liposomes showed enhanced efficacy against systemic cryptococcosis in leucopenic mice.] J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005, 56(4):726-31.<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;[[Biochim Biophys Acta|&lt;u&gt;Biochim Biophys Acta&lt;/u&gt;]]&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> * Ahmad N, Arif K, Faisal SM, Neyaz MK, Tayyab S, '''Owais M'''. PLGA-microsphere mediated clearance of bilirubin in temporarily hyperbilirubinemic rats: an alternate strategy for the treatment of experimental jaundice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006, 1760(2):227-32.<br /> * Deeba F, Tahseen HN, Sharad KS, Ahmad N, Akhtar S, Saleemuddin M, '''Mohammad O'''. Phospholipid diversity: Correlation with membrane–membrane fusion events. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 May 20;1669(2):170-81.<br /> * Younus H, '''Owais M''', Rao DN, Saleemuddin M. Stabilization of pancreatic ribonuclease A by immobilization on Sepharose-linked antibodies that recognize the labile region of the enzyme. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001, 9;1548(1):114-20.<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;[[Vaccine (journal)|&lt;u&gt;Vaccine&lt;/u&gt;]]&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> * Ahmad E, Fatima MT, Saleemuddin M, '''Owais M'''. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X12013205 Plasma beads loaded with Candida albicans cytosolic proteins impart protection against the fungal infection in BALB/c mice.] Vaccine. 2012, 6;30(48):6851-8. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X12013205 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.010].<br /> *{{Cite journal |last1=Ansari |first1=Mairaj Ahmed |last2=Zubair |first2=Swaleha |last3=Mahmood |first3=Anjum |last4=Gupta |first4=Pushpa |last5=Khan |first5=Aijaz A. |last6=Gupta |first6=Umesh D. |last7=Arora |first7=Ashish |last8=Owais |first8=Mohammad |date=2011-08-11 |editor-last=Tailleux |editor-first=Ludovic |title=RD Antigen Based Nanovaccine Imparts Long Term Protection by Inducing Memory Response against Experimental Murine Tuberculosis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=6 |issue=8 |article-number=e22889 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022889 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3154911 |pmid=21853054|bibcode=2011PLoSO...622889A }}<br /> *Singha H, Mallick AI, Jana C, Fatima N, '''Owais M''', Chaudhuri P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565241 Co-immunization with interlukin-18 enhances the protective efficacy of liposomes encapsulated recombinant Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase protein against Brucella abortus.] Vaccine. 2011, 24;29(29-30):4720-7. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565241 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.088.]<br /> * {{Cite journal |last1=Mallick |first1=A.I. |last2=Singha |first2=H. |last3=Chaudhuri |first3=P. |last4=Nadeem |first4=Ahmad |last5=Khan |first5=Shadab Ahmad |last6=Dar |first6=Khurshid Ahmad |last7=Owais |first7=M. |date=May 2007 |title=Liposomised recombinant ribosomal L7/L12 protein protects BALB/c mice against Brucella abortus 544 infection |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X07000278 |journal=Vaccine |language=en |volume=25 |issue=18 |pages=3692–3704 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.066|pmid=17296251 |url-access=subscription }}<br /> * Sharma SK, Farah D, Misra-Bhattacharya S, Bajpai P, Agarwal A, '''Mohammad O'''. Escheriosome entrapped soluble blood stage antigens impart protective immunity against a multi-drug resistant isolate of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in BALB/c mice. Vaccine. 2006, 13;24(7):948-56. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.010.<br /> * {{Cite journal |last1=Owais |first1=Mohammad |last2=Chauhan |first2=Arun |last3=Tufail |last4=Sherwani |last5=Sajid |first5=Mohammad |last6=Suri |first6=C Raman |last7=Owais |first7=Mohammed |date=October 2011 |title=Fungus-mediated biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles: potential in detection of liver cancer |journal=International Journal of Nanomedicine |volume=6 |language=en |pages=2305–2319 |doi=10.2147/IJN.S23195 |doi-access=free |issn=1178-2013 |pmc=3205127 |pmid=22072868}}<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;[[International Journal of Nanomedicine|&lt;u&gt;Int J Nanomed&lt;/u&gt;]]&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> * Farazuddin M, Dua B, Zia Q, Khan AA, Joshi B, '''Owais M'''. Chemotherapeutic potential of curcumin-bearing microcells against hepatocellular carcinoma in model animals. Int J Nanomed. 2014, 3;9:1139-52. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S34668.<br /> * Ansari MA, Zubair S, Tufail S, Ahmad E, Khan MR, Quadri Z, '''Owais M'''. Ether lipid vesicle-based antigens impart protection against experimental listeriosis. Int J Nanomed. 2012;7:2433-47. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S25875.<br /> * Farazuddin M, Sharma B, Khan AA, Joshi B, '''Owais M'''. Anticancer efficacy of perillyl alcohol-bearing PLGA microparticles. Int J Nanomed. 2012;7:35-47. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S24920.<br /> * Chauhan A, Zubair S, Tufail S, Sherwani A, Sajid M, Raman SC, Azam A, '''Owais M'''. Fungus-mediated biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles: potential in detection of liver cancer. Int J Nanomed. 2011;6:2305-19. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S23195.<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;[[PLOS One|&lt;u&gt;PLOS One&lt;/u&gt;]]&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> * '''Owais M''', Kazmi S, Tufail S, Zubair S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637674 An alternative chemical redox method for the production of bispecific antibodies: implication in rapid detection of food borne pathogens.] ''PLOS One''. 2014 Mar 17;9(3):e91255. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637674 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091255.]<br /> * Chauhan A, Zubair S, Sherwani A, '''Owais M'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22403622 Aloe vera induced biomimetic assemblage of nucleobase into nanosized particles.] ''PLOS One''. 2012;7(3):e32049. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22403622 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032049.]<br /> * Ansari MA, Zubair S, Mahmood A, Gupta P, Khan AA, Gupta UD, Arora A, '''Owais M'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21853054 RD antigen based nanovaccine imparts long term protection by inducing memory response against experimental murine tuberculosis.] ''PLOS One''. 2011;6(8):e22889. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21853054 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022889.]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[Leishmania donovani]]<br /> * [[Escherichia coli]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note|2}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Cite web |url=https://worldneurocongress2017.com/advisory-committees/ |title=Advisory Committees - World Neuro Congress 2017 |date=2017-12-27 |website=World Neuro Congress 2017 |language=en-US |access-date=2017-12-27 |archive-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227180436/https://worldneurocongress2017.com/advisory-committees/ }}<br /> <br /> {{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mohammad, Owais}}<br /> [[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]<br /> [[Category:Indian immunologists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical researchers]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indian nanotechnologists]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Factory_Tiruchirappalli&diff=470879 2026-02-08T03:25:23Z

<p>Abdul kadar: expanded references for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Defence Production Company of India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli<br /> | logo = File:Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli (OFT)'s Logo.png<br /> | type = Government Organisation<br /> | genre =<br /> | foundation = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[India]] (1966)<br /> | founder =<br /> | location_city =<br /> | location_country =<br /> | location = <br /> | locations =<br /> | area_served =<br /> | key_people = Shirish Khare, [[IOFS]]&lt;br /&gt; (General Manager)<br /> | industry = [[Arms industry|Defence]]<br /> | products = [[Small arms]]<br /> | services =<br /> | market cap =<br /> | revenue =<br /> | operating_income =<br /> | net_income =<br /> | assets =<br /> | equity =<br /> | owner =<br /> | num_employees = ~1500<br /> | parent = [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]] (current)&lt;br&gt;[[Ordnance Factory Board]] (former)<br /> | divisions =<br /> | subsid =<br /> | homepage =<br /> | footnotes =<br /> | intl =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli (OFT)''', also called '''Ordnance Factory Trichy''', is a small arms factory operated by [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]] based in [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], which was previously part of [[Ordnance Factory Board]] of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/index.php?wh=aboutus&amp;lang=en|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: About Us|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company is headed only by an [[IOFS]] officer called General Manager (ex officio [[Additional Secretary to Government of India]]) who is the chief executive officer, responsible for the overall management of the company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=oft&amp;page=rti&amp;lang=en|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Ordnance Factory Tiruchirapalli|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> OFT is the largest [[small arms]] manufacturing company of India and has the most varied range.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/make-in-india-now-private-companies-can-test-their-equipment-at-the-ordnance-factories/1640708/|title=Make in India: Now private companies can test their equipment at the Ordnance Factories|date=11 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Ordnance Factory Tiruchirapalli was in need after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. It was inaugurated on 3 July 1966 by the then Prime Minister of India, [[Indira Gandhi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.nic.in/units/index.php?unit=oft&amp;page=about&amp;lang=en|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Ordnance Factory Tiruchirapalli|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and production began in 1967. It was established to increase the small arms production in the country, assisting [[Rifle Factory Ishapore]] and Small Arms Factory, Kanpur.<br /> <br /> == Products ==<br /> OFT started its production with 9&amp;nbsp;mm carbines and now manufactures arms ranging from 5.56&amp;nbsp;mm rifles to rocket launchers, shell launchers, [[grenade launchers]], aviation armament, [[naval armament]], tank armament, anti-aircraft guns, autocannons, automatic rifles, and sniper rifles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/03/19/oft-develops-gen-x-weapons-1174286532.html|title=OFT develops Gen-X weapons &amp;#124; OFT develops Gen-X weapons|date=19 March 2007|website=Oneindia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[IOF .315 sporting rifle]] - A civilian version of the British [[Lee–Enfield]] rifle, chambered in the [[8×50mmR Mannlicher]] cartridge, rather than the [[.303 British]] cartridge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.weaponsindia.com/sportingrifle.htm|title=315&quot; Sporting Rifle|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[INSAS rifle]] - The INSAS (Indian Small Arms System) 5.56&amp;nbsp;mm assault rifle is the standard-issue rifle of the Indian Army. At least 300,000 of these weapons have been sold to the Indian Army.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=84268|title=Press Information Bureau English Releases|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[L1A1 SLR|7.62 mm 1A1 rifle]] - Licence produced variant of the British [[L1A1 SLR|L1A1 self-loading rifle]]. It was the standard-issue rifle of the Indian Army and has been replaced by the INSAS.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Infantry-Weapons/OFB-7-62-mm-1A1-and-1C-rifles-India.html|title=OFB 7.62 mm 1A1 and 1C rifles (India) - Jane's Infantry Weapons|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.weaponsindia.com/rifle1a1.htm|title=Rifle 7.62 mm 1A1|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[PK machine gun#PKT|7.62 mm PKT gun]] - Indian license produced variant of [[PK machine gun#PKT|PKT machine gun]] mounted on main battle tanks such as [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]], [[T-72|Ajeya]], [[T-90|Bhishma]] of the Indian Army.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Infantry-Weapons/7-62-mm-PKT-tank-machine-gun-Serbia-and-Montenegro.html|title=7.62 mm PKT tank machine gun (Serbia and Montenegro) - Jane's Infantry Weapons|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Trichy assault rifle|7.62 mm Trichy Assault Rifle]] - A 7.62&amp;nbsp;mm calibre assault rifle developed by Ordnance Factory Trichy. In use by paramilitary forces such as CRPF, CISF, BSF, etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/crpf-approves-trichy-assault-rifle-after-tests/article19937479.ece|title=CRPF approves Trichy Assault Rifle after tests|first=R.|last=Krishnamoorthy|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 October 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/crpf-most-likely-to-place-orders-for-trichy-assault-rifle/articleshow/63348542.cms|title=Trichy Assault Rifle: 'CRPF most likely to place orders for Trichy Assault Rifle' &amp;#124; Trichy News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2011/03/indian-tiruchi-ordnance-factory.html|title=Indian Tiruchi Ordnance Factory Develops New Assault Rifle Like AK-47 ~ ASIAN DEFENSE|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-14/nagpur/30627285_1_ak-47-insas-new-rifle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718225109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-14/nagpur/30627285_1_ak-47-insas-new-rifle|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Indian 'AK-47' too fast for its own good|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spsmai.com/military/?id=7&amp;q=Tiruchi-ordnance-factory-develops-new-assault-rifle|title=Tiruchi ordnance factory develops new assault rifle|website=www.spsmai.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xykNwwVSKM|title=CRPF APPROVES TRICHY ASSAULT RIFLE AFTER TESTS|via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Frahan | first=Alain Henry de | title=Tiruchi Assault Rifle for Indian Border Security Force - January 2019 Global Defense Security army news industry - Archive News year | website=Defense Security global news industry army 2019 | date=2013-07-14 | url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/january_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/tiruchi_assault_rifle_for_indian_border_security_force.html | access-date=2021-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/article/85938/india-s-ofb-hands-over-indigenous-assault-rifles-to-paramilitary-bsf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125104526/https://www.janes.com/article/85938/india-s-ofb-hands-over-indigenous-assault-rifles-to-paramilitary-bsf | archive-date=25 January 2019 | title=Janes &amp;#124; Latest defence and security news }}&lt;/ref&gt; Also in use with the State Police Forces of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Kerala, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, among others.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/weapon-upgrade-for-jharkhand-police/cid/1682946|title=Weapon upgrade for state cops|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[NSV machine gun|12.7 mm NSV Heavy Machine Gun]] - A heavy machine gun, manufactured by OFT, which can be mounted on helicopters, besides land and sea applications.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/19/stories/2008031957471000.htm|title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : Small, modern, antique weapons on display|date=25 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325233709/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/19/stories/2008031957471000.htm|archive-date=25 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ofb.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/add_33.htm |title=12.7 mm AIR DEFENCE GUN|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[14.5 mm sub caliber device]] - A training weapon for the crew of T-72 tank for 125&amp;nbsp;mm gun, in range practice against standard targets, using 14.5&amp;nbsp;mm armour piercing incendiary tracer bullet with steel case.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wmc/2.htm|title=Ordnance Factory Board|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/03/19/oft-develops-gen-x-weapons-1174286532.html|title=OFT develops Gen-X weapons|work=Oneindia|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[KPV heavy machine gun|14.5 mm KPV Heavy Machine Gun]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.nic.in/products/data/weapons/wmc/2.htm|title=Ordnance Factory Board|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Vidhwansak|Vidhwansak anti-materiel rifle]] - An anti-materiel sniper rifle developed by OFT. In use with the [[Border Security Force]]. The Vidhwansak can be easily changed between three calibers (12.7&amp;nbsp;mm, 14.5&amp;nbsp;mm and 20&amp;nbsp;mm) by replacing the barrel, bolt, magazine and scope without any specialized tools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wmc/add_10.htm|title=Ordnance Factory Board|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/02/15/bsf-ig-satisfied-of-amr-produced-at-oft-1203057214.html|title=BSF IG satisfied of AMR produced at OFT|work=Oneindia|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/15/stories/2008021553770500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220075927/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/15/stories/2008021553770500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : Anti-material rifle handed over to BSF|date=2008-02-15|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/19/stories/2007031903350200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109083333/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/19/stories/2007031903350200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : Ordnance Factories Day celebrated in Tiruchi|date=2007-03-19|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110213/nation.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/20/stories/2006032004440200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118043602/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/20/stories/2006032004440200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : Exhibiting the 'powers' that protect us|date=2006-03-20|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23 aircraft cannon]] - An autocannon, for use onboard aircraft. The Ghasha is the gun used on aircraft like the [[HAL Tejas|Tejas]], [[MiG-21]], [[MiG-27]] and [[Mil Mi-24|Mi-24 helicopters]],.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Ghasha-23-mm-aviation-gun-India.html|title=Ghasha 23 mm aviation gun (India) - Jane's Air-Launched Weapons|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[30 mm automatic cannon 2A42]] - Installed in a two-person turret on the [[BMP-2|Sarath]] mechanised infantry combat vehicle (ICV) and ships.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[AGS-30|30 mm auto grenade launcher]] - provides better mobility, longer range, increased rate of fire, and better accuracy during firing. Significantly lighter than its previous version but far more advanced and powerful, it can engage targets at over 2000m. Recoil is lessened.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/19/stories/2009031958760200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322130902/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/19/stories/2009031958760200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : Visitors awed by arms on display at OFT|date=2009-03-19|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[38 mm multi-shell launcher (UGRA)]] - used to launch tear gas shells for [[riot control]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/19/stories/2011031967570200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322192833/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/19/stories/2011031967570200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : OFT develops multi shell launcher for riot control|date=2011-03-19|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/03/19/oft-develops-ultra-modern-futuristic-weapons.html|title=OFT develops ultra-modern futuristic weapons|work=Oneindia|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tiruchi-ordnance-factory-develops-new-assault-rifle/articleshow/7740063.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102021554/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-19/india/29145725_1_ordnance-factory-happ-tiruchi|url-status=live|archive-date=2 January 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Tiruchi ordnance factory develops new assault rifle|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[ARDE Under Barrel Grenade Launcher]] - An under-barrel grenade launcher, developed by [[Armament Research and Development Establishment|ARDE]] and OFT for use with INSAS rifles. It is also compatible with the AK-47s in service with the Indian Army.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wmc/8.htm|title=Under Barrel Grenade Launcher 40 mm|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Milkor MGL|40 mm multi grenade launcher]] - A variety of rounds such as HE, HEAT, anti-riot baton, irritant, and pyrotechnic can be loaded and fired as fast as the trigger can be pulled; the cylinder can be loaded or unloaded rapidly to maintain a high rate of fire.<br /> * [[Joint Venture Protective Carbine]] (JVPC)<br /> * [[Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180917-the-search-for-an-assault-rifle-1334289-2018-09-07|title=The search for an assault rifle|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * TriCa carbine&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ordnance-factory-in-tamil-nadu-launches-high-tech-carbine-trica/articleshow/84887491.cms | title=Ordnance factory in Tamil Nadu launches high-tech carbine 'TriCa' | newspaper=The Economic Times }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A]]<br /> * [[IOF.32 Revolver]]<br /> * 51 mm Mortar<br /> * 81 mm Mortar<br /> * [[Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifle|84 mm Rocket Launcher M4]]<br /> * [[RPG-7|Rocket-propelled grenade launcher RPG-7]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}<br /> * Stabilized Remote Control Gun System (SRCG)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/ordnance-factory-trichy-to-produce-remote-control-gun-system-for-indian-navy/articleshow/68489424.cms|title=Ordnance Factory Trichy to produce remote control gun system for Indian Navy &amp;#124; Trichy News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 March 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Technology ==<br /> OFT currently manufactures some products under license from the foreign companies that produce them. It is working closely with the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/ARDE/English/index.jsp?pg=interaction.jsp|title=DRDO|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and other laboratories and establishments of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) to indigenise the weapons. <br /> <br /> == Customers ==<br /> OFT mainly manufactures weapons for the<br /> * [[Indian Armed Forces]]<br /> * [[Central Armed Police Forces]]<br /> * [[State Armed Police Forces]]<br /> * [[Paramilitary Forces of India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/big-match-debut-for-sniper-rifles-that-penetrate-concrete/768911/0|title=Big match debut for sniper rifles that penetrate concrete – Indian Express| date=30 March 2011 |access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Special Forces of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/post-26/11-india-turns-to-russia-for-small-weapons_604499.html|title=Post 26/11, India turns to Russia for small weapons|work=Zee News| date=16 February 2010 |access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * OFT also manufactures weapons for civilians in India.<br /> <br /> Weapons manufactured by OFT, such as the INSAS rifles, have been exported to several countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/index.php?wh=customers&amp;lang=en|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Customers|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/article2494614.ece|title=We're making Ordnance factories future ready, says OFB Chairman Dimri|author=Pratim Ranjan Bose|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> {{Gallery<br /> |title=Products<br /> |width=350<br /> |height=250<br /> |align=center<br /> |File: INSAS rifle (Browngirl06).jpg|5.56 mm INSAS Rifle<br /> |File: AGS-30 maks2009.jpg|30 mm Auto Grenade Launcher<br /> |File:Trichy AR prototype.jpg|7.62 mm Trichy Assault Rifle (TAR)<br /> |File:Arjun MBT bump track test 2.JPG| Arjun is armed with a 12.7 mm anti-aircraft machine gun and a 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun&lt;ref name=DRDO1&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080928094309/http://www.drdo.org/mbt.html Main Battle Tank, Arjun]}}, Defence Research &amp; Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defense, India&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |File: T-72 Ajeya.jpg|Ajeya of the Indian Army has a 7.62 mm PKT coaxial machine gun and a 12.7 mm anti-aircraft machine gun<br /> |File:Indian Army T-90.jpg| Bhishma has secondary armaments like the 12.7 mm AA machine gun and PKT 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun.<br /> |File:Yudh Abhyas-09 BMP.JPG|Sarath uses 30 mm Cannon and 7.62 mm PKT Gun<br /> |File:IAF Tejas full size (32941198511).jpg|Tejas uses armaments such as 23 mm GSh-23 aircraft autocannon<br /> |File:CRN-91 on ICGS Shaunak.jpg| CRN 91 Naval Gun is the main armament of Indian Naval and Coast Guard ships and patrolling vessels<br /> |File:WLUS (12).jpg|40 mm Multi Grenade Launcher (MGL)<br /> |File:Indian Navy familiarisation training for Kerala State Coastal Police Personnel, 2018 (1).jpg|7.62 mm Anti-aircraft Gun<br /> |File:NTW-20 rifle.jpg| Vidhwansak Multi-Calibre Anti-Material Sniper Rifle<br /> |File:IWI-Tavor-TAR-21w1.jpg |Zittara Multi-purpose Carbine<br /> |File:DRDO MC Rifle.jpg|Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System<br /> |File:Pistol Auto 9 mm 1A - Kolkata 2012-01-23 8779.JPG|Pistol Auto 9 mm 1A<br /> |File:IOF-32-REV-1.JPG|IOF .32 Revolver<br /> |File:Carl Gustav M4 Kokonaisturvallisuus 2015.jpg|84 mm Rocket Launcher M4<br /> |File:RPG-7 detached.jpg|Rocket-propelled grenade launcher RPG-7<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://ofb.gov.in/units/OFT ORDNANCE FACTORY TIRUCHIRAPPALLI]<br /> <br /> {{Ordnance Factories Board}}<br /> {{Tiruchirappalli |state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Firearm manufacturers of India]]<br /> [[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]<br /> [[Category:Economy of Tiruchirappalli]]<br /> [[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:1966 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jogomaya&diff=506422 2026-02-05T18:10:01Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Created new data...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 Indian television series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Jogomaya.jpg<br /> | genre = [[Drama]]&lt;br&gt; [[Romance film|Romance]] &lt;br&gt; [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]<br /> | creator = [[Blues Productions]]<br /> | based_on = <br /> | developer = [[Blues Productions]]<br /> | writer = '''Dialogues''' &lt;br&gt; Snehasish Chakraborty<br /> | screenplay = Snehasish Chakraborty<br /> | story = Snehasish Chakraborty<br /> | director = Vidyut Saha<br /> | creative_director = Snehasish Chakraborty<br /> | starring = [[Neha Amandeep]] &lt;br/&gt; Syed Arefin<br /> | open_theme = &quot;Jogomaya&quot;<br /> | end_theme = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | composer = Snehasish Chakraborty<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | executive_producer = Runa Dey Sarkar &lt;br&gt; Susanta Daripa &lt;br&gt; ([[Blues Productions]]) &lt;br&gt; Paromita &amp; Urvish Bose &lt;br&gt; ([[Zee Bangla]])<br /> | producer = Snehasish Chakraborty<br /> | editor = Bapon Pramanik &lt;br&gt; Sumit Karmakar<br /> | cinematography = Amitava Chakraborty<br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | runtime = 22 Minutes<br /> | company = [[Blues Productions]]<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 107<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2024|03|11|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2024|07|05|df=y}}<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | network = [[Zee Bangla]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Jogomaya''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Romance film|Romantic]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Drama]] television series that released on 11 March 2024 on [[Zee Bangla]]. The series is produced under the banner of [[Blues Productions]]. It stars [[Neha Amandeep]] and Syed Arefin in lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/new-serial-neha-amandeep-makes-a-grand-comeback-on-tv-with-zee-banglas-jogmaya-also-stars-syed-arefin-31708367147086.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222041443/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/new-serial-neha-amandeep-makes-a-grand-comeback-on-tv-with-zee-banglas-jogmaya-also-stars-syed-arefin-31708367147086.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2024|title=রিক্সা চালক মেয়ের আইএএস হওয়ার গল্প,'যোগমায়া' নিয়ে ফিরছেন নেহা, সঙ্গী সৈয়দ আরেফিন|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|date=20 February 2024 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/tv-serial-jogomaya-new-serial-to-be-launched-from-11-march-on-zee-bangla-1051580|title='যোগমায়া' আসছে দুর্নীতিমুক্ত সমাজ তৈরির স্বপ্নপূরণ করতে, ১১ মার্চ থেকে|website=ABP Ananda|date=9 March 2024 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jogomaya-will-start-on-zee-bangla-from-11-march-at-6-pm-replacing-ichhe-putul-serial-31708663477115.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223053447/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jogomaya-will-start-on-zee-bangla-from-11-march-at-6-pm-replacing-ichhe-putul-serial-31708663477115.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 February 2024|title=মার্চ থেকে জি বাংলায় শুরু 'যোগমায়া', তবে পেল না প্রাইম টাইম! জায়গা নিল হিট মেগার|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|date=23 February 2024 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/zee-bangla-new-television-jogomaya/tid/124976|title=রিক্সাওয়ালার মেয়ের আইএএস অফিসার হওয়ার গল্প 'যোগমায়া'|website=The Wall|date=12 March 2024 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.editorji.com/bengali/entertainment-news/zee-bangla-new-serial-jogomaya-will-telecast-from-11th-march-1708735726769|title=জি বাংলায় আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক, কোন মেগার জায়গা নিল 'যোগমায়া'?|website=Editorji|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/tv-serial/zee-bangla-will-be-introducing-a-new-mega-show-jogomaya-starring-neha-amandeep-and-syed-arafin-in-the-lead-1051565|title=অভাবের সংসার থেকে স্বপ্নপূরণের লক্ষ্যে যাত্রা শুরু যোগমায়ার, আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক|website=ABP Ananda|date=9 March 2024 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/didi-no-1-update-jogamaya-fame-actors-neha-amandeep-and-syed-arefin-shares-a-funny-moment-31710216487800.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313184623/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/didi-no-1-update-jogamaya-fame-actors-neha-amandeep-and-syed-arefin-shares-a-funny-moment-31710216487800.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2024|title='যোগমায়া' শুরু হতে না হতেই আরফিনের প্রেমে হাবুডুবু খাচ্ছেন নেহা? দিদি নম্বর ওয়ানে এসে বললেন, 'তুই একেবারে...'|website= Hindustan Times Bangla|date=12 March 2024 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> ===Main===<br /> * [[Neha Amandeep]] as Jogomaya Chatterjee (née Halder) - Mintu and Sukla's daughter; Mahamaya's sister; Rehan's Wife<br /> * Syed Arefin as Rehan Chatterjee - Rajeshwar and Anuradha's son; Rudrani's younger brother; Rema's ex-fiánce; Jogomaya's Husband; Arna's lover<br /> <br /> ===Recurring===<br /> *Ashim Mukhopadhyay as Mrinal Halder aka Mintu Rickshawala - Jogomaya and Mahamaya's father<br /> *[[Somasree Chaki]] as Shukla Halder - Jogomaya and Mahamaya's mother; Mintu's wife<br /> *Monalisa Das as Mahamaya Halder - Jogomaya's younger sister<br /> *Biplab Dasgupta as Sarbeshwar Chatterjee - An Advocate, Rajeshwar and Vishweshwar's elder brother; Sanjoy and Rob's father<br /> *[[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Rajeshwar Chatterjee - A doctor, Sarbeshwar's younger brother; Vishweshwar's elder brother; Anuradha's husband; Rudrani and Rehan's father<br /> *Ananya Biswas as Rudrani Chatterjee - Rajeshwar and Anuradha's daughter; Rehan's elder sister<br /> *Sutapa Banerjee as Anuradha Chatterjee - Rajeshwar's wife; Rudrani and Rehan's mother <br /> *Rana Mitra as Vishweshwar Chatterjee - Subha's husband; Sarbeshwar and Rajeshwar's younger brother <br /> *Mallika Banerjee as Subha Chatterjee - Vishweshwar's wife<br /> *Chandni Saha as Rema Chatterjee - Rehan's ex-fiancée; Sanjoy's wife<br /> *[[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] as Sanjoy Chatterjee aka Sanju - A teacher,‌ Sarbeshwar's son; Rob, Rudrani and Rehan's elder brother; Rema's husband <br /> *Jayashree Mukherjee Kaul as Jayashree<br /> *Roshni Ghosh as Dustu<br /> *Payel Tarafdar as Sristi<br /> *Aarijit Dhibar as Rob Chatterjee - Sarbeshwar's younger son; Utsha's husband; Sanjoy, Rudrani and Rehan's younger brother <br /> *Mimi Dutta as Utsha Chatterjee - Rob's wife; Sarbeshwar's younger daughter-in-law<br /> *Susmita Roy Chakraborty as Susmita<br /> *Sayantani Majumder as Sayantani<br /> *Debarshi Banerjee as Debarshi<br /> *Sourav Banerjee as Makhon Lal Poddar / M.K Poddar - A trustworthy employee of chatterjee group <br /> *Gourab Ghoshal as Kalicharan Das aka Kolke - A local gangster of D.S colony<br /> *Arindol Bagchi as Manager Babu of municipality corporation <br /> *Subhajit Banerjee as Bipin Majhi - A police inspector who worked for chatterjee group <br /> *Payel Sarkar as Deepika - Sanjoy's student <br /> *Shobhana Bhunia as Shobhana - Sanjoy's student <br /> *Brinda Mukherjee as Brinda - Sanjoy's student <br /> *Shubhojit Bakshi as Photik Basu - A lawyer.<br /> *Maahi Kar as Payel - Rob's lover, Employee of Chatterjee group. <br /> *[[Subhankar Saha (actor)|Subhankar Saha]] as Alankar - Rudrani's lover.<br /> *Sahamita Acharya as Anindita Sarkar - a Journalist, Jogomaya's Friend.<br /> *Niladri Lahiri as Rema's father.<br /> *Arun Saha as Subrata Bhattacharya - Employee of Chatterjee group.<br /> *Kalyani Mondal as Gayatri Roy - Rajeshwar's friend, A political leader.<br /> *[[Rupsa Chatterjee]] as Dr. Oishani Mukherjee - Jogomaya's well wisher.<br /> *Nisha Poddar as Arna Mukherjee - Oishani's sister.<br /> *Pallab Chakraborty as Gourav Roy - Gayatri's grandson.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Zee Bangla}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]<br /> [[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/jogomaya/0-6-4z5521678 Jogomaya] at [[ZEE5]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lachen_Monastery&diff=464911 2026-01-31T20:28:47Z

<p>Abdul kadar: brief corrected section per standard format and corrected details to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Nyingma Buddhist monastery in northeastern India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery<br /> |name = Lachen Monastery<br /> |image = <br /> |image size = <br /> |alt = <br /> |caption =<br /> |map_type = <br /> |coordinates = {{coord|27.7162407|N|88.5566106|E|type:landmark_region:IN-SK|display=inline}}<br /> |map_caption = Location within India<br /> |location=[[Sikkim]], [[India]]<br /> |founded_by = <br /> |year_completed = 1858<br /> |sect = Nyingma<br /> |dedicated_to =<br /> |head_lama = <br /> |architecture =<br /> |festivals= <br /> |footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Lachen Monastery''' (also called '''Ngodrub Choling Gonpa''', &quot;Launching Gompa&quot;), built in 1858, is a [[Nyingma]] Buddhist monastery near [[Lachen, Sikkim]], northeastern [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/sikkim/lachen-monastery.html|title=Lachen Monastery Sikkim|website=www.tourmyindia.com|access-date=2018-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikkimeccl.gov.in/Documents/RTI/Lists%20of%20Religious%20Institutions/List%20of%20the%20Nyingma%20monasteries.pdf|title=List of the Nyingma monasteries|last=|first=|date=|website=Ecclesiastical Affairs Department, Government of Sikkim|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_0001a5.htm|title=Tour of Lachen &amp; Gurudongmar from Gangtok|last=|first=|date=|website=Darjeeling Tourism|access-date=2018-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is home to Lachen Monastic School.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikkimeccl.gov.in/Info/HistoryMonasticSchools.aspx|title=Monastic Schools in Sikkim|last=|first=|date=|website=Ecclesiastical Affairs Department, Government of Sikkim|access-date=2018-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Buddhism]]<br /> *[[Gautama Buddha]]<br /> *[[History of Buddhism in India]]<br /> *[[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.siblac.org/doc/Lachen_Gomchen_Rathong_Chu.pdf Appeal from the Lachen Gomchen Rinpoche] to protect the Rathong Chu and [[Arun River, China-Nepal|Bum-Chu]] rivers<br /> * [https://www.trover.com/d/16OES-lachen-%E2%80%98ngodub-choling%E2%80%99-monastery-sikkim-india Lachen 'Ngodub Choling' Monastery Lachen 'Ngodub Choling' Monastery], by Dr. Rohit Reddy, Trover<br /> * [https://www.oyorooms.com/holiday-packages/blog/lachen-best-time-to-visit-and-places-to-see/ Mural at Lachen Monastery]<br /> * [http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-pilgrimage.html Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]<br /> * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/pilgrim/places.htm Pilgrims Guide to Buddhist India: Buddhist Sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704152615/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/pilgrim/places.htm |date=4 July 2008 }}<br /> *{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Lachen+Monastery/@27.7162407,88.5566106,345m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39e6c4a7eaaaaaab:0x7e1f36bdcaee6181!8m2!3d27.7166667!4d88.5577391|title= Lachen Monastery}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|Religion|Architecture}}<br /> <br /> {{Buddhism topics}}<br /> {{Buddhist monasteries in Sikkim}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Nyingma monasteries and temples]]<br /> [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-Tibetan-Buddhism-monastery-stub}}<br /> {{Sikkim-geo-stub}}</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhanbad_Airport&diff=475780 2026-01-31T11:11:05Z

<p>Abdul kadar: slightly adjusted details based on references and updated info as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Airport in Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox airport<br /> | name = Dhanbad Airport<br /> | nativename =<br /> | nativename-a = <br /> | nativename-r = <br /> | image = <br /> | image-width = <br /> | caption = <br /> | IATA = DBD<br /> | ICAO = VEDB<br /> | pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India<br /> | pushpin_relief = 1<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in India<br /> | pushpin_label = '''DBD'''<br /> | type = Public<br /> | owner = Airports Authority of India<br /> | operator =<br /> | city-served = [[Dhanbad]]<br /> | location = [[Barwaada]], [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | elevation-f = 847<br /> | elevation-m = 258<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|23|50|02|N|086|25|31|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}<br /> | website = <br /> | metric-elev = y<br /> | metric-rwy = y<br /> | r1-number = 07/25<br /> | r1-length-f = 3,728<br /> | r1-length-m = 1,136<br /> | r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br /> | stat-year = <br /> | stat1-header = <br /> | stat1-data = <br /> | stat2-header = <br /> | stat2-data = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dhanbad Airport''' {{Airport codes|DBD|VEDB}} is a public airport located at [[Dhanbad]], in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. It is situated alongside the [[Grand Trunk Road]] at [[Barwaada]]. There are no scheduled flights into this airport.<br /> <br /> The airport last saw scheduled commercial operations in the 1980s, when [[Vayudoot]] operated services to [[Patna]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Ranchi]] until 1987. Since then, the airport is only used by small aircraft and helicopters. The then chief minister of Jharkhand [[Shibu Soren]] inaugurated a new passenger waiting hall in October 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Airport plan takes wing |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120106/jsp/jharkhand/story_14962521.jsp#.Ur_VFHnoWaA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129125339/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120106/jsp/jharkhand/story_14962521.jsp#.Ur_VFHnoWaA |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2012 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date= 6 January 2012 |access-date=29 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The State's Civil Aviation department invited proposals in July 2011 for operation of the airport based on [[Public-private partnership]] (PPP) model wherein the infrastructure would be provided by the State Government while the private company would be allowed to start chartered flights in addition to taking responsibility of day-to-day maintenance of the airport for a tenure of ten years. The private entity would be expected to construct administrative buildings, air traffic control and hangars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dhanbad, Dumka on chartered flight path |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110814/jsp/frontpage/story_14377165.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235804/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110814/jsp/frontpage/story_14377165.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2013 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date= 14 August 2011 |access-date=29 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Acting on the instruction of state civil aviation department, the local administration is preparing a proposal to develop a commercial airport at Baliapur block, 25&amp;nbsp;km from the district headquarters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=New airport on Dhanbad radar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140924/jsp/jharkhand/story_18864035.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913180406/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140924/jsp/jharkhand/story_18864035.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2015 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date= 24 September 2024 |access-date=21 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Airports in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Defunct airports in India]]<br /> [[Category:Airports in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Dhanbad]]<br /> [[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]<br /> [[Category:Airports Authority of India]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhakta_Kumbara_(1949_film)&diff=490754 2026-01-19T02:44:42Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new new post v1 - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Bhakta Kumbara<br /> | image = Bhakta Kumbara (1948) poster.png<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Bomman D. Irani<br /> | producer = [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]]<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = <br /> | starring = Honnappa Bhagavathar&lt;br&gt;Lakshmi Bai&lt;br&gt;Vimalananda das&lt;br&gt;[[Pandari Bai]]<br /> | music = Honnappa Bhagavathar<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = Pragati<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1949|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bhakta Kumbara''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಭಕ್ತ ಕುಂಬಾರ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[List of Kannada films of the 1940s|1949]] Indian [[Kannada]] film, directed by Bomman D. Irani and produced by [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]]. Bhagavathar also appears in the lead role alongside [[M. Jayashree]], Lakshmi Bai, Vimalananda Das and [[Pandari Bai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/bhakta-kumbara-1949|title=Bhakta Kumbara|accessdate=2015-02-09|publisher=chiloka.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Bhakta-Kumbara-1949/9219800742|title=Bhakta Kumbara|accessdate=2015-02-09|publisher=nthwall.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209214323/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Bhakta-Kumbara-1949/9219800742|archivedate=9 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/bhakta-kumbara.htm|title=Bhakta Kumbara|accessdate=2015-02-09|publisher=bharatmovies.com|archive-date=9 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209213034/http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/bhakta-kumbara.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]]<br /> * Lakshmi Bai<br /> * Vimalananda das<br /> * [[Pandari Bai]]<br /> * Murarachar<br /> * Seetarama Sastri<br /> * Mahabala Rao<br /> * [[M. Jayashree]]<br /> * Ramabai<br /> * Lakshmamma<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1949 films]]<br /> [[Category:1940s Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1940s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013_I-League_2nd_Division_final_round&diff=482410 2026-01-08T14:21:58Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new some entry basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{main|2013 I-League 2nd Division}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{infobox football tournament season<br /> | title = I-League 2nd Division final round<br /> | year = 2013<br /> | country = India<br /> | image = <br /> | num_teams = 6<br /> | champions = [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> | runner-up = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> | prevseason = [[2012 I-League 2nd Division final round|2012]]<br /> | nextseason = [[2014 I-League 2nd Division final round|2014]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2013 [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] final round''' is the sixth final round of the I-League 2nd Division. The tournament began after the group stage was completed on 26 March 2013.<br /> <br /> ==Format==<br /> The final round of the 2013 I-League 2nd Division is taking place between six teams from the group stage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Five teams qualify for final phase of 2nd Division League|url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3814|website=The All India Football Federation|access-date=26 March 2013}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Qualification==<br /> {{main|2013 I-League 2nd Division#Group stage}}<br /> {{location map+ |India |float=right |width=300 |caption=Location of teams in the 2013 I-League 2nd Division |places=<br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=22.34 |long=88.22 |label=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]&lt;/div&gt;|position=right}}<br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=22.34 |long=88.22 |label=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]&lt;/div&gt;|position=left}}<br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=18.58 |long=72.70 |label=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]&lt;/div&gt;|position=right}}<br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=25.34 |long=91.53 |label=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]&lt;/div&gt;|position=left}}<br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=25.34 |long=91.53 |label=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]&lt;/div&gt;|position=right}}<br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=22.34 |long=88.22 |label=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;[[Southern Samity]]&lt;/div&gt;|position=bottom}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Final round table==<br /> &lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL<br /> |res_col_header=QR<br /> <br /> |team1=RAN|name_RAN=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> |team2=MOH|name_MOH=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |team3=BHA|name_BHA=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |team4=LAN|name_LAN=[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]<br /> |team5=MUM|name_MUM=[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]<br /> |team6=SOU|name_SOU=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> <br /> |win_RAN=6|draw_RAN=1|loss_RAN=3|gf_RAN=17|ga_RAN=11|status_RAN=C,P<br /> |win_MOH=5|draw_MOH=3|loss_MOH=2|gf_MOH=9|ga_MOH=6|status_MOH=P<br /> |win_BHA=4|draw_BHA=5|loss_BHA=1|gf_BHA=21|ga_BHA=15<br /> |win_LAN=3|draw_LAN=4|loss_LAN=3|gf_LAN=20|ga_LAN=18<br /> |win_MUM=3|draw_MUM=0|loss_MUM=7|gf_MUM=13|ga_MUM=19<br /> |win_SOU=1|draw_SOU=3|loss_SOU=6|gf_SOU=9|ga_SOU=20<br /> <br /> |col_P=#D0F0C0|text_P=Promotion to [[2013–14 I-League]]<br /> |result1=P|result2=P<br /> |class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.<br /> |update=complete<br /> |source=[http://i-league.org/?page_id=5954 i-league.org]<br /> }}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Fixtures and results==<br /> <br /> ===First leg===<br /> <br /> ==== Match day 1 ====<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]<br /> |team2=[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 30 March 2013<br /> |time= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 0 – 1<br /> |report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/mumbai-tigers-pips-langsning-fc/article4565050.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = Kumar {{goal|45|pen.}}<br /> |attendance = <br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |team2=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 30 March 2013<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 1 – 1<br /> |report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/mumbai-tigers-pips-langsning-fc/article4565050.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = Khan {{goal|51}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Badmus Babatunde|Babatunde]] {{goal|30}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> ----<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 31 March 2013<br /> |time= 4:15pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 0 – 0<br /> |report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20130419041745/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-01/i-league/38188386_1_mohammedan-striker-mohun-bagan Report]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> <br /> ==== Match day 2 ====<br /> Tuesday, 2 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |team2=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 1 – 0<br /> |report = [https://www.deccanherald.com/content/323363/demba-roars-tigers.html Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Jose Ramirez Barreto|Barreto]] {{goal|45}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]<br /> |team2=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 3 – 0<br /> |report = [https://www.deccanherald.com/content/323363/demba-roars-tigers.html Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|64}}&lt;br&gt;Dikhate {{goal|79||89}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> ----<br /> Wednesday, 3 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |team2=[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 2 – 1<br /> |report = [https://www.theshillongtimes.com/2013/04/04/langsning-let-lead-slip-lose-to-mohammedan/ Report]<br /> |goals1 = Baltham {{goal|52}}&lt;br&gt;[[Charles Dzisah|Dzisah]] {{goal|56}}<br /> |goals2 = Ayeni {{goal|43}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> <br /> ==== Match day 3 ====<br /> Friday, 5 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]<br /> |team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 3 – 3<br /> |report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/alfred-jaryan-nets-winner-for-sporting/article4585510.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = Ayeni {{goal|11}}&lt;br&gt;[[Daniel Bedemi|Bedemi]] {{goal|73}}&lt;br&gt;Shadap {{goal|90+3}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Hudson Lima Silva|Silva]] {{goal|7}}&lt;br&gt;[[Mohammad Mashriqi|Mashriqi]] {{goal|26}}&lt;br&gt;Sana {{goal|70}}<br /> |attendance = <br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |team2=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 0 – 1<br /> |report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/alfred-jaryan-nets-winner-for-sporting/article4585510.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = [[Alfred Jaryan]] {{goal|69}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> ----<br /> Saturday, 6 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> |team2=[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 3 – 1<br /> |report =[https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/rangdajied-stuns-tigers/article4588904.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = Sunn {{goal|44}}&lt;br&gt;Singh {{goal|53}}&lt;br&gt;Shin {{goal|81}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Pappachen Pradeep|Predeep]] {{goal|2}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> <br /> ==== Match day 4 ====<br /> Monday, 8 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |team2=[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 3 – 2<br /> |report = [https://www.deccanherald.com/content/324789/sporting-stay-pole.html Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Jose Ramirez Barreto|Barreto]] {{goal|26||64||84}}<br /> |goals2 = Dikhate {{goal|7}}&lt;br&gt;[[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|62}}<br /> |attendance = <br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |team2=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 1 – 0<br /> |report = [https://www.deccanherald.com/content/324789/sporting-stay-pole.html Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Jerry Zirsanga|Zirsanga]] {{goal|50}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> ----<br /> Tuesday, 9 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]<br /> |team2=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 2 – 0<br /> |report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/langsning-fc-notches-up-first-win/article4599154.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = Nongrum {{goal|69}}&lt;br&gt;Das {{own goal}}<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> <br /> ==== Match day 5 ====<br /> Thursday, 11 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]<br /> |team2=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 1 – 0<br /> |report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/106234/mumbai-tigers-fc-vs-mohd-sp/report Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Bikash Jairu|Jairu]] {{goal|90+3}}<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |attendance = <br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 2 – 2<br /> |report =[http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/106234/mumbai-tigers-fc-vs-mohd-sp/report Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Suraj Mondal|Mondal]] {{goal|11}}&lt;br&gt;[[Marcos Pereira (footballer)|Pereira]] {{goal|90}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Jose Ramirez Barreto|Barreto]] {{goal|29}}&lt;br&gt;[[Hudson Lima Silva|Silva]] {{goal|45+2}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> ----<br /> Friday, 12 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> |team2=[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 2 – 4<br /> |report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/106236/rangdajied-united-fc-vs-langsning-sc/report Report]<br /> |goals1 = Shin {{goal|4}}&lt;br&gt;Tamang {{goal|25}}<br /> |goals2 = Ayeni {{goal|40||86}}&lt;br&gt;[[Daniel Bedemi|Bedemi]] {{goal|62||79}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> <br /> ===Second leg===<br /> <br /> ==== Match day 1 ====<br /> Monday, 15 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> |team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 1 – 0<br /> |report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/langsning-holds-mohammedan-sporting/article4620457.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Badmus Babatunde|Babatunde]] {{goal|43}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]<br /> |team2=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 1 – 1<br /> |report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/langsning-holds-mohammedan-sporting/article4620457.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = Ayeni {{goal|60}}<br /> |goals2 = Hyju {{goal|35}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> ----<br /> Tuesday, 16 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |team2=[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 2 – 1<br /> |report = [https://archive.today/20130629124011/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/i-league/38614706_1_southern-samity-final-round-group-stage Report]<br /> |goals1 = Onyema {{goal|1||59}}<br /> |goals2 = Kumar {{goal|28}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> <br /> ==== Match day 2 ====<br /> Thursday, 18 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |team2=[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 3 – 3<br /> |report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/a-draw-for-bhawanipore-and-langsning/article4630826.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Hudson Lima Silva|Silva]] {{goal|13||69}}&lt;br&gt;Dowary {{goal|45}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Daniel Bedemi|Bedemi]] {{goal|17}}&lt;br&gt;Suting {{goal|20}}&lt;br&gt;Ayeni {{goal|53}}<br /> |attendance = <br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |team2=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 1 – 0<br /> |report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/a-draw-for-bhawanipore-and-langsning/article4630826.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Charles Dzisah|Dzisah]] {{goal|35}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> ----<br /> Friday, 19 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]<br /> |team2=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 0 – 1<br /> |report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/mumbai-tigers-suffers-a-big-setback/article4634269.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = Kelechi {{goal|48}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> <br /> ==== Match day 3 ====<br /> Sunday, 21 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 1 – 4<br /> |report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/106355/bhawanipore-fc-vs-southern-samity/report Report]<br /> |goals1 = Singh {{goal|63}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Hudson Lima Silva|Silva]] {{goal|12||57||74}}&lt;br&gt;[[Jose Ramirez Barreto|Barreto]] {{goal|14}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |team2=[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]<br /> |stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 2 – 0<br /> |report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/106355/bhawanipore-fc-vs-southern-samity/report Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Charles Dzisah|Dzisah]] {{goal|83}}&lt;br&gt;[[Alfred Jaryan]] {{goal|90+4}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> ----<br /> Monday, 22 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> |team2=[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]<br /> |stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 3 – 1<br /> |report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/106356/langsning-sc-vs-rangdajied-united-fc/report Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Badmus Babatunde|Babatunde]] {{goal|48||64||74}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Daniel Bedemi|Bedemi]] {{goal|8}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> <br /> ==== Match day 4 ====<br /> Wednesday, 24 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]<br /> |team2=[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 3 – 1<br /> |report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20130527154553/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/i-league/38816577_1_southern-samity-mohammedan-sporting-bhawanipore-fc Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Daniel Bedemi|Bedemi]] {{goal|68}}&lt;br&gt;Rahman {{goal|73|og}}&lt;br&gt;Suting {{goal|79}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Durga Boro|Boro]] {{goal|31}}<br /> |attendance = <br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |team2=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 1 – 3<br /> |report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20130527154553/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/i-league/38816577_1_southern-samity-mohammedan-sporting-bhawanipore-fc Report]<br /> |goals1 = Biswas {{goal|25}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Badmus Babatunde|Babatunde]] {{goal|16||40||86}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> ----<br /> Thursday, 25 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |team2=[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 0 – 0<br /> |report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/106359/bhawanipore-fc-vs-mohd-sp/report Report]<br /> |goals1 =<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> <br /> ==== Match day 5 ====<br /> Saturday, 27 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br /> |team2=[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 2:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 3 – 1<br /> |report = [https://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/rangdajied-united-fc-qualify-for-i-league-1st-division_760531.html Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Charles Dzisah|Dzisah]] {{goal|5|og}}&lt;br&gt;Khriam {{goal|45}}&lt;br&gt;Shin {{goal|85}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Jerry Zirsanga|Zirsanga]] {{goal|83}}<br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]<br /> |team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 3 – 5<br /> |report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/rangdajied-enters-top-flight/article4661156.ece Report]<br /> |goals1 = [[Irungbam Surkumar Singh|Singh]] {{goal|37}}&lt;br&gt;[[Bikash Jairu|Jairu]] {{goal|81}}&lt;br&gt;[[Durga Boro|Boro]] {{goal|90}}<br /> |goals2 = Dutta {{goal|45}}&lt;br&gt;[[Jose Ramirez Barreto|Barreto]] {{goal|64}}&lt;br&gt;Sana {{goal|73}}&lt;br&gt;Ruidas {{goal|85}}&lt;br&gt;[[Hudson Lima Silva|Silva]] {{goal|90}}<br /> |attendance = <br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> ----<br /> Sunday, 28 April 2013<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |team1=[[Southern Samity]]<br /> |team2=[[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]<br /> |stadium =[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> |date= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |time= 4:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])<br /> |score = 2 – 2<br /> |report = <br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |attendance =<br /> |nobars = 1}}<br /> <br /> ==Top scorers==<br /> {{updated|27 April 2013.}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Rank<br /> !Player<br /> !Club<br /> !Goals<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Badmus Babatunde]]<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|Rangdajied United<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Hudson Lima Da Silva]]<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|Bhawanipore<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|3<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jose Ramirez Barreto]]<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|Bhawanipore<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|4<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Joel Ayeni]]<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|Langsning<br /> |6<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Daniel Bedemi]]<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|Langsning<br /> |6<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{I-League 2nd Division}}<br /> {{2012-13 in Indian football}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:I-League 2 final rounds]]<br /> [[Category:2012–13 in Indian football]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pahari_culture&diff=523700 2026-01-01T09:07:50Z

<p>Abdul kadar: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}&lt;!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY &quot;none&quot; - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! --&gt;<br /> [[File:DANCE OF HIMANCHAL PRADESH.jpg|thumb|Group of [[Himachalis|Himachali]] men performing [[Nati (dance)|Nati]]]]<br /> <br /> '''Pahari culture''' refers to the [[cultural practice]]s, traditions, [[Pahari painting|arts]], [[Pahari language|language]]s, lifestyles, and [[social behavior]] of the people living in the hilly regions of [[northern India]], Pakistan, and Nepal.&lt;ref name=&quot;z962&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=BGSB UNIVERSITY | website= Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, (J&amp;K) | url=https://www.bgsbu.ac.in/cntrofresrch/pahari.aspx | ref={{sfnref| Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, (J&amp;K) }} | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;f208&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=What India Can Learn From UK Pahari Speakers' Efforts to Preserve Their Linguistic Heritage | website=The Wire | date=20 Apr 2021 | url=https://thewire.in/society/what-india-can-learn-from-uk-pahari-speakers-efforts-to-preserve-their-linguistic-heritage | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term &quot;pahari&quot; or &quot;pahadi&quot; originates from the [[Hindi language|Hindi]] word &quot;pahad&quot;, denoting &quot;mountain&quot; or &quot;hill&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;x705&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Sreekant | first=Rama | title=All you want to know about Pahadi cuisine | website=DNA India | date=28 Nov 2014 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-all-you-want-to-know-about-pahadi-cuisine-2039130 | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; and collectively describes the [[Hill people|inhabitants of mountainous areas]], including parts of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[northern Pakistan]], as well as the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] foothills in Nepal.&lt;ref name=&quot;p056&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Culture &amp; Heritage | website=Rajouri, Government of Jammu and Kashmir | date=20 Dec 2018 | url=https://rajouri.nic.in/culture-heritage/ | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Historically, [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|pahari communities]], including [[Pahari people (Bangladesh)|Bangladeshi Pahari groups]]—though their cultures are not extensively documented—and [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan speaking]] populations developed distinct identities due to their [[geographical isolation]]. This separation encouraged the emergence of a unique art forms, folk traditions, and linguistic patterns. However, these cultures also absorbed elements from broader civilizations, including [[Indo-Aryan civilization|Indo-Aryan]], Central Asian, and [[Tibetan culture|Tibetan influences]].&lt;ref name=&quot;z737&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography and demographics ==<br /> {{Further|Geography of India|Geography of Pakistan}}<br /> Pahari culture is influenced by the [[Geography of Asia|geography of the region]], which consists of hilly terrains, forests, rivers, and remote valleys. The Pahari-speaking communities reside across various ecosystems such as the lush green hills of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand to the rugged terrains of Jammu and Kashmir and northern Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;z737&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=History &amp; Facts | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=20 Jul 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pahari | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; All these territories and regions, including [[Indian subcontinent|cross border regions]] are originally classified as the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European family]].<br /> <br /> The population comprises various [[ethnic group]]s, including [[Koli people|Kolis]], [[Dogras]], [[Gujjar]]s, [[Gaddis]], [[Bhutias]], and [[Bakarwal]]s in India, and Pahari [[Pashtuns|pathans]] and [[Dardistan|Dards]] in Pakistan. In Nepal, Pahari culture is practiced through groups like the [[Gurungs]], [[Thakali people|Thakalis]], and [[Tamang people|Tamangs]]. Despite differences in language and traditions, these communities share common cultural elements due to their geographic proximity and historical exchanges.&lt;ref name=&quot;z737&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Languages ==<br /> {{See also|Western Pahari|Indo-Aryan languages}}<br /> The northern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] are home to a variety of regional languages. In the [[Jammu division|Jammu region]] of India, [[Dogri language|Dogri]] and [[Gojri]] are widely spoken.&lt;ref name=&quot;r970&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Pahari languages | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=20 Jul 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pahari-languages | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dogri, primarily used by the [[Dogras|Dogra community]], is recognized as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and enjoys a rich literary tradition. Gojri is spoken by the nomadic [[Gujjar]] and [[Bakarwal]] communities, who traditionally engage in transhumance, moving between the plains and high-altitude pastures.<br /> <br /> Himachal Pradesh is characterized by several [[Himachali language]]s, major of them including [[Mahasu Pahari]] (Mahasui) [[Kullu language|Kulluvi]], [[Mandeali]], [[Kangri language|Kangri]], and [[Chambeali]]. Mahasu Pahari is spoken in [[Shimla district|Shimla]] and [[Solan district]]. It is divided into two subgroups Upper Mahasui and Lower Mahasui. Kochi, Sudochi, etc are dialects of Upper Mahasui which are spoken in Upper [[Shimla district]] while Keonthali, Baghati, Bagheali, [[Hinduri language|Hinduri]], etc are dialects of Lower Mahasui spoken in Lower Shimla district and [[Solan district]]. Kulluvi is spoken in the [[Kullu Valley]], while Mandeali is associated with the [[Mandi district]], [[Kangri language|Kangri]] is associated with the [[Kangra district]], and Chambeali is native to the [[Chamba district|Chamba]] region. These languages belong to the Western Pahari group and are part of the cultural identity of their respective regions.<br /> <br /> In [[Uttarakhand]], three major languages are prominent—[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] and [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]. Jaunsari is spoken in [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] region in [[Dehradun district|Dehradun District]], it is closely related to Mahasu Pahari and [[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]] of Himachal Pradesh. Kumaoni is spoken in the [[Kumaon division]], covering districts such as [[Almora]], [[Nainital]], and [[Pithoragarh]], while Garhwali is native to the [[Garhwal division]], which includes areas like [[Dehradun]], [[Tehri]], and [[Pauri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;r970&quot;/&gt; Both languages belong to the Central Pahari group.<br /> <br /> In Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Pahari-Pothwari]] serves as a significant linguistic variety. It is spoken in Azad Kashmir and in parts of northern Pakistan and regions across the [[Line of Control]]. The language features multiple dialects and acts as a linguistic link between communities on [[Kashmir|both sides]] of the Kashmir border.<br /> <br /> These languages belong primarily to the Indo-Aryan [[Indo-Aryan languages|linguistic family]], with local dialects varying significantly between valleys and districts.&lt;ref name=&quot;r970&quot;/&gt; Although many Pahari languages have not been extensively documented, the government institutions and NGOs made attempts to preserve them through [[literature]], [[radio broadcast]]s, and cultural programs.&lt;ref name=&quot;r970&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Arts and crafts ==<br /> {{Further|Crafts of India|Pakistani craft}}<br /> Art and craft are parts of Pahari culture, with communities known for their distinct styles of [[handicraft]]s, weaving, and painting, including [[Pahari painting]]. Originating in Himachal Pradesh, Pahari paintings are renowned for their delicate brushwork, colors, and themes drawn from [[mythology]], nature, and [[folklore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;d777&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Naim | first=C.M. | last2=Ramanujan | first2=A.K. | title=Pahari, Miniature, Paintings | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=12 Jan 2000 | url=https://www.britannica.com/art/South-Asian-arts/Pahari-style | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;u802&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Pahari Art – An Indian Art Style | website=ICAT Blog | url=http://blog.icat.ac.in/pahari-art-%E2%80%93-an-indian-art-style | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Kangra painting|Kangra school of painting]] is especially popular for its depictions of [[Radha and Krishna]].<br /> <br /> [[Handloom]] weaving such as woolen [[shawl]]s, carpets, and blankets are commonly produced in the region. Kullu shawls and Chamba [[rumal]]s (handkerchief) are known for their patterns and use of natural dyes. Communities in the Pahari belt engage in woodwork and pottery such as [[wood carving]] and [[pottery]].&lt;ref name=&quot;d777&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music and dance ==<br /> {{See also|Music of Himachal Pradesh|Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh|Nati (dance)|Music of Uttarakhand|Music of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> [[File:Solan gidda.PNG|thumb|Dance group performing [[Solan]] [[giddha]] (Pahari giddha)]]<br /> Music and dance play a central role in the cultural life of the Pahari regions, within their celebrations, [[festival]]s, and rituals. These art forms serve as [[entertainment]] as well as [[Expression (linguistics)|linguistic expression]]s of tradition, [[human emotion|emotion]]s, and social unity. The folk music of the region is often centered around themes of nature, love, separation, and devotion. Traditional musical instruments, such as the [[dhol]] (a double-sided drum), [[Nagara (drum)|nagara]] (a kettledrum), [[flute]], and [[chimta]] (a percussion instrument with jingling discs), are commonly used as traditional musical instruments for folk songs.&lt;ref name=&quot;u981&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Himachal Competition Focus - Half Yearly 2020 - January to August | publisher=Sarla Publications Private Limited | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uv5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA35 | access-date=24 Oct 2024 | page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Traditional Dance (Naati).jpg|thumb|Himachali men performing Nati with swords in Dev Jagar]]<br /> [[Nati (dance)|Nati]], originating from Himachal Pradesh, nati is known for its slow, and rhythmic movements. It is performed during festivals and celebrations, often involving long lines of dancers who move in unison to traditional music.&lt;ref name=&quot;e490&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Kanda | first=R.K. | last2=Publications | first2=R. | title=The Glory of Himachal Pradesh | publisher=Rudra Publications | isbn=978-93-89960-33-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzGzEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA36 | access-date=24 Oct 2024 | page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;b319&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Himachal Pradesh (India) | last2=Negi | first2=T.S. | title=Himachal Pradesh District Gazetteers | publisher=Printed at the Standard Print. Press | series=Gazetteer of India | issue=v. 5 | year=1975 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1huAAAAMAAJ | access-date=24 Oct 2024 | page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Marriage ==<br /> {{Further|Weddings in India}}<br /> The Pahaṛi communities exhibit a rich variety of [[wedding|marriage custom]]s, encompassing practices such as [[polyandry]], where multiple brothers share a single wife; polygyny, in which one man has several wives; and group marriages that involve a number of husbands and wives. [[Monogamous]] unions are also present, though they are less prevalent. In certain Pahari traditions, girls may be married at a young age, sometimes before turning 10, but they generally do not begin living with their husbands until they have reached a suitable level of [[adulthood]]. These marriage traditions suggests the complex [[social dynamics]] within Pahari culture and demonstrate how these communities navigate their social and [[Environmental issues|environmental circumstances]].&lt;ref name=&quot;z737&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Religion and festivals ==<br /> {{Further|List of festivals in India}}<br /> [[File:Himachali people covered in holi colours, dancing. 01.jpg|thumb|Himachali men playing [[Holi]] and dancing]]<br /> The majority of Pahari communities follow [[Hinduism]], Islam, or Buddhism, although local animistic practices are also prevalent in remote areas. Temples, mosques, and monasteries dot the landscape, often serving as important cultural centers.&lt;ref name=&quot;r531&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=ST status proposed for Paharis, Paddaris in J&amp;K. Who are they? | website=Deccan Herald | date=1 Aug 2023 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/explained-st-status-proposed-for-paharis-paddaris-in-jk-who-are-they-1242905.html | access-date=24 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;m587&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Subramanian | first=Nirupama | title=Speaking Pahari, seeking Anantnag | website=The Hindu | date=6 Mar 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/speaking-pahari-seeking-anantnag/article67921415.ece | access-date=24 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Paharis native of Jammu and Kashmir districts such as [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]], and [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] observe [[Vaisakhi]] festival. It is celebrated to mark the [[harvest season]].&lt;ref name=&quot;r499&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Baisakhi observed with fervour in Rajouri, Poonch | website=Greater Kashmir | date=14 Apr 2022 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/pir-panjal/baisakhi-observed-with-fervour-in-rajouri-poonch/ | access-date=24 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;w169&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Two-Day Cultural Festival concludes at Bani | website=Jammu Links News | url=https://www.jammulinksnews.com/mb/newsdet.aspx?q=312743 | access-date=24 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Paharis in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] observe [[Islamic holidays|Muslim religious festivals]] such as [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]].&lt;ref name=&quot;t055&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Group of Muslims on way to offer Eid prayers allegedly attacked in Rajouri، Police denies | website=The Kashmiriyat | date=10 Apr 2024 | url=https://thekashmiriyat.co.uk/group-of-muslims-on-way-for-offer-eid-prayers-allegedly-attacked-in-rajouri/ | access-date=24 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cuisine ==<br /> {{Further|Indian cuisine}}<br /> [[File:Siddu dish 01.jpg|thumb|[[Siddu (bread)|Siddu]] (Himachali dish) served with chutney]]<br /> The cuisine of the Pahari region is influenced by local ingredients and seasonal availability.&lt;ref name=&quot;x705&quot;/&gt; Common foods include lentils, rice, vegetables, and dairy products. Traditional dishes vary from region to region.<br /> <br /> Pahari murga dish features chicken cooked in a mixture of milk and [[yogurt]], seasoned with spices such as [[coriander]], ginger, garlic, cardamom, cinnamon, and fennel. Paharis also prepare chainsoo, a lentil-based dish from the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]], Chainsoo is made from black gram ([[urad dal]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;t975&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=10 Pahadi Recipes From The Hills To Feel Cozy In Winter | website=NDTV Food | date=15 Feb 2021 | url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/10-pahadi-recipes-to-feel-cozy-in-winter-2349182 | access-date=24 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The cuisine of the Pahari region includes several dishes classified by the use of local [[ingredient]]s, aromatic spices, and traditional cooking methods. One such dish is the pahari chicken snack, where pieces of chicken are stir-fried with a paste made from [[lamiaceae|mint]], [[coriander]], [[garlic]], and [[ginger]]. Green chilies and [[garam masala]] is also added to its flavor, which is used during colder months.&lt;ref name=&quot;t975&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Babru is a variation of [[poori]], prepared by adding [[baking powder]] to the dough. The dough is filled with cooked [[vigna mungo|black gram dal]], the same [[lentil]] used in chainsoo, and then deep-fried for crisp texture. This dish is served on everyday meals.&lt;ref name=&quot;t975&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Chana madra is another staple dish that involves slow-cooking [[chickpeas]] in a yogurt-based gravy. Spices like [[cardamom]], [[clove]]s, [[turmeric]], and [[cumin]] impart layers of flavor, making it a prominent dish in the region's culinary repertoire.&lt;ref name=&quot;t975&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Shakuli, a traditional [[papad]], is made using refined flour, salt, water, and [[oil]]. The mixture is steamed and left to dry in the sun for several days. It is usually served with meals.&lt;ref name=&quot;t975&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Aloo palda is prepared of [[potato]]es, which are simmered in a gravy made from onions, whisked [[yogurt]], and ground [[rice]]. The [[Chamba district|Chamba]] region serves [[Chamba Chukh]] and fried fish, which features freshwater fish coated in a mixture of ginger, garlic, [[coriander]], turmeric, and [[red chili]] powder. The fish is dipped in gram flour batter and deep-fried, resulting in a golden dish.&lt;ref name=&quot;t975&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Trout|Kullu trout]] is also a fish preparation process from the [[Kullu]] region. The trout is marinated with spices and pan-fried, usually served with hot rice.&lt;ref name=&quot;t975&quot;/&gt; Traditional tea such as [[kahwa]] is infused with [[saffron]], cinnamon, and almonds. People of different cultures including from paharis serve kehew.&lt;ref name=&quot;n926&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Which Is Your Perfect Match? | website=NDTV Food | date=7 Oct 2024 | url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/kahwa-vs-masala-tea-which-is-your-perfect-match-4256025 | access-date=24 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Siddu (bread)|Siddu]] is another cuisine prepared by paharis and other natives of Jammu and Kashmir, steamed bread made with wheat flour and stuffed with lentils or vegetables, popular in Himachal Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;x705&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Clothing ==<br /> {{Further|Clothing in India}}<br /> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi dedicates to the nation the World’s longest Highway tunnel - Atal Tunnel, in Manali, Himachal Pradesh on October 03, 2020 (7).jpg|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] during inauguration of [[Atal Tunnel]] wearing [[Himachali cap]]]]<br /> Pahari attire is adapted to the cold climate of the mountains. [[Woolen]] garments are common, with men wearing chogas (long cloaks) and women draping shawls or pashmina scarves.&lt;ref name=&quot;d019&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Books | website=The Sunday Tribune | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111016/spectrum/main4.htm | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Himachali cap]]s, known for visible colors and [[Geometric design|geometric pattern]]s, are a distinctive feature of the region's [[attire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;y267&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Unveiling the rich history of the Himachali cap | website=The Times of India | date=25 Oct 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/buzz/unveiling-the-rich-history-of-the-himachali-cap/photostory/104559309.cms | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Kashmir, the [[pheran]] is a traditional loose gown worn by both men and women during winter.&lt;ref name=&quot;f119&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=All about Kashmiri pheran | website=The Times of India | date=19 Dec 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/buzz/all-about-kashmiri-pheran/articleshow/106101298.cms | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Social structure == <br /> The [[social structure]] of Pahari communities is often organized around villages, with a close-knit community lifestyle.&lt;ref name=&quot;g823&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Magazine section | website=The Tribune | date=29 Nov 2008 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081129/saturday/main1.htm | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Traditional [[joint family|joint families]] are common, although nuclear families are becoming more prevalent due to [[modernization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;a717&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Islam | first=Taaseen Mohammed | title=Why I'm okay with leaving joint families in the past | website=The Daily Star | date=19 May 2022 | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/news/why-im-okay-leaving-joint-families-the-past-3026506 | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c496&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last=Berreman | first=Gerald D. | title=Sib and Clan among the Pahari of North India | journal=Ethnology | publisher=University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education | volume=1 | issue=4 | year=1962 | issn=0014-1828 | jstor=3772855 | pages=524–528 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3772855 | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agriculture, livestock rearing, and [[horticulture]] are the primary sources of livelihood. Some communities, such as the Bakarwals and Gujjars, follow a semi-nomadic lifestyle, migrating with their [[herd]]s across different altitudes throughout the year.<br /> <br /> The [[Indian subcontinent|isolation of many Pahari region]]s has helped preserve certain [[Folk costume|traditional custom]]s, although [[modernization]] is gradually influencing daily life. Education, tourism, and government initiatives reportedly improved [[Quality of life|living conditions]] in some areas, while others continue to face challenges related to [[infrastructure]] and employment.&lt;ref name=&quot;p044&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Shaheen | first=Ghulam Sarver | title=Tribality of Gujjar &amp; Bakarwals: A Historical perspective | website=The Kashmir Horizon | date=6 Aug 2023 | url=https://thekashmirhorizon.com/2023/08/06/tribality-of-gujjar-bakarwals-a-historical-perspective/ | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Decline ==<br /> {{See also|Modernity}}<br /> Pahari literary works and traditions are at risk of being lost due to [[sociocultural system|socio-cultural]], economic, and [[politics|political factor]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;e118&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Pahari A Vanishing Culture | website=Daily Excelsior | date=26 Nov 2016 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pahari-a-vanishing-culture/ | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;g486&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Gujjar-Pahari: The Vicious Divide in Pir Panjal Region | website=Kashmir Observer | date=28 Dec 2021 | url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/12/28/gujjar-pahari-the-vicious-divide-in-pir-panjal-region/ | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;i452&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Excelsior | first=Daily | title=Pahari languages plead for protection | website=Daily Excelsior | date=22 Aug 2021 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pahari-languages-plead-for-protection/ | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The decline of Pahari culture is closely tied to the diminishing use of its [[dialect]]s, which serve as carriers of the region's folklore, traditions, and modern [[social behavior]]. In regions like upper [[Shimla]] and the [[Shimla district|Mahasu]] area of Himachal Pradesh, these dialects are under significant pressure, primarily because they lack a [[writing system|standardized script]] and formal documentation.&lt;ref name=&quot;m532&quot;/&gt; Although the [[Tankri script]] exists, limited attempts were made to record the [[oral tradition]]s or cultural practices of the region. For centuries, the transmission of Pahari dialects, ballads, and folk tales has relied on oral methods, which are now being disrupted by [[Modernization theory|modern lifestyle]] changes.<br /> <br /> A key factor contributing to the decline is the [[human migration|of people]] from [[quality of life|rural areas to urban]] centers in search of [[standard of living|better employment and educational opportunities]]. This migration has weakened intergenerational exposure to the native dialects and customs, as individuals become disconnected from their roots. Additionally, economic shifts—such as the decline in the region's [[apple]] industry—have driven many families toward the service sector, often requiring them to move away from their ancestral homes.&lt;ref name=&quot;m532&quot;/&gt; As a result, the younger [[generation]] is increasingly adopting Hindi and English as primary languages, particularly in family settings, further eroding the use of Pahari dialects.<br /> <br /> Without written [[document|records]] or sufficient [[social interaction|daily interaction]] with the language, the cultural bond with Pahari heritage is weakening. As fewer people engage with their native dialects, the risk of [[Cultural homogenization|cultural erosion]] grows, leading to the gradual decline of both the language and the traditions it encapsulates.&lt;ref name=&quot;m532&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Pahari could go downhill in upper Shimla | website=The Tribune | date=19 May 2019 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/pahari-could-go-downhill-in-upper-shimla-774921 | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Preservation ==<br /> Pahari culture, like many indigenous cultures, faces challenges from modernization, [[Human migration|migration]], and [[environmental change]]s. The government and [[non-governmental organization]]s attempting to preserve traditional arts, languages, and lifestyles. Cultural festivals, museums, and academic research are playing a role in safeguarding the heritage of these communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Excelsior | first=Daily | title=Pahari A Vanishing Culture | website=Daily Excelsior | date=26 Nov 2016 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pahari-a-vanishing-culture/ | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pahari culture has been recognized under the [[UNESCO]] Convention for the safeguarding of the [[Intangible cultural heritage]] (2003), focused on preserving the cultural practices of the Pahari communities in the Himalayan region. This recognition has facilitated community-based [[Inventory|inventorying process]]es, allowing local populations to actively document and celebrate their traditions, including [[folk music]], dance, crafts, and languages. The UNESCO's recognition was aimed to safeguard this intangible heritage and to promote cultural exchange and inform policies that support the sustainability and resilience of Pahari cultural practices.&lt;ref name=&quot;g109&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Pahari community eager to safeguard its intangible culture | website=unesco | url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/pahari-community-eager-safeguard-its-intangible-culture | language=rw | access-date=23 Oct 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu region]]<br /> * [[Takri script|Takri Script]]<br /> * [[Dogri literature]]<br /> * [[Literature of Kashmir]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Culture of Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Azad Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Tibetan culture]]<br /> [[Category:Himalayan culture]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luv_You_Shankar&diff=513798 2025-12-27T07:25:00Z

<p>Abdul kadar: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Luv You Shankar<br /> | image =<br /> | director = [[Rajiv S. Ruia]]<br /> | producer = Tejas Desai&lt;br&gt;Sunita Desai<br /> | story = Sanjay Masoom<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | based_on = <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Shreyas Talpade]] <br /> *[[Tanishaa]] <br /> *[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] <br /> *[[Abhimanyu Singh]]<br /> *[[Kurush Deboo]] <br /> *[[Hemant Pandey]] <br /> }}<br /> | music = Vardan Singh<br /> | cinematography = Atul Parashar<br /> | editing = Parth Y. Bhatt&lt;br&gt;Abhiishek Mehta<br /> | studio = S D World Film Production Pvt Ltd<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2024|04|19|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Shreyas Talpade, Tanishaa Mukerji-Starrer 'Luv You Shankar' To Release On April 19 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shreyas-talpade-tanishaa-mukerji-starrer-luv-you-shankar-to-release-on-april-19 |work=Outlook India |date=8 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | runtime = 117 mins<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Production budget, PLUS marketing cost--&gt;{{INR|8}} crore<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Luv You Shankar'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Shreyas Talpade Starrer Mythological Drama Luv You Shankar Trailer Out, Film To Release On THIS Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shreyas-talpade-starrer-mythological-drama-luv-you-shankar-trailer-out-film-to-release-on-this-date-8845327.html |work=News 18 |date=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Mythological film|mythological]] animated [[drama film]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; directed by [[Rajiv S. Ruia]] and produced by Tejas Desai and Sunita Desai under the banner of S D World Film Production Pvt Ltd. The film stars [[Shreyas Talpade]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Trailer of Shreyas Talpade's mythological film 'Luv You Shankar' unveiled |url=https://theprint.in/feature/trailer-of-shreyas-talpades-mythological-film-luv-you-shankar-unveiled/2034101/ |work=The Print |date=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Tanishaa]] will be seen in the film as lead roles. The film was theatrically released on 19 April 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Panch Kriti Five Elements |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/luv-you-shankar-is-set-to-release-today-shreyas-talpade-also-part-of-it-123092200299_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=22 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Luv You Shankar' trailer shows mythological journey of faith and friendship |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/luv-you-shankar-trailer-shows-mythological-journey-of-faith-and-friendship-1503288929.html |work=The Statesman |date=10 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Synopsis==<br /> It tells the story of an eight-year-old boy who develops a special bond with [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]/Shankar, a Hindu deity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Shreyas Talpade's mythological flick Luv You Shankar's trailer out now! |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Apr/09/shreyas-talpades-mythological-flick-luv-you-shankars-trailer-out-now |work=Indulge Express |date=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their connection takes them on an exciting journey of faith, friendship, and self-discovery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Prateik Jain's animation drama film 'Luv You Shankar' gets a theatre release date! |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/mr-india/prateik-jains-animation-drama-film-luv-you-shankar-gets-a-theatre-release-date/articleshow/101341699.cms |work=Femina |date=28 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Shreyas Talpade]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Shreyas Talpade, Tanishaa Mukerji-Starrer 'Luv You Shankar' To Release On April 19 |url=https://pune.news/entertainment/shreyas-talpade-tanishaa-starrer-luv-you-shankar-to-release-on-april-19-150907/ |work=Pune News |date=8 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Rudra<br /> *[[Tanishaa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Shreyas Talpade and Tanishaa Mukerji starrer 'Luv You Shankar' to hit theaters on April 19 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shreyas-talpade-and-tanishaa-mukerji-starrer-luv-you-shankar-to-hit-theaters-on-april-19-23338923 |work=Mid Day |date=8 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Geeta<br /> *[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Shreyas Talpade and Tanisha Mukerji to star in animation drama 'Luv you Shankar' coming this September |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/shreyas-talpade-and-tanisha-mukerji-to-star-in-animation-drama-luv-you-shankar-coming-this-september/ |work=Animation Express |date=16 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Siddheswar<br /> *[[Kurush Deboo]]<br /> *[[Hemant Pandey]]<br /> *Elakshi A Gupta as Kavita<br /> *Mann Gandhi as Shivansh<br /> *Prateek Jain&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Luv You Shankar|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/luv-you-shankar-trailer-shreyas-talpade/|work=Bollywood Hungama |date=9 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated with 2.5 out of 5 stars and noted &quot;While ‘Luv You Shankar’ initially shows promise with flashy glimpses of past events, the hope for an engaging plot quickly fades away, turning the film into a disappointment.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/luv-you-shankar/movie-review/109430590.cms | title=Luv You Shankar Movie Review : This film fails to engage with its uninspired performances and lacklustre plot | newspaper=The Times of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|28094085}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}<br /> [[Category:Indian animated films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian children's films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian children's fantasy films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu mythological films]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995_Orissa_Legislative_Assembly_election&diff=482027 2025-12-23T07:59:35Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new new data needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Assembly elections in Odisha, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox election<br /> | election_name = 1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election<br /> | country = India<br /> | type = legislative<br /> | vote_type = Popular<br /> | ongoing = no<br /> | previous_election = 1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election<br /> | previous_year = 1990<br /> | election_date = 7 &amp; 9 March 1995<br /> | next_election = 2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election<br /> | next_year = 2000<br /> | seats_for_election = All 147 seats in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | majority_seats = 74<br /> | registered = {{formatnum:22075775}}<br /> | turnout = 73.64%<br /> | image_size = 100px<br /> | image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=J B Pattnaik, Governor of Assam.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=04}}<br /> | leader1 = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]<br /> | leaders_seat1 = Begunia<br /> | party1 = Indian National Congress<br /> | leader_since1 = <br /> | seats_before1 = 5<br /> | popular_vote1 = 39.08%<br /> | seat_change1 = {{increase}}75<br /> | seats1 = 80<br /> | swing1 = <br /> | image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Biju-Patnaik.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=12}}<br /> | leader2 = [[Biju Patnaik]]<br /> | leaders_seat2 = Bhubaneswar<br /> | party2 = Janata Dal<br /> | leader_since2 = <br /> | seats_before2 = 127<br /> | popular_vote2 = 35.41%<br /> | seat_change2 = {{decrease}}81<br /> | seats2 = 46<br /> | swing2 = &lt;!-- Chief Minister --&gt;<br /> | title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|CM]]<br /> | before_party = Janata Dal<br /> | before_election = [[Biju Patnaik]]<br /> | after_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | after_election = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]<br /> | outgoing_members = 10th Odisha Legislative Assembly<br /> | elected_members = 11th Odisha Legislative Assembly<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Elections to the '''[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in March 1995 to elect members of the 147 constituencies in [[Odisha]], India. The [[Indian National Congress]] won a majority of seats and [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Odisha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/former-odisha-chief-minister-jb-patnaik-dead/41362.html |title=Former Odisha chief minister JB Patnaik dead |date=21 April 2015 |agency=IANS |access-date= 6 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=cmlist&gt;{{cite web |url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/statisticsmembers.aspx?x=5 |title=List Of Honourable Chief Minister (YearWise) |access-date= 6 February 2022| website=odishaassembly.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; The number of constituencies was set as 147 by the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;delimitation1976&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=DPACO (1976) - Archive Delimitation Orders |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= December 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Result==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+Source: [[Election Commission of India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3627-orissa-1995/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;10&quot; |[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 1995.svg]]<br /> |- valign=&quot;top&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Popular vote<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Seats<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !Flag<br /> !Name<br /> !Symbol<br /> !Votes<br /> !%<br /> !±[[Percentage point|pp]]<br /> !Contested<br /> !Won<br /> !+/−<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|50x50px]]<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50x50px]] <br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|6,180,237<br /> |39.08<br /> |{{Increase}}9.3<br /> |146<br /> |80<br /> |{{Increase}}70<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |[[File:Janata_Dal_symbol.svg|50x50px]]<br /> |[[Janata Dal]]<br /> |[[File:Janata_Dal_symbol.svg|50x50px]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|5,60,0853<br /> |35.41<br /> |{{decrease}}18.28<br /> |146<br /> |46<br /> |{{decrease}}46<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |[[File:BJP_flag.svg|50x50px]]<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |[[File:Lotos_flower_symbol.svg|50x50px]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|1,245,996 <br /> |7.88<br /> |{{Increase}}4.32<br /> |144<br /> |9<br /> |{{Increase}}7<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]<br /> |[[Communist Party of India]]<br /> |[[File:CPI_symbol.svg|50x50px]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|2,71,199<br /> |1.71<br /> |{{decrease}}1.27<br /> |21<br /> |1<br /> |{{decrease}}4<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |[[File:Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha_flag.svg|50x50px]]<br /> |[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]<br /> |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|50x50px]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|307,517<br /> |1.94<br /> |{{Increase}}1.61<br /> |16<br /> |4<br /> |{{Increase}}4<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Jharkhand People's Party}}<br /> | -<br /> |[[Jharkhand People's Party]]<br /> |[[File:Pot Symbol.png|50x50px]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|27,494<br /> |0.17<br /> |(new)<br /> |4<br /> |1<br /> |(new)<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}<br /> | -<br /> |[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]<br /> | -<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|1,661,485<br /> |10.51<br /> |{{Increase}}3.15<br /> |682<br /> |6<br /> |{{Increase}}2<br /> |- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Total<br /> !-<br /> !100<br /> !-<br /> !-<br /> !147<br /> !-<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Valid Votes'''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|'''15,815,009'''<br /> |71.64<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Invalid Votes<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|440,548<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Total Votes polled / turnout'''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|'''16,255,557'''<br /> |'''73.64'''<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Abstentation<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|5,820,218<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Total No. of Electors'''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|'''22,075,775'''<br /> !<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Elected members==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> !District<br /> !AC. No.<br /> !Constituency<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; | [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]<br /> | 1<br /> | [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]] <br /> | Raghunath Hembram <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]] <br /> | [[Sambhunath Naik]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda (ST)]] <br /> | Khelarama Mahali <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand People's Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]] <br /> | Laxman Majhi <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]] <br /> | Ajen Murmu <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | [[Kuliana Assembly constituency|Kuliana (ST)]]<br /> | [[Sudam Marndi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]] <br /> | Prasanna Kumar Dash <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | [[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga (ST)]] <br /> | Pruthunatha Kisku <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | [[Khunta Assembly constituency|Khunta (ST)]] <br /> | [[Saraswati Hembram]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]] <br /> | Rabaneswara Madhei <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Balasore district|Balasore]]<br /> | 11<br /> | [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]] <br /> | [[Kamala Das (politician)|Kamala Das]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]] <br /> | [[Jayanarayan Mohanty|Jaynarayana Mohanty]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]] <br /> | Raghunath Mohanty <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]] <br /> | Arun Dey <br /> | {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> | [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]] <br /> | [[Kartik Mohapatra|Kartika Mohapatra]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 16<br /> | [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]<br /> | [[Padma Lochan Panda]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> | [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]<br /> | Akhyay Kumar Acharya <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]<br /> | 18<br /> | [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari (SC)]]<br /> | [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 19<br /> | [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]<br /> | [[Prafulla Samal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 20<br /> | [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]<br /> | [[Jagannath Rout]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 21<br /> | [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali (SC)]]<br /> | Netrananda Mallik <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 22<br /> | [[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]<br /> | [[Bijayshree Routray]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]<br /> | 23<br /> | [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]<br /> | Prafulla Chandra Ghadai <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 24<br /> | [[Korei Assembly constituency|Korai]]<br /> | [[Ashok Kumar Das]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 25<br /> | [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]<br /> | Suryamani Jena <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 26<br /> | [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharamsala]]<br /> | [[Kalpataru Das]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 27<br /> | [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]<br /> | Amar Prasad Satpathy <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 28<br /> | [[Bari-derabisi Assembly constituency|Bari-Derabisi]]<br /> | Chinmaya Prasada Behera <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 29<br /> | [[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur (SC)]]<br /> | Arjuna Das <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]<br /> | 30<br /> | [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]<br /> | Dola Gobinda Nayak <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 31<br /> | [[Patamundai Assembly constituency|Patamundai (SC)]]<br /> | [[Ganeswar Behera]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 32<br /> | [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]<br /> | Nalinikanta Mohanty <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 33<br /> | [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]<br /> | [[Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 34<br /> | [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]<br /> | [[Bijoy Mohapatra]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]<br /> | 35<br /> | [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]<br /> | [[Basant Kumar Biswal|Basanta Kumar Biswal]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 36<br /> | [[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]<br /> | [[Bijaya Kumar Nayak]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 37<br /> | [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda]]<br /> | Lalatendu Mohapatra <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |38<br /> | [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur (SC)]]<br /> | [[Bishnu Charan Das]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; | [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]<br /> | 39<br /> | [[Kissannagar Assembly Constituency|Kissannagar]]<br /> | [[Yudhistir Das|Yudhisthir Das]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 40<br /> | [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]<br /> | Sk. Matlub Alli <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 41<br /> | [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur (SC)]]<br /> | Rabindra Kumar Behera <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 42<br /> | [[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]<br /> | Panchanan Kanungo <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 43<br /> | [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]<br /> | Bijay Lakshmi Sahoo <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 44<br /> | [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]<br /> | [[Samir Dey]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 45<br /> | [[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar]]<br /> | [[Kahnu Charan Lenka]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 46<br /> | [[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]<br /> | [[Pravat Tripathy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 47<br /> | [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athgarh]]<br /> | [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 48<br /> | [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]<br /> | [[Debi Prasad Mishra|Debiprasad Mishra]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Khordha district|Khurda]]<br /> | 49<br /> | [[Balipatna Assembly constituency|Balipatna (SC)]]<br /> | Hrushikesh Nayak <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 50<br /> | [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]<br /> | [[Biju Patnaik]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 51<br /> | [[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatni]]<br /> | [[Suresh Kumar Routray]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Puri district|Puri]]<br /> | 52<br /> | [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipli]]<br /> | [[Yudhistir Samantray|Yudhistir Samantaray]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 53<br /> | [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara (SC)]]<br /> | [[Rabindra Kumar Sethy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 54<br /> | [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]<br /> | [[Baikunthanath Swain]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 55<br /> | [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]<br /> | [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 56<br /> | [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]<br /> | [[Maheswar Mohanty]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 57<br /> | [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]<br /> | [[Lalatendu Bidyadhar Mohapatra]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Khordha district|Khurda]]<br /> | 58<br /> | [[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilka]]<br /> | Debendra Nath Mansingh <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 59<br /> | [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]<br /> | [[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 60<br /> | [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]<br /> | Harihara Sahoo <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]<br /> | 61<br /> | [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]<br /> | Ramakanta Mishra <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 62<br /> | [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]<br /> | Sitakanta Mishra <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 63<br /> | [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]<br /> | Bibhuti Bhusan Singh Mardaraj <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 64<br /> | [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]]<br /> | [[Rudra Madhab Ray]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; | [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]<br /> | 65<br /> | [[Jaganathprasad Assembly constituency|Jaganathprasad (SC)]]<br /> | [[Madhaba Nanda Behera]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 66<br /> | [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]<br /> | [[Bikram Keshari Arukha]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 67<br /> | [[Surada Assembly constituency|Suruda]]<br /> | [[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 68<br /> | [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]<br /> | Usha Rani Panda <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 69<br /> | [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]<br /> | [[Harihar Swain]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 70<br /> | [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]<br /> | [[Ram Krushna Patnaik]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 71<br /> | [[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khallikote]]<br /> | [[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 72<br /> | [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chatrapur]]<br /> | [[Daitari Behera|Daitari Behara]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 73<br /> | [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]<br /> | Udayanath Nayak <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 74<br /> | [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur (SC)]]<br /> | Rama Chandra Sethy <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 75<br /> | [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]<br /> | Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 76<br /> | [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]<br /> | Chintamani Dyan Samantara <br /> | {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]<br /> | 77<br /> | [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]<br /> | [[Surjya Narayan Patro]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 78<br /> | [[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|Ramagiri (ST)]]<br /> | Haladhar Karjee <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 79<br /> | [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Parlakhemundi]]<br /> | Trinath Sahu <br /> | {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]<br /> | 80<br /> | [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]<br /> | Akshya Kumar Gomango <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 81<br /> | [[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam-cuttack (ST)]]<br /> | Dambarudhar Ulaka <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 82<br /> | [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]<br /> | [[Ramachandra Ulaka|Ulaka Rama Chandra]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Koraput district|Koraput]]<br /> | 83<br /> | [[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Lakshmipur (ST)]]<br /> | Anantaram Majhi <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 84<br /> | [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi (ST)]]<br /> | [[Rama Chandra Kadam|Ram Chandra Kadam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 85<br /> | [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]<br /> | Gupta Prasad Das <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]<br /> | 86<br /> | [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (SC)]]<br /> | [[Arabinda Dhali]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 87<br /> | [[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda (ST)]]<br /> | Gangadhar Madi <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]<br /> | 88<br /> | [[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]<br /> | Basudev Majhi <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 89<br /> | [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]<br /> | [[Raghunath Patnaik]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Nabarangpur district|Nowrangpur]]<br /> | 90<br /> | [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]<br /> | Habibulla Khan <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 91<br /> | [[Kodinga Assembly constituency|Kodinga (ST)]]<br /> | Sadan Nayak <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 92<br /> | [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]<br /> | Jadav Majhi <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 93<br /> | [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote (ST)]]<br /> | [[Parama Pujari]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Nuapada district|Nawapara]]<br /> | 94<br /> | [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]<br /> | Ghasiram Majhi <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 95<br /> | [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]<br /> | [[Duryodhan Majhi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]<br /> | 96<br /> | [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharamgarh (SC)]]<br /> | Bira Sipka <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 97<br /> | [[Koksara Assembly constituency|Koksara]]<br /> | Roshini Singh Deo <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 98<br /> | [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]<br /> | [[Bikram Keshari Deo]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 99<br /> | [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]<br /> | [[Pradipta Kumar Naik]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 100<br /> | [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla (ST)]]<br /> | Balabhadra Majhi <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 101<br /> | [[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]<br /> | [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]<br /> | 102<br /> | [[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Balliguda (ST)]]<br /> | [[Sahura Mallick]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 103<br /> | [[Udayagiri, Odisha Assembly constituency|Udayagiri (ST)]]<br /> | [[Nagarjuna Pradhan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 104<br /> | [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]<br /> | Dasarathi Behera <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Boudh district|Boudh]]<br /> | 105<br /> | [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]<br /> | Satchidananda Dalal <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Balangir district|Balangir]]<br /> | 106<br /> | [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh (SC)]]<br /> | Jogendra Behera <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 107<br /> | [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]<br /> | Santosh Singh Saluja <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 108<br /> | [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]<br /> | [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 109<br /> | [[Saintala Assembly constituency|Saintala]]<br /> | Surendra Singh Bhoi <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 110<br /> | [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]<br /> | [[Balgopal Mishra]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 111<br /> | [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]<br /> | [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]<br /> | 112<br /> | [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur (SC)]]<br /> | Kunduru Kushal <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 113<br /> | [[Binka Assembly constituency|Binka]]<br /> | [[Narasingha Mishra]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 114<br /> | [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]<br /> | Ram Chandra Pradhan <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Angul district|Angul]]<br /> | 115<br /> | [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]<br /> | Amarnath Pradhan <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 116<br /> | [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]<br /> | [[Ramesh Jena]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]<br /> | 117<br /> | [[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol (SC)]]<br /> | Maheswar Naik <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 118<br /> | [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]<br /> | Nabin Chandra Narayandas <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 119<br /> | [[Gondia, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gondia]]<br /> | [[Nandini Satpathy|Nandini Satapathy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Angul district|Angul]]<br /> | 120<br /> | [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]<br /> | Kailash Chandra Mohapatra <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 121<br /> | [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]<br /> | Bibhudhendra Pratap Das <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 122<br /> | [[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher (SC)]]<br /> | [[Mahesh Sahoo]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]<br /> | 123<br /> | [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]<br /> | [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |124<br /> | [[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]<br /> | Prakash Chandra Debta <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 125<br /> | [[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]<br /> | [[Ripunath Seth]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 126<br /> | [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli (SC)]]<br /> | Mohan Nag <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 127<br /> | [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]<br /> | [[Prasanna Acharya]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]<br /> | 128<br /> | [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]<br /> | Durga Shankar Patanaik <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]<br /> | 129<br /> | [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]<br /> | Prasanna Kumar Panda <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | 130<br /> | [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]<br /> | Birendra Chandra Pandey <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 131<br /> | [[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera (ST)]] <br /> | [[Hemananda Biswal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]<br /> | 132<br /> | [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]] <br /> | Panu Chandra Naik <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 133<br /> | [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol (SC)]] <br /> | Abhimanyu Kumar <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]<br /> | 134<br /> | [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]] <br /> | Pradipta Gang Deb <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]<br /> | 135<br /> | [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]] <br /> | Kishore Chandra Patel <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 136<br /> | [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]] <br /> | [[Gajadhar Majhi]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 137<br /> | [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]] <br /> | [[Mangala Kisan]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 138<br /> | [[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur (ST)]] <br /> | George Tirkey <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |-<br /> | 139<br /> | [[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]] <br /> | Prabhat Mohapatra <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 140<br /> | [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali (ST)]] <br /> | Mansid Ekka <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |-<br /> | 141<br /> | [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]] <br /> | [[Jual Oram]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]<br /> | 142<br /> | [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua (ST)]] <br /> | Dhanurjay Laguri <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 143<br /> | [[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]] <br /> | [[Hrushikesh Naik]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 144<br /> | [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]] <br /> | [[Jogendra Naik]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 145<br /> | [[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]] <br /> | Chandrasena Naik <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 146<br /> | [[Ramchandrapur, Odisha Assembly Constituency|Ramchandrapur]] <br /> | [[Niranjan Patnaik]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 147<br /> | [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]<br /> | [[Jayadev Jena]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Analysis ==<br /> In Orissa, the Janata Dal had won massive landslide victory in 1990 elections by winning 84% of total seats. It completed full 5 year term and in 1995 elections it lost by winning 30% seats, giving way to Congress.<br /> <br /> It is believed that one of the main reasons was, the then excise minister [[Prasanna Acharya]] banned alcoholic and tobacco products in 1992. It is believed, those who were addicted to it, voted for Congress in following elections of 1995. Congress, after coming to power, withdrew the ban. It justified that State Govt. will earn revenue from this business. <br /> <br /> It accused, the JD is depriving the state from economic prosperity and it is prioritising the Coastal Belt instead of Tribal belt. But Congress itself couldn't work for economic progress or Tribal development, when it came to power. <br /> <br /> The Janata CM Sri [[Biju Patnaik|Biju Pattanaik]] had criticised the tribal districts as, &quot;not even capable of having built a cycle factory, what steel plant would be built?&quot; So JD lost tribal votes.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[1995 elections in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Odisha elections}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1995 State Assembly elections in India|Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:State Assembly elections in Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:1990s in Orissa]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharran_Kumar&diff=534692 2025-12-17T21:08:13Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Biography - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sharran Kumar<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | occupation = Actor, director<br /> | othername =<br /> | yearsactive = 2010-present<br /> | spouse =<br /> | parents =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sharran Kumar''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in several [[Tamil language]] films. He has acted in films including ''[[Inidhu Inidhu]]'' (2010) and ''[[Charles Shafiq Karthiga]]'' (2015).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Raghavan|first=Nikhil|date=2014-06-21|title=Etcetera: Sharran looks forward to CSK|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Etcetera-Sharran-looks-forward-to-CSK/article11642236.ece|access-date=2020-07-15|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Raghavan|first=Nikhil|date=2013-05-18|title=Etcetera: Now CSK, the film|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-now-csk-the-film/article4727331.ece|access-date=2020-07-15|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Sharran Kumar made his debut with [[Prakash Raj]]'s ''[[Inidhu Inidhu]]'' (2010), before going on to appear in smaller budget ventures such as ''[[Vaada Poda Nanbargal]]'' (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-Bitsy/article15608196.ece|title = Itsy Bitsy|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 December 2010|last1 = Raghavan|first1 = Nikhil}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Pathirama Pathukkunga'' (2012).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sharan returns with 'Issaki'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/apr/08/sharan-returns-with-issaki-466232.html|access-date=2020-07-15|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=VAADA PODA NANBARGAL MOVIE REVIEW - TAMIL MOVIE VAADA PODA NANBARGAL MOVIE REVIEW|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/vaada-poda-nanbargal-movie-review.html|access-date=2020-07-15|website=www.behindwoods.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sharran later played the titular role of a cab driver in ''[[Isakki (film)|Isakki]]'' (2013) and appeared alongside [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1989)|Sanjeev]] in [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]]'s ''[[Uyirukku Uyiraga]]'' (2014) as an engineering student.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Raghavan|first=Nikhil|date=2013-05-18|title=Etcetera: Now CSK, the film|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-now-csk-the-film/article4727331.ece|access-date=2020-09-19|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2015, he revealed that he would script and direct a short film titled ''Tea or Coffee'' with [[Prithvi Rajan]] in the lead role.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.kerals.com/kerala/inidhi-inidhu-actor-sharran-turns-director/{{Dead link | date=December 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was later released online by [[Aishwarya Dhanush]]'s studio in early 2016. In 2017, Sharran debut in first Hindi short horror movie film titled ''A Hotel Room'' released on YouTube. Made under 'Jeet Maharishi' productions &amp; directed by Rajat Sharma.<br /> <br /> In the year 2016 Sharran started working on his script. He took two years to complete this. He was keen on exploring his cinematic skills for a full-fledged feature film direction. He associated with Cue entertainment Bangalore to direct this script into a feature film in Tamil. [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] starred in this thriller titled as ''[[Naduvan]]'' (2021).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/naduvan/ottmoviereview/86491841.cms|title=Naduvan Review: Naduvan is uninvolving for the most part|website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ;Actor<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Role<br /> !class=unsortable| Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Inidhu Inidhu]]'' || Shankar ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Vaada Poda Nanbargal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''Pathirama Pathukkunga'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Isakki (film)|Isakki]]'' || Isakki / Saran ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Uyirukku Uyiraga]]'' || Karthik ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''[[Charles Shafiq Karthiga]]'' || Charles ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Maalai Nerathu Mayakkam]]'' || Tarun ||<br /> |}<br /> ;Director<br /> *''[[Naduvan]]'' (2021)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|9681331}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sharran}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jhandi_railway_station&diff=506158 2025-12-17T19:14:10Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Created new post...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Railway station in Pakistan}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Jhandi Station<br /> | native_name = {{Nastaliq|جھنڈی ریلوے اسٹیشن}}<br /> | image = Jhansi Railway Station.jpg<br /> | image_caption = <br /> | type = <br /> | coordinates = <br /> | line = <br /> | other = <br /> | code = <br /> | structure = <br /> | platform = <br /> | levels = <br /> | tracks = <br /> | parking = <br /> | baggage_check = <br /> | opened = <br /> | owned = [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Ministry of Railways]]<br /> | zone = <br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | mmtspassengers = <br /> | services = <br /> | map_locator = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> | mapframe-stroke-width = 3<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #009D58<br /> | mapframe-stroke-color = #C60C30<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail-above}}<br /> <br /> '''Jhandi railway station''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|جھنڈی ریلوے اسٹیشن}}}}) is an abandoned city station on a narrow gauge track in [[Kohat]]. It was operational till late 1980s.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The station was built by [[North Western State Railway|North Western Railways]] in 1890s.<br /> <br /> ==Services==<br /> The station once provided a train stoppage between [[Kohat Cantonment railway station]] and [[Thal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Tall]] town. It was an important public place of Kohat city in yesteryear.<br /> <br /> ==Station building and platform==<br /> After being abandoned by Pakistan Railways due to security reasons in 1991, the only remnants of the old Jhandi (flag) railway station are the collapsing structure of the ticket office, a passenger shed now turned into a cattle shed, and the railway lines made by [[Barrow Hematite Steel Company]] of England in 1896 for [[North Western State Railway|North Western Railways]]. The railway carriages and engines have disappeared from the record books. The ruined ticket office still has instructions for passengers in English and Urdu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jhandi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The story of the stationmaster's kidnapping |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/558308-kohat-the-story-of-the1-stationmasters-kidnapping |website=The News on Sunday |access-date=7 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Kidnapping of a stationmaster==<br /> In 1951–52, a stationmaster posted at Jhandi railway station, was reportedly kidnapped by some tribesmen from [[Tirah]] valley. Though the poor railway official was lucky enough to get escaped from a distant tribal territory after a month later.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jhandi&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Khushalgarh–Kohat–Thal Railway]]<br /> * [[Thal And Out Agency railway station]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Pakistan-stub}}<br /> {{more categories|date=June 2024}}<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Railways| ]]<br /> [[Category:Closed railway lines in Pakistan]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chari_Formation&diff=471364 2025-12-11T11:15:06Z

<p>Abdul kadar: adjusted information based on references based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}<br /> {{Infobox rockunit<br /> | name = Chari Formation<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | type = [[Geological formation]]<br /> | age = [[Callovian]]-[[Oxfordian stage|Oxfordian]]&lt;br&gt;~{{fossil range|165|158}}<br /> | period = Oxfordian<br /> | prilithology = [[Limestone]], [[siltstone]], [[sandstone]]<br /> | otherlithology = [[Oolite]]<br /> | namedfor = Chari, &quot;salt affected&quot;<br /> | namedby = <br /> | region = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.5|N|69.4|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | paleocoordinates = {{coord|23.6|S|32.6|E|display=inline}}<br /> | unitof = <br /> | subunits = Dhosa Conglomerate, Dhosa Oolite &amp; Dhosa Sandstone Members<br /> | underlies = <br /> | overlies = <br /> | thickness = <br /> | extent = <br /> | area = <br /> | map = {{Location map+ | India#India Gujarat<br /> | relief = 1<br /> | width = 250<br /> | float = center<br /> | places =<br /> {{Location map~ | India#India Gujarat<br /> | lat_deg = 23.5<br /> | lon_deg = 69.4<br /> | mark = Blue pog.svg<br /> | marksize = 10<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> | map_caption =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Chari Formation''' is a [[Jurassic]] ([[Callovian]] to [[Oxfordian stage|Oxfordian]]) geologic [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in [[Gujarat]], western [[India]].&lt;ref name=FWChari&gt;[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayStrata?geological_group=&amp;formation=Chari&amp;group_formation_member=Chari Chari Formation] at [[Fossilworks]].org&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dinosaur]] remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific [[genus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dinosaurdistribution&quot;&gt;Weishampel, et al. (2004). &quot;Dinosaur distribution.&quot; Pp. 517-607.&lt;/ref&gt; The ammonite ''[[Reineckeia]]'' has also been found here. The skulls of two [[teleosauridae|marine crocodile]]s have also been found and have been putatively identified as ''[[Steneosaurus]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Phansalkar |first1=V. G. |last2=Sudha |first2=G. |last3=A. S. |first3=Khadkikar |date=1994 |title=Giant marine reptilian skulls from the Jurassic of Kachchh, Gujarat |journal=Current Science |volume=67 |issue=6 |language=en |pages=460–461 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297734260}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Paleobiota==<br /> ===Dinosaurs===<br /> ;Sauropods<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sauropod]]s of the Chari Formation<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus !! Species !! Locality!! Material !! Notes !! Photos<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sauropoda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Jana |first1=Sudipta K. |last2=Das |first2=Shiladri |title=A report of a 157.8 m.y.-old dinosaur bone from the Jurassic marine Chari Formation, Kutch, Gujarat and its taphonomic significance |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237363014 |journal=Current Science |volume=82 |issue=1 |language=en |pages=85–88 |date=2002-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |indet<br /> |Jumara<br /> |JUM/V/1, Proximal part of left tibia.<br /> |An indeterminate [[sauropod]].<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Pseudosuchians===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pseudosuchia]]ns of the Chari Formation<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus !! Species !! Locality!! Material !! Notes !! Photos<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Steneosaurus]]''?&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |sp.<br /> |Dhosa Oolith<br /> |Two Skulls, one of those skull is said to be 1602 mm in overall length.<br /> |A large-sized [[Teleosauridae|teleosaurid]] [[pseudosuchia]]n.<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Invertebrates===<br /> ;Mollusca<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Mollusca]]s of the Chari Formation<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus !! Species !! Locality!! Material !! Notes !! Photos<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Choffatia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |''C. pardagatus''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jumara<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |A [[Perisphincitidae|perisphincitid]] [[ammonite]].<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |''C. cobra''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Indosphinctes]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |''I. indica''<br /> |Jumara<br /> |<br /> |A [[Perisphincitidae|perisphincitid]] [[ammonite]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Phlycticeras]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |sp.<br /> |Jumara<br /> |<br /> |A [[Strigoceratidae|strigoceratid]] [[ammonite]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Reineckeia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |''R. anceps''<br /> |Jumara<br /> |<br /> |A [[Reineckeiidae|reineckeiid]] [[ammonite]].<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]<br /> ** [[List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> * {{citation |last1=Weishampel |first1=David B. |author2-link=Peter Dodson |last2=Dodson |first2=Peter |author3-link=Halszka Osmólska |last3=Osmólska |first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria, 2nd edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |pages=1–880 |accessdate=2019-02-21 |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |author1-link=David B. Weishampel }}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * R. Dutta and S. Bardhan. 2016. Systematics, endemism and phylogeny of Indian proplanulitins (Ammonoidea) from the Bathonian–Callovian of Kutch, western India. Swiss Journal of Paleontology 135:23-56<br /> * M. Alberti, D. K. Pandey, and F. T. Fürsich. 2011. Ammonites of the genus Peltoceratoides Spath, 1924 from the Oxfordian of Kachchh, western India. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 262:1-18<br /> * S. S. Das, S. Bardhan, and T. Kase. 2005. A new pleurotomariid gastropod assemblage from the Jurassic sequence of Kutch, western India. Paleontological Research 9(4):329-346<br /> * F. T. Fürsich, D. K. Pandey, W. Oschmann, A.K. Jaitly, and I.B. Singh. 1994. Ecology and adaptive strategies of corals in unfavourable environments: Examples from the Middle Jurassic of the Kachchh Basin, western India. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 194(2–3):269-303<br /> * D. N. Ghosh. 1990. Biometry of two species of ''Kallirhynchia'' (Buckman) from Callovian beds of Kutch, India. Brachiopods Through Time 97-100<br /> <br /> [[Category:Geologic formations of India]]<br /> [[Category:Jurassic System of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Jurassic India]]<br /> [[Category:Callovian Stage]]<br /> [[Category:Oxfordian Stage]]<br /> [[Category:Limestone formations]]<br /> [[Category:Siltstone formations]]<br /> [[Category:Sandstone formations]]<br /> [[Category:Shallow marine deposits]]<br /> [[Category:Paleontology in India]]<br /> [[Category:Geology of Gujarat|Formations]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Kannur&diff=447723 2025-12-02T23:28:21Z

<p>Abdul kadar: content update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Keralahistory}}<br /> '''[[Kannur]]''' ({{IPA|ml|kɐɳːuːr|pron|Kannur_R1.ogg}}), formerly known in English as '''Cannanore''', [[Arabic language|Arabic]] as '''Kannanur''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanhirakode&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942<br /> | title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] as '''Cananor''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:2021&quot;&gt;{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cannanore}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Cities in India|city]] and a Municipal Corporation in [[North Malabar]] region, [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]], India. It is the largest city in [[North Malabar]], which is the northernmost region of Kerala. It is sometimes identified [[Kolathunadu]], which was ruled by the [[Kolathiri]]s. In the 12th and 13th centuries there was trade with [[Persia]] and [[Arabia]].<br /> [[File:Local Self Governance in Kannur District.svg|300px|thumbnail|Local bodies in [[Kannur district]]]]<br /> It served as the [[British India|British]] military headquarters on India's west coast until 1887. In conjunction with her sister city, [[Tellicherry]], it was the third largest city on the western coast of British India in the 18th century after [[Bombay]] and [[Karachi]].<br /> [[File:Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja.jpg|thumbnail|Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, painting by Raja Ravi Varma]]<br /> <br /> ==Early history==<br /> [[File:Mappila Bay Fishing Harbour3.jpg|thumbnail|[[Mappila Bay]] harbour at [[Ayikkara]]. On one side, there is [[St. Angelo Fort]] (built in 1505) and on the other side is [[Arakkal kingdom|Arakkal palace]].]]<br /> [[File:City of Cannanore, 1572.jpg|thumbnail|A portrait of Kannur drawn in 1572, from [[Georg Braun]] and [[Frans Hogenberg]]'s atlas ''Civitates orbis terrarum'', Volume I]]<br /> [[File:Cannonore fort &amp; Bay'; a watercolor by John Johnston, c.1795-1801.jpg|thumbnail|Kannur fort and Bay; a watercolor by John Johnston (1795-1801)]] <br /> The earliest evidence of human habitation in the district are rock-cut caves and megalithic burial sites of the [[Neolithic]] age. The [[Taliparamba]]-[[Kannur]]-[[Thalassery]] area abounds in rock-cut caves, [[dolmen]]s, burial stone circles and [[menhir]]s, all of [[megalith]]. [[Ezhimala]] was the headquarters of a powerful kingdom namely [[Mushika dynasty]] in the ancient period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ente_Kannur&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later Kannur was the capital of the [[Kolattiri Raja]]s, whose kingdom had trading relations with [[Arabia]] and [[Iran|Persia]] in the 12th century and 13th centuries. In his book on travels (''[[Il Milione]]''), [[Marco Polo]] recounts his visit to the area in the mid 1290s. Other visitors included [[Faxian]], the Buddhist pilgrim and [[Ibn Batuta]], writer and historian of [[Tangiers]].<br /> <br /> A popular legend holds that the ships of Solomon had anchored along the coasts of Kannur to collect teak for building the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple of the Lord]]. Kannur also finds mention as ''Naura'' in the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]], a [[Greece|Greek]] work of great antiquity.<br /> [[File:Minister Kuruppu's Arabic letter to da Gama (1524).jpg|thumb|[[Kolathiri|Kolattiri Raja]]'s (The ruler of [[Kannur]]) minister Kuruppu's [[Arabic]] letter to [[Vasco da Gama]] (1524)|235x235px]]<br /> [[File:Fortaleza de cananor.jpg|thumbnail|A portrait if Kannur drawn in 1635]]<br /> <br /> [[North Malabar]] was the seat of powerful kingdom based at [[Ezhimala]] in the [[Sangam period]] (1st-5th century CE). The ancient port of ''Naura'', which is mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' as a port somewhere north of [[Muziris]] is identified with [[Kannur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ente_Kannur&quot;/&gt; The kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] had jurisdiction over two ''Nadu''s - The coastal ''Poozhinadu'' and the hilly eastern ''Karkanadu''. According to the works of [[Sangam literature]], ''Poozhinadu'' consisted much of the coastal belt between [[Mangalore]] and [[Kozhikode]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Census_Handbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011)|publisher=Directorate of Census Operation, Kerala|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=9|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Karkanadu'' consisted of [[Wayanad]]-[[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]] hilly region with parts of [[Kodagu]] (Coorg).&lt;ref name=&quot;wnd&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | author = Government of India | year=2014–15<br /> | title= District Census Handbook – Wayanad (Part-B) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala<br /> | url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3203_PART_B_WAYANAD.pdf<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is said that Nannan, the most renowned ruler of [[Ezhimala]] dynasty, took refuge at [[Wayanad]] hills in the 5th century CE when he was lost to [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], just before his execution in a battle, according to the [[Sangam literature|Sangam works]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wnd&quot;/&gt; <br /> [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]<br /> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Gurukkal, R., &amp; Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].&lt;ref name=&quot;odra&quot;&gt;A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].&lt;ref&gt;According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.&lt;ref&gt;Bostock, John (1855). &quot;26 (Voyages to India)&quot;. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.&lt;ref&gt;Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Malabar Muslims|Kerala Muslim]] tradition, [[Kannur]] along with surrounding [[Madayi]] and [[Dharmadom]] were home to three of the [[Islam in India|oldest mosques]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who left from [[Dharmadom]] to [[Mecca]] and converted to [[Islam]] during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SimpsonKresse2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&amp;pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kupferschmidt1987&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raṇṭattāṇi2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&amp;pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at Kodungallur, [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayani]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.&lt;/ref&gt; It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;&gt;Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ezhimala kingdom was succeeded by [[Mushika dynasty]] in the early medieval period, most possibly due to the migration of [[Tuluva Brahmin]]s from [[Tulu Nadu]]. The ''[[Mushika-vamsha]] Mahakavya'', written by [[Athula]] in the 11th century, throws light on the recorded past of the [[Mushika Kingdom|Mushika Royal Family]] up until that point.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kola Swaroopam&quot;/&gt; The Indian anthropologist [[A. Aiyappan|Ayinapalli Aiyappan]] states that a powerful and warlike clan of the [[Bunt (community)|Bunt community]] of [[Tulu Nadu]] was called ''Kola Bari'' and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aiyappan&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ayinapalli |first1=Aiyappan |title=The Personality of Kerala |date=1982 |publisher=Department of Publications, [[University of Kerala]] |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXFuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=27 July 2018 |quote=A very powerful and warlike section of the Bants of Tulunad was known as Kola bari. It is reasonable to suggest that the Kola dynasty was part of the Kola lineages of Tulunad.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Kolathunadu ([[Kannur]]) Kingdom, who were the descendants of [[Mushika dynasty]], at the peak of its power reportedly extended from [[Netravati River]] ([[Mangalore]]) in the north&lt;ref name=&quot;Kola Swaroopam&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-8126415885 |edition=2007 |page=175 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&amp;q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=19 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; to [[Korapuzha]] ([[Kozhikode]]) in the south with [[Arabian Sea]] on the <br /> west and [[Kodagu]] hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of [[Lakshadweep]] in [[Arabian Sea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Census_Handbook&quot;/&gt; <br /> An [[Old Malayalam]] inscription ([[Ramanthali inscriptions]]), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of [[Alupa dynasty]] of [[Mangalore]], can be found at [[Ezhimala]] (the former headquarters of [[Mushika dynasty]]) near [[Kannur|Cannanore]], Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Arabic]] inscription on a copper slab within the [[Madayi Palli|Madayi Mosque]] in [[Kannur]] records its foundation year as 1124 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madayi&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | author = Charles Alexander Innes | year=1908<br /> | title= Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press |pages=423–424<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Until the 16th century CE, the [[Kasargod]] town was known by the name ''Kanhirakode'' (may be by the meaning, 'The land of ''Kanhira'' Trees') in [[Malayalam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanhirakode&quot;/&gt; The [[Kumbla]] dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern [[Tulu Nadu]] wedged between [[Payaswini|Chandragiri River]] and [[Netravati River]] (including present-day Taluks of [[Manjeshwar]] and [[Kasaragod]]) from ''Maipady Palace'' at [[Kumbla]], had also been vassals to the [[Kolathunadu]], before the [[Kannada|Carnatic]] conquests of [[Vijayanagara Empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | author = M. Vijayanunni <br /> | title= 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala<br /> | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5757/1/51134_1981_KAS.pdf<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of [[Malayali]] [[Nair]]s and [[Tuluva Brahmin]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ente_Kannur&quot;/&gt; They also claimed their origin from [[legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]]s of Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ente_Kannur&quot;/&gt; [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary [[Malayali]] kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of [[Tulu Nadu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ente_Kannur&quot;/&gt; Just like other contemporary kings of Kerala in the medieval period, The powerful Kolathu Raja also came under the influence of [[Zamorin]] later. The [[Kolathunadu]] in the late medieval period emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., [[Kadathanadu]] ([[Vadakara]]), [[Dharmadom|Randathara]] or Poyanad ([[Dharmadom]]), [[Kingdom of Kottayam|Kottayam]] ([[Thalassery]]), [[Nileshwaram]], Iruvazhinadu ([[Panoor (Municipality)|Panoor]], [[Kurumbranad]] etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.&lt;ref name=&quot;DhTlc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Nileshwaram]] dynasty on the northernmost part of [[Kolathiri]] dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as the [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]], in the early medieval period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Neeleswaram fete&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/neeleswaram-fete-to-showcase-its-heritage/article2645520.ece | title=Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage | author=The Hindu staff reporter | website=The Hindu | date=21 November 2011 | access-date=24 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] visited Kannur in 1498. Kannur became the sight of a confrontation between the [[Ottoman Turks]] and the [[Portuguese Empire]], shortly thereafter it became a Portuguese settlement. The port at [[Kozhikode]] held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while [[Kannur]], [[Kollam]], and [[Kochi]], were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malekandathil&quot;&gt;''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Portuguese arrived at [[Kappad]] [[Kozhikode]] in 1498 during the [[Age of Discovery]], thus opening a direct sea route from [[Europe]] to [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History&lt;/ref&gt; The Portuguese led by [[Francisco de Almeida|Don Francisco de Almeda]], the first Portuguese viceroy for India, built the [[St. Angelo's Fort]] north of Kannur in 1505. In 1663 the Dutch captured the fort. In 1790 the British captured the fort. At present, it is under the control of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. The island of [[Dharmadom]] near Kannur, along with [[Thalassery]], was ceded to the [[East India Company]] as early as 1734, which were claimed by all of the [[Kolathiri|''Kolattu Rajas'']], [[Kingdom of Kottayam|''Kottayam Rajas'']], and [[Arakkal kingdom|'' Arakkal Bibi'']] in the late medieval period, where the British initiated a factory and English settlement following the [[cession]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Eng_cession&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | author = Charles Alexander Innes | year=1908<br /> | title= Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) |page=451 <br /> | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DhTlc&quot;/&gt; In the latter half of the 18th century, [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]], rulers of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], conquered much of the district and came into conflict with the British. In 1792, at the conclusion of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]], the British took over Kannur and the surrounding region, which became the new [[Malabar District]] of [[British India]]'s [[Madras Presidency]]. During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only [[Muslim]] Sultanate in the Malabar region - [[Arakkal]] - who also ruled the [[Laccadive Islands]] in addition to the city of Kannur.&lt;ref name=anathapuri/&gt; [[Arakkal Kingdom]] and [[Chirakkal Raja|Chirakkal kingdom]] were two vassal kingdoms based in the city of Kannur.<br /> <br /> In 1761, the British captured [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of [[Kadathanadu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahé&quot;/&gt; The British restored [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahé&quot;/&gt; In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of [[Mahé, India|Mahé]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahé&quot;/&gt; In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] was handed over to the French in 1785.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahé&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mahe.gov.in/mws/leftmenupages/history.html|title=History of Mahé|access-date=19 April 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232052/http://mahe.gov.in/mws/leftmenupages/history.html|archive-date=30 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Resistance to British rule==<br /> Kannur District witnessed one of the longest and bloodiest resistance to British rule in India. Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under the leadership of [[Pazhassi Raja|Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]], who had popular support in [[Thalassery]]-[[Wayanad]] region.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ente_Kannur&quot;/&gt; This revolt led by [[Pazhassi Raja]] in the 1792–1806 period kept a large part of the district in a state of war.<br /> [[File:Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja.jpg|thumbnail|Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja. Painting by Raja Ravi Varma]]<br /> <br /> ==Indian freedom movement==<br /> Kannur District played an important role in the Indian freedom movement. The [[Indian National Congress]], founded in 1885, established a [[Malabar District]] committee in 1908. A branch of the [[All India Home Rule League]], founded by [[Annie Besant|Dr. Annie Besant]], functioned in [[Thalassery]] during this period and among its active workers was [[V.K. Krishna Menon]]. By the end of 1939, a branch of the [[Communist Party of India]] was formally established at Pinarayi, a village near Thalassery. The decision by the [[Nagpur]] Congress to give up constitutional methods of agitation and resort to non-violent non-co-operation as a means of achieving [[swaraj]] led to the widespread boycott of foreign goods, courts of law and educational institutions in Kannur. [[Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]] toured the district to carry the message of the Non-Co-operation and [[Khilafat Movement]]s. The Khilafat movement of 1921 was an uprising of Muslims against the British for abolishing the Islamic Chaliphate in West Asia and resulted in the formation of a secular Turkey.<br /> <br /> ==Civil disobedience movement==<br /> [[File:Wellington, soldier and statesman, and the revival of the military power of England (1904) (14593177119).jpg|left|thumbnail|An old map of [[India]] in 1804. Note that only [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Kochi]], are marked as cities within the present-day state of [[Kerala]]]]<br /> Payyannur was the main venue of the [[Salt Satyagraha]], a major turning point in the Indian Freedom Movement, in Malabar. On 13 April 1930, a batch of Congress volunteers under the leadership of [[K. Kelappan]] started on foot from [[Kozhikode]] to the beaches of Payyannur and broke the salt laws there on 21 April. The [[Satyagraha]] camp at Payyannur was raided and the campers were beaten up. The Uliyath Kadav Payyanur incident became a turning point in the history of freedom struggle in Kerala. It thrilled the people and thousands were ready to join in the struggle for freedom. The speeches of [[K. Kumar]], the leader of the delegation that came from Travancore, inspired and energised thousands&lt;ref&gt;Keralathile Congress Prasthanam (Malayalam), Perunna KN Nair, Prathibha Publications 1967, Page 60)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Swatantryathinte Aakasam (Malayalam), Kaviyur Rajagopalan, Chapter 18, Pages 68, 69)&lt;/ref&gt; There were widespread demonstrations in Kannur, Thalassery and other parts of the district and a number of Congress workers were arrested. The period following the withdrawal of the [[civil disobedience]] Movement witnessed the emergence of [[Extremism|radical]] wing in the Kerala Provincial Congress.<br /> <br /> Some of the radical elements in the Kerala Provincial Congress organized a Kerala unit of the [[Congress Socialist Party]] in 1934 and functioned as a separate group within the Provincial Congress. The leadership of this group was in the hands of people like [[P. Krishna Pillai]], [[A.K. Gopalan]] and [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]. K.V.Kunhikkannan Nair of Kadachira, Kannur, a socialist leader. An [[extremism|extremist]] group of [[Nationalism|Nationalist]] Muslims emerged within the Congress during this period under the leadership of Muhammad Abdur Rahiman. The Congress [[Socialist]]s and the Nationalist Muslims made common cause against the [[Gandhi]]an group known as the [[Right Wing]] which was led by such leaders as [[K. Kelappan]], C.K. Govindan Nair and K.A. Damodara Menon.<br /> <br /> A notable development in the politics of Malabar during the 1930s was the rise of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] as a district political party. The Muslim leaders Kannur and Thalassery played the lead roles in forming this organization. The [[leftist]] elements in the Kerala Provincial Congress were also active in the politics of Malabar in the late 30s. They took an active part in organizing the workers, peasants, students and teachers of Kannur district under their banner. In the election held to the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] in January 1939, the Rightists suffered a severe setback. [[Muhammed Abdur Rahiman|Muhammad Abdur Rahiman Sahib]] was elected as the president of the K.P.C.C and [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] as its general secretary. Towards the end of the same year, a branch of the [[Indian Communist Party]] was formally founded in Malabar. The [[Congress Socialist Party]] workers joined the Communist Party en bloc.<br /> <br /> ==Payyanur Conference==<br /> <br /> Kannur district became the focus of Kerala politics in May 1928, when the fourth All Kerala Political Conference was held at Payyanur under the auspices of the Kerala Provincial Congress. This conference was presided over by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The Payyanur Conference passed a resolution requesting the Indian National Congress to adopt 'Complete Independence' instead of &quot;Swaraj&quot; as its goal at the annual session scheduled to take place at Calcutta during that year.<br /> <br /> ==Morazha Incident==<br /> The KPCC gave a call to the people of [[North Malabar|Malabar]] to observe 15 September 1940 as [[imperialism|Anti-Imperialist]] Day. The action was disapproved by the Congress High Command, but there were meetings and demonstrations all over Malabar on this day. Kannur district was the centre of this agitation. There were violent clashes between the people and the police at several places and [[lathicharge]] and firing were resorted to by the police to meet the situation. Two young men were killed in a clash between a mob and a police party at Morazha. The men were police officers [[Sub-Inspector]] K.M Kuttikrishna Menon and [[Constable]] Raman. In connection with this incident, [[K.P.R. Gopalan]], a prominent communist, was arrested on a charge of murder and later sentenced to death. But, owing to the intervention of several top-ranking political leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, the death penalty was not carried out.<br /> <br /> The [[Quit India Movement]] of August 1942 also had its echoes in Kannur district. A socialist group among the Congress workers under [[K. B. Menon|Dr. K. B. Menon]] provided leadership to the movement.<br /> <br /> ==Salt Sathyagraha==<br /> <br /> Payyannur was the main venue of the Salt Sathyagraha in Malabar. On 13 April, a batch of Congress volunteers under the leadership of K. Kelappan started on foot from Kozhikode to the beaches of Payyannur and broke the salt laws there on 21 April. The Satyagraha camp at Payyannur was raided and the campers were beaten up. There were widespread demonstrations in Kannur, Thalassery and other places. Congress workers broke salt laws and picketed foreign good dealers and liquor shops.<br /> <br /> In Cannore, the Salt Satyagraha was spearheaded by [[K. Kumar]] of Travancore popularly known as Kumarji, Elanthoor Kumarji or Travancore Gandhi. K. Kumarji had come all the way from Trivandrum to British Malabar with a group of prominent activists to break Salt Law since political agitations were banned by Gandhi and INC in the Princely State. Kumar had long been a fierce and fearless campaigner and crusader for Civil Rights. His speeches made waves in Travancore and along the Malabar Cost and inspired people in large numbers to support the Civil disobedience movement,&lt;ref&gt;Keralathile Congress Prasthanam (The Congress Movement in Kerala), Perunna KN Nair, Prathibha Publications 1967, Page 60&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Research Guru 2018&quot;&gt;Research Guru: Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects, Volume 2, Issue 2, September 2018, Salt Satyagraha in Malabar, Vimal Kumar CL, Page 1141 (referred to ss K. Kumaran Nair)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Atmakatha, Moyyarathu Sankaran, Page 164&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> K.Kumar was an active participant of the movement in different parts of British Malabar including Kozhikode and Tellissery.&lt;ref&gt;Research Guru: Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects, Volume 2, Issue 2, September 2018, Salt Satyagraha in Malabar, Vimal Kumar CL, Page 1141 (referred to as K. Kumaran Nair)&lt;/ref&gt; However, he had longed to court arrest in Cannore where Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna was laid to rest. With the passing of the resolution to break salt law in Cannore that opportunity presented itself and he was invited to Cannore by Moyyarathu Sankaran [[:ml:മൊയാരത്ത് ശങ്കരൻ|Bharatpedia-Malayalam: Moyyarathu Sankaran]] and others. Along with 101 volunteers Kumarji came to Cannore to break salt law. The British police and British supporters had done everything within their reach to disrupt the party and the talks of the leaders. However, people got enthusiastically drawn to Kumarji's speeches and defying all barriers squatted in large numbrrs on the bare beach to listen to him. The party made salt and took out a procession along the city carrying on their head mud-pots with the salt they had made. Moyyarathu Sankaran says in his autobiography that Cannore had never before witnessed a mass uprising or mass celebration of that magnitude. On 19 April, the third day of making salt, Kumar was arrested from the Satyagraha Camp. He was convicted on 27 May 1930. The Police Inspector summoned Moyyarathu Sankaran and canned him for entertaining trouble-makers of Travancore. Kumarji was sent to Cannore Jail and was later shifted to Vellore to serve a term of 9 months. People of Cannore gave him an emotional farewell. The other agitators included Mohammed Yousuf, Moyyarathu Sankaran, KP Gopalan and Umman Varghese,&lt;ref name=&quot;Research Guru 2018&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;AtmakathaMoyyarathu Sankaran, Page 164&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The period following the withdrawal of the Civil Disobedience Movement witnessed the emergence of a radical wing in the Kerala Provincial Congress. Some of the radical elements in the Kerala Provincial Congress organised a Kerala unit of the Congress Socialist Party in 1934 and functioned as a separate group within the Provincial Congress. The leadership of this group was in the hands of persons like P. Krishna Pillai, A.K. Gopalan and E.M.S. Namboothiripad. An extremist group of Nationalist Muslims also emerged within the Congress during this period under the leadership of Muhammad Abdur Rahiman. The Congress Socialists and the Nationalist Muslims made common cause against the Gandhian group known as the Right Wing which was led by such leaders as [[K. Kelappan]], C.K. Govindan Nair and [[K. A. Damodara Menon]].<br /> <br /> A notable development in the politics of Malabar during the thirties was the rise of the Muslim League as a district political party. It was the Muslim leaders of Kannur and Thalassery who played the lead role in forming this organisation.<br /> <br /> The leftist elements in the Kerala Provincial Congress were also active in the politics of Malabar in the late thirties. They took active part in organising the workers, peasants, students and teachers of Kannur district under their banner. In the election held to the Kerala Provincial Congress Committee in January 1939, the Rightists suffered a severe set back. Muhammad Abdur Rahiman was elected as the president of the K.P.C.C. and E.M.S. Namboothiripad as its general secretary. Towards the end of the same year, a branch of the Indian Communist Party was formally founded in Malabar. The Congress Socialist Party workers joined the Communist Party block.<br /> <br /> ==Peasant struggles==<br /> World War II, especially in the period from 1943 to 1945, ravaged the district. Famine and a [[cholera]] epidemic took thousands of lives from the lower strata of society. On the initiative of the people under the leadership of the [[All India Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabha]], commendable services were rendered to tide over the crisis. The &quot;Grow More Food Campaign&quot;, organized at Mangattuparamba by the Kisan Sabha, was a new chapter in the history of mass movement. More than {{convert|50|acre}} of government land was brought under cultivation. However, the government suppressed the movement by force and destroyed the farm.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}<br /> <br /> Though the war ended in 1945, famine continued to haunt the people. Karivellor, Poomaram (Thillenkeri) the northernmost village of the present Kannur district, made a historic stride in the struggle against poverty and famine. The transporting of paddy rice from Karivellore to [[Chirakkal Kovilakom]] was blocked and distributed to the people of the village. The movement was led by peasant leaders such as A.V. Kunhambu and K. Krishnan Master. One Kannan and Kunhambu became [[martyr]]s in the struggle when police opened fire.<br /> <br /> During December 1946, the people of Kavumbayi, an eastern village of the district, raised their demand for ''punam'' cultivation. A strong police contingent was sent to the spot. The peasants resisted the armed forces which led to the killing of five peasants in the firing.<br /> <br /> The rise of the organized working class in the industrial sector was another important phenomenon of the period that changed the course of the anti-imperialism movement. The struggle of Aron Mill workers in 1946 is noteworthy in this regard. Even after independence, the struggles of the peasantry formed an important part in the history of the state. They fought against landlords and their exploitation. Places like Thillankeri, Manayankunnu, Korom and Paddikkunnu are memorable in the annals of the peasant struggles in the post independence era. The All India Conference of Kisan Sabha, held at Kannur in 1953, resolved to initiate struggles for new tenancy legislation. The movement for Aikya Kerala also got momentum during this period and all sections of the society rallied under the movement.<br /> <br /> ==St. Angelos Fort==<br /> <br /> [[St. Angelo Fort]] was built in 1505 by Dom [[Francisco de Almeida]], the first Portuguese Viceroy of India. It is situated by the [[Laccadive Sea]] about 3&amp;nbsp;km from Kannur town. In 1507, the fort was [[Siege of Cannanore (1507)|besieged]] by the local ruler; the Portuguese rule over Cananor (as they spelt it) would last 158 years and then replaced by the Dutch. The ownership of the fort has changed hands several times. In 1663, the Dutch captured it. They subsequently gave the fort its present appearance. The Dutch sold the fort to the Arakkal Royal family in 1772. During this time, the Arakkal Sultanate began issuing coins.&lt;ref name=anathapuri&gt;[http://www.ananthapuri.com/kerala-history.asp?page=muslim Arakkal royal family] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605222957/http://ananthapuri.com/kerala-history.asp?page=muslim |date=2012-06-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The British [[Capture of Cannanore|conquered it]] in 1790 and used it as one of their major military stations on the [[Malabar Coast]]. It is fairly well preserved as a protected monument under the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. A painting of this fort and the [[Mappila Bay|fishing ferry]] as a background is on display at the [[Rijksmuseum]] in [[Amsterdam]]. [[Kunjali Marakkar]]'s head was removed from his body and exhibited in the fort after his assassination.<br /> <br /> ==Muslim Dynasty==<br /> During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only [[Muslim]] Sultanate in India, known as [[Arakkal]].&lt;ref name=anathapuri/&gt; During the [[British Raj]], Kannur was part of the [[Madras]] province in the [[North Malabar]] District.<br /> <br /> The guerrilla war by [[Pazhassi Raja]], the ruler of Kottayam province, against the British had a huge impact in the history of Kannur. Changes in the socio-economic and political sectors in Kerala during the initial decades of 20th century created conditions congenial for the growth of the Communist Party.<br /> <br /> ==Reformist Movements==<br /> New strains of thought developed as capitalist transformation laid the foundation for the commencement of social reform movements in sections of society. At the all India level, Vivekananda and others put forward such thoughts. Against this background social reform movements started by Sree Narayana Guru, Ayyankali and others in southern parts of Kerala and by Vagbhatananda and others in northern parts got developed into movements against superstition and bad customs. These evoked a big stirring among the people. An attitude against untouchability and casteism and interest in acquiring modern education were evident among all sections. Pressures for the same started developing in the society.<br /> <br /> Extension of English education initiated by Christian missionaries in 1906 and later carried forward by government, rebellion for wearing a cloth to cover upper parts of body, installing an idol at Aruvippuram in 1888, Malayali Memorial in 1891, establishment of SNDP Yogam in 1903, activities, struggles etc. became factors helpful to accelerate changes in Kerala society during a short time. Movements for liberation from the colonial rule of British imperialism and struggles launched by these movements grew with them.<br /> <br /> During this period, social renaissance movements and independence movement were growing. Ideas about socialism and [[Soviet Revolution]] reached Kerala. Such ideas got propagated in Kerala through the works of [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]], [[Sahodaran Ayyappan]], [[P. Kesavadev]] and others.<br /> <br /> ==Socialist Movements==<br /> During this period against the background of sufferings inflicted by ''Janmitham''a(a system wherein feudal landlords controlled land)nd imperialism, struggles and organizations of peasants and workers started emerging slowly. The practice of collective bargaining by working people also started. The peasant rebellion known as Malabar Rebellion of 1921 and consequent political changes highly influenced the independence movement of Kerala.<br /> [[File:City of Cannanore, 1572.jpg|thumbnail|City of Cannanore, 1572]]<br /> A number of Kerala youth were jailed during this period for participating in ‘violation of law’ movement as part of independence movement. At this time [[Kiran Chandra Das]] (brother of [[Jithendra Das]]), [[Kamal Nath Thivari]], [[Sen Gupta]], [[T.N. Chandravarthi]] and [[Sarath Chandra Acharya]] were in a Kannur jail and [[Jayadev Kapur]] in a Vellore jail. Malayalee youngsters got an opportunity to get acquainted with them, be suggested books to read, and discuss issues. They came to know of many new aspects of political work. This gave them a new sense of direction. E.M.S writes about this:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;It will not be a big exaggeration to say that seeds of left, Congress and Congress Socialist movements were sown at Kannur jail and that too by Thivari.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> It was youth dissatisfied by the Congress policy which was afraid of people's advance who were attracted to the socialist idea. At that time there was an atmosphere in Kerala which gave strength to such thoughts.<br /> <br /> People were suffering a lot due to persecution by landlords. Against this resistance and organizations were cropping up here and there. In 1935 July a meeting of peasants were held in the Bharatheeya building in Naniyoor in Kolachery Amsom of old Chirakkal Taluk. Kolachery Karshaka Sangham was formed with Vishnu Bharatheeyan as president and K.A. Keraleeyan as secretary. By September 1935, Karivelloor Karshaka Sangham was formed which represented round Karivelloor, Velloor, Peralam and Kotakkad. With the formation of All India Kisan Sabha in 1936 a new front of struggle was opened in agrarian sector. The Hunger March led by AKG in 1936 July raising the demands of peasants imparted a new vigour to this sector. Following this a number of Karshaka Sangham were formed in Malabar. In 1936 November the first Karshaka Conference of Chirakkal Taluk was held at Parassinikkadavu. In 1937 All Malabar conference of Karshaka Sangham was held in Kozhikode. This awakening among peasants prepared the ground for the advent of a new political movement.<br /> <br /> Trade unions started to be formed and strengthened. Global economic crisis of 1929 started creating serious consequences in Indian economy as well. First Travancore Labour Association came into being. Such organizations later became militant trade unions. Strikes were organized in Kozhikkode, Kannur, Pappinisseri, Thalassery and other centres of commerce which further strengthened trade unions. In 1935 May the first Kerala Workers’ conference was held at Kozhikode. This initiative to bring up working class as an independent class force prepared the ground for propagating Communist ideas. During this period coir workers in Travancore got organized and achieved strength. In Kochi organizations like Cochin Sterling Workers’ Union were being formed. Labour brotherhood and trade unions of Alagappa Textiles and Sitaram Mills were formed. In 1937 second All Kerala Workers’ Conference was held at Thrissur. This organizational consciousness developed among workers prepared the ground for a new politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kairaliheritage.com/kannur-attractions.html|title=Kairali Heritage -- A River Side Resort :: Kannur – The Land of Looms &amp; Lores [ Amazing Kannur ]|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015|archive-date=10 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110191955/http://www.kairaliheritage.com/kannur-attractions.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By the beginning of the 1930s some other useful developments were taking place. Important among them was Nivarthana Agitation in Travancore. That was the demand of people suppressed so far as untouchables and weaker sections for participation in government. This brought to the forefront struggles like proportional representation in government and reservation of jobs. This imparted a new enthusiasm among oppressed masses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=100|title=Pazhassi Raja Museum and Art Gallery, Kozhikode - Kerala Tourism|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115215308/http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=100|archive-date=15 November 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[History of Thalassery]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942<br /> | title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = William Logan | year=1887<br /> | title= Malabar Manual (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/mode/2up<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = William Logan | year=1887<br /> | title= Malabar Manual (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/malabar_manual_volume2/mode/2up<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = Charles Alexander Innes | year=1908<br /> | title= Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = Charles Alexander Innes | year=1915<br /> | title= Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30521<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = Government of Madras | year=1953<br /> | title= 1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = M. K. Devassy | year=1965<br /> | title= 1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands<br /> | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5668/1/22055_1961_CAN.pdf<br /> }}<br /> {{Histories of Kerala cities}}<br /> {{Kannur |state=expanded}}<br /> {{Portuguese overseas empire}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:History of Kerala by city|Kannur]]<br /> [[Category:Kannur]]<br /> [[Category:History of Kannur district|Kannur]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pannalal_Ghosh&diff=451252 2025-11-26T17:28:05Z

<p>Abdul kadar: General improvements to article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian flute player and composer}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> |name = Pannalal Ghosh<br /> |image = Pt.-pannalal-ghosh-.jpg<br /> |caption = Ghosh performing at [[All India Radio]]<br /> |image_size = <br /> |background = non_vocal_instrumentalist<br /> |native_name = <br /> |native_name_lang = bn<br /> |birth_name = Amaljyoti Ghosh<br /> |alias = <br /> |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1911|7|24}}<br /> |birth_place = [[Barisal]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]])<br /> |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1960|4|20|1911|7|24}}<br /> |death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> |origin = <br /> |instrument = [[Bansuri]]<br /> |genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[film score]]<br /> |occupation = [[Flutist]], [[composer]]<br /> |years_active = <br /> |label = <br /> |past_member_of = [[Ustad Ali Akbar Khan]], [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Allauddin Khan]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Pannalal Ghosh''' ( 24 July 1911 – 20 April 1960), also known as Amal Jyoti Ghosh, was an Indian flute ([[bansuri]]) player and composer. He was a disciple of [[Allauddin Khan]], and is credited with popularising the flute as a concert instrument in [[Hindustani classical music]] and also the &quot;Pioneer of Indian Classical Flute&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;pa&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2005/10/11/stories/2005101100221500.htm|title=A name synonymous with the flute|date=11 October 2005|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|archive-date=23 September 2013|access-date=29 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923074255/http://www.hindu.com/br/2005/10/11/stories/2005101100221500.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Bansuri-innovator-Pannalal-Ghosh-ignored-in-city/articleshow/46014823.cms| title=Bansuri innovator ignored in city | work=The Times of India | date=26 January 2015 | accessdate=27 January 2015 | author=Ray Chowdhury, Tathagata}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Pannalal Ghosh was born on 24 July 1911 in [[Barisal]], Bengal Presidency, British India. He was named Amal Jyoti Ghosh with Pannalal having been his nickname.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wizard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://davidphilipson.com/pannalal/|title=The Legacy of Pt. Pannalal Ghosh - Wizard of the Bansuri|first=David|date=June 1996|website=|publisher=|accessdate=2 January 2013|author=Philipson}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{self-published inline|date=March 2019}} His father, Akshay Kumar Ghosh, was a [[sitarist]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stick&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.timescrest.com/society/a-stick-full-of-music-6302 | title=A stick full of music | publisher=The Times of India Crest Edition | date=17 September 2011 | accessdate=2 January 2013 | author=Deb, Arunabha | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713112246/http://www.timescrest.com/society/a-stick-full-of-music-6302 | archive-date=13 July 2013 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghosh received his initial training in music from his father, learning to play the [[sitar]]. Two apocryphal incidents in his childhood are believed to have influenced Ghosh in taking up the [[flute]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wizard&quot; /&gt; As a child he had picked up a small flute that cowherds usually played, and on the basis of the education he was receiving on the sitar from his father, he would try to play musical patterns on the flute. The family's ancestral house was on the banks of the [[Kirtankhola]] river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stick&quot; /&gt; At the age of nine, while swimming in the river one day, Ghosh found a long bamboo stick that was half-flute and half walking stick. The flute part of the stick was longer than a traditional flute and Ghosh started practising on it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stick&quot; /&gt; Then at the age of eleven, Ghosh is said to have met a holy man who held a conch and a flute and asked if he could play the flute. When Ghosh obliged, the man blessed him and said that music would be his salvation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wizard&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalaparva&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://commentary.kalaparva.com/2011/09/from-boxing-to-bansuri-pt-pannalal.html | title=From boxing to bansuri: Pt Pannalal Ghosh | publisher=The Kalaparva | accessdate=2 January 2013 | author=ABBI | archive-date=16 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116154825/http://commentary.kalaparva.com/2011/09/from-boxing-to-bansuri-pt-pannalal.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was married to [[Parul Ghosh]] (née Biswas) in 1924 when she was only nine and he was thirteen years old. She was the younger sister of Ghosh's friend [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] who went on to become a celebrated music composer. Parul was a talented singer herself and later became a well-known playback singer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Susheela&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Among contemporary musicians|year=2001|publisher=Harman Publishing House|isbn=978-81-86622-46-9|author=Misra, Susheela|page=156}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1928, Ghosh became a part of the [[Indian Independence Movement]]. He joined a gymnasium and learnt martial arts, boxing and stick fighting.&lt;ref name=Wizard /&gt; As he became more involved in the independence movement, the government started keeping a close watch. Consequently, he shifted to [[Calcutta]] at the age of seventeen in search of a livelihood. At the age of eighteen, he started focusing his attention on the flute. Ghosh realised that a bigger flute's pitch and sonority would be more appropriate for both classical and light music. Ghosh experimented with various materials including metal and different types of wood, and decided on using bamboo. He finally settled on a flute which was thirty two inches long.&lt;ref name=Wizard /&gt;<br /> <br /> At Kolkata during the early 1930s, Pannalal received musical training for two years from his first Guru, the noted harmonium player and a renowned master in classical music, Ustad Khushi Mohammed Khan, under the traditional Ganda Bandhan form of tutelage. After the sad demise of Khushi Mohammed Khan, Pannalal studied under Pt. Girija Shankar Chakraborty, an eminent musician and musicologist. The strongest influence on his music came from the systematic lessons under the legendary Ustad Allaudin Khan Sahib, from 1947.<br /> <br /> Panna Lal Ghosh's daughter Shanti-Sudha was married to the flute player [[Devendra Murdeshwar]], who was her father's disciple. Their son Anand Murdeshwar, Panna Lal's grandson, also made a name as flute player but died at a very young age. Ghosh's younger brother, [[Nikhil Ghosh]], was a noted Tabla player and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee.&lt;ref name=&quot;About Nikhil Ghosh&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.parrikar.org/vpl/?page_id=251 | title=About Nikhil Ghosh | publisher=Parrikar Library | date=2016 | accessdate=18 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> [[File:Flutes of Pannalal Ghosh in Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum, Pune.jpg|alt=Flutes kept in a bag with name of the player embroidered on the bag|thumb|Flutes of Ghosh kept in a bag with his name embroidered on the top flap. Collection of [[Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum|Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum, Pune]].]]<br /> Having assisted in music production while he was in Calcutta working with [[New Theatres Ltd]]. In 1940 he came to Bombay to further expand his music career. ''[[Sneh Bandhan]]'' (1940) was his debut film as an independent music composer. The popular songs from the film were &quot;Aabroo Ke Kamaanon Mein&quot; and &quot;Sneh Bandhan Mein Bandhe Hue&quot; sung by Khan Mastan and Bibbo.&lt;ref name=Ghosh&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kulkarni, Karkhanis|first1=Vishvas M., Aarti|title=A Brief Life Sketch-Pannalal Ghosh|url=http://www.pannalalghosh.com/profile_pannalalghosh.html|website=pannalalghosh.com|accessdate=24 July 2015|ref=Pannalal Ghosh|archive-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503200657/http://pannalalghosh.com/profile_pannalalghosh.html|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pannalal Ghosh jointly scored the background for &quot;[[Aandhiyan (1952 film)|Aandhiyan]]&quot; in 1952 along with [[Ustad Ali Akbar Khan]] and [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article818170.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=My First Break: Pandit Ravi Shankar | date=7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the first to introduce the seven-hole flute.<br /> <br /> ===Innovations===<br /> Pannalal Ghosh incorporated what is known as the Teevra-Madhyam Hole which is also known as the Dhruva-Madhyam hole, placed off the centre-line of fingering holes, at the bottom of the flute. Veteran flautist [[Nityanand Haldipur]] who is his direct disciple explains that this hole was designed specifically to play the Teevra-Madhyam (‘Ma' or 4th note) of the lower octave especially in Raagas such as [[Puriya]], [[Darbari Kanada|Darbari]] and [[Bihag]] where a Madhyam to Pancham meend (glide) is required. It can even give the kharaj ka gandhar (3rd note ‘Ga' of the lower octave) too. The hold too was changed by the late legend to enable the little finger to reach this hole. For Raagas such as Darbari where the lower octave (Mandra Saptak) is explored in detail, Pannalal Ghosh invented another bass flute with just 4 holes which was almost 40-42 inches long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bamboo-to-bansuri/article7970395.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Bamboo to bansuri | date=24 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This additional hole makes the Indian flute playable almost exactly like the Western [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]], which only has another additional rear hole, placed above towards the mouthpiece, that remains closely held by the left thumb. The long bamboo flutes he devised are popularly played by subsequent flautists to render Hindusthani classical music.<br /> <br /> ==Notable students==<br /> * [[Devendra Murdeshwar]]<br /> *[[V.G. Karnad]]<br /> * [[Nityanand Haldipur]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> * Kulkarni VM. 2019. Pannalal Ghosh. Sanskar Prakashan, Mumbai, India. 620 pages.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Bansuri-innovator-Pannalal-Ghosh-ignored-in-city/articleshow/46014823.cms Times of India interview of flautist Nityanand Haldipur]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180322093351/http://pannalalghosh.info/ PannalalGhosh.info]<br /> * {{IMDb name|0315908}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140706172523/https://sites.google.com/site/bansuripannalalghosh/ Pt. Pannalal Ghosh]<br /> * [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bamboo-to-bansuri/article7970395.ece Bamboo to bansuri]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_aeKKiZpoo Raga Desh || Pandit Pannalal Ghosh] Guru of Pannalal Ghosh<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Pannalal}}<br /> [[Category:1911 births]]<br /> [[Category:1960 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Barisal]]<br /> [[Category:People from Satna]]<br /> [[Category:Pupils of Allauddin Khan]]<br /> [[Category:Maihar gharana]]<br /> [[Category:Bansuri players]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani composers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian classical composers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian music educators]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian flautists]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Barisal Division]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayiramthengu&diff=488527 2025-11-12T00:42:32Z

<p>Abdul kadar: new a stub w/ infobox - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Village in Kerala, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Ayiramthengu<br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|9|07|11|N|76|28|53|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coor_pinpoint = <br /> | coordinates_footnotes = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_type2 = Division<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_type4 = Sub District<br /> | subdivision_type5 = City<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = South Kerala<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]<br /> | subdivision_name4 = [[Karunagappalli]]<br /> | subdivision_name5 = [[Oachira]]<br /> | postal_code_type = Pin code<br /> | postal_code = 690547<br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | etymology = <br /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset = +5:30<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ayiramthengu''' is a coastal village located in the [[Oachira]] Block Panchayat of the [[Kollam district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KollamOfficial&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Major agricultural items - Kollam District Industrial Potential Survey Report 2016-17 |url=https://www.industry.kerala.gov.in/images/downloads/pskollam.pdf |publisher=Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Kerala |access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ayiramthengu, Kollam |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2024/ayiramthengu-kollam/1370 |website=Kerala Tourism |date=2024 |access-date=10 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The village is situated approximately {{convert|30|km}} north of the district headquarters in [[Kollam]] city and about {{convert|5|km}} from Oachira town.&lt;ref name=&quot;HinduMangrove&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 September 2016|title=Mangrove forest on chopping block again|work=TheHindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Mangrove-forest-on-chopping-block-again/article13980205.ece|access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology and significance==<br /> The name Ayiramthengu (Malayalam: ആയിരംതെങ്ങ്) is derived from Malayalam words and translates directly to &quot;A Thousand Coconut Trees&quot; (''ayiram'' meaning &quot;thousand&quot; and ''thengu'' meaning &quot;coconut tree&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;KollamOfficial&quot; /&gt; This name reflects the historical agricultural character of the region, which is dominated by coconut cultivation, a primary economic activity in the Kollam midland and lowland areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;KollamHistory&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Historical Milieu of the Maritime Relations of Kollam |url=https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume11.1/43.pdf |website=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy and infrastructure==<br /> Ayiramthengu's economy is centered around its coastal location, supported by fishing,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kerala to introduce fish seed law |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kerala-to-introduce-fish-seed-law/articleshow/20204563.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=10 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; agriculture, and infrastructure linking it to the wider district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ayiramthengu - Aquaculture Development Corporation of Kerala |url=https://www.adak.kerala.gov.in/eng/index.php/ayiramthengu |website=Aquaculture Development Corporation of Kerala (ADAK) |access-date=10 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> Ayiramthengu is part of the [[Kayamkulam Kayal]] backwater ecosystem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://swtd.kerala.gov.in/pages-en-IN/alpy-kollam-boatservice|title=Tourist Boat Service Between Kollam &amp; Alappuzha|website=State Water Transport Department, Government of Kerala, India|access-date=2025-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main area of the village is a slender landmass separating the backwater from the coast. It is bordered by [[Azheekal]] to the north and [[Kovilthottam]] to the south.<br /> <br /> ===Transport and connectivity===<br /> *Water transport: The village serves as a designated stopping point for ferry services operated by the [[Kerala State Water Transport Department]] (KSWTD), connecting it to [[Kollam]] and other locations via the backwater system of [[TS Canal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Corporation of Kollam&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/transport |title=Transport - Kollam Corporation |publisher=Kollam Municipal Corporation |access-date=2015-01-04 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020124744/http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/transport |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Routes-KSWTD&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&amp;compName=general&amp;compView=placesnroute |title=Important places enroute - KSWTD |publisher=KSWTD |access-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061357/http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&amp;compName=general&amp;compView=placesnroute |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Kayamkulam IWT Terminal: The village is the official location of the Kayamkulam Inland Water Transport (IWT) Terminal, situated on National Waterway 3 (NW-3). This terminal, administered by the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] (IWAI), serves as a crucial cargo and passenger facility for the region, despite being named after the nearby town of [[Kayamkulam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=National Waterways-3 |url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=national_waterways-3 |website=India-WRIS Wiki |publisher=India Water Resources Information System |access-date=10 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Road connectivity: It is linked to the nearby coastal area of [[Azheekal]] by the Azheekal-Ayiramthengu Bridge, improving local road access.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Resettlement Plan: Project No. 39114-01 (IND) |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents//39114-01-ind-rp.pdf |publisher=Asian Development Bank (ADB) |format=PDF |access-date=10 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Local resources===<br /> *Aquaculture: Ayiramthengu hosts a Government Fish Farm ([[Ayiramthengu Government Fish Farm]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ayiramthengu - Aquaculture Development Corporation of Kerala |url=https://www.adak.kerala.gov.in/eng/index.php/ayiramthengu |website=Aquaculture Development Corporation of Kerala (ADAK) |access-date=10 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; emphasizing its role in local aquaculture and commercial fisheries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kerala to introduce fish seed law |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kerala-to-introduce-fish-seed-law/articleshow/20204563.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=10 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FishFarm&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ayiramthengu Government fish farm |url=https://scholar.uoc.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/ea16f171-5c18-40bf-b34a-49e68b1c171b/content |website=University of Calicut Institutional Repository |access-date=2025-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Environmental importance: The village is ecologically significant due to the presence of [[mangrove]] forests, called [[Ayiramthengu Mangrove Forest]], along the backwater edges. These vital ecosystems have been a subject of local environmental protection efforts against encroachment and unauthorized cutting.&lt;ref name=&quot;HinduMangrove&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Azheekal Beach]]<br /> * [[Alappad]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Kollam-geo-stub}}</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purnima_(Hindi_actress)&diff=445094 2025-11-07T05:11:20Z

<p>Abdul kadar: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress (1934–2013)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{See|Purnima (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Purnima Das Verma&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;<br /> | image = Purnima(BollywoodActress).jpg<br /> | caption = Purnima in 1956<br /> | birth_name = Meherbhano Mohammad Ali&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1934|03|02}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], British India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2013|08|14|1934|03|02}}<br /> | death_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India<br /> | parents =<br /> | spouse = {{plainlist|<br /> * {{marriage|Syed Shauqat Hashmi||1947|end=divorce}}<br /> * {{marriage|[[Bhagwan Das Varma]]|1954|1962|end=died}}<br /> }}<br /> | children = 1<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | notable_works= <br /> | relatives = [[Bhatt family]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/My-wife-and-my-audience-both-took-time-to-understand-me-Emraan-Hashmi/articleshow/20603710.cms |title=My wife and my audience, both took time to understand me: Emraan Hashmi - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | family =<br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Purnima Das Verma''' (born '''Meherbhano Mohammad Ali'''; 2 March, 1934 — 14 August, 2013) was an Indian actress who worked predominantly in [[Bollywood|Hindi-language films]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/emraan-hashmi-shares-a-beautiful-picture-of-his-grandmother-actress-purnima-on-her-death-anniversary/269618 |title=Emraan Hashmi shares a beautiful picture of his grandmother, actress Purnima, on her death anniversary |date=14 August 2018 |website=timesnownews.com |publisher=[[Times Now]] |location=India |language=en-GB |access-date=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Emraan-Hashmis-grandmother-veteran-actress-Purnima-passes-away/articleshow/21832564.cms |title=Emraan Hashmi's grandmother passes away - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 August 2013 |location=India |language=en |access-date=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/@Bollywoodirect/remembering-yesteryear-hindi-film-actress-purnima-on-her-5th-death-anniversary-acb137eafaa7 |title=Remembering yesteryear Hindi film actress Purnima on her 5th death anniversary. |last=Bollywoodirect |date=13 August 2018 |website=Medium |publisher=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the aunt of director [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and grandmother of actor [[Emraan Hashmi]].<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Meherbano Mohammad Ali was born on 2 March, 1934. Her elder sister, Shirin, is the mother of directors [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and [[Mukesh Bhatt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/etimes-bffs-did-you-know-faraaz-actor-sahil-saigal-is-alia-bhatts-cousin-check-out-the-long-and-complicated-filmy-lineage-of-the-bhatts/articleshow/101417079.cms?from=mdr|title=ETimes BFFs: Did you know Faraaz producer Sahil Saigal is Alia Bhatt's cousin? Check out the long and complicated filmy lineage of the Bhatts! |work=The Times of India |date=10 November 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Meherbano's first husband was a [[journalist]] named Syed Shauqat Hashmi, who moved to [[Pakistan]] during the [[partition of India]]. Her son from this first marriage, Anwar Hashmi (father of [[Emraan Hashmi]]), acted in ''[[Baharon Ki Manzil (1968 film)|Baharon Ke Manzil]]'' (1968) opposite [[Farida Jalal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; In 1954, she got married for the second time, to filmmaker, [[Bhagwan Das Varma]]. Meherbano took the screen name 'Purnima' on the suggestion of director Raman B. Desai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hashmi |first1=Emraan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp7OCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=emraan+hashmi+grandmother+hindu&amp;pg=PT73 |title=The Kiss of Life: How a Superhero and My Son Defeated Cancer |last2=Siddiqi |first2=Bilal |date=2016-04-11 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-85890-92-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Purnima acted in over 80 [[Bollywood]] films.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; She was a popular Hindi film actress from the late '40s to '50s. She appeared in many films including, ''Patanga'' (1949), ''Jogan'' (1950), ''Sagai'' (1951), ''Jaal'' (1952), ''Aurat'' (1953), a role in [[Ajay Devgan]]'s debut film ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'', and the role of [[Sanjay Dutt]]'s on-screen grandmother, in ''[[Naam (1986 film)|Naam]]'' which was directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emraan Hashmi's grandmother passes away - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/emraan-hashmis-grandmother-veteran-actress-purnima-passes-away/articleshow/21832564.cms |access-date=1 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=15 August 2013 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also played the role of [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s mother, in the film ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Purnima had [[Alzheimer's disease]] during the last few years of her life and died on 14 August, 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/yesteryear-actress-purnima-ruled-the-screen-in-50s-had-to-sell-bungalow-due-to-financial-problem |title=कभी बॉलीवुड पर राज करती थी ये एक्ट्रेस, आर्थिक तंगी के कारण घर तक पड़ा था बेचना |publisher=amarujala.com |date=14 August 2017 |access-date=27 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mahesh Bhatt]] later revealed on [[Twitter]], &quot;My aunt Purnima, the first star of our family and who happens to be [[Emraan Hashmi]]'s grandmother has entered the sunset moments of her life.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=367531969992986624 |user=MaheshNBhatt |title=My aunt Poornima, the first star of our family &amp; who happens to be Emraan Hashmi's grandmother has entered the sunset moments of her life. |author=Mahesh Bhatt}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected filmography==<br /> [[File:Purnima das verma.jpg|thumb|Purnima Das Verma]]<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> *''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'' (1949)<br /> *''[[Jogan (film)|Jogan]]'' (1950)<br /> *''[[Sagai (1951 film)|Sagai]]'' (1951)<br /> *''[[Baadal (1951 film)|Badal]]'' (1951)<br /> *''[[Jaal (1952 film)|Jaal]]'' (1952)<br /> *''[[Aurat (1953 film)|Aurat]]'' (1953)<br /> *[[Baghi Sipahi (1958 film)|Baghi Sipahi]] (1958)<br /> *''[[Humjoli]]'' (1970)<br /> *''[[Banphool]]'' (1971)<br /> *''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973)<br /> *''[[Ganga Ki Saugandh]]'' (1978)<br /> * ''[[Khara Khota]]'' (1981)<br /> *''[[Poonam (film)|Poonam]]'' (1981)<br /> *''[[Hum Se Badkar Kaun]]''(1981)<br /> *''[[Kaalia]]'' (1981)<br /> *''[[Dharam Kanta]]'' (1982)<br /> *''[[Inquilaab (1984 film)|''Inquilaab'' (1984 film)]]'' Amarnath Aunt<br /> * ''[[Yaadgaar (1984 film)|Yaadgar]]'' (1984)<br /> *''[[Sadaa Suhagan]]'' (1986)<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}{{Portal bar|India|Biography|Bollywood|Hinduism}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:2013 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:1934 births]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in India]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Johannesburg&diff=454025 2025-10-17T15:33:41Z

<p>Abdul kadar: refined lead</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Statue in Johannesburg}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use South African English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox artwork<br /> | title = Statue of Mahatma Gandhi<br /> | painting_alignment = <br /> | other_language_1 = <br /> | other_title_1 = <br /> | other_language_2 = <br /> | other_title_2 = <br /> | wikidata = <br /> | image = Statue of Gandhi.JPG<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = The statue of Gandhi in 2004.<br /> | artist = Tinka Christopher<br /> | year = {{start date|2003}}<br /> | completion_date = &lt;!-- For a more specific date (post-1583): {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --&gt;<br /> | catalogue = <br /> | medium = <br /> | movement = <br /> | subject = [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<br /> | height_metric = &lt;!-- (i.e. in metric units) --&gt;<br /> | width_metric = <br /> | length_metric = <br /> | diameter_metric = <br /> | height_imperial = &lt;!-- (i.e. in imperial units) --&gt;<br /> | width_imperial = <br /> | length_imperial = <br /> | diameter_imperial = <br /> | dimensions = <br /> | dimensions_ref = <br /> | metric_unit = cm &lt;!-- Note: this parameter must either use the value given or not be included --&gt;<br /> | imperial_unit = in &lt;!-- Note: this parameter must either use the value given or not be included --&gt;<br /> | weight = <br /> | designation = <br /> | condition = <br /> | museum = Gandhi Square<br /> | city = Johannesburg<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|-26.20647|28.04316|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ZA|display=title, inline}}<br /> | pushpin_map = South Africa<br /> | owner = <br /> | accession = <br /> | preceded_by = &lt;!-- preceding work by the same artist --&gt;<br /> | followed_by = &lt;!-- next work by the same artist --&gt;<br /> | module = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- Official webpage/site only: {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''M. K. Gandhi''''' is a bronze statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[Gandhi Square]], [[Johannesburg]], which depicts the [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] campaigner and [[nonviolence|nonviolent]] [[pacifist]] as a young man.<br /> <br /> ==Description and history==<br /> Prior to the statue's unveiling the square had been named Government Square. It was unveiled by the Mayor of Johannesburg, [[Amos Masondo]], on 2 October 2003, Gandhi's birthday.&lt;ref name='SAInfo'&gt;{{cite web|title=Joburg unveils Gandhi statue|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/gandhistatue.htm|author=Lucille Davie|work=South Africa Info – Joburg unveils Gandhi statue|publisher=South Africa Info|access-date=12 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The square had previously been known as Government Square and was the location of the Johannesburg Law Courts where Gandhi practiced law. The main Johannesburg bus terminus now stands where the law courts were located..&lt;ref name='SAInfo'/&gt;<br /> <br /> Tinka Christopher was chosen as the statue's sculptor by the advisory committee of the [[Johannesburg Art Gallery]]. The piece took Christopher three months to complete, with Christopher saying that she worked &quot;...worked 10 hours each day, seven days a week, to complete the work in time&quot;. The other shortlisted artists were [[Naomi Jacobson]], Ben Omar, and Maureen Quin.&lt;ref name='SAInfo'/&gt; <br /> <br /> The statue is situated on a {{Convert|5|m|ft|adj=on}} high plinth, and benches surround the base of the statue.<br /> The statue depicts Gandhi as he may have appeared in his time in Johannesburg, as a young man wearing his legal gown over his suit, with his cloak blown by the breeze. Gandhi holds a book and is looking forward. The statue contains an alarm monitored by a security company that detects vibrations arriving from theft.&lt;ref name='SAInfo'/&gt;<br /> <br /> The statue was half funded by the city of Johannesburg, with the remainder coming from private donations.&lt;ref name='SAInfo'/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Commons}}<br /> {{Mahatma Gandhi}}<br /> {{Greater Johannesburg|city}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> [[Category:2003 establishments in South Africa]]<br /> [[Category:2003 sculptures]]<br /> [[Category:Statues in Johannesburg]]<br /> [[Category:Outdoor sculptures in South Africa]]<br /> [[Category:Sculptures of men in South Africa]]<br /> [[Category:Statues in South Africa]]<br /> [[Category:Statues of Mahatma Gandhi|Johannesburg]]<br /> [[Category:Sculptures of books]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger_Ali_Singh&diff=474478 2025-10-03T23:31:21Z

<p>Abdul kadar: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Canadian professional wrestler}}<br /> {{Update|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox professional wrestler<br /> | name = Tiger Ali Singh <br /> | image = Tiger Ali Singh in Brampton - 2018 (29303924108) (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Singh in 2019<br /> | birth_name = Gurjit Singh Hans&lt;ref name=&quot;Lentz2015&quot;/&gt;<br /> | names = Mick Hans&lt;ref name=&quot;Halton&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tiger Ali Singh&lt;ref name=&quot;WWFbio&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tiger Jeet Singh, Jr.&lt;ref name=&quot;CanoeBio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oliver1997&quot;/&gt;<br /> | height = 6 ft 5 in&lt;ref name=oww&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profile/tiger-ali-singh/|title=Tiger Ali Singh Profile|access-date=June 21, 2021|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | weight = 290 lb&lt;ref name=oww/&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|3|9}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NRI&quot;/&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada&lt;ref name=&quot;Lentz2015&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NRI&quot;/&gt;<br /> | billed = &quot;[[India]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWFbio&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;The Continent of Asia&lt;!--on WWF No Mercy, in Manchester--&gt;<br /> | family = [[Tiger Jeet Singh]] (father)&lt;ref name=&quot;WWFbio&quot;/&gt; &lt;br&gt;[[Sukhjit Hans]] (mother)<br /> <br /> | spouse = Sukhjit Hans (m. 1995)<br /> <br /> | children = 3<br /> <br /> | trainer = [[Antonio Inoki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oliver1997&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Ron Hutchison]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CanoeBio&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Sweet Daddy Siki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CanoeBio&quot;/&gt;<br /> | debut = November 1992&lt;ref name=&quot;Lentz2015&quot;/&gt;<br /> | retired = July 1, 2014<br /> }}<br /> '''Gurjit Singh Hans''' (born March 9, 1971) is a Canadian [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]]. He is best known for his appearances in the [[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF) from 1997 to 2002 under the [[ring name]] '''Tiger Ali Singh'''. He is the son of professional wrestler [[Tiger Jeet Singh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lentz2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Harris M. Lentz III|title=Biographical Dictionary of Professional Wrestling, 2d ed.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjGSCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA320|date=2015|publisher=[[McFarland &amp; Company]]|isbn=978-1-4766-0505-0|pages=320}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWFbio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wwf.com/first.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981202073407/http://wwf.com/first.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 2, 1998|title=Tiger Ali Singh|accessdate=May 16, 2019|date=December 2, 1998|publisher=[[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]]|work=[[WWE|WWF.com]] (via [[Wayback Machine]])}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Professional wrestling career ==<br /> === Early career (1992–1997) ===<br /> Hans trained to be a professional wrestler by [[Antonio Inoki]] in the [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling|New Japan Pro-Wrestling Dojo]] and under [[Ron Hutchison]] and [[Sweet Daddy Siki]] at Sully's Gym in Toronto. He debuted as a professional wrestler in November 1992 under the ring name &quot;Tiger Jeet Singh, Jr.&quot;, teaming with his father against [[Sabu (wrestler)|Sabu]] and [[Kareem Sudan]] in a [[tag team]] match for [[Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lentz2015&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CanoeBio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oliver1997&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/2011/06/21/18314726.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130225616/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/2011/06/21/18314726.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 30, 2017|title=Tiger Ali Singh ready to take on the world|accessdate=May 16, 2019|date=1997|publisher=[[Postmedia Network]]|work=[[Canoe.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also worked with his father for Network of Wrestling in Japan and New Japan.<br /> <br /> === World Wrestling Federation (1997–2002) ===<br /> [[File:Tiger Ali Singh bulldog.jpg|thumb|Singh (top) performing the ''[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving bulldog|Tiger Bomb]]'' on [[Viscera (wrestler)|Viscera]] in 2012.]]<br /> Singh signed with the [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]] in January 1997, with the signing announced at a press conference at [[SkyDome]] in Toronto.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRI&quot;/&gt; Singh's most notable accomplishment in the company occurred in 1997, when he won the second WWF Kuwait Cup Tournament, held on April 9, 1997 in [[Kuwait City]]. He defeated [[Owen Hart]] in the finals to become the second and final WWF Kuwait Cup winner.&lt;ref name=WWF9099Book&gt;{{cite book | first=Graham | last=Cawthon | title=the History of Professional Wrestling|volume=2: WWF 1990–1999 | publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform | year= 2013 | asin=B00RWUNSRS}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his official WWF debut on the April 21, 1997 episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]''.&lt;ref name=WWF9099Book/&gt; He would also participate and be managed by his father at the WWF's United Kingdom-exclusive pay-per-view event [[WWF One Night Only|One Night Only]] on September 20, 1997, facing off against and defeating [[Al Snow|Leif Cassidy]].&lt;ref name=PWH&gt;{{cite web|title=One Night Only|url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/wwfuk.html#onenight|publisher=Pro Wrestling History|accessdate=2009-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Martin, Fin. &quot;The Complete History of Wrestling On Pay-Per-View&quot;. ''[[Power Slam]]''. Issue 223/March 2013. p. 16/17.&lt;/ref&gt; He would disappear from WWF television in November 1997 and worked in the company's developmental territories. <br /> <br /> Returned to the WWF in June 1998 as his gimmick was that of a rich and arrogant Asiatic heir to a fortune (similar to [[Ted DiBiase]]'s character).&lt;ref name=&quot;WWFbio&quot;/&gt; He came to the ring accompanied by a [[Domestic worker|manservant]] named [[Pablo Márquez (wrestler)|Babu]], and would pay [[List of professional wrestling terms#P|random people in the audience]] each week to perform humiliating stunts.&lt;ref name=WWF9099Book/&gt; On the Sunday night Heat before [[Survivor Series (1998)|Survivor Series]], Singh lost to [[Val Venis]] and at [[WWF Capital Carnage|Capital Carnage]] he defeated [[Edge (wrestler)|Edge]]. At the [[Royal Rumble (1999)|Royal Rumble]], Singh competed in the royal rumble match where he was eliminated by [[Viscera (wrestler)|Mabel]]. On Sunday Night Heat before [[St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House]] Singh faced [[Billy Gunn]] which ended in a no contest. on Sunday Night Heat before [[WrestleMania XV]], Singh competed in a Battle Royal to determine #1 contenders to the WWF Tag Team Championship which was won by [[D'Lo Brown]] and [[Test (wrestler)|Test]] and at [[No Mercy (UK)|No Mercy]], Singh defeated [[Gillberg (wrestler)|Gillberg]].<br /> <br /> Singh was later sent to Puerto Rico to work on his in-ring skills. He returned in late 2000 as the manager of Lo Down ([[D'Lo Brown]] and [[Mosh (wrestler)|Chaz]]). Lo Down and Singh were eventually sent to [[International Wrestling Association (Puerto Rico)|International Wrestling Association]] in [[Puerto Rico]], removing them from WWF programming as [[The Invasion (professional wrestling)|The Invasion]] of 2001 started. Down in IWA, Singh became a two-time tag team champion.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRI&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=IWATag/&gt; He eventually suffered what he claimed was a career-ending injury and was sent home to Toronto to recover. He was later released from his contract in July 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lentz2015&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Career-ending injury ====<br /> In December 2001 Singh suffered his third concussion in 9 months. He was sent to Puerto Rico to heal. At an outdoor wrestling match, it had begun to rain and Singh went back to his dressing room to change back into his street clothes and the promoter came and forced Singh to go back out to finish the match. Singh was given an ultimatum by the promoter to finish the match in the rain or he would be fired by the WWE. He agreed to finish the match and within 5 minutes, he slipped on the wet ring surface and hit his head. He was knocked unconscious and when he came to, he found himself left alone and sensed something was not right. <br /> <br /> In fear of meeting a similar fate of [[Bruiser Brody]], a pro wrestler killed in Puerto Rico for going against the wrestling promoter, Singh immediately left for the airport and flew back to Toronto. Upon arriving in Toronto, he sought medical attention and focused on healing from his injuries. Three months later WWE sent him his termination papers. To this day, Singh believes he was left to die in Puerto Rico.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=WWE's Tiger Ali Singh Exclusive Interview {{!}} In Conversation with Amin Dhillon (Ep. 12)| date=10 December 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnX0UGOoIWU|language=en|access-date=2021-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It took Singh 5 years to fully heal from his injuries. In an appearance on [[Amin Dhillon|&quot;In Conversation with Amin Dhillon&quot;]] podcast, Singh reveals the extent of his injuries and how he tried to take his own life twice.<br /> <br /> === Retirement (2002–2008) ===<br /> The following month, Singh filed a $7 million lawsuit against World Wrestling Entertainment. Among his claims were that his career-ending injury was the result of being forced to wrestle in the rain while in Puerto Rico. He also accused other WWE wrestlers of frequently calling him &quot;taxi driver&quot;, and that he was the victim of a [[Rib (professional wrestling)|stunt]] in 1999 where his [[dastar]] was stuffed with garbage. WWE attorney Jerry McDevitt countered by noting that the company was not responsible for any injuries occurring in a different organization, and that Singh's contract could legally be ended if he suffered an injury.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nriinternet.com/NRIwrestling/CANADA/A_Z/T/Tiger_Ali_Singh/Bio.htm|title=Tiger Ali Singh: (&quot;Mick&quot; Hans, Tiger Jeet Singh Jr)|accessdate=May 16, 2019|work=NRIInternet.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Later career (2008–2014) ===<br /> In late-2008, Hans, under the new ring name &quot;Mick Hans&quot;, returned to wrestling as a part of the [[Hustle (professional wrestling)|HUSTLE]] promotion in Japan. He made his return by teaming up with his father in a tag team match against [[Genichiro Tenryu]] and [[Shiro Koshinaka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&amp;nr=40669 | title=HUSTLE Hustle Tour 2008 – Tag 9 | date=November 20, 2009 | accessdate=December 23, 2015 | publisher=Cagematch.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Halton&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.insidehalton.com/community-story/2900355-tiger-jr-back-with-a-bang/|title=Tiger Jr. back...with a bang|accessdate=May 16, 2019|date=December 5, 2008|work=[[Burlington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On June 5, 2010, Singh won a battle royal for MPW Wrestling.<br /> <br /> On September 24, 2011, Singh and [[Shawn Daivari|Daivari]] defeated Kaine and Darkko for SCW Wrestling.<br /> <br /> On July 1, 2013, at an event called TigerFest, Singh and Harry Smith defeated [[Viscera (wrestler)|Big Daddy V]], [[Rhyno|Rhino]] and Darkko in a handicap match.<br /> <br /> On July 1, 2014, at another event called TigerFest, Singh and Rhino match ended in a no contest which led to another match where Singh, [[David Hart Smith|Davey Boy Smith Jr.]] and [[Sonjay Dutt]] defeated Rhino, Soa Amin and [[Steve Corino]] in a best 2 out of 3 falls match, falls count anywhere match.<br /> <br /> == Miracle on Main Street and Tiger Jeet Singh Foundation ==<br /> <br /> After witnessing his nephew successfully battle [[leukemia]], Singh vowed to give back to the community. The idea was to collect toys that would be distributed to various children's hospitals while promoting the spirit of inclusion. Every year, Miracle on Main Street takes place on Main St in [[Milton, Ontario|Milton]], Ontario and school children are invited to come down with toy donations and enjoy food, entertainment, amusement rides, and meet local celebrities. Over $3 million has been raised from sponsorship to date. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Championships and accomplishments==<br /> *'''[[International Wrestling Association (Puerto Rico)|International Wrestling Association]]'''<br /> **[[IWA World Tag Team Championship]] ([[IWA World Tag Team Championship#Title history|2 times]]) – with Big Ross McCollough (1 time) and Pain (1 time)&lt;ref name=IWATag&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/ttiwap.html|title=IWA World Tag Team Championship history}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''<br /> **Ranked No. '''250''' of the top 500 singles in the &quot;[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]]&quot; in 1999<br /> *'''[[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]]'''<br /> **[[WWE tournaments|Kuwait Cup (1997)]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CanoeBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/singh-tigerali.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124060620/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/singh-tigerali.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 24, 2015|title=SLAM! Wrestling Canadian Hall of Fame: Tiger Ali Singh|accessdate=May 16, 2019|publisher=[[Postmedia Network]]|work=[[Canoe.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons}}<br /> * {{Professional wrestling profiles}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|0802073|Gurjit Singh Hans}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Tiger Ali}}<br /> [[Category:1971 births]]<br /> [[Category:Canadian male professional wrestlers]]<br /> [[Category:Canadian sportspeople of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Professional wrestlers from Toronto]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from Milton, Ontario]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century male professional wrestlers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Canadian professional wrestlers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century male professional wrestlers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Canadian professional wrestlers]]<br /> [[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]<br /> [[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashmir_papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&diff=508827 2025-09-15T22:56:32Z

<p>Abdul kadar: Created new pg...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Type of handicraft from Kashmir}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> [[File:Pen Box (qalamdan) LACMA M.89.160a-b.jpg|right|300px|thumb|19th-century pen box made of [[papier-mâché]], with paint and gold leaf.]]<br /> {{for|Kashmiri handmade paper sheets|Kashmiri paper}}<br /> <br /> '''Kashmiri papier-mâché''' is a [[Kashmiri handicrafts|handicraft of Kashmir]] that was brought by Muslim saint [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] from [[Persia]] in the 14th century to [[Kashmir]]. It is based primarily on paper pulp, and is a richly decorated, colourful artifact; generally in the form of vases, bowls, or cups (with and without metal rims), boxes, trays, bases of lamps, and many other small objects. These are made in homes, and workshops, in Srinagar, and other parts of the Kashmir Valley, and are marketed primarily within India, although there is a significant international market.&lt;ref name=Crossette&gt;{{Cite news |last= Crossette|first= Barbara |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/11/travel/shopper-s-world-kashmir-s-heritage-art-of-papier-mache.html |title=Shopper's World; Kashmir's Heritage: Art of Papier-Mache |date=11 June 1989 |access-date=25 January 2015 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Saraf|1987|p=125}}&lt;ref name=Mohidin&gt;{{Cite news |last= Mohidin |first=Rifat |url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/trying-to-carry-on-legacy-of-papier-m%c3%a2ch%c3%a9-in-kashmir/120842.html |title= Trying to carry on legacy of papier-mâché in Kashmir|date=18 August 2015 |access-date=25 January 2016 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The product is protected under the [[Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999|Geographic Indication Act 1999]] of the [[Government of India]], and was registered by the [[Indian Patent Office|Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks]] during the period from April 2011 to March 2012 under the title &quot;Kashmir Paper Machie&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_30March2015.pdf |title=State Wise Registration Details Of G.I Applications |access-date=25 January 2016 |publisher=Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327150038/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_30March2015.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> [[Papier-mâché]] is the [[French language|French]] word for &quot;chewed paper&quot;, which is a standard English [[loan word]], for objects made by moulding paper pulp in various shapes .{{Sfn|Saraf|1987|p=125}} In the figurative sense the word 'papier-mâché' has come to be identified as the art of Kashmir.{{Sfn|Bakshi|1997|p=186}}<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Madeen_Sahib_(Madin_Sahib)_Front..jpg|right|thumb| Papier-mâché art work on [[Madin Sahib|Madin Sahib Mosque]]]]<br /> The papier-mâché technique of using paper pulp for making decorative objects was first brought to Kashmir in the 14th century by Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, a Sufi mystic, who arrived to Kashmir along with his followers, many of whom were craftsmen. These craftsmen used hand-made paper pulp from Iran and Central Asia.{{Sfn|Saraf|1987|p=125}} The leader of the craftsmen, Mir Syed Ali Hamdani, was also instrumental in converting the people of Kashmir to [[Islam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohidin&quot; /&gt; These artists who were also well-versed in other handicrafts such as woodcarving, copper engraving and carpet weaving made Kashmir their permanent home.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohidin&quot; /&gt; Another story posits that the art was brought to Kashmir in the 15th century by a local prince who had previously been imprisoned in [[Samarkand]] for many years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashiq&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2 May 2015 |title=Finally, dying paper mâché art enters Kashmir school curriculum |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/finally-dying-paper-mache-art-enters-kashmir-school-curriculum/story-sJBbAYormmCyaTx06P6FJM.html |access-date=25 January 2016 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Earlier to this period the practice was to draw colourful paintings on wood on household furniture such as ceilings, bedsteads, doors and windows, [[palanquin]]s and so forth. Internally this art form was called, ''kar-i-qulamdan'' as it was made as pen holders and a few other personal trinkets. Another term used for the art was ''kar-i-munaqqash'' as it was crafted on smoothly finished surfaces created using paper pulp or on layers of polished paper. Even treated and stretched skin was used for the purpose. Starting with decorating jackets of books, the art covered many items of that period such as tables, table ware, bangles, lamp stands, cups, plaques, panels, screens and cabinets.{{Sfn|Saraf|1987|p=125}}<br /> <br /> During the [[Mughal era]], its use was extended to include many items of home furniture that were made in Kashmir. Many notable objects of this type are exhibited in museums in many parts of the world. The basic method followed was to apply the papier-mâché on wood work, and one such work can be seen in Kashmir at the [[Madin Sahib|Madin Sahib Mosque]] built in 1444, the ceiling of the Shah Hamdan Mosque and the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Garden]], a [[Mughal garden]] in Srinagar. This tradition of using papier-mâché or pulp on wood work to be colourfully painted with different designs is very much in practice even today.{{Sfn|Saraf|1987|p=126}} Some of the older designs involved intricate painting of kingfishers, maple leaves and other designs, such as &quot;Arabesque&quot;, &quot;Yarkand&quot; and &quot;Hazara&quot;.&lt;ref name= Ashiq/&gt;<br /> <br /> To encourage this art form to proliferate, the Government of Kashmir has included papier-mâché as a curriculum subject in schools.&lt;ref name= Ashiq/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Manufacturing process==<br /> [[File:Kashmir papier-mâché trinket boxes.jpg|thumb|Kashmir papier-mâché trinket boxes]]<br /> The skilled artisans involved with this painstaking process are called ''Paper Mache'' makers. The materials involved with this process are discarded paper, cloth, straw of rice plant, which are mixed and made into a pulp.{{Sfn|Saraf|1987|p=126}} The paper, after immersing in water for 4&amp;ndash;5 weeks, is taken out and made into a pulp and dried. The dried paper is then converted to a powder. There is also a practice to mix the powdered paper with rice water to facilitate coagulation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crossette&quot; /&gt; The pulp thus made is applied on molds made in wood or brass. In earlier times, the mold was made of clay by the craftsman himself. It is also said that paper was just softened and not pulped and then applied in layers over the mold and drying it after covering each layer of pulp to get the desired shape. At the wet stage of application, the layers were covered with a [[muslin cloth]] and overlaid with another layer of material similar to plaster of Paris, locally known as ''gutchi''.<br /> <br /> The present practice is, however, to complete the layering of pulp over the mold at one stage itself and then dry it before polishing it with gemstones. The artwork is then detached from the mold using a saw and then rejoined using dense glue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freepresskashmir.com/2019/02/06/in-photos-papier-mache-the-labyrinth-of-a-dying-art/|title=In Photos: Papier-mâché — The labyrinth of a dying art|last=Nabi|first=Wasim|date=2019-02-06|website=Free Press Kashmir|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; The joint is then rubbed slowly with a file made of wood known locally as ''kathwa''. The surface is polished till all irregularities and edges become smooth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Din|first=Inayatullah|date=2020-08-17|title=An art that came from Samarqand in the 15th century, struggles to survive in Kashmir {{!}} Free Press Kashmir|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2020/08/17/an-art-that-came-from-samarqand-in-the-15th-century-struggles-to-survive-in-kashmir/|access-date=2020-09-04|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then gold and silver foils are used in combination with the paste of chalk and glue mixture, which is applied to the exterior and interior surfaces of the object using a brush. After drying of the treated object, the surfaces are again polished using baked brick pieces. To prevent any cracking more paper strips are pasted and then polished again to smooth the surface, to get the colour of ''zamin'' or earth or of gold, white, black, blue or red. The surface of the object is demarcated with yellow colour, which is then followed by floral designs made in different colours in dark or light shades with application of adhesive compound called ''dor'' made of ''[[tobacco|zarda]]'', sugar and glue as adhesive, and applying gold or silver foils.<br /> <br /> The art object is then dried and given a varnish coat made of [[amber]] locally called ''kahruba'' or [[copal]] (''sandirus'') in a solution of [[methyl spirit]]. It is then sun dried. Following this process of drying the surface of the art object is cleaned thoroughly with a wet cloth. Then the surface of the artwork is again treated with a coat of silver and gold foils and then designs are created over the surface followed by a smoothing of the surface using gemstones such as [[jade]] (''yashm''). Then the art piece is again sun-dried and made ready for painting.{{Sfn|Saraf|1987|pp=127&amp;ndash;128}} Distemper colours made with pigments and glue are used to paint the artwork with various designs. The brushes used for the painting are made of hair of goat, cat or donkey. The practice was to use &quot;craft mineral, organic and vegetable colours.&quot; {{Sfn|Saraf|1987|p=128}}<br /> <br /> ==Challenges ==<br /> With new technologies and manufacturing techniques, the art of paper papier-mâché is slowly dying.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/finally-dying-paper-mache-art-enters-kashmir-school-curriculum/story-sJBbAYormmCyaTx06P6FJM.html|title=Finally, dying paper mâché art enters Kashmir school curriculum|date=2015-05-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; The economic viability of the art, has taken a hit due to machine carving and artisans preferring other jobs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freepresskashmir.com/2018/12/06/syed-ajaz-shah-once-an-award-winning-papier-mache-artisan-now-an-auto-driver/|title=Syed Ajaz Shah: Once an award winning Papier-mâché artisan, now an auto driver|last=Nazir|first=Arif|date=2018-12-06|website=Free Press Kashmir|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; The art and its products most cater to the premier luxury sector with the price range on the upper side.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nabi|first=Wasim|date=2019-02-06|title=In Photos: Papier-mâché — The labyrinth of a dying art {{!}} Free Press Kashmir|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2019/02/06/in-photos-papier-mache-the-labyrinth-of-a-dying-art/|access-date=2020-09-04|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lower quality, cheaper machine products have given a tough challenge to the sector, with artisans struggling to keep the sector going.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freepresskashmir.com/2018/01/31/a-rendezvous-with-a-kashmiri-artisan-couple/|title=A rendezvous with a Kashmiri artisan couple|last1=B|first1=Mahroosh|last2=ay|date=2018-01-31|website=Free Press Kashmir|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Papier Mache: Kashmir losing out on artistic inheritance|url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/features/news/papier-mache-kashmir-losing-out-on-artistic-inheritance-10823|access-date=2019-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> '''Bibliography'''<br /> *{{cite book |last= Bakshi |first= Shiri Ram |title=Kashmir: Valley and Its Culture |url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U1LEY1yWmagC |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons |isbn=978-81-85431-97-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U1LEY1yWmagC/page/n196 186] }}<br /> *{{cite book |last= Saraf |first=D. N. |title=Arts and Crafts, Jammu and Kashmir: Land, People, Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQShV9jNzIUC&amp;pg=PA125 |date=1 January 1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-204-8 }}<br /> <br /> {{Decorative arts}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Papier-Mache}}<br /> [[Category:Papier-mâché]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Indian handicrafts]]<br /> [[Category:Geographical indications in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:15th-century introductions]]</div>

Abdul kadar https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Lord_Rama,_Nashik&diff=537598 2025-09-02T15:11:44Z

<p>Abdul kadar: created redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Tourism_in_Maharashtra#Nashik]]<br /> {{R with history|Tourism_in_Maharashtra#Nashik}}</div>

Abdul kadar