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List of Jesuit educational institutions

2026-05-28T13:46:46Z

AbbieLongoria3: started initial details more to come.

{{Short description|None}}
{{See also|List of alumni of Jesuit educational institutions}}
[[File:Fenwick DSC 1272.jpg|thumb|Fenwick Hall at the [[College of the Holy Cross]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]]]]
The Jesuits ([[Society of Jesus]]) in the [[Catholic Church]] have founded and managed a number of educational institutions, including the notable secondary schools, colleges, and [[university|universities]] listed here.

Some of these universities are in the United States where they are organized as the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]. In [[Latin America]], they are organized in the [[Asociación de Universidades Confiadas a la Compañía de Jesús en América Latina|Association of Universities Entrusted to the Society of Jesus in Latin America]].
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==List of Jesuit universities==
This list includes four-year colleges and universities operated by the Society of Jesus. The currently listed total on this page is 189 colleges and universities. Paul Grendler has authored a history of Jesuit schools and universities from 1548 to 1773. In it, he notes that the Jesuits had established over 700 colleges and universities across Europe by 1749, with another hundred in the rest of the world, but in the aftermath of the Jesuit suppressions of the 18th and 19th centuries, all these schools were closed. The following schools were established in the post-suppression period.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1163/j.ctv2gjx0hq|author=Grendler, Paul F. |title=Jesuit Schools and Universities in Europe 1548–1773|journal= Brill Research Perspectives in Jesuit Studies |volume=1|issue=1 |year=2018|pages= 1–118}}</ref> Secondary schools, along with [[sixth form]]s, are contained in the listing following this one. The listings are in alphabetical order by country.

===Argentina ===
* [[Colegio Máximo de San José]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Universidad de Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel]], [[San Miguel, Buenos Aires|San Miguel]]
* [[Universidad Católica de Córdoba]], [[Cordoba, Argentina|Cordoba]]
* [[Universidad del Salvador]], [[Buenos Aires]]

===Austria===
* [[University of Innsbruck]], Faculty of Theology
* [[Collegium Canisianum|Canisianum]] (Innsbruck)

===Belgium ===
* [[University of Namur]]
* [[Institut Gramme]]
* [[St John Berchmans University College, Heverlee]]
* [[Saint Ignatius University Centre, Antwerp|Saint Ignatius University Centre (UCSIA), Antwerp]]

===Belize ===
* [[St. John's College, Belize|St. John's Junior College]], Belize City

===Bolivia ===
* [[Luis Espinal Higher Institute of Philosophy and Humanities]], [[Cochabamba]]

===Brazil ===
* [[Centro Universitário da FEI]] (FEI), [[São Bernardo do Campo]]
* [[Jesuit School of Philosophy and Theology]] (FAJE), [[Minas Gerais]]
* [[Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]] (PUC-Rio), [[Rio de Janeiro]]
* [[Universidade Católica de Pernambuco]] (UNICAP), [[Recife]]
* [[Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos]] (UNISINOS), [[São Leopoldo]]

===Canada ===
* [[St. Paul's College (Manitoba)|St. Paul's College]], [[University of Manitoba]]
* [[Saint Mary's University (Halifax)|Saint Mary's University]], [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax]]
* [[Regis College, University of Toronto|Regis College]], theological faculty, [[University of Toronto]]
* [[Campion College, Regina]], [[University of Regina]]

===Chile ===
* [[Universidad Alberto Hurtado]], [[Santiago, Chile]]

===China ===
* [[The Beijing Center for Chinese Studies]]

===Colombia ===
* [[Pontificia Universidad Javeriana]], [[Bogotá]]
* [[Pontificia Universidad Javeriana#Cali Branch|Pontificia Universidad Javeriana]], [[Cali]]

===Croatia ===
* [[Faculty of Philosophy and Religious Sciences]], [[Zagreb]]

===Democratic Republic of Congo ===
* [[Loyola University of Congo]], [[Kinshasa]]

===Dominican Republic ===
* [[Loyola Polytechnic Institute]], San Cristóbal
* [[Pedro Francisco Bono Institute]], [[Santo Domingo]]

===Ecuador ===
* [[Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador]]

===El Salvador ===
* [[Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"]](UCA), [[Antiguo Cuscatlán]]

===France ===
* [[Centre Sèvres]], [[Paris]]

===Germany ===
* [[Munich School of Philosophy]], [[Munich]]
* [[Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology|Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Sankt Georgen]], [[Frankfurt]]

===Guatemala ===
* [[Universidad Rafael Landívar]], [[Guatemala City]]

===India===
====Andhra Pradesh====
* St. Xavier's College of Education, Hindupur
* [[Andhra Loyola College]], [[Vijayawada]]
* [[Loyola Public School]], [[Guntur]]

====Bihar====
* [[St. Xavier's College, Patna]]
* [[St. Xavier's College of Education|St. Xavier's College of Education, Patna]]

==== Goa ====
* [[St. Xavier's College, Mapusa, Goa|St. Xavier's College, Mapusa]]

====Gujarat====
* [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad]]

====Jharkhand====
* [[Loyola College of Education, Jamshedpur]]
* St. Xavier's College, Maharo, [[Dumka]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]]
* [[Xavier Institute of Social Service]], [[Ranchi]]
* [[XLRI - Xavier School of Management]], Jamshedpur

====Karnataka====
* [[Loyola College, Manvi]], [[Raichur]]
* [[Loyola Industrial Training Institute, Bangalore]]
* [[St. Aloysius College, Harihar]]
* [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]], [[Mangalore]]
* [[St. Aloysius Evening College (Mangalore)]]
* St. Aloysius Industrial Training Institute, Mangalore
* St. Aloysius Institute of Education, Mangalore
* [[St. Joseph's Institutions, Bangalore]]
* [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore|St. Joseph's University, Bangalore]]
* [[St. Joseph's College, Hassan]]
* [[St. Joseph's College of Commerce|St. Joseph's College of Commerce (Autonomous)]]. Bangalore
* St. Joseph's Community College, Bangalore
* [[St. Joseph's Evening College, Bangalore|St. Joseph's Evening College (Autonomous), Bangalore]]
* [[St. Joseph’s College of Law]], Bangalore
* [[St. Joseph's Institute of Management, Bangalore]]

====Kerala====
* [[Loyola School, Trivandrum|Loyola School]], [[Trivandrum]]
* [[Loyola College of Social Sciences]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Thumba]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[St. Michael's AIHSS, Kannur]]

====Madhya Pradesh====
* [[Xavier Institute of Development Action and Studies]] (XIDAS), [[Jabalpur]]

====Maharashtra====
* [[St. Joseph’s Technical Institute, Pune]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] (including [[Xavier Institute of Management & Research]])
* [[St. Xavier's Institute of Education]], [[Mumbai]]
* [[St. Xavier's Technical Institute]], Mumbai
* [[Xavier Institute of Engineering]], Mumbai

====Odisha====
* [[Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar|Xavier Institute of Management]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[XIM University|XIM University, Bhubaneswar]]

====Rajasthan====
* [[St Xaviers College, Jaipur]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Nevta]], [[Jaipur]]
[[File:LoyolaChennai.png|thumb|right|Loyola College, Chennai]]

====Tamil Nadu====
* [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
* [[Loyola-ICAM College of Engineering and Technology|Loyola-ICAM College of Engineering & Technology, Chennai]]
* [[Loyola College of Education, Chennai]]
* [[Loyola College, Mettala]]
* [[Loyola Institute of Business Administration]], Chennai
* [[St. Xavier's College]], [[Palayamkottai]]
* [[St. Xavier's College of Education]], [[Palayamkottai]]
* [[Xavier Institute of Business Administration]], Palayamkottai

====Telangana====
* [[Loyola Academy, Secunderabad]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Suryapet|Loyola English Medium High School, Suryapet]]
* [[St. Patrick's High School, Secunderabad]]

====West Bengal====
[[File:Building4sxc.JPG|thumb|right|St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Durgapur]]
* [[North Bengal St. Xavier's College]], [[Jalpaiguri]]
* [[St Joseph's College, Darjeeling|St. Joseph's College]], [[Darjeeling]]
* [[St. Lawrence High School, Kolkata]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Asansol]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Burdwan]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
* [[St. Xavier's University, Kolkata]]

===Indonesia ===
* [[Sanata Dharma University]], [[Yogyakarta]]
* [[Polytechnic ATMI Surakarta]], [[Surakarta]]
* [[:id:Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara Jakarta|Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara]], [[Jakarta]]

===Iraq ===
* [[Al-Hikma University (Baghdad)|Al Hikma College]] – nationalized during the Baath regime
[[File:Pontifical Gregorian University-2.jpg|thumb|right|Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome]]

===Italy ===
* [[John Felice Rome Center]], Loyola University Chicago, [[Rome]]
* [[Pontifical Biblical Institute]], Rome
* [[Pontifical Gregorian University]], Rome – formerly [[Roman College|Collegio Romano]]
* [[Pontifical Oriental Institute]], Rome
* [[University of Messina]] (Ignatian origins)
[[File:Sophia University, Yotsuya Campus, Tokyo, Japan b.jpg|thumb|right|Sophia University, Tokyo]]

===Japan ===
* [[Elisabeth University of Music]], [[Hiroshima]]
* [[Sophia University]], [[Tokyo]]

===Kenya ===
* [[Hekima University College]], [[Nairobi]]

[[File:USJ Campus.jpg|thumb|right|Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut]]

===Lebanon ===
* [[Université Saint-Joseph]], [[Beirut]]
* [[Collège Notre-Dame de Jamhour]], [[Baabda]]

===Madagascar ===
* [[Higher Vocational Agricultural School of Bevalala|Ecole Professionnelle Supérieure Agricole Bevalala]], [[Antananarivo]]
* [[Saint Michael Higher Technical Institute, Amparibe]], Antananarivo
* Saint Paul Tsaramasoandro Philosophate, Antananarivo
* [[SAMIS-ESIC School of Information and Communication]], Antananarivo

===Mexico ===
* [[Ibero-American University of Torreón]], [[Torreón]]
* [[Ibero-American University Tijuana]], [[Tijuana, Baja California|Tijuana]]
* [[Universidad Iberoamericana]], [[Mexico City]]
* [[Universidad Iberoamericana León]], [[León, Guanajuato|León]]
* [[Universidad Iberoamericana Puebla]], [[Puebla de Zaragoza]]
* [[Intercultural Institute of Ayuuk]], [[Oaxaca]]
* [[ITESO, Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara]]

===Nepal ===
* [[St. Xavier's College, Maitighar]], [[Kathmandu]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Godavari]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Jawalakhel]]

===Nicaragua ===
* [[Central American University (Managua)|Central American University]], [[Managua]]. Closed and expropriated by the Sandinista regime<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/cqlgkk92qgno | title=Jesuitas en Nicaragua | el gobierno de Ortega disuelve la orden religiosa y le confisca sus bienes | date=23 August 2023 |work=BBC}}</ref>

Universidad Jesuita del Paraguay

===Peru ===
* [[Antonio Ruiz de Montoya University]], [[Lima (Peru)|Lima]]
* [[University of the Pacific (Peru)|Universidad del Pacífico]], Lima

===Philippines ===
[[File:de la Costa Hall.jpg|thumb|275px|right|Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines]]
[[File:Finster Hall, Ateneo de Davao University (2007).jpg|thumb|right|Ateneo de Davao University, Philippines]]
[[File:WTNaga BAHALANA A2a.JPG|thumb|right|Ateneo de Naga University, Philippines]]
[[File:Ateneo de Zamboanga University Facade April 2019.jpg|thumb|right|alt=|Ateneo de Zamboanga University, Philippines]]

{{Main|List of Jesuit educational institutions in the Philippines}}
* [[Ateneo de Davao University]], [[Davao City]]
* [[Ateneo de Manila University]], [[Quezon City]], [[Metro Manila]]
* [[Ateneo de Naga University]], [[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga City]] [[Camarines Sur]]
* [[Ateneo de Tuguegarao]], [[Tuguegarao City]], [[Cagayan]] (closed in 1962)
* [[Ateneo de Zamboanga University]], [[Zamboanga City]]
* [[Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan|Ateneo de Cagayan – Xavier University]], [[Cagayan de Oro]], [[Misamis Oriental]]
* [[Loyola College of Culion]], [[Culion, Palawan|Culion]], [[Palawan]]
* [[San Jose Seminary]], [[Quezon City]], [[Metro Manila]]

===Poland ===
* [[Collegium Nobilium (Jesuit) in Warsaw]]
* [[Jesuit College in Kalisz]]
* [[Jesuit University of Philosophy and Education Ignatianum|Jesuit University Ignatianum]], Kraków
* [https://akw.edu.pl/en Collegium Bobolanum], Warsaw

===Romania ===
* [[Jesuit Academy of Cluj]], Cluj-Napoca; from university, after 1773

===South Korea ===
* [[Sogang University]], [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]

===Spain ===
* St. James the Apostle College, [[Vigo]]
* [[Comillas Pontifical University]], [[Madrid]]
* [[University of Deusto|Deusto University]], [[Bilbao]]
* [[ESADE]] [[Barcelona]], also in Madrid
* [[Chemical Institute of Sarrià|IQS – Institut Químic de Sarrià]], [[Barcelona]]
* [[Holy Family University Center]], [[Úbeda]]
* [[Loyola University of Andalusia]]
* [[Saint Louis University Madrid Campus]]
* [[University of Agricultural Engineering]], [[Valladolid]]

===Taiwan ===
* [[Fu Jen Catholic University]], [[Taipei]]

===Thailand ===
* Xavier Learning Community (XLC), Chiang Rai, Thailand

===Timor-Leste ===
* [[St. John de Britto Institute]] (Instituto São João de Brito), Kasait-Ulmera, Timor-Leste

===United Kingdom ===
* [[Campion Hall]], [[Oxford University]], [[Oxford]]

===United States===
[[File:Georgetown University -28.JPG|thumb|right|[[Georgetown University]], Washington, D.C.]]
[[File:Williamshall.jpg|[[Boston College]], School of Theology and Ministry|thumb|right]]
* [[Boston College]], [[Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts]]
* [[Boston College School of Theology and Ministry]], [[Brighton, Boston|Brighton, Massachusetts]]
* [[Canisius University]], [[Buffalo, New York]]
* [[College of the Holy Cross]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts]]
* [[Creighton University]], [[Omaha, Nebraska]]
*[[D'Youville University]], [[Buffalo, New York]]
* [[Fairfield University]], [[Fairfield, Connecticut]]
* [[Fordham University]], [[New York City]]
* [[Georgetown University]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Gonzaga University]], [[Spokane, Washington]]
* [[Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University]], [[Berkeley, California]]
* [[John Carroll University]], [[University Heights, Ohio]]
* [[Le Moyne College]], [[Syracuse, New York]]
* [[Loyola Marymount University]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
* [[Loyola University Chicago]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
* [[Loyola University Maryland]], [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]]
* [[Loyola University New Orleans]], [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]
* [[Marquette University]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]]
* [[Regis University]], [[Denver]], [[Colorado]]
* [[Rockhurst University]], [[Kansas City, Missouri]]
* [[Saint Joseph's University]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]
* [[Saint Louis University (United States)|Saint Louis University]], [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]]
* [[Saint Peter's University]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey]]
* [[Santa Clara University]], [[Santa Clara, California]]
* [[Seattle University]], [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
* [[Spring Hill College]], [[Mobile, Alabama]]
* [[University of Detroit Mercy]], [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]
* [[University of San Francisco]], [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
* [[University of Scranton]], [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]]
* [[Xavier University (Cincinnati)|Xavier University]], [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]

===Uruguay ===
* [[Universidad Católica del Uruguay Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga|Universidad Católica del Uruguay]], [[Montevideo]]

===Venezuela ===
* [[Jesus the Worker University Institute]], [[Caracas]]
* [[Universidad Católica Andrés Bello]], Caracas
* [[Catholic University of Tachira]], [[San Cristóbal, Venezuela|San Cristóbal]]

===Zambia ===
* [[Charles Lwanga College of Education]], Chisekesi

===Zimbabwe ===
* [[Arrupe College, Harare|Arrupe Jesuit University]], [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]

== List of defunct Jesuit Universities ==

=== Canada ===

* [[Loyola College (Montreal)|Loyola College]], now a campus of [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]], [[Montreal]]
* [[Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal|Collège Sainte-Marie]], merged into [[Université du Québec à Montréal]], [[Montreal]], in 1969

=== China ===

* [[Aurora University (Shanghai)]] (1902–1952)

=== Germany ===

* [[Jesuit College of Ingolstadt]], closed in 1773
* [[University of Ingolstadt]], [[Ingolstadt]] – closed in 1800

=== Malta ===

* [[Collegium Melitense]], Valletta (1592–1768, predecessor of the [[University of Malta]])

=== New Zealand ===

* [[Holy Name Seminary]], [[Christchurch]] (closed in 1978)

=== United Kingdom ===

* [[Heythrop College, University of London]], [[London]]

==List of Jesuit secondary schools==
Below are listed notable Jesuit high schools or secondary schools, many of which grew into Jesuit colleges or universities, or formed in association with them. This list includes schools at the [[sixth form]] level, as distinguished from four-year colleges and universities (above).
[[File:Xavier Melbourne, chapel.png|thumb|right|Xavier College, Melbourne, chapel]]
[[File:Kollegium-Kalksburg-02-.jpg|thumb|right|Kollegium Kalksburg]]
[[File:Sjt-turnhout-air-picture.jpg|thumb|right|Sint-Jozefscollege, Turnhout]]
[[File:FordyceChapSJC.png|thumb|right|St. John's College, Belize, chapel]]
[[File:Colegio mayor de san bartolome.jpg|thumb|right|Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé, Bogotá]]
[[File:Lycée Privé Sainte Geneviève - Bâtiment Notre-Dame et chapelle.jpg|thumb|right|Lycée Sainte-Geneviève, Versailles]]
[[File:Altbaupforte des Kollegs St. Blasien.jpg|thumb|right|Kollegs St. Blasien, Black Forest]]
[[File:Loyola High school building.JPG|thumb|right|St. Xavier's Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad]]
[[File:HolyFamMumbai.png|thumb|right|Holy Family, Mumbai]]
[[File:St. Xaviers High School Bombay 1908 3.jpg|thumb|right|St. Xavier's High School, Mumbai]]
[[File:Patiosantoinacio.jpg|thumb|right|St. Ignatius, Rio de Janeiro]]
[[File:StAloyMangalore.png|thumb|right|St. Aloysius, Mangalore]]
[[File:CampionBhopal.png|thumb|right|Campion School, Bhopal]]
[[File:St Vincent's High School, Camp, Pune.jpg|thumb|right|St. Vincent's, Pune]]
[[File:St. Xavier's School, Bhiwadi.jpg|thumb|right|St. Xavier's, Bhiwadi]]
[[File:St Marys Higher Secondary School Dindigul.jpg|thumb|right|St. Mary's Dindigul]]
[[File:Quadrangle St Josephs School Darjeeling.jpg|thumb|right|St. Joseph's, Darjeeling]]
[[File:Main Building, Clongowes Wood College - Kildare, Ireland.JPG|right|thumb|Clongowes Wood, Kildare]]
[[File:Hiroshimagakuin.JPG|thumb|right|Hiroshima Academy]]
[[File:LoyolaAbujaFromJebRes.png|thumb|right|Loyola Jesuit College, Abuja]]
[[File:Caspfacana.jpg|thumb|right|Casp-Sacred Heart, Barcelona]]
[[File:Fachada actual colegio.jpg|thumb|right|San Estanislao de Kostka, Málaga]]
[[File:Colegio inmaculada gijon.jpg|thumb|right|Inmculada, Gijón]]
[[File:Stonyhurst College Lancashire.jpg|thumb|right|Stonyhurst, Lancashire]]
[[File:Loyola Sch Pk 83 jeh.JPG|thumb|right|Loyola School, New York City]]
[[File:Gonzaga College High School - Washington, D.C..JPG|thumb|right|Gonzaga, Washington]]
[[File:St Ignatius School Chicago IL.jpg|thumb|right|St. Ignatius, Chicago]]
[[File:SLUH.JPG|thumb|right|St. Louis U. High]]
[[File:Loyola Academy.JPG|thumb|right|Loyola Academy, Wilmette, Illinois]]
[[File:Brophy College and Chapel (1).JPG|thumb|right|Brophy Prep chapel]]
[[File:Loyola High LA.jpg|thumb|right|Loyola, Los Angeles]]
[[File:Saint-Georges-College.jpg|thumb|right|St. George's, Harare]]

===Albania===
* [[Pjeter Meshkalla High School]], [[Shkoder]]

===Angola===
* Celia Mendez Mbanza-Kongo

===Argentina===
* [[Colegio del Salvador (Argentina)]], [[Buenos Aires]]

===Australia===

====New South Wales====
* [[St Aloysius' College (Sydney)|St Aloysius' College]], Sydney
* [[Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview]], Sydney

====South Australia====
* [[Saint Ignatius' College, Athelstone]], [[Adelaide]]

====Victoria====
* [[Saint Ignatius College Geelong|Saint Ignatius College, Geelong]]
* [[Xavier College|Xavier College, Melbourne]]

===Austria===
* [[Aloysian College. Austria|Aloysian College]], [[Linz]]
* [[Kalksburg College]], [[Vienna]]

===Belgium===

* [[Collège Matteo Ricci]], Brussels
* [[Collège Notre-Dame de la Paix]], Namur
* [[Collège Saint-Paul (Godinne)]]
* [[Collège Saint-Servais (Liège)]]
* [[Collège Saint-Stanislas, Mons]]
* [[Collège Saint-François-Xavier]], Verviers
* [[John of Ruysbroeck College, Laeken]]
* [[Our Lady College, Antwerp]]
* [[Sint-Barbaracollege]]
* [[St John Berchmans College]], Brussels
* [[St Joseph College, Aalst]]
* [[St Joseph College, Turnhout]]
* [[St Michael College, Brussels]]
* [[Xaverius College]]

===Belize===
* [[St. John's College, Belize|St. John's College]], [[Belize City]]

===Bolivia===
* [[Colegio del Sagrado Corazón, Sucre]]
* [[John XXIII College, Cochabamba]]
* [[Colegio San Calixto, La Paz]]
* [[Colegio San Ignacio, La Paz]]

===Brazil===
* [[Anchieta College (New Fribourg)]], RJ
* [[Anchieta College (Porto Alegre)]], RS
* [[Antonio Vieira College]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], BA
* [[College of Our Lady Mediatrix]], [[Curitiba]], PR
* [[Diocesan College (Teresina)]], PI
* [[FMC Electronic Technical School]], [[Santa Rita do Sapucaí]], MG
* [[Jesuit College, Juiz de Fora]], MG
* Loyola College, Belo Horizonte, MG
* [[Saint Catherine College]], [[Florianópolis]], SC
* [[St. Alphonsus Rodriguez School]] (ESAR), [[Teresina]], PI
* [[St. Francis Xavier College, San Paulo]], SP
* [[St. Ignatius College, Fortaleza]], CE
* [[St. Ignatius College, Rio de Janeiro]], RJ
* [[St. Louis College, São Paulo]], SP

===Burundi===
* [[Holy Spirit Lycée]], [[Bujumbura]]

===Canada===
* [[Brebeuf College School]], Toronto
* [[Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf]], Montreal
* [[Loyola High School (Montreal)|Loyola High School]], Montreal
* [[St. Bonaventure's College]], St. John's City
* [[St. Paul's High School (Winnipeg)|St. Paul's High School]], [[Winnipeg]]
* [[Collège Saint-Charles-Garnier]], Quebec City

===Chile===
* [[St. Francis Xavier College, Puerto Montt]]
* [[St. Ignatius College, Santiago|St. Ignatius College, Alonso Ovalle]], [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]
* [[St. Ignatius El Bosque]], Santiago
* [[St. Aloysius College, Antofagasta]]
* [[St. Matthew College, Chile|St. Matthew College]], [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]]

===Colombia===
* Berchmans College, Cali
* [[St. Bartholomew Major College]], [[Bogotá]]
* [[Colegio San Bartolomé la Merced]], Bogotá
* [[St. Francis Xavier College, Pasto]]
* [[Colegio San Pedro Claver]], [[Bucaramanga]]
* [[St. Aloysius College, Manizales]]
* [[St. Ignatius Loyola College, Medellin]]
* [[St. Joseph College, Barranquilla]]
* [[Gimnasio Los Caobos|Gimnasio Los Caobos, Bogotá]]

===Croatia===
* [[Jesuit Classical Gymnasium in Osijek]]

===Democratic Republic of Congo===
* [[Boboto College]], [[Gombe, Kinshasa|Gombe]]

===Ecuador===
* [[Christ the King School, Portoviejo]]
* [[St. Gabriel College, Quito]]
* [[Xavier, Guayaquil]]
* Borja School, Cuenca

===Egypt===
* [[College de la Sainte Famille]], [[Cairo]]

===El Salvador===
* [[Arrupe College, El Salvador]], [[Soyapango]]
* [[Externado San José]], [[San Salvador]]

===Federated States of Micronesia===
* [[Xavier High School, Micronesia|Xavier High School]], [[Chuuk State|Chuuk]]


===France===
* [[Lycée la Providence]], [[Amiens]]
* [[Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève]], [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]]
* [[Lycée Saint-Joseph-de-Tivoli]]
* [[Lycée Saint-Joseph of Avignon]]
* [[Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague]], [[Paris]]
* [[Lycée Saint-Marc, Lyon]]
* [[Fénelon - La Trinité School]], [[Lyon]]
* [[Provence School]], [[Marseille]]
* [[Le Marais Sainte-Thérèse Professional School]], [[Saint-Étienne]]
* Caousou School, Toulouse<ref>{{cite web |title=150 Years of Le Caousou School in Toulouse |url=https://jesuits.eu/news/2584-150-years-of-le-caousou-school-in-toulouse |website=jesuits.eu |date=3 December 2023}}</ref>
* [[Saint-Joseph of Reims]]
* [[Sainte Marie La Grand’Grange]], [[Saint-Chamond, Loire|Saint-Chamond]]

===Germany===
* [[Aloisiuskolleg]] ([[Gymnasium (Germany)|gymnasium]]), [[Bonn]]
* [[Canisius-Kolleg Berlin]] ([[Gymnasium (Germany)|gymnasium]]), [[Berlin]]
* [[Kolleg St. Blasien]] ([[Gymnasium (Germany)|gymnasium]]), [[Black Forest]]
* [[Sankt-Ansgar-Schule]] ([[Gymnasium (Germany)|gymnasium]]), [[Hamburg]]

===Guatemala===
* [[Xavier Lyceum, Guatemala]], [[Guatemala City]]
* [[Loyola College Guatemala]], Guatemala City

===Hong Kong===
* [[Wah Yan College, Hong Kong]]
* [[Wah Yan College, Kowloon]]

===Hungary===
* [[Fényi Gyula Jesuit High School]], [[Miskolc]]

===India===

====Andhra Pradesh====
* Loyola High School, Hindupur
* Loyola High School, KD Peta
* [[Loyola High School, Vinukonda]]
* [[Andhra Loyola College]] [[Vijayawada]]
* [[Loyola Public School]], Loyola Nagar, [[Guntur]]
* St. John's High School, Amalapuram
* [[Saint Patrick's High School, Secunderabad|St. Patrick's High School]], [[Secunderabad]]
* St. Xavier's High School, Darsi

====Bihar====
* [[St. Michael's High School, Patna]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Patna]]
* [[St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Bettiah]]
* [[Khrist Raja High School, Bettiah]]

====Delhi====
* [[St. Xavier's School, Delhi]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Rohini]]

====Goa====
* [[Loyola High School (Goa)|Loyola High School]], Margao
* [[Saint Britto High School]], [[Mapusa]]

====Gujarat====
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Mirzapur]], [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Gandhinagar]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Surat]]

====Jharkhand====
* De Nobili School, Bhuli, [[Dhanbad]]
* [[De Nobili School, CMRI]], Dhanbad
* De Nobili School CTPS, Bokaro, [[Chandrapura]]
* De Nobili School, FRI, Digwadih, Dhanbad
* De Nobili School, Koradih<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian priest, nurse arrested after allegations of child sex abuse |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/indian-priest-nurse-arrested-after-allegations-of-child-sex-abuse/86095 |work=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]] |date=12 September 2019}}</ref>
* De Nobili School, Maithon, Dhanbad
* De Nobili School, Mugma, Dhanbad
* De Nobili School, Sindri, Dhanbad
* [[Loyola Collegiate School, Jamshedpur]]
* [[Loyola School, Jamshedpur|Loyola School]], [[Jamshedpur]]
* [[St. John's High School, Ranchi]]
* St. Xavier's English School, Chakradharpur
* [[St. Xavier's School, Ranchi]]
* [[St. Xavier's School (Bokaro)|St. Xavier's School]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Hazaribag]]

====Karnataka====
* [[St. Aloysius PU College, Harihar]]
* [[St. Joseph's Boys High School]], [[Bangalore]]
* [[St. Joseph's Indian High School]], Bangalore
* [[St. Joseph's Pre-University College]], Bangalore
* [[St. Joseph's PU College, Anekal]]
* [[St. Paul's School, Belgaum]]
* [[St. Xavier's PU College, Gulbarga]]
* Xavier School, Manvi, Raichur

====Kerala====
* [[Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[AKJM Public School, Kanjirappally]], [[Kottayam]]
* [[St. Michael’s School, Kannur]]

====Madhya Pradesh====
* [[Campion School Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]

====Maharashtra====
* [[Campion School, Mumbai|Campion School]], Mumbai
* Dnyanmata Vidyalaya, Sangamner, Ahmednagar
* [[Holy Family High School (Mumbai, India)|Holy Family High School]], [[Mumbai]]
* [[St. Vincent's High School]], Pune
* [[St. Stanislaus High School]], Mumbai
* [[St. Mary's High School SSC]], Mumbai
* [[St. Mary's School, Mumbai]] ICSE, Mumbai
* St. Mary's School, Sangamner, [[Ahmednagar]]
* [[St. Xavier's Boys' Academy, Mumbai]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Fort]] [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]], Mumbai
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Manickpur]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Nashik]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Kolhapur|St. Xavier's School]], [[Kolhapur]]

====Odisha====
* [[Loyola School, Bhubaneswar]]
* Loyola School, Baripada
* [[Loyola School, Kalinganagar]]

====Rajasthan====
* [[St. Xavier's School, Behror]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Jaipur]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Nevta]]

====Tamil Nadu====
* [[Carmel Higher Secondary School]], [[Nagercoil]]
* [[De Britto Higher Secondary School]], [[Devakottai]]
* [[Loyola College, Mettala]], [[Namakkal]]
* Loyola Academy, [[Maraimalai Nagar]], [[Chennai]]
* [[Loyola Higher Secondary School, Kuppayanallur]]
* [[St. Arul Anandar School, Oriyur]]
* St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Dindigul
* St. Mary’s Higher Secondary School, Madurai
* [[St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Palayamkottai]]
* [[St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Thoothukudi]]
* [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]]
* [[Loyola College, Chennai]]

====Telangana====
* [[Loyola High School, Karimnagar]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Suryapet]]

====West Bengal====
*Loyola High School (Kolkata)
* [[St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling]]
* [[St. Lawrence High School, Kolkata]]
* [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School]], [[Kolkata]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Burdwan]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Durgapur]]
* [[St. Xavier’s School, Raiganj]]

===Indonesia===

* Canisius College, Jakarta
* Gonzaga College, Jakarta
* Loyola College, Semarang
* PIKA Industrial Woodworking School, Semarang
* De Britto College, Yogyakarta
* Peter Canisius Minor Seminary Mertoyudan, Magelang
* Mikael Professional School, Surakarta
* [[College Le Cocq d'Armandville|Le Cocq d'Armandville College, Nabire]]

===Ireland===
* [[Belvedere College]], [[Dublin]]
* [[Clongowes Wood College]], [[County Kildare]]
* [[Crescent College|Crescent College Comprehensive]], [[County Limerick]]
* [[Gonzaga College]], Dublin
* [[Coláiste Iognáid]], [[Galway]]

===Italy===
* [[Leo XIII Institute, Milan]]
* [[Social Institute, Turin]]
* [[Massimiliano Massimo Institute]], [[Rome]]
* [[House of the Savior, Naples]]
* [[Gonzaga Institute, Palermo]]
* [[St. Ignatius College, Messina]]
* [[Jesuit College, Messina]]

===Jamaica===
* [[Campion College, Jamaica|Campion College]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
* [[St. George's College, Jamaica|St. George's College]], Kingston

===Japan===
* [[Eiko Gakuen]], [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]
* [[Hiroshima Academy Junior and Senior High School]], [[Hiroshima]]
* [[Rokko Junior and Senior High School]], [[Kobe]]
* [[Sophia Fukuoka Junior and Senior High School]], [[Fukuoka]]

===Kosovo===
* [[Loyola Gymnasium Prizren]]

===Lebanon===
* [[Collège Notre Dame de Jamhour]], [[Beirut]]

===Lithuania===
* [[Kaunas Jesuit Gymnasium]], [[Kaunas]]
* [[Vilnius Jesuit High School]], [[Vilnius]]

===Madagascar===
* [[Immaculate Conception College, Mananjary]]
* [[Xavier College, Madagascar]], [[Fianarantsoa]]
* [[College of Saint Michael, Amparibe]], [[Antananarivo]]

===Malta===
* [[St Aloysius' College (Malta)|St Aloysius' College]], [[Birkirkara]]

===Mexico===
* [[Carlos Pereyra School]], [[Torreon, Coahuila]]
* [[Instituto Cultural Tampico]], [[Tampico]], [[Tamaulipas]]
* [[Science Institute of Jalisco]], [[Guadalajara]]

===Micronesia===
* [[Xavier High School, Micronesia|Xavier High School]], [[Chuuk State|Chuuk]], [[Micronesia]]
* [[Yap Catholic High School]] [[Rull]], [[Yap]], [[Micronesia]]

===Nepal===
* [[St. Xavier's School, Godavari]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Jawalakhel]]

===Netherlands===
* [[Sint Stanislas College|St. Stanislaus College]], [[Delft]]

===Nicaragua===
* [[Colegio Centro América]], [[Managua]]
* [[Instituto Loyola]], [[Managua]]

===Nigeria===

* [[Loyola Jesuit College]], [[Abuja]]
* [[St. Francis Catholic Secondary School, Nigeria|St. Francis Catholic Secondary School]], [[Lagos]]
* [[Jesuit Memorial College]], [[Port Harcourt]]
* [[Gonzaga Jesuit College]], [[Okija]] Anambra State

===Panama===
* [[Xavier College, Panama]]

===Paraguay===
* [[Colegio Cristo Rey]], [[Asunción]]
* [[Xavier Technical College]], [[Asunción]]

===Peru===
* [[Cristo Rey College, Tacna]]
* [[Colegio de la Inmaculada (Lima)|Colegio de la Inmaculada]], [[Lima]]
* [[Colegio San José, Arequipa, Peru|Colegio San José]], [[Arequipa]]
* Colegio San Ignacio, Piura

===Philippines===

{{Main|List of Jesuit educational institutions in the Philippines}}

* [[Ateneo de San Pablo]], [[San Pablo, Laguna|San Pablo City]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] (closed in 1978)
* [[Ateneo de Iloilo|Ateneo de Iloilo – Santa Maria Catholic School]], [[Iloilo City]], [[Iloilo]]
* [[Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu]], [[Mandaue City]], [[Cebu]]
* [[Xavier School|Xavier School San Juan]], [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]], [[Metro Manila]]

===Poland===
* [[St. Stanislaus Jesuit High School, Gdynia]]
* [[Jesuit College in Polotsk|Catholic Academy in Warsaw "Bobolanum"]], [[Warsaw]]

===Portugal===
* [[St. John de Britto College]], [[Lisbon]]

===Puerto Rico===
* [[Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola (San Juan)|Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola]]

===Rwanda===
* [[St. Ignatius School, Kigali]]

===Spain===
* [[Claver College, Raimat]]
* [[Colegio Casp-Sagrado Corazón de Jesús]], [[Barcelona]]
* [[Colegio de la Inmaculada (Gijón)|Colegio de la Inmaculada]], [[Gijón]]
* [[College of San Jose, Villafranca de los Barros]]
* [[College of the Savior, Zaragoza]]
* [[College of the Immaculate, Alicante]]
* [[Cristo Rey Polytechnic Institute, Valladolid]]
* Francis Borgia College, Gandia
* [[Immaculate Heart of Mary College, Portaceli]], [[Sevilla]]
* Jesus the Worker, Vitoria
* [[John XXIII School, Bellvitge]], [[Hospitalet de Llobregat]]
* [[Kostka College, Barcelona]]
* [[Kostka College Santander]]
* [[Nazareth College, Alicante]]
* [[Our Lady of Begoña College, Bilbao]]
* [[Our Lady of Mount Zion College, Palma, Majorca]]
* [[Our Lady of Remembrance College, Madrid]]
* [[Sacred Heart Jesuit School of Leon]]
* Sacred Heart School, Logroño
* San Jose College, Durango
* [[San Jose College, Valladolid]]
* [[San Jose Secondary Educational Center]], [[Málaga]]
* [[St. Francis Xavier School, Burgos]]
* [[St. Ignatius College, Barcelona]]
* [[St. Ignatius College, Oviedo]]
* [[St. Ignatius College, Pamplona]]
* [[St. Ignatius College, San Sebastian]]
* [[St. Ignatius of Loyola College, Alcala de Henares]]
* [[St. Ignatius of Loyola College, Las Palmas]]
* St. James the Apostle College, [[Vigo]]
* [[St. Mary of the Sea College, Corunna]]
* [[St. Stanislaus Kostka College, Málaga]]
* [[St. Stanislaus Kostka College, Salamanca]]
* Virgin of Guadalupe College, Badajoz
* [[Vocational Training Centre Revillagigedo]], [[Gijón]]
* [[Xavier College, Santiago de Compostela]]
* [[Xavier College, Tudela]]

===Sri Lanka===
* [[St. Aloysius' College (Galle)|St. Aloysius' College]], Galle
* [[St. Servatius' College]], [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]]

===Tanzania===
* [[Loyola School, Dar es Salaam|Loyola School]], [[Dar es Salaam]]
* [[St. Peter Claver High School]], [[Dodoma]]

===Timor-Leste===
* [[St. Ignatius of Loyola College, Timor-Leste|St. Ignatius of Loyola College]] (Colegio de Santo Inasio de Loiola – CSIL), Kasait, Ulmera, Liquiça, Timor-Leste

===Uganda===
* [[Ocer Campion Jesuit College]], [[Gulu]] in Awich village

===United Kingdom===

====England====
* [[Barlborough Hall School]], [[Barlborough]], [[Chesterfield, Derbyshire|Chesterfield]], [[Derbyshire]]
* [[Donhead Preparatory School]], [[London]]
* [[Mount St Mary's College, Spinkhill|Mount St Mary's College]], [[Spinkhill]], [[Derbyshire]]
* [[St Ignatius' College]], [[Enfield Town|Enfield]]
* [[St Joseph's School, Hurst Green]]
* [[Stonyhurst College]], [[Lancashire]]
* [[Stonyhurst Saint Mary's Hall]]
* [[Wimbledon College]], [[London]]

====Scotland====
* [[St. Aloysius' College, Glasgow|St Aloysius College]], [[Glasgow]]
* [[St Aloysius' College Junior School, Glasgow]]

===United States===
:{{Main|List of Jesuit secondary schools in the United States}}
[[File:St Ignatius School Chicago IL.jpg|thumb|[[St. Ignatius College Prep]], Chicago]]
* [[Arrupe Jesuit High School]], [[Denver, Colorado]]
* [[Belen Jesuit Preparatory School]], [[Miami, Florida]]
* [[Bellarmine College Preparatory]], [[San Jose, California]]
* [[Bellarmine Preparatory School]], [[Tacoma, Washington]]
* [[Boston College High School]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
* [[Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School]], [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]
* [[Brophy College Preparatory]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]]
* [[Canisius High School]], [[Buffalo, New York]]
* [[Cheverus High School]], [[Portland, Maine]]
* [[Christ the King Jesuit College Prep High School]], [[Chicago, Illinois]] The Cranwell School, Lenox, Mass closed in 1976
* [[Creighton Preparatory School]], [[Omaha, Nebraska]]
* [[Cristo Rey Atlanta Jesuit High School]], [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
* [[Cristo Rey High School (Sacramento)|Cristo Rey High School]], [[Sacramento, California]], with other congregations
* [[Cristo Rey Jesuit College Preparatory of Houston]], [[Houston, Texas]]
* [[Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Cristo Rey Jesuit High School]], [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
* [[Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Chicago)|Cristo Rey Jesuit High School]], [[Chicago, Illinois]]
* [[Cristo Rey Jesuit High School Milwaukee]], [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]
* [[Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|Cristo Rey Jesuit High School]], [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]]
* [[Cristo Rey New York High School]], [[New York City]], with other congregations
* [[Cristo Rey San José Jesuit High School]], [[San Jose, California]]
* [[DeSmet Jesuit High School]], [[St. Louis, Missouri]]
* [[Fairfield College Preparatory School]], [[Fairfield, Connecticut]]
* [[Fordham Preparatory School]], [[Bronx, New York]]
* [[Georgetown Preparatory School]], [[Bethesda, Maryland]]
* [[Gonzaga College High School]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Gonzaga Preparatory School]], [[Spokane, Washington]]
* [[Jesuit College Preparatory School]], [[Dallas, Texas]]
* [[Jesuit High School (Beaverton, Oregon)|Jesuit High School]], [[Beaverton, Oregon]]
* [[Jesuit High School (New Orleans)|Jesuit High School]], [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]
* [[Jesuit High School (Sacramento)|Jesuit High School]], [[Sacramento, California]]
* [[Jesuit High School (Tampa)|Jesuit High School]], [[Tampa, Florida]]
* [[Loyola Academy]], [[Wilmette, Illinois]]
* [[Loyola Blakefield]], [[Towson, Maryland]]
* [[Loyola High School (Detroit)|Loyola High School]], [[Detroit, Michigan]]
* [[Loyola High School (Los Angeles)|Loyola High School]], [[Los Angeles, California]]
* [[Loyola School (New York City)|Loyola School]], New York City
* [[Marquette University High School]], [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]
* [[McQuaid Jesuit High School]], [[Rochester, New York]]
* [[Red Cloud High School (South Dakota)|Red Cloud High School]], [[Pine Ridge, South Dakota]]
* [[Regis High School (New York City)|Regis High School]], New York City
* [[Regis Jesuit High School]], [[Aurora, Colorado]]
* [[Rockhurst High School]], [[Kansas City, Missouri]]
* [[Scranton Preparatory School]], [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]]
* [[St. Ignatius College Prep]], [[Chicago, Illinois]]
* [[St. Ignatius College Preparatory]], [[San Francisco, California]]
* [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|St. Ignatius High School, Cleveland]]
* [[St. John's Jesuit High School and Academy]], [[Toledo, Ohio]]
* [[Saint Joseph's Preparatory School]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
* [[St. Louis University High School]], [[St. Louis, Missouri]]
* [[St. Martin de Porres High School (Cleveland, Ohio)|St. Martin de Porres High School]], [[Cleveland, Ohio]]
* [[St. Peter's Preparatory School]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey]]
* [[St. Xavier High School (Cincinnati)|St. Xavier High School]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
* [[Seattle Preparatory School]], [[Seattle, Washington]]
* [[Strake Jesuit College Preparatory]], [[Houston, Texas]]
* [[University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy|University of Detroit High School & Academy]], [[Detroit, Michigan]]
* [[Verbum Dei High School]], [[Los Angeles, California]], Archdiocesan administered by Jesuits
* [[Walsh Jesuit High School]], [[Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio]]
* [[Xavier College Preparatory High School (California)|Xavier College Preparatory]], [[Palm Desert, California]], Jesuit endorsed
* [[Xavier High School (New York City)|Xavier High School]], New York City


===Venezuela===
* [[Gonzaga College, Venezuela]], [[Maracaibo]]
* [[Loyola College Gumilla]], [[Puerto Ordaz]]
* [[St. Ignatius of Loyola College, Caracas]]
* [[Catholic University of Tachira]], [[San Cristóbal, Táchira|San Cristobal]]

===Zimbabwe===
* [[Makumbi Visitation High School]], Makumbi Mission
* [[Saint Ignatius College (Zimbabwe)|Saint Ignatius College]], [[Chishawasha]], Harare
* [[St George's College, Harare|St George's College]], [[Harare]]
* [[St. Paul's High School, Musami]]
* [[St. Peter's Kubatana]], [[Glen Norah, Harare]]
* St. Rupert Mayer's High School, Makonde

== List of defunct Jesuit secondary schools ==

=== Austria ===

* [[Stella Matutina (Jesuit school)|Stella Matutina]], [[Feldkirch, Vorarlberg|Feldkirch]], 1651–1979

===Iraq===
* [[Baghdad College]], [[Baghdad]] (nationalized 1969)

=== Mexico ===

* [[San Ildefonso College]], [[Mexico City]] (1588–1767)

=== Netherlands ===
Still operating but no longer Jesuit:
* [[Aloysius College, The Hague]]
* [[Canisius College, Nijmegen]]
* [[Ignatius Gymnasium]], [[Amsterdam]]
* [[Catholic Comprehensive School, Breul]], [[Zeist]]
* [[Maartenscollege, Groningen]]
* [[Bonaventure College (Netherlands)|Bonaventure College]], [[Leiden]]

===Romania===
* [[Jesuit College of Sibiu]], closed in 1773

=== United States ===

* [[Brooklyn Preparatory School]] Closed in 1972
* [[Campion High School]], [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]], closed in 1975
* [[Bishop Connolly High School]], [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], closed in 2023

==See also==
* [[List of alumni of Jesuit educational institutions]]
* [[List of schools named after Francis Xavier]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jesuits}}

[[Category:Jesuit education| *]]
[[Category:Lists of Catholic schools|Jesuit institutions]]
[[Category:Lists of Catholic universities and colleges|Jesuit institutions]]
[[Category:Jesuit schools|*]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges|*]]

Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T16:34:18Z

AbbieLongoria3:

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly Constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baruipur Purba
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Baruipur Purba.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Baruipur Purba Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| constituency_no = 137
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Bivas Sardar]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 265,045
}}
'''Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>
* Begumpur, Belegachhia, Brindakhali, Champahati, Hardhah, Nabagram, Ramnagar-I, Ramnagar-II and South Garia gram panchayats of [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]] community development block
* Bamangachhi, Chaltaberia, Dhosa Chandaneswar, Jangalia, Khakurdaha and Narayanitala gram panchayats of [[Jaynagar I]] community development block

Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency is a part of No. 22 [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
! colspan="4" |'''''Baruipur'''''
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Lalit Kumar Sinha
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Abdus Shukur
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Khagendra Kumar Roy Choudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Gangadhar Naskar
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Sakti Kumar Sarkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2"|Kumud Ranjan Mondal
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Bimal Mistry
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Lalit Gayen
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Hemen Majumdar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| 1998^
| [[Sujan Chakraborty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| Arup Bhadra
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| Rahul Ghosh
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
! colspan="4" |'''''Baruipur Purba'''''
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Nirmal Mondal]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Bivas Sardar]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Bivas Sardar]]
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Baruipur Purba}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bivas Sardar]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=120987|percentage=50.98|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tumpa Sardar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=89,172|percentage=37.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Swapan Naskar|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=19,649|percentage=8.28|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pratap Chandra Mondal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=971|percentage=0.41|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1683|percentage=0.71|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=31815|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=237319|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Baruipur Purba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Bivas Sardar]]
|votes = 1,23,243
|percentage = 54.75
|change = {{increase}}6.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chandan Mondal
|votes = 73,602
|percentage = 32.7
|change = {{increase}}26.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Swapan Naskar
|votes = 21,467
|percentage = 9.54
|change = {{decrease}}27.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,855
|percentage = 0.82
|change = {{decrease}}0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 49,641
|percentage = 22.05
|change = {{increase}}11.44
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,25,114
|percentage = 84.92
|change = {{decrease}}1.32
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Baruipur Purba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Nirmal Mondal]]
|votes = 92,313
|percentage = 48.09
|change = {{decrease}}4.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sujoy Mistry
|votes = 71,951
|percentage = 37.48
|change = {{decrease}}3.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Amulya Kumar Naskar
|votes = 12,738
|percentage = 6.64
|change = {{increase}}3.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Ajay Saha
|votes = 9,230
|percentage = 4.81
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,026
|percentage = 1.06
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,362
|percentage = 10.61
|change = {{decrease}}0.92
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,91,966
|percentage = 86.24
|change = {{increase}}1.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Baruipur Purba<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=137| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170730/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=137| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Baruipur Purba| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Nirmal Mondal]]
|votes = 83,636
|percentage = 52.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Bimal Mistry|votes=65,157|percentage=40.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Tapas Naskar|votes=5,432|percentage=3.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sukumar Mondal|votes=1,721|percentage=1.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Shibdas Naskar|votes=1,627|percentage=1.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Pramod Mondal|votes=1,429|percentage=0.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|candidate=Rabindranath Mistri|votes=1,239|percentage=0.77|change=}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 18,479
|percentage = 11.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,60,241|percentage=84.77|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
In 2006,<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Rahul Ghosh of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Baruipur Assembly constituency defeating his nearest rival Arup Bhadra of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]. Arup Bhadra of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] defeated Sujan Chakraborty of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2001.<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Sovandeb Chattopadhyay of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] defeated Sujan Chakraborty of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1996<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Hemen Majumdar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1991.<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Hemen Majumdar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Arup Bhadra of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1987,<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Jalil Gazi of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1982<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Ram Kanta Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp104.htm |title = 104 - Baruipur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1952-1972===
Lalit Gayen of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1972.<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Bimal Mistry of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971.<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Kumud Ranjan Mondal of [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] won in 1969<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Sakti Kumar Sarkar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1962.<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> In 1957 and 1952, Baruipur Assembly constituency had joint seats. Khagendra Kumar Roy Choudhury and Gangadhar Naskar, both of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], won in 1957.<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> In 1952, Lalit Kumar Sinha of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and Abdus Shukur of [[Indian National Congress|INC]], won.<ref name="vidhansabha1952">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Chavara Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T06:49:44Z

AbbieLongoria3:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chavara
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 117
| map_image = Chavara coast as seen from Kovilthottam Lighthouse, Nov 2016.jpg
| map_caption = The coast at Chavara as seen from Kovilthottam Lighthouse
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,75,280 (2016)
| mla = [[Shibu Baby John]]
| party = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
}}
'''Chavara State Assembly constituency''' is a [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is one of the eleven Assembly constituencies in [[Kollam district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/constitutencies.html |title=CONSTITUENCIES IN KERALA |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref>

==Structure==
As per the recent changes on Assembly constituency delimitations, Chavara Assembly constituency consists of the seven wards from [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]] ([[Maruthadi]], [[Sakthikulangara]], Meenathuchery, [[Kavanad]], [[Vallikeezhu]], [[Alattukavu]], Kannimel) and five neighbouring panchayaths including [[Chavara]], [[Neendakara]], [[Panmana]], [[Chavara Thekkumbhagom]] and [[Thevalakkara]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/election/Delimitation.pdf |title=ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES AND THEIR EXTENT - Kerala |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html |title=Constituencies - Kollam District |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer - Kerala |access-date=2018-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801123818/http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html |archive-date=1 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
===[[Travancore-Cochin]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
!Vote Margin
|----
|1951
|[[N. Sreekantan Nair]]
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=2}}
|8,181<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b |title=Election to the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly-1951 and to the Madras Assembly Constituencies in the Malabar Area |page=37 |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=2018-10-23 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021080302/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|----
|1954
|[[Baby John]]
|2,175<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1954 to the Legislative Assembly of Travancore-Cochin |page=37 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref>
|}

=== Kerala ===
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="6" |[[Baby John]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|[[Shibu Baby John]]
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)}}
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|[[N. K. Premachandran|N. K. Premchandran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=2}}
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
| Shibu Baby John
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|[[Vijayan Pillai|N. Vijayan Pillai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2016 – 2020{{Efn|Bypolls to the vacancy caused by MLA's death stands cancelled as per ECI.|name=|group=}}
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| Dr. Sujith Vijayanpillai
| {{Full party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| [[Incumbent]]
|}

* [[Kerala Revolutionary Socialist Party (Baby John)|KRSP(B)]] is a splinter group of RSP.
* [[Communist Marxist Party (Aravindakshan)|CMP(A)]] later merged with [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chavara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[Sujith Vijayanpillai]]|votes=55735|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=[[Shibu Baby John]]|votes=74308 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=K. R. Rajesh|votes=11012|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 18573
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 1,74,993 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chavara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = [[Sujith Vijayanpillai]]
|votes = 63,282
|percentage = 44.29
|change = {{down}}2.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Shibu Baby John]]
|votes = 62,186
|percentage = 43.52
|change = {{up}}1.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Vivek Gopan
|votes = 14,211
|percentage = 9.95
|change = {{up}}2.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Johnson Kandachira
|votes = 1,223
|percentage = 0.86
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sujithmon
|votes = 901
|percentage = 0.63
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 701
|percentage = 0.49
|change = {{up}}0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Viji Ratheesh
|votes = 376
|percentage = 0.26
|change = -
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,096
|percentage = 0.77
|change = {{down}}3.71
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,42,189
|percentage = 78.66
|change = {{up}}0.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|swing = {{down}}2.51
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 ===
There were 1,75,916 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2011|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chavara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Marxist Party (Aravindakshan)|candidate=[[N. Vijayan Pillai]]|votes=64,666|percentage=46.80|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=[[Shibu Baby John]]|votes=58,477|percentage=42.32|change={{decrease}}4.02|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. Sunil|votes=10,276|percentage=7.44|change={{increase}}5.85|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Shahul Thengumthara|votes=1,439|percentage=1.04|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Ansar Thevalakkara|votes=1,106|percentage=0.80|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=667|percentage=0.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shibu|votes=427|percentage=0.31|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Thevalakkara Manoj|votes=403|percentage=0.29|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Abu Muhammed|votes=228|percentage=0.16|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Anillumar Kallambalam|votes=162|percentage=0.12|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Chellapan|votes=121|percentage=0.09|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=V. Subash|votes=427|percentage=0.31|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Karamkode Balakrishnan|votes=93|percentage=0.07|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=6,189|percentage=4.48|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,38,186|percentage=78.55|change={{decrease}}1.04}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Communist Marxist Party |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP(B)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,59,655 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chavara}}
{{Election box winning candidate|party=[[Kerala Revolutionary Socialist Party (Baby John)|KRSP(B)]]|candidate=[[Shibu Baby John]]|votes=65,002|percentage=51.16|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=[[N. K. Premachandran]]|votes=58,941|percentage=46.80|change={{decrease}}7.07|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nalini Sankaramangalam|votes=2,028|percentage=1.59|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Maniyan G.|votes=567|percentage=0.45|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=V. Varadharajan|votes=532|percentage=0.42|change={{decrease}}4.48|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=6,061|percentage=4.77|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,068|percentage=79.59|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=[[Kerala Revolutionary Socialist Party (Baby John)|KRSP(B)]]|loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

===2006===
There were 1,42,401 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chavara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[N. K. Premachandran]]
|votes = 54,026
|percentage = 48.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Shibu Baby John]]
|votes = 52,240
|percentage = 47.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Udayakumar
|votes = 1,889
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)
|candidate = Shibu Balakrishnan
|votes = 794
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abu Muhammed
|votes = 761
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = AIADMK
|candidate = K. Muhammad Kunju
|votes = 409
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jayakumar
|votes = 378
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,786
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,10,501
|percentage = 77.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
There were 1,53,473 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chavara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)
|candidate = [[Shibu Baby John]]
|votes = 60,689
|percentage = 53.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = V. P. Ramakrishna Pillai
|votes = 52,240
|percentage = 42.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = G. Hari
|votes = 2,831
|percentage = 2.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sukumaran Pillai
|votes = 703
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abu Muhammed
|votes = 618
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 12,483
|percentage = 11.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,13,079
|percentage = 73.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{MLAs from Kerala assembly constituencies in Kollam city}}
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies |state=expanded}}
{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Government of Kollam]]
[[Category:Politics of Kollam district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kollam district]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]

Rewari Railway Heritage Museum

2026-05-05T09:27:00Z

AbbieLongoria3: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Rewari Railway Heritage Museum
| native_name = रेवाड़ी रेल संग्रहालय
| native_name_lang = hin
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Rewari Railway Heritage Museum.JPG
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Rewari Railway Heritage Museum
| map_type = India Haryana#India
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Location in Rewari, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.2085056|76.6120139|display=inline,title}}
| former_name = Rewari Steam Locomotive Shed
| established = {{Start date|1893|02|02|df=y}}
| dissolved = 
| location = North end of [[Rewari railway station]], [[Rewari]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| type = [[railway museum]]
| accreditation =
| key_holdings = Fairy Queen
| collections = [[steam locomotive]]
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder =
| executive_director =
| director =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
| curator =
| architect =
| historian =
| owner = [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]
| publictransit =
| car_park =
| parking =
| network =
| website = 
| embedded =
}}

The '''Rewari Railway Heritage Museum''' (formerly the '''Rewari Steam Locomotive Shed''') is a [[railway museum]] in [[Delhi NCR]] at [[Rewari]] city in [[Haryana]], [[India]]. Built in 1893, it is the only surviving [[steam locomotive]] shed in India, and houses some of India's last surviving steam locomotives as well as the world's oldest still-functional 1855-built steam locomotive the [[Fairy Queen (locomotive)|Fairy Queen]]. It is located {{cvt|400|m}} north of the entrance of the [[Rewari railway station]], {{cvt|50|km}} from [[Gurgaon]] and {{cvt|79|km}} from the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum]] at [[Chanakyapuri]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Rewari+Railway+Station,+Rewari,+Haryana,+India/Rewari+Heritage+Steam+Loco+Shed,+Railway+Colony,+Rewari,+Haryana+123401,+India/National+Rail+Museum,+Market+Road,+Chanakyapuri,+New+Delhi,+Delhi,+India/@28.3924175,76.6144564,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m20!4m19!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d500955555555:0xd8c5cb763bc48586!2m2!1d76.6112927!2d28.2027189!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d5a90a82df38d:0xe7c03c9f359c54c5!2m2!1d76.6118288!2d28.2088235!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d1d7021a0de89:0xdb46d0593f9caa02!2m2!1d77.1800892!2d28.5854992!3e2 |title=Google map of Rewari Railway Heritage Mesuam and national Railway Museum at New Delhi |access-date=15 May 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707202017/https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Rewari+Railway+Station,+Rewari,+Haryana,+India/Rewari+Heritage+Steam+Loco+Shed,+Railway+Colony,+Rewari,+Haryana+123401,+India/National+Rail+Museum,+Market+Road,+Chanakyapuri,+New+Delhi,+Delhi,+India/@28.3924175,76.6144564,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m20!4m19!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d500955555555:0xd8c5cb763bc48586!2m2!1d76.6112927!2d28.2027189!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d5a90a82df38d:0xe7c03c9f359c54c5!2m2!1d76.6118288!2d28.2088235!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d1d7021a0de89:0xdb46d0593f9caa02!2m2!1d77.1800892!2d28.5854992!3e2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
===Steam locomotive shed===
Built in 1893, the Rewari Steam Locomotive Shed was the only locomotive shed in [[North India]] for many years, and part of the railroad track connecting Delhi with [[Peshawar]].<ref name=bl/> After steam engines were phased out by the 1990s and steam traction on meter gauge tracks was discontinued in January, 1994,<ref name="Overview of Bikaner Division">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1328716079947-overview%20bkn.pdf |title=Overview of Bikaner Division |access-date=15 May 2017 |archive-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521200939/http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1328716079947-overview%20bkn.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the loco shed remained in neglect for many years before it was rehabilitated. The steam shed reopened in May, 2002.<ref name="Ministry of Railways">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rdec2002/02122002/r0212200218.html|title=National Conference on Steam Heritage Tourism inaugurated|date=2 December 2002|publisher=Ministry of Railways|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064145/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rdec2002/02122002/r0212200218.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Heritage museum===
The Rewari Steam Locomotive Shed was refurbished as a [[heritage tourism]] destination, its edifice restored, and a museum added by the Indian Railways in December 2002.<ref name="Ministry of Railways"/> The shed exhibited [[Victorian era]] artifacts used on the Indian rail network, along with the old signalling system, [[Phonograph|gramophone]]s, and seats. The refurbished heritage museum was opened in October 2010. The engines are still available for live demonstrations.<ref name=bl/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gathering-steam/599590/|title=Gathering steam|date=4 Apr 2010|work=[[The Indian Express]]|location=India|accessdate=5 October 2010|archive-date=15 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115235339/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gathering-steam/599590/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rewaristeamloco.com/|title=Rewaristeamloco.com|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081525/http://www.rewaristeamloco.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Exhibits==

The shed and compound has 11 (of 16 functional in India)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/rewari-museum-needs-some-steam-117113001423_1.html |title=Rewari Museum needs some steam |website=business-standard.com |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806180944/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/rewari-museum-needs-some-steam-117113001423_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> of the world's oldest steam locomotives,{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} restored and still functional, including the following:<ref name=et1/>
*'''Baldwin AWE''', built by the American company [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] in 1945<ref>[1945 Baldwin AWE]</ref>
* '''Akbar WP1761''', was named after the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]], [[Akbar]], built in 1963 at [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] was inducted into active service in 1965. It has a [[4-6-2]] wheel arrangement, 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) gauge and {{cvt|110|km/h}} maximum speed now-restricted to {{cvt|45|km/h}} The locomotive was based at [[Saharanpur]] railway shed after being retired from active service and it has been restored and housed at Rewari shed.<ref name=runaway1>{{Cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fdelhi%2Fnew-delhi-city-ncr-know-about-akbar-17018486.html |title= Learn- about Gadar's 'Akbar', has run in more than 40 films. |website=Hindi News |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=dna1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tourist-train-akbar-to-commence-tiger-sighting-journey-in-october-2021827 |title=Tourist train 'Akbar' to commence tiger sighting journey in October |website=dnaindia.com |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806151348/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tourist-train-akbar-to-commence-tiger-sighting-journey-in-october-2021827 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ut1>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcNqE9YRl3s |title=A walk around the 'Akbar steam locomotive #1761 |website=youtube.com |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> It is now used to power the 150UP Delhi Cantt – Alwar Steam Express heritage train.<ref name=up150>{{Cite web |url=http://hdwon.co/video/150UP-Delhi-Cantt-Alwar-STEAM-EXPRESS-with-WP-7161-Akbar-INDIAN-RAILWAYS-Heritage-Steam-Train/h9CG9ufL5tE |title='150UP Delhi Cantt – Alwar STEAM EXPRESS' |access-date=15 May 2017 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603112817/http://hdwon.co/video/150UP-Delhi-Cantt-Alwar-STEAM-EXPRESS-with-WP-7161-Akbar-INDIAN-RAILWAYS-Heritage-Steam-Train/h9CG9ufL5tE |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''Shahanshah [[Indian locomotive class WP|WP/P]]''', is one of the original bullet-nosed American [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin prototype number 7200 Shahanshah]], which was at the [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Charbagh workshops]] in [[Lucknow NR railway division|Lucknow division]]. It was restored for use in steam specials by the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]. It has also run several steam specials, including one between [[Royapuram railway station|Royapuram]] and [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]] on 26 January 2009, to commemorate the 153rd anniversary of [[Royapuram railway station]] (built 1856), the oldest railway station in India. It ran the Steam Express on 14 January 2012. The engine is considered a lucky mascot for the film shoots and is rented out at INR4 lakhs (INR400,000 or US$6,150) a day.<ref name=et1/><ref name="ut2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKnP10nc39A |title=Bullet Nose WP-7200 at Safdarjung 13 Jan 2007 |website=youtube.com |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413090450/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKnP10nc39A |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Development plans==
In January 2018, Indian Railway prepared a proposal to develop an 8.8 Hectare railway heritage theme park adjacent to the Rewari Rail Museum. It will be built in collaboration with the [[Government of Haryana]] and [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|India's Ministry of Tourism]] based on a concept similar to the [[Devon Railway Centre]] in UK, the [[Edaville Railroad#Edaville Family Theme Park|Edaville Railroad Theme Park]] in the USA and the [[Ferrymead Heritage Park]] in [[New Zealand]]. The Railway has asked the Haryana Government to include this heritage museum in the state subsidised "Swadesh Darshan scheme" under the under-development [[Fort Madhogarh|Madhogarh]]-[[Mahendragarh#History|Mahendragarh]]-[[Narnaul#Battle of Narnaul|Narnaul]]-[[Rewari#History|Rewari]] heritage circuit of the Tourism Ministry being implemented at the cost of INR1.47 billion (INR147 crore or US$23 million).<ref name=dev1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=491571 |title=Railway heritage theme park on the anvil at Rewari |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827205950/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=491571 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH) has launched a drive to increase the awareness of this museum among the students.<ref name=toi1>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rewari-heritage-rail-museum-to-attract-students/articleshow/16586269.cms |title=Rewari heritage rail museum to attract students |website=timesofindia.com |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818132838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rewari-heritage-rail-museum-to-attract-students/articleshow/16586269.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=et1>{{Cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/rewari-locomotive-the-only-steam-loco-shed-that-remains-in-india/slideshow/21137888.cms |title=Rewari locomotive: The only steam loco shed that remains in India |website=economictimes.com |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807003437/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/rewari-locomotive-the-only-steam-loco-shed-that-remains-in-india/slideshow/21137888.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Facilities==
The museum is open daily.<ref name=mk1>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mycity4kids.com/Delhi-NCR/Fun-Places-To-Go/Rewari-Steam-Loco-Shed_Rewari/57015_bd |title=Rewari Steam Loco Shed |website=mycity4kids.com |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215115715/https://www.mycity4kids.com/Delhi-NCR/Fun-Places-To-Go/Rewari-Steam-Loco-Shed_Rewari/57015_bd |url-status=live }}</ref> It has a 3-D steam loco simulator simulating [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling Himalayan Railway steam locomotive]] ride, 3-D virtual reality coach simulator, a toy train, educational yard model train system, an indoor exhibition gallery, a 35-seater conference room with projector, a century-old dining car, cafeteria and souvenir shop. In the museum, there are exhibit halls showing [[Rail transport modelling|models of small engines]], old railway equipment, [[Carbide lamp|hand-held brass signal lamps]], and old photos. The facilities at the museum include 30 minute long documentaries and films shows, once or twice a day in museum's conference hall with a seating capacity of 50, about the history and present operations of railways in India.<ref name=toi1/>

[[Fairy Queen (locomotive)|Fairy Queen]] steam-locomotive ferries tourists from Delhi to Rewari every second Saturday from October to April.<ref name=dev1/>

==In popular culture==
The Rewari steam locomotive shed has rented locomotives for various film shoots and part of the film ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' was shot here.<ref name=bl>{{citeAnushka paliwal loves janakinath
news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-10/delhi/28274419_1_steam-engine-rewari-locomotive|title=Eye on Games, black beauties gather steam|date=10 Aug 2010|work=The Times of India |location=India|first1=Dwaipayan|last1=Ghosh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050703/spectrum/main2.htm|title=Charm of Chhuk-Chhuk|date=3 July 2005|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location=India|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033324/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050703/spectrum/main2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Locomotives have appeared in films such as ''[[Barfi!]]'', ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'', ''love aaj kal'', ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' and [[Veer-Zaara]] among others.<ref name=ie1>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/full-steam-ahead-photo-exhibition-pays-tribute-to-steam-locomotives/ |title=Full Steam Ahead: Photo exhibition pays tribute to steam locomotives |website=indianexpressd.com |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=19 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619064023/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/full-steam-ahead-photo-exhibition-pays-tribute-to-steam-locomotives/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The locomotive ''Akbar'' has featured in several movies shot here, including: ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'', ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'', ''[[Ki & Ka]]'', ''[[Sultan (2016 film)]]'', ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur (film series)]]'', ''[[Qarib Qarib Singlle|Qarib Qarib Singlle (2017 film)]]'', ''[[Partition (2007 film)]]'', ''[[Pranayam (2011 film)|Pranayam]]'' (2011 Malayalam movie), ''[[Ek Tha Chander Ek Thi Sudha]]'' (TV serial)<ref name=runaway1/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Trains}}
{{colbegin}}

* [[History_of_Haryana#Museum|List of Museums in Haryana]]
* [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi]]
* [[Regional Railway Museum, Chennai]]
* [[Railway Museum Mysore]]
* [[Railway Heritage Centre, Tiruchirappalli]]
* [[Joshi's Museum of Miniature Railway]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in North Western Zone of Indian Railway]

{{Indian Railways}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Museums in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rewari district]]
[[Category:Railway museums in India|Rewari]]
[[Category:Children's museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]

Dosuti

2026-04-30T13:43:59Z

AbbieLongoria3: Started A Post W/ Refs - done

{{short description|Type of cotton cloth}}
'''''Dosuti''''' (''Dosutie, Dusuti, Cotton Dosuti, Dosuti cotton'') was one of the coarser [[cotton]] piece goods produced in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Originally, it was a handspun and handloom cloth made in the villages. [[Punjab]] had various cotton qualities during the 19th century. All were distinguished by their weight, thickness, and the [[yarn]] ([[Units of textile measurement|count]] and number of yarn used). Dosuti was a [[Textile|cloth]] made by running two yarns in warp and weft as its name refers to ''Do''(double) ''Suti'' (cotton yarns). India's Eastern side was famous for more delicate cotton materials such as Dacca [[Muslin|muslins]], and Punjab and [[Gujarat]] were famous for coarser cotton textile [[piece goods]]. Dosuti was a thick cotton material used for rough usages, such as duster. The other contemporary cotton products were ''Eksuti'' (made of the single thread)'', Tinsuti'' (three threads)'','' and ''Chausuti'' (with four threads), etc.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Baden-Powell|first=Baden Henry|authorlink=Baden Henry Powell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gg_JAAAAMAAJ|title=Hand-book of the Manufactures & Arts of the Punjab: With a Combined Glossary & Index of Vernacular Trades & Technical Terms ... Forming Vol. Ii to the "Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab" Prepared Under the Orders of Government|date=1872|publisher=Punjab printing Company|isbn=|location=|pages=7|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVM5AQAAIAAJ|title=Supplies and Disposals Year Book|date=1964|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=74, 335, 351|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Punjab dept. of agric |title=Statement showing estimate extent of cotton cultivation |date=1871 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKUIAAAAQAAJ&q=D |language=en|quote=of cotton is imported into the district from Saháranpur , Umballa , Muzaffargarh , Máler Kotla , Jagádhri , Patiala and ... The cloths manufactured are Susi, Gulbadan, Gahra, Dhoti, Dosuti, Khes, Lungis, Daris, and checks and stripes in great ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Relations|first=Delhi (India : Union Territory) Directorate of Public|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGjjhiKCjEgC|title=8 Years of Community Development in Delhi|date=1960|publisher=Directorate of Public Relations|isbn=|location=|pages=28|language=en}}</ref>

Ded Suti is another variant of Dosuti cotton. Ded means 1.5 consists of two threads (as one) in the [[Warp and weft|warp]] and a single thread in the weft.<ref name=":2" />

== Production ==
The Punjab region was popular for Dosuti production. Fabrics similar to Dosuti were also weaved in Jail Industries, daily production was estimated 25 feet per person with 28 inches width by using 10.5 yarn count on [[Shuttle (weaving)|throw shuttles]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oudh (India)|first=United Provinces of Agra and|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yP-LKUnUg3gC|title=Report on the Industrial Survey of the United Provinces: Bareilly district. 1924. Bijnor district. 1923. Budaun district. 1924. Moradabad district. 1923. Shahjahanpur district. 1924 Philibhit district. 1924|date=1924|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press, U.P.|isbn=|location=|pages=18, 19, 24|language=en}}</ref>

== Use ==
The Dosuti cotton was used for duster, clothing for poor people, shirts, towels and bedding purposes.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Saharyia|first=I. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzQFAAAAMAAJ|title=Probation and Parole|date=1970|publisher=Mukat Publications|isbn=|location=|pages=89|language=en}}</ref>

== Present ==
The Dosuti is categorized as a handloom product of the [[Khadi]] industry and standardized with specific parameters for instance IS 179 : 2009.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Bureau of Indian Standards|url=http://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.756.1984|title=IS 756: Handloom Cotton Dosuti and Ded-suti, Grey, Scoured, Bleached or Dyed.|date=1984|publisher=|others=Public.Resource.Org|isbn=|location=|pages=4|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bureau of Indian standards|url=https://www.services.bis.gov.in:8071/php/BIS/PublishStandards/published/standards?commttid=MjMw|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=IS 756 (1984): Handloom Cotton Dosuti and Ded-suti, Grey, Scoured, Bleached or Dye|url=https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S12/is.756.1984.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bafta cloth]]
*[[Adhotar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{weaving}}
{{fabric}}

[[Category:Woven fabrics]]
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]

Sukhato A. Sema

2026-04-23T08:47:31Z

AbbieLongoria3: Added post!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Sukhato A. Sema
| caption =
| office = 14th [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 20 February 2023
| office1 = Member of Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|10|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Zünheboto]], Nagaland, India
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
}}
'''Sukhato A. Sema''' (born 1958)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Pughoboto Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Zünheboto district|Zunheboto District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Sukhato A Sema in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/dr-sukhato-a-sema-pughoboto-candidate-s17a013c002/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sema is from [[Pughoboto]], Zunheboto District, Nagaland. He is the son of Akhavi Sema. He is a doctor. He passed M.D. in 1984 with a gold medal at [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], New Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr Sukhato A Sema(Lok Janshakti Party(Ram Vilas)):Constituency- PUGHOBOTO (ST)(PUGHOBOTO) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6875 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sema won from the Pughoboto constituency representing the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] in the 2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election. He polled 7,808 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Y. Vikheho Swu of the [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]], by 850 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] he contested on a BJP ticket and lost by only 70 votes to Swu, who then represented [[Naga People's Front]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Election: Pughoboto Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno13-acno13.html |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2024, he requested the party president [[Chirag Paswan]] to address the Naga political issue in the parliament, as Paswan is now the union cabinet minister of Food Processing Industries in the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Sukhato Sema appeals party President Chirag Paswan to address Naga Political issue in Parliament |url=https://morungexpress.com/dr-sukhato-sema-appeals-party-president-chirag-paswan-to-address-naga-political-issue-in-parliament |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sema, Sukhato A.}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Zünheboto district]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]

Gazole Assembly constituency

2026-04-20T21:17:39Z

AbbieLongoria3: Started The Pg and Citations - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gazole
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Gazole.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Gazole Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Uttar]]
| constituency_no = 44
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Chinmoy Deb Barman]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 267,096
}}

'''Gazole Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 44 Gazole Assembly constituency (SC) covers [[Gazole (community development block)|Gazole]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 12 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Gazole Assembly constituency is part of No. 7 [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Dharanidhar Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
!colspan="3"|No seat
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
!colspan="3"|No seat
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|D. Murmu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Lakshman Saren
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Suphal Murmu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Benjamin Hembrom
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Suphal Murmu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="2"|Debnath Murmu
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|Sadhu Tudu
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Sushil Chandra Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Dipali Biswas]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Chinmoy Deb Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Gazole}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chinmoy Deb Barman]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prasenjit Das
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kshitish Chandra Sarkar
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prem Chowdhury
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sudipta Roy
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Supen Kumar Roy
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ratan Roy
|party = Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Minoti Sarkar
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mirana Sarkar
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bijoy Kumar Biswas
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandan Mandal
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ujjwal Barman
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sushil Chandra Barman
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Gazole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chinmoy Deb Barman]]
|votes = 1,00,655
|percentage = 45.5
|change = {{increase}}30.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Basanti Barman
|votes = 98,857
|percentage = 44.69
|change = {{increase}}11.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Arun Kumar Biswas
|votes = 13,950
|percentage = 6.31
|change = {{decrease}}37.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanatan Rishi
|votes = 1,943
|percentage = 0.88
|change = {{increase}}0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,736
|percentage = 0.78
|change = {{decrease}}0.98
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,798
|percentage = 0.81
|change = {{decrease}}9.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,21,214
|percentage = 82.82
|change = {{decrease}}2
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Dipali Biswas of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Sushil Chandra Roy of Trinamool Congress.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election]]: Gazole<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=44 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Gazole |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011 |archive-date = 6 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130606041036/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=44 |url-status = usurped }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Dipali Biswas]]|votes=85,949|percentage=43.34|change={{increase}}0.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=Sushil Chandra Roy|votes=65,347|percentage=32.95|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sudhangsu Sarkar|votes=28,768|percentage=14.51|change={{increase}}9.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Kamal Chandra Sarkar|votes=4,313|percentage=2.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,490|percentage=1.76|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,602
|percentage = 10.39
|change = {{increase}}6.94
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,98,327|percentage=84.82|change={{decrease}}1.84}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note- In [[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|2016]] election, the [[Indian National Congress]] supported [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]] in this seat.

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Sushil Chandra Roy of Congress defeated his nearest rival Gobinda Mondal of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Gazole (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=44 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Gazole |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011 |archive-date = 6 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130606041036/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=44 |url-status = usurped }}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sushil Chandra Roy
|votes = 74,654
|percentage = 46.10
|change = {{increase}}7.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gobinda Mondal
|votes = 69,070
|percentage = 42.65
|change = {{decrease}}4.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prafulla Chandra Sarkar
|votes = 8,514
|percentage = 5.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pradip Kumar Sarkar
|votes = 2,592
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Gautam Sarkar
|votes = 2,186
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamal Chandra Sarkar
|votes = 1,921
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Manabendra Roy
|votes = 1,695
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Partha Biswas
|votes = 1,309
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,584
|percentage = 3.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 161,941
|percentage = 86.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{increase}}12.22
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing based on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> state assembly elections Sadhu Tudu of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Gazole (ST) assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Jatin Hansda of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and Nabakumar Hembrom of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Debnath Murmu of CPI(M) defeated Benjamin Hembrom of Congress in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and Nabakumar Hembram of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Suphal Murmu of CPI(M) defeated Nabakumar Hembram of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Benjamin Hembram of Congress in 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and Shyan Murmu of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp40.htm | title = 40 - Gajol (ST) Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Benjamin Hembram of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Suphal Murmu of CPI(M) won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Lakshan Saren of Congress won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> D. Murmu of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> The Gazole seat did not exist in 1962<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and 1957.<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]] Dharanidhar Sarkar of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won the Gazole seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Malda district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Kharkhoda Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:17Z

AbbieLongoria3: created a stub...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kharkhoda Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = Kharkhoda Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Haryana]]
| established = 2009
| abolished =
| constituency_no = 30
| district = [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency|Sonipat]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Pawan Kharkhoda]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 1,77,712
}}
'''Kharkhauda''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kharkhoda Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/kharkhoda.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan="3" | Jaiveer Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Pawan Kharkhoda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharkhoda<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kharkhoda">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kharkhoda |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0730.htm |accessdate=29 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kharkhoda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,084 |percentage=51.08% |change={{increase}}30.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaiveer Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52,449 |percentage=46.12% |change={{increase}}8.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Khokar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,593 |percentage=1.40% |change={{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=336 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,635 |percentage=4.96% |change= {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,716 |percentage=64.20% |change= {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,77,712 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharkhoda<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= Jaiveer Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,577 |percentage=38.05 |change={{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kharkhoda]] |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=37,033 |percentage=36.53 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meena Rani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,542 |percentage=20.26 |change={{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shadi Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,655 |percentage=1.63 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagar Bakheta |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=1,270 |percentage=1.25 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=789 |percentage=0.78 |change={{decrease}}21.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bindu |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=541 |percentage=0.53 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,544 |percentage=1.52 |change= {{decrease}}12.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,01,373 |percentage=62.74 |change= {{decrease}}7.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,586 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharkhoda<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= Jaiveer Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,829 |percentage=37.41 |change={{decrease}}26.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kharkhoda]] |party=Independent politician |votes=23,647 |percentage=23.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=22,477 |percentage=22.23 |change={{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kuldeep Kakran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,953 |percentage=13.80 |change={{increase}}10.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Rani |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,271 |percentage=1.26 |change={{decrease}}0.1 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,182 |percentage=14.03 |change= {{decrease}}23.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,01,108 |percentage=70.01 |change= {{increase}}13.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,415 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}26.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharkhoda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= Jaiveer Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,684 |percentage=64.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raju |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=18,400 |percentage=26.98 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Niwas |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,224 |percentage=3.26 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajvir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,110 |percentage=3.09 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahavir Singh Kalon |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=923 |percentage=1.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=544 |percentage=0.80 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,284 |percentage=37.08 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,193 |percentage=56.83 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,19,988 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sonipat district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|28.88|76.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Sonipat district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Jiban Bora

2026-04-19T18:42:13Z

AbbieLongoria3: created entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jiban Bora
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1978
| term_end = 1983
| constituency = [[Tezpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| predecessor = [[Dr. Rabindra Kumar Goswami]]
| successor = [[Nabin Chandra Kath Hazarika]]
| birth_place = Barhampur, Jamugurihat, [[Darrang District]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1928}}
| spouse =
| party = [[Janata Party]]
[[Janta Dal]]
[[Praja Socialist Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Cotton University]], [[Gauhati University]]
| profession = Politician, Professor, Educationist, Advocate
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jiban Bora''' was an Indian politician who served as Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tezpur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=Former MLA Jiban Bora passes away |url=https://assamtribune.com/former-mla-jiban-bora-passes-away |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Subhash Chandra |date=2015-02-13 |title=Prof. Jiban Bora: A Tribute |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/prof-jiban-bora-a-tribute |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tezpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tezpur-assam-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tezpur Election Results 2016, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up and Current MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/tezpur.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=Tezpur Medical College to become functional soon |url=https://assamtribune.com/tezpur-medical-college-to-become-functional-soon |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Jiban Bora winner in Tezpur, Assam Assembly Elections 1978: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/1978/tezpur/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Missamari Assembly Constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Assembly Election Results in 1967 |url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Lost
|Runner-up
|-
|7,277
|-
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|[[Tezpur Assembly constituency]]
|Won
|17,663
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tezpur Assembly constituency]]
| rowspan="2" |Lost
|5th Runner-up
|-
|2,395
|}

== See also ==
[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bora, Jiban}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]

Kithore Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:56Z

AbbieLongoria3: created a details...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kithore किठौर
| constituency_no = 46
| map_image = 46-Kithore.svg
| mla = [[Shahid Manzoor]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| established = 1956
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,54,868 (2019)
| type= SLA
}}'''Kithore Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Meerut district|Meerut]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" order was passed and the constituency was constituted in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=10 Oct 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> The constituency was assigned identification number 46 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 10 Oct 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=10 Oct 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref> In 1991 elections were not held in this constituency.<ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=10 Oct 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kithore.html}}</ref>
Tyagi and Muslim Communities are dominant in Kithore Assembly Constituency.

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Kithore Assembly constituency is KC Machhara & Kithore NP of Mawana Tehsil; KCs Rajpura, Kharkhauda & Kharkhauda NP of Meerut Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Kithore Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kithore.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]|| rowspan="2" | Shraddha Devi
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]|| rowspan="2" | Manzoor Ahmad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" | || rowspan="2" | [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]|| rowspan="2" | Ram Dayal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" | || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" | || [[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]|| Bhim Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" | || [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]|| Prabhu Dayal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Dal}}" | || [[Lokdal]]
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]|| Parwez Khan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" | || [[Janata Dal]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]|| colspan="3" | {{Center|''Elections not held''}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]|| Ramkrishan Verma
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]|| [[Parvez Haleem]]
| || [[Bharatiya Kisan Kamgar Party]]
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]|| rowspan="3" | [[Shahid Manzoor]]<ref name="How political families of western UP have charted their course">{{cite news|title=How political families of western UP have charted their course|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-how-political-families-of-west-up-have-charted-their-course/story-NmBDm6JwDhdtD2Szt6OATI.html|accessdate=28 June 2025|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=1 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628052832/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-how-political-families-of-west-up-have-charted-their-course/story-NmBDm6JwDhdtD2Szt6OATI.html|archivedate=28 June 2025|language=en-us}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" | || rowspan="3" | [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]|| [[Satyavir Tyagi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|| [[Shahid Manzoor]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" | ||[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kithore<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shahid Manzoor
|votes = {{formatnum:107104}}
|percentage = 42.19
|change = +9.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satyavir Tyagi
|votes = {{formatnum:104924}}
|percentage = 41.33
|change = +4.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kushal Pal Mavi
|votes = {{formatnum:31213}}
|percentage = 12.29
|change = -13.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Tasleem Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:4833}}
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:912}}
|percentage = 0.36
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2180}}
|percentage = 0.86
|change = -3.59
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:253869}}
|percentage = 69.45
|change = -2.25
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kithore<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satyavir Tyagi
|votes = {{formatnum:90622}}
|percentage = 37.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shahid Manzoor
|votes = {{formatnum:79800}}
|percentage = 32.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gajraj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:62503}}
|percentage = 25.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Matloob Gaur
|votes = {{formatnum:6598}}
|percentage = 2.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1224}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10822}}
|percentage = 4.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:242879}}
|percentage = 71.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Kithore<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=10 Oct 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Shahid Manzoor]]
|votes = 73,015
|percentage = 36.3
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lakhi Ram Nagar
|votes = 61,909
|percentage = 30.78
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Satyaveer Tyagi
|votes = 34,791
|percentage = 17.3
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 11 candidates
|votes = 31,414
|percentage = 15.62
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,106
|percentage = 5.52
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 201,129
|percentage = 66.36
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Meerut district]]
*[[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Meerut district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Jogindernagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:15Z

AbbieLongoria3: created details...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jogindernagar
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 31
| map_image = 31-Jogindernagar constituency.svg
| mla = [[Prakash Rana]]
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:101046}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Jogindernagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Jogindernagar]] is also part of [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Jogindernagar Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/joginder-nagar.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Gopi Ram
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Ram Singh
|
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2| [[Gulab Singh Thakur]]
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Ratan Lal]]
|
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=3| [[Gulab Singh Thakur]]
|rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Surender Pal
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|rowspan=2| [[Gulab Singh Thakur]]
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Prakash Rana]]<ref name=election2017/>
|rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Rana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,782 |percentage=47.87% |change={{increase}}11.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakur Surender Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,443 |percentage=41.73% |change={{increase}}32.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushal Bhardwaj |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,137 |percentage=4.45% |change={{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Bhandari |party=Independent politician |votes=2,494 |percentage=3.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Pal Singh |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=383 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=377 |percentage=0.53% |change={{decrease}}1.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Kant |party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party |votes=259 |percentage=0.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=244 |percentage=0.35% |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakur Surender Singh Advocate |party=Independent politician |votes=206 |percentage=0.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baba Lal Giri |party=Independent politician |votes=99 |percentage=0.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulbhushan Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=82 |percentage=0.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,339 |percentage=6.15% |change= {{decrease}}3.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,563 |percentage=69.83% |change= {{decrease}}5.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,046 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=31,214 |percentage=45.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gulab Singh Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,579 |percentage=36.02% |change={{decrease}}13.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jiwan Lal Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,244 |percentage=9.15% |change={{decrease}}30.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushal Bhardwaj |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,864 |percentage=4.20% |change={{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,162 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Het Singh Verma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=521 |percentage=0.76% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,635 |percentage=9.72% |change= {{increase}}0.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,236 |percentage=75.19% |change= {{increase}}3.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,750 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gulab Singh Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,092 |percentage=49.45% |change={{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakur Surender Pal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,176 |percentage=39.73% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Dharwal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,343 |percentage=3.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushal Bhardwaj |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,056 |percentage=3.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Bisht |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=637 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Singh Thakur |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=592 |percentage=0.97% |change={{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Het Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=468 |percentage=0.77% |change={{decrease}}3.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Palsra |party=Trinamool Congress |votes=416 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,916 |percentage=9.72% |change= {{decrease}}4.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,854 |percentage=71.81% |change= {{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,738 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gulab Singh Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,926 |percentage=54.00% |change={{increase}}14.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakur Surender Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,923 |percentage=39.95% |change={{decrease}}13.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Bhardwaj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,894 |percentage=3.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=1,075 |percentage=2.16% |change={{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,003 |percentage=14.04% |change= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,867 |percentage=69.79% |change= {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,448 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Pal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,518 |percentage=53.89% |change={{increase}}16.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gulab Singh Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,981 |percentage=39.52% |change={{increase}}6.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Nath |party=Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh |votes=1,012 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anjna |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=859 |percentage=1.89% |change={{decrease}}15.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duni Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=565 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Paul |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=346 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,537 |percentage=14.37% |change= {{increase}}9.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,495 |percentage=73.08% |change= {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,312 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gulab Singh Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,862 |percentage=37.23% |change={{decrease}}16.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Ram Jamwal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,171 |percentage=32.69% |change={{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ratan Lal]] |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=6,315 |percentage=16.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khazan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,562 |percentage=9.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dewan Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=862 |percentage=2.31% |change={{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,691 |percentage=4.54% |change= {{decrease}}17.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,237 |percentage=69.94% |change= {{decrease}}3.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,652 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gulab Singh Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,412 |percentage=54.11% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Ram Jamwal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,070 |percentage=32.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,282 |percentage=6.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,861 |percentage=5.47% |change={{increase}}4.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,342 |percentage=21.58% |change= {{increase}}6.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,028 |percentage=73.14% |change= {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,951 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gulab Singh Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,924 |percentage=54.19% |change={{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ratan Lal]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=11,571 |percentage=39.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=671 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunrender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=304 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narottam Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=279 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,353 |percentage=14.81% |change= {{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,384 |percentage=65.75% |change= {{decrease}}6.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,215 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ratan Lal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=12,790 |percentage=52.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gulab Singh Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,075 |percentage=41.00% |change={{increase}}7.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,172 |percentage=4.77% |change={{decrease}}10.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Chand |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=283 |percentage=1.15% |change={{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narotam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,715 |percentage=11.05% |change= {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,572 |percentage=72.85% |change= {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,186 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}15.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gulab Singh Thakur]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,586 |percentage=36.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ratan Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,928 |percentage=33.61% |change={{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,692 |percentage=15.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,542 |percentage=6.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Chand |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,148 |percentage=4.87% |change={{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Chand Saklani |party=Independent politician |votes=350 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishi Raj |party=Lokdal |votes=155 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piar Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=152 |percentage=0.64% |change={{decrease}}36.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=658 |percentage=2.79% |change= {{decrease}}2.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,590 |percentage=71.93% |change= {{increase}}15.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,304 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gulab Singh Thakur]] |party=Janata Party |votes=5,705 |percentage=36.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ratan Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,815 |percentage=30.98% |change={{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Himan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,701 |percentage=23.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,062 |percentage=6.83% |change={{decrease}}5.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thaila Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=142 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu |party=Independent politician |votes=117 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=890 |percentage=5.73% |change= {{increase}}1.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,542 |percentage=56.50% |change= {{increase}}11.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,226 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Chandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,638 |percentage=26.71% |change={{decrease}}23.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ratan Lal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,246 |percentage=22.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghanshyam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,094 |percentage=21.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,274 |percentage=12.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Chand |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,202 |percentage=12.17% |change={{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=424 |percentage=4.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=392 |percentage=3.97% |change= {{decrease}}32.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,878 |percentage=45.62% |change= {{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,478 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}22.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}23.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,702 |percentage=50.22% |change={{decrease}}18.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,282 |percentage=13.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=825 |percentage=8.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhader |party=Independent politician |votes=629 |percentage=6.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghaplu |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=459 |percentage=4.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=440 |percentage=4.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=430 |percentage=4.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=299 |percentage=3.19% |change={{decrease}}2.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=3.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,420 |percentage=36.53% |change= {{decrease}}17.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,362 |percentage=35.13% |change= {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,089 |ref = |change= {{increase}}96.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jogindernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Besar Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,337 |percentage=68.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lajpat Rai |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=722 |percentage=14.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Som Dev |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=288 |percentage=5.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kidareshwar |party=Independent politician |votes=191 |percentage=3.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=183 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukh Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=162 |percentage=3.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,615 |percentage=53.55% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,883 |percentage=33.02% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,788 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jogindernagar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Mandi district}}

{{coord|31.99|76.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Adnan Sami

2026-04-13T20:50:09Z

AbbieLongoria3: starting page

{{short description|Indian musician (born 1971)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Adnan Sami
| image = Adnan Sami in 2016.jpg
| caption = Sami in 2016
| birth_name = Adnan Sami Khan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1971|08|15}}<ref name="https://x.com/iamrajeshahuja/status/682863479238332417?t=FhCVsa7Ae9n6YpppIg7hOw&s=19"/>
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]<ref name="janta"/><ref name="twit"/>{{efn|name=PTI}}
| spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Zeba Bakhtiar]]|1993|1996|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Sabah Galadari|2001|2003|end=div}}
* {{marriage||2008|2009|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Roya Sami Khan|2010}}}}
| genre = {{flatlist|[[Filmi]], Classical, [[jazz]], [[pop rock]], [[Jazz fusion|fusion]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Musician
*Singer
*Music Composer
*Concert Pianist
*Television presenter
*Actor
}}
| instrument = {{flatlist|Piano, keyboard, guitar, accordion, saxophone, violin, drums, bongos, congas, bass guitar, electric guitar, tabla, dholak, harmonium, harpsichord, santoor, sitar, sarod, percussion}}
| years_active = 1986–present
| website =
| origin = England<ref name="twit"/>
}}
'''Adnan Sami Khan''' (born 15 August 1971) is an Indian singer, musician, composer, actor and pianist.<ref name=bengali>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/13adnan.htm |title=Adnan Sami to sing in Bengali |work=Rediff.com |access-date=31 January 2009 |date=13 December 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203162522/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/13adnan.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=music4love>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/images/archive/031221/images1.htm |title=Music is the medium of love |work=Dawn Images |access-date=31 January 2009 |date=21 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203020440/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/images/archive/031221/images1.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Adnan Sami granted Indian citizenship|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1019519/adnan-sami-granted-indian-citizenship |work=The Express Tribune |date=31 December 2015 |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109094832/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1019519/adnan-sami-granted-indian-citizenship |url-status=live}}</ref> He performs Indian and Western music in many languages, such as [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]]. He has been awarded with [[Padma Shri]] (India's fourth highest civilian award) for his remarkable contribution to music. His most notable instrument is the piano. He has been credited as "the first musician to have played the [[santoor]] and Indian classical music on the piano".<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Adnan-Sami-I-respect-my-earlier-two-wives-for-the-times-we-shared-and-for-being-a-part-of-my-life/articleshow/47959061.cms |title=Adnan Sami: I respect my earlier two wives for the times we shared and for being a part of my life |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709042501/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Adnan-Sami-I-respect-my-earlier-two-wives-for-the-times-we-shared-and-for-being-a-part-of-my-life/articleshow/47959061.cms |url-status=live |last1=Gupta |first1=Priya }}</ref> A review in the US-based ''[[Keyboard (magazine)|Keyboard]]'' magazine described him as the fastest keyboard player in the world<ref name=fastestfingers/> and called him the keyboard discovery of the nineties.<ref name=bighit/>

He was raised and educated in the United Kingdom. He was previously a Canadian citizen, but became a naturalised Indian citizen in 2016.<ref name=econ>{{Cite news|date=31 December 2015|title=Pakistani singer Adnan Sami gets Indian citizenship|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pakistani-singer-adnan-sami-gets-indian-citizenship/articleshow/50394045.cms?from=mdr|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705164914/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pakistani-singer-adnan-sami-gets-indian-citizenship/articleshow/50394045.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=31 December 2015|title=Adnan Sami granted indian citizenship|work=The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1019519/adnan-sami-granted-indian-citizenship/?amp=1|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221073431/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1019519/adnan-sami-granted-indian-citizenship?amp=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="janta"/> He was born to [[Arshad Sami Khan]], a [[Pakistan]]i Air Force veteran and diplomat of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] origin, and Naureen, who was originally from the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=fastestfingers/><ref name=pakorigin/> ''[[The Times of India]]'' has called him the "Sultan of Music".<ref name=pakorigin>{{cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/skokie/community/chi-ugc-article-adnan-sami-spectacular-concert-was-a-huge-suc-2015-04-01-story.html#page=1 |title=From the community: Adnan Sami Spectacular Concert was a huge success in Chicago |quote=British-born 39-year-old Sami is of Pakistani origin, currently holds Canadian citizenship, and lives in Mumbai, India. |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225215639/https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/skokie/community/chi-ugc-article-adnan-sami-spectacular-concert-was-a-huge-suc-2015-04-01-story.html#page=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="multi">{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/120611-adnan-sami-bollywood-pakistani-singer.htm |title=Adnan Sami feels Indian |publisher=mid-day.com |access-date=12 June 2011 |date=12 June 2011 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614173456/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/120611-adnan-sami-bollywood-pakistani-singer.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=soulfulsinger>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/10/06/stories/2005100600030200.htm |title=Soulful singer |access-date=31 January 2009 |date=6 October 2005 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203010713/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/10/06/stories/2005100600030200.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/10/13/stories/2007101350730200.htm |title=Fitted for fame |access-date=31 January 2009 |date=13 October 2007 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203010718/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/10/13/stories/2007101350730200.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] on 26 January 2020.<ref name="Padma"/>

==Early life and education==
Sami was born in [[London]], [[England]] on 15 August 1971.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adnan Sami Khan |url=http://www.adnansamikhan.com/biodata.php |website=adnansamikhan.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905091014/http://www.adnansamikhan.com/biodata.php |archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="twit">{{cite tweet |user=AdnanSamiLive |number=1177948806928838656 |date=28 September 2019 |title=My dear I'm not abusing the country of my birth. I was born in England! Also, I was first discovered by @BBCWorld}}</ref><ref name="times"/><ref name="janta"/>{{efn|name=PTI|Though a [[Press Trust of India|PTI]] news report lists his birthplace as [[Lahore]] in Pakistan.<ref name=econ />}} He was raised and educated in the United Kingdom. His father, [[Arshad Sami Khan]], was a [[Pashtun diaspora#Pakistan|Pakistani Pashtun]] with roots in [[Afghanistan]]<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref name="filmfare.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/roya-has-rejuvenated-me-adnan-sami-3110.html |title="Roya has rejuvenated me" – Adnan Sami |work=filmfare.com |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202160220/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/roya-has-rejuvenated-me-adnan-sami-3110.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while his mother Naureen Khan was an Indian from [[Jammu]].<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref name="janta">{{cite web |url=http://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/Pakistani-nationality-in-2002-when-i-couldnt-oblige-singer-adnan-sami/34597/ |title=Pakistani nationality: In 2002, when I couldn't oblige singer Adnan Sami |work=Jantaka Reporter |date=1 January 2016 |access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> Adnan's father served as a [[Pakistan Air Force]] pilot, before becoming a senior bureaucrat and serving as Pakistan's ambassador to 14 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vm.ee/?q=en/node/65 |title=Estonia and Pakistan Bilateral Relations |publisher=vm.ee |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922110345/http://www.vm.ee/?q=en%2Fnode%2F65 |archive-date=22 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Hans"/> His paternal great-great-grandfather, General Ahmed Jan, was from Afghanistan and a military advisor to king [[Abdur Rahman Khan]].<ref name="Hans">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2016-12-09/Up-close-with-Adnan-Sami/267810 |title=Up-close with Adnan Sami |work=The Hans India |date=9 December 2016 |access-date=28 March 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195653/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2016-12-09/Up-close-with-Adnan-Sami/267810 |url-status=live }}</ref> His paternal great-grandfather Agha Mehfooz Jan was the governor of four [[Provinces of Afghanistan|Afghan provinces]] under King [[Amanullah Khan]]'s reign and was also the King's first cousin, while his paternal grandfather Abdul Sami Khan served as the Deputy Inspector General of Police. Agha Mehfooz Jan was assassinated by [[Habibullah Kalakani]] and therefore Sami's father's family migrated to [[Peshawar]], then in [[British India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/Adnan-Sami-Fastest-fingers-first/articleshow/37852222.cms |title=Adnan Sami: Fastest fingers first |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-date=8 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708120725/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/Adnan-Sami-Fastest-fingers-first/articleshow/37852222.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sami attended [[Rugby School]] in Rugby, West Midlands, UK.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/play-it-again-sami-/articleshow/815558.cms |title=Play it again Sami... |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 January 2009 |date=15 August 2004 |archive-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221205855/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/play-it-again-sami-/articleshow/815558.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Adnan followed his bachelor's degree with a law degree ([[LLB]]) from [[King's College London]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Adnan Sami – Biography |url=http://www.zoomtv.in/celebritydetails.php?id=139 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228045143/http://www.zoomtv.in/celebritydetails.php?id=139 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2009 |publisher=Zoomtv.in |access-date=30 August 2010}}</ref> He went on to qualify as a [[barrister]] from [[Lincoln's Inn]], England.<ref name="times">{{cite web |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Anshul |title=Adnan Sami: I was born on 15th August, studied Gandhi, landed up in Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Adnan-Sami-I-was-born-on-15th-August-studied-Gandhi-landed-up-in-Mumbai/articleshow/50418137.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 May 2016 |date=3 January 2016 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106082825/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Adnan-Sami-I-was-born-on-15th-August-studied-Gandhi-landed-up-in-Mumbai/articleshow/50418137.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

He had played the piano since the age of five and composed his first piece of music when he was nine years old. Sami began taking lessons in Indian classical music from the [[santoor]] maestro Pandit [[Shivkumar Sharma]] when visiting India during his school vacations. Indian singer [[Asha Bhosle]] saw him at age ten at an [[R. D. Burman]] concert in London, and encouraged him to take up music as a career. He is an accomplished concert pianist, music composer and singer with a command of Indian and Western classical/semi-classical music, jazz, rock and pop music. As a teenager, Adnan, when performing on the piano on a TV program in [[Stockholm]], was described by the US-based ''[[Keyboard (magazine)|Keyboard]]'' magazine as the fastest man on keyboard in the world<ref name="fastestfingers">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/37852222.cms |title=Adnan Sami: Fastest fingers first |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 January 2009 |date=16 April 2001 |archive-date=3 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203032213/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/37852222.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and the keyboard discovery of the nineties.<ref name="bighit" /> Sami went on to learn Indian classical music from Pandit Shivkumar Sharma, the Santoor maestro in India. At the age of sixteen, Sami was approached to write a song for famine-hit Ethiopia, for which he won a special award from [[UNICEF]].<ref name="music4love" />

In his career of 32 years, Sami has won many international awards including the Nigar Award, Bolan Academy Award and Graduate Award. Adnan is the youngest recipient of the Naushad Music Award for Excellence in Music. Previous recipients of this award include Lata Mangeshkar and Music Maestro Khayam. Sami was invited as a member of the jury of the music festival [[Voice of Asia]] competition held annually at Almaty, Kazakhstan.

==Career==
[[File:Adnan Sami 2007 - still 17966 crop.jpg|thumb|Adnan Sami at the release party for his album ''Kisi Din'']]
===Albums and notable singles===
His first single, "Run for His Life", was released in 1986. It was in English, and recorded for UNICEF. It went to No. 1 in the music charts in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/adnan-sami-turns-actor-after-25-years-of-music/article1-915524.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150202133729/http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/adnan-sami-turns-actor-after-25-years-of-music/article1-915524.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2015 |title=Adnan Sami turns actor after 25 years of music |work=Hindustan Times|date=18 August 2012 }}</ref> This was followed by three more No. 1s: "Talk to Me", "Hot Summer Day" and "You're My Best Kept Secret".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.103fm.net/happy-birthday-adnan-sami/ |title=Happy Birthday Adnan Sami |work=103fm.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202133828/http://www.103fm.net/happy-birthday-adnan-sami/ |archive-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>

His first formal album, ''The One & Only'' (1989), was a classical album on the piano accompanied by tabla maestro [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]. He released his first vocal solo album ''Raag Time'' in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://myswar.com/album/raag-time-1991 |title=Non-Film Songs – Raag Time (1991) – MySwar |work=myswar.com |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219100923/http://myswar.com/album/raag-time-1991 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2000, Asha Bhosle collaborated with Sami on a collection of love songs named ''Kabhi to Nazar Milao''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://guyana.hoop.la/printer-friendly-topic/legendary-asha-bhosle |title=Legendary: Asha Bhosle – Guyana News and Information Discussion Forums |work=hoop.la |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000946/http://guyana.hoop.la/printer-friendly-topic/legendary-asha-bhosle |url-status=live }}</ref> in India. The music was also composed by Adnan. The album became an instant success and topped the [[Indipop]] charts<ref name=winningnote>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010126/mcover.htm |title=On the winning note |work=Screen |access-date=31 January 2009 |date=26 January 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203010445/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010126/mcover.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009 }}</ref> for most of 2001 and 2002.<ref name=screen1>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020104/mcov.html |title=Non-Film Music |last=Khatib |first=Salma |work=Screen |access-date=1 February 2009 |date=4 January 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908170440/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020104/mcov.html |archive-date=8 September 2009}}</ref> According to ''[[Business Week]]'' magazine, the album sold 4 million copies in India alone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amayaar.com/tag/adnan-sami/ |title=Adnan Sami |work=AmaYaar.com |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202134623/http://www.amayaar.com/tag/adnan-sami/ |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

His second studio album, ''Tera Chehra'', was released in October 2002 to critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.last.fm/music/Adnan+Sami/+wiki |title=Adnan Sami |work=last.fm |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212115543/http://www.last.fm/music/Adnan+Sami/+wiki |url-status=live }}</ref> The music videos for this album were shot by [[Binod Pradhan]], who had shot the popular 2002 Hindi film ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''. The album features Bollywood stars [[Rani Mukerji]] in the title track and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the track "Kabhi Nahi", who also sang the duet with Sami.<ref name=musicalgypsy>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=25349735 |title=Musical gypsy Adnan Sami pairs with Amitabh |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 January 2009 |date=16 October 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050916042013/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=25349735 |archive-date=16 September 2005}}</ref><ref name=rolypoly/> Actress [[Mahima Chaudhry]] was also seen in another song.<ref name=rediff1>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/jan/20sami.htm |title=Play it again, Sami |work=Rediff.com |access-date=3 February 2009 |date=20 January 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203162512/http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/jan/20sami.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The title track was written by well-known Hindi movie lyricist [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].<ref name=rolypoly/> According to ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen Magazine]]'', it was the only successful pop album of the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=986 |title=Urdu to the rescue |work=Screen |access-date=3 February 2009 |date=27 December 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203010524/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=986 |archive-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sami's ''Tera Chehra'' broke sales records by becoming India's best-selling album of 2002 (including film soundtracks), continuing its No. 1 position in 2003, and by becoming the best-selling Indian album of all time (including film soundtracks) in the U.S. and Canada. The album stayed in the No. 1 position in all the music charts of India from the time of its release in September 2002 for over a year, beating his debut album's No. 1 record. His most successful albums have been ''Kabhi To Nazar Milao'' (with [[Asha Bhosle]]) and ''Tera Chehra'',<ref name=hindustan>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=156c88b6-f2d5-4268-9901-b50765d6b89f&ParentID=07c06ed0-dade-4c6d-8e8f-826cda12ed45&&Headline=Adnan+Sami's+secret+for+happiness |title=Adnan Sami's secret for happiness |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=10 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504065019/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=156c88b6-f2d5-4268-9901-b50765d6b89f&ParentID=07c06ed0-dade-4c6d-8e8f-826cda12ed45&&Headline=Adnan+Sami%27s+secret+for+happiness |archive-date=4 May 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and his music videos usually have had [[Bollywood]] stars in them, including [[Namrata Shirodkar]] ("Bheegi Bheegi Raat"), [[Mahima Chaudhry]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Rani Mukerji]] ("Tera Chehra"), [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Amisha Patel]] ("O Meri Jaan"), [[Bhumika Chawla]] ("Maahiya"), [[Dia Mirza]] ("Pal Do Pal") and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] (Kabhi Nahi).<ref name=hindustan/> He has composed film music for several other Hindi films, including ''[[Lucky: No Time for Love]]'', ''Yeh Raaste Hain Pyar Ke'', ''[[Dhamaal]]'', ''[[1920 (film)|1920]]'', ''[[Chance Pe Dance]]'', ''[[Mumbai Salsa]]'', ''Khubsoorat'', ''[[Sadiyaan]]'', ''[[Shaurya]]'' and several others.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailyindia.com/show/224165.php/Music-album-of-film-Shaurya-launched-in-Mumbai |title=Music album of film ''Shaurya'' launched in Mumbai |publisher=Daily India (From ANI) |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517022431/http://www.dailyindia.com/show/224165.php/Music-album-of-film-Shaurya-launched-in-Mumbai |archive-date=17 May 2008}}</ref>

===Film composer===
In 1994, he composed music for a film for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gaana.com/artist/adnan-sami/songs |title=Adnan Sami |work=Gaana |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202135515/http://gaana.com/artist/adnan-sami/songs |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1995 Pakistani film ''[[Sargam (1995 film)|Sargam]]'', in which he was the lead actor and Indian playback singer [[Asha Bhosle]] did the playback ''Sargam'', was a box office success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bollywoodsupersrats.wordpress.com/2011/05/25/bollywood-movies-stars-adnan-sami-career/ |title=>Bollywood movies stars Adnan Sami Career |work=bollywoodsupersrats.WordPress.com |date=25 May 2011 |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202135237/https://bollywoodsupersrats.wordpress.com/2011/05/25/bollywood-movies-stars-adnan-sami-career/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also the first time that an Indian playback singer was featured in an album in [[Pakistan]]. To date ''Sargam'' is the only film Sami has acted in, and the score is the best-selling album of all time in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artistbooking.in/Adnan-Sami-Singer |title=Adnan Sami |work=artistbooking.in |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202154236/http://www.artistbooking.in/Adnan-Sami-Singer |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He soon became popular, which led Hindi filmmaker [[Boney Kapoor]] to invite him to provide music for his film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myantakshari.com/singers/adnan-sami |title=Singer Adnan Sami Antakshari songs game play |work=myantakshari.com |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202134332/http://www.myantakshari.com/singers/adnan-sami |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was the beginning for him to compose and sing for Hindi films and for the top Hindi film producers of the time like [[Yash Chopra]] and [[Subhash Ghai]]. Due to the popularity of his music videos and live performances, he started getting acting offers at the same time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/may/22st.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: What's on in Bollywood: Salman-Ash? Tread with care! |access-date=5 March 2021 |work=Rediff.com |date=22 May 2011 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228230637/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/may/22st.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The song "Tu Sirf Mera Mehboob" from the Hindi film ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'', sung by Adnan, became popular<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/sep/20ajn.htm |title='It's no good being good all the time' |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 February 2009 |date=20 September 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203163132/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/sep/20ajn.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> and was declared a "superhit" by ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen Magazine]]'', who called him the pop personality of the year in 2001.<ref name=screen1/>

''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]'' (2002) brought him the opportunity to work with [[A. R. Rahman]] in the form of "Aye Udi Udi". According to ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen Magazine]]'', the song was "the highlight of the album".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=613 |title=Saathiya |access-date=3 February 2002 |work=Screen |date=6 December 2002}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Rediff.com]] called him the "Reigning King of [[Indipop]]" in early 2003 based on the sales of his albums in the previous two years.<ref name=rediff1/>

In 2015, he sung the [[qawwali]] song "Bhar Do Jholi Meri", composed by [[Pritam]] for [[Salman Khan]] starred film ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan|Bajrangi Bhaijaain]],'' he appeared in the movie as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sang-bajrangi-bhaijaan-qawaali-out-of-love-for-salman-says-adnan-sami-775486|title=Sang Bajrangi Bhaijaan Qawaali Out of Love For Salman, Says Adnan Sami - NDTV Movies|website=NDTVMovies.com|date=26 June 2015 |access-date=27 January 2020|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127000447/https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sang-bajrangi-bhaijaan-qawaali-out-of-love-for-salman-says-adnan-sami-775486|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Illness and weight loss===
In 2005, he suffered from [[lymphoedema]] and developed an abscess in the knee, which interrupted his career.<ref name=4thlove>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1217204.cms |title='Yes, I'm in love' |access-date=3 February 2009 |date=1 September 2005 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=19 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050919043833/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1217204.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="a1">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17adnan.htm?q=mbp&file=.htm |title=Adnan admits being in love with an actress |work=Rediff.com |access-date=3 February 2009 |date=1 October 2005 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024221709/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17adnan.htm?q=mbp&file=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, he took a sabbatical and reportedly lost 130 kg.<ref>{{Cite twitter|title=I lost a total of 130kgs!!💪🤘🙏 |user=adnansamilive |number=1291477215310381056 |date=6 August 2020 |access-date=7 August 2020|via=Twitter|language=en}}</ref>

===As a concert pianist===
As a classical concert pianist, Sami has given solo performances before royalty such as the King of Sweden and [[King Hussein of Jordan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.ws/pakistyleus/review6.html |title=Untitled Document |work=geocities.ws |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203075246/http://www.geocities.ws/pakistyleus/review6.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adnansamikhan.com/biodata.php |title=Adnan Sami Khan - The Official Fan Site! Musical Legend :::: Design: Avurt.com |work=adnansamikhan.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501060826/http://www.adnansamikhan.com/biodata.php |archive-date=1 May 2012 }}</ref> He has performed before heads of state and governments such as [[President Mitterrand]] of France, the [[President of the United Arab Emirates]], the President and [[Prime Minister of India]], the President and [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], the President and Prime Minister of [[Kazakhstan]], the Prime Minister of [[Kyrgyzstan]], the Prime Minister of Sweden and [[Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson|Princess Christina]] of Sweden. Adnan has performed for music festivals to sold-out stadiums of his solo concert tours all over the world in over forty countries.

===Composing for events===
Sami wrote a song for India during the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]]. The video of this song captures the nationalistic spirit of competition, depicting Adnan performing with the [[Indian cricket team]] with guest appearances from Indian film stars like [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Fardeen Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/browsearticles.php?arttype=Feature&articleid=2094 |title=Mangalorean.com Mangalore News Articles, Classifieds to Around the World |work=mangalorean.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212131657/http://www.mangalorean.com/browsearticles.php?arttype=Feature&articleid=2094 |archive-date=12 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pearlriseentertainment.blogspot.in/search?q=adnan+sami+indian+cricket+team |title=Pearl Rise Entertainment: Search results for adnan sami indian cricket team |work=pearlriseentertainment.blogspot.in |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111204204/http://pearlriseentertainment.blogspot.in/search?q=adnan+sami+indian+cricket+team |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Television===
He hosted the Indian version of the American music game show ''[[Don't Forget the Lyrics!]]'' called ''Bol Baby Bol'' on the Star TV network in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/adnan-sami-khan/biography/ |title=Adnan Sami Khan Bio – Adnan Sami Khan Career |work=MTV Artists |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212145557/http://www.mtv.com/artists/adnan-sami-khan/biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eventfinda.com.au/2014/adnan-sami/perth/burswood |title=Adnan Sami |work=Eventfinda |date=15 June 2014 |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212134010/http://www.eventfinda.com.au/2014/adnan-sami/perth/burswood |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to that in 2005, he was the sole jury for the singing competition program on Channel [V] called ''Super Singer''. In 2011, Adnan returned as a judge on the singing reality show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]'', which became popular worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Adnan-Sami-Kailash-Kher-to-judge-Lil-Champs/articleshow/8167197.cms |title=Adnan Sami, Kailash Kher to judge Li'l Champs |work=The Times of India |date=5 May 2011 |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111204203/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Adnan-Sami-Kailash-Kher-to-judge-Lil-Champs/articleshow/8167197.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Padma Shri Adnan Sami.jpg|thumb|upright|Sami being awarded [[Padma Shri]], {{circa|2021}}]]
Sami has won a number of international awards, including the [[Nigar Award]],<ref name="samiback">{{cite web |title=Adnan Sami back for weekend Wembley date |work=The Asian News |url=http://menmedia.co.uk/asiannews/entertainment/music/s/1072687_adnan_sami_back_for_weekend_wembley_date |publisher=[[Manchester Evening News|Menmedia.co.uk]] |access-date=27 November 2010 |date=16 October 2008 |quote=the star has also won many international awards including MTV's "breakthrough artist of the year award" in 2001, the [[Nigar Award]], Bolan Academy Award and the Graduate Award. |archive-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112201425/http://menmedia.co.uk/asiannews/entertainment/music/s/1072687_adnan_sami_back_for_weekend_wembley_date |url-status=live }}</ref> the Bolan Academy Award,<ref name="samiback"/> and the Graduate Award.<ref name=rolypoly>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/17/stories/2002101700390300.htm |title=The roly-poly pied piper of op |work=The Hindu |access-date=31 January 2009 |date=17 October 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204011549/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/17/stories/2002101700390300.htm |archive-date=4 February 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> He was given a special award by UNICEF for the song he wrote for famine-hit Ethiopia as a teenager and a United Nations Peace Medal for a song he wrote and performed for Africa.<ref name=rolypoly/>

A review of his piano solo performance on British TV [[Channel 4]] in ''[[Keyboard (magazine)|Keyboard]]'' magazine called him the "Keyboard Discovery of the 90s".<ref name=bighit>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010426/main8.htm |title=Adnan a big hit with Indipop fans |work=The Tribune |access-date=1 February 2009 |date=26 April 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203035617/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010426/main8.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=rolypoly/>

In 2001, he was awarded the Breakthrough Artist of the Year by MTV.<ref name=rediff1/><ref name="CITEREFAdnan1">{{cite web |url=http://www.telepk.com/pakistan/pakistani-singers/adnan-sami-khan/ |title=Indian Singers: Adnan Sami Khan |access-date=29 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516141249/http://www.telepk.com/pakistan/pakistani-singers/adnan-sami-khan/ |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Swedish and British radio and television have often referred to him as the fastest keyboard player in the world.<ref name=pk>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telepk.com/pakistan/pakistani-singers/adnan-sami-khan/ |title=Adnan Sami Biography and Awards |publisher=Telepk.com |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516141249/http://www.telepk.com/pakistan/pakistani-singers/adnan-sami-khan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/images/archive/030601/images2.htm |title=A concert in Toronto |work=Pakistan Dawn |access-date=1 February 2009 |date=1 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203020435/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/images/archive/030601/images2.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adnan has performed for prestigious music festivals to sold-out stadiums of his solo concert tours all over the world in over forty countries. In summer 2003, he became the only Asian artist to have sold out Wembley Stadium, London, for two consecutive nights, which won him a place in the [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref name=xl>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radioxl.net/entertainment/adnansami.htm |title=Biography |publisher=Radioxl.net |date=15 December 2002 |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219235312/http://www.radioxl.net/entertainment/adnansami.htm |archive-date=19 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="a2">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/23/stories/2004082300440100.htm |title=Beyond the frill... |work=The Hindu |access-date=1 February 2009 |date=23 August 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204011554/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/23/stories/2004082300440100.htm |archive-date=4 February 2009 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In 2008, he was presented the "Naushad Music Award" by Andhra Pradesh Department of Culture, in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiapost.com/article/communitypost/1865/ |title=Shareef joins AP Culture Dept in honoring Adnan |publisher=indiapost.com |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515211550/http://indiapost.com/article/communitypost/1865/ |archive-date=15 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parties/hyderabad/An-eve-to-remember-for-Adnan-Sami/articleshow/2705619.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023043519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-17/hyderabad/27780659_1_adnan-sami-chief-guest-planning-and-other-guests |url-status=live |archive-date=23 October 2012 |title=An eve to remember for Adnan Sami |access-date=1 February 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 January 2008}}</ref>

In 2008 he also won "Best International Act" at the [[UK Asian Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desiblitz.com/content/the-uk-asian-music-awards-2008 |title=The UK Asian Music Awards 2008 |work=desiblitz.com |access-date=24 August 2010 |date=8 March 2008 |author=Nazhat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804015801/http://www.desiblitz.com/content/the-uk-asian-music-awards-2008 |archive-date=4 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, he was given the BrandLaureate International Brand Personality award by the President of The BrandLaureate, Dr KK Johan, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.<ref name="Adnan honoured with International Brandlaureate Personality Award">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Adnan-honoured-with-International-Brandlaureate-Personality-Award/articleshow/18762186.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085917/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-02/news-and-interviews/37389023_1_brand-laureate-kk-johan-adnan-sami |url-status=live |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Adnan Sami: Adnan honoured with International Brandlaureate Personality Award |access-date=2 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 March 2013}}</ref>

In April 2017, Sami became the first South Asian to have performed at London's Wembley Stadium 8 times; tickets were sold out on all 8 occasions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodbee.in/adnan-sami-performs-wembley-stadium/ |title=Adnan Sami Creates History at Wembley: Massive Sold out Concert for the 8thTime in a Row…! – Bollywood Bee |website=bollywoodbee.in |date=4 April 2017 |access-date=16 April 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417072306/http://www.bollywoodbee.in/adnan-sami-performs-wembley-stadium/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mayor of London, [[Sadiq Khan]], attended the concert.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diplomacypakistan.com/entertainment/people-of-pakistan-still-love-and-admire-me-adnan-sami/ |title=People of Pakistan still love and admire me: Adnan Sami – Diplomatic News, Breaking news, news of Pakistan, global and current affairs |website=diplomacypakistan.com |date=27 March 2017 |access-date=16 April 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417071949/http://www.diplomacypakistan.com/entertainment/people-of-pakistan-still-love-and-admire-me-adnan-sami/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2020, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour in the field of Arts, by Government of India.<ref name="Padma">{{cite web |title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS - PRESS NOTE |url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf |website=padmaawards.gov.in |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522072654/https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He received the award from [[President of India]] on 8 November 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/padma-shri-award-adnan-sami-thanks-asha-bhosle-says-she-played-a-very-important-role-in-my-career-101636381823377.html|title = Padma Shri award: Adnan Sami thanks Asha Bhosle, says she 'played a very important role in my career'| work=Hindustan Times |date = 8 November 2021|access-date = 27 November 2021|archive-date = 27 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127155113/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/padma-shri-award-adnan-sami-thanks-asha-bhosle-says-she-played-a-very-important-role-in-my-career-101636381823377.html|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2010, Sami received the "Lifetime Achievement Award" from the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] at a ceremony by Pakistan Television.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.excite.com/events/concert-tickets/Adnan-Sami/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211235755/http://www.excite.com/events/concert-tickets/Adnan-Sami/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 February 2015 |title=Adnan Sami Tickets |work=Sports, Concerts and Theater Events Blog }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Adnan-Sami |title=Adnan-Sami- Latest Update |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 August 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005103235/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Adnan-Sami |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2011, Sami was given the "[[Glory of India Award]]" by the [[India International Friendship Society]]. This was the 350th anniversary of the completion of the [[Taj Mahal]], and Sami gave a solo concert performance in front of the Taj Mahal on the final night of the celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adnan rocks at Taj grand finale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Adnan-rocks-at-Taj-grand-finale/articleshow/1245441.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426193238/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-09-28/india/27844066_1_adnan-sami-taj-mahal-abida-parveen |url-status=live |archive-date=26 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 July 2011 |date=28 September 2005}}</ref> After this performance, the Indian media dubbed him the "Sultan of Music".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmudyogse.blogspot.in/2012/09/tete-e-tete-with-lucky-morani-and-bina.html |title=Film Udyog Se |author=Rajendra Kandpal |work=filmudyogse.blogspot.in |date=11 September 2012 |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203080933/http://filmudyogse.blogspot.in/2012/09/tete-e-tete-with-lucky-morani-and-bina.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Business endorsements==
In 2002, [[Pepsi]] Foods made Sami its [[brand ambassador]] in India, a contract which involved hosting a series of live music concerts across cities as well as featuring in ads for Pepsi products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x367cl_shahrukh-john-abraham-adnan-sami-sh_news |title=Shahrukh, john abraham, adnan sami & shoaib akhtar pepsi – vidéo dailymotion |author=bollywood72 |work=Dailymotion |date=9 October 2007 |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212130201/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x367cl_shahrukh-john-abraham-adnan-sami-sh_news |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIsgAKPimNM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/PIsgAKPimNM |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Adnan Sami Pepsi Cricket Ad |date=23 March 2008 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He is the only artist in all of Asia and Europe to have endorsed Pepsi Cola and Coca-Cola together.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://topic.ibnlive.in.com/adnan-sami/videos/david-correy-the-world-is-ours-lyric-video-cocacolas-2014-fifa-world-cup-campaign-anthem-L_rRta7MCII-1816.html |title=David Correy – The World is Ours (Lyric Video): Coca-Cola's 2014 FIFA World Cup Campaign Anthem |work=in.com |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212120129/http://topic.ibnlive.in.com/adnan-sami/videos/david-correy-the-world-is-ours-lyric-video-cocacolas-2014-fifa-world-cup-campaign-anthem-L_rRta7MCII-1816.html |archive-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/pictures/event/3331/28428/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-kajol-anil-kapoor-among-other-celebs-at-ndtv-coca-cola-'support-my-school'-campaign |title=Adnan Sami at NDTV-Coca Cola 'Support My School' Campaign Picture 8 – Movie Talkies |work=movietalkies |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111204204/http://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/pictures/event/3331/28428/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-kajol-anil-kapoor-among-other-celebs-at-ndtv-coca-cola-%27support-my-school%27-campaign |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sami first married to actress [[Zeba Bakhtiar]] in 1993, with whom he had a son named [[Azaan Sami Khan]]. They divorced after three years.

Sami began living in India since 13 March 2001, on a visitor's visa which was extended from time to time.<ref name=citizenship/>

In 2001, Sami married Dubai-based Arab Sabah Galadari. This was his second marriage and Sabah's second marriage as well; she had a son from her previous marriage. This relationship also ended in divorce, a year-and-a-half later.

In June 2006, he weighed 230 kilograms (506 lb); he claimed his doctor had given him just six months to live. By diet and exercise, he lost {{convert|120|kg|lb}} in 16 months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adnansamiweightloss.com/ |title=Adnan Sami Weight Loss |work=adnansamiweightloss.com |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202154517/http://adnansamiweightloss.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://arynews.tv/en/adnan-sami-reveals-weight-loss-secret/ |title=Adnan Sami reveals his weight loss secret |work=arynews.tv |date=25 November 2014 |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=31 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231072916/http://arynews.tv/en/adnan-sami-reveals-weight-loss-secret/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Adnan Sami loses more weight for his acting debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Adnan-Sami-loses-more-weight-for-his-acting-debut/articleshow/15307451.cms |access-date=5 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=1 August 2012 |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Adnan-Sami-loses-more-weight-for-his-acting-debut/articleshow/15307451.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/the-biggest-loser-didn-t-undergo-weight-loss-surgery-says-adnan-sami/article1-1288851.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130035759/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/the-biggest-loser-didn-t-undergo-weight-loss-surgery-says-adnan-sami/article1-1288851.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2015 |title=The biggest 'loser': Didn't undergo weight-loss surgery, says Adnan Sami |access-date=5 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times|date=22 November 2014 }}</ref>

In 2008, his wife Sabah returned to Mumbai, remarried him and began living with him, but the marriage only lasted one year, after which Sabah filed for divorce again.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=I will fight it out with wife: Adnan Sami |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/i-will-fight-it-out-with-wife-adnan-sami-38694-2009-02-02 |access-date=5 March 2021 |work=India Today |date=2 February 2009 |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081414/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/i-will-fight-it-out-with-wife-adnan-sami-38694-2009-02-02 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/entertainment/i-m-incapable-of-any-violence-adnan-sami-11803.html |title=Mathrubhumi – Kerala News, Malayalam News, Politics, Malayalam Movies, Kerala Travel |work=mathrubhumi.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202153943/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/entertainment/i-m-incapable-of-any-violence-adnan-sami-11803.html |archive-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>

In 2009, his father died of pancreatic cancer, which he described as the "biggest blow" of his life, saying that he had been extremely close to his father.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/singer-adnan-samis-father-passes-away/95440-8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626150306/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/singer-adnan-samis-father-passes-away/95440-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2009 |title=Singer Adnan Sami's father passes away |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/my-father-s-loss-was-the-biggest-blow-adnan-sami/article1-1013909.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205105544/http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/my-father-s-loss-was-the-biggest-blow-adnan-sami/article1-1013909.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2015 |title=My father's loss was the biggest blow: Adnan Sami |work=Hindustan Times|date=19 February 2013 }}</ref>

On 29 January 2010 Sami married Roya Sami Khan, the daughter of a retired diplomat and army general.<ref name="filmfare.com"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.masala.com/adnan-sami-says-new-wife-special-for-many-reasons-18279.html |title=Adnan Sami says new wife special for many reasons |work=Masala! – Bollywood Gossip News, Indian Celebrities and Pictures |date=24 January 2010 |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202154216/http://www.masala.com/adnan-sami-says-new-wife-special-for-many-reasons-18279.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He first met Roya in India during her visit in 2010 and proposed to her after some time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/adnan-to-marry-again-to-a-girl-called-roya/69881 |title=Adnan to marry again to a girl called Roya |date=20 January 2010 |work=mid-day |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202154817/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/adnan-to-marry-again-to-a-girl-called-roya/69881 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 May 2017, he became a father to a daughter, Medina Sami Khan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/110517/adnan-sami-becomes-a-father-again.html |title=Adnan Sami becomes a father again! |date=11 May 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804002646/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/110517/adnan-sami-becomes-a-father-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 26 May 2015, he submitted a request for Indian citizenship to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], when his Pakistani passport expired (he also held Canadian citizenship at the time), as the Government of Pakistan declined to renew his passport;<ref name="pakorigin" /> he had lived an adequate number of years in India that made him eligible for Indian citizenship hence he naturalized as an Indian citizen.<ref name=citizenship/> In late December 2015, the Indian Home Ministry approved his request for legal status as a citizen of India,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ill-be-there-for-you-says-adnan-to-rijiju/articleshow/60174925.cms|title=I'll be there for you, says Adnan Sami to Kiren Rijiju!|website=The Times of India|date=23 August 2017 |access-date=27 January 2020|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316122807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ill-be-there-for-you-says-adnan-to-rijiju/articleshow/60174925.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> effective as of 1 January 2016.<ref name=citizenship>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/Pakistan-singer-Adnan-Sami-gets-Indian-citizenship/articleshow/50394197.cms |title=Pakistan singer Adnan Sami gets Indian citizenship |journal=The Times of India |date=31 December 2015 |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101024027/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/Pakistan-singer-Adnan-Sami-gets-Indian-citizenship/articleshow/50394197.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an interview with [[Rajat Sharma]] on [[Aap Ki Adalat]], which aired on 31 May 2025, Sami shared about his experiences about being denied Pakistani visa to visit his mother's funeral, which he watched on video call, and criticized the [[Pakistan Army]] and intelligence agency [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] for brainwashing youths into committing acts of terror across India while referring to the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terror attack]] and the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|November 2008 Mumbai terror attack]], besides looting the nation and begging for donations to fund their objectives. Sami also labeled Pakistani politician [[Fawad Chaudhry]] a joker for the latter's lack of credibility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lz7ZkR6FEs|title=Adnan Sami in Aap Ki Adalat LIVE | India-Pakistan Conflict & Music Industry, Pakistan's Condition|date=31 May 2025|accessdate=2 June 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/aap-ki-adalat-adnan-sami-lashes-out-at-pak-army-generals-calls-them-traitors-to-humanity-latest-updates-2025-06-01-992784|title=Aap Ki Adalat: Adnan Sami lashes out at Pak Army generals, calls them 'traitors to humanity'|first1=Arushi|last1=Jaiswal|date=1 June 2025|website=India TV News|accessdate=2 June 2025}}</ref> Additionally, Sami expressed gratitude to the Government of India and the audience for giving him recognition, and credits [[Asha Bhosle]] for supporting his career and hosting him when he moved to India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/adnan-sami-says-pakistani-music-industry-thought-he-was-finished-reveals-asha-bhosle-advised-him-to-come-to-india-101748874324316.html|title=Adnan Sami says Pakistani music industry thought he was finished, reveals Asha Bhosle advised him to come to India|date=2 June 2025 |accessdate=2 June 2025}}</ref> Furthermore, Sami also expressed about being a foodie and showing himself as a hopeless romantic through his music.

==Filmography==

===As an actor===
* ''[[Sargam (1995 film)|Sargam]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' (2015)

===As a playback singer===

==== Urdu songs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Songs
!Co-singers
|-
| rowspan="10" |1995
| rowspan="10" |''[[Sargam (1995 film)|Sargam]]''
|"Aae Khuda, Aae Khuda, Jis Nay Ki Justuju"
|
|-
|"Suhani Rutt Ayi, Mann Jhoomay"
|[[Hamid Ali Khan]], [[Hadiqa Kiyani]]
|-
|"Pall Do Pall Kay Hayn Andheray"
|
|-
|"Bheega Hua Mousam Pyara"
|
|-
|"Chamki Kiran, Khilay Purwa"
|[[Hamid Ali Khan]]
|-
|"Kab Sey Khili Ho" (Classic music vs Pop music)
|[[Maharaj Ghulam Hussain Kathak]], [[Hadiqa]]
|-
|"Kya Hay, Yeh Uljhan Kya Hay...?"
|[[Hadiqa Kiyani]]
|-
|"Zara Dholki Bajao Gorio"
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|"Pyar Bina Jeena Nahin Jeena"
|[[Hadiqa Kiyani]]
|-
|"Barse Badal, Dil Mein Halchal"
|[[Hadiqa Kiyani]]
|}

==== Hindi songs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Film
!Songs
!Co-singers
|-
|rowspan="3"|2001
|''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
|"Tu Sirf Mera Mehboob"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|''[[Yeh Teraa Ghar Yeh Meraa Ghar]]''
|"Kuch Pyar Bhi Kar"
|
|-
|''[[Deewaanapan]]''
|"Nach Nach Nach"
|[[Falguni Pathak]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="12" |2002
|rowspan="2"|''Junoon''
|"Aankhon Ne Kiya Ishara" – (Duet)
|[[Kavita Subramaniam]]
|-
|"Aankhon Ne Kiya Ishara" – (Male)
|
|-
|''[[Ab Ke Baras]]''
|"Mujhe Rab Se Pyaar"
|[[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
|''[[Awara Paagal Deewana]]''
|"Ya Habibi"
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|''[[Chor Machaaye Shor]]''
|"Ishqan Ishqan"
|Karsan Sargathiya
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Shakti: The Power]]''
|"Dil Ne Pukara"
|[[Alka Yagnik]], Ravindre Sathe, [[Prakash Raj|Prakash]]
|-
|Hum Tum Mile
|
|-
|''[[Pyaasa (2002 film)|Pyaasa]]''
|"Tere Pyaar Ka Chhaya"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|''[[Annarth]]''
|"Bewafa Bar Mein"
|Pinky, Preeti
|-
|''[[Kehtaa Hai Dil Baar Baar]]''
|"Indian Se Aaia"
|
|-
|''Karz: The Burden of Truth''
|"Aashiqui Ban Ke"
|[[Kavita Subramaniam]]
|-
|''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
|"Aye Udi Udi Udi"
|
|-
|rowspan="9"|2003
|rowspan="2"|''[[Love at Times Square]]''
|"Aaja Aaja"
|
|-
|"Raat Hai Jawan"
|
|-
|''[[Calcutta Mail]]''
|"Kahan Pe Meri Jaan"
|Pamela Jain
|-
|''[[Chori Chori (2003 film)|Chori Chori]]''
|"Ruthe Yaar Nu"
|[[Sabri Brothers]]
|-
|''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
|"Jadoo Jadoo"
|[[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]''
|"Boom Boom"
|[[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|''[[Joggers' Park]]''
|"Ishq Hota Nahin Sabke Liye"
|Zameer Kazmi
|-
|''[[Janasheen]]''
|"Nashe Nashe Mein Yaar"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|''[[Sssshhh...]]''
|"Dheere Dheere Hua"
|[[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2004
|''[[Plan]]''
|"Kaise Kaise"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|''[[Tum – A Dangerous Obsession]]''
|"Kyun Mera Dil Tujhko Chaahe"
|
|-
|''[[Muskaan]]''
|"Yaad Aayee"
|
|-
|''[[Yuva]]''
|"Baadal"
|[[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|''Chot Aaj Isko, Kal Tere Ko''
|"Pani Re Pani"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|''[[Naach (2004 film)|Naach]]''
|"Ishq Da Tadka"
|[[Sonu Kakkar]]
|-
|''[[Aitraaz]]''
|"Gela Gela Gela"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |2005
|''[[Sehar]]''
|"Palken Jhukaao Na"
|[[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
|"Mere Wajood"
|
|-
|''[[Jurm (2005 film)|Jurm]]''
|"Nazrein Teri Nazrein"
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Lucky: No Time for Love]]''
|"Shayad Yahi To Pyar Hai"
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|"Sun Zara"
|
|-
|''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]''
|"Apne Jahanke"
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
|''[[Koi Mere Dil Mein Hai]]''
|"Bahon Mein Nahin Rehna"
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]''
|"Kiss Me Baby"
|
|-
|rowspan="8"|2006
|Rehguzar
|"Allah Hu"
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Taxi No. 9211]]''
|"Meter Down"
|
|-
|"Meter Down" (Rock N Roll Mix)
|Guru Sharma (Remix)
|-
|''[[Kachchi Sadak]]''
|"Khwaja Mere Khwaja"
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]''
|"Sayane Hai Janaab"
|
|-
|"Ab Kya Karenge Bhaiya"
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]''
|"Udh Jaana ?"
|rowspan=2|[[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|"Udh Jaana ?" – Club Mix
|-
| rowspan="10" |2007
|''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love]]''
|"Dil Kya Kare"
|
|-
|''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
|"Baatein Kuch Ankahein Si"
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Darling (2007 Indian film)|Darling]]''
|"Saathiya"
|rowspan=2|[[Tulsi Kumar]]
|-
|"Saathiya" (Remix)
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Dhamaal]]''
|"Chal Na Che Shor Machlein"
|rowspan=2|Shaan
|-
|"Dekho Dekho Dil Ye Bole"
|-
|"Miss India Martee Mujhpe"
|[[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
|''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]''
|"Jab Bhi Ciggaret" (Jazz)
|
|-
|''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
|"Mera Jahan"
|Auriel Cordo, Ananya Wadkar
|-
|''[[Return of Hanuman]]''
|"Blackhole"
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |2008
|''[[Shaurya]]''
|"Dheere Dheere"
|rowspan=2|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|''[[Superstar (2008 Hindi film)|Superstar]]''
|"Don't I Love Or Do I Love U"
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[U Me Aur Hum]]''
|"Jee Le"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|"Phatte"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|"Dil Dhakda Hai"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|''Mumbai Salsa''
|"Choti Si Iltija"
|
|-
|''[[Tahaan]]''
|"Jee Lo"
|
|-
|rowspan=3| ''[[Khushboo (2008 film)|Khushboo]]''
|"Kyon Hai Mujhe Lagta"
|
|-
|"Tum Jo Mile Humko"
|
|-
|"Kyon Hai Mujhe Lagta" – (Remix)
|
|-
|''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]''
|"Awaara Dil"
|
|-
|''[[Kidnap (2008 film)|Kidnap]]''
|"Haan Ji"
|
|-
|''[[Gumnaam – The Mystery]]''
|"Ishq Ne Kitna"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2010
|rowspan=2|''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]]''
|"Akela Dil"
|rowspan=2|[[Anushka Manchanda]]
|-
|"Akela Dil" (Remix)
|-
|''[[My Name Is Khan]]''
|"Noor E Khuda"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Click (2010 film)|Click]]''
|"Click Click Click Click"
|Shamir Tandon
|-
|''[[Sadiyaan]]''
|"Taron Bhari Hai Ye Raat Sajaan"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Ek Second... Jo Zindagi Badal De?]]''
|"Hota Hai Har Faisala Ek Second Mein"
|
|-
|"Hota Hai Har Faisala Ek Second Mein" – (Remix)
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Rush (2012 film)|Rush]]''
|"O Re Khuda"
|[[Javed Bashir]]
|-
|2013
|''[[3G (film)|3G]]''
|"Bulbulliya"
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Kill Dil]]''
|"Sweeta"
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
|"Bhar Do Jholi Meri"
|
|-
|2023
|''[[I Love You (2023 film)|I Love You]]''
| "Yeh Nazar"
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Param Sundari (film)|Param Sundari]]''
|"Bheegi Saree"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|}

==== Telugu songs ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Songs
!Composer(s)
!Co-singers
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
!''[[Shankar Dada MBBS]]''
|"Ye Jilla"
| rowspan="2" |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Kalpana
|-
!''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
|"Nizam Pori"
|[[Suneeta Rao]]
|-
!''[[Aaytha Ezhuthu|Yuva]]''
|"Vachindha Megham"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|2005
!''[[Mahanandi (film)|Mahanandi]]''
|"Katthilaanti Ammayi"
|Kamalakar
|[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
![[Yogi (2007 film)|''Yogi'']]
|"Gana Gana Gana"
|[[Ramana Gogula]]
|Sudha
|-
!''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]''
|"Cheli Chamaku"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Swetha (singer)|Swetha]]
|-
!''[[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]''
|"Bhoogolamantha"
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|[[Gopika Poornima]]
|-
|2009
!''[[Jayeebhava]]''
|"Zindhagi"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|Andriya
|-
|2010
![[Chikku Bukku|''Love To Love'']]
|"Kanulo"
|[[Colonial Cousins]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
!''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]''
|"Infatuation"
| rowspan="2" |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
!''[[Oosaravelli]]''
|"Nenante"
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012
!''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]''
|"Oh Priya Priya"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|-
!''[[Julai]]''
|"Oh Madhu"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
!''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (2012 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]''
|"Nuvvantey Chala"
|[[Raghu Kunche]]
|
|-
!''[[Dhenikaina Ready]]''
|"Ninnu Chooda Kunda"
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|
|-
!''[[Naa Ishtam]]''
|"Jillele Jillele"
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|
|-
|2013
!''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]''
|"Neeve Neeve"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
!''[[Galipatam]]''
|"Hey Paaru"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|
|-
!''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda]]''
|"Guchi Guchi"
|Bappa Lahiri
|
|-
![[Power (2014 Telugu film)|''Power'']]
|"Devuda Devuda"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|
|-
!''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]''
|"O Cheli Nuvve Naa Cheli"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
![[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|''Bengal Tiger'']]
|"Banchan"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|
|-
![[Dynamite (2015 film)|''Dynamite'']]
|"Char Sou Chalees"
|[[Achu Rajamani]]
|
|-
!''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]''
|"Choolenge Aasma"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|[[Ramya Behara]]
|-
|2016
!''[[Krishnashtami]]''
|"Love Is True"
|Dinesh
|Solo
|-
|2017
!''[[Luckunnodu]]''
|"What Da F"
|Praveen Lakkaraju
|Praveen Lakkaraju
|-
|2018
!''Ishtanga''
|"Arerey Maaye"
|Yelender Mahaveer
|
|-
|2019
!''[[90ML (2019 Telugu film)|90ML]]''
|"Natho Nuvvunte Chalu"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|Solo
|-
|2023
!''[[Rules Ranjann]]''
|"Dekho Mumbai"
|[[Amresh Ganesh]]
|[[Payal Dev]]
|}

==== Tamil songs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Songs
!Co-singers
|-

|2003
|''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]''
|"Boom Boom"
|[[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]''
|"Nenjam Ellam"
|[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|''[[Sullan]]''
|"Kilu Kiluppana"
|[[Premji Amaran]], [[Pop Shalini]]
|-
|2007
|''[[Satham Podathey]]''
|"O Indha Kaadhal"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
|2009
|''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]''
|"Oru Kal"
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Chikku Bukku]]''
|"Vizhi Oru Paadhi"
|[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|2014
|''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]''
|"Thangame Thangame"
|Priyadharshini
|-
|2023
|''[[Farhana (film)|Farhana]]''
|"Or Kadhal Kanaa"
| Goldie Sohel, Harini Ivaturi
|-
|}

==== Kannada songs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Songs
!Co-singers
|-
|2002
|''[[Super Star (2002 film)|Super Star]]''
|"Bittaku Bittaku"
|Shweta Malviya
|-
|2007
|''Soundarya''
|"Sneha Preethi"
|
|-
|2008
|''Dheemaku''
|"Suryaane"
|
|}

==== Other languages ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Songs
!Co-singers
|-
|2005
|''[[Makalkku]]'' (Malayalam)
|"Chanjadiyaadi"
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Poley Poley Urey Mon]]'' (Assamese)
|"Bor Bor Manuhor"
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Hridayanath]]'' (Marathi)
|"Aika Re Aika Re"
|
|}

===As a music director and composer===
* ''[[Sargam (1995 film)|Sargam]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke]]'' (2001)<ref>{{cite web |title=Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke : Lyrics and video of Songs from the Movie Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke (2001) |url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/yeh_raaste_hain_pyaar_ke.htm |website=HindiGeetMala |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Love at Times Square]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Lucky: No Time for Love]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Dhamaal]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Mumbai Salsa (film)|Mumbai Salsa]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Khushboo (2008 film)|Khushboo]]'' (2008)
* ''[[1920 (film)|1920]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Shaurya]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Hindi film)|Daddy Cool]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Sadiyaan]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Chance Pe Dance]]'' (2010)

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
|-
!Year
!Album
!Songs
!Co-singers
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="4"|1986
|rowspan="4"|''Live in Karachi''
|1. "Durga"
|
|rowspan="8"|Music composed by [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
|-
|2. "Folk Tune"
|
|-
|3. "Jazz Piece"
|
|-
|4. "Bageshri"
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|1989
|rowspan="4"|''Ecstasy ''
|1. "Raag Bairagi"
|
|-
|2. "Folk Tune from N.W.F.P"
|
|-
|3. "Dhun in Mishr Khamaj"
|
|-
|4. "Dhun in Pillu"
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|1991
|rowspan="7"|''Raag Time''
|1. "Wahin Kahin Paao Gi"
|
|
|-
|2. Teri Yaad Aati Hay
|
|
|-
|3. "Raag Time"
|
|
|-
|4. "Kahan Bas Gay Ho"
|
|
|-
|5. "I Can Never"
|
|
|-
|6. "Feel Your Soul"
|
|
|-
|7. "Burning for You"
|
|
|-
|1992
|''Behta Darya''
|1. "Durga"
|
|
|-
|rowspan="11"|1995
|rowspan="11"|''Sargam''
|1. "Aae Khuda, aae Khuda"
|
|
|-
|2. "Suhani rutt ayi"
|[[Hamid Ali Khan]], [[Hadiqa Kiyani]]
|
|-
|3. "Pall do pall kay"
|
|
|-
|4. "Bheega hua mousam"
|
|
|-
|5. "Chamki kiran"
|Hamid Ali Khan
|
|-
|6. "Kab sey khili ho"
|[[Maharaj Ghulam Hussain Kathak]], Hadiqa Kiyani
|
|-
|7. "Kya hay, yeh uljhan"
|Hadiqa Kiyani
|
|-
|8. "Zara Dholki bajao"
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
|9. "Pyar bina jeena nahin"
|Hadiqa Kiyani
|
|-
|10. "Barse Badal"
|Hadiqa Kiyani
|
|-
|11. "Woh mujhay yaad"
|Hadiqa Kiyani
|
|-
|rowspan="9"|1997
|rowspan="9"|''Badaltey Mausam''
|1. "Badaltay Mausam"
|
|
|-
|2. "Kabhi to Nazar Milao"
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|Featuring [[Salil Ankola]] & [[Aditi Govitrikar]] in music video.
|-
|3. "Bahoon Kay Gheray"
|
|
|-
|4. "Pehli Wari"
|
|
|-
|5. "Hum Phir Milengay"
|
|
|-
|6. "Dil to Mera"
|
|
|-
|7. "Koi Rehta Hai"
|
|
|-
|8. "Aao Na"
|
|
|-
|9. "Nakhra Us Ka"
|
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|2000
|rowspan="6"|''Always Yours''
|1. "Bheega Mausam"
|
|
|-
|2. "Bheegi Bheegi Raaton Mein"
|
|
|-
|3. "Bheegi Bheegi Raaton Mein (Unplugged)"
|
|
|-
|4. "Lift Karadey"
|
|Featuring [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] in music video.
|-
|5. "Mehndi Masala"
|Asha Bhosle
|
|-
|6. "Pyar Bina"
|Asha Bhosle
|
|-
|rowspan="8"|2002
|rowspan="8"|''Tera Chehra''
|1. "Kabhi Nahin"
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|
|-
|2. "Meri Yaad"
|
|
|-
|3. "Nain Se Nain"
|
|Featuring [[Raveena Tandon]] in music video.
|-
|4. "Roothey Hue"
|Ft. [[Aarti Chhabria]]
|
|-
|5. "Sanson Mein"
|
|
|-
|6. "Tera Chehra"
|
|Featuring [[Rani Mukherjee]] in music video.
|-
|7. "Teri Baahon Mein"
|
|Featuring [[Namrata Shirodkar]] in music video.
|-
|8. "Tera Bina"
|
|Featuring [[Mahima Chaudhry]] in music video.
|-
|rowspan="3"|2003
|rowspan="3"|''Kabhi To Nazar Milao''
|1. "Kabhi To Nazar Milao"
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
| Featuring [[Salil Ankola]], [[Aditi Govitrikar]]
|-
|2. "Pyar Hai"
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
|3. "Dholki"
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
|rowspan="8"|2004
|rowspan="8"|''Teri Kasam''
|1. "Kasam"
|
|Featuring [[Amisha Patel]] in music video.
|-
|2. "Mahiya"
|
|Featuring [[Bhoomika Chawla]] in music video.
|-
|3. "Kabhi Aisa Lage"
|
|Featuring Shonali Nagrani in music video.
|-
|4. "Pal Do Pal"
|
|Featuring [[Dia Mirza]] in music video.
|-
|5. "Chand Nikla"
|
|
|-
|6. "Tauba!"
|
|
|-
|7. "Poocho..."
|
|
|-
|8. "Best Friend!"
|
|
|-
|rowspan="12"|2007
|rowspan="12"|''Kisi Din''
|1. Asalaam Walekum
|
|
|-
|2. Baarish
|
|
|-
|3. Baarish (Unplugged)
|
|
|-
|4. "Dekho Jaaneman"
|
|
|-
|5. "Jharonkha"
|
|
|-
|6. "Kisi Din"
|
|
|-
|7. "Kisi Din (Remix)"
|
|
|-
|8. "Koi Rehta Hai"
|
|
|-
|9. "Sargaroshi"
|
|
|-
|10. "Teri Yaad"
|
|
|-
|11. "Teri Yaad (Remix)"
|
|
|-
|12. "Best Friend"
|
|
|-
|rowspan="9"|2009
|rowspan="9"|''Ek Ladki Deewani Si''
|1. "Chalo"
|
|
|-
|2. "Dekha Tujhe"
| [[Tulsi Kumar]]
|
|-
|3. "Ek Ladki"
|
|
|-
|4. "Laila"
|
|
|-
|5. "Let's Go Mumbai City"
| [[Jermaine Jackson]]
|
|-
|6. "Let's Go Mumbai City (Remix)"
|
|
|-
|7. "Mehfooz"
|
|
|-
|8. "Sharmili"
|
|
|-
|9. "Tu Salaamat Rahe"
|
|
|-
|rowspan="11"|2013
|rowspan="11"|''Press Play''
|1. "Ali Ali"
|
|
|-
|2. "Roya"
|
|
|-
|3. "Mere Baap"
|
|
|-
|4. "Kudi Tight"
|
|
|-
|5. "Mein Tere Saath Hun"
|
|
|-
|6. "Karun Na Yaad"
|
|
|-
|7. "Baba"
|
|
|-
|8. "Dua De"
|
|
|-
|9. "Ali Ali (Remix)"
|
|
|-
|10. "Roya (Remix)"
|
|
|-
|11. "The Azaan (Call To Prayer)"
|
|
|}

''Badaltay Mausam'' (1997) was re-released in India as ''Kabhi To Nazar Milao'' (2000).

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PTZYyHdVN8 Interview] on [[Republic TV]] (by [[Arnab Goswami]]).
* {{IMDb name|0451152}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sami, Adnan}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian pop composers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from London]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Nigar Award winners]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]
[[Category:People who lost Pakistani citizenship]]
[[Category:People who lost Canadian citizenship]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Canada]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:English-language Indian singers]]

K. Manoharan (Dharmapuri)

2026-04-07T21:31:08Z

AbbieLongoria3: created stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Manoharan
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1956|11|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Chinneri, Mettupatti
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]], [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| term_start1 = 1996
| term_end1 = 2001
| predecessor1 = P. Ponnusamy
| successor1 = K. Paarry Mohan
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer, Business
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''K. Manoharan''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from Chinneri village in the [[Dharmapuri district]]. Manoharan, who has passed the PUC (Pre-University Course). He belongs to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party. He contested and won the election for the [[Dharampuri Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri constituency]] in the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "Who's Who" Eleventh Assembly. Chennai-600009: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Secretariat. 1996. p. 200-201.</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmapuri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Manoharan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,973 |percentage=55.28% |change=+29.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mase Harur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,951 |percentage=23.29% |change=-27.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnusami |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=13,230 |percentage=11.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Devarajan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,161 |percentage=7.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,022 |percentage=31.99% |change= 6.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=115,730 |percentage=62.29% |change= -1.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,433 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.17% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manoharan, K.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Anisur Rahman (politician, born 1952)

2026-04-07T01:12:17Z

AbbieLongoria3: starting a post!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anisur Rahman
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1952|6|06}}
| birth_place = [[Domkal]], [[Murshidabad]] [[West Bengal]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1991
| term_end = 2021
| predecessor = Md Abdul Bari
| successor = [[Jafikul Islam]]
| office1 = [[Minister (government)|Minister for Animal Resources Development, Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start1 = 1991
| term_end1 = 2011
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = * [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
* [[Jyoti Basu]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency = [[Domkal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Domkal]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]])-([[B.Ed]])
| profession = [[Politician]], [[Teacher]], [[social worker]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Anisur Rahman Sarkar''' is an Indian Bengali politician and was a Minister for Panchayat and Rural Development in the [[Left Front Ministry in West Bengal in 2006|Left Front Ministry]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.newstoday.com.bd/?option=details&news_id=4089&date=2010-08-05 | title = West Bengal Minister Anisur Rahman called on PM | access-date = 2010-10-01 | publisher =The News Today }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.zeenews.com/news611750.html | title = WB Minister criticises TC-run Zilla Parishad | access-date = 2010-10-01 | publisher =Zee News }}</ref> He was elected on a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] ticket from the [[Domkal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Domkal Vidhan Sabha constituency]] in 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp60.htm | title = 60 – Domkal Assembly Constituency|work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-10-04 }}</ref>

Born on 6 June 1952, in Domkal, Murshidabad, West Bengal, Sarkar holds a Master of Arts and a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of Calcutta.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly5}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Anisur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Costa Rica–India relations

2026-04-01T20:37:11Z

AbbieLongoria3: Started A Details Initial Version

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Costa Rica–India|Costa Rica|India}}

'''Costa Rica–India relations''' refers to the international relations that exist between [[Costa Rica]] and [[India]]. Costa Rica has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] whilst India has a non resident ambassador in Panama. As of 2026, Costa Rica’s Ambassador to India is H.E. Nestor Gabriel Baltodano Vargas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naveen |date=2026-01-09 |title=India's CEC Meets Costa Rica Ambassador, Strengthening Bilateral Ties |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/a/chief-election-commisioner-gyanesh-kumar-meets-costa-ricas-509.htm |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=NewKerala.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Costa Rica supported India's position in the [[Kashmir dispute]] at the [[United Nations]] in 1993 and 1994. It also voted against Pakistan's draft resolution on Kashmir at the [[UNCHR]] in [[Geneva]] in 1994.<ref name="MEA2013"/>

India appointed an honorary consul in [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] in 1995, and Costa Rica opened an honorary consulate in [[New Delhi]] in 1996.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=India - Costa Rica Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Costa_Rica_Dec_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908215702/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Costa_Rica_Dec_2016.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2017 |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref> Costa Rica dismissed its honorary consuls in [[Bombay]] and [[Calcutta]], with the intention of opening its embassy in India in 1990. However, plans to open the embassy were delayed. Costa Rica announced its intention to open an embassy in 2007.<ref name="MEA2013">{{cite web |date=January 2013 |title=India - Costa Rica Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Costa_Rica-India_Bilateral-Jan_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151334/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Costa_Rica-India_Bilateral-Jan_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref> The embassy in New Delhi was finally opened on 20 April 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 April 2010 |title=Costa Rica opens embassy in India |url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90852/6958174.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922033107/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90852/6958174.html |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=People's Daily Online |agency=Xinhua}}</ref> It was served by a Charge d’ Affaires from June 2010 until the first ambassador of Costa Rica to India was appointed in June 2011.<ref name="MEA2013"/> The Indian Embassy in Panama is jointly accredited to Costa Rica.<ref name="MEA2016" />

The first Foreign Office Consultations between India and Costa Rica were held in August 2012.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==High level visits==
[[Vice President of Costa Rica|Costa Rican Vice President]] [[Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría]] visited India in October 2015. Several [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Costa Rica)|Costa Rican Foreign Ministers]], Ministers for Foreign Trade, and other dignitaries have visited India since 1997. From India, the highest level visits to Costa Rica have been at the level of minister of state. The Minister of State for Commerce & Industry, D. Purandareswari, visited Costa Rica in April 2013 and the Minister of State for External Affairs, [[General officer|General]] [[V.K. Singh]] (Retd), visited Costa Rica in July 2015.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

In May 2025, H.E. Nestor Gabriel Baltodano Vargas presented his credentials as Ambassador of the Republic of Costa Rica to India to the President of India, Droupadi Murmu, reinforcing ongoing diplomatic engagement between the two countries. Ambassador Baltodano Vargas has participated in official meetings with Indian counterparts including discussions with the Chief Election Commissioner of India, highlighting continued cooperation and dialogue at high levels of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-30 |title=Nestor Gabriel Baltodano Vargas, Ambassador of the Republic of Costa Rica presenting credentials to the President of India, Droupadi Murmu - Diplomacyindia.com |url=https://diplomacyindia.com/nestor-gabriel-baltodano-vargas-ambassador-of-the-republic-of-costa-rica-presenting-credentials-to-the-president-of-india-droupadi-murmu/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Agreements==
The two countries have signed several bilateral agreements including MoUs to hold regular foreign office consultations, and to enhance economic and technical cooperation. Costa Rica and India signed an MoU to set up a Centre for Excellence in Information Technology (CEIT) in Costa Rica in 2009. MoUs were signed between the Foreign Service Institutes of India and Costa Rica, and the FSI and Costa Rican Diplomatic Academy in March 2015.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==Trade==
Bilateral trade between Costa Rica and India totaled US$196.97 million in 2015. India exported $134.76 million worth of goods to Costa Rica (growing 40.62% over 2014), and imported $62.21 million (declining by 59.94% from 2014). India's imports from Costa Rica witnessed a steady rise up to 2013, but dropped considerably following the closure of an Intel chip factory in San José in 2014. Indian imports of integrated circuits from Costa Rica dropped by 55% in 2014.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

The main commodities exported by India to Costa Rica are automobiles, pharmaceutical products, textiles and clothing, motorcycles, organic chemicals, electrical machinery, and miscellaneous products such as notebooks, cables, and tyres. The major commodities imported by India from Costa Rica are wood and articles of wood, integrated circuits and micro assemblies, optical medical or surgical instruments, and to a lesser extent, nuts, coffee, tea, glass, and glassware.<ref name="MEA2016" />

Indian IT firms Infosys, Cognizant, and CSS Corp set up delivery centers in San José in 2013. Companies utilize Costa Rica to serve the U.S. market at a lower cost. Movate Formerly CSS Corp CEO Sunil Mittal estimated that serving the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-21 |title=CSS Corp rebrands to Movate |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/css-corp-rebrands-to-movate/article65917492.ece |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=The Hindu BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> market from Costa Rica resulted in savings of about 15-20%. Apart from close proximity, Costa Rica also has the advantage of sharing the same time zone as the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ishan |date=Dec 26, 2013 |title=Indian IT companies queue up for Costa Rica |url=http://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/Indian-IT-companies-queue-up-for-Costa-Rica/articleshow/27870303.cms |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=Gadgets Now, The Times of India}}</ref> TCS and Wipro also have operations in San José.<ref name="MEA2016" />

==Cultural relations==
Professor Hilda Chen Apuy visited India on a [[UNESCO]] [[scholarship]] in the 1950s, and later introduced studies on [[Indian History]], [[Indian philosophy|Philosophy]] and [[Sanskrit]] at the [[University of Costa Rica]] in San José. Hilda also published several articles on India. The Spanish version of [[Gandhi]]'s autobiography was launched in Costa Rica in September 2008 by [[President of Costa Rica|President]] [[Óscar Arias]], who also wrote the prologue to the book.<ref name="MEA2016" />

The 2017 Costa Rican film ''[[:es:Enredados: La Confusión|Enredados: La Confusión]]'' (Entangled: The confusion) was directed by [[Bollywood]] film director [[Ashish R Mohan]]. The film is the first Latin American film to include a typical Bollywood song-and-dance that was choreographed by Bollywood choreographers. The film also stars Indian actor Prabhakar Sharan who became the first Indian to star in a Latin American film.<ref name="Film">{{cite news |date=23 December 2016 |title=Now an Indian actor makes waves in Costa Rica (Special to IANS) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/now-an-indian-actor-makes-waves-in-costa-rica-special-to-ians-116122300371_1.html |accessdate=29 March 2017 |website=Business Standard India |agency=IANS}}</ref>

==Foreign aid==
India provided Costa Rica with photovoltaic equipment worth {{INRConvert|1.85|m}} in 1997 to establish a solar energy research laboratory at the University of Heredia under the ITEC programme. India donated a telephone exchange to Costa Rican telecom operator ICE in 1998, and provided US$25,000 to help rehabilitate flood victims in 1996. The country donated 18 Bajaj 3-wheelers to the San José Police in December 2005, and donated $100,000 for relief and rehabilitation in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Tomas]] in November 2010.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

The governments of Costa Rica and India signed an MoU to establish a Centre for Excellence in Information Technology (Centro de Excelencia en Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación – CETI) in Costa Rica in September 2009. The Government of India contracted C-DAC and APTECH to set up the Centre in March 2015.<ref name="MEA2016"/> The Centre, located on the campus of the Universidad Técnica Nacional (UTA) in Alajuela, was inaugurated in March 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Donates Technology Centre To Costa Rica|url=https://qcostarica.com/india-donates-technology-centre-to-costa-rica/|website=Q Costa Rica News|access-date=29 March 2017|date=8 March 2016}}</ref>

Under a cooperation programme between the Costa Rican Ministry of Foreign Trade, Costa Rican Coalition for Development Initiatives and Infosys, 70 Costa Rican students and teachers underwent a three-month training program at Infosys in Mysore in 2014.<ref name="MEA2016"/> In March 2017, the Government of India awarded scholarships to 4 Costa Rican women from the indigenous Gnöbe and Bugle ethnic groups for the Barefoot College Institute's Solar Lighting program in Ajmer,
Rajasthan. The women will learn to how to develop a project to build, set up and maintain solar panels so that they can bring electricity to their community Punta Burica, Costa Rica’s southernmost point.<ref>{{cite web |last=Arias |first=L. |date=9 March 2017 |title=Costa Rican indigenous women to study solar lighting in India |url=https://www.ticotimes.net/2017/03/09/solar-lightning-costa-rica |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=The Tico Times}}</ref>

Citizens of Costa Rica are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==Indians in Costa Rica==
As of December 2016, there are about 250 Indians in Costa Rica, the majority of whom are involved in the IT industry. Some are also businessmen, engaged in exports of wood, or work in NGOs and the Missionaries of Charity. There are at least ten Indian owned restaurants in Costa Rica,<ref name="MEA2016" /> including Indian restaurants "Taj Mahal" and "Naans & Curries" owned by Kapil Gulati who is originally from Gurgaon.<ref name="Film"/> Restaurant "Naans & Curries" received "Annapurna" award 2023 by ICCR (Indian Council of Cultural Relations), Government of India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Srinjoy |date=16 October 2023 |title=India's Soft Power Ploy! Annapurna Certificates to be Awarded to 6 Restaurants in 6 Nations |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/annapurna-certificates-to-be-awarded-to-6-restaurants-in-6-nations-including-balaji-dosa-in-sri-lanka-article-104476863 |website=Times Now}}</ref> The Costa Rica Indian Association (CRIA), established in 2010, is involved in organising social and cultural programmes, as well as trade promotion activities.<ref name="MEA2016" />

==See also==
*[[Foreign relations of Costa Rica]]
*[[Foreign relations of India]]

{{Foreign relations of Costa Rica}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Costa Rica-India relations}}
[[Category:Costa Rica–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Costa Rica|India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Costa Rica]]

Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency

2026-03-30T08:29:12Z

AbbieLongoria3: added new pg

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{other uses|Basirhat (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Basirhat Uttar
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Basirhat Uttar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Basirhat Uttar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Rafikul Islam Mondal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
| constituency_no = 125
| established = 1951
| electors = 2,38,426
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], 125 Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Basirhat II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Amlani, Bhebia, Makhal Gachha, Murarisha [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Hasnabad (community development block)|Hasnabad]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency is part of 18. [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election!!Member!!colspan=2|Party Affiliation
|-
| colspan="4" align=center|'''Basirhat'''
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||rowspan=2|Profulla Nath Banerjee||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name="vidhansabha1952">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Bijesh Chandra Sen<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||rowspan=2|A.B. Bandopadhyay||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||rowspan=2|Lalit Kumar Ghosh||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||rowspan=7|Narayan Mukherjee||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" align=center|'''Basirhat Uttar'''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||Mostafa Bin Qaseem||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 24 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 elections in India#West Bengal|2011^]]||[[ATM Abdullah]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<ref name="vidhansabha2012by">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/mamata-wins-byelection-by-convincing-margin/article2495599.ece|title = Mamata wins by-election by convincing margin| work= Kolkata|publisher= The Hindu, 21 September 2011| access-date = 24 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]||rowspan=2|[[Rafikul Islam Mondal]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Basirhat Uttar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Md. Tauseef Rehman|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narayan Chandra Mondal|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Musa Karimullah|party=Indian Secular Front|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Musa Haque Mondal|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Basirhat Uttar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Rafikul Islam Mondal]]
|votes = 1,37,216
|percentage = 57.55
|change = {{increase}}12.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Mohammad Baijid Amin
|votes = 47,865
|percentage = 20.08
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Narayan Chandra Mondal
|votes = 47,505
|percentage = 19.92
|change = {{increase}}13.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Taslima Khatun
|votes = 2,014
|percentage = 0.84
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,952
|percentage = 0.82
|change = {{decrease}}0.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohammad Kased Ali Sardar
|votes = 1,874
|percentage = 0.79
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 89,351
|percentage = 37.47
|change = {{increase}}37.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,38,426
|percentage = 88.95
|change = {{decrease}}0.67
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Basirhat Uttar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=125| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170226/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=125| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Basirhat Uttar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Rafikul Islam Mondal]]
|votes = 97,828
|percentage = 45.74
|change = {{increase}}8.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[ATM Abdullah]]
|votes = 97,336
|percentage = 45,51
|change = {{decrease}}11.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tarafan Ali Gazi
|votes = 13,072
|percentage = 6.11
|change = {{increase}}1.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Abul Kasem Dhali
|votes = 3,006
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,636
|percentage = 1.24
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 492
|percentage = 0.23
|change = {{decrease}}19.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,13,885
|percentage = 89.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
The percentage changes of the 2016 election is calculated based upon the 2011 Bypoll.

===2011 by-election===
A by-election in 2011 was necessitated by the death of Mostafa bin Kassem, the CPI(M) MLA from Basirhat Uttar, who was found dead outside Kyd street MLA's Hostel on 29 May 2011.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110602/jsp/bengal/index.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110610222225/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110602/jsp/bengal/index.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 June 2011 |title = MLA son cries foul |work = The Telegraph|access-date = 12 August 2011| location= Calcutta, India | date= 2 June 2011}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=West Bengal state assembly bye election, 2011: Basirhat Uttar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2012by/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[ATM Abdullah]]
|votes = 87,899
|percentage = 56.95
|change = {{increase}}14.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Subid Ali Gazi
|votes = 56,948
|percentage = 36.89
|change = {{decrease}}8.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subodh Kumar Chakraborty
|votes = 6,938
|percentage = 4.49
|change = {{decrease}}1.08
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajit Pramanick
|votes = 2,964
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 154,339
|percentage = 80.35
|change = {{decrease}}6.49
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
The percentage changes of the bypoll is calculated from the 2011 assembly election.

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Basirhat Uttar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=125| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170226/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=125| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Basirhat Uttar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mostafa Bin Qaseem
|votes = 75,576
|percentage = 45.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sardar Amzad Ali
|votes = 71,632
|percentage = 42.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Somen Mandal
|votes = 9,316
|percentage = 5.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People’s Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Rafikul Mandal
|votes = 7,327
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prosanta Biswas
|votes = 1,829
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = All india Minorities Front
|candidate = Anwar Hossain Mollah
|votes = 1,569
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 167,248
|percentage = 86.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
}}
{{Election box end}}
As per 2011 census the total population of basirhat uttar is 338937,Hindu 115986,Muslim 222264,Other 687.Hindu 34.22%,Muslim 65.58%,Other 0.20%.

===1977-2006 Basirhat===
During the period Narayan Mukherjee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won seven elections in a row from 95 Basirhat assembly constituency, defeating his nearest rivals Asit Majumdar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> Souren Sen of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> Asit Majumdar of Congress in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> Dilip Mazumdar of Congress in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> and 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> and Debi Prasad Nanda of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp95.htm |title =95 - Basirhat Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972 Basirhat===
Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Lalit Kumar Ghosh of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> A.B.Bandopadhyay of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Bijesh Chandra Sen of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Profulla Nath Banerjee of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Basirhat]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Hindu nationalism

2026-03-28T04:06:19Z

AbbieLongoria3: cleanup

{{short description|Nationalism based on Hindu religion}}
{{about|various Hindu nationalist mobilisations in the last two centuries|present day Hindu nationalism|Hindutva}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
[[File:Orange flag 2.svg|200px|thumb|[[Bhagwa Dhwaj]], or the saffron flag, is widely used as the symbol of Hindu nationalism.]]
{{Conservatism in India|Concepts}}
'''Hindu nationalism''' has been collectively referred to as the expression of political thought, based on the native social and cultural traditions of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is better described as seeking a "Hindu polity".

The native thought streams became highly relevant in Indian history when they helped form a distinctive identity about the Indian polity<ref name="Partha 1986">Chatterjee Partha (1986)</ref> and provided a basis for questioning colonialism.<ref name="Veer 1999">Peter van der Veer, Hartmut Lehmann, Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia, Princeton University Press, 1999 p. 90</ref> These also inspired [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalists]] during the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]] based on armed struggle,<ref name="Narangoa 2003">Li Narangoa, R. B. Cribb ''Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia'', 1895–1945, Published by Routledge, 2003 p. 78</ref> coercive politics,<ref name="Bhatt 2001">Bhatt, Chetan, ''Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths'', Berg Publishers (2001), {{ISBN|978-1-85973-348-6}}. P. 55</ref> and non-violent protests.<ref name="Mahajan 1971">{{cite book |author1=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |author1-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |title=Constitutional history of India, including the nationalist movement |author2=Savitri Mahajan |publisher=S. Chand |year=1971 |edition=6th |location=Delhi |pages=27–38}}</ref> They also influenced social reform movements and economic thinking in India.<ref name="Bhatt 2001" />

Today, [[Hindutva]] (meaning {{gloss|Hinduness}}) is the dominant form of Hindu nationalist politics in India. As a political ideology, the term Hindutva was articulated by [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] in 1923.<ref name="The Telegraph">{{Cite web |title=Hindutva is not the same as Hinduism said Savarkar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/india/hindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar/cid/1699550 |access-date=22 August 2019 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Hindutva is championed by the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the Hindutva [[paramilitary]] organisation [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), the [[Sanatan Sanstha]],<ref name="The Telegraph" /> the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), and other organisations in an ecosystem called the [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frontline.in |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2125/stories/20041217006712900.htm |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=frontline.in}}</ref>

== Evolution of ideological terminology and influences ==
In the first half of the 20th century, factions of [[Indian National Congress]] continued to be identified with "Hindu politics" and ideas of a Hindu nation.<ref name="Cantwell Smith 1981" />{{page needed|date=February 2023}}
The word "Hindu", throughout history, had been used as an inclusive description that lacked a definition and was used to refer to the native traditions and people of India. It was only in the late 18th century that the word "Hindu" came to be used extensively with religious connotation, while still being used as a [[synecdoche]] describing the indigenous traditions. Hindu nationalist ideologies and political languages were very diverse both linguistically and socially. Since Hinduism does not represent an identifiable religious group, terms such as 'Hindu nationalism', and 'Hindu', are considered problematic in the case of religious and nationalism discourse. As Hindus were identifiable as a homogeneous community, some individual Congress leaders were able to induce a symbolism with "Hindu" meaning inside the general stance of [[Secularism|secular nationalism]].<ref name="Cantwell Smith 1981">On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies, By Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 1981, {{ISBN|978-90-279-3448-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India |page=3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author=William Gould |date=15 April 2004 |isbn=978-1-139-45195-6}}</ref>

The diversity of Indian cultural groups and moderate positions of Hindu nationalism have sometimes made it regarded as [[cultural nationalism]] rather than a religious one.<ref>[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], one of the main votaries of Hindutva has stated that it believes in a cultural connotation of the term Hindu. "The term Hindu in the conviction as well as in the constitution of the RSS is a cultural and civilizational concept and not a political or religious dogma. The term as a cultural concept will include and did always include all including Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Muslims, Christians and Parsis. The cultural nationality of India, in the conviction of the RSS, is Hindu and it was inclusive of all who are born and who have adopted Bharat as their Motherland, including Muslims, Christians and Parsis. The answering association submit that it is not just a matter of RSS conviction, but a fact borne out by history that the Muslims, Christians and Parsis too are Hindus by culture although as religions they are not so." Quoting RSS General Secretary's reply to the Tribunal constituted under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967 to hear the case on the RSS, Organiser, 6 June 1993</ref>

[[Shivaji]] and his conquests are said to have served basis for Hindu nationalism.<ref>{{cite book |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |page=54 |publisher=M.E.Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-3757-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Journey through India's Past (Great Hindu Kings after Harshavardhana) |page=73 |author=Chanddra Mauli Mani |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7211-256-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Intersections: Socio-cultural Trends in Maharashtra |page=59 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1878-0 |author=Meera Kosambi |year=2000}}</ref> Hindutva creator [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] writes that Shivaji had 'electrified' minds of the Hindus all over India by defeating the forces of the Mughals.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindu Nationalism in India: Ideology and Politics |page=67 |author1=Bidyut Chakrabarty |author2=Bhuwan Kumar Jha |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-00-075399-8}}</ref>

== Nepali Hindu nationalism and practices ==
=== Hinduisation policy of the Gorkhali monarch ===
[[File:Prithvi Narayan Shah.jpg|thumb|[[Maharajadhiraja]] [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] (1723–1775), [[King of Nepal]], propagated the ideals of the Hindu text Dharmashastra as the ruling ideology.]]

Maharajadhiraja [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] proclaimed the newly unified [[Kingdom of Nepal]] as '''''Asal [[Hindustan]]''''' ("Real Land of Hindus") because North India was ruled by the [[Islamic]] [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rulers]]. The proclamation was made to enforce the Hindu social code [[Dharmaśāstra]] over his reign and refer to his country as being inhabitable for [[Hindus]]. He also referred to the rest of Northern India as ''Mughlan'' (Country of [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]) and called the region infiltrated by Muslim foreigners.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Badamaharaj Prithivi Narayan Shah ko Divya Upadesh |author=[[Yogi Naraharinath|Naraharinath, Yogi]] |author2=[[Baburam Acharya|Acharya, Baburam]] |publisher=Shree Krishna Acharya |year=2014 |edition=2014 Reprint |isbn=978-99933-912-1-0 |location=Kathmandu |pages=4, 5}}</ref> After the [[Gurkha|Gorkhali]] conquest of the [[Kathmandu Valley]], King Prithvi Narayan Shah expelled Christian [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] missionaries from [[Patan, Nepal|Patan]] and renamed Nepal as ''Asali [[Hindustan]]'' (the real land of [[Hindus]]).<ref name="Nepjol">{{Citation |title=Harka Gurung |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/OPSA/article/download/1133/1558 |publisher=Nepjol}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2022}} The [[Tagadhari]]s enjoyed a privileged status in the Nepalese capital and they were also given greater access to the authorities after these events.{{sfn|Dharam Vir|1988|p=65}}{{sfn|Borgström|1980|p=11}} Subsequently, Hinduisation became the main policy of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]].<ref name="Nepjol" />{{full citation needed|date=August 2022}} Prof. [[Harka Gurung]] speculates that the presence of Islamic [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] and Christian [[British Raj|British rule in India]] compelled the foundation of Hindu Nationalism in the [[Kingdom of Nepal]], to build a haven for Hindus there.<ref name="Nepjol" />{{full citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==== Ideals of the Bharadari government ====
The policies of the old Bharadari governments of the Gorkha Kingdom were derived from ancient [[Hindu]] texts such as the [[Dharmashastra]]{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=7}} The King was considered an incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]] and was the chief authority over legislative, judiciary and executive functions.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=7}} The judiciary functions were decided based on the principles of Hindu Dharma codes of conduct.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=7}} The king had full rights to expel any person who offended the country and also to pardon the offenders and grant their return to the country.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=7}} The government in practicality was not an [[absolute monarchy]] due to the dominance of [[List of Nepali political clans|Nepalese political clans]] such as the [[Pande family]] and the [[Thapa family]], making the [[Shah dynasty|Shah monarch]] a puppet ruler.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=7}} These basic Hindu templates provide the evidence that Nepal was administered as a [[Hindu]] state.

==== Hindu civil code and legal regulations ====
[[File:Jang Bahadur Ranaji.jpg|thumb|[[Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana]] commissioned the first civil code ''Muluki Ain'' in 1854 AD based on traditional Hindu law and prioritised [[Tagadhari]] castes before Matwalis and Dalits.]]
The Nepali [[civil code]], ''[[Caste system in Nepal#Muluki Ain (1854)|Muluki Ain]]'', was commissioned by [[Jung Bahadur Rana]] after his European tour and enacted in 1854. It was rooted in traditional [[Hindu Law]] and codified social practices for several centuries in Nepal.<ref>Stiller, L. F. (1993). Nepal: Growth of a Nation. Human Resources Development Research Center, Kathmandu.</ref> The law also comprised ''[[Prāyaścitta]]'' (avoidance and removal of sin) and ''[[Ācāra]]'' (the customary law of different communities). It was an attempt to include the entire Hindu as well as the non-Hindu population of Nepal of that time into a single hierarchic civic code from the perspective of the [[Khas]] rulers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hofer |first1=Andras |title=The Caste Hierarchy and the State of Nepal: A Study of the Muluki Ain of 1854 |date=1979 |publisher=Universitatsverlag Wagner}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Guneratne |first1=Arjun |title=Many Tongues, One People: The Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal |date=2002 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-8728-6}}</ref> The Nepalese ''jati'' arrangement in terms of [[Hindu]] Varnashrama takes the Tagadhari to be the highest in the hierarchy.{{sfn|Skinner|Pach III|Holland|1998|p=293}} The ethnolinguistic group of people of [[Tamang people|Tamang]], [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]] and [[Tharu people|Tharu]] origin were tagged under the title ''Matwali'' ("Liquor Drinkers"), while those of [[Khas people|Khas]], [[Newar people|Newari]] and [[Terai]] origin were termed ''Tagadhari'' ("Wearers of the Sacred Thread").{{sfn|Skinner|Pach III|Holland|1998|p=293}} The Tagadhari castes could not be enslaved following any criminal punishment unless they had been expelled from the caste.{{sfn|Dharam Vir|1988|pp=57–58}} The main broad caste categories in Nepal are ''Tagadharis'' (sacred thread bearers), ''Matwalis'' (liquor drinkers) and ''[[Dalit]]s'' (or untouchables).{{sfn|Kara|2012|p=275}}{{sfn|Dharam Vir|1988|p=55}}{{sfn|Stone|1988|p=9}}

== Modern age and the Hindu Renaissance in the 19th century ==
{{Main|Hindu reform movements|Bengal Renaissance}}
Many [[Hindu reform movements]] originated in the nineteenth century. These movements led to fresh interpretations of the ancient scriptures of Upanishads and [[Vedanta]] and also emphasised on social reform.<ref name="Bhatt 2001" /> The marked feature of these movements was that they countered the notion of the superiority of [[Western culture]] during the colonial era. This led to the upsurge of patriotic ideas that formed the cultural and ideological basis for the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement in Colonial India.]]<ref name="Veer 1999" />

=== Brahmo Samaj ===
The [[Brahmo Samaj]] was started by a Bengali scholar, [[Ram Mohan Roy]] in 1828. Ram Mohan Roy endeavoured to create from the ancient [[Upanishadic]] texts, a vision of rationalist 'modern' India. Socially, he criticised the ongoing superstitions,<ref>Glory of Indian Culture, p.40, Giriraj Shah Satya Pal Ruhela – 2003</ref> and believed in a monotheistic Vedic religion. His major emphasis was social reform. He fought against [[Discrimination#Caste|Caste discrimination]] and advocated [[equal rights for women]].<ref>Thomas R. Metcalf, A Concise History of India, Cambridge University Press, 2002</ref> Although the Brahmos found favourable responses from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] and Westernised Indians, they were largely isolated from the larger Hindu society due to their intellectual Vedantic and Unitarian views. However their efforts to systematise Hindu spirituality based on rational and logical interpretation of the ancient Indian texts would be carried forward by other movements in Bengal and across India.<ref name="Veer 1999" />

=== Arya Samaj ===
[[File:Dayananda Saraswati 1962 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|[[Swami Dayananda Saraswati|Maharishi Dayananda Saraswati]], founder of the [[Arya Samaj]], on a 1962 stamp of India]]
[[Arya Samaj]] is considered one of the overarching Hindu renaissance movements of the late nineteenth century. [[Dayanand Saraswati|Swami Dayananda]], the founder of Arya Samaj, rejected idolatry, caste restriction and untouchability, child marriage and advocated equal status and opportunities for women. He opposed "Brahmanism" (which he believed had led to the corruption of the knowledge of Vedas) as much as he opposed Christianity and Islam.<ref name="Bhatt 2001" /> Although Arya Samaj was often considered as a social movement, many revolutionaries and political leaders of the [[Indian Independence movement]] like [[Ramprasad Bismil]],<ref>Bhagat Singh, Why I am an atheist, Selected Writings of Shaheed Bhagat Singh by Bhagat Singh, Shiv Verma, National Book Centre, 1986</ref> [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Shyamji Krishnavarma]], [[Bhai Paramanand]] and [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] were inspired by it.<ref>Michael Francis O'Dwyer, India as I knew it, 1885–1925, Published by Constable, 1926</ref>

=== Swami Vivekananda ===
[[File:Swami Vivekananda at Parliament of Religions.jpg|thumb|right|[[Swami Vivekananda]] on the Platform of the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]]]]

Another 19th-century Hindu reformer was [[Swami Vivekananda]]. Vivekananda as a student was educated in contemporary [[Western thought]].<ref name="Veer 1999" /> He joined Brahmo Samaj briefly before meeting [[Ramakrishna]], who was a priest in the temple of the goddess [[Kali]] in Calcutta and who was to become his guru.<ref name="Veer 1999" /> Under the influence of [[Orientalism]], [[Perennial philosophy|Perennialism]] and [[Universalism]], Vivekananda re-interpreted [[Advaita Vedanta]], presenting it as the essence of Hindu spirituality, and the development of human's religiosity.{{sfn|King|2002}} This project started with [[Ram Mohan Roy]] of Brahmo Samaj, who collaborated with the [[Unitarianism|Unitarian Church]], and propagated a strict monotheism.{{sfn|King|2002}} This reinterpretation produced [[neo-Vedanta]], in which Advaita Vedanta was combined with disciplines such as [[yoga]] and the concept of social service{{sfn|King|2002}} to attain perfection from the ascetic traditions in what Vivekananda called the "practical Vedanta". The practical side essentially included participation in social reform.<ref name="Veer 1999" />

He made Hindu spirituality, intellectually available to the Westernised audience. His famous speech in the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] at Chicago on 11 September 1893, followed a huge reception of his thought in the West and made him a well-known figure in the West and subsequently in India too.<ref name="Veer 1999" /> His influence can still be recognised in popular Western [[spirituality]], such as [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualism]], [[New Age]] and the veneration of [[Ramana Maharshi]].

A major element of Vivekananda's message was nationalism. He saw his effort very much in terms of a revitalisation of the Hindu nation, which carried Hindu spirituality and which could counter Western materialism. The notions of the superiority of [[Western culture]] against the [[Indian culture|culture of India]], were to be questioned based on Hindu spirituality. It also became a main inspiration for Hindu nationalism today.<ref name="Veer 1999" /> "Vivekananda is like Gita for the RSS" was the lifelong pet sentence of one of the most revered leaders of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), [[Babasaheb Apte]]. Some historians have observed that this helped the nascent Independence movement with a distinct national identity and kept it from being the simple derivative function of European nationalism.<ref name="Partha 1986" />

== Shaping of Hindu polity and nationalism in the 20th century ==

=== Sri Aurobindo ===
[[File:Sri aurobindo.jpg|200px|thumb|left|[[Sri Aurobindo]] was an Indian philosopher, [[yogi]], [[guru]], poet, and nationalist.]]
[[Sri Aurobindo]] was a nationalist and one of the first to embrace the idea of complete political independence for India. He was inspired by the writings of Swami Vivekananda and the novels of [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]].<ref name="De Bary 1988">William Theodore De Bary, Stephen N Hay, Sources of Indian Tradition, Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publisher, 1988, {{ISBN|81-208-0467-8}}</ref> He "based his claim for freedom for India on the inherent right to freedom, not on any charge of misgovernment or oppression". He believed that the primary requisite for national progress, national reform, is the free habit of free and healthy national thought and action and that it was impossible in a state of servitude.<ref name="Heehs 2004">Peter Heehs, Religious nationalism and beyond, August 2004</ref> He was part of the ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]'', a revolutionary group working towards the goal of Indian independence<ref>Elleke Boehmer, Empire, the National, and the Postcolonial, 1890–1920: Resistance in Interaction
Published by Oxford University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-19-818445-X}}, 9780198184454</ref> In his brief political career spanning only four years, he led a delegation from Bengal to the [[Indian National Congress]] session of 1907<ref name="Heehs 2004" /> and contributed to the revolutionary newspaper [[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]].

In his famous ''Uttarpara Speech'', he outlined the essence and the goal of India's nationalist movement thus:
{{blockquote|I say no longer that nationalism is a creed, a religion, a faith; I say that it is the Sanatan Dharma which for us is nationalism. This Hindu nation was born with the Sanatan Dharma, with it, it moves and with it, it grows. When the Sanatan Dharma declines, then the nation declines, and if the Sanatan Dharma were capable of perishing, with the Sanatan Dharma it would perish.
}}
In the same speech, he also gave a comprehensive perspective of Hinduism, which is at variance with the geocentric view developed by the later day Hindu nationalist ideologues such as Veer Savarkar and Deendayal Upadhyay:

{{blockquote|But what is the Hindu religion? What is this religion which we call Sanatan, eternal? It is the Hindu religion only because the Hindu nation has kept it, after all, in this Peninsula it grew up in the seclusion of the sea and the Himalayas, because in this sacred and ancient land it was given as a charge to the Aryan race to preserve through the ages.

But it is not circumscribed by the confines of a single country, it does not belong peculiarly and forever to a bounded part of the world. That which we call the Hindu religion is the eternal religion, because it is the universal religion which embraces all others. If a religion is not universal, it cannot be eternal. A narrow religion, a sectarian religion, an exclusive religion can live only for a limited time and a limited purpose. This is the one religion that can triumph over materialism by including and anticipating the discoveries of science and the speculations of philosophy.}}

In 1910, he withdrew from political life and spent his remaining life doing spiritual exercises and writing.<ref name="De Bary 1988" /> But his works kept inspiring revolutionaries and struggles for independence, including the famous [[Chittagong armoury raid|Chittagong Uprising]].<ref>Manini Chatterjee, Do and Die: The Chittagong Uprising, 1930–34, Published by Penguin Books, 1999</ref> Both Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo are credited with having founded the basis for a vision of freedom and glory for India in the spirituality and heritage of Hinduism.

== Independence movement ==
In 1924, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] wrote:

{{cquote|This [Christian] proselytization will mean no peace in the world. Conversions are harmful to India. If I had the power and could legislate I should certainly stop all proselytizing ... It pains me to have to say that the Christian missionaries as a body, with honorable exceptions, have actively supported a system which has impoverished, enervated and demoralized a people considered to be among the gentlest and most civilized on earth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |url=https://www.gandhiserve.net/about-mahatma-gandhi/collected-works-of-mahatma-gandhi/024-19240508-19240815/ |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi |volume=XXIV |pages=476 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |url=https://gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL028.PDF |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (Electronic Book) |publisher=Publications Division Government of India |year=1999 |volume=28 |location=New Delhi |pages=388 |access-date=12 February 2024 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406020331/https://gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL028.PDF |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

The influence of the Hindu renaissance movements was such that by the turn of the 20th century, there was a confluence of ideas of Hindu cultural nationalism with the ideas of [[Indian nationalism]].<ref name="Bhatt 2001" /> Both could be spoken synonymously even by tendencies that were seemingly opposed to sectarian communalism and Hindu majoritism.<ref name="Bhatt 2001" /> The Hindu renaissance movements held considerable influence over the revolutionary movements against British rule and formed the philosophical basis for the struggles and political movements that originated in the first decade of the twentieth century.

=== Revolutionary movements ===

==== Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar ====
[[Anushilan Samiti]] was one of the prominent revolutionary movements in India in the early part of the twentieth century. It was started as a cultural society in 1902, by Aurobindo and the followers of Bankim Chandra to propagate the teachings of the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. But soon the Samiti had its goal to overthrow British colonial rule in India<ref name="Narangoa 2003" /> Various branches of the Samiti sprung across India in the guise of suburban fitness clubs but secretly imparted arms training to its members with the implicit aim of using them against the British colonial administration.<ref>By J. C. Johari, Voices of Indian Freedom Movement, Published by Akashdeep Pub. House</ref>

On 30 April 1908 at [[Muzaffarpur]], two revolutionaries, [[Khudiram Bose]] and Prafulla Chaki, threw bombs at a British convoy aimed at British officer Kingsford. Both were arrested trying to flee. Aurobindo was also arrested on 2 May 1908 and sent to [[Alipore Jail]]. The report sent from [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser|Andrew Fraser]], the then Lt Governor of Bengal to Lord Minto in England declared that although Sri Aurobindo came to Calcutta in 1906 as a Professor at the National College, "he has ever since been the principal advisor of the revolutionary party. It is of utmost importance to arrest his potential for mischief, for he is the prime mover and can easily set tools, one to replace another". But charges against Aurobindo were never proved and he was acquitted. Many members of the group faced charges and were transported and imprisoned for life. Others went into hiding.<ref name="Guha 1970">Arun Chandra Guha Aurobindo and Jugantar, Published by Sahitya Sansad, 1970</ref>

In 1910, when, Aurobindo withdrew from political life and decided to live a life of renounciate,<ref name="De Bary 1988" /> the [[Anushilan Samiti]] declined. One of the revolutionaries, [[Bagha Jatin]], who managed to escape the trial started a group which would be called [[Jugantar]]. Jugantar continued with its armed struggle against the colonial government, but the arrests of its key members and subsequent trials weakened its influence. Many of its members were imprisoned for life in the notorious Andaman Cellular jail.<ref name="Guha 1970" />

==== India House ====
A revolutionary movement was started by [[Shyamji Krishnavarma]], a Sanskritist and an Arya Samajist, in London, under the name of [[India House]] in 1905. The brain behind this movement was said to be [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]. Krishnaverma also published a monthly "''Indian Sociologist''", where the idea of an armed struggle against the British colonial government was openly espoused.<ref name="Parel 1997">Anthony Parel, Hind Swaraj and other writings By Gandhi, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-521-57431-0}}</ref> The movement had become well known for its activities in the Indian expatriates in London. When Gandhi visited London in 1909, he shared a platform with the revolutionaries where both the parties politely agreed to disagree, on the question of adopting a violent struggle and whether [[Ramayana]] justified such violence. Gandhi, while admiring the "patriotism" of the young revolutionaries, had "dissented vociferously" from their "violent blueprints" for social change. In turn, the revolutionaries disliked his adherence to [[constitutionalism]] and his close contacts with moderate leaders of the Indian National Congress. Moreover, they considered his method of "passive resistance" effeminate and humiliating.<ref>Manfred B. Steger, Gandhi's dilemma: nonviolent principles and nationalist power, Published by Macmillan, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-312-22177-5}}</ref>

The India House was soon to face closure following the assassination of [[William Hutt Curzon Wyllie]] by the revolutionary [[Madan Lal Dhingra]], who was close to [[India House]]. [[Savarkar]] also faced charges and was transported. [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]] fled to Paris.<ref name="Parel 1997" /> India House gave formative support to ideas that were later formulated by Savarkar in his book named '[[Hindutva]]'. Hindutva was to gain relevance in the run-up to the Indian Independence and form the core ideology of the political party [[Hindu Mahasabha]], of which Savarkar became president in 1937. It also formed the key ideology, under the euphemistic relabelling ''Rashtriyatva'' (nationalism), for the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] founded in 1925,<ref>{{harvnb|Bharat Prakashan|1955|pp=24–25}} quoted in {{harvnb|Goyal|1979|p=58}}</ref> and of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (the present-day ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]) under another euphemistic relabelling ''Bharatiyata'' (Indianness).{{sfn|Graham|1968|pp=350–352}}

=== Indian National Congress ===
==== Lal-Bal-Pal ====
[[File:Lal Bal Pal.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A rare photograph of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] of [[Maharashtra]], and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] of [[Bengal]]. The triumvirate was popularly known as [[Lal Bal Pal]], who changed the political discourse of the Indian independence movement.]]
"[[Lal-Bal-Pal]]" is the phrase that is used to refer to the three nationalist leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] who held sway over the Indian Nationalist movement and the independence struggle in the early parts of twentieth century.

[[Lala Lajpat Rai]] belonged to the northern province of Punjab. He was influenced greatly by the Arya Samaj and was part of the Hindu reform movement.<ref name="Bhatt 2001" /> He joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1888 and became a prominent figure in the Indian Independence Movement.<ref name="Rai Nanda 2005">Lajpat Rai, Bal Ram Nanda, ''The Collected Works of Lala Lajpat Rai'', Published by Manohar, 2005, {{ISBN|978-81-7304-660-5}}</ref> He started numerous educational institutions. The National College at [[Lahore]] started by him became the centre for revolutionary ideas and was the college where revolutionaries like [[Bhagat Singh]] studied.<ref>Haṃsarāja Rahabara, ''Bhagat Singh and His Thought''. Published by Manak Publications, 1990, {{ISBN|978-81-85445-07-6}}</ref> While leading a procession against the [[Simon Commission]], he was fatally injured in the [[lathi charge]]. His death led revolutionaries like [[Chandrashekar Azad]] and Bhagat Singh to assassinate the British police officer [[J. P. Saunders]], who they believed was responsible for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.<ref name="Rai Nanda 2005" />

[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] was a nationalist leader from the Central Indian province of Maharashtra. He has been widely acclaimed the "Father of Indian unrest" who used the press and Hindu occasions like [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and symbols like the Cow to create unrest against the British administration in India.<ref>Donald Mackenzie Brown, ''The Nationalist movement: Indian political thought from Ranade to Bhave'', Published by University of California Press, 1965</ref> Tilak joined the Indian National Congress in 1890. Under the influence of such leaders, the political discourse of the Congress moved from the polite accusation that colonial rule was "un-British" to the forthright claim of Tilak that "Swaraj is my birthright and I will have it".<ref>Gail Omvedt, ''Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India'', Published by M. E. Sharpe, 1993</ref>

[[Bipin Chandra Pal]] of Bengal was another prominent figure of the Indian nationalist movement, who is considered a modern Hindu reformer, who stood for Hindu cultural nationalism and was opposed to sectarian communalism and Hindu majoritism.<ref name="Bhatt 2001" /> He joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1886 and was also one of the key members of the revolutionary [[India House]].<ref>Saral Kumar Chatterji, Bipin Chandra Pal, Published by Publications were divided, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1984</ref>

==== Gandhi and Rāmarājya ====
[[File:Marche sel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] never called himself a Hindu nationalist, but preached Hindu [[Dharma]] and concept of "Rama Rajya".]]

Though [[Mahatma Gandhi]] never called himself a "Hindu nationalist"; he believed in and propagated concepts like [[Dharma]] and introduced the concept of the "Rāma Rājya" (Rule of [[Rama|Lord Rāma]]) as part of his social and political philosophy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gupta |first=R.S.A.K. |title=Art and Aesthetics of Modern Mythopoeia V2: Literatures, Myths and Revisionism VOL 2 |publisher=Vishvanatha Kaviraja Institute |series=VOL2 |year=2021 |isbn=978-81-945995-1-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLguEAAAQBAJ |access-date=2 January 2023 |page=179}}</ref> Gandhi said "By political independence I do not mean an imitation to the [[British House of Commons]], or the [[Soviet Union|soviet rule of Russia]] or the [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist rule of Italy]] or the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi rule of Germany]]. They have systems suited to their genius. We must have ours suited to ours. What that can be is more than I can tell. I have described it as Ramarajya i.e., sovereignty of the people based on pure moral authority."<ref>Harijan, 2 January 1937</ref>

Gandhi emphasised that "Rāma Rājya" to him meant peace and justice, adding that "the ancient ideal of Ramarajya is undoubtedly one of true democracy in which the meanest citizen could be sure of swift justice without an elaborate and costly procedure".<ref>Young India, 19 September 1929</ref> He also emphasised that it meant respect for all religions: "My Hinduism teaches me to respect all religions. In this lies the secret of Ramarajya".<ref>Harijan 19 October 1947</ref>

While Gandhi had clarified that "by Ram Rajya I do not mean Hindu Raj. I mean by Ram Rajya, Divine Raj, the kingdom of God," his concept of "Rama Rajya" became a major concept in Hindu nationalism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elsenhans |first1=H. |last2=Ouaissa |first2=R. |last3=Tétreault |first3=M.A. |title=The Transformation of Politicised Religion: From Zealots into Leaders |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-01359-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1deXCwAAQBAJ |page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J.N. |title=Alternative Economics: Economics of Mahatma Gandhi & Globalisation |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7629-428-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp0achf-nA0C |page=134}}</ref>

==== Madan Mohan Malviya ====
[[Madan Mohan Malviya]], an educationist and a politician with the [[Indian National Congress]] was also a vociferous proponent of the philosophy of ''Bhagavad Gita'' (Bhagavad Gītā). He was the president of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the year 1909 and 1918.<ref name="Mahajan 1971" /> He was seen as a 'moderate' in the Congress and was also considered very close to Gandhi. He popularised the Sanskrit phrase "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs), from the [[Mundaka Upanishad]], which today is the national motto of the Republic of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mha.gov.in/document/national-flag-emblem-anthem/advisory-related-display-of-complete-state-emblem-of-india |title=Advisory related to the display of complete State Emblem of India with the motto 'Satyameva Jayate'-Truth alone triumphs-written in Devanagari script bthe profile of the Lion Capital.elow {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI |website=mha.gov.in |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> He founded the [[Benaras Hindu University]] in 1919 and became its first Vice-Chancellor.<ref>Aparna Basu, The Growth of Education and Political Development in India, 1898–1920, Published by Oxford University Press, 1974</ref>

=== Keshav Baliram Hedgewar ===
[[File:Dr. Hedgevar.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[K. B. Hedgewar|Keshav Baliram Hedgewar]], the founding ''[[Sarsanghachalak]]'' (or "Supreme Executive"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India |date=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10335-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2buDDwdgIsC |language=en |page=39}}</ref>) of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]]]
Another leader of prime importance in the ascent of Hindu nationalism was [[K. B. Hedgewar|Keshav Baliram Hedgewar]] of [[Nagpur]]. Hedgewar as a medical student in Calcutta had been part of the revolutionary activities of the Hindu Mahasabha, Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar.<ref name="Chitkara 1997">Chitkara M G, Hindutva, Published by APH Publishing, 1997 {{ISBN|978-81-7024-798-2}}</ref> He was charged with sedition in 1921 by the British Administration and served a year in prison. He was briefly a member of the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Chitkara 1997" /> In 1925, he left the Congress to form the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) with the help of Hindu Mahasabha Leader [[B. S. Moonje]], Bapuji Soni, Gatate Ji etc., which would become the focal point of Hindu movements in Independent India.<ref name="Gopalakrishnan 2009">{{cite book |author=Shankar Gopalakrishnan |title=A Mass Movement Against Democracy: The Threat of the Sangh Parivar  |year=2009 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-89833-90-9 |page=21 |url=https://www.academia.edu/251462}}</ref> The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh started by him became one of the most prominent Hindu organisation with its influence ranging in the social and political spheres of India.

In 1930, when Mahatma Gandhi started [[Salt Satyagraha|Satyagraha]] movement against the British Government, Hedgewar participated in the movement in his capacity and did not let the RSS join the freedom movement officially.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhatt |first=C. |title=Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-00-018422-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTPpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |page=121}}</ref> The RSS portrayed itself as a social movement rather than a political party, and did not play a central role in any of the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="Nussbaum 2008">{{cite book |author=Martha Craven Nussbaum |title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WS_0saaC-jkC&pg=PA156 |year=2008 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03059-6 |pages=156–}}</ref><ref name="Chitkara 2004">{{cite book |author=M. G. Chitkara |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: National Upsurge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifuxzl9NM5sC&pg=PA251 |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-465-7 |pages=251–254}}</ref> However, the RSS emphatically rejected the Congress policy of cooperation with the Muslims.<ref name="Nussbaum 2008" /> Subsequently, in 1934, the Congress banned its members from joining RSS, Hindu Mahasabha or Muslim League.<ref name="Chitkara 2004" />

After the death of Hedgewar in 1940, [[M. S. Golwalkar]] became head of the organisation. RSS continued to avoid participation in anti-British activities, as Golwalkar did not want to give the British colonial administration any excuse to ban the RSS.<ref name="Noorani 2000">{{cite book |author=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani |title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT60 |year=2000 |publisher=LeftWord Books |isbn=978-81-87496-13-7}}</ref>{{rp|60}} After the Muslim League passed the [[Lahore Resolution]] demanding a separate Pakistan, the RSS campaigned for a Hindu nation, but stayed away from the independence struggle. When the British colonial government banned military drills and the use of uniforms in non-official organisations, Golwalkar terminated the RSS military department.<ref name="Noorani 2000" />{{rp|60}} RSS had played no role in the [[Quit India Movement]]<ref>{{cite book |title=A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha/page/131 131] |publisher=SAGE |url=https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha |url-access=registration |author1=Paranjoy Guha Thakurta |author2=Shankar Raghuraman}}</ref> nor the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny|naval revolt]].<ref name="Gopalakrishnan 2009" /><ref>RSS played an important role in anti-Muslim violence during the [[partition of India]] in 1947.</ref>

{{Clear}}

== Post-independence ==

{{See also|Partition of India}}

After the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]] by [[Nathuram Godse]], the Sangh Parivar was plunged into distress when the RSS was accused of involvement in his murder. Along with the conspirators and the assassin, [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] was also arrested. The court acquitted Savarkar, and the RSS was found be to completely unlinked with the conspirators.<ref name="Report 1970">Report of Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi, By India (Republic). Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi, Jeevan Lal Kapur, Published by Ministry of Home affairs, 1970, page 165</ref> The [[Hindu Mahasabha]], of which Godse was a member, lost membership and popularity. The effects of public outrage had a permanent effect on the Hindu Mahasabha.

=== Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ===
{{Main|Sangh Parivar}}
The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, which was started in 1925, had grown by the end of British rule in India.<ref name="Report 1970" /> In January 1948, [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated]] by [[Nathuram Godse]], a former member of the RSS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Dhirendra K. |date=1 January 2020 |title=Historical records expose the lie that Nathuram Godse left the RSS |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/historical-record-expose-lie-godse-left-rss |website=The Caravan}}</ref><ref>—{{cite book |last1=Karawan |first1=Ibrahim A. |last2=McCormack |first2=Wayne |last3=Reynolds |first3=Stephen E. |title=Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ol-63orWw68C&pg=PA87 |year=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-8660-1 |page=87}} —{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nathuram-godse-never-left-rss-says-his-family/articleshow/54159375.cms |title=Nathuram Godse never left RSS, says his family |first1=Vasudha |last1=Venugopal |date=8 September 2016 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> Following the assassination, many prominent leaders of the RSS were arrested, and the RSS as an organisation was banned on 4 February 1948 by the then Home Minister Patel. During the court proceedings in relation to the assassination Godse began claiming that he had left the organisation in 1946.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gerald James Larson |title=India's Agony Over Religion |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |year=1995 |page=132 |isbn=0-7914-2412-X}}</ref> The then Indian Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, Vallabhbhai Patel had remarked that the "RSS men expressed joy and distributed sweets after Gandhi's death".{{sfn|Singh|2015|p=82}}

The charged RSS leaders were acquitted of the conspiracy charge by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Following his release in August 1948, Golwalkar wrote to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to lift the ban on RSS. After Nehru replied that the matter was the responsibility of the Home Minister, Golwalkar consulted Vallabhai Patel regarding the same. Patel then demanded an absolute pre-condition that the RSS adopt a formal written constitution<ref>{{cite book |last1=Panicker |first1=P L John |title=Gandhian approach to communalism in contemporary India |page=100 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7178/9/09_chapter%202.pdf#page=79 |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> and make it public, where Patel expected RSS to pledge its loyalty to the [[Constitution of India]], accept the Tricolor as the [[National Flag]] of India, define the power of the head of the organisation, make the organisation democratic by holding internal elections, authorisation of their parents before enrolling the pre-adolescents into the movement, and to renounce violence and secrecy.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=88, 89}}{{sfn|Graham|2007 |p=14}}<ref name="Noorani 2000" />{{rp|28}}

Golwalkar launched an agitation against this demand during which he was imprisoned again. Later, a constitution was drafted for RSS, which, however, initially did not meet any of Patel's demands. After a failed attempt to agitate again, eventually the RSS's constitution was amended according to Patel's wishes except the procedure for selecting the head of the organisation and the enrolment of pre-adolescents. However, the organisation's internal democracy which was written into its constitution, remained a 'dead letter'.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=89}}

On 11 July 1949, the Government of India lifted the ban on the RSS by issuing a communique stating that the decision to lift the ban on the RSS had been taken in view of the RSS leader Golwalkar's undertaking to make the group's loyalty towards the Constitution of India and acceptance and respect towards the National Flag of India more explicit in the Constitution of the RSS, which was to be worked out in a democratically.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jean A. |last1=Curran |jstor=3023941 |title=The RSS: Militant Hinduism |journal=Far Eastern Survey |volume=19 |pages=93–98 |number=10 |date=17 May 1950 |doi=10.2307/3023941}}</ref><ref name="Noorani 2000" />{{rp|60}}

After the ban was revoked RSS resumed its activities.<ref name="Report 1970" /> The 1960s saw the volunteers of the RSS join the different social and political movements. Movements that saw a large presence of volunteers included the [[Bhoodan]], a land reform movement led by prominent Gandhian [[Vinoba Bhave]]<ref>Suresh Ramabhai, Vinoba and his mission, Published by Akhil Bharat Sarv Seva Sangh, 1954</ref> and the [[Sarvodaya]] led by another Gandhian [[Jayaprakash Narayan]].<ref>Martha Craven Nussbaum, The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future, Published by Harvard University Press, 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-674-02482-3}}</ref> RSS supported trade union, the [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]] and political party [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] also grew into considerable prominence by the end of the decade.

Another prominent development was the formation of the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), an organisation of Hindu religious leaders, supported by the RSS, to unite the various Hindu religious denominations and to usher a social reform. The first VHP meeting in Mumbai was attended among others by all the Shankaracharyas, Jain leaders, Sikh leader Master [[Tara Singh Malhotra]], the [[Dalai Lama]] and contemporary Hindu leaders like [[Swami Chinmayananda]]. From its initial years, the VHP led a concerted attack on the social evils of untouchability and casteism while launching social welfare programmes in the areas of education and health care, especially for the Scheduled Castes, backward classes, and the tribals.<ref name="Smith">Smith, David James, Hinduism and Modernity P189, Blackwell Publishing {{ISBN|0-631-20862-3}}</ref>

The organisations started and supported by the RSS volunteers came to be known collectively as the [[Sangh Parivar]]. The next few decades saw a steady growth of the influence of the Sangh Parivar in the social and political space of India.<ref name="Smith" />

=== Ayodhya dispute ===
{{Main|Ayodhya dispute}}
The [[Ayodhya dispute]] ({{langx|hi|अयोध्या विवाद}}) is a political, historical and socio-religious debate in [[India]], centred on a plot of land in the city of [[Ayodhya]], located in [[Ayodhya]] district, [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The main issues revolve around access to a site traditionally regarded as the birthplace of the [[Hindu]] deity [[Rama]], the history and location of the [[Babri Mosque]] at the site, and whether a previous Hindu temple was demolished or modified to create the mosque.

=== Sexual and gender minorities ===
Contrary to the lean of conservative parties in the western world, the BJP has been supported by sexual minorities such as women and transgenders
<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the BJP Wins Over Women |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/04/how-the-bjp-wins-over-women?lang=en&center=global |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=carnegieendowment.orgundefined |language=en}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ community shows strong support for PM Modi in Indian General Election – International {{!}} Daily Mirror |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/international/LGBTQ-community-shows-strong-support-for-PM-Modi-in-Indian-General-Election/107-284092 |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=Daily Mirror |location=Sri Lanka |language=English}}</ref> The party was influential in sponsoring a serious of agitations in support of women and protests against the rape and murder of a woman doctor, a movement that has been called "reclaim the night".<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=26 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor rape and murder: BJP announces series of protest programmes in West Bengal from August 28 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/kolkata-doctor-rape-and-murder-bjp-announces-series-of-protest-programmes-in-west-bengal-from-august-28/article68567652.ece |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=Today in Politics: Bengal BJP continues protests over Kolkata rape-murder |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/today-in-politics-bengal-bjp-continues-protests-kolkata-rape-murder-9538816/ |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra ==
{{Main|Hindutva}}
{{other uses|Hindu Rashtra (disambiguation){{!}}Hindu Rashtra}}

=== Sarkar ===
{{Main|Benoy Kumar Sarkar}}

Professor [[Benoy Kumar Sarkar]] coined the term Hindu Rastra. In his book named ''Building of Hindu Rastra'' (হিন্দু রাস্ট্রের গড়ন) presented the idea of structural of Hindu state and directives for the socio-economic and political system of the Hindu state. He is deemed the pioneer ideologue of Hindu Rashtra. Many people identify his philosophy as 'Sarkarism'.

His writings on this subject amounted to nearly 30,000 pages.<ref>Suhrita Saha, "Benoy Kumar Sarkar (1887–1949): A Tryst with Destiny" in ''Sociological Bulletin'', 62 (1), January–April 2013, p. 4</ref> A complete list of his publications is contained in Bandyopadhyay's book ''The Political Ideas of Benoy Kumar Sarkar''.<ref>Bandyopadhyay, B. (1984) ''The Political Ideas of Benoy Kumar Sarkar'' K. P. Bagchi, Calcutta, {{ISBN|0-8364-1336-9}}, {{OCLC|12419520}}</ref>
* 1914/1921 ''The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology''<ref>published in two parts, the first in 1914 and the later in 1921: Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1914) ''The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology'' (Part 1) Pânini Office, Allahabad, {{OCLC|2005865}}; and Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1914) ''The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology'' (Part 2, with appendices by Brajendranáth Seal) Sudhindra Natha Vasu, Allahabad, {{OCLC|48121776}}</ref>
* 1916 ''The beginning of Hindu culture as world-power (A.D. 300-600)''<ref>Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1916) ''The beginning of Hindu culture as world-power (A.D. 300-600)'' Commercial Press, Shanghai, {{OCLC|5732399}}</ref>
* 1916 ''Chinese Religion Through Hindu Eyes''<ref>Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1916) ''Chinese Religion Through Hindu Eyes: a study in the tendencies of Asiatic mentality'' Commercial Press, Shanghai, {{OCLC|82020}}</ref>
* 1918 ''Hindu achievements in exact science a study in the history of scientific development''<ref>Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1918) ''Hindu achievements in exact science a study in the history of scientific development'' Longmans, Green and Co., New York, {{OCLC|1193853}}</ref>
In 1919, he authored a study in the ''American Political Science Review'' presenting a "Hindu [[International relations theory|theory of international relations]]" which drew on thinkers such as Kautilya, Manu and Shookra, and the text of the Mahabharata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Benoy Kumar |year=1919 |title=Hindu Theory of International Relations |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400015926/type/journal_article |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=400–414 |doi=10.2307/1945958 |jstor=1945958 |s2cid=146956993 |issn=0003-0554 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Acharya 2019">{{Cite book |last1=Acharya |first1=Amitav |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/making-of-global-international-relations/FB7779C9914127CBDBE200481494BA7E |title=The Making of Global International Relations: Origins and Evolution of IR at its Centenary |last2=Buzan |first2=Barry |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48017-8 |pages=100–101 |doi=10.1017/9781108647670 |s2cid=159147042}}</ref> In 1921, he authored a ''Political Science Quarterly'' study presenting a "Hindu Theory of the State."<ref name="Acharya 2019" /> According to Barry Buzan and Amitav Acharya, Sarkar's works "may be the first major IR contributions by an Indian, and one of the first modern efforts to develop an indigenous Non-Western theory of IR."<ref name="Acharya 2019" />

=== Savarkar ===
{{Main|Vinayak Damodar Savarkar}}
[[File:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 1970 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|Veer Savarkar, formulator of the [[Hindutva]] philosophy, on a 1970 stamp of India|210x210px]]
Savarkar was one of the first in the twentieth century to attempt a definitive description of the term "Hindu" in terms of what he called ''Hindutva'' meaning Hinduness.<ref name="Savarkar">Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar: Hindutva, Bharati Sahitya Sadan, Delhi 1989 (1923).</ref> The coinage of the term "Hindutva" was an attempt by Savarkar who was non-religious and a rationalist{{according to whom|date=December 2024}}, to de-link it from any religious connotations that had become attached to it. He defined the word Hindu as: "He who considers India as both his Fatherland and Holyland". He thus defined Hindutva ("Hindu-ness") or Hindu as different from Hinduism.<ref name="Savarkar" />

This distinction was emphasised on the basis of territorial loyalty rather than on religious practices. In this book which was written in the backdrop of the [[Khilafat Movement]] and the subsequent [[Malabar rebellion]], Savarkar wrote "Their [Muslims' and Christians'] holy land is far off in Arabia or Palestine. Their mythology and Godmen, ideas and heroes are not the children of this soil. Consequently, their names and their outlook smack of foreign origin. Their love is divided".<ref name="Savarkar" />

Savarkar had made it clear that Hindutva is not the same thing as Hinduism and it does not concern religion or rituals but the basis of India’s national character.<ref name="The Telegraph" />

Savarkar also defined the concept of Hindu Rashtra ({{Translation|Hindu State}}). The concept of Hindu Polity called for the protection of Hindu people and their culture and emphasised that political and economic systems should be based on native thought rather than on the concepts borrowed from the West.

=== Mukherjee ===
{{Main|Syama Prasad Mukherjee}}
[[File:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 1978 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|Syama Prasad Mukherjee, who founded the Hindu nationalist [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], on a 1978 stamp of India]]
Mookerjee was the founder of the Nationalist [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] party, the precursor of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Mookerjee was firmly against Nehru's invitation to the Pakistani PM, and their joint pact to establish minority commissions and guarantee minority rights in both countries. He wanted to hold Pakistan directly responsible for the influx of millions of Hindu refugees from [[East Pakistan]], who had left the state fearing religious persecution and violence aided by the state.

After consultation with Golwalkar of RSS, Mookerjee founded Bharatiya Jana Sangh on 21 October 1951 at Delhi and he became the first President of it. The BJS was ideologically close to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and widely considered the political arm of [[Hindu Nationalism]]. It was opposed to appeasement of India's Muslims. The BJS also favored a [[Uniform civil code of India|uniform civil code]] governing personal law matters for both Hindus and Muslims, wanted to ban cow slaughter and end the special status given to the Muslim-majority state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The BJS founded the [[Hindutva]] agenda which became the wider political expression of India's Hindu majority.

Mookerjee opposed the [[Indian National Congress]]'s decision to grant [[Kashmir]] a special status with its own flag and Prime Minister. According to Congress's decision, no one, including the [[President of India]] could enter into [[Kashmir]] without the permission of Kashmir's [[Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir#Prime Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Prime Minister]]. In opposition to this decision, he entered Kashmir on 11 May 1953. Thereafter, he was arrested and jailed in a dilapidated house.<ref>{{cite book |title=The first prime minister of India By Y. G. Bhave |pages=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye3VUMLhaz8C&q=shyama+prasad+mukherjee+arrested+in+kashmir+by+nehru&pg=PA49 |isbn=978-81-7211-061-1 |last1=Bhave |first1=Y.G |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat}}</ref> Following medical complications, he was administered penicillin despite having informed the doctor-in-charge of his allergy to penicillin, and he died on 23 June 1953. Mookherjee's death later compelled Nehru to remove the Permit system, the post of ''Sadar-e-Riayasat'' and of Prime Minister of Jammu & Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/27guest-column-tarun-vijay-on-dynasty-and-the-varun-effect.htm |title=Family legacy and the Varun effect |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>

Though Mukherjee was not associated with RSS, he is widely revered by members and supporters of the RSS and the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]].

=== Golwalkar ===

[[Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar|M. S. Golwalkar]], the second head of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), was to further this non-religious, territorial loyalty based definition of "Hindu" in his book ''Bunch of Thoughts''. Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra would form the basis of Golwalkar's ideology and that of the RSS.

While emphasising [[religious pluralism]], Golwalkar believed that [[Abrahamic religions|Semitic monotheism]] and exclusivism were incompatible with and against the native Hindu culture. He wrote:

{{Blockquote|Those creeds (Islam and Christianity) have but one prophet, one scripture and one God, other than whom there is no path of salvation for the human soul. It requires no great intelligence to see the absurdity of such a proposition.}} He added:

{{Blockquote|As far as the national tradition of this land is concerned, it never considers that with a change in the method of worship, an individual ceases to be the son of the soil and should be treated as an alien. Here, in this land, there can be no objection to God being called by any name whatever. Ingrained in this soil is love and respect for all faiths and religious beliefs. He cannot be a son of this soil at all who is intolerant of other faiths.<ref name="Golwalkar">M.S. Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts, Sahitya Sindhu Prakashan.</ref>}}

He further would echo the views of Savarkar on territorial loyalty, but with a degree of inclusiveness, when he wrote "So, all that is expected of our Muslim and Christian co-citizens is the shedding of the notions of their being 'religious minorities' as also their foreign mental complexion and merging themselves in the common national stream of this soil."<ref name="Golwalkar" />

After the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, Golwalkar and Hindu Mahasabha's senior leaders such as Shyama Prasad Mukharji founded a new political party as Jan Sangh,<ref>''Shri Guruji Golwalkar'', p.115, Mahesh Sharma, 2006, {{ISBN|978-81-288-1245-3}}.</ref> many of Hindu Mahasabha members joined Jan Sangh.

=== Deendayal Upadhyaya ===
[[Deendayal Upadhyaya]], another RSS ideologue, presented [[Integral humanism (India)|Integral Humanism]] as the political philosophy of the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh in the form of four lectures delivered in [[Bombay]] on 22–25 April 1965 as an attempt to offer a third way, rejecting both communism and capitalism as the means for socio-economic emancipation.

=== Contemporary descriptions ===
The concept of "'Hindutva" continues to be espoused by organisations like the RSS and political parties like the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). But the definition does not have the same rigidity with respect to the concept of "holy land" laid down by Savarkar, and stresses on inclusivism and patriotism. BJP leader [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], in 1998, articulated the concept of "holy land" in Hindutva as follows: "Mecca can continue to be holy for the Muslims but India should be holier than the holy for them. You can go to a mosque and offer namaz, you can keep the [[Ramadan|''roza'']]. We have no problem. But if you have to choose between Mecca or Islam and India you must choose India. All the Muslims should have this feeling: we will live and die only for this country."<ref>The Nation, 24 January 1998.</ref>

In a 1995 landmark judgment, the [[Supreme Court of India]] observed that "Ordinarily, Hindutva is understood as a way of life or a state of mind and is not to be equated with or understood as religious [[Hindu fundamentalism]]. A Hindu may embrace a non-Hindu religion without ceasing to be a Hindu and since the Hindu is disposed to think synthetically and to regard other forms of worship, strange gods and divergent doctrines as inadequate rather than wrong or objectionable, he tends to believe that the highest divine powers complement each other for the well-being of the world and mankind."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsanalysisindia.com/supremcourt.htm |title=Supreme Court on Hindu Hindutva and Hinduism |last=Agrawal |first=Premendra |website=newsanalysisindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114064118/http://www.newsanalysisindia.com/supremcourt.htm |archive-date=14 November 2009}}</ref>

== Hindu Rashtra movements in Nepal ==
In 2008, Nepal was declared a [[secular state]] after the Maoist led [[Nepalese Civil War|1996–2006 Nepalese Civil War]] and the following [[2006 Nepalese revolution]] led to the abolition of [[monarchy of Nepal]]. Before becoming a [[secular republic]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]] was the world's only country to have [[Hinduism]] as its [[state religion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theindiapost.com/2009/10/28/why-monarchy-is-necessary-in-nepal/ |title=Why Monarchy is necessary in Nepal? |date=28 October 2009 |access-date=3 November 2009 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412081118/https://www.theindiapost.com/uncategorized/why-monarchy-is-necessary-in-nepal/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/news/?NewsID=1471 |date=18 January 2008 |author=George Conger |work=Religious Intelligence |title=Nepal moves to become a secular republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031409/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/news/?NewsID=1471 |archive-date=30 January 2009}}</ref> Thereafter, the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]] changed its constitution to support monarchy and the re-establishment of the Hindu state.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://rppn.org/about/about-rppn.html |title=राप्रपा नेपालः सुस्पष्ट बिचार र अलग पहिचान सहितको राजनैतिक दल |last=RPP |work=RPP |access-date=25 June 2017 |language=en-gb}}</ref> In December 2015, a pro-Hindu and a pro-monarchy protest was held at [[Kathmandu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/hundreds-of-hindu-protesters-clash-with-police-in-nepals-capital-demanding-hindu-state |title=Hundreds of Hindu protesters clash with police in Nepal's capital, demanding Hindu state |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=7 August 2015}}</ref> The chairperson of [[CPN-Maoist]] [[Prachanda]], claimed that Muslims were oppressed by the state and assured the Muslim crowd of Muslim Mukti Morcha to give special rights to Muslims in order to appease the community and garner Muslim support as his party faced losses in the [[Terai region]] during the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Once-Hindu-Nepal-to-give-Muslims-rights/articleshow/3216022.cms |title=Once Hindu Nepal to give Muslims rights – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 July 2008}}</ref> However, during the 2015 "Hindu Rashtra" campaigning in Nepal by the [[Rashtriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]], the [[Nepalese Muslims|Nepalese Muslim]] groups demanded Nepal to be a "Hindu Rashtra" (Hindu Nation) under which they claimed to "feel secure" compared to the secular constitution. Nepalese Muslim groups also opined that the increasing influences of [[Christianity in Nepal]] that promote conversion against all other faiths is a reason they want Nepal to have a Hindu state identity under which all religions are protected.<ref name="Muslims 2015">{{cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/muslims-demand-hindu-state/ |title=Muslims demand Hindu state |date=9 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/muslims-in-nepal-demand-a-hindu-state/articleshow/48456574.cms |title=Muslims in Nepal demand a Hindu state |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> Muslim leader Babu Khan Pathan who is the chairperson of the Muslim Rashtrawadi Manch [[Nepalgunj]] supported the Hindu Rashtra campaign and claimed that 80 percent Muslim citizens of [[Banke district]] supported the restoration of Hindu state. He gave the following clarification for the support of Hindu statehood in Nepal:

{{Blockquote|
Turning the country secular is nothing but a design to break the longstanding unity among Muslims and Hindus. So there is no alternative to reinstating the country’s old Hindu State identity in order to allow fellow citizens to live with religious tolerance. We don't need a secular identity, but want to see the country called Hindu State as this ensures safety and peace for all. We are Nepali Muslims and proud of it, because we have our unique culture of being the Muslims of this land. Everything was going well until we were ambushed by political parties’ sudden decision to declare the country secular, which is deplorable as it is clear that they acted at the behest of foreign agents.<ref name="Muslims 2015" /><ref name="The Economic Times" />}}

While announcing the party manifesto for the [[2017 Nepalese general election]], the pro Hindu [[Rashtriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]] chairperson [[Kamal Thapa]] stated that Hindu statehood is the only means of establishing national unity and stability. He stated that the secularisation of the state was done without the involvement of general public and thus, a referendum was due on the issue. Furthermore, chairperson Thapa argued that the conversion of Nepal into a secular republic was an organised attempt to weaken the national identity of Nepal and the religious conversions have seriously affected the indigenous and [[Dalit]] communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2017/11/08/rpp-firm-on-hindu-state-monarchy |title=RPP 'firm on Hindu state, monarchy'}}</ref> The [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]] has stated support for a Hindu state with [[religious freedom]] and registered an amendment proposal for such on 19 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2017 |title=RPP registers Constitution amendment proposal demanding Hindu state |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/rpp-registers-amendment-proposal-demanding-hindu-state/ |newspaper=The Himalayan Times |access-date=7 December 2017 |author1=Diwakar}}</ref>

On 30 November 2020, a pro-Hindu and a pro-monarchy protest was held at Kathmandu. Similar protests were held on other major cities like [[Pokhara]] and [[Butwal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/demonstration-held-in-favor-of-monarchy-in-kathmandu/ |title=Mass demonstration in Kathmandu in favor of restoration of monarchy in Nepal |date=8 August 2024}}</ref>

On 4 December 2020, mass protests were held at [[Maitighar]] that ended in [[Baneshwor, Kathmandu|Naya Baneshwor]] demanding the restoration of Hindu statehood with [[constitutional monarchy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2020/12/05/despite-district-administration-s-order-pro-monarchy-pro-hindu-forces-hold-rally-in-kathmandu |title=Despite district administration's order, pro-monarchy, pro-Hindu forces hold rally in Kathmandu}}</ref> The protestors carried the national flags and posters of the founding father of modern Nepal, King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], and chanted slogans supporting Hindu statehood. Protestors claimed the Hindu statehood is a means of national unity and well being of the people. This protest is considered one of the biggest pro-monarchy demonstrations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/mass-protest-in-kathmandu-demanding-restoration-of-constitutional-monarchy-in-nepal/ |title=Mass protest in Kathmandu demanding restoration of constitutional monarchy |date=8 August 2024}}</ref>

On 11 January 2021, mass protests were held at [[Kathmandu]] demanding the restoration of Hindu statehood with monarchy. Police baton charged at the protestors around the [[Singha Durbar|Prime Minister's Office]] resulting in protestors responding with stones and sticks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/thousands-in-nepal-demand-return-of-centuriesold-monarchy-protesters-khadga-prasad-oli-monarchy-monarchy-riot-police-b1785354.html |title=Thousands in Nepal demand return of centuries-old monarchy |website=[[The Independent]] |date=11 January 2021}}</ref> In August 2021, similar protests led by former Nepal Army General Rookmangud Katawal were also observed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Means |first=Other |title=In Nepal, Calls Grow for the Restoration of a Hindu State |website=The Diplomat – The Diplomat is a current-affairs magazine for the Asia-Pacific, with news and analysis on politics, security, business, technology and life across the region. |date=9 December 2021 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/growing-calls-for-restoring-hindu-state-in-nepal/}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics|Conservatism|India}}

* [[Akhand Bharat]]
* [[Ethnic relations in India]]
* [[Hinduism in India]]
* [[History of India (1947–present)]]
* [[Indocentrism]]
* [[List of Hindu nationalist political parties]]
* [[List of Hindu organisations]]
* [[Religion in India]]
* [[Religious violence in India]]
* [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Saffron terror]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Books ==
* {{citation |last=Pradhan |first=Kumar L. |title=Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8069-813-2 |location=New Delhi |pages=278 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Skinner |first1=Debra |last2=Pach III |first2=Alfred |last3=Holland |first3=Dorothy |title=Selves in Time and Place: Identities, Experience, and History in Nepal |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8476-8599-8}}
* {{Cite book |title=Muktinath: Himalayan pilgrimage, a cultural & historical guide |last1=Messerschmidt |first1=Donald Alan |year=1992 |publisher=Sahayogi Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwBHAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |author=Dharam Vir |title=Education and Polity in Nepal: An Asian Experiment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEHODCDK-8kC&pg=PA56 |year=1988 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-85119-39-7}}
* {{Citation |last=Borgström |first=Bengt-Erik |title=The patron and the panca: village values and pancayat democracy in Nepal |publisher=Vikas House |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-7069-0997-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxY1AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Citation |last=Stone |first=Linda |title=Illness Beliefs and Feeding the Dead in Hindu Nepal: An Ethnographic Analysis |publisher=E. Mellen |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88946-060-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7jfAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation |last=Kara |first=Siddharth |title=Bonded Labor: Tackling the System of Slavery in South Asia |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-52801-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DLTnRNgVHIC}}
* {{citation |last=Graham |first=Bruce Desmond |title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh |date=3 December 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-05374-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Neerja |title=Patel, Prasad and Rajaji: Myth of the Indian Right |date=28 July 2015 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-93-5150-266-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl-JCwAAQBAJ}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* Snow, David A. et al. eds. (2026) ''Contemporary Social Movements: Historical and Descriptive Accounts'' (Wiley, 2026) pp.225–230. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781394300365.ch32 online]

* {{cite book |author=Bharat Prakashan |author-link= |title=Shri Guruji: The Man and His Mission, On the Occasion of His 51st Birthday |publisher=Bharat Prakashan |location=Delhi |year=1955 |oclc=24593952}}
* {{citation |last=Graham |first=B. D. |chapter=Syama Prasad Mookerjee and the communalist alternative |editor=D. A. Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |publisher=University of California Press |year=1968 |asin=B0000CO7K5}}
* {{cite book |first=Des Raj |last=Goyal |author-link=Des Raj Goyal |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh |publisher=Radha Krishna Prakashan |location=Delhi |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-8364-0566-8}}
* {{citation |last=King |first=Richard |year=2002 |title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East" |publisher=Routledge}}
* Bacchetta, Paola."Gendered Fractures in Hindu Nationalism: On the Subject-Members of the Rashtra Sevika Samiti."In The Oxford India Hinduism: A Reader, edited by [[Vasudha Dalmia]] and [[Heinrich von Stietencron]], 373–395. London and Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006.
* Bacchetta, Paola. Gender in the Hindu Nation: RSS Women as Ideologues. New Delhi: Women Unlimited, 2004.
* Walter K. Andersen. 'Bharatiya Janata Party: Searching for the Hindu Nationalist Face', In The New Politics of the Right: Neo–Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies, ed. Hans–Georg Betz and Stefan Immerfall (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), pp. 219–232. ({{ISBN|0-312-21134-1}} or {{ISBN|0-312-21338-7}})
* Partha Banerjee, In the Belly of the Beast: The Hindu Supremacist RSS and BJP of India (Delhi: Ajanta, 1998). {{OCLC|43318775}}
* {{cite book |last=Blank |first=Jonah |author-link=Jonah Blank |title=Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God |year=1992 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=978-0-395-56267-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/arrowofblueskinn00blan |url-access=registration}}
* [[Ainslie T. Embree]], 'The Function of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: To Define the Hindu Nation', in Accounting for Fundamentalisms, The Fundamentalism Project 4, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 617–652. ({{ISBN|0-226-50885-4}})
* {{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi |title=Patel: A Life |year=1991 |publisher=Navajivan Publishing House |url=https://archive.org/details/patellife00rajm}}
* {{cite book |last=Savarkar |first=Vinayak Damodar |author-link=Vinayak Damodar Savarkar |title=Hindutva |year=1923 |publisher=Bharati Sahitya Sadan |location=Delhi, India}}
* Wojczewski, Thorsten. 2020. "[https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz007 Populism, Hindu Nationalism, and Foreign Policy in India: The Politics of Representing “the People”]." ''International Studies Review'' 22.3 (2020): 396–422. {{doi|10.1093/isr/viz007}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books.html |title=Voice of Dharma}}
* {{cite web |url=https://indiafacts.org/views-hindu-contemporary-activism/?singlepage=1 |title=Hindu contemporary activism |website=Indiafacts |date=20 February 2015}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/245998 |title=Hindu Nation: The Undisputed Legacy of Every Indian |last=Damodharan |first=Dipin |date=1 August 2011 |work=American Chronicle |access-date=28 August 2011 |archive-date=17 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117023950/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/245998 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |first=Balbir K |last=Punj |url=http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/hindu_rashtra.htm |title=Hindu Rashtra |journal=South Asian Journal |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=20 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820133700/http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/hindu_rashtra.htm |url-status=usurped}}

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Abhiramachandra

2026-03-25T23:02:48Z

AbbieLongoria3: starting a page

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Abhiramachandra
| image = Abhiramachandra.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Nagendra Ganiga
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = Ratha Kiran [[Siddu Moolimani]] Natya Ranga
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sandeep Valluri Keertan Poojary
| editing = Suresh Arumugam
| music = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| studio = AGS Productions
| distributor = [[Ravi Basrur|Ravi Basrur Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|10|6|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Abhiramachandra''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] directed by Nagendra Ganiga and starring Ratha Kiran, [[Siddu Moolimani]] and Natya Ranga in the titular roles.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Ratha Kiran as Abhi
*[[Siddu Moolimani]] as Rama
*Natya Ranga as Chandra
*Shivani Rai
*[[S. Narayan]] as Doctor
*[[Prakash Thuminad]]
*Sundar Veena
*[[Veena Sundar]]
}}

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Ravi Basrur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Yaro Yaro (From "ABHIRAMACHANDRA") |url=https://gaana.com/album/yaro-yaro-from-abhiramachandra |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Soul Of Abhi (From "ABHIRAMACHANDRA") |url=https://gaana.com/album/soul-of-abhi-from-abhiramachandra |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=16 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Onti Payaniga (From "ABHIRAMACHANDRA") |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/onti-payaniga-from-abhiramachandra-single/1705727375 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en |date=4 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oh My God Devare (From "ABHIRAMACHANDRA") |url=https://gaana.com/album/oh-my-god-devare-from-abiramachandra |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=7 June 2023}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yaro Yaro
| length1 = 4:30
| lyrics1 = Kinnal Raj
| extra1 = Pancham Jeeva
| title2 = Soul of Abhi
| length2 = 1:18
| lyrics2 = [[Simple Suni]]
| extra2 = [[Santhosh Venky]]
| title3 = Onti Payaniga
| length3 = 3:41
| lyrics3 = Santhosh Venky
| extra3 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| title4 = Oh My God Devare
| length4 = 2:56
| lyrics4 = Nagendra Ganiga
| extra4 = Nagendra Ganiga
| total_length = 12:25
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "''Abhi Rama Chandra'' is a heartwarming and relatable cinematic experience that beautifully captures the essence of love, friendship, and life’s unexpected twists".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Oct/07/abhi-ramachandra-movie-review-a-nostalgicode-to-childhoodcrushes-andenduring-friendship-2621487.html|title=Abhi Rama Chandra' movie review: A nostalgic ode to childhood crushes and enduring friendship|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=7 October 2023|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "''Abhiramachandra'' is a delightful watch for those searching for a romantic comedy with unexpected twists".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/abhiramachandra-movie-review-romantic-comedy/articleshow/104223913.cms|title=Abhiramachandra Movie Review: Romantic comedy|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> A critic from ''The South First'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "Highly recommended to only those who are still curious as to how a four-lane love story can be embedded with such coincidences".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/abhiramachandra-movie-review/|title=Abhiramachandra review: An unimaginable triangular love story|first=Shashiprasad S.|last=M|date=October 5, 2023|work=The South First}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|29420709}}

[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

T. C. Narayanan Nambiar

2026-03-25T19:08:23Z

AbbieLongoria3: Added new post!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. C. Narayanan Nambiar
| birth_date = 1 July 1914
| death_date = {{death date and age|1995|06|26|1914|07|01|df=y}}
| office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Irikkur Assembly constituency|Irikkur]]
| term_start = 1957
| predecessor =
| term_end =
| successor =
}}

'''T. C. Narayanan Nambiar''' (1 July 1914 – 26 June 1995) was an Indian politician. He represented [[Irikkur Assembly constituency]] in the first and second [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m470.htm|access-date=2022-12-01|website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>

==Life==
Nambiar joined the Congress in 1930 and had participated in farmers' struggles. He has served several prison terms. Later he became a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party]]. Nambiar represented Communist Party of India and came to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mūssatȧ|first=Si Ke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xY4YAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF.+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BB+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC|title=കേളപ്പൻ എന്ന മഹാമനുഷ്യൻ: ജീവചരിത്രം|date=1982|publisher=Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ|language=ml}}</ref> He was also a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1952.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Assembly|first=Kerala (India) Legislative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoUeAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF.+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BB+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC|title=Proceedings; Official Report|date=1964|language=ml}}</ref> He was a member of several committees. He served as the chairman of Estimates Committee from 1957 to 1960, chairman of Public Accounts Committee from 1960 to 1963. He was the Chief Whip of CPI in Madras Assembly and served as a member of Kerala University Senate. Narayanan Nambiar has worked as an editor for the publication Keraladayam.<ref name="auto"/> In 1957, he won from the Irikkur constituency in the first Kerala Assembly. He was also elected into the second Kerala Legislative assembly. Nambiar died on 26 June 1995 due to age related issues.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mūssatȧ|first=Si Ke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F826AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF.+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BB+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC|title=Mahākavi Vaḷḷattōḷ: jīvacaritṟaṃ|date=1989|publisher=Department of Cultural Publications, Government of Kerala|language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

India–Israel relations

2026-03-24T08:51:04Z

AbbieLongoria3: improved article after review and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Bilateral relations between India and Israel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2021}}
{{infobox bilateral relations|India–Israel|India|Israel|filetype=svg
|mission1= Embassy of India, Tel Aviv
|mission2= [[Embassy of Israel, New Delhi]]
|envoytitle1= Ambassador
|envoy1= [[J. P. Singh]]
|envoytitle2= Ambassador
|envoy2= [[Reuven Azar]]
}}
[[India]] and [[Israel]] maintain a close and multifaceted [[Bilateralism|bilateral]] relationship, underpinned by strategic interests, and a history of cooperation across various sectors. Over the years, Israel has emerged as one of India's key partners in areas such as defense, agriculture, science and technology, and counter-terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeevi |first=Dan |date=12 February 2023 |title=30 Years of India-Israel Defense Relations - Defense Update |url=https://defense-update.com/20230212_0india-israel-defense-relations.html |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> The partnership is characterized by high-level political engagement, increasing economic ties, and collaboration in innovation and security, reflecting a steady deepening of ties between the two countries.

Since the 1990s, the Republic of India and the State of Israel have had a comprehensive economic, military, and political relationship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pfeffer |first=Anshel |date=1 December 2008 |title=Israel-India Relations Strong, but Low-key |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-india-relations-strong-but-low-key-1.258562 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Harel |first=Amos |date=18 February 2015 |title=Israel-India Strategic Ties Are No Longer a Secret |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.643024 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> In 1947, India voted against the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]], but nonetheless [[International recognition of Israel|recognized Israeli sovereignty]] in 1950. Israel opened a consulate in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in 1953. Collaboration gradually increased as Israel became a key Indian ally amidst the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|India–Pakistan conflict]]; Israel supplied India with armaments, ammunition, and intelligence during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and the [[Kargil War|Indo-Pakistani War of 1999]]. Full diplomatic relations were established in 1992, when India opened an embassy in [[Tel Aviv]] and Israel opened an embassy in New Delhi. Both countries are members of the [[I2U2 Group]], formed in October 2021,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |date=14 July 2022 |title=What is the I2U2? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/14/world/middleeast/i2u2-india-israel-uae-us.html |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> and have stated that they have a strong bilateral relationship, sharing similarities in spirit and facing common challenges, increasingly cooperating in the industrial and technological sectors.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sultan |first=Abir |date=5 July 2017 |title=India and Israel, Great Again |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/india-and-israel-great-again |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet]]}}</ref>

By 2019, India was Israel's third-largest Asian trade partner and tenth-largest overall trade partner – bilateral trade, excluding military sales, stood at around {{Currency|6.3 billion|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Tel Aviv, Israel |url=https://www.indembassy.co.il/pages.php?id=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714020145/https://www.indembassy.co.il/pages.php?id=14 |archive-date=14 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=indembassy.co.il}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, both countries are negotiating an extensive bilateral free-trade agreement, focusing on areas such as information technology, biotechnology, and agriculture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parashar |first=Sachin |date=2 February 2015 |title=India, Israel to restart free trade agreement talks |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-Israel-to-restart-free-trade-agreement-talks/articleshow/46088647.cms |access-date=5 July 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Nayanima |date=12 February 2015 |title=India, Israel FTA not likely to be signed soon |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-israel-fta-not-likely-to-be-signed-soon-115021100249_1.html |access-date=5 July 2017 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, India is Israel's largest client for military equipment sales, and Israel is India's second-largest supplier of military equipment after [[Russia]];<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilkes |first=Tommy |date=18 February 2015 |title=Israeli defense minister lands at India airshow to boost arms sales |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-airshow-india-israel-idUSKBN0LM0WL20150218 |access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref> approximately 42.1% of all Israeli arms exports are received by India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Essa |first=Azad |date=31 May 2022 |title=India and Israel: The arms trade in charts and numbers |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/india-israel-arms-trade-numbers |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=[[Middle East Eye]]}}</ref> Between the [[1999 Kargil conflict]] and 2010, India has spent $9 billion on defense purchases from Israel.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2010 |title=India to hold wide-ranging strategic talks with US, Israel |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-hold-wide-ranging-strategic-talks-with-US-Israel/articleshow/5474033.cms?referral=PM |access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref> By 2022, Israel has spent $3.2 billion on [[crude oil]] and [[diamonds]] from India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India (IND) and Israel (ISR) Trade |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/ind/partner/isr?measureBilateralTradeSelector=vizValueOption1&compareExports0=comparisonOption3&dynamicBilateralTradeSelector=year2022 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en}}</ref> Their strategic ties extend to joint military training as well as intelligence-sharing on the activity of various terrorist groups.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boudreaux |first=Richard |date=29 November 2008 |title=Israel has 'no doubt' citizens were targeted |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-nov-29-fg-indiaisrael29-story.html |access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="ATON" /> Israel provided [[humanitarian aid]] to India after the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]].<ref>[https://www.adrc.asia/publications/recovery_reports/pdf/Gujarat.pdf THE GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE 2001], [[Asian Disaster Reduction Center]]</ref> Since the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]], India has reportedly been providing significant military assistance to Israel. One key area of support has been the provision of [[Elbit Hermes 900|Hermes 900 drones]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eichner |first=Itamar |date=22 June 2024 |title=Support and drones supplies: India's close relations with Israel |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r163354la |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=Ynetnews |language=en}}</ref> With increased [[2024 Iran–Israel conflict|tension between Iran and Israel in 2024]], there has been a geopolitical shift by India away from Iran and towards Israel.<ref name="thediplomat.com">{{Cite web |title=The Coming Drift in India-Iran Relations |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/10/the-coming-drift-in-india-iran-relations/ |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=How PM Modi is realising RSS idea of India-Israel friendship |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-pm-modi-is-realising-rss-idea-of-india-israel-friendship-2450209-2023-10-17 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Israel is represented in India through an embassy in New Delhi as well as consulates in [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]]. India is represented in Israel through an embassy in [[Tel Aviv]]; the Indian government does not currently recognize [[Jerusalem]] as Israel's capital city (see [[status of Jerusalem]]). In 2009, an international study on the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] revealed that around 58 percent of Indian respondents sympathized with Israel—the most positive opinion of any country surveyed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eichner |first=Itamar |date=4 March 2009 |title=From India with love |work=[[Ynet|Ynet News]] |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3696887,00.html |access-date=5 July 2017 |quote=58% of Indian respondents showed sympathy to the [[Jewish State]]. The [[United States]] came in second, with 56% of American respondents sympathizing with [[Israel]]. Other countries that showed significant sympathy to Israel included [[Russia]] (52%) [[Mexico]] (52%) and [[China]] (50%). At the bottom of the list, the study ranked [[United Kingdom|Britain]] (34%) [[France]] (27%) and [[Spain]] (23%) as the least sympathetic countries towards Israel.}}</ref> In 2023, a survey revealed that Israelis hold the most favorable views of India among all countries surveyed. According to the data, 71% of Israeli respondents expressed a favorable opinion of [[India]], while 20% held unfavorable views and 9% did not express an opinion.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Samuels |first1=Ben |title=Israel Views India More Favorably Than Any Country in the World, Survey Finds|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-29/ty-article/israelis-hold-the-highest-favorability-of-india-in-the-world-survey-finds/0000018a-41f0-d58d-abda-cdfc811c0000}}</ref>

==History==
===Ancient relations===
{{See also|Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley#Indian tributes}}
Excavation at [[Tel Megiddo]] shows evidence of Indo-Mediterranean trade relations from mid second millennium BCE between south Asia and southern Levant based on the presence of turmeric, banana, sesame, all originating from south Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=Ashley|last2=Power|first2=Robert C.|last3=Altmann-Wendling|first3=Victoria|last4=Artzy|first4=Michal|last5=Martin|first5=Mario A. S.|last6=Eisenmann|first6=Stefanie|last7=Hagan|first7=Richard|last8=Salazar-García|first8=Domingo C.|last9=Salmon|first9=Yossi|last10=Yegorov|first10=Dmitry|last11=Milevski|first11=Ianir|date=12 January 2021|title=Exotic foods reveal contact between South Asia and the Near East during the second millennium BCE|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=118|issue=2|article-number=e2014956117|doi=10.1073/pnas.2014956117|issn=0027-8424|pmid=33419922|pmc=7812755|bibcode=2021PNAS..11814956S |hdl=10550/76877|hdl-access=free|doi-access=free }}</ref> Geographical analysis suggests that the [[Old Testament]] may be talking about India, where the trade of animals such as monkeys and peacocks existed.<ref>{{cite book|title = Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism|author = Hananya Goodman|page = 28|isbn = 978-0-7914-1715-7|publisher = SUNY Press|year = 1994}}</ref> According to [[Chaim Menachem Rabin]], the connection between ancient Israel and the Indian subcontinent was recorded during the reign of King Solomon (10th century BCE) in I Kings 10.22.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Bible in Basic English|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1956|page=349}}</ref> Ancient trade and cultural communication between India and the Levant is documented in the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] and the accounts surrounding [[Queen of Sheba]] in the Hebrew Bible. Jews who have settled in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], trace their origin back to the time of King Solomon and are called [[Cochin Jews]]. Later on, [[Paradesi Jews]] migrated to Kochi, Kerala, during the 15th and 16th centuries following the expulsion of Jews from [[Spain]].

Trade relations can be traced back to 1,000 BCE and earlier to the time of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] of the Indian subcontinent and the Babylonian culture of Middle East. A Buddhist story describes Indian merchants visiting ''Baveru'' (Babylonia)<ref>{{cite book|title = The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Inter-Religious Dialogue|author=Catherine Cornille|page=417|publisher=Wiley}}</ref> and selling peacocks for public display. Similar, earlier accounts describe monkeys exhibited to the public.<ref>{{cite book|title = Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism|author = Hananya Goodman|page = 25|isbn = 978-0-7914-1715-7|publisher = SUNY Press|year = 1994}}</ref> Trade connections between India and Palestine and Mediterranean Jewish communities continued, and later, the languages of these cultures started to share linguistic similarities.<ref>{{cite book|title = Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism|author = Hananya Goodman|pages = 25–30|isbn = 978-0-7914-1715-7|publisher = SUNY Press|year = 1994}}</ref>

Judea played a minor role in trade between the [[Roman Empire]] and India during the period of Roman rule in Judea. It is known that there were expensive garments in the Temple in Jerusalem imported from India via [[Alexandria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://faculty.biu.ac.il/~barilm/articles/publications/publications0096.html|title=פרופ' מאיר בר-אילן: Major trends in Jewish Society in the Land of Israel: From the 5th century BCE till the 7th century CE|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521032942/https://faculty.biu.ac.il/~barilm/articles/publications/publications0096.html}}</ref>

===Non-recognition period (1948–1950)===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with Albert Einstein at Princeton, New Jersey.jpg|right|thumb|[[Albert Einstein]] with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in Princeton, New Jersey in 1949]]

[[Hermann Kallenbach]] (1 March 1871 {{Endash}} 25 March 1945) was a Lithuanian-born Jewish South African [[architect]] who was one of the foremost friends and associates of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Kallenbach was introduced to the young Mohandas Gandhi while they were both working in [[South Africa]] and, after a series of discussions, they developed a long-lasting association.
As a Zionist
edit
Kallenbach planned to accompany Gandhi to India in 1914, but with the outbreak of World War I, he was interned as an enemy alien at detention camps and shifted to the Isle of Man as a prisoner of war from 1915 until 1917. After the war he returned to South Africa, where he resumed his work as an architect and continued to correspond with Gandhi. The rise of [[Nazism]] and [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler's]] [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|propaganda]] shocked Kallenbach into a rediscovery of his Jewish roots. He became a [[Zionism|Zionist]] and served on the Executive Board of the South African Zionist Federation and planned to settle in Palestine ("Ereẓ Israel" in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]). He wanted society there to involve no state, military, or industry, in order to avoid colonialism through Zionist settlements. At the request of [[Moshe Sharett|Moshe Shertok]] (Sharett), Kallenbach visited Gandhi in May 1937 to enlist his sympathy and support for Zionism. The architect once again became a simple man, participating in all the activities of Gandhi's ashram life. Kallenbach wrote, "I join the whole programme. ... It is 'almost' as the old joint life, as if the 23 years, with all the events that affected millions of people, had disappeared." Kallenbach disagreed with Gandhi over Zionism and the need to violently resist Hitler. Nevertheless, Kallenbach continued his deep friendship with Gandhi, visiting him again in 1939

India's position on the establishment of the State of Israel was affected by many factors, including India's own [[Partition of India|partition]] on religious lines, and India's relationship with other nations.<ref name="INIS">{{cite journal |last=Kumaraswamy |first=P. R.|date=January 1995 |title=India's Recognition of Israel, September 1950 |jstor=4283702 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis, Ltd.]] |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=124–138 |doi=10.1080/00263209508701044}}</ref> Indian independence leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]] believed the Jews had a good case and a prior claim for Israel,<ref name="GH">{{cite journal |last=Panter-Brick |first=Simone |date=5 January 2009 |title=Gandhi's Views on the Resolution of the Conflict in Palestine: A Note |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=127–133 |doi=10.1080/00263200802547719 |s2cid=143820059 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fischer |first=Louis |date=1 December 2006 |title=Mahatma Gandhi/His Life & Times |url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/mg_hislifeandtimes.pdf |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |page=479 |isbn=978-81-7276-306-0 |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael |date=Winter 2011 |title=India's Israel Policy (review) |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mej/summary/v065/65.1.bishku.html |journal=Middle East Journal |publisher=[[Middle East Institute]] |volume=65 |issue=1 |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> but opposed the creation of Israel on religious<ref name="GH" /><ref name="H1">{{cite journal |last=Mohandas |first=Gandhi |date=26 November 1938 |title=The Jews |url=https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/datalink/files/ghp_journals/journal_image_4/harijan_en_vol6_img352.jpg |journal=[[Harijan#Harijan: Mohandas Gandhi's publication|Harijan]] |volume=6 |issue=42 |access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref> or [[Creation of Israel|mandated]] terms.<ref name="GH" /><ref name="H1" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mohandas |first=Gandhi |date=21 July 1946 |title=Jews and Palestine |url=https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/datalink/files/ghp_journals/journal_image_4/harijan_en_vol10_img229.jpg |journal=[[Harijan#Harijan: Mohandas Gandhi's publication|Harijan]] |volume=10 |issue=24 |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> Gandhi believed that the Arabs were the "rightful occupants" of Palestine, and was of the view that the Jews should return to their countries of origin.<ref name="Nissim">{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/gandhi-was-not-a-zionist-606236|title=Gandhi was not a Zionist|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=29 October 2019|access-date=26 November 2020|first=Nissim|last=Moses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122051644/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/gandhi-was-not-a-zionist-606236|archive-date=22 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Albert Einstein]] wrote a four-page letter to [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 13 June 1947, to persuade India to support the setting up of a Jewish state. Nehru, however, couldn't accept Einstein's request, and explained his dilemma stating that national leaders "have to unfortunately pursue policies that are essentially selfish".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/16/israel.india|title=Einstein's other theory|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=16 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/pm-narendra-modi-visit-to-israel-india-dilemma-jawaharlal-nehru-albert-einstein/747998/|title=Narendra Modi ends India's Israel dilemma, 70 years after Einstein urged Nehru to support Jewish cause|date=4 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/albert-einstein-connections-with-india-gandhi-nehru-and-tagore#read-more|title=From Gandhi to Tagore, A Look at Einstein's 'Desi' Connections|date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/commentary/2020/jul/29/what-einstein-told-nehru/2141804291208b69cf12e79acd7ec69b|title=What Einstein told Nehru|work=Rediff.com}}</ref> India voted against the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|partitioning of Palestine]] plan of 1947<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=H435119K32R51.2675&profile=voting&uri=full=3100023~!909562~!1&ri=1&aspect=power&menu=search&source=~!horizon |title=Future government of Palestine: resolution / adopted by the General Assembly |publisher=UN Bibliographic Information System |date=29 November 1947 |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117191040/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=H435119K32R51.2675&profile=voting&uri=full=3100023~!909562~!1&ri=1&aspect=power&menu=search&source=~!horizon |archive-date=17 January 2016 }}</ref> and voted against [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273|Israel's admission to the United Nations]] in 1949.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=108V0691N26Y9.82&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&profile=voting&ri=&index=.VM&term=A/RES/273%28III%29 |title=Admission of Israel to membership in the United Nations: resolution / adopted by the General Assembly |publisher=UN Bibliographic Information System |date=5 May 1949 |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117191040/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=108V0691N26Y9.82&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&profile=voting&ri=&index=.VM&term=A%2FRES%2F273%28III%29 |archive-date=17 January 2016 }}</ref>

Various proponents of [[Hindutva]] supported or sympathised with the creation of Israel. [[Hindu Mahasabha]] leader [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Veer Savarkar]] supported the creation of Israel on both moral and political grounds, and condemned and deplored India's vote at the UN against Israel.<ref name="RPaper1">{{cite web |last=Abhyankar |first=Rajendra |date=March 2012 |title=The Evolution and Future of India-Israel Relations |url=http://132.66.16.6/humanities/abraham/india-israel.pdf |publisher=The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033023/http://132.66.16.6/humanities/abraham/india-israel.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Savarkar1">{{cite book |editor1-last=Savarkar |editor1-first=S.S. |editor2-last=Joshi |editor2-first=G.M. |date=28 May 1967 |title=Historic Statements by Savarkar |url=http://www.savarkar.org/content/pdfs/en/historic_statements_by_savarkar.v001.pdf |publisher=G.P. Parchure |pages=135–136}}</ref> [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] leader [[Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar]] admired [[Zionism|Jewish nationalism]] and believed [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] was the natural territory of the Jewish people, essential to their [[Homeland for the Jewish people|aspiration for nationhood]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jaffrelot |editor1-first=Christophe |date=2007 |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic1196744.files/Savarkar%20and%20Golwakar%20excerpts.pdf |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |page=108 |isbn=978-0-691-13098-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Elst |first=Koenraad |date=18 February 2015 |title=Return of the Swastika: Hate and Hysteria versus Hindu Sanity |publisher=[[Voice of India]] |page=204 |isbn=978-81-85990-79-8}}</ref>

===Informal recognition (1950–1991)===
On 17 September 1950, India officially recognised the State of Israel.<ref name="INIS" /> Indian [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] stated, "We would have [recognised Israel] long ago, because Israel is a fact. We refrained because of our desire not to offend the sentiments of our friends in the Arab countries."<ref name="INIS" /> In 1953, Israel was permitted to open a consulate in Bombay (now Mumbai).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm|title=RAW & Mossad: The Secret Link|work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

[[File:J P Narayan.JPG|thumb|right|[[Jayaprakash Narayan]] meeting [[David Ben-Gurion]], 1958]]

During the [[Six-Day War]] India took a pro-Arab stance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abandi |first1=Jacob |title=Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia Garrison State Diplomacy |date=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=273}}</ref> Israel supported India during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/israel-secretly-provided-arms-to-india-in-1971-book/articleshow/25068719.cms|title=Israel secretly provided arms to India in 1971: Book |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=November 2013 }}</ref> Israeli arms manufacturer [[Shlomo Zabludowicz]] provided India and the Bengali nationalist organization [[Mukti Bahini]] with [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], ammunition and instructors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary |author-link=Gary J. Bass |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/212279/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass/ |title=The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-307-70020-9 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627195707/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/212279/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass/ |archive-date=27 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>India's opposition to official diplomatic relations stemmed from domestic and foreign considerations. Domestically, politicians in India feared losing the Muslim vote if relations were normalised with Israel.<ref name="NJA">{{cite book |last1=Aafreedi |first1=Navras |chapter=The Impact of Domestic Politics on India's Attitudes towards Israel and Jews |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260115227 |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Priya |editor2-first=Bhattacharya |editor2-last=Susmita |date=2012 |title=Perspectives on West Asia: The Evolving Geopolitical Discourses |publisher=Shipra Publications |pages=171–183 |isbn=978-81-7541-637-6}}</ref><ref name="DEF1">{{cite journal |last=Naaz |first=Farah |year=2000 |title=Indo-Israel military cooperation |journal=Strategic Analysis |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=969–985 |doi=10.1080/09700160008455261 |s2cid=154177438 }}</ref>

Additionally, India did not want to jeopardise its citizens working in [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf]], who were helping India maintain its [[Foreign exchange reserves of India|foreign-exchange reserves]].<ref name="NJA" /><ref name="rubin1">{{cite journal |last=Pant |first=Harsh V. |date=December 2004 |title=India-Israel Partnership: Convergence and Constraints |url=http://www.rubincenter.org/meria/2004/12/pant.pdf |journal=[[Middle East Review of International Affairs]] |publisher=Rubin Center for Research in International Affairs |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=60–73 |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117131304/http://www.rubincenter.org/meria/2004/12/pant.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref> India's domestic need for energy was another reason, in order to safeguard the flow of oil from Arab nations.<ref name="NJA" /><ref name="rubin1" /> India's foreign policy goals and alliances also proved problematic to formal relations with Israel, including India's support for the pro-[[Palestine Liberation Organization]] [[Non-Aligned Movement]], India's tilt towards the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Cold War]], and India's desire to counter Pakistan's influence with the Arab states.<ref name="rubin1" /> On an ideological level, the dominant political party in India during this era, namely the [[Indian National Congress]], opposed Israel due to their perception that it was a state based on religion, analogous to Pakistan.<ref name="rubin1" />

Although there was no formal relationship for several decades, meetings and cooperation took place between both countries, including figures such as [[Moshe Dayan]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The kaoboys of R & AW: down memory lane|last=B.|first=Raman|date=2007|publisher=Lancer|isbn=978-0-9796174-3-0|location=New Delhi|oclc=164636265}}</ref> Israel also provided India with crucial information during its multiple wars.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israeli help and Indian jugaad in recapture of Tiger Hill|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/israeli-help-and-indian-jugaad-in-recapture-of-tiger-hill-4735806/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=5 July 2017|date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

===Full recognition (1992–2022)===
After decades of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] and pro-Arab policy, India formally established relations with Israel when it opened an embassy in [[Tel Aviv]] in January 1992.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roche|first1=Elizabeth|title=India differs with US on Jerusalem as capital of Israel|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/r8Ys92tbtupKEfPdQvoGmI/India-unlikely-to-support-US-move-to-recognize-Jerusalem-as.html|website=Mint|access-date=8 December 2017|date=7 December 2017}}</ref> Ties between the two nations have flourished since, primarily due to common strategic interests and security threats, particularly from [[terrorism]]. In 1999, Israel supported India in the [[Kargil war]] by providing arms and ammunition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/israel-helped-india-during-kargil-war-modi-in-israel-diplomatic-ties-1022521-2017-07-05|title=How Israel helped India during the Kargil war|website=India Today|date=5 July 2017 }}</ref> The formation of [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC), which allegedly neglected the sentiments of Indian Muslims, and the blocking of India by Pakistan from joining the OIC are considered to be the causes of this diplomatic shift.<ref>{{cite web | title = Bilateral Relations: Historical Overview | publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs | url = http://delhi.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=2010&MissionID=93&LanguageID=0&StatusID=0&DocumentID=-1 | access-date = 28 November 2008}}</ref><ref>c.f. C. Jaffrelot, op.cit.</ref><ref>[http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=2411 c.f. A Financial Times article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828174945/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=2411 |date=28 August 2006 }}.</ref> On a diplomatic level, India and Israel have maintained healthy relations despite India's repeated condemnations of Israeli military actions in [[Palestinian territories]], which are believed to be motivated by the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government.

Since his election in 2014, the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi government]] has maintained a [[de-hyphenation]] policy, where it keeps its relations with Israel and Palestine independent from each other.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=What is India's de-hyphenation policy toward Israel and why does it matter? |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/india-israel/what-is-indias-de-hyphenation-policy-toward-israel-and-why-does-it-matter-538170 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X}}</ref> At the height of the [[2014 Gaza War|2014 Israel–Gaza war]], India blamed both sides and asked Israel to "stop disproportionate use of force." External Affairs Minister [[Sushma Swaraj]] insisted that there was no change in India's policy of supporting the Palestinian cause while maintaining good relations with Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/8/3/modi-israel-relations.html|title=Why Modi's India aligns more closely with Israel than with Palestinians|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=3 August 2014|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> Nevertheless, India joined other BRICS nations in voting at the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] for a probe into alleged human rights violations in Gaza, which generated mixed response among media and analysts in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/gaza-crisis-modi-govts-unhrc-vote-against-israel-must-be-lauded-1633149.html|title=Gaza crisis: Modi govt's UNHRC vote against Israel must be lauded|work=Firstpost|date=25 July 2014|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> When the UNHRC report alleging that Israel had committed war crimes was tabled for vote, India abstained from voting, one of five countries to do so.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/india-abstains-from-unhrc-vote-against-israel/article7383796.ece|title=India abstains from UNHRC vote against Israel|first=Suhasini|last=Haidar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 July 2015}}</ref> Israeli envoy to India [[Daniel Carmon]] thanked India for not supporting what he described as "another anti-Israel bashing resolution."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/warming-ties-israel-thanks-india-for-abstaining-on-unhrc-vote-115070400700_1.html|title=Warming ties: Israel thanks India for abstaining on UNHRC vote|last=IANS|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=4 July 2015}}</ref>

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the Prime Minister of Israel, Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu, at Hyderabad House, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on January 15, 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] with Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] in New Delhi, India, January 2018]]
India–Israel relationship has been very close and warm under the premiership of [[Narendra Modi]] since 2014. In 2017, he was the first ever Prime Minister of India to visit Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1551356/what-explains-modis-bonhomie-with-israels-netanyahu/|title=Here's why Hindu nationalists aspire to Israel's "ethnic democracy"|date=15 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13801/india-israel-ties-set-to-blossom-under-modi|title = India-Israel Ties Set to Blossom Under Modi| date=22 May 2014 }}</ref> India was the largest arms customer of Israel in 2017. Defence relations between the two countries are longstanding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/09092019-israels-arms-sales-to-india-bedrock-of-a-strategic-partnership-analysis/|title=Israel's Arms Sales to India: Bedrock of a Strategic Partnership – Analysis|work=Eurasia Review |date=9 September 2019}}</ref>

India voted in favour of Israel's resolution to deny observer status to Palestinian non-governmental organization Shahed at the [[UN Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC) on 6 June 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=India backs Israel to keep Palestinian group out of UN bodies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-backs-israeli-resolution-at-un-body-to-deny-observer-status-to-palestinian-group/story-Sush1pLviAg2N59tf3K9hK.html |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=11 June 2019|date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

In August 2022, President [[Isaac Herzog]] joined the Indian Embassy in Tel Aviv for its 75th [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] celebrations. In his speech, he welcomed India's rise as a regional and global power and described Israel and India as two modern republics proudly bound together by creativity and democracy, by ingenuity coupled with deep respect for timeless faiths and belief systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Harinder |date=16 August 2022 |title=Israeli leaders highlight growing influence of India on 75 years of Independence |url=https://theprint.in/world/israeli-leaders-highlight-growing-influence-of-india-on-75-years-of-independence/1084351/ |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=ThePrint}}</ref> Meeting [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian External Affairs Minister]] [[S. Jaishankar|Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]], Herzog underscored his personal commitment to strengthening the India–Israel relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Isaac Herzog holds diplomatic working meeting with Indian Foreign Minister Dr. Subrahmanyam Jaishankar |url=https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/press-2010211 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=GOV.IL}}</ref>

=== Post-7 October 2023 ===
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|{{cherry-picked|section|date=March 2025}}{{disputed section|date=March 2025}}{{weasel|section|date=May 2025}}}}
Despite Indian leaders' opposition to Israel in the past, India in 2025 is a strong ally of Israel. India was one of the first countries to condemn the [[October 7 attack]] on Israel by [[Hamas]] and other Palestinian [[List of designated terrorist groups|groups designated as terrorists]]. Three weeks after the attack, India abstained in the vote on [[UN General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21]] calling for an immediate and unconditional ceasefire because it did not explicitly condemn Hamas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2023 |first=Rezaul H |last=Laskar |work=Hindustan Times |title=India explains why it abstained in UN vote on Israel-Hamas conflict |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-explains-why-it-abstained-from-un-vote-on-israel-gaza-conflict-101698491261681.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Sharif |last=Elmusa |date=1 February 2024 |title=A Palestinian Gandhi or an Israeli de Gaulle? Why the Context of Violence Matters |url=https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/a-palestinian-gandhi-or-an-israeli-de-gaulle-why-the-context-of-violence-matters/ |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=The Cairo Review of Global Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi's Statement on the Israel Crisis Demonstrates a Transformed India-Israel Bilateral Relationship |first= Manjari Chatterjee |last=Miller|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/modis-statement-israel-crisis-demonstrates-transformed-india-israel-bilateral-relationship |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, the opposition [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] criticised Prime Minister Narendra Modi for his stance on the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PM's silence on Israel's genocide in Gaza has diminished India's moral standing: Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modis-silence-on-israels-genocide-in-gaza-has-diminished-indias-moral-political-standing-congress/article69731299.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

Israel condemned the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terrorist attack]] on 22 April 2025 and expressed support for India. On 7 May 2025, Israel publicly praised India's airstrikes on terrorists, which were launched in retaliation for the Pahalgam attack. The Israeli government described the operation as a "measured and decisive response to terrorism" and reaffirmed its support for India's right to self-defence, adding "Israel supports India's right for self defense. Terrorists should know there's no place to hide from their heinous crimes against the innocent." The airstrikes, part of what was reported as [[Operation Sindoor]], targeted terrorist launchpads and infrastructure across the Line of Control.<ref>{{Cite web |editor=Nath, Sanstuti |date=7 May 2025 |work=NDTV |title=How World Leaders Reacted To Indian Strikes On Terror Camps In Pakistan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/how-world-leaders-reacted-to-indian-strikes-on-terror-camps-in-pakistan-8349407}}</ref>

==Diplomatic visits==
===1997===

[[Ezer Weizman]] became the first Israeli president to visit India in 1997.<ref name="RivlinJPos" />

===2000===

In 2000, [[L.K. Advani]] became the first Indian [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] to visit the state of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/15/stories/01150009.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Advani meets Israeli President|date=15 June 2000|access-date=6 July 2017}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Later that year, [[Jaswant Singh]] became the first Indian [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign Minister]] to visit Israel.<ref>[http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=27406 Peres Visit Highlights Growing Ties Between Israel and New Ally India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118141410/http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=27406 |date=18 November 2006 }},''United Jewish Communities''</ref> Following the visit, the two countries set up a joint anti-terror commission. The foreign ministers of the two countries said intensified co-operation would range from counter-terrorism to information technology.<ref>[https://fas.org/news/india/2000/000703-israel1.htm India/Israel],''fas.org''</ref><ref>[http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/00june30/national.htm#7 Jaswant to visit Israel to boost bilateral ties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320043711/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/00june30/national.htm#7 |date=20 March 2006 }},''The Daily Excelsior''</ref>

===2003===

[[File:SharonVisit.jpg|thumb|Israeli and Indian flags in New Delhi during Ariel Sharon's visit, September 2003]]

In 2003, [[Ariel Sharon]] was the first [[Prime Minister of Israel|Israeli Prime Minister]] to visit India. He was welcomed by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] coalition government of India.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/sharon.htm Ariel Sharon's India visit],''rediff.com''</ref> Several newspapers expressed positive views on his visit, and [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] voiced confidence that Sharon's visit would pave the way for further consolidating bilateral ties.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08sharon5.htm Ariel Sharon arrives in India],''Rediff.com''</ref> Sharon's visit was condemned in leftist<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/09sharon5.htm Left wants 'killer' Sharon to go home],''Rediff.com''</ref> and [[Muslim]] circles.<ref name="bbc2">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3089466.stm India and Israel vow to fight terrorism], BBC News</ref> Hundreds of supporters of India's various communist parties rallied in New Delhi while nearly 100 Muslims were arrested in Mumbai.<ref name="bbc2"/> Students of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] demanded that India sever ties with Israel and increase ties with Palestine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/04sharon.htm |title=AMU students protest against Sharon's visit |work=Rediff.com |access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Hindi]]-language daily ''[[Navbharat Times]]'' called Sharon an important friend of India. The [[Hindu nationalist]] [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) condemned the protest against Sharon.<ref name="rss">{{cite web|url=http://us.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/10sharon11.htm |title=RSS slams Left for opposing Sharon's visit |work=Rediff.com |access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Gcache-rss">{{cite web|url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/10sharon11.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720195655/http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/10sharon11.htm|title=RSS slams Left for opposing Sharon's visit|date=20 July 2012|archive-date=20 July 2012}}</ref> Sharon expressed satisfaction over his talks with Indian leaders. Indian prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] said the visit would increase ties between India and Israel.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08sharon3.htm Sharon's visit will consolidate ties PM],''rediff.com''</ref> Sharon invited Vajpayee to visit Israel.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/10sharon6.htm Sharon invites Vajpayee to Israel],''rediff.com''</ref> Sharon said that Israelis regard India to be one of the most important countries in the world, and Vajpayee was sure that Sharon's visit would bring the two countries closer together.<ref name="bbc2"/>

===2006===

In early 2006 Indian government ministers [[Sharad Pawar]], [[Kapil Sibal]], and [[Kamal Nath]] visited Israel.<ref name="talk">[http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/09israel.htm Talk to Palestine, Israel tells India] Rediff – 9 February 2006</ref> Then-Gujarat Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited Israel in October 2006.<ref>[http://www.narendramodi.in/pages/119] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921060650/http://www.narendramodi.in/pages/119|date=21 September 2008}}</ref>

===2012===

Despite India's "unwavering support for the Palestinian cause", Foreign Minister [[S.M. Krishna]] made a two-day visit to Israel in 2012. The Israeli PM deemed this visit by Krishna a historical step forward in developing the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-12/news/30619683_1_unforgettable-leaders-bilateral-ties-israeli-president | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510192021/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-12/news/30619683_1_unforgettable-leaders-bilateral-ties-israeli-president | archive-date=10 May 2013 | work=The Times of India | title=External Affairs Minister S M Krishna's visit to Israel marks new high in bilateral ties | date=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/ForeignMinisterKrishnasVisittoIsrael_sscrajiv_160112 Foreign Minister Krishna's Visit to Israel: Adding Political Content to a Robust Partnership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706055136/http://idsa.in/issuebrief/ForeignMinisterKrishnasVisittoIsrael_sscrajiv_160112|date=6 July 2012}}. Full report here [http://www.idsa.in/system/files/IB_KrishnaIsraelVisit.pdf]. 16 January 2012. ''idsa.in''</ref>

===2014===

In May 2014, after the victory of [[Narendra Modi]] in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]] Israeli PM [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] personally congratulated Modi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/world/1.591033|title=Netanyahu Congratulates Narendra Modi for Victory in India Election|agency=Reuters|date=16 May 2014|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> Modi in turn met his Israeli counterpart [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] in [[New York City]] on the sideline of the UN General Assembly during his US visit in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-meets-Israeli-PM-Netanyahu-discusses-defence-cooperation-west-Asia/articleshow/43786932.cms|title=Modi meets Israeli PM Netanyahu, discusses defence cooperation, west Asia |website=The Times of India|date=29 September 2014 }}</ref> This was the first meeting between the prime ministers of the two countries in over a decade.<ref>{{cite web|title='My Friend, Awaiting Your Historic Visit': Israel's Benjamin Netanyahu To PM Narendra Modi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/my-friend-awaiting-your-historic-visit-israels-netanyahu-to-pm-modi-1680650|website=NDTV.com|access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref> On the occasion of the [[Hanukkah]] festival, Indian PM Modi greeted his Israeli counterpart in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] on [[Twitter]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiablooms.com/news-details/N/6757/pm-modi-greets-jews-on-hanukkah.html|title=PM Modi greets Jews on Hanukkah | Indiablooms – First Portal on Digital News Management|website=Indiablooms.com|date=20 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.jagran.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119202319/http://english.jagran.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2016|title=English News Headlines: Latest News Today, Breaking News from India & World|website=Jagran English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.chennaionline.com/national/Modi-greets-Jews-on-Hanukkah--impresses-Netanyahu---/4ba68327-afa2-46d5-8519-bf312510c030.col|title=Modi greets Jews on Hanukkah, impresses Netanyahu|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320114200/http://news.chennaionline.com/national/Modi-greets-Jews-on-Hanukkah--impresses-Netanyahu---/4ba68327-afa2-46d5-8519-bf312510c030.col|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> while the Israeli PM replied in [[Hindi]].

[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Home Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] visited Israel in November 2014 to observe the country's border security arrangements. During his tour he also met Israeli PM Netanyahu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajnath-Singh-in-Jerusalem-today-Israel-says-visit-very-significant/articleshow/45046899.cms|title=israel: Rajnath Singh in Jerusalem today, Israel says visit 'very significant'|website=The Times of India|date=5 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rajnath-singh-in-israel-to-bolster-ties-meets-benjamin-natanyahu/|title=Rajnath Singh in Israel to bolster ties, meets Benjamin Natanyahu|date=7 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajnath-singh-arrives-in-israel/article6569960.ece|title=Rajnath for strengthening ties with Israel|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 November 2014}}</ref> Breaking from convention, Singh was the first Indian minister to visit Israel without also visiting Palestine on the same trip.<ref name="TOIRajnath"/> In the same year, former Israeli president [[Shimon Peres]] visited India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> A high level Israeli delegation with the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Israel)|Agriculture Minister of Israel]], [[Yair Shamir]], also participated in the [[Vibrant Gujarat]] summit in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/DisplayNewsUpdate.htm?NewsUpdateId=474|title=Vibrant Gujarat Summit: India, Israel Sign Pact for Third Phase of Agriculture Project|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124162623/https://vibrantgujarat.com/DisplayNewsUpdate.htm?NewsUpdateId=474|archive-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/DisplayNewsUpdate.htm?NewsUpdateId=493|title=Ashkelon city of Israel signs twin city pact with Vadodara|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124162615/https://vibrantgujarat.com/DisplayNewsUpdate.htm?NewsUpdateId=493|archive-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vibrant-gujarat-summit-india-israel-sign-pact-for-third-phase-of-agriculture-project-726224|title=Vibrant Gujarat Summit: India, Israel Sign Pact for Third Phase of Agriculture Project|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In December 2014, a news article was published in ''[[The Hindu]]'' which stated that India may end support to Palestine at the UN.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-may-end-support-to-palestine-at-un/article6713364.ece|title=India may end support to Palestine at U.N.|first=Amit|last=Baruah|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 December 2014}}</ref>

===2015===

[[File:Pranab Mukherjee with Reuven Rivlin (3).JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[List of Presidents of India|13th]] [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] with [[List of Presidents of Israel|10th]] [[President of Israel]] [[Reuven Rivlin]] and [[Nechama Rivlin]] in 2015]]

In February 2015 [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Israeli Defence Minister]] [[Moshe Ya'alon]] came to [[India]]. During his visit he participated in [[Aero India]] 2015. He also met his Indian counterpart, as well as the Indian PM.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Israels-defence-minister-to-visit-India-for-first-time/articleshow/46135424.cms|title=Israel's defence minister to visit India for first time |website=The Times of India|date=5 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/airshow-india-israel-idINKBN0LM0WD20150218|title=Israeli defence minister lands at Bengaluru airshow to boost arms...|first=Tommy|last=Wilkes|work=Reuters|date=18 February 2015|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002728/https://in.reuters.com/article/airshow-india-israel-idINKBN0LM0WD20150218}}</ref> [[Pranab Mukherjee]] became the first [[president of India]] to visit Israel from 13 to 15 October 2015. Mukherjee was given the rare honour of addressing the [[Knesset]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/in-a-first-president-mukherjee-to-visit-israel-palestine-next-week/|title=President Pranab Mukherjee to visit Israel, Palestine next week|date=7 October 2015}}</ref>

===2016===

[[File:Flickr-PM Modi With President Rivlin Of Israel (30333195374).jpg|thumb|Israeli president [[Reuven Rivlin]] (left) with Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]], during a joint press briefing in New Delhi; November 2016]]

Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj visited Israel in January 2016. During the visit, she visited the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial in Jerusalem, and met with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, President Reuven Rivlin, members of the cabinet, and the Indian Jewish communities in Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-attaches-top-priority-to-ties-with-Israel-Swaraj/article14005402.ece|title=India attaches top priority to ties with Israel: Swaraj|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

In September 2016, [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Indian Minister of Agriculture]], [[Radha Mohan Singh]] visited Israel to bolster India-Israel agricultural ties. He met his Israeli counterpart [[Uri Ariel]], where the discussion concerned about collaborative opportunities in agriculture between both the countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/israeli-indian-agriculture-ministers-promote-expanded-collaboration-468145|title=Israeli, Indian agriculture ministers promote expanded collaboration|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=19 September 2016 }}</ref>

Israeli president [[Reuven Rivlin]] visited India for a week-long state visit in November 2016, becoming the second Israeli president to visit the country. Rivlin visited New Delhi, Agra, Karnal, Chandigarh and Mumbai. He spent the last day of his visit in Mumbai paying homage to the victims of the 2008 Mumbai attacks, and meeting with the Indian Jewish community.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israeli President Reuven Rivlin in India on week-long visit|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/israeli-president-reuven-rivlin-in-india-on-week-long-visit/story-9uYP2SbMlEMn2J3czX3LWM.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 November 2016|date=14 November 2016}}</ref> Israel currently regards Iran as a major threat to its national security, and Rivlin expressed this concern in meetings with Prime Minister Modi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/rivlin-we-spoke-with-modi-about-our-concerns-with-iran-473110|title=Israel presses India on Iran threat|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=20 November 2016 }}</ref> Following his visit, Rivlin told Israeli media that despite growing economic ties with both countries, the Indian government had assured him that India would support Israel despite the former's relations with Iran. Rivlin told ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', "They assure us that when the time will come they will never, never, ever let anyone act against the existence of Israel."<ref name="RivlinJPos">{{cite web|title=Rivlin to JPost: India won't let anyone threaten Israel's right to exist|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Rivlin-to-Post-India-wont-let-anyone-threaten-Israels-right-to-exist-473410|website=The Jerusalem Post|date=23 November 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref>

===2021===
In October 2021, India's [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]], [[S. Jaishankar]], made his first visit to Israel since taking office.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jaishankar-on-israel-visit-from-october-17-will-hold-talks-to-strengthen-strategic-ties/article37020593.ece/ | title=S. Jaishankar on Israel visit from October 17; will hold talks to strengthen strategic ties | newspaper=The Hindu | date=16 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/34396/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Israel_October_1721_2021 |title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Israel (October 17–21, 2021) |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |publisher=Mea.gov.in |date=16 October 2021 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

===2023===
After the [[October 7 attacks]], Israel's ambassador to India, [[Naor Gilon]], highlighted the overwhelming support for Israel from Indians. He stated, "If you look at the Israeli Embassy's social media, it's amazing. I could have another IDF with Indian volunteers. Everyone is telling me that they want to volunteer and go to fight for Israel. This level of support is unprecedented for me. The closeness between India and Israel is something I cannot explain."<ref>{{cite web |title=Can have another army with Indian volunteers: Israeli envoy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/israel-hams-war-ambassador-extends-gratitude-to-narendra-modi-indian-people-says-can-have-iaraeli-army-2448664-2023-10-13 |website=India Today |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Online |first1=E. T. |title='Can have another Israeli Army with Indian volunteers': Israel Envoy overwhelmed by India's support |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/can-have-another-israeli-army-with-indian-volunteers-israel-envoy-overwhelmed-by-indias-support/videoshow/104392428.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=8 November 2023|date=13 October 2023}}</ref> Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] and his [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] took a strong pro-Israel position, which was seen as motivated by a desire to shore up [[Hindu nationalism|political support from Hindu voters]], forge closer ties with the [[Israel–United States relations|United States]] which tends to favor Israel, and India's past experiences with [[Terrorism in India|terrorism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=India's Modi slammed for his 'complete solidarity' with Israel over Palestinians |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3242278/indias-modi-slammed-his-complete-solidarity-israel-over-palestinians-and-playing-religious-card |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> Indians are consequently widely viewed as being exceptionally supportive of Israel. At the same time Israelis were widely viewed as being appreciative of the support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Somdeep |title=India's deepening love affair with Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/9/9/indias-deepening-love-affair-with-israel |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hourany |first=Dana |date=24 October 2023 |title=Why India is leading the pro-Israel disinformation campaign |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/why-india-leading-pro-israel-disinformation-campaign |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=www.newarab.com/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2023 |title=Israel: India Outs Its Israel Affair |url=https://www.freiheit.org/south-asia/india-outs-its-israel-affair |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=www.freiheit.org |language=en}}</ref>

A growing diaspora of Indians also fill the ranks of Israel. By 2024 Indians made up the largest share of foreign students in Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kallungal |first=Dhinesh |date=20 May 2024 |title=Despite war clouds, Indian students make up the largest share of foreign students in Israel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/despite-war-clouds-indian-students-make-up-largest-share-of-foreign-students-in-israel/article68182826.ece |access-date=23 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They are also a growing source of manual labour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2024 |title=Dozens of Indian workers depart for Israel to take up construction jobs |url=https://apnews.com/article/indian-construction-workers-jobs-israel-937111d769a93d75a30729248629196c |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

With increased tension between Iran and Israel in 2024, there has been a geopolitical shift by India away from Iran and towards Israel, a long-stated goal of Hindu nationalists.<ref name="thediplomat.com"/><ref name="indiatoday.in"/>

==Official state visits==
===Narendra Modi's visit to Israel (2017)===
In July 2017, [[Narendra Modi]] became the first ever [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] to visit [[Israel]]. It was noted that Prime Minister Modi did not visit Palestine during the trip, breaking from convention. With the sole exception of Union Minister Rajnath Singh, previous trips by Indian ministers and President Mukherjee included visits to both Israel and Palestine. The Indian media described the move as the dehyphenation of India's relations with the two states.<ref name="TOIRajnath">{{cite web|title=Change of policy? PM Modi will visit Israel, but skip Palestine|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-will-give-palestine-a-miss-when-he-visits-israel/articleshow/57456252.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Plan to dehyphenate ties: PM Modi's visit to Israel may not include Palestine stop|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/plan-to-dehyphenate-pm-modis-israel-visit-may-not-include-palestine-4553099/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=3 March 2017|date=4 March 2017}}</ref>

As a personal gesture, [[Israel]] named a new type of [[Chrysanthemum]] flower after [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/introducing-the-modi-flower-israel-names-chrysanthemum-after-indian-pm-498820|title=Introducing the 'Modi' flower: Israel names chrysanthemum after Indian PM|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=5 July 2017 }}</ref> The media houses of both countries had termed the visit to be historic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/indian-pm-modi-to-arrive-in-israel-for-historic-3-day-visit/|title=Indian PM Modi makes 'historic' 3-day visit to Israel|first=Raphael|last=Ahren|website=The Times of Israel |date=4 July 2017 }}</ref> During the visit, [[India]] and [[Israel]] signed 7 [[Memorandum of understanding|Memoranda of Understanding]] (MoUs), which are listed as below:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-seals-7-big-mous-with-israel-what-are-they-how-will-they-help-india-tel-aviv/750646/|title=PM Narendra Modi seals 7 big MoUs with Israel: What are they, How will they help India, Tel Aviv|date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

# MoU for setting up of India-Israel Industrial Research and Development and Technological Innovation Fund ([[I4F]])
# MoU for Water Conservation in India
# MoU on State Water Utility Reform in India
# India-Israel Development Cooperation – 3-year work program in Agriculture 2018–2020
# Plan of cooperation regarding atomic clocks
# MoU regarding cooperation in GEO-LEO optical link
# MoU regarding cooperation in Electric Propulsion for Small Satellites

India and Israel also signed an agreement, upgrading their bilateral relations to a strategic partnership.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-israel-elevate-their-ties-to-strategic-partnership/articleshow/59461930.cms|title=PM Modi in Israel: India, Israel elevate their ties to strategic partnership |website=The Times of India|date=6 July 2017 }}</ref> During the trip, Prime Minister Modi also addressed the Indian diaspora in [[Israel]] in a highly televised event in [[Tel Aviv]]. In illustrating an Indian welcome to the Indian diaspora from its homeland, he announced [[Overseas Citizenship of India]] cards for Jews of Indian origin who had completed their compulsory military service in the [[Israel Defense Force]] and also pledged the construction of a major Indian cultural centre in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-addresses-indian-diaspora-in-israel-announces-cultural-centre-oci-cards-4737699/|title=PM Modi addresses Indian diaspora in Israel; announces cultural centre, OCI cards|date=6 July 2017}}</ref> Modi also visited the northern Israeli city of [[Haifa]], where he paid homage to the Indian soldiers of the Indian Army who had fallen to save Jewish land in the [[Battle of Haifa (1918)|Battle of Haifa]], and unveiled a special plaque commemorating the steadfast military leadership of [[Dalpat Singh (soldier)|Major Dalpat Singh]] who liberated the ancient city from the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-visits-haifa-pays-homage-to-indian-world-war-i-heroes/articleshow/59471246.cms|title=Narendra Modi: PM Modi visits Haifa, pays homage to Indian World War I heroes |website=The Times of India|date=6 July 2017 }}</ref>

===Benjamin Netanyahu's visit to India (2018)===
In January, to commemorate 25 years of Indian-Israeli relations,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/india-s-internet-hindus-are-in-love-with-israel-1.5730730|title=India's 'Internet Hindus' Are in Love With Israel|last=Jain|first=Saudamini|date=15 January 2018|website=haaretz|access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> a highly televised visit of the Israeli prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu to India took place, during which both Netanyahu and India's prime minister Modi have exchanged mutual applauses. This visit was the first since the 2003 visit of [[Ariel Sharon]] to India. Netanyahu, accompanied by a 130-member delegation, the largest that has ever accompanied a visiting Israeli premier, wants to increase exports to India by 25 percent over the three years. Israel is to invest $68.6 million in areas such as tourism, technology, agriculture and innovation over a period of four years, a senior Israeli official had said ahead of the visit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/israel-to-invest-68-6-million-to-boost-cooperation-with-india/articleshow/62457089.cms|title=Israel to invest $68.6 million to boost cooperation with India|website=The Times of India|date=11 January 2018}}</ref>

During this visit, an official commemoration ceremony took place, that honoured the Indian soldiers who perished in the [[Battle of Haifa (1918)|Battle of Haifa]] during [[World War I]] took place, where Teen Murti Chowk, representing the Hyderabad, Jodhpur and Mysore lancers, was renamed 'Teen Murti Haifa Chowk', after the Israeli port city of [[Haifa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/teen-murti-chowk-renamed-after-israeli-city-haifa/articleshow/62495844.cms|title=Teen Murti Chowk renamed after Israeli city Haifa|date=14 January 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> During the official visit by the Israeli prime minister, the two countries signed 9 MoUs in the fields of cybersecurity, oil & gas production, air transport, homeopathic medicine, film production, space technology and innovation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=175631|title=List of MoUs/Agreements signed during the visit of Prime Minister of Israel to India (January 15, 2018)|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> he also met with the heads of the Bollywood movie industry.<ref name=":0" /> Netanyahu's Indian visit also included efforts to revive Rafael missiles for Delhi.<ref name=":0" /> Netanyahu was also the guest of honour, and delivered the inaugural address at India's annual strategic and diplomatic conference, [[Raisina Dialogue]], where he highlighted various aspects of [[Israel]]'s success story as a high-tech and innovation-based economy, and also spoke about challenges plaguing the Middle East, while expressing hope and optimism for the future of his country's relations with India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/netanyahu-inaugurates-raisina-dialogue-says-india-israel-can-shape-a-good-future/articleshow/62528368.cms|title=Raisina Dialogue: Netanyahu inaugurates 'Raisina Dialogue', says India & Israel can shape a good future |website=The Times of India|date=16 January 2018 }}</ref> Notable leaders who attended his conference included [[Narendra Modi]], [[Sushma Swaraj]], former Afghan president [[Hamid Karzai]], Indian Minister of State [[M J Akbar]] and [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Shashi Tharoor]]. Netanyahu's son [[Yair Netanyahu]] was supposed to accompany the Israeli premier on an Indian state visit, but only a week prior to the visit a scandalous recording about Yair's private visit to a strip club with his friends was disclosed on Israel Television News' main broadcast.<ref name=":0" />

=== Narendra Modi's visit to Israel (2026) ===
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] arrived in Israel on February 25, 2026, for a two-day state visit. He was invited by Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].<ref name="MEA_2026">{{cite press release |title=Visit of Prime Minister to Israel (February 25 - 26, 2026) |date=2026-02-24 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40816/Visit_of_Prime_Minister_to_Israel_February_25__26_2026 |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref><ref name="Reuters_Modi_2026">{{cite news |last=Cornwell |first=Alexander |date=2026-02-25 |title=India's Modi visits Israel as US-Iran tensions mount |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-modi-visits-israel-us-iran-tensions-mount-2026-02-25/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=Reuters}}</ref> This is the second time an Indian prime minister has visited Israel and includes a scheduled address to the [[Knesset]], the first ever by an Indian leader.<ref name="AFP_Knesset">{{cite news |last=AFP |date=2026-02-22 |title=Netanyahu says India's Modi to visit Israel Wednesday |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1495706/netanyahu-says-indias-modi-to-visit-israel-wednesday.html |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=L'Orient Today}}</ref><ref name="Reuters_Modi_2026" /> Upon landing in Israel, Modi was received by Netanyahu and his wife, with an official ceremony featuring the national anthems of both countries.<ref name="AFP_Knesset" />

The diplomatic agenda focuses on a proposed "Hexagon of Alliances," a strategic framework introduced by Netanyahu to coordinate security and economic efforts among Israel, India, Greece, Cyprus, and other regional partners against what he described as "radical axes".<ref name="AFP_Knesset" /><ref name="Reuters_Modi_2026" /><ref name="BT_2026_Hexagon">{{cite news |date=2026-02-25 |title=Netanyahu outlines 'hexagon' plan placing India at core of new alliance |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/world/middle-east/story/netanyahu-outlines-hexagon-plan-placing-india-at-core-of-new-alliance-ahead-of-pm-modis-visit-517831-2026-02-25 |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=Business Today}}</ref> In relation to defense, the two countries are reviewing their strategic partnership with an emphasis on advanced technology transfers.<ref name="MEA_2026" /> These discussions reportedly include the integration of Israeli-developed systems, such as the [[Iron Beam]] laser-based air defense platform and [[Iron Dome]] components, into India's long-term security infrastructure.<ref name="JPost_Defense_2026">{{cite news |last=Jeremy Bob |first=Yonah |date=2026-02-25 |title=Israel and India expand defense ties with $10 billion deal |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-887915 |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref name="Reuters_Modi_2026" /><ref name="Statesman_Iron_2026">{{cite news |date=2026-02-25 |title=India, Israel may finalise USD 8-10 billion worth defence deals |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/india-israel-may-finalise-usd-8-10-billion-worth-defence-deals-during-pm-modis-visit-1503562750.html |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Statesman}}</ref>

In addition to military cooperation, the visit addresses economic and civilian ties, including negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and a potential mobility pact for Indian workers in Israel.<ref name="PIB_FTA_2026">{{cite press release |title=India and Israel launch first round of Negotiations for Free Trade Agreement |date=2026-02-24 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, India |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2232335 |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera_Modi_2026">{{cite news |date=2026-02-23 |title=How Modi 'broke down walls' between India, Israel – at Palestine’s expense |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/2/23/how-modi-broke-down-walls-between-india-israel-at-palestines |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Modi is also scheduled to meet with President [[Isaac Herzog]] and visit the [[Yad Vashem]] Holocaust Remembrance Center before holding delegation-level talks to discuss innovation, agriculture, and water management.<ref name="MEA_2026" /><ref name="IndianExpress_2026_Modi">{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Shubhajit |date=2026-02-25 |title=PM Modi on Israel visit from today, strategic ties upgrade on table |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-on-israel-visit-from-today-strategic-ties-upgrade-on-table-10550526/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Military and strategic ties==
[[File:Narendra Modi visit to Israel, July 2017 (8563).jpg|thumb|10th [[President of Israel]] (middle) and [[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|Chief of General Staff]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] [[Gadi Eizenkot]] with Prime minister Narendra Modi]]
New Delhi found in the [[defense industry of Israel]] a useful source of weapons, one that could supply it with advanced military technology. Thus was established the basis of a burgeoning arms trade, which reached almost $600 million in 2016, making Israel the second-largest source of defense equipment for India, after Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/what-brought-india-israel-together-21491|title=What Brought India and Israel Together|first=Mohammed|last=Ayoob|date=10 July 2017}}</ref>
India and Israel have increased co-operation in military and intelligence ventures since the establishment of diplomatic relations. The rise of [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic extremist terrorism]] in both nations has generated a strong strategic alliance between the two.<ref name="JINSA01">{{cite web|url=http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1948/documentid/1971/history/3,2360,1947,1948,1971 |title=India and Israel Forge a Solid Strategic Alliance |access-date=7 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107084915/http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1948/documentid/1971/history/3%2C2360%2C1947%2C1948%2C1971 |archive-date=7 November 2006 }} by Martin Sherman,''The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs''</ref> In 2008, India launched a [[military satellite]] [[TecSAR]] for Israel through its [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].<ref>[http://www.acpr.org.il/ins/articles/sherman1.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505044936/http://www.acpr.org.il/ins/articles/sherman1.htm|date=5 May 2006}}</ref>

* In 1996, India purchased 32 [[IAI Searcher]] [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAVs), Electronic Support Measure sensors and an Air Combat Manoeuvering Instrumentation simulator system from Israel.<ref name="JINSA03"/> Since then [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI) has serviced several large contracts with the [[Indian Air Force]] including the upgrading of the IAF's Russian-made [[MiG-21]] ground attack aircraft and there have been further sales of unmanned aerial vehicles as well as [[laser-guided bomb]]s.<ref name="JINSA02">[http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1948/documentid/1971/history/3,2360,1947,1948,1971 India-Israel Military Ties Continue to Grow] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107084915/http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1948/documentid/1971/history/3%2C2360%2C1947%2C1948%2C1971 |date=7 November 2006 }},''The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs''</ref>
* In 1997, Israel's president [[Ezer Weizman]] became the first head of the Jewish state to visit India. He met with Indian president [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], Vice President [[K R Narayanan]] and Prime Minister [[H D Deve Gowda]]. Weizman negotiated the first weapons deal between the two nations, involving the purchase of [[Barak-1]] vertically launched [[Surface-to-air missile|surface-to-air (SAM) missiles]] from Israel. The Barak-1 has the ability to intercept [[anti-ship missile]]s such as the [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon]].<ref name="JINSA03">The [[Barak Missile Deal Scandal]] involving graft for an unnecessary missile system would hamper relations in 2006.{{cite web|url=http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/105/documentid/367/history/3,2359,947,653,105,367 |title=Israel-India Military and Civil Trade Ties Skyrocket |access-date=13 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002180249/http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/105/documentid/367/history/3%2C2359%2C947%2C653%2C105%2C367 |archive-date=2 October 2006 }},''The Jewish Institute for National security Affairs''</ref> The purchase of the Barak-1 missiles from Israel by India was a tactical necessity since Pakistan had purchased [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] [[Maritime patrol aircraft|maritime surveillance aircraft]] and 27 [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon]] [[sea-skimming]] [[anti-ship missile]]s from the United States.<ref name="JINSA03"/> Israel was one of the selected few nations, a group that also included France and Russia, that did not condemn India's 1998 [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Israel's+Indian+alliance:+the+Jewish+state+has+become+one+of+Hindu...-a0206110007 |title=Israel's Indian alliance: the Jewish state has become one of Hindu India's most important strategic allies, providing arms and intelligence in their common war against militant Islam. – Free Online Library |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>
* In 1999, Israel supported India in the [[Kargil war]] by providing arms and ammunition.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/israel-helped-india-during-kargil-war-modi-in-israel-diplomatic-ties-1022521-2017-07-05] ''India Today''</ref>
* In 2000, Israeli submarines reportedly conducted test launches of [[cruise missile]]s capable of carrying nuclear warheads in the waters of the [[Indian Ocean]], off the [[Sri Lanka]]n coast.<ref name="JINSA01"/> In naval terms, Israel sees great strategic value in an alliance with the [[Indian Navy]], given India's naval dominance of South Asian waters and Indian Ocean at large. Due to the great importance of maritime trade to the Israeli economy it thus sees the potential of establishing a logistical infrastructure in the [[Indian Ocean]] with the help of the Indian Navy.
* India purchased three [[EL/W-2090|Phalcon AWACS]], fitted with IAI radar equipment mounted on Russian IL-76 transport aircraft, in 2003 at cost of $1 billion.
* India purchased 50 Israeli drones for $220 million in 2005.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2005/051111-india-drones.htm India Israeli Drones] www.globalsecurity.org</ref> India was considering buying the newer Harop drone.<ref>[http://defense-update.com/products/h/harop.html Israel negotiating Harop drone with India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003749/http://defense-update.com/products/h/harop.html |date=15 March 2018 }} defense-update.com</ref> India is also in the process of obtaining missile-firing Hermes 900.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli 'Hermes 900' drones to prowl in Indian skies |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/11/08/after-gaza-israeli-hermes-900-drones-to-prowl-in-indian-skies.html |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] Ltd signed a US$2.5 billion deal with India in 2007 to develop an anti-aircraft system and missiles for the country, in the biggest defence contract in the history of Israel at the time. IAI CEO Yitzhak Nissan visited India to finalise the agreement with heads of the defence establishment and the country's president. IAI is developing the [[Barak 8]] missile for the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]] which is capable of protecting sea vessels and ground facilities from aircraft and cruise missiles. The missile has a range of over 70 kilometres. The missile will replace the current obsolete Russian system used by India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3425400,00.html |title=IAI signs $2.5 billion deal with India |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=9 November 2012|last1=Egozy |first1=Arieh }}</ref>
* On 10 November 2008, Indian military officials visited Israel to discuss joint weapons development projects, additional sales of Israeli equipment to the Indian military, and anti-terrorism strategies. The new round of talks was seen as a significant expansion in the Indian-Israeli strategic partnership.<ref>{{cite news|author=Rajat Pandit |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/New_heights_India_Israel_step_up_defence_ties/rssarticleshow/3690525.cms |title=New heights: India, Israel step up defence ties |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 November 2008 |access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>
* Following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], Israel offered a team of about 40 special-operations forces and assistance in investigations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3532333/Mumbai-attacks-Britain-sends-team-of-forensic-experts.html
|title=Mumbai-attacks-Britain-sends-team-of-forensic-experts|date=29 November 2008|access-date=1 December 2008 |work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London | first=Damien | last=McElroy}}</ref> [[Tzipi Livni]] said: "If they need us we will help where needed".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3629955,00.html|title='We'll help India where needed' – Livni|newspaper=Ynetnews|date=27 November 2008|last1=Medzini|first1=Ronen}}</ref> [[Magen David Adom]] dispatched a team of paramedics, medics and other professionals to assist with rescue efforts in the wake of the attacks.<ref name="JPOST10free">{{cite news|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1227702336066&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|title=10 hostages reportedly freed from Mumbai Chabad House|last=Horovitz|first=David|author2=Matthew Wagner|date=27 November 2008|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=27 November 2008}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Israeli newspapers reported that the Manmohan Singh government turned down an offer by Defense Minister [[Ehud Barak]] to send [[counter-terrorist]] units to help fight the attackers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-indiaisrael29-2008nov29,0,440564.story|title=Israel has 'no doubt' citizens were targeted|first=Richard|last=Boudreaux|date=29 November 2008|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1041731.html|title=India declines Israeli offer of aid delegation to Mumbai}}</ref>

* In December 2009, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt Gen]] [[Gabi Ashkenazi]], [[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces]], made a visit to India to cement the defence ties between the two countries. He pledged every help to India in fighting terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|title=IDF official announcement|url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/today/09/12/1001.htm|access-date=6 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214042602/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/today/09/12/1001.htm|archive-date=14 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=JPOST article|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1259831476468&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153030/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1259831476468&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1133119.html|title=HAARETZ article}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/134822|title=IDF Chief of Staff Visits India – Defense/Middle East|publisher=Arutz Sheva|date=6 December 2009 }}</ref>
* In March 2011, it was reported that India would buy 8356 Israeli [[Spike (missile)|Spike]] [[anti-tank missile]]s, 321 launchers, 15 training simulators and peripheral equipment, for $1 billion, from Israel's [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]]. The deal was finalised by Prime Minister Narendra Modi after coming into office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000633160&fid=1725 |title=Rafael in $1b Indian anti-tank missile deal – Globes(Israel's Business Arena) |newspaper=Globes |date=24 March 2011 |access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/143/indian_army_goes_for_israeli_spike_atgm_and_homemade_nag_atgm_contemplates_javelin_from_us.html |title=Defence Now India, News |publisher=Defencenow.com |date=15 April 2011 |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618020349/http://www.defencenow.com/news/143/indian_army_goes_for_israeli_spike_atgm_and_homemade_nag_atgm_contemplates_javelin_from_us.html |archive-date=18 June 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:INS Trikand entering the port of Haifa, Israel.jpg|250px|thumb|[[INS Trikand|INS ''Trikand'']] entering the port of Haifa, Israel, 19 August 2015]]

* In September 2015, the Indian government approved the air force's request to purchase 10 Heron TP drones from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-israel-drones-idINKCN0RL2EC20150921|title=India turns to Israel for armed drones as Pakistan, China build fleets|first=Sanjeev|last=Miglani|work=Reuters|date=21 September 2015|access-date=10 December 2015|archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216001233/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-israel-drones-idINKCN0RL2EC20150921}}</ref> In 2015, a delegation from Israel's Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs visited India, led by former Israeli ambassador to the United Nations [[Dore Gold]]. Shared strategic interests were discussed, including combatting radical Islam, the handling of territorial disputes, and the security situation in West Asia/the Middle East and South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grave-Lazi|first1=Lidar|title=Israeli delegation to visit India to strengthen strategic relationship|url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Israeli-delegation-to-visit-India-to-strengthen-strategic-relationship-388144|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=18 January 2015 |access-date=16 June 2015|quote=As part of their visit, the parties intend to discuss the security situation in West Asia, including in Pakistan and in Iran. In addition, they will aim to analyze new trends in international terrorism and assess the current situation in the Middle East and South Asia.}}</ref>

[[File:Adm RK Dhowan greeting V Adm Ram Rutberg at South Block, New Delhi.JPG|thumb|250px|Indian Adm. [[Robin Dhowan]] greets VAdm. [[Ram Rothberg]], Commander-in-Chief of the Israeli Navy at South Block, New Delhi, 24 August 2015]]

* In October 2015, ''The Pioneer'' reported that India and Israel were planning to hold their first joint military exercise. The date and location were not announced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/india-israel-to-lift--defence-ties-veil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008062716/http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/india-israel-to-lift--defence-ties-veil.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |title=India, Israel to lift Defence ties veil}}</ref>
* In September 2016, the Indian government approved the purchase of two more Phalcon AWACS.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.706944|title=India Okays Spy Plane Deal With Israel Ahead of PM Modi's Visit|last=Haaretz|date=3 March 2016|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>
* In 2017, the countries signed a military agreement worth US$2 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-inks-defence-deals-worth-over-2-billion-with-israel-ahead-of-pm-narendra-modis-visit/articleshow/58055478.cms|title=India inks defence deals worth over $2 billion with Israel ahead of PM Narendra Modi's visit|date=7 April 2017|first=Rajat|last=Pandit|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* In 2017, India participated in the [[Blue Flag (Israeli Air Force exercise)|Blue Flag exercise]] in Uvda Air Force Base in southern Israel for the first time, where it deployed its elite and [[Garud Commando Force]] and a Hercules C-130J plane from its "Veiled Vipers" Squadron. Indian and Israeli special forces conducted a range of tactical joint exercises, which included protection of strategic assets, ground infiltration and evacuation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-commandos-in-israel-for-2-week-long-blue-flag-military-drills/story-sNXH78lHnk3c2Qav7I3xPN.html|title=Indian commandos in Israel for 2-week long Blue Flag military drills|work=Hindustan Times |date=9 November 2017}}</ref>
*The Indian Air Force sent five [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] fighter aircraft to participate in Blue Flag 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=As Indian jets roar over Blue Flag, remembering Israel's love for Mirage fighters |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/10/21/as-indian-jets-roar-over-blue-flag-remembering-israel-love-for-mirage-fighters.html |website=The Week |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gross |first1=Judah Ari |title=IDF's largest-ever aerial exercise takes off, with India on board |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-kicks-off-its-largest-ever-international-aerial-exercise/ |website=The Times of Israel |date=5 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
* The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and the [[Directorate of Defence Research and Development]] (DDR&D) signed a Bilateral Innovation Agreement on 9 November 2021. The agreement facilitates the joint production of defence technology such as drones, robotics, artificial intelligence, quantum technology and other areas. Production will be jointly funded by both agencies and all technologies developed under the agreement will be available for use by both India and Israel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roche |first1=Elizabeth |title=India, Israel sign pact to speed up innovation, dual-use technology |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-israel-sign-pact-on-innovation-dual-use-tech-11636464371611.html |website=mint |access-date=11 November 2021|date=9 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Israel, India agree to develop bilateral defense technology |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/israel-india-agree-to-develop-bilateral-defence-technology-684692 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=11 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

===Intelligence-sharing cooperation===
When the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW) was founded in September 1968 by [[Rameshwar Nath Kao|R.N. Kao]], he was advised by then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] to cultivate links with [[Mossad]]. This was suggested as a countermeasure to military links between that of Pakistan and China, as well as with [[North Korea]]. Israel was also concerned that Pakistani army officers were training Libyans and Iranians in handling Chinese and North Korean military equipments.<ref name="RAW-MOSSAD">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm RAW and MOSSAD, the Secret Link],''rediff.com''</ref>

Pakistan believed intelligence relations between India and Israel threatened Pakistani security. When young Israeli tourists began visiting the Kashmir valley in the early 1990s, Pakistan suspected they were disguised Israeli army officers there to help Indian security forces with anti-terrorism operations. Israeli tourists were attacked, with one slain and another kidnapped. Pressure from the [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri Muslim]] diaspora in the [[United States]] led to the kidnapped tourist's eventual release. Kashmiri Muslims feared that the attacks could isolate the American Jewish community, and result in them lobbying the US government against Kashmiri separatist groups.<ref name="RAW-MOSSAD"/>

A [[Rediff]] story in 2003 revealed clandestine links between R&AW and Mossad. In 1996, R.K. Yadav, a former RAW official had filed a disproportionate assets case in the Delhi High Court against Anand Kumar Verma, RAW chief between 1987 and 1990. Yadav listed eight properties that he claimed were purchased illegally by Verma using RAW's unaudited funds for secret operations. Although his petition for a CBI inquiry into Verma's properties was dismissed, Yadav managed to obtain more information through a [[Right to Information Act, 2005|right to information request]] in 2005 and filed another case in 2009. In 2013, the CBI carried out an investigation of Verma's properties. Proceedings in the Delhi High Court revealed the names of two companies operated by RAW in 1988 – Piyush Investments and Hector Leasing and Finance Company Ltd. The firms were headed by two senior RAW officials V. Balachandran and B. Raman. Balachandran and Raman retired in 1994 and 1995 respectively. The companies were listed as trading houses that dealt in several kinds of minerals, automobiles, textiles, metals and spare parts, and also claimed to produce feature films. The companies purchased two flats in Gauri Sadan, a residential building on Hailey Road, New Delhi in March 1989 for {{INR}} 23 lakh.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20130325-disproportionate-case-mossad-r-k-yadav-anand-kumar-verma-762746-1999-11-29|title=An ex-RAW employee takes boss to unveil a riveting story of safe houses for Mossad, fake firms and secret funds|date=30 November 1999|website=India Today}}</ref>

''[[India Today]]'' reported that the two flats were RAW safe houses used as operational fronts for Mossad agents and housed Mossad's station chief between 1989 and 1992. RAW had reportedly decided to have closer ties to Mossad, and the subsequent secret operation was approved by then Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. ''India Today'' cites "RAW insiders" as saying that RAW agents hid a Mossad agent holding an [[Argentine passport]] and exchanged intelligence and expertise in operations, including negotiations for the release of an Israeli tourist by the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front militants]] in June 1991. When asked about the case Verma refused to speak about the companies, but claimed his relationship with them was purely professional. Raman stated, "Sometimes, spy agencies float companies for operational reasons. All I can say is that everything was done with government approval. Files were cleared by the then prime minister [Rajiv Gandhi] and his cabinet secretary. Balachandran stated, "It is true that we did a large number of operations but at every stage, we kept the Cabinet Secretariat and the prime minister in the loop."<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/>

In November 2015, ''The Times of India'' reported that agents from Mossad and [[MI5]] were protecting Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit to Turkey. Modi was on a state visit to the United Kingdom and was scheduled to attend the 2015 G-20 Summit in Antalya, Turkey. The paper reported that the agents had been called in to provide additional cover to Modi's security detail, composed of India's Special Protection Group and secret agents from RAW and IB, in wake of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mossad-MI5-roped-in-to-shield-Prime-Minister-Narendra-Modi-in-Turkey/articleshow/49786782.cms|title=Mossad, MI5 roped in to shield Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Turkey? |website=The Times of India|date=15 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/mossad-may-be-protecting-modi-at-turkey-g-20-summit-paper-claims/|title=Mossad may be protecting Modi at Turkey G20 summit, paper claims|website=The Times of Israel |date=15 November 2015 }}</ref>

[[2019 Pulwama attack|On 14 February 2019]], a convoy of vehicles carrying security personnel on the [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway|Jammu-Srinagar National Highway]] was attacked by a vehicle-borne suicide bomber at Lethpora in the Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. 40 [[Central Reserve Police Force]] personals were killed by the bomber. Israel responded to India, offering unconditional support to the Indian Army and the Government. Israel has informed that they will share intelligence and technology to help India respond.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/israel-offers-unconditional-help-to-india-to-defend-itself-especially-against-terror-envoy/articleshow/68065298.cms|title= Israel offers unconditional help to India to defend itself especially against terror envoy|newspaper= The Economic Times}}</ref>

Following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]] on 22 April 2025, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned the incident as "barbaric" and affirmed that Israel stands with India in its fight against terrorism, with similar messages of solidarity echoed by Israel's Foreign Minister. After India's [[2025 India–Pakistan strikes|Operation Sindoor]] on 7 May, Israel's Ambassador to India, Reuven Azar, reiterated support for India's right to self-defense, stating that terrorists must know there is no safe haven for those committing heinous crimes against the innocent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Vasudha |date=7 May 2025 |title=Israel backs India's 'right to self defence' following Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/operation-sindoor-israel-support-india-missile-strike-pakistan-pahalgam-125050700186_1.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=What Israeli PM Netanyahu said after Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-israeli-pm-netanyahu-said-after-pahalgam-terror-attack-101745374780411.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423114422/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-israeli-pm-netanyahu-said-after-pahalgam-terror-attack-101745374780411.html |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Bilateral trade==
[[File:State Bank of India in Israel.JPG|thumb|right|The Israeli headquarters of the [[State Bank of India]], located in [[Ramat Gan]], [[Tel Aviv District]]]]
[[Bilateral trade]] between India and Israel grew from $200 million in 1992 to $4.52 billion in 2014.<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=http://www.indembassy.co.il/pages.php?id=14|title=India-Israel Economic and Commercial Relations|date=February 2014|publisher=[[Embassy of India, Tel Aviv|Embassy of India- Tel Aviv, Israel]]|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505021247/http://www.indembassy.co.il/pages.php?id=14#.VUf6GZO8ruE|archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="ISE">{{cite web |url=http://itrade.gov.il/india/israel-india/ |title=Overview of India-Israel Bilateral Trade and Economic Relations |publisher=[[List of diplomatic missions of Israel#Asia|Israel Trade & Economic Office- Embassy of Israel, India]] |year=2012 |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> As of 2014, India is Israel's tenth-largest trade partner and import source, and seventh-largest export destination.<ref name="IE" /> India's major exports to Israel include precious stones and metals, organic chemicals, electronic equipment, plastics, vehicles, machinery, engines, pumps, clothing and textiles, and medical and technical equipment. Israel's imports from India amounted to $2.3 billion or 3.2% of its overall imports in 2014.<ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_israel_imports.html|title=Top Israel Imports|website=worldsrichestcountries.com}}</ref> Israel's major exports to India include precious stones and metals, electronic equipment, fertilisers, machines, engines, pumps, medical and technical equipment, organic and inorganic chemicals, salt, sulphur, stone, cement, and plastics. Israeli exports to India amounted to $2.2 billion or 3.2% of its overall exports in 2014.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_israel_exports.html|title=Top Israel Exports|website=worldsrichestcountries.com}}</ref> The two countries have also signed a 'Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/indiaisrael-dtaa-protocol-notified/article9553914.ece|title=India-Israel DTAA protocol notified|website=@businessline|date=21 February 2017 }}</ref>

In 2007, Israel proposed starting negotiations on a free trade agreement with India, and in 2010, then Indian prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] accepted that proposal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/india-israel-to-hold-free-trade-talks-1.263723 |title=India, Israel to hold free-trade talks |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=25 February 2010 |first=Ora |last=Coren |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="FTAN">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-07/news/42794527_1_india-alon-ushpiz-free-trade-agreement-israel-minister |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009102440/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-07/news/42794527_1_india-alon-ushpiz-free-trade-agreement-israel-minister |archive-date=9 October 2013 |title=Free Trade Agreement may double India-Israel trade to $10 bn in 5 years |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=7 October 2013 |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> The agreement is set to focus on many key economic sectors, including information technology, biotechnology, water management, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.<ref name="FTAECO">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-israel-fta-not-likely-to-be-signed-soon-115021100249_1.html|title=India, Israel FTA not likely to be signed soon|last=Basu|first=Nayanima|date=13 February 2015|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> In 2013, then Israeli [[Ministry of Economy (Israel)|Minister of Economy]] [[Naftali Bennett]] projected a doubling of trade from $5 to $10 billion between the two countries, if a free trade agreement was successfully negotiated.<ref name="FTAN" /> As of 2015, negotiations on a free trade agreement continue, with both countries considering negotiating a more narrow free trade agreement on goods, followed by separate agreements on trade in investment and services.<ref name="FTAECO" />

Following the coronavirus pandemic, on 9 April 2020, India exported to Israel a five-ton shipment of drugs and chemicals. The consignment included ingredients for the drugs hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine. On this occasion, Sanjeev Singla, India's then ambassador to Israel, stressed the bilateral ties between both the countries. It was in March 2020, that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu asked Modi to exempt Israel from the export ban on raw materials used to make medicines which would help in treating the patients affected with coronavirus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/materials-used-in-experimental-drugs-against-covid-19-said-to-arrive-from-india|work=The Times of Israel|title=Materials used in experimental drugs against virus arrive in Israel from India |date=9 April 2020 }}</ref> Israel will be sending life-saving equipment including [[Chemical oxygen generator|oxygen generators]] and [[Workplace respirator testing|respirators]] to India throughout the week to assist it in the fight against [[coronavirus]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 May 2021|title=Israel to Send Life-Saving Medical Equipment to India Amid COVID-19 Crisis|work=[[The Indian Hawk]]|url=https://www.theindianhawk.com/2021/05/israel-to-send-life-saving-medical-equipment-to-india-amid-covid-19-crisis.html|access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref>

The 10 major commodities exported from India to Israel were:<ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com"/>

# [[Gemstone|Gems]], [[precious metals]] and coins: $973.6 million
# [[Organic chemicals]]: $296.5 million
# [[Electronic equipment]]: $121.2 million
# Medical, technical equipment: $59.3 million
# [[Plastics]]: $56.4 million
# [[Vehicles]]: $44.4 million
# [[Machinery]]: $38.1 million
# Other textiles, worn clothing: $31.8 million
# Knit or crochet clothing: $31.6 million
# Clothing (not knit or crochet): $30.8 million

Israeli exports to India amounted to $2.3 billion or 3.8% of its overall exports in 2015. The 10 major commodities exported from Israel to India were:<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

# [[Gemstone|Gems]], [[precious metals]] and coins: $933.7 million
# [[Electronic equipment]]: $389.3 million
# Medical, technical equipment: $180.7 million
# [[Iron]] or [[steel]] products: $170.3 million
# [[Fertilisers]]: $157 million
# [[Machinery]]: $110.9 million
# [[Organic chemicals]]: $69.8 million
# Other chemical goods: $44.2 million
# [[Inorganic chemicals]]: $43.6 million
# [[Plastics]]: $29.5 million

==Science and technology collaboration==
In 1993, during the visit to India of then [[Israeli Foreign Minister]] [[Shimon Peres]], India and Israel signed an agreement on science and technology, which allowed for direct scientific cooperation between both governments. Specific areas of cooperation included [[information technology]], [[biotechnology]], [[lasers]], and [[electro-optics]]. Additionally, a joint committee to monitor collaboration between the two nations was established and set to meet biennially.<ref name="BookRef01">{{cite book |last=Sreekantan Nair |first=R |date=2004 |title=Dynamics of a Diplomacy Delayed: India and Israel |url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3084823 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |pages=159–161 |isbn=978-81-7835-180-3}}</ref> In 1994, a $3 million joint science and technology fund was set up to facilitate [[R&D]] collaboration between both countries.<ref name="BookRef01"/>

In 1996, Indian scientists attended a seminar on [[Materials science|advanced materials]] in Israel. In 1997, Israeli scientists attended a seminar on biotechnology in [[Delhi]]. In 1998, India and Israel had 22 ongoing joint research projects. A joint symposium on the [[human genome]] was held in [[Jerusalem]], where six Indian scientists took part.<ref name="BookRef01"/><ref>{{Cite report |title=Annual Report 1999-2000:Bilateral Cooperation |url=http://dst.gov.in/about_us/ar99-2000-istp-bc.htm |publisher=[[Department of Science and Technology (India)]] |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910030619/http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar99-2000-istp-bc.htm |archive-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref> In November 1999, India and Israel agreed on four proposals for joint research projects in the field of human genome research.<ref name="BookRef01"/> In 2000, even more joint projects related to human genome research were agreed on, and a status seminar on this field was held in India.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Annual Report 2000-2001:Bilateral Cooperation |url=http://dst.gov.in/about_us/ar00-01international-st.htm |publisher=[[Department of Science and Technology (India)]] |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911014309/http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar00-01international-st.htm |archive-date=11 September 2015 }}</ref> In early 1999, more than 20 Israeli scientists participated in a physics symposium on [[condensed matter]] in Delhi.<ref name="BookRef01"/> In 2001, a similar symposium was held in Jerusalem, with 18 Indian scientists attending.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Annual Report 2001-2002:Bilateral Cooperation |url=http://dst.gov.in/about_us/ar01-02-international.htm |publisher=[[Department of Science and Technology (India)]] |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910140422/http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar01-02-international.htm |archive-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>

In 2003, both countries discussed doubling their investment in their ongoing science and technology collaboration to $1 million each, starting in October 2004.<ref name="TimesofIndia">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/12/25/stories/2003122502231200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234711/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/12/25/stories/2003122502231200.htm |archive-date=15 October 2015 |title=Israel plans thrust on science and technology collaboration |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 December 2003 |first=P. |last=Sunderarajan |access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref> In 2005, India and Israel signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] to set up a fund to encourage bilateral investment into industrial research and development and specific projects. Under the agreement, at least one Indian and one Israeli company must be collaborating on a project for that project to qualify for the fund. From 2006 to 2014, the fund, named i4RD, has been used in seven projects.<ref name="IE" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://itrade.gov.il/india/israel-india-2/ |title=Israel-India-Commercial and Economic Relations |publisher=[[List of diplomatic missions of Israel#Asia|Israel Trade & Economic Office- Embassy of Israel, India]] |year=2014 |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626132718/http://itrade.gov.il/india/israel-india-2/ |archive-date=26 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Israel-March-2012.pdf |title=India–Israel Relations |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] |date=March 2012 |access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scidev.net/global/cooperation/news/india-forms-science-ties-with-canada-israel-viet.html |title=India forms science ties with Canada, Israel, Vietnam |publisher=[[Science and Development Network]] |year=2005 |access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref> In 2012, the two countries signed a five-year $50 million academic research agreement for promoting collaborative research across a wide range of disciplines, including medical and information technology, social and life sciences, humanities, and the arts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3718489.ece |title=India-Israel sign MoU on research programme |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 August 2012 |first=P. |last=Sunderarajan |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/business/india-israel-sign-50-million-academic-research-pact-1.456468 |title=India, Israel sign $50 million academic research pact |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=7 August 2012 |first=Lior |last=Dattel |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2012, Israel stated its intent to increase technological and economic cooperation with the Indian state of [[Bihar]], in the fields of agriculture, water management, solar energy, and medical insurance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Israel-to-aid-Bihars-development-bid/articleshow/15972174.cms?referral=PM |title=Israel to aid Bihar's development bid |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 August 2012 |first=Vithika |last=Salomi |access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref> In 2014, Israel made plans to open two agricultural [[center of excellence|centers of excellence]] in Bihar, focusing on increasing productivity of vegetable and mango crops.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/israel-to-open-centres-on-agrihorticulture-in-bihar/article6145409.ece |title=Israel to open centres on agri-horticulture in Bihar |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 June 2014 |access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref>

Israel has offered to help the India government with a project to clean the Ganga. An Israeli delegation visited India in August 2015 and met with officials of the Union Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation. Israeli ambassador to India Daniel Carmon also called on Union Urban Development and Parliamentary Affairs Minister M. Venkaiah Naidu to offer Israel's expertise in water management to battle [[water scarcity]]. Ohad Horsandi, spokesperson of the Israeli Embassy in New Delhi stated that Israel was keen to help in India meet its water needs for agriculture and drinking, and was pushing for more government-to-government agreements.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/israel-offers-to-help-clean-ganga/article7440855.ece|title=Israel offers help to clean up Ganga|first=Smriti Kak|last=Ramachandran|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 July 2015}}</ref>

Following Prime Minister Modi's visit to Israel in 2017, there has been an increased call for collaboration between Israel and India on innovation development. The non-profit Indian based global trade body [[National Association of Software and Services Companies|NASSCOM]], along with the professional service company [[Accenture]], released the report [http://www.nasscom.in/knowledge-center/publications/collaborative-innovation-vehicle-driving-indo-israel-prosperity Collaborative Innovation: The Vehicle Driving Indo-Israel Prosperity], to highlight areas of scientific and technological collaboration between the two countries.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nasscom.in/knowledge-center/publications/collaborative-innovation-vehicle-driving-indo-israel-prosperity|title=Collaborative Innovation: The vehicle driving Indo-Israel prosperity|date=11 July 2017|work=NASSCOM|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref> Additionally, the non-profit organization TAVtech Ventures is launching a program that connect students from Israel and the United States with local Indian students to come up with tech-based startups.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.magzter.com/article/Business/Perfect-Sourcing/Tavtech-India-A-Youth-Driven-Programme-For-Collaborative-Startups|title=Tavtech India – A Youth Driven Programme For Collaborative Startups|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref>

===Space collaboration===
In 2002, India and Israel signed a cooperative agreement promoting space collaboration between both nations.<ref name="HARS">{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-india-sign-agreement-on-space-research-cooperation-1.29495 |title=Israel, India Sign Agreement on Space Research Cooperation |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=3 November 2002 |first=Amnon |last=Barzilai |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref>

In 2003, the [[Israel Space Agency]], or ISA, expressed interest in collaborating with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]], or ISRO, in using satellites for improved management of land and other resources. Israel also expressed interest in participating in ISRO's proposed [[Chandrayaan-1|mission]] of sending an unmanned craft to the moon.<ref name="TimesofIndia"/> Additionally, the two countries signed an agreement outlining the deployment of [[TAUVEX]], an Israeli space telescope array, on India's [[GSAT-4]], a planned navigation and communication satellite.<ref name="TimesofIndia"/><ref name="HARS"/><ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=ISRO to Launch Israel's Scientific Instrument |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/25-dec-2003/isro-to-launch-israels-scientific-instrument |publisher=[[Department of Space|Government of India- Department of Space]] |agency=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] |date=25 December 2003 |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117191041/http://www.isro.gov.in/update/25-dec-2003/isro-to-launch-israels-scientific-instrument }}</ref> In 2010, the TAUVEX array was removed from GSAT-4 by the ISRO, and the array was never subsequently launched.<ref name="spacefal">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2012/05/22/israeli-space-telescope-on-clean-room-ice-for-years-may-never-see-launch/ |title=Israeli Space Telescope On 'Clean Room' Ice For Years; May Never See Launch |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=22 May 2012 |first=Bruce |last=Dorminey |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> The GSAT-4 itself failed to launch, due to the failure of its [[cryogenic engine]].<ref name="spacefal"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article398070.ece |title=India's own cryogenic rocket launch fails |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 April 2010 |first=T.S. |last=Subramanian |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref>

In 2005, Israel decided to launch [[TecSAR]], its first [[synthetic aperture radar]] imaging satellite, on India's [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]], or PSLV.<ref name="space1">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/1777-israel-chooses-indian-pslv-launch-spy-satellite.html |title=Israel Chooses Indian PSLV To Launch New Spy Satellite |last1=Opall-Rome |first1=Barbara |last2=Jayaraman |first2=K.S. |date=14 November 2005 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> TecSAR was chosen to launch through India's PSLV due to Israeli concerns about the reliability and technical limitations of its own [[Shavit 2|Shavit]] space launch vehicle, economic considerations, and also due to Israel's desire to increase strategic cooperation with India.<ref name="space1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0802/S00139.htm |title=The Launch of Israel's Tecsar Satellite |publisher=[[Scoop Independent News]] |date=13 February 2008 |first=Yiftah |last=Shapir |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> In 2008, TecSAR was successfully inserted into orbit by India's PSLV.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/4867-india-launches-israeli-radar-satellite.html |title=India Launches Israeli Radar Satellite |last1=Opall-Rome |first1=Barbara |date=25 February 2008 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> One of TecSAR's primary functions is to monitor [[Iran|Iran's]] military activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-launches-sophisticated-spy-satellite-tecsar-1.237735 |title=Israel Launches Sophisticated Spy Satellite TECSAR |last1=Azoulay |first1=Yuval |date=25 February 2008 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/4867-india-launches-israeli-radar-satellite.html |title=India Launches Israeli Radar Satellite |last1=Opall-Rome |first1=Barbara |date=22 January 2008 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7199736.stm |title=India Launches Israeli Satellite |date=21 January 2008 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/10/16/india-launches-navigation-satellite-into-orbit-using-pslv/ |title=India Launches Navigation Satellite into Orbit Using PSLV |last1=Sugden |first1=Joanna |date=16 October 2014 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref>

In 2009, India successfully launched [[RISAT-2]], a synthetic aperture radar imaging satellite.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Military-surveillance-gets-a-boost-with-RISAT-2/articleshow/4426913.cms |title=Military surveillance gets a boost with RISAT-2 |last1=Bagchi |first1=Indrani |date=21 April 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> RISAT-2 was manufactured by [[Israel Aerospace Industries]], or IAI, in conjunction with ISRO.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/03/21/india.satellite/index.html?iref=mpstoryview |title=India to launch Israel-backed satellite |date=21 March 2009 |publisher=CNN |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623221917/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/03/21/india.satellite/index.html?iref=mpstoryview }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/india-plans-to-launch-10-satellites-every-year/article347010.ece |title=India plans to launch 10 satellites every year |date=13 July 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> The launch of the RISAT-2 satellite aimed to provide India with greater earth observation power, which would improve disaster management, and increase surveillance and defense capabilities.<ref name="ATON">{{cite web |last1=Lal |first1=Neeta |date=21 April 2009 |title=India's eye in the sky takes aim |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KD21Df01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421220459/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KD21Df01.html |archive-date=21 April 2009 |access-date=5 November 2015 |work=[[Asia Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=PSLV Successfully launches RISAT-2 and ANUSAT Satellites |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-apr-2009/pslv-successfully-launches-risat-2-and-anusat-satellites |publisher=[[Department of Space|Government of India- Department of Space]] |agency=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] |date=20 April 2009 |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909190152/http://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-apr-2009/pslv-successfully-launches-risat-2-and-anusat-satellites }}</ref> The acquisition and subsequent launch of the RISAT-2 satellite was accelerated after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], to boost India's future surveillance capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/report-india-bought-advanced-spy-satellite-from-israel-1.272584 |title=Report: India Bought Advanced Spy Satellite From Israel |date=20 March 2009 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref>

===Agriculture collaboration===
India has chosen Israel as a strategic partner (G2G) in the field of agriculture.This partnership evolved into the Indo-Israel Agricultural Project (IIAP), under the Indo Israel Action Plan, based on a MOU signed by Indian and Israeli ministers of Agriculture in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Israel_Relations.pdf|title=Ministry of External Affairs. India}}</ref> The partnership aim to introduce crop diversity, increasing productivity & increasing water use efficiency. IIAP has been initiated in 2009 after signing a bilateral agreement between Indian and Israeli ministers of Agriculture (2006). IIAP is implemented via establishment of Centers of Excellence (CoE), in which Israeli Technologies and know-how are disseminated tailored to local Indian conditions. Till date three phases of IIAP has been channeled. Each IIAP phase lasts for three years (2009–2012; 2012–2015, 2015–2018).Within the 16 States that has been invited to take part in the IIAP, 22 CoE's are currently into the fully active stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://embassies.gov.il/delhi/Relations/Indo-Israel-AP/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israel Embassy in India}}</ref>

Acknowledging the success of MIDH MASHAV IIAP Program as implemented during the last decade a three-year work program in Agriculture" 2018–2020 was signed between the [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare|Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer's Welfare]] of the Republic of India and [[Mashav]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-new-delhi-edition/20170706/281973197681269|title=|via=PressReader|access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref>- Ministry of Foreign Affairs Israel to increase the value chain demonstrated with the fully operative Indo-Israel Center of Excellence by introducing new components including the [[Indo-Israeli Centre of Excellence for Animal Husbandary & Dairying, Hisar]]. Center of Excellence (CoE) is a platform for knowledge transfer and Israeli Agro-Technology. As a goal the CoE aims to serve the farmer with a focus on a key crop. Each CoE is composed of Nursery management, Cultivation techniques, and Irrigation and fertigation.

Also in 2008, Israel and India finalised an agricultural plan introducing crops native to the [[Middle East]] and [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] to India, with a particular focus on [[olive (fruit)|olives]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3981145.ece |title=A million olive trees to make Indian desert bloom for farmers |newspaper=The Times |date=22 May 2008 |first=Rhys |last=Blakely |access-date=12 March 2009}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Subsequently, around 112,000 olive trees were planted in the desert of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/olive-mediterranean-fruit-has-begun-thriving-in-rajasthan./1/205850.html |title=A Growing Olive Branch |magazine=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |date=25 May 2014 |first=Goutam |last=Das |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-indian-israeli-olive-agribusiness-experiment/ |title=The Indian-Israeli olive agribusiness experiment |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=29 May 2013 |first1=Ofira |last1=Reuben |first2=Paul |last2=Dharamraj |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> In 2014, more than 100 tonnes of olives were produced in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rajasthan-produces-100-tonnes-of-olives-production-expected-to-grow-manyfold-2021191 |title=Rajasthan produces 100 Tonnes of olives, production expected to grow manyfold |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Workforce collaboration ===
Israel is conducting a recruitment drive in India to address its growing demand for skilled construction workers. This initiative, facilitated by a government-to-government agreement, is focused on recruiting up to 10,000 Indian workers. The recruitment process is taking place at various locations across India, including the Industrial Training Institute in Aundh, Pune.

The Indian government is supporting this effort by providing infrastructure and logistical assistance. This recruitment drive offers Indian workers the opportunity for international employment and competitive salaries. To date, thousands of Indian workers have already been deployed to Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHRWorld.com |title=Israel seeks 10,000 Indian construction workers, offering Rs 1.92 lakh/month salary - ETHRWorld |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/workplace-4-0/recruitment/israel-seeks-10000-indian-construction-workers-offering-rs-1-92-lakh/month-salary/113247991 |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=ETHRWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Oil and natural gas sector cooperation==
With the recent discovery of the [[Tamar gas field|Tamar]] and [[Leviathan gas field|Levianthan]] gas fields off the coast of Israel, India has been one of the first countries to bid for an [[Hydrocarbon exploration|exploration]] license in order to extract and import natural gas from the fields.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/israel-to-award-gas-exploration-license-to-a-consortium-of-indian-oil-psus/articleshow/62278831.cms|title=Israel to award gas exploration license to a consortium of Indian oil PSUs|first=Sanjeev|last=Choudhary|date=28 December 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> India's [[ONGC Videsh]], Bharat PetroResources, Indian Oil and Oil India were awarded an exploration license by the Israeli government, a clear sign of the ongoing diversification in ties between the two countries.

== Cultural ties and cross-country perceptions ==
In 2011, cultural artists and performers from India arrived in Israel to participate in a three-week festival commemorating 20 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries. According to India's then ambassador to Israel [[Navtej Sarna]], the purpose of the festival was to improve the bilateral relationship between the two countries by facilitating a greater understanding of each other's culture.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-06/news/29388871_1_indo-israel-india-and-israel-diplomatic-relations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531081443/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-06/news/29388871_1_indo-israel-india-and-israel-diplomatic-relations |archive-date=31 May 2012 |title=Three week fest to commemorate Indo-Israel diplomatic ties |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=6 April 2011 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>

According to a 2009 international study commissioned by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israeli Foreign Ministry]], the greatest level of sympathy towards Israel can be found in India, with 58% of Indian respondents showing sympathy towards Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3696887,00.html |title=From India with love |work=[[Ynetnews]] |date=4 March 2009 |first=Itamar |last=Eichner |access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

As reported in 2015, [[opinion polls]] taken in India showed 70% and above of respondents had favorable views of Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/India-Israel-relationship-emerges-from-the-closet-430415 |title=India – Israel relationship emerges from the closet |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=29 October 2015 |first=Robert |last=Swift |access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] voted unanimously in favour of adopting 21 June as [[International Yoga Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pminewyork.org/idy/|title=Welcome to International Day of Yoga|website=pminewyork.org|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214020225/https://www.pminewyork.org/idy/}}</ref> In a clear sign of growing affinity between the two countries, the Indian Embassy in Tel Aviv organizes annual yoga day celebrations, where Israelis from all walks of life take part in various yogic exercises. Yoga has proven to be immensely popular in Israel and is a sign of Israel's cultural connection to India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.secrettelaviv.com/tickets/international-day-of-yoga-2018|title=International Day of Yoga 2018|website=Secret Tel Aviv}}</ref>

In 2019, Israel was a country partner at an event scheduled to be held in the central university [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]. Israel's involvement was protested against by students for their "occupation of Palestine." The university relented and announced that "it would not allow Israeli delegates to take part in events on the campus in future." Some Members of Parliament (MPs) had also lent support to the protesting students. The teachers association at Jamia had in 2014 protested against the [[2014 Gaza War|Israeli offensive in Gaza]] and were joined by various activists, academicians, human rights defenders and members of civil society.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 October 2019|title=Jamia Millia Islamia university agrees to keep out Israel as students wanted|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/jamia-millia-islamia-university-agrees-to-keep-out-israel-as-students-wanted/cid/1713847|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202132753/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/jamia-millia-islamia-university-agrees-to-keep-out-israel-as-students-wanted/cid/1713847|archive-date=2 February 2021|access-date=8 May 2021|website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=11 August 2014|title=JTA organizes 'Protest Rally' against genocide in Gaza|url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/upload/publication/pr1_2014August%20=11.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508101925/https://www.jmi.ac.in/upload/publication/pr1_2014August%20=11.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2021|access-date=8 May 2021|website=Jamia Millia Islamia|type=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=22 October 2019|title=Anti Israel slogans, Palestinian flags raised in Jamia Millia|url=https://www.siasat.com/anti-israel-slogans-palestinian-flags-raised-jamia-millia-1700544/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125230814/https://www.siasat.com/anti-israel-slogans-palestinian-flags-raised-jamia-millia-1700544/|archive-date=25 January 2021|access-date=8 May 2021|website=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Kasol, India (14399915565).jpg|thumb|A Hebrew [[Chabad]] sign in [[Kasol]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India]]
Around 40,000 Israelis, many of whom have just finished [[Conscription in Israel|military service]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Paller |first1=Shalev |title=Lifting away the weight of 3 years: Why we Israelis go to India after the army|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/lifting-away-the-weight-of-3-years-why-we-israelis-go-to-india-after-the-army/|website=The Times of Israel|date=29 June 2016 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> visit India annually.<ref name="ET" /> There are dozens of [[Chabad]]-operated community centers in India, where many Israelis celebrate holidays and observe religious traditions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/India-warns-of-Al-Qaida-terror-plots-against-Israeli-tourists-during-holiday-season-374839 |title=India warns of al-Qaida terror plots against Israeli tourists during holiday season |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> Popular destinations for Israelis include [[Goa]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/profile-of-israeli-tourists-visiting-india-is-changing-envoy_956822.html |title=Profile of Israeli tourists visiting India is changing: Envoy |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=23 August 2014 |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> the [[Himalayas]], [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Vashisht (Village)|Vashisht]], [[Naggar]], [[Kasol]], and the villages surrounding [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]].<ref name="JTOI">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-Jewish-summer-in-Himalayas/articleshow/2165689.cms?referral=PM |title=A Jewish summer in Himalayas |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 July 2007 |first=Khushwant |last=Singh |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> In many of these areas, Hebrew signs on businesses and public transportation are widely noticeable.<ref name="JTOI" />

The number of tourists from India visiting Israel touched 15,900 in the year 2000.<ref name="HAA">{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/features/.premium-1.645312 |title=Meet the new tourists to Israel (who don't care for hummus) |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=5 March 2015 |first=Maltz |last=Judy |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> By 2010, the number of tourists had increased to 43,439.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=75604 |title=India and Israel to Enhance Tourism Cooperation
|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=5 September 2011 |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> In 2014, the number of tourists from India visiting Israel was 34,900.<ref name="TC">{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Business/Indias-first-travel-convention-in-Israel-eases-conflict-worries-392112 |title=India's first travel convention in Israel eases conflict worries |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=25 February 2015 |first=Niv |last=Elis |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> A popular destination for Indian tourists traveling to Israel is [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/business/india-tourism-minister-nearly-every-indian-wants-to-visit-jerusalem.premium-1.444262 |title=India tourism minister: Nearly every Indian wants to visit Jerusalem |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=27 June 2012 |first=Rina |last=Rozenberg |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> In part of 2010, Indian tourists were the biggest spenders in Israel, spending an average of $1,364 per tourist; the average tourist expenditure in Israel during this time was $1,091.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-1000622828 |title=India passes Korea as top Asian source of incoming tourism |newspaper=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] |date=13 February 2011 |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2011, representatives from both countries met in Delhi, and planned to enhance tourism through collaboration in the spheres of destination management and promotion, as well as in manpower development. Plans for tour-operators and travel agents in both countries to coordinate were also discussed.<ref name="PIB" /> In 2015, 600 travel agents from India arrived in Israel for the annual Travel Agents Federation of India conference, and ways to decrease barriers to tourism were discussed.<ref name="TC" /> Currently, [[El Al]] flies between Tel Aviv and Mumbai, [[Air India]] flies between Delhi and Tel Aviv, and [[Arkia]] flies between Tel Aviv and [[Kochi]] as well as Tel Aviv and [[Goa]].

In March 2018, Air India, operating flight number AI139, became the first airline to fly non-stop from [[New Delhi]] to [[Tel Aviv]], via the airspace of [[Saudi Arabia]], overturning an overfly ban on flights to [[Israel]] that had lasted 70 years. Currently, Air India is the only airline in the world that has been given such permission, and indicates a behind-the-scenes improvement in relations between Israel and the Arab world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-world-first-air-india-crosses-saudi-airspace-to-israel/|title=In world first, Air India crosses Saudi airspace to Israel|first=Stephen|last=WEIZMAN|website=The Times of Israel |date=22 March 2018 }}</ref> The new flight takes approximately 7 hours to traverse the distance between India and Israel, which is 2 hours and 10 minutes shorter than the route taken by El Al from Mumbai to Tel Aviv. In recent days, the success of the route has prompted the airline to increase the frequency of flights to one each day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-air-india-to-launch-daily-tel-aviv-delhi-flights---report-1001242789|title=Air India to launch daily Tel Aviv-Delhi flights – report|date=24 June 2018|newspaper=Globes}}</ref>

In recent months, [[Israel]] has observed a constant rise in the number of Indian tourists to the country. Towards an additional effort to boost tourism from India, the Israeli government has simplified visa procedures for Indians who have already availed visas from either [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[United States]], [[Schengen countries]] or Israel and have completed their travel to these countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/israel-eases-visa-procedure-for-indians/articleshow/62071437.cms|title=israel: Israel eases visa procedure for Indians |website=The Times of India|date=14 December 2017 }}</ref> Visa processing fees for Indian applicants has also been reduced from the original 1700 to 1100.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/visa-fee-to-israel-down-from-rs-1700-to-rs-1100/articleshow/64433180.cms|title=Visa fee to Israel down from Rs 1,700 to Rs 1,100 |website=The Times of India|date=3 June 2018 }}</ref> In the year 2017, Indian tourist arrivals to Israel rose by 31%, with over 60,000 tourists visiting the country that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-tourist-arrivals-to-israel-increases-by-record-breaking-31-in-2017/articleshow/62708938.cms |title=Indian tourist arrivals to Israel increases by record breaking 31% in 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719193404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-tourist-arrivals-to-israel-increases-by-record-breaking-31-in-2017/articleshow/62708938.cms }}</ref> Israel plans to meet a target of over 100,000 Indian tourists for the year 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/israel-tourism-new-india-advertising-campaign-targeting-100000-travellers-2018/|title=Israel Tourism targets 100,000 Indian travellers for 2018|date=16 April 2018}}</ref>

From 1 January 2025, the [[Ministry of Tourism (Israel)|Ministry of Tourism of Israel]] has launched a digital e-visa system for Indian travellers. This initiative aligns with Israel's broader strategy to enhance tourism ties with India, a rapidly growing market for international visitors.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/personal-finance/israel-launches-e-visa-for-indian-travellers-how-to-apply-required-docs-125010800338_1.html | title=Israel launches e-visa for Indian travellers: How to apply & required docs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/israel-introduces-e-visa-system-for-indian-travellers-starting-january-2025-2661435-2025-01-08 | title=Israel introduces e-visa system for Indian travellers starting January 2025| date=8 January 2025}}</ref>

==Interfaith relations==
{{further|Hinduism and Judaism}}
In February 2007, the first Jewish-Hindu interfaith leadership summit was held in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="JPIR">{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Arts-And-Culture/The-biggest-show-on-earth |title=The biggest show on earth |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=6 March 2013 |first=Shulfa |last=Kopf |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> The summit included the then [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Chief Rabbi]] of Israel [[Yona Metzger]], the [[American Jewish Committee]]'s International Director of Interreligious Affairs [[David Rosen (rabbi)|David Rosen]], a delegation of [[chief rabbi]]s from around the world, and Hindu leaders from India.<ref name="JPIR" /><ref name="NYIR">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/us/02hindu.html|title=In Jews, Indian-Americans See a Role Model in Activism |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 October 2007 |first=Neela |last=Banerjee |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="YIR">{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3437865,00.html |title=Indian Muslims protest peace delegation to Israel |work=[[Ynetnews]] |date=15 August 2007 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> During the summit, Rabbi Metzger stated that Jews have lived in India for over 2,000 years and have never been discriminated against. This is something unparalleled in human history.<ref name="JPIR" />

In August 2007, amidst protests,<ref name="YIR" /> a delegation of [[Indian Muslim]] leaders and journalists traveled to Israel.<ref name="YR">{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3439462,00.html |title=Time to end violence |work=[[Ynetnews]] |date=19 August 2007 |first=Yaakov |last=Lappin |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="YAIR">{{cite web |url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/dialogue-democracy-indian-muslims-visit-israel |title=Dialogue of Democracy: Indian Muslims Visit Israel |publisher=[[Yale Center for the Study of Globalization]] |date=7 November 2007 |first=Tufail |last=Ahmad |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-date=30 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030155812/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/dialogue-democracy-indian-muslims-visit-israel }}</ref> The visit was touted as a dialogue of democracies,<ref name="YAIR" /> and was organised by the American Jewish Committee's India office.<ref name="YR" /> During this trip, Maulana Jameel Ahmed Ilyasi, the then secretary-general of the All-India Association of Imams and Mosques, praised the mutual respect Israeli Arabs and Israeli Jews have for each other, and encouraged resolving problems by dialogue rather than violence.<ref name="YR" /> Muslim leaders met with then president [[Shimon Peres]], where Peres highlighted the coexistence of religions in Jerusalem and India's struggle with terror and separatism.<ref name="YR" />

In 2008, a second Hindu-Jewish summit took place in Jerusalem.<ref name="NJIR">{{cite news |url=http://njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/070209/opedTwoAncientReligions.html |title=Two ancient religions behave like old friends |newspaper=[[New Jersey Jewish News]] |date=2 July 2009 |first=Alan |last=Brill |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624101209/http://njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/070209/opedTwoAncientReligions.html |archive-date=24 June 2015 }}</ref><ref name="HAFIR">{{cite web |url=http://www.hafsite.org/hindu-american-foundation-joins-historic-hindu-jewish-summit-held-israel |title=Hindu American Foundation Joins in Historic Hindu-Jewish Summit Held in Israel |publisher=[[Hindu American Foundation]] |date=26 February 2008 |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407112331/http://www.hafsite.org/hindu-american-foundation-joins-historic-hindu-jewish-summit-held-israel }}</ref> Included in the summit was a meeting between Hindu groups and then Israeli president [[Shimon Peres]], where the importance of a strong Israeli-Indian relationship was discussed.<ref name="HAFIR" /> The Hindu delegation also met with Israeli politicians [[Isaac Herzog]] and [[Majalli Wahabi]].<ref name="HAFIR" /> Hindu groups visited and said their prayers at the [[Western Wall]], and also paid their respects to [[Jewish Holocaust|Holocaust]] victims.<ref name="HAFIR" />

In 2009, a smaller Hindu-Jewish interfaith meeting organised by the [[Hindu American Foundation]] and the American Jewish Committee was held in [[New York City]] and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]].<ref name="NJIR" /> Hindu and Jewish representatives gave presentations, and participants wore lapel pins combining the Israeli, Indian, and American flags.<ref name="NJIR" />

In November 2012, Israeli president [[Shimon Peres]] remarked, "I think India is the greatest show of how so many differences in language, in sects can coexist facing great suffering and keeping full freedom."<ref name="auto"/>

In 2019, a large scale summit to further boost Hindu-Jewish cultural ties was organized by Indo-Israel Friendship Association in [[Mumbai]]. Many important leaders like [[Subramanian Swamy]] attended the event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/neither-hindus-nor-jews-proselytise-yet-prosecuted-subramanian-swamy |title=Neither Hindus nor Jews proselytise, yet prosecuted: Subramanian Swamy |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |date=27 August 2019 |first=Pratip |last=Acharaya |access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref>

===Judaism in India===
{{main|Judaism in India}}

{{further|Indian Jews in Israel}}
[[File:Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Coachin, A.D. 68.jpg|thumb|Jewish immigrants arriving at [[Kochi]] in 68 AD]]
[[File:Beni-israel-india-2.jpg|thumb|A [[Bene Israel]] family in Bombay (c. late 19th century)]]
[[File:Interiors in wider view of Magen David Synagogue, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)|Magen David Synagogue]] in [[Kolkata]]]]
The history of the Jewish people in India dates back to ancient times.<ref>The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. {{ISBN|965-278-179-7}}.</ref><ref name="Weil">Weil, Shalva.''India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle''. Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.]. 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/solomon-to-cheraman/279886|title=Solomon To Cheraman | Outlook India Magazine|website=outlookindia.com/|date=5 February 2022 }}</ref> [[Judaism]] was one of the first foreign religions to arrive in India in [[recorded history]].<ref>Weil, Shalva. "Indian Judaic Tradition" in Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds) ''Religions in South Asia'', London: Palgrave Publishers, 2006. pp. 169–183.</ref> [[India]]n [[Jews]] are a religious minority of India, but unlike many parts of the world, have historically lived in India without any instances of [[antisemitism]] from the local majority populace, the [[Hindu]]s. The better-established ancient communities have assimilated a large number of local traditions through [[cultural diffusion]].<ref>Weil, Shalva. "Bene Israel Rites and Routines" in Shalva Weil (ed.) ''India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle'', Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. (first published in 2002); 3Arts, 54(2): 26–37.</ref> The Jewish population in India is hard to estimate since each Jewish community is distinct with different origins; while some allegedly arrived during the time of the [[Kingdom of Judah]], others are seen by some as descendants of Israel's [[Ten Lost Tribes]].<ref>Weil, Shalva. (1991) "Beyond the Sambatyon: the Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes." Tel-Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth, the Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora.</ref> In addition to Jewish expatriates<ref>Weil, Shalva. "From Persecution to Freedom: Central European Jewish Refugees and their Jewish Host Communities in India" in Anil Bhatti and Johannes H. Voigt (eds) ''Jewish Exile in India 1933–1945'', New Delhi: Manohar and Max Mueller Bhavan, 1999. pp. 64–84.</ref> and recent immigrants, there are several distinct Jewish groups in India:

* [[Cochin Jews]], also called [[Malabar Jews]], are of [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] and [[Sephardi]] heritage. They are the oldest group of Jews in India, with possible roots claimed to date to the time of [[King Solomon]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=two+millennia ''The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities''] by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. {{ISBN|965-278-179-7}}.</ref><ref>Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M. Avrum Erlich (ed.) ''Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora'', Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, 3: 1204–1212.</ref> The Cochin Jews settled in the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] in [[South India]].<ref>Weil, Shalva. ''India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle,'' Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. [first published in 2002; 3rd edn] Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Menachery 1998</ref><ref>Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds) ''Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement'', New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78–80.</ref><ref>Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews" in Judith Baskin (ed.)'' Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture'', New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107.</ref>
* The so-called [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]], [[Paradesi Jews]] and [[British Jews]] arrived at [[Madras]] during the 16th century, mainly as traders and diamond businessmen.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} They also have a large presence in the former Portuguese colony of [[Goa]], where the [[Goan Inquisition]] was initiated in 1560.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/A-Jewish-past-annihilated-over-time/articleshow/29680724.cms|title=A Jewish past annihilated over time|work=The Times of India|date=February 2014 }}</ref>
* The [[Bene Israel]] arrived in the state of [[Maharashtra]] 900 years ago.<ref>Weil, Shalva. "Bene Israel'" in Judith Baskin (ed.) ''Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture'', New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 59.</ref> Another branch of the [[Bene Israel]] community, resided in Karachi until the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, when they fled to India (in particular: Mumbai). Many of them also moved to [[Israel]]. The Jews from [[Sindh]], [[Punjab]] or [[Pathan]] area are often incorrectly called Bani Israel Jews. The Jewish community who used to reside in other parts of what became Pakistan (such as [[Lahore]] or [[Peshawar]]) also fled to India in 1947, in a similar manner to the larger Karachi Jewish community.
* The [[Baghdadi Jews]] arrived in the city of Surat from Iraq (and other Arab states), Iran and Afghanistan about 250 years ago.<ref name="Weil" />
* The [[Bnei Menashe]] are [[Mizo people|Mizo]] and [[Kuki people|Kuki]] tribesmen in [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]] who are recent converts to Judaism.<ref name="Weil 2">Weil, Shalva. "Lost Israelites from North-East India: Re-Traditionalisation and Conversion among the Shinlung from the Indo-Burmese Borderlands." ''The Anthropologist'', 2004. 6(3): 219–233.</ref>
* The [[Bene Ephraim]] (also called Telugu Jews) are a small group who speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]]; their observance of Judaism dates to 1981.

The majority of Indian Jews have made [[Aliyah]] (migrated) to [[Israel]] since the creation of the modern state in 1948. Over 70,000 Indian Jews now live in Israel (over 1% of Israel's total population).{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Of the remaining 5,000, the largest community is concentrated in [[Mumbai]], where 3,500 have stayed over from the over 30,000 Jews registered there in the 1940s, divided into [[Bene Israel]] and [[Baghdadi Jews]],<ref>Rachel Delia Benaim, [http://tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/188925/mumbai-tombstone-engraver 'For India's Largest Jewish Community, One Muslim Makes All the Tombstones,'] [[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet]] 23 February 2015.</ref> though the Baghdadi Jews refused to recognize the B'nei Israel as Jews, and withheld dispensing charity to them for that reason.<ref name="Katz" >Nathan Katz, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWX6pF2PTJwC&pg=PA91 ''Who Are the Jews of India?,''] California University Press, 2000 pp.91ff.</ref> There are reminders of Jewish localities in Kerala still left such as synagogues.

In the beginning of the 21st century, new Jewish communities have been established in Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore, and other cities in India. The new communities have been established by the Chabad-Lubavitch movement which has sent rabbis to create those communities. The communities serve the religious and social needs of Jewish business people who have immigrated to or are visiting India, and Jewish backpackers touring India. The largest centre is the [[Nariman House]] in Mumbai. There are currently 33 [[synagogues in India]], although many no longer function as such and today vary in their levels of preservation.<ref>Weil, Shalva. 1992 'Cochin Jews' (3(South Asia):71–73), in Paul Hockings (ed.) Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall & Co.</ref><ref>Weil, Shalva. 1992 'Bene Israel' (3(South Asia): 27–29) in Paul Hockings (ed.) Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall & Co.</ref><ref>Weil, Shalva. 2009a India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle, Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.].</ref>

==See also==
* [[Israelis in India]]
* [[Indians in Israel]]
* [[Indian Jews in Israel]]
* [[Embassy of Israel, New Delhi]]
* [[History of the Jews in India]]
* [[Baháʼí Faith in India]]
* [[Hinduism in Israel]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[International recognition of Israel]]
* [[Foreign relations of Israel]]
* [[Battle of Haifa (1918)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Relations of India and Israel}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/sharon.htm Rediff Portal] – Ariel Sharon's visit to India
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028125431/http://www.rb.org.il/Israel-India/India-Israel%20Contents.htm India-Israel Fellowship]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110510084808/http://www.indojudaic.org/ Indo-Judaic: Philosophy, Research, Studies and Cultural Community]
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/2936/dissertation_gerberg_%20i.pdf?sequence=1 The Changing nature of Israeli-Indian Relations:1948 – 2005 ]
*{{cite web |url=http://www.nhsf.org.uk/images/stories/HinduDharma/Interfaith/hinduzion.pdf |title=Hinduism and Judaism compilation which aims to showcase Hindu support for India–Israel relations |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423090103/http://www.nhsf.org.uk/images/stories/HinduDharma/Interfaith/hinduzion.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2006 |url-status=bot: unknown }}
* [http://www.jewsofindia.org Jews of India]

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Saadat Hasan Manto

2026-03-22T17:41:26Z

AbbieLongoria3:

{{Short description|Pakistani novelist, playwright and writer (1912–1955)}}
{{distinguish|Manto Munshi (musician)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Saadat Hasan Manto
| honorific_suffix = [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI]]
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|سعادت حسن منٹو}}
| image = Saadat_Hasan_Manto_photograph.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1912|05|11}}
| birth_place = [[Samrala]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India)}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1955|01|18|1912|05|11}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[West Punjab]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Novelist|playwright|essayist|screenwriter|short story writer}}
| citizenship = [[British subject]] (1912–1948) [[Pakistani]] (1948–1955)
| period = 1934–1955
| genre = {{Hlist|Drama|nonfiction|satire|screenplays|personal correspondence}}
| notableworks = {{ubl|''[[Toba Tek Singh (short story)|Toba Tek Singh]]''|''[[Thanda Gosht]]''|''Bu''|''Khol Do''|''Kaali Shalwar''|''Hattak''}}
| spouse = Safia Manto
| children = Nighat Manto Nusrat Manto Nuzhat Manto
| relatives = [[Saifuddin Kichlu]] [[Masood Parvez]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Ayesha|last=Jalal|title=The Pity of Partition: Manto's Life, Times, and Work across the India-Pakistan Divide|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|page=216|isbn=978-1400846689}}</ref> [[Abid Hassan Minto]] [[Ayesha Jalal]]
| awards = [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]] Award (Order of Excellence) in 2012 (posthumous)
| years_active = 1933-1955
| resting_place = [[Miani Sahib Graveyard]], Lahore
}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}

'''Saadat Hasan Manto'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|m|ɑ:|n|,_|-|t|ɒ}}; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سعادت حسن منٹو}}}}, {{IPA|pa|s'aːdət (ɦ)əsən mənʈoː}}, {{IPA|ur|səˈaːd̪ət̪ ˈɦəsən ˈməɳʈoː}}}} {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI]]}} (11 May 1912 – 18 January 1955) was a Pakistani writer, playwright and novelist from [[Punjab]], who is regarded as the greatest [[List of short-story authors|short-story author]] in [[Urdu literature]]. He was active from 1933 during [[British Raj|British rule]] till his death in 1955 after [[Partition of India|independence]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/prospero/2012/05/14/a-writer-of-fierce-candour|title=A writer of fierce candour|newspaper=The Economist|date=14 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/books/saadat-hasan-manto-kashmir|title=So What Do We Do About Manto, Who Was Neither Indian Nor Pakistani?|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dareechah-e-Nigaarish - Saadat Hasan Manto (1912-1955)|url=http://www.dareechah.com/urdu_fiction_writers/saadat_hasan_manto|website=Dareechah.com|access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

Writing mainly in [[Urdu]], he produced 22 collections of short stories, a novel, five series of radio plays, three collections of essays, and two collections of personal sketches. His best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/saadat-hasan-manto|title=Saadat Hasan Manto|publisher=Penguin Books India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330051026/http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/saadat-hasan-manto|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/716126/manto-centenary-a-conversation-about-manto|title=The Storyteller: Saadat Hasan Manto (May 11, 1912 - January 18, 1955|work=Dawn|date=6 May 2012|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> He is best known for his stories about the [[partition of India]], which he [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed]], immediately following independence in 1947.<ref name="Manzoor2016"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/books/review/bombay-stories-by-saadat-hasan-manto.html?_r=0|title=Pearls of Regret|first=Suketu|last=Mehta|work=The New York Times|date=8 May 2014|access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref> Manto's most notable work has been archived by [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/saadat-hasan-manto/all|title=All writings of Saadat Hasan Manto|website=Rekhta|accessdate=19 February 2025}}</ref>

Manto was tried six times for alleged obscenity in his writings; thrice before 1947 in [[British India]], and thrice after independence in 1947 in [[Pakistan]], but was never convicted.<ref name=site>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/saadat-hasan-manto-best-short-story-writer-322865-2016-05-11|title=Saadat Hasan Manto's 104th birth anniversary: Facts about the best short-story writer in South Asia|work=India Today|date=11 May 2016|access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref> He is acknowledged as one of the finest 20th-century [[Urdu]] writers and is the subject of two biographical films: the 2015 film ''[[Manto (2015 film)|Manto]]'', directed by [[Sarmad Khoosat]] and the 2018 film ''[[Manto (2018 film)|Manto]]'', directed by [[Nandita Das]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Tanul |title='Manto' Is an Unflinching Account of a Man's Descent Into Paranoia |url=https://thewire.in/film/manto-review-nandita-das-nawazuddin-siddiqui |access-date=14 January 2019 |publisher=The Wire |date=21 September 2018}}</ref>

==Biography==

===Early life===
Manto was born in the late [[British Raj]] at Paprodi village of [[Samrala]] in the [[Ludhiana district]] of [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab]] into a [[Punjabi Muslim]] family with [[Kashmiris in Punjab|Kashmiri]] ancestry on 11 May 1912. His trading family had settled in [[Amritsar]] in the early-nineteenth century and taken up the legal profession, with most in his family being barristers at the time of his birth. His father, Khwaja Ghulam Hasan, was a session judge of a local court. His mother, Sardar Begum, was of [[Pashtun]] ancestry and was the second wife of his father.{{sfn|Jalal|2013a|pp=29, 30}} Identifying as both Punjabi and Kashmiri, he claimed allegiance to his native Punjab and infamously remarked "Behind my Urdu, it's the Punjabi tongue that speaks" and upon his writing being accused of being obscene, he remarked "We Punjabis are madmen, but pure of heart"; and, in a letter to [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], suggested that being 'beautiful' was the second meaning of being 'Kashmiri'.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=254L0WM45VYC&q=manto+kashmiri&pg=PT5|title=Bombay Stories|last1=Reeck|first1=Matt|last2=Ahmad|first2=Aftab|publisher=Random House India|year=2012|isbn=9788184003611|quote=He claimed allegiance not only to his native Punjab but also to his ancestors' home in Kashmir. While raised speaking Punjabi, he was also proud of the remnants of Kashmiri culture that his family maintained-food customs, as well as intermarriage with families of Kashmiri origin-and throughout his life, he assigned special importance to others who had Kashmiri roots. In a tongue-in-cheek letter addressed to Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, he went so far as to suggest that being beautiful was the second meaning of being Kashmiri}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuY1glf2n0YC&q=manto+kashmiri&pg=PT133|title=Our Moon Has Blood Clots: The Exodus of the Kashmiri Pandits|last=Pandita|first=Rahul|publisher=Random House India|year=2013|isbn=9788184003901|quote=By virtue of his disposition, temperament, features and his spirit, Manto remains a Kashmiri Pandit.}}</ref>

===Education and early career===
He received his early education at a Muslim High School in [[Amritsar]] where he twice failed his matriculation examination.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|pp=3, 4}} In 1931, he took admission at the Hindu Sabha College but dropped out after the first year due to poor results.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=4}}

The big turning point in his life came in 1933, at age 21, when he met Abdul Bari Alig, a scholar and polemic writer who encouraged him to find his true talents and read Russian and French authors.<ref name="stamp">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/philately/stamps2005/saadat_manto.html|title=Saadat Hasan Manto (1912-1955) Men of Letters|work=Pakistan Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225080251/http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/philately/stamps2005/saadat_manto.html|archive-date=25 December 2017}}</ref> Bari also encouraged Manto to translate [[Victor Hugo]]'s ''[[The Last Day of a Condemned Man]]'' into Urdu which was later published by Urdu Book Stall, Lahore as ''Sarguzasht-e-Aseer'' (A Prisoner's Story).{{sfn|Flemming|1985|pp=4, 5}} He then translated [[Oscar Wilde]]’s ''[[Vera; or, The Nihilists|Vera]]'' into Urdu in 1934.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=5}} He published his first original story in Urdu, ''Tamasha'' (Spectacle) under a pseudonym in Abdul Bari Alig's Urdu newspaper ''Khalq'' (Creation). It was based on the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=6}} During this period he contributed to the daily newspaper ''Musawat'', (Equality) and ''Ehsan'' (Kindness), both published from Amritsar.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=6}} He also edited and translated Russian and French stories for the journals ''Alamgir'' and ''Humayun''.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=310}}{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=36}} On Bari's encouragement, these Russian stories were then published in Lahore under the title, ''Rusi Afsanay'' (Russian Stories). The collection included stories from Tolstoy, Gorky, and Chekhov and two of Manto's original stories, ''Tamasha'' (Spectacle) and ''Mahigir'' (Fisherman).{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=36}}

This heightened enthusiasm pushed Manto to pursue graduation at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], which he joined in July 1934, and soon got associated with the literary circle who would later become members of the [[Indian Progressive Writers' Association]] (IPWA).{{sfn|Flemming|1985|pp=6, 7}} It was here that he met writer [[Ali Sardar Jafri]] and found a new spurt in his writing. His second story, "Inqlaab Pasand", was published in Aligarh magazine in March 1935.{{sfn|Jalal|2013a|p=50}} His education at Aligarh was cut short when, nine months into joining the university, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. He spent the next three months at a sanatorium at [[Batote]] in [[Kashmir]] to regain his health and then returned home to Amritsar.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=7}}

After a brief stay in Amritsar, Manto moved to Lahore in search of employment and joined the newspaper ''Paras'' (Philosopher's Stone). In 1936, at Lahore, he published his first collection of original short stories ''[[Atish Paray]]'' (Nuggets of Fire).{{sfn|Flemming|1985|pp=7, 8}}

In late 1936, he moved to [[Bombay]] when he received an invitation to edit the weekly ''Mussawir'' (Painter).{{sfn|Flemming|1985|pp=7, 8}}

===Career in Bombay (1937-1941)===
In Bombay, Manto started his work as an editor of ''Mussawir'' along with Nazir Ludhianvi and the magazine ''Samaj'' (Society). He also started to write dialogues and scripts for the [[Hindi film industry]], working first for the Imperial Film Company and then for Saroj Movietone.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|pp=8, 9}} His films during this period include the 1940 film ''[[Apni Nagariya]]''.{{sfn|Hashmi|2012|p=12}} He wrote many radio plays including ''Ao Radio Sunen'' (Come, Let's Listen to Radio) and ''Qalopatrah ki maut'' (Cleopatra's Death).{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=10}} In Bombay, he also came in contact with the [[Progressive Writers' Association]] and became friendly with progressive writers like [[Krishan Chander]], [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] and [[Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi]].{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=10}}

In 1940 he published his second collection of short stories ''[[Manto Ke Afsanay]]'' (Stories of Manto) from Lahore.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=41}}

In August 1940, he was dismissed from the editorship of ''Musawwir'' and started working for another magazine called ''Karwan'' (Caravan) at a lower salary. Dissatisfied with his work, he applied to [[Krishan Chander]] for a job with [[All India Radio]] in Delhi. Subsequently, he moved to Delhi in January 1941 and accepted the job of writing for the Urdu Service of [[All India Radio]].{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=11}}

===In Delhi (1941-1942)===
Manto joined All India Radio in early 1941 and became acquainted with many writers working there, such as [[Chiragh Hasan Hasrat]], [[Akhtar Hussain Raipuri]], Ansar Nasiri, Mahmud Nizami, [[Meeraji]] and [[Upendranath Ashk]].{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=11}}

This proved to be his most productive period as in the next eighteen months he published over four collections of radio plays, ''Aao'' (Come), ''Manto ke Drame'' (Manto's Dramas), ''Janaze'' (Funerals) and ''Teen Auraten'' (Three women). He continued to write short stories, and his next short story collection ''[[Dhuan (Smoke)|Dhuan]]'' (Smoke) was soon out, followed by his first collection of topical essays, ''Manto ke Mazamin''. This period culminated with the publication of his mixed collection ''Afsane aur Dramey'' in 1943.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=13}} Meanwhile, due to growing differences with his colleagues at [[All India Radio]], he left his job and returned to Bombay in July 1942 and again started working with the film industry.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=14}}

===Return to Bombay (1942-1948)===
Manto returned to Bombay in July 1942 and rejoined as the editor of ''Musawwir''. During this time, he associated with his Aligarh friend [[Shaheed Latif]] and his wife [[Ismat Chughtai]]. In 1942, on Latif's invitation, he joined the [[Filmistan]] studio.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=11}} Here he also formed friendship with [[Ashok Kumar]]{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=15}} and entered his best phase in screenwriting giving films like ''Aatth Din'', ''[[Chal Chal Re Naujawan]]'' and [[Mirza Ghalib (film)|''Mirza Ghalib'']], which was finally released in 1954.{{sfn|Hashmi|2012|p=12}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saadat-hasan-manto-and-bollywood-writing-national-award-winning-film-actor-in-ashok-kumar-movie-7909984/|title=Saadat Hasan Manto and Bollywood: From writing a National Award-winning film to playing a cameo in an Ashok Kumar movie|date=11 May 2022}}</ref> He also wrote ''[[Shikari (1946 film)|Shikari]]''. Some of his short stories also came from this phase, including Kaali Shalwar (1941), Dhuan (1941), and Bu (1945), which was published in Qaumi Jang (Bombay) in February 1945. Another highlight of his second phase in Bombay was the publication of a collection of his stories, Chugad, which also included the story 'Babu Gopinath'.<ref name=bbc/> Dissatisfied with the people at Filmistan, he joined the [[Bombay Talkies]] in 1947, after the partition of India.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=16}}

=== Migration to Pakistan ===

As a resident of Bombay, Manto had intended to stay in India after [[Partition of India|partition]]. In 1948, his wife and children went to Lahore to visit their relatives and friends. During this time, as stories of the atrocities of [[partition riots]] reached him, in the midst of occasional communal riots in Bombay itself, he decided to migrate to Pakistan, and left for it by ship.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=16}} He stayed a few days in Karachi, finally settling at Lahore with his family.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=17}} Manto and his family thus found themselves as "''muhajirs''" (refugees from India) and were among the millions of Muslims who left present-day India for the new Muslim-majority nation of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Manto|first=Saadat Hasan|title=Ganjay Farishtay|page=190|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/101672143/Ganjay-Farishtay-by-Saadat-Hasan-Mantto|access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Life in Lahore ===

When Manto arrived in Lahore from Bombay, he associated with several intellectuals at Lahore's [[Pak Tea House]]. According to one commentator: "There was absolutely no external influence and people would share their opinions on any subject without fear even during the military dictators' regimes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://herald.dawn.com/news/1152781|title=Not everyone's cup of tea|first=Abid|last=Hussain|work=The Herald|date=19 March 2015|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> In Lahore, Manto lived with his wife and family in an apartment in [[Lakshmi Building]] located in Lahore's famous Lakshmi Chowk (where many Film Distributors had offices) at the juncture of McLeod Road and Abbott Road.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Nandita |title=Lahore's charm is distinct: Nandita Das falls in love with the walled city |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1174482 |access-date=16 January 2019 |publisher=Dawn |date=7 April 2015}}</ref> Lakshmi Building no longer exists as such but only its front or facade has been renovated and still faces McLeod Road. Lakshmi Building was abandoned during the [[partition riots]] of 1947-48 in Lahore. The mansion is currently dilapidated and uninhabited, though its façade still exists, renovated and painted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Damohi |first1=Usman |title=Karachi - Tareekh ke aayiney meain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Balouch |first1=Akhtar |title=Manto's Lakshmi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1073890 |access-date=16 January 2019 |publisher=Dawn |date=14 December 2013}}</ref>
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} Later on, when Manto's financial situation went from bad to worse, he and his family moved in with his wife, Mrs. Safia Manto's extended family. This was Manto's extended family as well, including his relatives, Film Director Masud Pervaiz, and Cricket Commentator Hamid Jalal. Manto, Safia Manto and their three daughters all lived with their extended family in a large apartment in the posh LAKSHMI MANSION, an Apartment Complex situated between Hall Road and Beadon Road <ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohsin |first1=Jugnu |title=Migration and the Manto Family |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4MUoG6NsGc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/D4MUoG6NsGc |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|website=WatchNa |date=22 August 2020 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=15 September 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> which had a circular enclosed green space with a Peepal Tree where the other Apartment residents included Mani Shankar Ayyar and the renowned Lahore jeweller Girdhari Lal. The three-story building was built by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]]'s Lakshmi insurance company in 1938, inaugurated by [[Sarojini Naidu]], and was at one time the residence of K.Santhanam, an eminent lawyer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Nandita |title=Lahore diary - If you haven't seen Lahore, you haven't even been born |url=https://scroll.in/article/717957/If-you-haven%E2%80%99t-seen-Lahore,-you-haven%27t-even-been-born |access-date=16 January 2019 |publisher=Scroll |date=6 April 2015}}</ref> Lakshmi Mansion still exists in Lahore and was never abandoned. Later residents have included a former Speaker of [[National Assembly of Pakistan|Pakistan's National Assembly]] and Pakistan Peoples Party stalwart Malik Meraj Khalid.

=== Death ===
[[File:Sa'adat Hasan Manto (8325397649).jpg|thumb|Manto's grave at Miani Saheb graveyard in Lahore.]]
Manto had suffered public trials mainly on the charge of writing obscene literature in the newly created and increasingly Islamized Pakistan. Sessions Judge Munir presided over Manto's last trial in Lahore, and he is the infamous judge who later became [[Muhammad Munir|Justice Munir]], Chief Justice of Pakistan Supreme Court, and who invented the Doctrine of Necessity alias Nazria-e-Zaroorat in later years to buttress martial law in Pakistan. In this trial in Lahore against Manto, [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], [[M. D. Taseer|M.D. Taseer]] and many literary celebrities testified in favor of Manto. Manto's trial ended with a warning from Sessions Judge Munir that he was being let off easy with just a fine but would be sent to jail for many years if he did not stop writing his provocative short stories. So, Manto could not write his novel and cutting-edge short stories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/iatl/study/ugmodules/ugmodules/censorship/teachingandreadingmaterials/manto_previous_resources.pptx|title=Wayback Machine|website=warwick.ac.uk|accessdate=19 February 2025}}</ref> Manto sank into depression. He tried to alleviate his depression with alcohol, and this started affecting his liver and led to cirrhosis of the liver, with him vomiting blood. His wife and relatives tried admitting him into Lahore Mental Asylum on Jail Road, Lahore, which was the rehab clinic for alcoholics at that time. This treatment did not work. Manto returned to Lakshami Mansions, Beadon Road, near Mall Road. Soon he had become increasingly alcoholic, which eventually led to [[cirrhosis|cirrhosis of the liver]]. He died on 18 January 1955, at Lakshami Mansions, Lahore. His death was attributed to the effects of [[alcoholism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/4DEamtAxhLWNu7dTvdypGK/Saadat-Hasan-Manto-the-family-man.html|title=Saadat Hasan Manto, the family man|last=Farooq|first=Mohammad|date=18 January 2018|website= Live Mint|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>

Manto is buried in the Miani Saheb graveyard in Lahore. In 1954, he composed his own epitaph:{{sfn|Jalal|2013a|p=210}} <blockquote>Here lies Saadat Hasan Manto. With him lie buried all the arts and mysteries of short story writing . . . Under tons of earth he lies, wondering who of the two is the greater short story writer: God or he.</blockquote>

However, on the insistence of his family it was replaced by an alternative epitaph on his grave, which was also authored by him, inspired by a couplet from [[Ghalib]]:{{sfn|Jalal|2013a|p=210}} <blockquote>This is the grave of the grave of Saadat Hasan Manto, who still thinks his name was not the repeated word on the tablet of time.</blockquote>

==Personal life==
On 26 April 1939, Manto married Safia Begum.{{sfn|Jalal|2013a|p=108}} Their first child, Arif, died at a young age in April 1941 in Delhi.{{sfn|Jalal|2013a|p=108}} Later, they had three daughters: Nighat Manto, Nuzhat Manto, and Nusrat Manto. His daughter Nighat Bashir still lives at Lakshami Mansions, Beadon Road, where Manto died.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rehman |first1=Noor Ur |title=Lakshmi Mansion: Now A Decrepit Void |url=https://www.charcoalgravel.com/lakshmi-mansion-now-a-decrepit-void/ |access-date=16 January 2019 |publisher=Charcoal and gravel |date=14 August 2018 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116150054/https://www.charcoalgravel.com/lakshmi-mansion-now-a-decrepit-void/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Writings==
Manto chronicled the chaos that prevailed during and after the Partition of India in 1947.<ref name=kashmir/><ref name=bolo>{{cite web|url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=2401|title=Saadat Hasan Manto: A Profile|first=Aparna|last=Chatterjee|website=Boloji.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730233705/http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=2401|archive-date=30 July 2017}}</ref> Manto strongly [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]], which he saw as an "overwhelming tragedy" and "maddeningly senseless".<ref name="Manzoor2016">{{cite web |last1=Manzoor |first1=Sarfraz |title=Saadat Hasan Manto: 'He anticipated where Pakistan would go' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jun/11/saadat-hasan-manto-short-stories-partition-pakistan |work=The Guardian |access-date=2 March 2019 |date=11 June 2016 |quote=The partition was brutal and bloody, and to Saadat Hasan Manto, a Muslim journalist, short-story author and Indian film screenwriter living in Bombay, it appeared maddeningly senseless. Manto was already an established writer before August 1947, but the stories he would go on to write about partition would come to cement his reputation. ... Manto had been implacably opposed to partition and had refused to go to the newly formed Pakistan.}}</ref><ref name="Bhalla1997">{{cite book |last1=Bhalla |first1=Alok |title=Life and works of Saadat Hasan Manto |date=1997 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |page=113 |quote=One can, however, assert that the finest short/ stories about the period were written by Saadat Hasan Manto. For him the partition was an overwhelming tragedy.}}</ref> He started his literary career translating the works of [[Victor Hugo]], [[Oscar Wilde]] and Russian writers such as [[Chekhov]] and [[Maxim Gorky|Gorky]]. His first story was "Tamasha", based on the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] at [[Amritsar]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/story/2005/05/050510_manto_sharaddutt|title=बैरिस्टर के बेटे से लेखक होने तक|first=Sharad|last=Dutt|publisher=BBC Hindi|language=hi|date=10 May 2005|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> Though his earlier works, influenced by the progressive writers of his times, showed a marked leftist and socialist leanings, his later work progressively became stark in portraying the darkness of the human psyche, as humanist values progressively declined around the Partition.<ref name=bolo/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/mahfil/pager.html?volume=1&objectid=PK5461.A1M2_1_1_014.gif|title=A short story by Sadat Hasan Manto: A Biographical Sketch|journal=Mahfil|volume=1|issue=1|year=1963|page=12|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref>

{{Rquote|center|"A writer picks up his pen only when his sensibility is hurt."<ref name=kashmir>{{cite web|url=http://www.panunkashmir.org/kashmirsentinel/feb2003/14.html|title=Social and Political World-View of Saadat Hasan Manto|work=Kashmir Sentinel|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> -- Manto to a court judge}}

His final works, which grew from the social climate and his own financial struggles, reflected an innate sense of human impotency towards darkness and contained satire that verged on dark comedy, as seen in his final work, [[Toba Tek Singh (short story)|Toba Tek Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/kaleidoscope/manto-s-undivided-people-divided-us/129280.html|title=Manto's undivided people & divided us|work=The Tribune|date=6 September 2015|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> It not only showed the influence of his own demons, but also that of the collective madness that he saw in the ensuing decade of his life. To add to it, his numerous court cases and societal rebukes deepened his cynical view of society, from which he felt isolated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakteahouse.net/2012/12/19/some-closing-thoughts-on-saadat-hasan-mantos-centenary|title=Some Closing Thoughts on Saadat Hasan Manto's Centenary|publisher=Pak Tea House|date=19 December 2012|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref>
No part of human existence remained untouched or taboo for him; he sincerely brought out stories of prostitutes and pimps alike, just as he highlighted the subversive sexual slavery of the women of his times.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9097PQAACAAJ|title=Bitter Fruit: The Very Best of Saadat Hasan Manto|first=Saadat Hasan|last=Manto|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2008|isbn=978-0143102175|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> To many contemporary women writers, his language portrayed reality and provided them with the dignity they long deserved.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/story/2005/05/050510_manto_nasira|title=औरत को इंसान के रुप में पेश किया|first=Sufia|last=Shani|publisher=BBC Hindi|language=hi|date=10 May 2005|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> He is still known for his scathing insight into human behaviour as well as revelation of the macabre animalistic nature of the enraged people, that stands out amidst the brevity of his prose.<ref name=kashmir/>

{{Rquote|center|"We’ve been hearing this for some time now — Save India from this, save it from that. The fact is that India needs to be saved from the people who say it should be saved.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manto's Anna Hazare moment: Who will save India? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/mantos-anna-hazare-moment-who-will-save-india-643139.html |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=Firstpost |date=28 February 2013}}</ref> -- Manto}}

At least one commentator compares Saadat Hasan Manto to [[D. H. Lawrence]], partly because he wrote about taboos of Indo-Pakistani Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/story/2005/05/050510_manto_rajendrayadav|title=प्रामाणिक रुप से लिखने वाला क्रांतिकारी कथाकार|first=Sufia|last=Shani|publisher=BBC Hindi|language=hi|date=10 May 2005|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> His concerns on the socio-political issues, from local to global are revealed in his series, Letters to Uncle Sam, and those to Pandit Nehru.<ref name=kashmir/> On his writing he often commented, "If you find my stories dirty, the society you are living in is dirty. With my stories, I only expose the truth".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/story/2005/05/050510_manto_writing|title=मैं क्या लिखता हूँ?|first=Saadat Hasan|last=Manto|publisher=BBC Hindi|language=hi|date=10 May 2005|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Conservative critique: charge for obscenity ===
Manto faced trial for obscenity in his writings, three times in British India before 1947 (‘Dhuan’, ‘Bu’ and ‘Kali Shalwar’) and three times in Pakistan after 1947 (‘Khol Do’, ‘[[Thanda Gosht]]’ and ‘Upar Neeche Darmiyaan’) under section 292 of the ''Indian Penal Code '' (by the British Government) and the ''Pakistan Penal Code ''in Pakistan's early years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/sentence-first-verdict-afterwards/|title=Sentence First – Verdict Afterwards|last=Tariq|first=Bashir|date=20 March 2015|website=The Friday Times|access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> He was fined only in one case. Regarding the charges of obscenity he opined, "I am not a pornographer but a story writer".<ref>{{cite book|first=Ayesha|last=Jalal|title=The Pity of Partition: Manto's Life, Times, and Work across the India-Pakistan Divide|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|page=109|isbn=978-1400846689}}</ref>

=== Progressive critique: migration to Pakistan ===
While the conservative or right-wing section of the society criticised him on moral grounds, the [[Progressive Writers' Movement|progressives]] or Marxists and leftists criticised him for ideological reasons, namely for his migration to Pakistan and embrace of [[Pakistani nationalism]], Manto then being championed by traditional minded literary critics such as [[Hasan Askari (writer)|Hasan Askari]] and Mumtaz Shirin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Parekh|first=Rauf|date=4 March 2008|title=Mumtaz Shirin & movement for Pakistani literature|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1070973|access-date=17 January 2021|website=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref>

==Legacy==

=== Awards ===
On 14 August 2012 which is [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Pakistan's Independence Day]], Saadat Hasan Manto was posthumously awarded the [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]] award (Distinguished Service to Pakistan Award) by the [[Government of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2012 |title=Abida Parveen, Aleem Dar among winners Posthumous awards for Manto, Mehdi Hassan |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/742068/abida-parveen-aleem-dar-among-winners-posthumous-awards-for-manto-mehdi-hassan |access-date=12 August 2015 |work=Dawn}}</ref>

=== Film, theatre, and literature ===
Manto was a writer whose life story became a subject of intense discussion and introspection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/717682/tributes-paid-to-manto|title=Tributes paid to Manto|work=Dawn|date=11 May 2012|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> During the last two decades, many stage productions were done to present his character in conflict with the harsh socio-economic realities of the post-partition era. Danish Iqbal's stage Play ''Ek Kutte Ki Kahani'' presented Manto in a new perspective on the occasion of his birth centenary.

In 2015, Pakistani actor and director [[Sarmad Khoosat]] made and released a movie, ''[[Manto (2015 film)|Manto]]'', based on the life of Manto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1205621|title=Behind the scenes: How Manto, the movie, came about|first=Xari|last=Jalil|work=Dawn|date=8 September 2015|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> In 2018, the British Broadcasting Corporation named the work [[Toba Tek Singh (short story)|Toba Tek Singh]] among the 100 stories that shaped the world, alongside works by authors like [[Homer]] and [[Virginia Woolf]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20180521-the-100-stories-that-shaped-the-world|title=The 100 stories that shaped the world|publisher=BBC Culture|date=22 May 2018|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>

The 2018 film ''[[Manto (2018 film)|Manto]]'', made by [[Nandita Das]] and starring [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], is a [[Bollywood]] film based on the life of Manto.<ref name="dna 2017">{{cite web | title=Look who's playing Nawazuddin Siddiqui's friend in Manto | website=DNA | date=25 February 2017 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-look-who-s-playing-nawazuddin-siddiqui-s-friend-in-manto-2334317 | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref>

=== Other Media ===
On 18 January 2005, the fiftieth anniversary of his death, Manto was commemorated on a Pakistani postage stamp.<ref name="stamp" />

On 11 May 2020, [[Google]] celebrated his 108th birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/saadat-hasan-mantos-108th-birthday/|title=Saadat Hasan Manto's 108th Birthday|website=Google|date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* ''Rusi Afsanay'' (Russian Stories) - translated collection of Russian short stories
* ''[[Atish Paray]]'' (Nuggets of Fire) – 1936 آتش پارے - short stories collection
* ''[[Manto Ke Afsanay]]'' (Stories of Manto) – 1940 منٹو کے افسانے - short stories collection
*''Aao'' (Come) - 1940 - radio play collection
* ''[[Dhuan (Smoke)|Dhuan]]'' (Smoke) – 1941 دُھواں - short stories collection
* ''Janaze'' (Funerals) - 1942 - radio play collection
* ''Teen Auraten'' (Three women) - 1942 - radio play collection
* ''Afsane Aur Dramay'' (Fiction and Drama) – 1943 افسانے اور ڈرامے - collection of stories and radio plays
* ''Manto ke Drame'' (Manto's Dramas) - radio play collection
* ''Chugad'' (Blind Fool)– چُغد - short stories collection
* Khol Do (Open It) – 1948 کھول دو
* Lazzat-e-Sang – 1948 (The Taste of Rock) لذتِ سنگ
* Siyah Hashiye – 1948 (Black Borders) سیاہ حاشیہ
* Badshahat Ka Khatimah (The End of Kingship) – 1950 بادشاہت کا خاتمہ
* Khali Botlein (Empty Bottles) – 1950 خالی بوتلیں
* Loud Speaker (Sketches) لاؤڈ سپیکر
* Ganjey Farishtey (Sketches) گنجے فرشتے
* Manto ke Mazameen منٹو کے مضا مین
* Nimrud Ki Khudai (Nimrod The God) – 1950 نمرود کی خُدائی
* [[Thanda Gosht]] (Cold Meat) – 1950 ٹھنڈا گوشت
* Yazid – 1951 یزید
* Pardey Ke Peechhey (Behind The Curtains) – 1953 پردے کے پیچھے
* Sarak Ke Kinarey (By the Roadside) – 1953 سڑک کے کنارے
* Baghair Unwan Ke (Without a Title) – 1954 بغیر عنوان کے
* Baghair Ijazit (Without Permission) – 1955 بغیر اجازت
* [[Toba Tek Singh (short story)|Toba Tek Singh]] – 1955 ٹوبہ ٹیک سنگھ
* Burquey – 1955 بُرقعے
* Phunduney (Tassles) – 1955 پھندنے
* Sarkandon Ke Peechhey (Behind The Reeds) – 1955 سرکنڈوں کے پیچھے
* Shaiytan (Satan) – 1955 شیطان
* Shikari Auratein (Hunter Women) – 1955 شکاری عورتیں
* Ratti, Masha, Tolah – 1956 رتی ماشہ تولہ
* [[Kali Salwar|Kaali Shalwar]] (Black Pants) – 1961 کالی شلوار
* Manto Ki Behtareen Kahanian (Best Stories of Manto) – 1963 منٹو کی بہترین کہانیاں
* Tahira Se Tahir (From Tahira to Tahir) – 1971 طاہرہ سے طاہر
* Mottled Dawn: Fifty Sketches and Stories of Partition - 1997

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Cited sources===
*{{Cite book|last=Flemming|first=Leslie A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CM9jAAAAMAAJ&q=another+lonely+voice+manto|title=Another Lonely Voice: The Life and Works of Saadat Hassan Manto|date=1985|publisher=Vanguard Books|language=en}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Hashmi|first=Ali Madeeh|date=2012|title=Manto: A Psychological Portrait|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23338866|journal=Social Scientist|volume=40|issue=11/12|pages=5–15|jstor=23338866|issn=0970-0293}}
*{{Cite book|last=Jalil|first=Rakhshanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_2HngEACAAJ|title=Liking Progress, Loving Change: A Literary History of the Progressive Writers' Movement in Urdu|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-809673-3|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_JTfyPJyPMC&q=the+pity+of+partition+manto|title=The Pity of Partition: Manto's Life, Times, and Work across the India-Pakistan Divide|date=2013a|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4668-9|language=en}}

==Further reading==
* Manto Naama, by Jagdish Chander Wadhawan.1998, Roli Books.
* Manto Naama: The Life of Saadat Hasan Manto, English translation of the above by Jai Ratan, 1998, Roli Books.
* Life and Works of Saadat Hasan Manto, by Alok Bhalla. 1997, Indian Institute of Advanced Study. {{ISBN|81-85952-48-5}}.
* The Life and Works of Saadat Hasan Manto. Introduction by Leslie Flemming; trans. by Tahira Naqvi. Lahore, Pakistan: Vanguard Books Ltd., 1985.
* Another Lonely Voice: The Urdu Short Stories of Saadat Hasan Manto, by Leslie A. Flemming, Berkeley: Centre for South and South east Asian Studies. University of California. 1979.
** {{cite journal |jstor = 2054591|last1 = Memon|first1 = Muhammad Umar|title = Reviewed work: Another Lonely Voice: The Urdu Short Stories of Saadat Hasan Manto., Leslie A. Flemming|journal = The Journal of Asian Studies|volume = 40|issue = 3|pages = 627–629|year = 1981|doi = 10.2307/2054591|doi-access = }}
* Madness and Partition: The Short Stories of Saadat Hasan Manto, Stephen Alter, Journal of Comparative Poetics, No. 14, Madness and Civilization/ al-Junun wa al-Hadarah (1994), pp. 91–100.
** {{cite journal |jstor = 521767|title = Madness and Partition: The Short Stories of Saadat Hasan Manto / ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ : ﻗﺼﺺ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺕ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ|journal = Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics|issue = 14|pages = 91–100|last1 = Alter|first1 = Stephen|last2 = ﺃﻟﺘﺮ|first2 = ﺳﺘﻴﭭﻦ|year = 1994|doi = 10.2307/521767}}
* Bitter Fruit: The Very Best of Saadat Hassan Manto, edited and tr. by Khalid Hassan, Penguin, 2008.
* Naked Voices: Stories and Sketches by Manto, Ed. and tr. by Rakhshanda Jalil. Indian Ink & Roli Books, 2008.
* Stars from Another Sky: The Bombay Film World of the 1940s, tr. by Khalid Hasan. Penguin India, 2000.
* Manto: Selected Stories, tr. by Aatish Taseer. Vintage/Random House India, 2008. {{ISBN|81-84001-44-4}}.
*{{cite journal |author=Pinglay-Plumber, Prachi |date=12 January 2015 |title=Manto Bridge : to Manto, Bombay was about its people |journal=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=72–73 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/manto-bridge/292967 |access-date=6 January 2016}}
* Dozakhnama - A Novel: A biography of Manto and Ghalib and history of Indian culture combined into one by [[Rabisankar Bal]], translated by Arunava Sinha. Random House India.
** {{cite book |last1=Bal |first1=Rabishankar |title=Dozakhnama |date=2 December 2012 |publisher=Random House India |location=India |isbn=9788184003086 |pages=544}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Saadat Hasan Manto}}
* {{Gbooks-author|Saadat Hasan Manto}}
* {{IMDb name|0544153}}
*[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/tobateksingh/translation.html Toba Tek Singh]. Translated by Frances W. Pritchett.
*[https://kavishala.in/sootradhar/saadat-hasan-manto Saadat Hasan Manto | Kavishala Sootradhar]
*[https://www.parabaas.com/article.php?id=7769 Bengali translation of Saadat Hasan Manto's tongue-in-cheek essay on himself from the Urdu]
*[https://www.parabaas.com/article.php?id=7958 Bengali translation of Saadat Hasan Manto's Urdu short story ''Shahid Saz (شہید ساز'') by Subhamay Ray]

{{Saadat Hasan Manto}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manto, Saadat Hasan}}
[[Category:Saadat Hasan Manto| ]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Deaths from cirrhosis]]
[[Category:Male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Modernist theatre]]
[[Category:Modernist writers]]
[[Category:Pakistani dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Pakistani male short story writers]]
[[Category:Pakistani progressives]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Postmodern writers]]
[[Category:Progressive Writers' Movement]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]
[[Category:20th-century dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani translators]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Homosexuality

2026-03-21T18:25:01Z

AbbieLongoria3: cleaned up references additionally

{{Short description|Attraction between people of the same sex or gender}}
{{Redirect|Homosexual|the album|Homosexual (album){{!}}''Homosexual'' (album)|the song|A Boy in a Man's World{{!}}"Homosexual" (''A Boy in a Man's World'')}}
{{About|homosexuality in humans|homosexuality in other species|Homosexual behavior in animals|other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

[[File:Homosexuality symbols.svg|thumb|Symbols of homosexuality]]

{{Sexual orientation}}
{{LGBTQ sidebar|orientation}}
'''Homosexuality''' is [[romantic attraction]], [[sexual attraction]], or [[Human sexual activity|sexual behavior]] between people of the same [[sex]] or [[gender]].<ref name="AmPsycholAssn-definitions">{{cite web|title=Definitions Related to Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity in APA Documents|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|date=2015|access-date=6 February 2020|page=6 |url=https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/sexuality-definitions.pdf|quote=Sexual orientation refers to the sex of those to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted. ... [It is] one's enduring sexual attraction to male partners, female partners, or both. Sexual orientation may be heterosexual, samesex (gay or lesbian), or bisexual. ... A person may be attracted to men, women, both, neither, or to people who are genderqueer, androgynous, or have other gender identities. Individuals may identify as lesbian, gay, heterosexual, bisexual, queer, pansexual, or asexual, among others. ... Categories of sexual orientation typically have included attraction to members of one's own sex (gay men or lesbians), attraction to members of the other sex (heterosexuals), and attraction to members of both sexes (bisexuals). While these categories continue to be widely used, research has suggested that sexual orientation does not always appear in such definable categories and instead occurs on a continuum .... Some people identify as pansexual or queer in terms of their sexual orientation, which means they define their sexual orientation outside of the gender binary of 'male' and 'female' only. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419081802/https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/sexuality-definitions.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Cross-CulturalPsyDefinition">{{cite book|author1=Eric B. Shiraev|author2=David A. Levy|date=2016|title=Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications, Sixth Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCElDwAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=216|isbn=978-1134871315|quote=Sexual orientation refers to romantic or sexual attraction to people of a specific sex or gender. ... Heterosexuality, along with bisexuality and homosexuality are at least three main categories of the continuum of sexual orientation. ... Homosexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction between persons of the same sex or gender.|access-date=15 September 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124154145/https://books.google.com/books?id=cCElDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EqualCurriculumDefinition">{{cite book|editor1=James R. Lehman|editor2=Kristine Diaz|editor3=Henry Ng|editor4=Elizabeth M. Petty|editor5=Meena Thatikunta|editor6=Kristen Eckstrand|date=2019|title=The Equal Curriculum: The Student and Educator Guide to LGBTQ Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JK7DwAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|page=5|isbn=978-3030240257|quote=Homosexual, literally meaning "same sex", is used as an adjective to describe same-sex or same-gender attraction. ... The term introduces ambiguity because is often applied as an identity label to a person or group based on their behaviors, not because of self-identified sexual orientation or sexual desires. ... in addition to having potentially negative connotations, ''homosexual'' is unclear as to what group of people it describes...|access-date=15 September 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124154153/https://books.google.com/books?id=5JK7DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> It also denotes [[Sexual identity|identity]] based on attraction, related behavior, and [[community]] affiliation.<ref name="apahelp">{{cite web |title=Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|access-date=10 August 2013 |url=http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx|archive-date=8 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808032050/http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx}}</ref><ref name=amici>{{cite web |url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/Amer_Psychological_Assn_Amicus_Curiae_Brief.pdf |page=30 |title=Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365... – APA California Amicus Brief — As Filed |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103160304/http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/Amer_Psychological_Assn_Amicus_Curiae_Brief.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Along with [[bisexuality]] and [[heterosexuality]], homosexuality is one of the three main categories of sexual orientation within the [[heterosexual–homosexual continuum]].<ref name="apahelp"/> Although no single theory on the cause of sexual orientation has yet gained widespread support, scientists favor [[Biology and sexual orientation|biological theories]].<ref name="Bailey"/><ref name="Frankowski">{{cite journal |last=Frankowski |first=Barbara L |date=June 2004 |title=Sexual orientation and adolescents |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=1827–32 |doi=10.1542/peds.113.6.1827 |issn=0031-4005 |pmid=15173519 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320020943/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long |archive-date=20 March 2013 |access-date=18 September 2012 |doi-access=|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Bogaert |first1=Anthony F. |last2=Skorska |first2=Malvina N. |date=2020-03-01 |title=A short review of biological research on the development of sexual orientation |journal=Hormones and Behavior |volume=119 |article-number=104659 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104659 |issn=0018-506X |pmid=31911036 |doi-access=free}}</ref> There is considerably more evidence supporting nonsocial, biological causes of sexual orientation than social ones, especially for males.<ref name="Bailey">{{cite journal |author4-link=Marc Breedlove |vauthors=Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M |date=2016 |title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science |journal=[[Psychological Science in the Public Interest]] |volume=17 |issue=21 |pages=45–101 |doi=10.1177/1529100616637616 |pmid=27113562 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="LeVay">{{cite book |last=LeVay |first=Simon |url=https://archive.org/details/gaystraightreaso0000leva_e5c2/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-029737-4 |ol=26246092M |access-date= |via=[[Open Library]] |ol-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Balthazart>{{cite book |last=Balthazart |first=Jacques |date=2012 |title=The Biology of Homosexuality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fjGjlcVINkC |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199838820 |access-date=27 July 2019 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126132532/https://books.google.com/books?id=3fjGjlcVINkC |url-status=live }}</ref> A major hypothesis implicates the [[Prenatal development|prenatal environment]], specifically the organizational effects of hormones on the fetal brain.<ref name="Bailey" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Swift-Gallant |first1=Ashlyn |last2=Aung |first2=Toe |last3=Rosenfield |first3=Kevin |last4=Dawood |first4=Khytam |last5=Puts |first5=David |date=2023 |title=Organizational Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Human Sexual Orientation |url=https://rdcu.be/enIeD |journal=Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=344–370 |doi=10.1007/s40750-023-00226-x |issn=2198-7335 |url-access=limited}}</ref> There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role in developing a sexual orientation.<ref name="Bailey" /><ref name="rcp2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/workinpsychiatry/specialinterestgroups/gaylesbian/submissiontothecofe.aspx|title=Submission to the Church of England's Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality|publisher=The Royal College of Psychiatrists|access-date=13 June 2013|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040825/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/workinpsychiatry/specialinterestgroups/gaylesbian/submissiontothecofe.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Scientific research shows that homosexuality is a natural and normal variation in [[human sexuality]] and is not in and of itself a source of negative psychological effects.<ref name="apahelp"/><ref name=PAHO>{{cite web |title='Therapies' to change sexual orientation lack medical justification and threaten health |url=http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6803&Itemid=1926 |publisher=Pan American Health Organization |access-date=26 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523040848/http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6803&Itemid=1926 |archive-date=23 May 2012 }}</ref> Major mental health organizations overwhelmingly reject [[conversion therapy]] as ineffective, [[Pseudoscience|scientifically unsupported]] and potentially harmful.<ref name="apa2009">{{cite web |url=https://www.apa.org/about/policy/sexual-orientation |title=Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts |year=2009 |website=[[American Psychological Association]] |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423205306/https://www.apa.org/about/policy/sexual-orientation |archive-date=23 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychology.org.au/About-Us/What-we-do/advocacy/Position-Statements/use-of-psychological-practice-sexual-orientation|title=Psychological practices that attempt to change sexual orientation: Position statement|website=Australian Psychological Society|access-date=28 January 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021035/https://www.psychology.org.au/About-Us/What-we-do/advocacy/Position-Statements/use-of-psychological-practice-sexual-orientation|url-status=live}}</ref>

The most common terms for homosexual people are ''[[lesbian]]'' for females and ''[[gay]]'' for [[gay men|males]], but the term ''gay'' also commonly refers to both homosexual females and males. The number of people who are gay or lesbian is difficult for researchers to estimate reliably, as many gay and lesbian people do not openly identify as such due to [[discrimination]] or [[prejudice]] such as [[heterosexism]] or [[homophobia]].<ref name="levay">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/queerscience.htm |author=[[Simon LeVay|LeVay, Simon]] |date=1996 |title=Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213181804/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/queerscience.htm |archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> Homosexual behavior has also been documented [[Homosexual behavior in animals|in many non-human animal species]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616122106.htm|title=Same-sex Behavior Seen in Nearly All Animals, Review Finds|work=ScienceDaily|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-date=18 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618154331/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616122106.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news-medical.net/news/2006/10/23/20718.aspx |title=''1,500 animal species practice homosexuality''. |website=The Medical News |date=23 October 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210172226/http://www.news-medical.net/news/2006/10/23/20718.aspx|archivedate=10 February 2011}}</ref><ref>Sommer, Volker & Paul L. Vasey (2006), Homosexual Behaviour in Animals, An Evolutionary Perspective. [[Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-86446-1}}</ref><ref name=Bagemihl>{{harv|Bagemihl|1999}}</ref><ref name="Biological Exuberance: Animal"/> though [[domestic sheep]] are the only conclusively documented example of nonhuman animals exhibiting exclusive same-sex orientation.<ref name="Bailey"/>

Many gay and lesbian people are in committed same-sex relationships. These relationships are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential psychological respects.<ref name=amici /> Homosexual relationships and acts have been admired as well as condemned throughout recorded history, depending on the form they took and the culture in which they occurred.<ref name=psych2010>{{cite web |url=http://healthyminds.org/More-Info-For/GayLesbianBisexuals.aspx |title=Sexual Orientation |website=American Psychiatric Association |access-date=September 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726144306/http://healthyminds.org/More-Info-For/GayLesbianBisexuals.aspx |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> Since the end of the 20th century, there has been a [[LGBT social movements|global movement]] towards [[LGBT rights|freedom and equality]] for gay people, including the introduction of [[anti-bullying legislation]] to protect gay teenagers at school, legislation ensuring non-discrimination, [[Sexual orientation and military service|equal ability to serve in the military]], [[Declaration of Montreal|equal access to health care]], equal ability to [[LGBT adoption|adopt]] and [[LGBT parenting|parent]], and the establishment of [[Same-sex marriage|marriage equality]].

==Etymology==
{{Redirect|Poof}}
{{Main|Terminology of homosexuality}}

The word ''homosexual'' is a Greek and Latin [[hybrid word|hybrid]], with the first element derived from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὁμός}} {{lang|grc-Latn|homos}}, 'same' (not related to the Latin {{lang|la|homo}}, 'man', as present in the [[genus]] ''[[Homo]]'', which includes ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' and now [[extinct]] [[species]]), thus connoting sexual acts and affections between members of the same sex, including lesbianism.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of True Etymologies|last=Room |first=Adrian |year=1986 |isbn=978-0710203403 |page=84 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Student's Dictionary of Psychology |last=Statt |first=David A. |year=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1841693422 |page=[https://archive.org/details/studentsdictiona0000stat/page/93 93] |url=https://archive.org/details/studentsdictiona0000stat/page/93 }}</ref> The first known appearance of ''homosexual'' in print is found in an 1868 letter to [[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]] by the Austrian-born novelist [[Karl-Maria Kertbeny]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Nikolai |last=Endres |title=Kertbeny, Károly Mária (1824-1882) |date=2004 |encyclopedia=[[Glbtq.com|glbtq Encyclopedia]] |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/kertbeny_km_S.pdf |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122052500/http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/kertbeny_km_S.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=glbtq>{{citation|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/kertbeny_km.html |title=Karl-Maria Kertbeny: The Coinage and Dissemination of the Term |access-date=12 June 2012 |periodical=[[glbtq.com]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927020758/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/kertbeny_km.html |archive-date=27 September 2012 }}</ref> arguing against a [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] anti-[[sodomy law]].<ref name=glbtq /><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Feray Jean-Claude |author2=Herzer Manfred | year = 1990 | title = Homosexual Studies and Politics in the 19th Century: Karl Maria Kertbeny | journal = Journal of Homosexuality | volume = 19 |issue=1 |pages=23–47 | doi=10.1300/j082v19n01_02|pmid=2187922 }}</ref> In 1886, the psychiatrist [[Richard von Krafft-Ebing]] used the terms ''homosexual'' and ''heterosexual'' in his book {{lang|la|[[Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]]}}. Krafft-Ebing's book was so popular among both laymen and doctors that the terms ''heterosexual'' and ''homosexual'' became the most widely accepted terms for sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/krafft_ebing_r.html |title=Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1840–1902) |website=[[glbtq.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409220543/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/krafft_ebing_r.html |archive-date=9 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=psexualis>{{cite web|url=http://www.kino.com/psychopathia/history.html |title=Psychopathia Sexualis |access-date=7 September 2007 |website=Kino.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004223140/http://www.kino.com/psychopathia/history.html |archive-date=4 October 2007 }}</ref>

Many modern [[style guide]]s in the U.S. recommend against using ''homosexual'' as a noun, instead using ''gay man'' or ''lesbian''.<ref name=glaad>{{cite web |url=https://www.glaad.org/reference/terms |title=GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Glossary of Terms: LGBTQ |website=[[GLAAD]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423010026/https://www.glaad.org/reference/terms |archive-date=23 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://prsay.prsa.org/2023/06/13/the-latest-changes-on-gender-and-sexual-orientation-from-the-ap-stylebook/ |title=The latest changes on gender and sexual orientation from the AP Stylebook |date=June 13, 2023 |website=PR Say |access-date=September 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116173104/https://prsay.prsa.org/2023/06/13/the-latest-changes-on-gender-and-sexual-orientation-from-the-ap-stylebook/ |archive-date=January 16, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2023/ap-stylebook-update-2023-climate-change-lgbtq-plus/ |title=''AP Stylebook'' expands climate change guidance, adds plus symbol to LGBTQ+ |last=Fu |first=Angela |date=March 23, 2023 |website=Poynter |access-date=December 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323155103/https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2023/ap-stylebook-update-2023-climate-change-lgbtq-plus/ |archive-date=March 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesmanu0000sieg/page/132/mode/2up?q=homosexual |title=The New York Times manual of style and usage |last1=Siegal |first1=Allan M |last2=Connolly |first2=William |editor1=Philip B Corbett |editor2=Jill Taylor |editor3=Patrick LaForge |editor4=Susan Wessling |date=2015 |page=132 |publisher=Three Rivers Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/19/us/gay-pride-lgbtq-new-york-times.html |title=How The ''Times'' gave 'gay' its own voice (again) |last=Dunlap |first=David W |date=June 19, 2017 |website=The New York Times |access-date=December 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325203117/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/19/us/gay-pride-lgbtq-new-york-times.html |archive-date=March 25, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed18/backmatter/index/g.html |title=Index - G |date=2024 |website=The Chicago Manual of Style |access-date=December 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115014626/https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed18/backmatter/index/g.html |archive-date=November 15, 2025}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=August 2022|reason=Reuters style guides have sections on LGBT terminology that should be cited here.}} Similarly, some recommend completely avoiding usage of ''homosexual'' as it has a negative, clinical history and because the word only refers to one's sexual behavior (as opposed to romantic feelings) and thus it has a negative [[connotation]].<ref name=glaad/> ''Gay'' and ''lesbian'' are the most common alternatives. The first letters are frequently combined to create the [[acronym and initialism|initialism]] LGBT (sometimes written as GLBT), in which ''B'' and ''T'' refer to [[bisexuality|bisexual]] and [[transgender]] people.

''Gay'' especially refers to male homosexuality,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gay |title=gay |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=7 August 2015 |quote=(Of a person, especially a man) homosexual. |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827054658/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gay |url-status=dead }}</ref> but may be used in a broader sense to refer to all [[LGBTQ]] people. In the context of sexuality, ''lesbian'' refers only to female homosexuality. The word ''lesbian'' is derived from the name of the Greek island [[Lesbos]], where the poet [[Sappho]] wrote largely about her emotional relationships with young women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Marguerite |last2=Ryan |first2=Terry |title=Sexuality in Greek and Roman society and literature: a sourcebook |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=[[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]] |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-203-64582-6 |oclc=252815648 |page=4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lesbian |title=Lesbian |work=Dictionary.com |access-date=24 August 2010 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307135535/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lesbian |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although early writers also used the adjective ''homosexual'' to refer to any single-sex context (such as an all-girls school), today the term is usually used in reference to sexual attraction, activity, and orientation.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} The term ''[[homosociality|homosocial]]'' is now used to describe single-sex contexts that are not specifically sexual. There is also a word referring to same-sex love, ''[[homophilia]]''.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Some synonyms for same-sex attraction or sexual activity include ''[[men who have sex with men]]'' or ''MSM'' (used in the medical community when specifically discussing sexual activity) and ''[[homoeroticism|homoerotic]]'' (referring to works of art).<ref name="UNAIDS">{{cite web |title=UNAIDS: Men who have sex with men |publisher=[[UNAIDS]] |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/pub/briefingnote/2006/20060801_policy_brief_msm_en.pdf |access-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320001221/http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/pub/briefingnote/2006/20060801_policy_brief_msm_en.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Younger |first=John G. |title=Sex in the ancient world from A to Z |url=https://archive.org/details/sexancientworldf00youn|url-access=limited |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-24252-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sexancientworldf00youn/page/n58 38] |edition=1st published. }}</ref> [[Pejorative]] terms in English include ''[[queer]]'', ''[[faggot (slang)|faggot]]'', ''[[fairy]]'', ''poof'', ''poofter''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/i-don-t-want-a-poofter-to-play-me-in-a-film-sir-stirling-moss-is-embroiled-in-homophobia-row-after-offensive-comments-8534236.html |title='I don't want a poofter to play me in a film': Sir Stirling Moss is embroiled in homophobia row after 'offensive' comments |work=[[The Independent]] |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810231816/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/i-don-t-want-a-poofter-to-play-me-in-a-film-sir-stirling-moss-is-embroiled-in-homophobia-row-after-offensive-comments-8534236.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''homo''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2000 |isbn=0-618-70172-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00edit_9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Spears |first=Richard A. |title=Fag |work=Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions |year=2007 |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/faggot |access-date=4 October 2012 |archive-date=27 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227014915/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/faggot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Dalzell |editor-first=Tom |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English |publisher=Routledge |date=25 July 2008 |isbn=978-0-203-89513-9 |doi=10.4324/9780203895139 |page=1104 }}</ref><ref name="terms">{{cite web |url=http://www.sex-lexis.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041015054212/http://www.sex-lexis.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2004 |title=Dictionary of Sexual Terms |publisher=Sex-lexis.com |access-date=4 October 2012 }}</ref> Beginning in the 1990s, some of these have been [[reclaimed word|reclaimed]] as positive words by gay men and lesbians, as in the usage of [[queer studies]], [[queer theory]], and even the popular American television program ''[[Queer Eye for the Straight Guy]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Marvin J. |title=Queer Things from Old Closets: Libraries Gay and Lesbian Studies – Queer Theory |url=http://rbm.acrl.org/content/rbml/8/1/19.full.pdf |publisher=[[Association of College and Research Libraries]] |access-date=4 October 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116080410/http://rbm.acrl.org/content/rbml/8/1/19.full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The word ''{{linktext|homo}}'' occurs in many other languages without the pejorative connotations it has in English.<ref name="wolinski">{{cite book |first=Marc |last=Wolinsky |title=Gays and the military: Joseph Steffan versus the United States |year=1993 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] |isbn=0691033072 |pages=49–55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kM8WgQQghwIC&q=Gays+military+homo+derogatory+epithet&pg=PA49 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818001111/https://books.google.com/books?id=kM8WgQQghwIC&q=Gays+military+homo+derogatory+epithet&pg=PA49 |url-status=live }}</ref> As with [[ethnic slur]]s and [[racial slur]]s, the use of these terms can still be considered offensive. The range of acceptable use for these terms depends on the context and speaker.<ref name="wolinski" /> Conversely, ''gay'', a word originally embraced by homosexual men and women as a positive, affirmative term (as in [[gay liberation]] and [[gay rights]]),<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Stephen O. |title=Homosexualities |year=2000 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |isbn=9780226551944 |page=394 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCikDlcEHw8C&q=word+%27gay%27+was+preferred+to+previous+designations+such+as+homosexual+or+homophile&pg=PA394 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818001111/https://books.google.com/books?id=HCikDlcEHw8C&q=word+%27gay%27+was+preferred+to+previous+designations+such+as+homosexual+or+homophile&pg=PA394 |url-status=live}}</ref> came into widespread [[gay#Generalized pejorative use|pejorative use]] among young people in the early 2000s.<ref name="bbcgay">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7289390.stm |title=How 'gay' became children's insult of choice |access-date=4 October 2012 |work=[[BBC News Online]] |author=Denise Winterman |date=18 March 2008 |archive-date=13 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213213419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7289390.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|LGBT history}}

{{Further|Timeline of LGBT history}}

Same-sex relations are documented throughout history and varied in acceptance depending on time and place.<ref name="Hubbard">{{cite book |last1=Hubbard |first1=Thomas K. |url=https://archive.org/details/homosexualitygre00hubb |title=Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: a Sourcebook of Basic Documents |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=0520234308 |page=[https://archive.org/details/homosexualitygre00hubb/page/n19 1] |chapter=Introduction |quote=The term "homosexuality" is itself problematic when applied to ancient cultures, inasmuch as neither Greek nor Latin possesses any one word covering the same semantic range as the modern concept. The term is adopted in this volume not out of any conviction that a fundamental identity exists between ancient and modern practices or self-conceptions, but as a convenient shorthand linking together a range of different phenomena involving same-gender love and/or sexual activity. To be sure, classical antiquity featured a variety of discrete practices in this regard, each of which enjoyed differing levels of acceptance depending on the time and place. |url-access=limited}}</ref> However, many historians and anthropologists warn against using terms like "homosexuality" to describe these practices, because that may draw false equivalencies between acts that, while technically similar, may have been viewed as completely different acts. In many cultures, same-sex relations were not always considered sexual in the same way that "reproductive" sex between men and women was—particularly lesbian sex.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blank |first=Hanne |title=Straight: the surprisingly short history of heterosexuality |date=2012 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-4443-8 |location=Boston}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Herdt |first=Gilbert H. |title=Same Sex, Different Cultures: Exploring Gay And Lesbian Lives |date=1998 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-3164-5 |location=Boulder}}</ref> Modern-style homosexual partnerships, including marriages, are even more uncommon, probably because marriages have almost always been oriented around producing children.<ref name=":4" /> Other scholars argue that there are significant continuities between historical and modern homosexuality.<ref name="Norton 2016">{{cite book |last=Norton |first=Rictor |date=2016 |title=Myth of the Modern Homosexual |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkTqDAAAQBAJ |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781474286923 |access-date=27 July 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511080439/https://books.google.com/books?id=DkTqDAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rictornorton.co.uk/extracts.htm |title=A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory |last=Norton |first=Rictor |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330132639/http://rictornorton.co.uk/extracts.htm |archive-date=30 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="Boswell 1989 17–36">{{cite book |last=Boswell |first=John |chapter=Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories |editor1-last=Duberman |editor1-first=Martin Bauml |editor2-last=Vicinus |editor2-first=Martha |editor3-last=Chauncey |editor3-first=George Jr. |date=1989 |title=Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=17–36 |s2cid=34904667 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304002205/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1f4/b4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2019 |chapter-url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1f4/b4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf}}</ref>[[File:Burning of Sodomites.jpg|right|thumb|Burning of two homosexuals (the [[knight]] [[Richard Puller von Hohenburg|Richard von Hohenburg]] and his [[squire]] Anton Mätzler) at the stake outside [[Zürich]], 1482 (from the ''[[Spiezer Schilling]]'' chronicle)]]
In cultures influenced by [[Abrahamic religions]], the [[Sodomy law#History|law]] and the [[Christianity and homosexuality|church]] established [[sodomy]] as a transgression against divine law or a [[crime against nature]]. The condemnation of [[anal sex]] between males, however, predates Christian belief. Throughout the majority of [[History of Christianity|Christian history]], most [[Christian theology|Christian theologians]] and [[Christian denominations|denominations]] have considered homosexual behavior as [[immoral]] or [[Sin in Christianity|sinful]].<ref name="Gnuse 2015">{{cite journal |last=Gnuse |first=Robert K. |date=May 2015 |title=Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality |journal=[[Biblical Theology Bulletin]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc. |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=68–87 |doi=10.1177/0146107915577097 |issn=1945-7596 |s2cid=170127256}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Koenig|first1=Harold G.|last2=Dykman|first2=Jackson|title=Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521889520|pages=43|quote=the overwhelming majority of Christian churches have maintained their positions that homosexual behavior is sinful}}</ref>

Many historical figures, including [[Socrates]], [[Lord Byron]], [[Edward II]], and [[Hadrian]],<ref>{{cite book | last=Williams | first=Craig A. | title=Roman homosexuality : ideologies of masculinity in classical antiquity | publication-place=Oxford | date=1999 | isbn=0-19-511300-4 | oclc=55720140 | page=60}}</ref> have had terms such as ''gay'' or ''[[bisexuality|bisexual]]'' applied to them. Some scholars have regarded uses of such modern terms on people from the past as an [[Anachronism|anachronistic]] introduction of a contemporary [[social construction|construction]] of sexuality that would have been foreign to their times.<ref name=foucault>{{harv|Foucault|1986}}</ref><ref name="buxton myth">{{cite book |last1=Buxton |first1=Richard |title=The Complete World of Greek Mythology |date=2004 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=0500251215 |location=London |pages=174 |chapter=Same-Sex Eroticism |quote=As scholars have increasingly come to recognize, the ancient Greek world did not know of the modern 'life-style' category-distinction between homosexuality and heterosexuality, according to which those terms are used to designate contrasting psychological or behavioral profiles.}}</ref> Other scholars see continuity instead.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hubbard Thomas K | title = Review of David M. Halperin, ''How to Do the History of Homosexuality.'' | journal = [[Bryn Mawr Classical Review]] | date=22 September 2003 }}</ref><ref name="Boswell 1989 17–36"/><ref name="Norton 2016"/>

In social science, there has been a dispute between "essentialist" and "constructionist" views of homosexuality. The debate divides those who believe that terms such as "gay" and "straight" refer to objective, culturally invariant properties of persons from those who believe that the experiences they name are artifacts of unique cultural and social processes. "Essentialists" typically believe that sexual preferences are determined by biological forces, while "constructionists" assume that sexual desires are learned.<ref>{{cite book |last=Halperin |first=David M. |title=One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love |url=https://archive.org/details/onehundredyearso0000halp |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1990 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onehundredyearso0000halp/page/41 41–42] |isbn=0-415-90097-2 }}</ref> The philosopher of science [[Michael Ruse]] has stated that the social constructionist approach, which is influenced by Foucault, is based on a selective reading of the historical record that confuses the existence of homosexual people with the way in which they are labelled or treated.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ruse, Michael |editor=Honderich, Ted |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2005 |page=399 |isbn=0-19-926479-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJFCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT971 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511080440/https://books.google.com/books?id=bJFCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT971 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Africa===
The first record of a possible homosexual couple in history is commonly regarded as [[Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum]], an [[ancient Egypt]]ian male couple, who lived around 2400 BCE. The pair are portrayed in a nose-kissing position, the most intimate pose in [[Egyptian art]], surrounded by what appear to be their heirs. The anthropologists [[Stephen O. Murray|Stephen Murray]] and [[Will Roscoe]] reported that women in [[Lesotho]] engaged in socially sanctioned "long term, erotic relationships" called ''[[motsoalle]].''<ref name=murrayroscoe>{{Cite book|title=Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities |url=https://archive.org/details/boywivesfemalehu00murr |url-access=registration |last=Murray |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen O. Murray |author2=[[Will Roscoe|Roscoe, Will]] |year=1998 |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |location=New York |isbn=0-312-23829-0}}</ref>

The anthropologist [[E. E. Evans-Pritchard]] also recorded that male [[Azande]] warriors in the northern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] routinely took on young male lovers between the ages of twelve and twenty, who helped with household tasks and participated in [[intercrural sex]] with their older husbands.<ref name="evanspritchard">{{cite journal | last1 = Evans-Pritchard | first1 = E. E. | author-link = E. E. Evans-Pritchard | year = 1970 | title = Sexual Inversion among the Azande | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 72 | issue = 6| pages = 1428–1434 | doi=10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00170| s2cid = 162319598 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Some scholars have criticized labeling relationships like these "homosexual", because these relationships were temporary arrangements designed to prepare young men for full manhood, rather than the permanent sexual orientation implied by the word "homosexual".<ref name=":4" /> Evans-Pritchard also recorded information about sexual relationships between women, based on reports from male Azande. According to male Azande, women would take female lovers and that partners would penetrate each other using bananas or other food items carved into the shape of a phallus. They also reported that the daughter of a ruler may be given a female slave as a sexual partner. Evans-Pritchard also recorded that the male Azande were fearful of women taking on female lovers, as they might view men as unnecessary.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rupp |first=Leila J. |title=Sapphistries: a global history of love between women |date=2009 |publisher=Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-8147-7726-8 |series=Intersections: transdisciplinary perspectives on genders and sexualities |location=New York, NY}}</ref>

===Americas===
====Indigenous cultures====
[[File:Catlin - Dance to the berdache.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''Dance to the Berdache'' [[Sac and Fox Nation]] ceremonial dance to celebrate the two-spirit person. George Catlin (1796–1872); Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.]]
[[File:Florentine Codex, book 10, illustration 61.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Illustration of two [[Aztecs|Aztec]] homosexual men talking, from the [[Florentine Codex]] (1577)]]
As is true of many other non-Western cultures, it is difficult to determine the extent to which Western notions of sexual orientation and gender identity apply to Pre-Columbian cultures. Evidence of homoerotic sexual acts and transvestism has been found in many pre-[[Spanish colonization of the Americas|conquest]] civilizations in [[Latin America]], such as the [[Aztec]]s, [[Maya civilization|Maya]]s, [[Quechua people|Quechua]]s, [[Moche (culture)|Moche]]s, [[Zapotec civilization|Zapotec]]s, the [[Inca Empire|Inca]]s, and the [[Tupinambá people|Tupinambá]] of Brazil.<ref name="glbtqlatinamerica">{{cite web |last=Pablo|first=Ben|title=Latin America: Colonial|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/latin_america_colonial.html|year=2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211012339/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/latin_america_colonial.html|periodical=[[glbtq.com]]|access-date=1 August 2007|archive-date=11 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="glbtqmex">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Murray|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen O. Murray|editor=Claude J. Summers|encyclopedia=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture|title=Mexico|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/mexico.html|access-date=1 August 2007|year=2004|publisher=[[glbtq.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102132531/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/mexico.html|archive-date=2 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sigal|first=Pete|title=Infamous Desire: Male Homosexuality in Colonial Latin America|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=2003|isbn=9780226757049}}</ref>

The Spanish conquerors were horrified to discover sodomy openly practiced among native peoples, and attempted to crush it out by subjecting the ''berdaches'' (as the Spanish called them) under their rule to severe penalties, including public [[Capital punishment|execution]], burning and being torn to pieces by dogs.<ref name="coello">{{cite book | last1=Anghiera | first1=Pietro Martire d' | last2=Torres Asensio | first2=Joaquín. | title=Décadas del nuevo mundo |publisher=Maxtor | publication-place=Valladolid | year=2012 | isbn=978-84-9001-301-4 | oclc=1057902726 | language=es}} {{cite journal |url=http://www.udel.edu/LAS/Vol3-2Coello.html#Introduction |journal=Delaware Review of Latin American Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |title="Good Indians", "Bad Indians", "What Christians?": The Dark Side of the New World in Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (1478–1557) |last=Coello de la Rosa |first=Alexandre |date=23 June 2001 |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529042703/http://www.udel.edu/LAS/Vol3-2Coello.html#Introduction |archive-date=29 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Spanish conquerors talked extensively of sodomy among the natives to depict them as savages and hence justify their conquest and forceful conversion to Christianity. As a result of the growing influence and power of the conquerors, many native cultures started condemning homosexual acts themselves.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Among some of the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]] in North America prior to European colonization, a relatively common form of same-sex sexuality centered around the figure of the [[Two-Spirit]] individual (the term itself was coined only in 1990).{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Typically, this individual was recognized early in life, given a choice by the parents to follow the path and, if the child accepted the role, raised in the appropriate manner, learning the customs of the gender it had chosen. Two-Spirit individuals were commonly [[shamanism|shamans]] and were revered as having powers beyond those of ordinary shamans. Their sexual life was with the ordinary tribe members of the same sex.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

During the colonial times following the European invasion, homosexuality was prosecuted by the [[Inquisition]], sometimes leading to death sentences on the charges of sodomy, and the practices became clandestine. Many homosexual individuals went into heterosexual marriages to maintain appearances, and many joined the (unmarried) Catholic clergy to escape public scrutiny of their lack of interest in the opposite sex.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

====Canada====
During the colonial period, both the French and the British criminalised same-sex sexual relations. Anal sex between males was a capital offence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com/2007/08/19/sodomites-in-canada-before-1841/|title='Sodomites' in Canada before 1841 |author1=Hamish |work=The Drummer's Revenge|date=19 August 2007|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114040029/https://thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com/2007/08/19/sodomites-in-canada-before-1841/|url-status=live}}</ref> Post-Confederation, anal sex and acts of "gross indecency" continued to be criminal offences, but were no longer capital offences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com/2007/09/09/the-end-to-the-death-penalty-for-sodomy-in-canada/|title=The End to the Death Penalty for "Sodomy" in Canada |author1=Hamish |work=The Drummer's Revenge|date=9 September 2007|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317084735/https://thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com/2007/09/09/the-end-to-the-death-penalty-for-sodomy-in-canada/|url-status=live}}</ref> Individuals were prosecuted for same-sex sexual activity as late as the 1960s, which led to the federal Parliament amending the ''Criminal Code'' in 1969 to provide that anal sex between consenting adults in private (defined as only two persons) was not a criminal offence. In advocating for the law, the then-Minister of Justice, [[Pierre Trudeau]], said: "The state has no place in the bedrooms of the nation."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/omnibus-bill-theres-no-place-for-the-state-in-the-bedrooms-of-the-nation |title=Trudeau: 'There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation' |work=CBC Archives |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103200127/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/omnibus-bill-theres-no-place-for-the-state-in-the-bedrooms-of-the-nation |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1995, the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] held that sexual orientation is a protected personal characteristic under [[Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|the equality clause of the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1265/index.do |title=Egan v. Canada |date=25 May 1995 |website=[[Supreme Court of Canada]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820185625/https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1265/index.do |archive-date=20 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The federal Parliament and provincial legislatures began to amend their laws to treat same-sex relations in the same way as opposite-sex relations. Beginning in 2003, the courts in Canada began to rule that excluding same-sex couples from marriage violated the equality clause of the ''Charter''. In 2005, the federal Parliament enacted the ''[[Civil Marriage Act]]'', which legalised same-sex marriage across Canada.<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =Civil Marriage Act|abbr =SC|year =2005|chapter =33|link =https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-31.5/page-1.html}}</ref>

Canada has been referred to as the most [[gay-friendly]] country in the world, ranked first in the ''[[LGBT tourism|Gay Travel Index]]'' chart in 2018, and among the five safest in [[Forbes magazine|''Forbes'' magazine]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spartacus.gayguide.travel/blog/gay-travel-index-2019/|title=SPARTACUS Gay Travel Index 2019|date=25 February 2019|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813122020/https://spartacus.gayguide.travel/blog/gay-travel-index-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2019/11/25/most-dangerous-places-safest-lgbtq-gay-travelers/#a519ced11694|title=FORBES LGBTQ+ Danger Index 2019|website=[[Forbes]]|date=21 October 2020|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114164459/https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2019/11/25/most-dangerous-places-safest-lgbtq-gay-travelers/#a519ced11694|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also ranked first in Asher & Lyric's LGBTQ+ Danger Index in a 2021 update.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/|title=LGBTQ+ Travel Safety – 150 Best & Worst Countries Ranked (2021)|website=Asher & Lyric|date=8 November 2019 |access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=10 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910063408/https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Mexico ====
Anthropologist Joseph Carrier found in the 1990s that same-gender sexual relations were relatively common in many neighborhoods in [[Mexico City]]. While long-term partnerships were not acceptable, and queer men were still expected to marry and have children, it was acceptable for men to have "discreet" relations with other men as long as they took on the active, penetrative role. Taking the passive role was considered detrimental to one's masculinity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carrier |first=Joseph |title=De los otros: intimacy and homosexuality among Mexican men |date=1995 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-09693-5 |series=Between men - between women |location=New York}}</ref>

====United States====
{{See also|LGBT history in the United States|}}

During the Victorian era, same-sex desire was viewed as a common sin. Anyone was capable of "succumbing" to same-sex attraction, and various sexual and non-sexual acts—including masturbation—were considered possible ways that someone could be "turned" queer. Queer people were often viewed as predators, exclusively attracted to heterosexuals, and therefore a danger to society.<ref name=":4" />

Same-sex relationships were generally stigmatized throughout the 20th century, and hate crimes were commonly carried out, especially against men. Most queer people lived out these relationships in secret, often while still having opposite-sex marriages and families. Anti-gay sentiment surged [[Lavender Scare|after the Cold War]], when homosexuals were seen as a threat to American society and were rooted out of organizations across the country.<ref name=":4" />

Homosexuality was declassified as a disease by the American Psychiatric Association in 1973.<ref name=":4" />

In 1986, the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ruled in ''[[Bowers v. Hardwick]]'' that a state could criminalize [[sodomy]], but, in 2003, overturned itself in ''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]'' and thereby legalized homosexual activity throughout the [[United States of America]].

It is only since the 2010s that [[census]] forms and political conditions have facilitated the visibility and enumeration of same-sex relationships.<ref name="Committed">{{cite web |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2011/06/22/census-statistics-show-quarter-of-california-same-sex-couples-raising-kids/ |title=Census statistics show quarter of California same-sex couples raising kids |last=O'Brien |first=Matt |date=June 22, 2011 |website=The Mercury News |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819235809/https://www.mercurynews.com/2011/06/22/census-statistics-show-quarter-of-california-same-sex-couples-raising-kids/ |archive-date=August 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20110630/ARTICLES/110639995/1004/sitemaps |title=Region Saw Increase In Same-Sex Households |last=Bowen |first=Shannan |date=June 30, 2011 |website=Star News |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329030306/http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20110630/articles/110639995/1004/sitemaps |archive-date=29 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/sex-couples-census-data-trickles-quarter-raising-children/story?id=13850332 |title=Census 2010: One Quarter of Gay Couples Raising Children |author=Susan Donaldson James |date=June 23, 2011 |website=ABC News |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101191951/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/sex-couples-census-data-trickles-quarter-raising-children/story?id=13850332 |archive-date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/local/125537288.html |title=Minnesota Sees 50% Rise in Number of Gay Couples |last=Peterson |first=David |date=July 14, 2011 |website=Star Tribune |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717123400/http://www.startribune.com/local/125537288.html |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/article/20110714/NEWS01/107140334/Census-Dutchess-Ulster-gay-households-increase |title=Census: Dutchess, Ulster Gay Households Increase |last=Matthews |first=Cara |date=July 13, 2011 |website=Poughkeepsie Journal |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119045141/http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/article/20110714/NEWS01/107140334/Census-Dutchess-Ulster-gay-households-increase |archive-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2011/07/number-of-same-sex-couples-in-new-york-city-increased-census-shows/ |title=Number of same-sex couples in New York City increased, census shows |date=July 14, 2011 |website=Thirteen |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808085738/https://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2011/07/number-of-same-sex-couples-in-new-york-city-increased-census-shows/ |archive-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=local&sc3=&id=123278 |title=87% Increase in Same-Sex Nevada Households Since 2000 |last=Knittel |first=Shaun |date=August 11, 2011 |website=Edge Boston |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026075323/http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=local&sc3=&id=123278 |archive-date=26 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.necn.com/07/14/11/Gay-lesbian-households-increase-in-Okla/landing_politics.html?&apID=aebfe9933c274365a694d062894d773c |title=Gay, lesbian households increase in Okla. |last=Juozapavicius |first=Justin |date=July 14, 2011 |website=NECN |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130091511/http://www.necn.com/07/14/11/Gay-lesbian-households-increase-in-Okla/landing_politics.html?&apID=aebfe9933c274365a694d062894d773c |archive-date=January 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wnyc.org/blogs/wnyc-news-blog/2011/jul/15/spike-number-same-sex-couples-city/ |title=Spike In Number of City's Same-Sex Couples |last1=Yeh |first1=Richard |last2=Longoria |first2=Julia |date=July 15, 2011 |website=WNYC |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727052503/http://www.wnyc.org/blogs/wnyc-news-blog/2011/jul/15/spike-number-same-sex-couples-city/ |archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

[[Same-sex marriage in the United States]] expanded from one state in 2004 to all 50 states in 2015, through various state court rulings, state legislation, direct popular votes ([[referendums]] and [[Popular initiative|initiative]]s), and federal court rulings.

===Asia===

====East Asia====
[[File:Painting -2ab0.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Anal sex between two males being watched, [[Qing dynasty]]. Painting. 18th Century]]In [[East Asia]], same-sex love has been referred to since the earliest recorded history.

[[Homosexuality in China]], known as the ''passions of the cut peach'' and various other euphemisms, has been recorded since approximately 600 BCE. Homosexuality was mentioned in many famous works of Chinese literature. The instances of same-sex affection and sexual interactions described in the classical novel ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]'' seem as familiar to observers in the present as do equivalent stories of romances between heterosexual people during the same period. Keith McMahon suggests that homosexual relationships between men in Ming stories such as Bian er chai was described as more harmonious and enjoyable than heterosexual relationships.<ref>Kang, Wenqing. ''Obsession: male same-sex relations in China, 1900–1950'', Hong Kong University Press. Page 2</ref> Writings from the [[Liu Song dynasty]] by Wang Shunu claimed that homosexuality was as common as heterosexuality in the late 3rd century.<ref name="Geng">{{cite book|author=Song Geng|title=The fragile scholar: power and masculinity in Chinese culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ei4PJ92qy6IC&pg=PA1443|year=2004|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-962-209-620-2|page=144|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226192831/https://books.google.com/books?id=ei4PJ92qy6IC&pg=PA1443|url-status=live}}</ref>

Opposition to homosexuality in China originates in the medieval [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907), attributed to the rising influence of Christian and Islamic values,<ref name="Hinsch, Bret 1990 pp.77-78">{{cite book |last=Hinsch |first=Bret |date=August 10, 1990 |title=Passions of the Cut Sleeve |publisher=University of California Press |pages=77–78 |isbn=9780520067202}}</ref> but did not become fully established until the [[Westernization]] efforts of the late [[Qing dynasty]] and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].<ref name="Kang1">{{cite book |last=Kang |first=Wenqing |title=Obsession: male same-sex relations in China, 1900–1950 |date=2009 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |page=3}}</ref>

==== North Asia ====
Early Russian ethnographers observed that [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] shamans in [[Siberia]] were sometimes said to called by mystical forces to engage in a form of [[Ritualized homosexuality|ritualized homosexual]] relations with other men. This ritual typically involved a [[Gender transition|gender change]]—a religious ceremony that, it was believed, transformed his genitalia into that of a female. After the change, he might dress in women's clothing and behave in feminine ways. He was then believed to "lose" masculine traits like hunting skill, and instead take on "feminine" traits, like healing and nurturing. Some of these shamans would take male lovers, and could even marry other men, and the shaman would take on a "wifely" role. Homosexual relations outside of this specialized role were reportedly not tolerated.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Stephen O. |title=Oceanic homosexualities |last2=Pilling |first2=Arnold R. |date=1992 |publisher=Garland Pub |isbn=978-0-8240-7227-8 |series=Garland reference library of social science ; Garland gay and lesbian studies |location=New York}}</ref>

====South Asia====
{{See also|Homosexuality in India|Hinduism and LGBT topics|Buddhism and sexual orientation}}
South Asia has a recorded and verifiable history of homosexuality going back to at least 1200 BC. Hindu medical texts written in India from this period document homosexual acts and attempt to explain the cause in a neutral/scientific manner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |title=Would ancient India have supported Section 377? |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/would-ancient-india-have-supported-section-377/20180717.htm |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raveenthiran |first=Venkatachalam |date=November 2011 |title=Knowledge of ancient Hindu surgeons on Hirschsprung disease: evidence from Sushruta Samhita of circa 1200-600 bc |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.007 |journal=Journal of Pediatric Surgery |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=2204–2208 |doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.007 |pmid=22075360 |issn=0022-3468|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Know all about Sushruta, the first ever plastic surgeon who was Indian |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/sushruta-works-indian-physician-medicine-plastic-surgery-rhinoplasty-nose-job-1559599-2019-07-01 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=India Today |date=July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Numerous artworks and literary works from this period also describe homosexuality.<ref name="MitraVaruna">{{cite web |url=http://galva108.org/deities.html |title=Hindu dieties and the third sex |author=Amara Das Wilhelm |access-date=October 2, 2025 |website=The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827022633/http://galva108.org/deities.html |archive-date=2013-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 11, 2013 |title=Live Blog: Supreme Court Rules Gay Sex Illegal |url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/live-blog-supreme-court-rules-gay-sex-illegal-1386740434 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Shastri |first=Hari Prasad Tr. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39881/page/n375/mode/2up |title=The Ramayana Of Valmiki Vol. 2 |publisher=Digital Library of India Item 2015.39881 |access-date=April 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Deepanshi |date=October 22, 2017 |title=''The Pre-Colonial History of Homosexuality in'' India: Why Love Is Not Western (Part I/III) |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/history-of-homosexuality-in-india/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=Lawctopus |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230719003625/https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/history-of-homosexuality-in-india/ |archive-date= Jul 19, 2023 }}</ref>

Several ancient Hindu texts have passages that condemn homosexuality. For example, Manu-smṛti (11.174) says that if a man has sex with another man, then he should take a shower with clothes on. The implication of the statement is that sex between two men is not considered normal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malatimanjari |date=2019-04-28 |title=The Vedic View on Homosexuality |url=https://www.jiva.org/the-vedic-view-on-homosexuality/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Jiva Institute of Vedic Studies}}</ref> Pali Cannon, written in Sri Lanka between 600 BC and 100 BC, states that sexual relations, whether of homosexual or of heterosexual nature, is forbidden in the monastic code, and states that any acts of soft homosexual sex (including masturbation and interfumeral sex) does not entail a punishment but must be confessed to the monastery. These codes apply to monks only and not to the general population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homosexuality and Theravada Buddhism |first1=A. L. |last1=De Silva |url=https://www.buddhanet.net/homosexu.htm |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=BuddhaNet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301075346/https://www.buddhanet.net/homosexu.htm |archive-date= 2023-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pali canon - Definition, Contents, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tipitaka |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> The Kama Sutra written in India around 200 AD also described numerous homosexual sex acts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-06-27 |title=Ancient India didn't think homosexuality was against nature |first1=Manoj |last1=Mitta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ancient-india-didnt-think-homosexuality-was-against-nature/articleshow/4708206.cms |access-date=2023-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-10 |title=Homosexuality in ancient India: 10 instances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/10-instances-of-homosexuality-among-lgbts-in-ancient-india-1281446-2018-07-10 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to early modern period and colonialism, there were no strict laws against homosexuality and transexuality. However certain dharmic moral codes forbade sexual misconduct (of both heterosexual and homosexual nature) among the upper class of persists and monks, and religious codes of foreign religions such as Christianity and Islam imposed homophobic rules on their populations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-04 |title=LGBT rights were accepted in ancient India, Sec 377 must be repealed: Amish Tripathi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/lgbt-rights-were-accepted-in-ancient-india-sec-377-must-be-repealed-amish-tripathi/story-NFOnXL3rGVXECqTdg9SuXL.html |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-hinduism |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Human Rights Campaign |language=en-US}}</ref>

Hinduism describes a [[third gender]] that is equal to other genders and documentation of the third gender are found in ancient Hindu and Buddhist medical texts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Shiva Prakash |last2=Chandrasekaran |first2=Sruti |date=2020 |title=Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology |journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20 |doi-access=free |issn=2230-8210 |pmc=7539026 |pmid=33083261}}</ref> There are certain characters in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' who, according to some versions of the epic, change genders, such as [[Shikhandi]], who is sometimes said to be born as a female but identifies as male and eventually marries a woman. [[Bahuchara Mata]] is the goddess of fertility, worshipped by ''hijras'' as their patroness.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Europe===

====Classical period====
{{Further|Homosexuality in ancient Greece|Homosexuality in ancient Rome|Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom|Homosexuality in medieval Europe}}
The earliest Western documents (in the form of literary works, art objects, and [[Greek mythology|mythographic materials]]) concerning same-sex relationships are derived from [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|ancient Greece]].

The formal practice of Pederasty, an erotic yet often restrained relationship between a free adult male and a free adolescent, was valued for its [[Pedagogy|pedagogic]] benefits and as a means of population control, though occasionally blamed for causing disorder. In his ''[[Symposium]]'', [[Plato]] has Phaedras praising its benefits whilst having Socrates encouraging platonic relationships between older and younger men<ref name="price">{{Cite book |last=Price |first=A. W. |url=http://archive.org/details/love-friendship-plato-aristotle-price |title=Love And Friendship In Plato And Aristotle |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-824899-7 |location=Oxford |orig-year=1989}}</ref> (the literal origin of the term, ''platonic'' love). In his later work, [[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]], he has an Athenian stranger propose prohibition of sexual relationships between men entirely saying that it is unnatural.<ref name=plato2>Plato, Laws, 636D & 835E</ref> But Aristotle,in his Nichomachean ethics, states that homosexuality in men for some comes about by nature and others through habituation and further states that no one could be described as lacking in self control for whom nature is the cause<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verstraete |first=Beert C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejPZu3Ktu5cC&pg=PA17 |title=Same-sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-56023-604-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Some scholars argue that there are examples of homosexual love in ancient literature, such as [[Achilles and Patroclus]] in the ''[[Iliad]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morales |first1=Manuel Sanz |last2=Mariscal |first2=Gabriel Laguna |title=The Relationship between Achilles and Patroclus according to Chariton of Aphrodisias |journal=The Classical Quarterly |date=2003 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=292–295 |doi=10.1093/cq/53.1.292 |jstor=3556498 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556498 |issn=0009-8388 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314185101/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556498 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Lafond Sappho and Homer.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Female youths are depicted surrounding Sappho in this painting of [[Lafond]] "Sappho sings for Homer", 1824.]]

Little is known of female homosexuality in antiquity. [[Sappho]], born on the island of [[Lesbos]], was included by later Greeks in the canonical list of [[nine lyric poets]]. The adjectives deriving from her name and place of birth ([[Sapphic love|Sapphic]] and Lesbian) came to be applied to female homosexuality beginning in the 19th century.<ref name=lesbian>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lesbian|title=Lesbian|access-date=7 February 2009|dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary|year=2001|author=Douglas Harper|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702014505/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lesbian|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sapphic>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sapphic|title=Sapphic|access-date=7 February 2009|dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary|year=2001|author=Douglas Harper|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702034948/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sapphic|url-status=live}}</ref> Sappho's poetry centers on passion and love for various personages and both genders. The narrators of many of her poems speak of [[infatuation]]s and [[love]] (sometimes requited, sometimes not) for various females, but descriptions of physical acts [[Lesbian|between women]] are few and subject to debate.<ref>Denys Page, ''Sappho and Alcaeus'', Oxford UP, 1959, pp.142–146.</ref><ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Campbell | editor-first=David A. | chapter=Introduction | title=Greek Lyric I:Sappho and Alcaeus | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass. | date=1982 | isbn=0-674-99157-5 | oclc=8805576 |pages=xi–xii |quote=Her way of life has been the subject of much speculation. Her poetry gives unmistakable evidence of strong homosexual feelings, and this was used by later writers for inferences about her character and indeed her profession: cf. the Oxyrhynchus biography: 'she has been accused by some of being irregular in her ways and a woman-lover'; or the ''Suda'': ' she got a bad name for her impure friendship towards Atthis, Telesippa and Megara'; Ovid made her speak of her low reputation, and about the same time Didymus Bronze-Guts addressed himself to the question, 'Was Sappho a prostitute or not?', and Horace spoke ambiguously of 'masculine Sappho'. Voices were raised in defence of her character: a commentator inferred from her poetry that she was 'a good housekeeper and industrious'. The case-history is complicated by the evidence, usually neglected, that she was married and spoke lovingly of her daughter in her poetry, and by the story, however it arose, that she died of unrequited love for Phaon.}}</ref>

[[File:NAMA Sappho lisant.jpg|thumb|Sappho reading to her companions on an Attic vase constructed c. 435 BC]]

In [[Ancient Rome]], the kind of homosexuality seen took the form of pederastic relationships, where older free men took on an active role and slaves or freed youths took the receptive/passive role in sex. Romans saw passivity as generally unmanly, and as incompatible with the warrior ethos expected of men serving the expansionist Roman state.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hubbard |first=Thomas K. |title=Historical Views of Homosexuality: Roman Empire |date=2020-03-31 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1243 |access-date=2025-04-29 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1243 |isbn=978-0-19-022863-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In his letter addressed to the Christian community in Rome, [[Paul the Apostle]] writes of people engaging in idolatry ("[they] exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like a mortal human being and birds and animals and reptiles"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/romans/1-23.htm |title=Romans 1:23 |website=Bible Hub |access-date=December 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928123601/https://biblehub.com/romans/1-23.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2025}}</ref>) who eventually become infatuated with a person of the same sex in a "suffering of dishonour".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bible.com/bible/compare/ROM.1.24-25 |title=Romans 1:24-25 |website=YouVersion |access-date=December 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928162346/https://www.bible.com/bible/compare/ROM.1.24-25 |archive-date=September 28, 2025}}</ref>

Pederastic attentions were legitimate only when directed toward current or former slaves. The [[Hellenophile]] emperor [[Hadrian]] (117–138) is renowned for his relationship with [[Antinous]], a young man of low birth. Only the Christian emperor [[Theodosius I]] decreed a law on 6 August 390, condemning passive males to be burned at the stake. Notwithstanding these regulations taxes on [[brothel]]s with boys available for homosexual sex continued to be collected until the end of the reign of [[Anastasius I (emperor)|Anastasius I]] in 518. [[Justinian I|Justinian]], towards the end of his reign, expanded the proscription to the active partner as well (in 558), warning that such conduct can lead to the destruction of cities through the "wrath of God".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Novels of Justinian : Novel 77 ( Bailey ) |url=https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/N77_Bailey.htm |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Roman Law Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Derrick Sherwin |url=https://archive.org/details/homosexualitywes0000bail/mode/2up |title=Homosexuality and the Western Christian tradition |date=1975 |publisher=Archon Books |isbn=978-0-208-01492-4}}</ref>

====Renaissance====
During the [[Renaissance]], wealthy cities in northern [[Italy]]—[[Florence]] and [[Venice]] in particular—were renowned for their widespread practice of same-sex love, engaged in by a considerable part of the male population and constructed along the classical pattern of Greece and Rome.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence'', {{ISBN|0-19-512292-5}}</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', {{ISBN|0-19-503465-1}}</ref> But even as many of the male population were engaging in same-sex relationships, the authorities, under the [[aegis]] of the [[Officers of the Night]] court, were prosecuting, fining, and imprisoning a good portion of that population.

From the second half of the 13th century, death was the punishment for male homosexuality in most of Europe.<ref>{{Cite book
| first = Lester R.
| last = Kurtz
| title = Encyclopedia of violence, peace, & conflict
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA140
| publisher = Academic Press
| year = 1999
| page = 140
| isbn = 0-12-227010-X
| access-date = 16 June 2015
| archive-date = 14 April 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414054812/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA140
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
The relationships of socially prominent figures, such as [[Personal relationships of James VI and I|King James I]] and the [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham|Duke of Buckingham]], served to highlight the issue, including in anonymously authored street pamphlets: "The world is chang'd I know not how, For men Kiss Men, not Women now;...Of J. the First and Buckingham: He, true it is, his Wives Embraces fled, To slabber his lov'd Ganimede" (''Mundus Foppensis, or The Fop Display'd'', 1691).

====Modern period====
[[File:Touko-Laaksonen.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the [[Finnish people|Finnish]] artist Touko Laaksonen (1920–1991) alias [[Tom of Finland]], well known for his stylized and highly masculinized [[homoerotic]] art, playing the piano in late 1950s. In the background, his partner Veli Mäkinen (''left'') and his sister Kaija (''right'').]]
''Love Letters Between a Certain Late Nobleman and the Famous Mr. Wilson'' was published in 1723 in England, and is presumed by some modern scholars to be a novel. The 1749 edition of [[John Cleland]]'s popular novel ''[[Fanny Hill]]'' includes a homosexual scene, but this was removed in its 1750 edition. Also in 1749, the earliest extended and serious defense of homosexuality in English, ''Ancient and Modern [[Pederasty]] Investigated and Exemplified'', written by [[Thomas Cannon (author)|Thomas Cannon]], was published, but was suppressed almost immediately. It includes the passage, "Unnatural Desire is a Contradiction in Terms; downright Nonsense. Desire is an amatory Impulse of the inmost human Parts."<ref>Gladfelder, Hal (May 2006) ''In Search of Lost Texts: Thomas Cannon's 'Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified"'', Institute of Historical Research</ref> Around 1785 [[Jeremy Bentham]] wrote another defense, but this was not published until 1978.<ref>Published in two parts:
* {{cite journal | last1=Bentham | first1=Jeremy | last2=Crompton | first2=Louis | title=Offences Against One's Self: Paederesty (Part 1) | journal=Journal of Homosexuality | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=3 | issue=4 | date=4 August 1978 | issn=0091-8369 | doi=10.1300/j082v03n04_07 | pages=389–406| pmid=353189 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Bentham | first1=Jeremy | last2=Crompton | first2=Louis | title=Jeremy Bentham's Essay on 'Paederasty': Part 2 | journal=Journal of Homosexuality | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=4 | issue=1 | date=22 November 1978 | issn=0091-8369 | doi=10.1300/j082v04n01_07 | pages=91–107| pmid=363935 }}</ref>

Executions for sodomy continued in the [[Netherlands]] until 1803, and in [[England]] until 1835, [[James Pratt and John Smith]] being the last Englishmen to be so hanged.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Between 1864 and 1880 [[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]] published a series of 12 tracts, which he collectively titled ''Research on the Riddle of Man-Manly Love.'' In 1867, he became the first self-proclaimed homosexual person to speak out publicly in defense of homosexuality when he pleaded at the Congress of German Jurists in [[Munich]] for a resolution urging the repeal of anti-homosexual laws.<ref name="levay" /> ''Sexual Inversion'' by [[Havelock Ellis]], published in 1896, challenged theories that homosexuality was abnormal, as well as [[stereotype]]s, and insisted on the ubiquity of homosexuality and its association with intellectual and artistic achievement.<ref name="sexualinversion">{{citation |title=Sexual Inversion |first1=Havelock |last1=Ellis |first2=John Addington |last2=Symonds |year=1975 |publisher=Arno Press |isbn=0-405-07363-1}}</ref>

Although medical texts like these (written partly in Latin to obscure the sexual details) were not widely read by the general public, they did lead to the rise of [[Magnus Hirschfeld]]'s [[Scientific-Humanitarian Committee]], which campaigned from 1897 to 1933 against [[Paragraph 175|anti-sodomy laws in Germany]], as well as a much more informal, unpublicized movement among British intellectuals and writers, led by such figures as [[Edward Carpenter]] and [[John Addington Symonds]]. Beginning in 1894 with ''Homogenic Love'', Socialist activist and poet Edward Carpenter wrote a string of pro-homosexual articles and pamphlets, and "came out" in 1916 in his book ''My Days and Dreams''. In 1900, [[Elisar von Kupffer]] published an anthology of homosexual literature from antiquity to his own time, ''[[Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur]]''.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

===Middle East===
{{Further|LGBT in Islam|LGBT rights in Israel}}
[[File:An ottoman miniature from the book Sawaqub al-Manaquib depicting Homosexuality.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|An illustration from the 19th-century book ''Sawaqub al-Manaquib'' depicting homosexual anal sex with a wine boy]]There are a handful of accounts by Arab travelers to Europe during the mid-1800s. Two of these travelers, Rifa'ah al-Tahtawi and Muhammad as-Saffar, show their surprise that the French sometimes deliberately mistranslated love poetry about a young boy, instead referring to a young female, to maintain their social norms and morals.<ref>{{cite book|last=El-Rouayheb|first=Khaled|title=Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500–1800|url=https://archive.org/details/beforehomosexual00elro|url-access=limited|year=2005|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-72988-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/beforehomosexual00elro/page/n12 2]}}</ref>

Israel is considered the most tolerant country in the Middle East to homosexuals,<ref>{{cite news
| date = 17 September 2008
| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/taboo-tolerance/the-five-most-improved-places-for-gay-tolerance-932635.html
| quote = Israel is the only Middle-Eastern country to support gay rights legislation, and the country attracts gay people from Palestine and Lebanon.
| access-date = 29 May 2009
| work = [[The Independent]]
| title = The five most improved places for gay tolerance
| location = London
| archive-date = 31 March 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190331111114/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/taboo-tolerance/the-five-most-improved-places-for-gay-tolerance-932635.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref> with [[Tel Aviv]] being named "the gay capital of the Middle East"<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Was Arafat Gay?|author=James Kirchick|magazine=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]}}</ref> and considered one of the most gay friendly cities in the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=The world's most gay-friendly places|work=[[Calgary Herald]]|date=29 June 2011}}</ref> The annual [[Tel Aviv Pride|Pride Parade]] in support of homosexuality takes place in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/dispatch-gay-tel-aviv/|title=Gay Tel Aviv|first=Anthony|last=Grant|date=2 July 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=19 October 2012|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630125434/http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/dispatch-gay-tel-aviv/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the other hand, many governments in the Middle East often ignore, deny the existence of, or criminalize homosexuality. Homosexuality is illegal in almost all Muslim countries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran 'must stop youth executions' |author=Steven Eke |date=28 July 2005 |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4725959.stm |access-date=21 October 2010 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824103849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4725959.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gay sexual practices|Same-sex intercourse]] officially carries the death penalty in several Muslim nations: Saudi Arabia, Iran, [[Mauritania]], northern [[Nigeria]], and [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileID=1111&ZoneID=7&FileCategory=50 |title=7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts |publisher=ILGA |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029185853/http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileID=1111&ZoneID=7&FileCategory=50 |archive-date=29 October 2009 }}</ref> Iranian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], during his [[Student activism at Columbia University#Ahmadinejad speech controversy|2007 speech at Columbia University]], asserted that there were no gay people in Iran. However, the probable reason is that they keep their sexuality a secret for fear of government sanction or rejection by their families.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nazila|last=Fathi|title=Despite Denials, Gays Insist They Exist, if Quietly, in Iran|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/world/middleeast/30gays.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 September 2007|access-date=1 October 2007|archive-date=18 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418042212/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/world/middleeast/30gays.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Pre-Islamic period====
{{Further|Homosexuality and Judaism|The Bible and homosexuality}}
[[File:Portrait de Shah Abbas Ier et son page - MAO 494 - v5.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|right|[[Shah]] [[Abbas the Great]] with a page boy. By Muhammad Qasim, [[Safavid Iran]] (1627).<ref>Nahavandi and Bomati, illustration opposite p.162</ref>]]
In ancient [[Sumer]], a set of priests known as ''[[Gala (priests)|gala]]'' worked in the temples of the goddess [[Inanna]], where they performed elegies and lamentations.<ref name="Leick">{{cite book|last=Leick|first=Gwendolyn|title=Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-134-92074-7|location=New York|orig-year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoWblE4pd0C&pg=PA64|access-date=10 November 2017|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414055100/https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoWblE4pd0C&pg=PA64|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|285}} ''Gala'' took female names, spoke in the ''[[Sumerian language#Dialects|eme-sal]]'' dialect, which was traditionally reserved for women, and appear to have engaged in homosexual intercourse.<ref name="Roscoe">{{cite book|last1=Roscoe|first1=Will|last2=Murray|first2=Stephen O.|date=1997|title=Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature|location=New York|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-7467-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&q=Gordon+1959+gala&pg=PA65|pages=65–66|access-date=15 September 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000906/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&q=Gordon+1959+gala&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sumerian sign for ''gala'' was a [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] of the signs for "penis" and "anus".<ref name="Roscoe"/> One Sumerian proverb reads: "When the ''gala'' wiped off his ass [he said], 'I must not arouse that which belongs to my mistress [i.e., Inanna].'"<ref name="Roscoe"/>

In later [[Mesopotamia]]n cultures, ''kurgarrū'' and ''assinnu'' were servants of the goddess [[Ishtar]] (Inanna's [[East Semitic]] equivalent), who [[cross-dressing|dressed in female clothing]] and performed war dances in Ishtar's temples.<ref name="Roscoe"/> Several Akkadian [[proverb]]s seem to suggest that they may have also engaged in homosexual intercourse.<ref name="Roscoe"/> Anal intercourse was depicted in figurative art in [[Uruk]], [[Assur]], [[Babylon]], and [[Susa]] from the [[3rd millennium BC]], which showed that the sex act was practiced as part of [[religious ritual]].<ref name = "epistle"/>

It is thought that ancient [[Assyria]] (2nd millennium BC to 1st millennium AD) viewed homosexuality as negative and at least criminal,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Honeycutt |first=Kevin S. |date=2022-06-01 |title=Bertrand de Jouvenel's Philosophy of Individual Liberty |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jeeh-2022-0016/html |journal=Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=167–182 |doi=10.1515/jeeh-2022-0016 |issn=2153-1552|url-access=subscription }}</ref> with the religious codes of [[Zoroastrianism]] forbidding homosexuality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Casey |date=2016-06-07 |title=Queer in the Age of the Queen: Gender and Sexuality of the Mid Modern Period in Victorian England and North America |url=https://mollybrown.org/queer-in-the-age-of-the-queen-gender-and-sexuality-of-the-mid-modern-period-in-victorian-england-and-north-america/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Molly Brown House Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> Some religious texts contain prayers for divine blessings on homosexual relationships. The ''Almanac of Incantations'' contained prayers favoring on an [[Equality before the law|equal basis]] the love of a man for a woman, of a woman for a man, and of a man for man.<ref name = "epistle">{{Cite web |title=Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt |url=https://epistle.us/hbarticles/neareast.html |access-date=2024-12-29 | author= Bruce L. Gerig|website=The Epistle |language=en}}</ref>

===South Pacific===
In some societies of [[Melanesia]], especially in [[Papua New Guinea]], traditional practices required a prepubertal boy to be paired with an older adolescent who would become his mentor and who would "inseminate" him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty.<ref name="melanesia" /> This practice among the [[Simbari people]] occurred due to local belief that semen was necessary for male growth. The practice did not appear to affect male sexual orientation; nearly all males were happy to move on to relationships with women once permitted.<ref name="LeVay_20162">{{Cite book |last=LeVay |first=Simon |author-link=Simon LeVay |url=https://archive.org/details/gaystraightreaso0000leva_e5c2/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-029737-4 |pages=19 |ol=26246092M |url-access=registration |via=[[Open Library]] |ol-access=free}}</ref> A small minority of males remain bachelors and continue to engage in homosexual relations, and are considered unusual and ridiculed by other tribesmen.<ref name="Bailey_20032">{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281747420 |title=The Man Who Would Be Queen |vauthors=Bailey J |date=April 2003 |publisher=Joseph Henry Press |isbn=978-0-309-08418-5 |pages=131–132 |access-date=2020-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828055923/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281747420_The_Man_Who_Would_Be_Queen |archive-date=2021-08-28 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many Melanesian societies have abandoned this practice since the introduction of [[Christianity]] via [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] [[missionaries]].<ref name=melanesia>{{citation |title=Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia |first=Gilbert H. |last=Herdt |year=1984 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-08096-3 |pages=128–136}}</ref>

==Sexuality and identity==

===Behavior and desire===
{{Redirect-distinguish-text|Homosexual desire|the book, ''[[Homosexual Desire]]''}}
The [[American Psychological Association]], the [[American Psychiatric Association]], and the [[National Association of Social Workers]] identify sexual orientation as "not merely a personal characteristic that can be defined in isolation. Rather, one's sexual orientation defines the universe of persons with whom one is likely to find the satisfying and fulfilling relationships":<ref name=amici />
{{Blockquote|Sexual orientation is commonly discussed as a characteristic of the individual, like biological sex, gender identity, or age. This perspective is incomplete because sexual orientation is always defined in relational terms and necessarily involves relationships with other individuals. Sexual acts and romantic attractions are categorized as homosexual or heterosexual according to the biological sex of the individuals involved in them, relative to each other. Indeed, it is by acting—or desiring to act—with another person that individuals express their heterosexuality, homosexuality, or bisexuality. This includes actions as simple as holding hands with or kissing another person. Thus, sexual orientation is integrally linked to the intimate personal relationships that human beings form with others to meet their deeply felt needs for love, attachment, and intimacy. In addition to sexual behavior, these bonds encompass nonsexual physical affection between partners, shared goals and values, mutual support, and ongoing commitment.<ref name=amici />}}

The [[Kinsey scale]], also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale,<ref name="kinsey">{{cite web|url=http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/research/ak-hhscale.html|title=Kinsey's Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale|publisher=The [[Kinsey Institute]]|access-date=8 September 2011|archive-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510163753/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/research/ak-hhscale.html|url-status=live}}</ref> attempts to describe a person's sexual history or episodes of his or her sexual activity at a given time. It uses a scale from 0, meaning exclusively [[heterosexuality|heterosexual]], to 6, meaning exclusively homosexual. In both the Male and Female volumes of the [[Kinsey Reports]], an additional grade, listed as "X", has been interpreted by scholars to indicate [[asexuality]].<ref name="Stange">{{cite book|author1=Mary Zeiss Stange|author2=Carol K. Oyster|author3=Jane E. Sloan|title=Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World|isbn=978-1-4129-7685-5|publisher=Sage Pubns|year=2011|page=2016|access-date=17 December 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOkPjFQoBj8C&pg=PA158|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914220425/https://books.google.com/books?id=bOkPjFQoBj8C&pg=PA158|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sexual identity===
{{Main|Sexual identity}}

Often, sexual orientation and [[sexual identity]] are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual orientation. According to Bailey et al. "sexual identity, is one’s self-conception (sometimes disclosed to others and sometimes not) as a homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual person". One's sexual identity label may not align with one's sexual behavior or sexual orientation (e.g. in the case of homosexual persons who may present themselves as heterosexual).<ref name="Bailey" />{{RP|pages=48, 89}}

=== Sexual fluidity ===
{{Main|Sexual fluidity}}

While [[sexual orientation]] is a stable attribute that is an innate characteristic and an immutable trait, some research suggests that some people may experience change in their [[sexual orientation identity]] over the course of their lives, and this is more likely for [[female]]s than for [[male]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailey et al. |date=2016 |title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075 |url-status=live |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=45–101 |doi=10.1177/1529100616637616 |pmid=27113562 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611031054/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=29 September 2019 |quote=Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Dennis Coon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYwjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA372 |title=Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews |author2=John O. Mitterer |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1111833633 |page=372 |quote=Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. ... The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime. |access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Eric Anderson |title=The Changing Dynamics of Bisexual Men's Lives |author2=Mark McCormack |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-319-29412-4 |page=47 |chapter=Measuring and Surveying Bisexuality |quote=[R]esearch suggests that women's sexual orientation is slightly more likely to change than men's (Baumeister 2000; Kinnish et al. 2005). The notion that sexual orientation can change over time is known as ''sexual fluidity''. Even if sexual fluidity exists for some women, it does not mean that the majority of women will change sexual orientations as they age – rather, sexuality is stable over time for the majority of people. |access-date=22 June 2019 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_AgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824071645/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_AgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).<ref name="apa2009-2">{{cite web|title=Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|pages=63, 86|date=2009|access-date=3 February 2015|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/therapeutic-response.pdf|archive-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121635/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/therapeutic-response.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Same-sex relationships===
{{Main|Same-sex relationship}}

{{multiple image
| align = vertical
| width1 = 120
| image1 = Double Mars symbol.svg
| caption1 = Male homosexuality symbol
| width2 = 120
| image2 = Double Venus symbol.svg
| caption2 = Female homosexuality symbol
}}
People with a homosexual orientation can express their sexuality in a variety of ways, and may or may not express it in their behaviors.<ref name=apahelp /> Many have sexual relationships predominantly with people of their own [[sex]], though some have sexual relationships with those of the opposite sex, [[bisexual]] relationships, or none at all ([[celibacy]]).<ref name=apahelp/> Studies have found same-sex and opposite-sex couples to be equivalent to each other in measures of satisfaction and commitment in relationships, that age and sex are more reliable than sexual orientation as a predictor of satisfaction and commitment to a relationship, and that people who are heterosexual or homosexual share comparable expectations and ideals with regard to romantic relationships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/apa-elo011708.php |title=Relationship Satisfaction and Commitment |publisher=Eurekalert.org |date=22 January 2008 |access-date=24 August 2010 |archive-date=7 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507073038/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/apa-elo011708.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Duffy>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1300/J082v12n02_01|title=Satisfaction and commitment in homosexual and heterosexual relationships|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|year=1985|first1=S.M|last1=Duffy|first2=C.E. |last2=Rusbult |volume=12|issue=2|pages=1–23|url=http://www.labmeeting.com/paper/17688909/duffy-rusbult-1985-satisfaction-and-commitment-in-homosexual-and-heterosexual-relationships|access-date=29 July 2009|pmid=3835198|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019190212/http://www.labmeeting.com/paper/17688909/duffy-rusbult-1985-satisfaction-and-commitment-in-homosexual-and-heterosexual-relationships|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Baccman>{{Cite journal|title=Expectations of romantic relationships: A comparison between homosexual and heterosexual men with regard to Baxter's criteria|journal=Social Behavior and Personality|year=1999|first=Baccman|last=Charlotte|author2=Per Folkesson|author3=Torsten Norlander|volume=27|issue=4|pages=363–374|doi=10.2224/sbp.1999.27.4.363|url=http://www.sbp-journal.com/index.php/sbp/article/view/976|access-date=4 October 2012|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423143028/https://www.sbp-journal.com//index.php/sbp/article/view/976|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Coming out of the closet===
{{Main|Coming out}}

''Coming out'' (''of the closet'') is a phrase referring to one's disclosure of their sexual orientation or gender identity, and is described and experienced variously as a psychological process or journey.<ref name="Coming Out: A Journey">{{cite web |url=http://utahpridecenter.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=44 |title=Coming Out: A Journey |publisher=Utahpridecenter.org |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-date=25 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825202112/http://utahpridecenter.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=44 |url-status=live }}</ref> Generally, coming out is described in three phases. The first phase is that of "knowing oneself", and the realization emerges that one is open to same-sex relations.<ref>In a joint statement with other major American medical organizations, the APA says that "different people realize at different points in their lives that they are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual".
{{cite web
|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/justthefacts.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807205013/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/justthefacts.html
|archive-date=7 August 2007
|title=Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Personnel
|access-date=28 August 2007
|year=1999
|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics, American Counseling Association, American Association of School Administrators, American Federation of Teachers, American Psychological Association, American School Health Association, The Interfaith Alliance, National Association of School Psychologists, National Association of Social Workers, National Education Association
}}</ref> This is often described as an internal coming out. The second phase involves one's decision to come out to others, e.g. family, friends, or colleagues. The third phase more generally involves living openly as an LGBT person.<ref name=hrccontinuum>{{citation |access-date=4 May 2007 |url=http://dev.hrc.org/issues/3333.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102101657/http://dev.hrc.org/issues/3333.htm |archive-date=2 November 2007 |periodical=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |title=The Coming Out Continuum}}</ref> In the United States today, people often come out during high school or college age. At this age, they may not trust or ask for help from others, especially when their orientation is not accepted in society. Sometimes their own families are not even informed.

[[Outing]] is the practice of publicly revealing the sexual orientation of a closeted person.<ref name=glbtqouting>{{citation|last=Neumann |first=Caryn E |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/outing.html |title=Outing |year=2004 |periodical=[[glbtq.com]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609220520/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/outing.html |archive-date=9 June 2007 }}</ref> Notable politicians, celebrities, military service people, and clergy members have been outed, with motives ranging from malice to political or moral beliefs. Many commentators oppose the practice altogether,<ref name=biasfreeusage>{{citation |title=The Dictionary of Bias-Free Usage: A Guide to Nondiscriminatory Language |last=Maggio |first=Rosalie |year=1991 |publisher=Oryx Press |isbn=0-89774-653-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbias00rosa/page/208 208] |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbias00rosa/page/208 }}</ref> while some encourage outing public figures who use their positions of influence to harm other gay people.<ref name=statesmanouting>{{citation |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/life-and-society/2007/04/human-rights-gay-outing-outed |title=Outing hypocrites is justified |first=Peter |last=Tatchell |date=23 April 2007 |access-date=4 May 2007 |periodical=[[New Statesman]] |archive-date=14 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090034/http://www.newstatesman.com/life-and-society/2007/04/human-rights-gay-outing-outed |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of sexual orientation}}

Homosexuality occurs in most, and perhaps all, human cultures and societies.<ref name=Bailey/><ref name=LeVay/><ref name=Balthazart/> In their 2016 literature review, Bailey ''et al.'' stated that they "expect that in all cultures ... a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex." They state that there is no persuasive evidence that the demographics of sexual orientation have varied much across time or place.<ref name=Bailey/> Men are more likely to be exclusively homosexual than to be equally attracted to both sexes, while the opposite is true for women.<ref name=Bailey/><ref name=LeVay/><ref name=Balthazart/>

Surveys in Western cultures find, on average, that about 93% of men and 87% of women identify as completely heterosexual, 4% of men and 10% of women as mostly heterosexual, 0.5% of men and 1% of women as evenly bisexual, 0.5% of men and 0.5% of women as mostly homosexual, and 2% of men and 0.5% of women as completely homosexual.<ref name=Bailey/> An analysis of 67 studies found that the lifetime prevalence of sex between men (regardless of orientation) was 3–5% for East Asia, 6–12% for South and South East Asia, 6–15% for Eastern Europe, and 6–20% for Latin America.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Caceres|first1=C.|last2=Konda|first2=K.|last3=Pecheny|first3=M.|last4=Chatterjee|first4=A.|last5=Lyerla|first5=R.|title=Estimating the number of men who have sex with men in low and middle income countries|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|date=2006|volume=82|issue=Suppl. III|pages=iii3–iii9|doi=10.1136/sti.2005.019489|pmid=16735290|pmc=2576725}}</ref> The [[International HIV/AIDS Alliance]] estimates that worldwide between 3 and 16% of men have had some form of [[men who have sex with men|sex with another man]] at least once during their lifetime.<ref name="International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2003">{{cite book |author=International HIV/AIDS Alliance |author-link=Frontline AIDS |title=Between Men: HIV/STI Prevention For Men Who Have Sex With Men |url=https://www.who.int/hiv/topics/vct/sw_toolkit/Between_men_full_version.pdf |year=2003 |oclc=896761012 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615021020/https://www.who.int/hiv/topics/vct/sw_toolkit/Between_men_full_version.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to major studies, 2% to 11% of people have had some form of same-sex sexual contact within their lifetime;<ref name = Billy1993>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2136206|vauthors=Billy JO, Tanfer K, Grady WR, Klepinger DH |title=The sexual behavior of men in the United States|jstor=2136206 |journal=Family Planning Perspectives |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=52–60 |year=1993 |pmid=8491287}}</ref><ref name = Fay1989>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fay RE, Turner CF, Klassen AD, Gagnon JH |title=Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men |journal=Science |volume=243 |issue=4889 |pages=338–48 |date=January 1989 |pmid=2911744 |doi=10.1126/science.2911744|bibcode=1989Sci...243..338F }}</ref><ref name = Sell1995>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01541598|vauthors=Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D |title=The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=235–48 |date=June 1995 |pmid=7611844|s2cid=12929812 }}</ref><ref name=SavinWilliams2009>{{Cite book |editor1-last = Hope | editor1-first = Debra A | title = Contemporary Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities | doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-09556-1 | series = Nebraska Symposium on Motivation | volume = 54 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-387-09555-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/contemporarypers0000nebr}}</ref> this percentage rises to 16–21% when either or both same-sex attraction and behavior are reported.<ref name=SavinWilliams2009/>

According to the 2021 [[United States Census]], there were about 1.2 million same-sex couple households.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=United States Census Bureau |year=2022 |title=Key Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Couples Differed |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/11/same-sex-couple-households-exceeded-one-million.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> In the [[United States]], according to a report by [[The Williams Institute]] in April 2011, 3.5% or approximately 9 million of the adult population identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/census-lgbt-demographics-studies/how-many-people-are-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender |author=Gary Gates |title=How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender? |publisher=[[UCLA School of Law#Sexual orientation law|The Williams Institute]] |date=April 2011 |access-date=12 May 2014 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721165514/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/census-lgbt-demographics-studies/how-many-people-are-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 2013 study by the CDC, in which over 34,000 Americans were interviewed, puts the percentage of self-identifying lesbians and gay men at 1.6%, and of bisexuals at 0.7%.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr077.pdf |title=Sexual Orientation and Health Among U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2013 |last1=Ward |first1=Brian W |last2=Dahlhamer |first2=James M |last3=Galinsky |first3=Adena M |last4=Joestl |first4=Sarah S |date=July 15, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204023729/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr077.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>

In October 2012, [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] started conducting annual surveys to study the demographics of LGBT people, determining that 3.4% (±1%) of adults identified as LGBT in the United States.<ref name=gallup>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/158066/special-report-adults-identify-lgbt.aspx|title=Special Report: 3.4% of U.S. Adults Identify as LGBT|last1=Gates|first1=Gary J.|last2=Newport|first2=Frank|date=18 October 2012|website=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]|access-date=13 January 2015|archive-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902104955/http://www.gallup.com/poll/158066/special-report-adults-identify-lgbt.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the nation's largest poll on the issue at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/gallup-survey-claims-34-percent-in-us-are-lgbt |title=Gallup survey claims 3.4 percent in U.S. are LGBT |date=18 October 2012 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=13 January 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119124710/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/gallup-survey-claims-34-percent-in-us-are-lgbt/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/10/18/adults-lesbian-gay-bisexual/1642203|title=New survey: 3.4% of U.S. adults are LGBT|last1=Jayson|first1=Sharon|date=19 October 2012|website=[[USA Today]]|access-date=13 January 2015|archive-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705221340/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/10/18/adults-lesbian-gay-bisexual/1642203/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the percentage was estimated to have risen to 4.5% of adults, with the increase largely driven by [[millennials]]. The poll attributes the rise to greater willingness of younger people to reveal their sexual identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/234863/estimate-lgbt-population-rises.aspx|title=In U.S., Estimate of LGBT Population Rises to 4.5%|last=Newport|first=Frank|date=22 May 2018|website=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522203115/http://news.gallup.com/poll/234863/estimate-lgbt-population-rises.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

Measuring the prevalence of homosexuality presents difficulties. It is necessary to consider the measuring criteria that are used, the cutoff point and the time span taken to define a sexual orientation.<ref name="levay" /> Many people, despite having same-sex attractions, may be reluctant to identify themselves as gay or bisexual. The research must measure some characteristic that may or may not be defining of sexual orientation. The number of people with same-sex desires may be larger than the number of people who act on those desires, which in turn may be larger than the number of people who self-identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.<ref name="black">{{cite journal |last1=Black |first1=Dan |last2=Gates |first2=Gary |last3=Sanders |first3=Seth |last4=Taylor |first4=Lowell |year=2000 |title=Demographics of the Gay and Lesbian Population in the United States: Evidence from Available Systematic Data Sources |journal=Demography |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=139–154 |doi=10.2307/2648117 |jstor=2648117 |pmid=10836173 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Reliable data as to the size of the gay and lesbian population are of value in informing public policy.<ref name="black" /> For example, demographics are of help in calculating the costs and benefits of [[domestic partnership benefits]], of the impact of legalizing [[LGBT adoption|gay adoption]], and of the impact of the U.S. military's former [[Don't Ask Don't Tell]] policy.<ref name="black" /> Further, knowledge of the size of the "gay and lesbian population holds promise for helping social scientists understand a wide array of important questions—questions about the general nature of labor market choices, accumulation of human capital, specialization within households, discrimination, and decisions about geographic location."<ref name="black" />

==Psychology==
{{Main|Homosexuality and psychology}}
{{Citation style|date=April 2025|reason=it uses multiple citation styles|section}}
The [[American Psychological Association]], the [[American Psychiatric Association]], and the [[National Association of Social Workers]] state:
{{cquote|In 1952, when the American Psychiatric Association published its first [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]], homosexuality was included as a disorder. Almost immediately, however, that classification began to be subjected to critical scrutiny in research funded by the [[National Institute of Mental Health]]. That study and subsequent research consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as a disorder or abnormality, rather than a normal and healthy sexual orientation. As results from such research accumulated, professionals in medicine, mental health, and the behavioral and social sciences reached the conclusion that it was inaccurate to classify homosexuality as a mental disorder and that the DSM classification reflected untested assumptions based on once-prevalent social norms and clinical impressions from unrepresentative samples comprising patients seeking therapy and individuals whose conduct brought them into the criminal justice system.

In recognition of the scientific evidence,<ref>{{cite journal | year = 1998 | title = Gay Is Okay With APA—Forum Honors Landmark 1973 Events | url = http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=187846 | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 280 | issue = 6 | pages = 497–499 | doi = 10.1001/jama.280.6.497 | pmid = 9707127 | last1 = Lamberg | first1 = L. | access-date = 29 September 2012 | archive-date = 3 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130503022720/http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=187846 | url-status = live | url-access = subscription }}</ref> the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM in 1973, stating that "homosexuality per se implies no impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social or vocational capabilities." After thoroughly reviewing the scientific data, the American Psychological Association adopted the same position in 1975, and urged all mental health professionals "to take the lead in removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated with homosexual orientations." The National Association of Social Workers has adopted a similar policy.

Thus, mental health professionals and researchers have long recognized that being homosexual poses no inherent obstacle to leading a happy, healthy, and productive life, and that the vast majority of gay and lesbian people function well in the full array of social institutions and interpersonal relationships.<ref name=amici />
}}

The consensus of research and clinical literature demonstrates that same-sex sexual and romantic attractions, feelings, and behaviors are normal and positive variations of human sexuality.<ref name=response>{{cite web |publisher=American Psychological Association |url=http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf |title=Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation |date=2009 |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615023708/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2010}}</ref> There is now a large body of research evidence that indicates that being gay, lesbian or bisexual is compatible with normal mental health and social adjustment.<ref name="rcp2007" /> The [[World Health Organization]]'s [[ICD-9]] (1977) listed homosexuality as a mental illness; it was removed from the [[ICD-10]], endorsed by the Forty-third World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/communicable-diseases/hivaids/news/news/2011/6/stop-discrimination-against-homosexual-men-and-women |title=Stop discrimination against homosexual men and women |publisher=World Health Organisation – Europe |date=17 May 2011 |access-date=8 March 2012 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709194330/http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/communicable-diseases/hivaids/news/news/2011/6/stop-discrimination-against-homosexual-men-and-women |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileCategory=50&FileID=546 |title=The decision of the World Health Organisation 15 years ago constitutes a historic date and powerful symbol for members of the LGBT community |publisher=ILGA |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030051630/http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileCategory=50&FileID=546 |archive-date=30 October 2009 }}</ref><ref name=pinknewsstigma>{{citation |title=Homophobic stigma – A community cause |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-1496.html |date=17 May 2006 |periodical=PinkNews.co.uk |first=Marc |last=Shoffman |access-date=4 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419234733/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-1496.html |archive-date=19 April 2007 }}</ref> Like the DSM-II, the ICD-10 added [[ego-dystonic sexual orientation]] to the list, which refers to people who want to change their [[gender identity|gender identities]] or sexual orientation because of a psychological or behavioral disorder ({{ICD10|F|66|1|f|60}}). The [[Chinese Society of Psychiatry]] removed homosexuality from its [[Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders]] in 2001 after five years of study by the association.<ref>{{cite web |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/08/health/08PSYC.html |title=Homosexuality Not an Illness, Chinese Say |date=March 8, 2001 |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722131618/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/08/health/08PSYC.html |archive-date=22 July 2016}}</ref>

According to the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]], "[t]his unfortunate history demonstrates how marginalisation of a group of people who have a particular personality feature (in this case homosexuality) can lead to harmful medical practice and a basis for discrimination in society."<ref name="rcp2007" />

Most lesbian, gay, and bisexual people who seek psychotherapy do so for the same reasons as heterosexual people (stress, relationship difficulties, difficulty adjusting to social or work situations, etc.); their sexual orientation may be of primary, incidental, or no importance to their issues and treatment. Whatever the issue, there is a high risk for anti-gay bias in psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients.<ref name=textbook>Cabaj, R; Stein, T. eds. ''Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health'', p.421</ref> Psychological research in this area has been relevant to counteracting prejudicial ("[[Homophobia|homophobic]]") attitudes and actions, and to the [[LGBT rights]] movement generally.<ref name=intro>{{cite book |editor=Sandfort, T |display-editors=et al |title=Lesbian and Gay Studies: An Introductory, Interdisciplinary Approach |chapter=Chapter 2}}</ref>

According to the American Psychological Association,<ref name="response" /> the appropriate application of psychotherapy is grounded in acceptance of evidence that: same-sex attractions and orientations are natural variations of human sexuality, not signs of mental or developmental disorders. While homosexuality and bisexuality have often been stigmatized, leading to social stress and other negative effects, these orientations are part of the normal range of human experience. People with same-sex orientations can and do lead fulfilling lives, forming stable, loving relationships and families. There is no scientific evidence supporting claims that same-sex orientation results from family dysfunction or trauma.<ref name="response"/>

=== Sexual orientation change efforts ===
{{Main|Sexual orientation change efforts}}

There are no studies of adequate scientific rigor that conclude that sexual orientation change efforts work to change a person's sexual orientation. Those efforts have been controversial due to tensions between the values held by some faith-based organizations, on the one hand, and those held by LGBT rights organizations and professional and scientific organizations and other faith-based organizations, on the other.<ref name="apa2009" /> The longstanding consensus of the behavioral and social sciences and the health and mental health professions is that homosexuality ''per se'' is a normal and positive variation of human sexual orientation, and therefore not a mental disorder.<ref name="apa2009" /> The American Psychological Association says that "most people experience little or no sense of choice about their sexual orientation".<ref name="answers">{{cite web |title=Answers to Your Questions: For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation & Homosexuality |url=http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/sorientation.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111050857/http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/sorientation.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2014 |access-date=20 December 2010 |publisher=American Psychological Association}}</ref>
Some individuals and groups have promoted the idea of homosexuality as symptomatic of developmental defects or spiritual and moral failings and have argued that sexual orientation change efforts, including psychotherapy and religious efforts, could alter homosexual feelings and behaviors. Many of these individuals and groups appeared to be embedded within the larger context of conservative religious political movements that have supported the stigmatization of homosexuality on political or religious grounds.<ref name="apa2009" />

No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the U.S.,<ref>{{cite web |title=Expert affidavit of Gregory M. Herek, PhD |url=http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/2009-11-17-doma-aff-herek.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828054600/http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/2009-11-17-doma-aff-herek.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2010 |access-date=24 August 2010}}</ref> the Royal College of Psychiatrists,<ref name="royal2009">{{cite web |website=Royal College of Psychiatrists |url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/press/pressreleasearchives/2009/statement.aspx |title=Statement from the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Gay and Lesbian Mental Health Special Interest Group |date=April 24, 2009 |access-date=December 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527055029/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/press/pressreleasearchives/2009/statement.aspx |archive-date=27 May 2010}}</ref> and the [[Australian Psychological Society]].<ref name="aps">{{cite web |website=Australian Psychological Society |url=http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/tip_sheets/orientation/ |title=Sexual orientation and homosexuality |access-date=December 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717121843/http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/tip_sheets/orientation/ |archive-date=17 July 2009}}</ref> The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by [[National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality|NARTH]] are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish.<ref name="royal2009" /><ref name="apaexgay">{{cite web |title=Statement of the American Psychological Association |url=http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/policy/ex-gay.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514111323/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/policy/ex-gay.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=24 August 2010}}</ref>

The American Psychiatric Association says "individuals maybe become aware at different points in their lives that they are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual" and "opposes any psychiatric treatment, such as 'reparative' or [[Conversion therapy|'conversion' therapy]], which is based upon the assumption that homosexuality ''[[Per se (terminology)|per se]]'' is a mental disorder, or based upon a prior assumption that the patient should change his/her homosexual orientation". They do, however, encourage [[gay affirmative psychotherapy]].<ref name="What is">{{cite web |url=http://www.psychiatry.org/lgbt-sexual-orientation |title=LGBT-Sexual Orientation: What is Sexual Orientation? |website=American Psychiatric Association |access-date=December 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628094701/http://www.psychiatry.org/lgbt-sexual-orientation |archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> Similarly, the American Psychological Association is doubtful about the effectiveness and side-effect profile of sexual orientation change efforts, including conversion therapy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts |url=http://www.apa.org/about/policy/sexual-orientation.aspx |access-date=December 17, 2025 |website=American Psychological Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422190850/http://www.apa.org/about/policy/sexual-orientation.aspx |archive-date=22 April 2018}}</ref>

The American Psychological Association "encourages mental health professionals to avoid misrepresenting the efficacy of sexual orientation change efforts by promoting or promising change in sexual orientation when providing assistance to individuals distressed by their own or others' sexual orientation and concludes that the benefits reported by participants in sexual orientation change efforts can be gained through approaches that do not attempt to change sexual orientation".<ref name="apa2009" />

==Causes==
{{Main|Biology and sexual orientation|Environment and sexual orientation}}

Scientists have come to favor biological causes of sexual orientation.<ref name="Bailey" /><ref name="Frankowski"/> There is considerably more evidence supporting nonsocial, biological causes of sexual orientation than social ones, especially for males.<ref name="Bailey"/><ref name=":2" /> There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role with regard to sexual orientation.<ref name="rcp2007"/><ref name="Frankowski"/><ref name="Bailey" />

The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] stated in ''[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]'' in 2004:

{{cquote|There is no scientific evidence that abnormal parenting, sexual abuse, or other adverse life events influence sexual orientation. Current knowledge suggests that sexual orientation is usually established during early childhood.<ref name="Frankowski"/>
}}

The [[American Psychological Association]], [[American Psychiatric Association]], and [[National Association of Social Workers]] stated in 2006:
{{cquote|Currently, there is no scientific consensus about the specific factors that cause an individual to become heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual—including possible biological, psychological, or social effects of the parents' sexual orientation. However, the available evidence indicates that the vast majority of lesbian and gay adults were raised by heterosexual parents and the vast majority of children raised by lesbian and gay parents eventually grow up to be heterosexual.<ref name="apahelp"/>
}}

=== Prenatal hormones ===
{{main|Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation}}

The prenatal hormonal theory of homosexuality posits that variations in exposure to sex hormones, particularly androgens and estrogens, during critical periods of early brain development play a central role in shaping sexual orientation. Evidence from natural experiments in humans and animal studies have found that elevated prenatal androgens are associated with increased attraction to females, while reduced androgen signaling or increased prenatal estrogen exposure may be linked to increased attraction to males.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tasos |first=Emmanouil |date=2022-09-19 |title=To What Extent are Prenatal Androgens Involved in the Development of Male Homosexuality in Humans? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352125966 |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |language=en |volume=69 |issue=11 |pages=1928–1963 |doi=10.1080/00918369.2021.1933792 |pmid=34080960 |issn=0091-8369}}</ref><ref name="Bailey" />

=== Genes ===
{{main|Biology and sexual orientation}}

Evidence from [[Twin study|twin studies]] and molecular genetics studies indicate that genes likely play some role in sexual orientation.<ref name="Bailey" />{{Reference page|pages=74-77}}<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last1=Ngun |first1=TC |url=https://www.religiousforums.com/data/attachment-files/2019/12/40282_16ed12d7833a298ffd4e46994391da60.pdf |title=Epigenetic Shaping of Sociosexual Interactions - from Plants to Humans |last2=Vilain |first2=E |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800222-3 |series=Adv Genet |volume=86 |pages=167–84 |chapter= The Biological Basis of Human Sexual Orientation|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800222-3.00008-5 |pmid=25172350}}</ref> Scientists caution that many people misconstrue the meanings of ''genetic'' and ''environmental''. [[Environment and sexual orientation|Environmental influence]] does not automatically imply that the social environment influences or contributes to the development of sexual orientation. Hypotheses for the impact of the post-natal social environment on sexual orientation are weak, especially for males.<ref name="Bailey" />

=== Maternal immune response ===
{{Main|Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation}}

One environmental hypothesis of homosexuality is the maternal immune hypothesis, which proposes that male homosexuality might arise from a biological response by a mother's immune system to a male fetus during pregnancy.<ref name="Bailey" /> According to the hypothesis, when a woman is pregnant with a male fetus, her body is exposed to male-specific antigens linked to the Y chromosome. In some mothers, this exposure triggers an immune response that produces antibodies against these proteins. With each successive male pregnancy, the maternal immune response is thought to strengthen, and the resulting antibodies may cross the placenta to affect the sexual differentiation of the developing fetal brain. This process is hypothesized to underlie the [[fraternal birth order effect]], the observation that the likelihood of a man being homosexual increases with the number of older biological brothers he has.<ref name="Bailey" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balthazart |first=Jacques |date=2018-01-09 |title=Fraternal birth order effect on sexual orientation explained |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=234–236 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1719534115 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5777082 |pmid=29259109 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115..234B }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

=== Epigenetic hypothesis ===
{{Main|Epigenetic theories of homosexuality}}

A hypothesis developed by Rice et al. proposes that [[Epigenetics|epigenetic]] "epi‐marks" (non–DNA sequence modifications like [[DNA methylation]]) play a central buffering role in sexual development, by controlling how strongly fetal androgen signaling influences tissues.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Rice |first1=William R. |last2=Friberg |first2=Urban |last3=Gavrilets |first3=Sergey |date=2012 |title=Homosexuality as a Consequence of Epigenetically Canalized Sexual Development |url=https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Rice-et-al.-2012.pdf |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |language=en |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=343–368 |doi=10.1086/668167 |pmid=23397798 |issn=0033-5770}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Some of those epi‐marks are sex‐specific (i.e. different in XX vs. XY embryos) and help protect against atypical androgen exposure (too much in XX, too little in XY). Occasionally, some of these protective epi‐marks escape erasure across generations, and find themselves in an opposite‐sex individual, causing a gonad–trait discordance (a mismatch between gonadal sex and some sexually dimorphic traits).<ref name=":6" /> Rice et al. propose that such a discordance may be causing same‐sex sexual orientations.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />

===Evolution===
Since homosexuality tends to lower [[reproductive success]], it is unclear how it is maintained in the population at a relatively high frequency.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Zietsch | first1=B | last2=Morley | first2=K | last3=Shekar | first3=S | last4=Verweij | first4=K | last5=Keller | first5=M | last6=Macgregor | first6=S | last7=Wright | first7=M | last8=Bailey | first8=J | last9=Martin | first9=N | title=Genetic factors predisposing to homosexuality may increase mating success in heterosexuals | journal=Evolution and Human Behavior | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=29 | issue=6 | year=2008 | issn=1090-5138 | doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.07.002 | pages=424–433| bibcode=2008EHumB..29..424Z }}</ref> There are many proposed explanations, such as genes predisposing to homosexuality also conferring advantage in heterosexuals (sexual antagonism),<ref name="Bailey" /> a [[kin selection]] effect,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Evolutionary-Mystery-of/135762/|title=The Evolutionary Mystery of Homosexuality|newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education|author=David P. Barash|date=19 November 2012|access-date=13 November 2017|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113529/http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Evolutionary-Mystery-of/135762/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[self-domestication]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wrangham |first=Richard W. |title=The goodness paradox: the strange relationship between virtue and violence in human evolution |date=2019 |publisher=Vintage Books, a division of Penguin Random House LLC |isbn=978-1-101-97019-5 |edition=1 |location=New York}}</ref> and more.

==Parenting==
{{Main|Same-sex parenting||}}

Scientific research has been generally consistent in showing that lesbian and gay parents are as fit and capable as heterosexual parents, and their children are as psychologically healthy and well-adjusted as children reared by heterosexual parents.<ref name="cpa2006">{{cite web |title=Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement Canadian Psychological Association |url=http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/Marriage%20of%20Same-Sex%20Couples%20Position%20Statement%20-%20October%202006%20(1).pdf |access-date=2 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419195945/http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/Marriage%20of%20Same-Sex%20Couples%20Position%20Statement%20-%20October%202006%20%281%29.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="apsp">{{cite web |url=http://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/LGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf |title=Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society |access-date=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304014530/http://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/LGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2011 }}</ref><ref name="amici2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2010/10/27/amicus29.pdf |title=Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, The American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as Amici Curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413160709/http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2010/10/27/amicus29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="amici" /><ref name="pediatrics">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, etal |title=The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=349–64 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16818585 |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-1279|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="herek2006">{{cite journal|author=Herek GM |title=Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective |journal=The American Psychologist |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=607–21 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16953748 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607 |url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/AP_06_pre.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610164736/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/AP_06_pre.PDF |archive-date=10 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name="cpa2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/advocacy/brief.pdf |title=Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38 by the Canadian Psychological Association | date=2 June 2005 |access-date=2 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225547/http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/advocacy/brief.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Some research has examined the sexual orientation of children raised by same-sex couples. A 2005 review of studies by [[Charlotte J. Patterson]] for the American Psychological Association did not find higher rates of homosexuality among the children of lesbian or gay parents.<ref name="APAreport">{{cite web |website=American Psychological Association |url=http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf |title=Lesbian & Gay Parenting |date=2005 |access-date=December 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221332/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> According to Bailey et al. 2016, available data do not suggest higher rates of non-heterosexuality among children of same-sex couples. However, they state that even given a modest heritability of sexual orientation, it would be expected that biological children of non-heterosexuals would be more likely to have a non-heterosexual orientation due to genes alone.{{Sfn|Bailey|Vasey|p=84|Diamond|Breedlove|2016}} According to a 2011 data, 80% of the children being raised by same-sex couples in the US are their own biological children.<ref name="ABCNews2">{{cite news |last=DONALDSON JAMES |first=SUSAN |date=23 June 2011 |title=Census 2010: One-Quarter of Gay Couples Raising Children |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/sex-couples-census-data-trickles-quarter-raising-children/story?id=13850332 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101191951/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/sex-couples-census-data-trickles-quarter-raising-children/story?id=13850332 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=ABC News |location=United States |quote="Still, more than 80 percent of the children being raised by gay couples are not adopted, according to Gates."}}</ref> In addition, accepting social environments may facilitate the open expression of individuals same-sex attraction.{{Sfn|Bailey|Vasey|p=87|Diamond|Breedlove|2016}} Thus, it is necessary to control for various confounding factors.{{Sfn|Bailey|Vasey|p=84|Diamond|Breedlove|2016}} One study by Bailey et al. found that the sexual orientation of sons raised by gay men was not related to length of time they had lived with their fathers (social theories of homosexuality would predict sons who lived with a gay father the longest would be most likely to be gay).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Glen |url=http://archive.org/details/borngaypsychobio0000wils_w8m9 |title=Born Gay? The Psychobiology of Sex Orientation |last2=Rahman |first2=Qazi |date=2008 |publisher=London : Peter Owen |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7206-1309-4 |pages=36 |ol=32175341M |ol-access=free}}</ref> The Bailey et al. review conclude that social environmental influence on male sexual orientation is not well supported, while it remains more plausible for female sexual orientation.{{Sfn|Bailey|Vasey|p=87|Diamond|Breedlove|2016}}

==Health==
{{Further|Lesbian#Health}}

===Physical===
[[File:Map_of_blood_donation_policies_for_men_who_have_sex_with_men.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|[[Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men|Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men]]
{{legend|#9F9|– Men who have sex with men may donate blood; '''No deferral'''}}
{{legend|#FFB|– Men who have sex with men may donate blood; '''Temporary deferral'''}}
{{legend|#F99|– Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; '''Permanent deferral'''}}
{{legend|#C0C0C0|– No Data}}]]

The terms "[[men who have sex with men]]" (MSM) and "[[women who have sex with women]]" (WSW) refer to people who engage in sexual activity with others of the same sex regardless of how they identify themselves—as many choose not to accept [[identity (social science)|social identities]] as lesbian, gay and bisexual.<ref name=msmafrica>{{cite web|url=http://www.aidsportal.org/News_Details.aspx?id=5208&nex=5 |title=MSM in Africa: highly stigmatized, vulnerable and in need of urgent HIV prevention |publisher=Aidsportal.org |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713125016/http://www.aidsportal.org/News_Details.aspx?ID=5208 |archive-date=13 July 2007 }}</ref><ref name=UNAIDS1>{{cite web
|title=UNAIDS: Men who have sex with men
|publisher=UNAIDS
|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/PolicyAndPractice/KeyPopulations/MenSexMen/default.asp
|format=asp
|access-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618190907/http://www.unaids.org/en/PolicyAndPractice/KeyPopulations/MenSexMen/default.asp
|archive-date=18 June 2008 }}</ref><ref name=TGHIVINF>{{cite web
|last=Greenwood
|first=Cseneca
|author2=Mario Ruberte
|title=African American Community and HIV (Slide 14 mentions TG women)
|publisher=East Bay AIDS Education and Training Center
|date=9 April 2004 |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/African_American_Transgenders_and_HIV.ppt
|format=ppt
|access-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910171338/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/African_American_Transgenders_and_HIV.ppt
|archive-date=10 September 2008 }}</ref><ref name=MSTSW>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Operario D, Burton J, Underhill K, Sevelius J |title=Men who have sex with transgender women: challenges to category-based HIV prevention |journal=AIDS Behav |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=18–26 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17705095 |doi=10.1007/s10461-007-9303-y|s2cid=31831055 }}</ref><ref name=TGMSMNET>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Operario D, Burton J |title=HIV-related tuberculosis in a transgender network—Baltimore, Maryland, and New York City area, 1998–2000 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=49 |issue=15 |pages=317–20 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10858008 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4915a1.htm |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019190220/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4915a1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> These terms are often used in medical literature and [[social research]] to describe such groups for study, without needing to consider the issues of sexual self-identity. The terms are seen as problematic by some, however, because they "obscure social dimensions of sexuality; undermine the self-labeling of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people; and do not sufficiently describe variations in sexual behavior".<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Young RM, Meyer IH |title=The trouble with "MSM" and "WSW": erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=1144–9 |date=July 2005 |pmid=15961753 |pmc=1449332 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2004.046714}}</ref>

In contrast to its benefits, sexual behavior can be a [[Vector (epidemiology)|disease vector]]. [[Safe sex]] is a relevant [[harm reduction]] philosophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=STI Epi Update: Oral Contraceptive and Condom Use |url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/epiu-aepi/std-mts/std511_e.html |publisher=[[Public Health Agency of Canada]] |date=23 April 1998 |access-date=11 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927063228/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/epiu-aepi/std-mts/std511_e.html |archive-date=27 September 2006 }}</ref> Many countries [[Gay male blood donor controversy|currently prohibit men who have sex with men from donating blood]]; the policy of the [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] states that "they are, as a group, at increased risk for [[HIV]], [[hepatitis B]] and certain other infections that can be transmitted by transfusion."<ref name=Blood>{{cite web|author=Cber / Fda |url=https://www.fda.gov/cber/faq/msmdonor.htm |title=FDA Policy on Blood Donations from Men Who Have Sex with Other Men |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |access-date=24 August 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011035223/https://www.fda.gov/cber/faq/msmdonor.htm |archive-date = 11 October 2007}}</ref>

===Mental===
When it was first described in medical literature, homosexuality was often approached from a view that sought to find an inherent psychopathology as its root cause. Much literature on mental health and homosexual patients centered on their [[Clinical depression|depression]], [[substance abuse]], and suicide. Although these issues exist among people who are [[non-heterosexual]], discussion about their causes shifted after homosexuality was removed from the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual]] (DSM) in 1973. Instead, social ostracism, legal discrimination, internalization of negative stereotypes, and limited support structures indicate factors homosexual people face in Western societies that often adversely affect their mental health.<ref>
Schlager, Neil, ed. (1998). ''Gay & Lesbian Almanac''. St. James Press. {{ISBN|1-55862-358-2}}, p.152.</ref>
Stigma, prejudice, and discrimination stemming from negative societal attitudes toward homosexuality lead to a higher prevalence of mental health disorders among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals compared to their heterosexual peers.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[Ilan Meyer|Meyer, Ilan H.]] |title=Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=674–97 |date=September 2003 |pmid=12956539 |pmc=2072932 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 |bibcode=2003PsycB.129..674M }}</ref> Evidence indicates that the liberalization of these attitudes is associated with a decrease in such mental health risks among younger sexual minority people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/cums-bgm100207.php |title=Black gay men, lesbians, have fewer mental disorders than whites, says Mailman School of PH study |publisher=Eurekalert.org |access-date=24 August 2010 |archive-date=7 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507073023/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/cums-bgm100207.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Gay and lesbian youth===
{{See also|Suicide among LGBT youth}}
Gay and lesbian youth bear an increased risk of suicide, substance abuse, school problems, and isolation because of a "hostile and condemning environment, verbal and physical abuse, rejection and isolation from family and peers".<ref name=dhhs>{{citation |title=Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide |editor-first=Marcia R. |editor-last= Fenleib |year=1989 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |isbn=0-16-002508-7 |last=Gibson |first=P. |contribution=Gay and Lesbian Youth Suicide}}</ref> Further, LGBT youths are more likely to report psychological and physical abuse by parents or caretakers, and more sexual abuse. Suggested reasons for this disparity are that (1) LGBT youths may be specifically targeted on the basis of their [[sexual orientation profiling|perceived sexual orientation]] or gender non-conforming appearance, and (2) that "risk factors associated with sexual minority status, including discrimination, invisibility, and rejection by family members...may lead to an increase in behaviors that are associated with risk for victimization, such as substance abuse, sex with multiple partners, or running away from home as a teenager."<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.apa.org/journals/features/ccp733477.pdf |title=Victimization Over the Life Span: A Comparison of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Siblings |first=Kimberly F. |last=Balsam |author2=Esther D. Rothblum |date=June 2005 |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=477–487 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311233920/http://www.apa.org/journals/features/ccp733477.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2007 |doi=10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.477 |pmid=15982145}}</ref>

Crisis centers in larger cities and information sites on the Internet have arisen to help youth and adults.<ref name=suicideorg>{{citation |title=Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Suicide |url=http://www.suicide.org/gay-and-lesbian-suicide.html |first=Kevin |last=Caruso |website=Suicide.org |access-date=4 May 2007 |archive-date=30 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430000229/http://www.suicide.org/gay-and-lesbian-suicide.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Trevor Project]], a suicide prevention helpline for gay youth, was established following the 1998 airing on HBO of the [[Academy Award]] winning short film ''[[Trevor (film)|Trevor]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/07/02/trevor.project/index.html | title=24-hour help for gay youth | publisher=CNN | date=2 July 2008 | access-date=26 July 2015 | author=Wilson, Jacque | archive-date=30 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230213800/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/07/02/trevor.project/index.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Law and politics==
{{Main|LGBT rights by country or territory}}

===Legality===
{{World homosexuality laws map|align=right|size=350px}}
{{LGBT rights}}
{{main|Criminalization of homosexuality}}

Most nations do not prohibit consensual sex between unrelated persons above the local [[age of consent]]. Some jurisdictions further recognize identical rights, protections, and privileges for the family structures of same-sex couples, including [[same-sex marriage|marriage]]. Some countries and jurisdictions mandate that all individuals restrict themselves to heterosexual activity and disallow homosexual activity via [[sodomy law]]s. Offenders can face the death penalty in Islamic countries and jurisdictions ruled by [[sharia]]. There are, however, often significant differences between official policy and real-world enforcement.

Although homosexual acts were decriminalized in some parts of the [[Western world]], such as [[LGBT rights in Poland|Poland]] in 1932, [[LGBT rights in Denmark|Denmark]] in 1933, [[LGBT rights in Sweden|Sweden]] in 1944, and [[LGBT rights in the United Kingdom|England and Wales]] in 1967, it was not until the mid-1970s that the [[LGBT community|gay community]] first began to achieve limited [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] in some [[Developed country|developed countries]]. A turning point was reached in 1973 when the [[American Psychiatric Association]], which previously listed homosexuality in the [[DSM-I]] in 1952, removed homosexuality in the [[DSM-II]], in recognition of scientific evidence.<ref name=amici/> In 1977, [[Quebec]] became the first state-level jurisdiction in the world to prohibit [[discrimination]] on the grounds of sexual orientation. During the 1980s and 1990s, several developed countries enacted laws decriminalizing homosexual behavior and prohibiting discrimination against lesbian and gay people in employment, housing, and services. On the other hand, many countries today in the Middle East and Africa, as well as several countries in Asia, the Caribbean and the South Pacific, outlaw homosexuality. In 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld Section 377 of the [[Indian Penal Code]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Shyamantha |first=Asokan |title=India's Supreme Court turns the clock back with gay sex ban |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211 |access-date=23 December 2013 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=11 December 2013 |archive-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216040454/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211 |url-status=live }}</ref> but in 2018, overturned its previous ruling and legalized homosexual activity in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court of India scraps ban on homosexuality with its judgment on Section 377. |date=9 September 2018 |work=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-verdict-of-section-377-full-text-1912373 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907192214/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-verdict-of-section-377-full-text-1912373 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ten countries or jurisdictions, all of which are predominantly [[Islam]]ic and governed according to [[sharia]] law, have imposed the [[Capital punishment for homosexuality|death penalty for homosexuality]]. These include Afghanistan, Iran, Brunei, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, and several regions in Nigeria and Jubaland.<ref name="ILGA 2015">{{cite web|author1=Aengus Carroll|author2=Lucas Paoli Itaborahy|title=State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love|url=https://ilga.org/downloads/2017/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2017_WEB.pdf|website=International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex association|access-date=5 April 2019|date=May 2015|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423183404/https://ilga.org/downloads/2017/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2017_WEB.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/28/brunei-brings-in-death-by-stoning-as-punishment-for-gay-sex|title=Brunei introduces death by stoning as punishment for gay sex|last=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=28 March 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=28 March 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314174740/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/28/brunei-brings-in-death-by-stoning-as-punishment-for-gay-sex|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Brunei says it won't enforce gay death penalty after backlash |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brunei-lgbt-sultan/brunei-says-it-wont-enforce-gay-death-penalty-after-backlash-idUSKCN1SB0FS |work=Reuters |date=6 May 2019 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814145052/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brunei-lgbt-sultan/brunei-says-it-wont-enforce-gay-death-penalty-after-backlash-idUSKCN1SB0FS |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf|title=State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019|last=Mendos|first=Lucas Ramón|publisher=ILGA|year=2019|location=Geneva|pages=359|access-date=4 February 2021|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222220100/https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UAE Penal Code |url=https://www.adjd.gov.ae/sites/Authoring/AR/ELibrary%20Books/E-Library/PDFs/Penal%20Code.pdf |website=ADJD.gov.ae |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429154519/https://www.adjd.gov.ae/sites/Authoring/AR/ELibrary%20Books/E-Library/PDFs/Penal%20Code.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/ |title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=16 June 2016 |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824094144/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Laws against sexual orientation discrimination===

====United States====
* [[Employment discrimination]] refers to discriminatory employment practices such as bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, and compensation, and various types of harassment. [[Employment discrimination law in the United States|In the United States]] there is "very little statutory, common law, and case law establishing employment discrimination based upon sexual orientation as a legal wrong."<ref name=soandthelaw>{{citation |title=Sexual Orientation and the Law |first=James M |last=Donovan |author2=American Association of Law Libraries Standing Committee on Lesbian and Gay Issues |year=2007 |publisher=William S. Hein & Co. |isbn=978-0-8377-0166-0}} § 5:17</ref> Some exceptions and alternative legal strategies are available. President [[Bill Clinton]]'s [[Executive Order 13087]] (1998) prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation in the competitive service of the federal civilian workforce,<ref name=clintonexecorder>{{citation |title=Executive Order 13087 of May 28, 1998 |url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1998_register&docid=fr02jn98-135.pdf |periodical=[[Federal Register]] |volume=63 |number=105 |date=2 June 1998 |access-date=7 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118191439/http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1998_register&docid=fr02jn98-135.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and federal non-civil service employees may have recourse under the [[Due Process Clause]] of the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]].<ref name=ashtonciviletti>''Ashton v. Civiletti'', 613 [[Federal Reporter|F.2d]] 923, 20 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. ([[Bloomberg BNA|BNA]]) 1601, 21 Empl. Prac. Dec. ([[CCH (company)|CCH]]) paragraph 30297 (D.C. Cir. 1979)</ref> Private sector workers may have a [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]] action under a quid pro quo [[sexual harassment]] theory,<ref name=kellyoakland>''Kelly v. City of Oakland'', 198 F.3d 779, 81 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1455, 77 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) paragraph 46281 (9th Cir. 1999)</ref> a "[[hostile work environment]]" theory,<ref name=oncalesundowner>{{ussc|name=Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.|link=|volume=523|page=75|pin=|year=1998}}.</ref> a sexual stereotyping theory,<ref name=pwchopkins>{{ussc|name=Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins|link=|volume=490|page=228|pin=|year=1989}}.</ref> or others.<ref name=soandthelaw/>
* [[Housing discrimination]] refers to discrimination against potential or current tenants by landlords. In the United States, there is no federal law against such discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity, but at least thirteen states and many major cities have enacted laws prohibiting it.<ref name=findlawrenters>{{citation |access-date=7 September 2007 |url=http://realestate.findlaw.com/tenant/tenant-fair-housing/tenant-fair-housing-orientation.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210161544/http://realestate.findlaw.com/tenant/tenant-fair-housing/tenant-fair-housing-orientation.html |archive-date=10 December 2007 |title=Renter's Rights Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination}}</ref>
* [[Hate crime]]s are crimes motivated by [[homophobia]], or bias against an identifiable [[social group]], usually groups defined by [[race (human classification)]], [[religion]], sexual orientation, [[disability]], [[ethnicity]], [[nationality]], age, [[gender]], [[gender identity]], or [[political affiliation]]. In the United States, 45 states and the [[District of Columbia]] have statutes criminalizing various types of bias-motivated violence or intimidation (the exceptions are [[Arizona|AZ]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]], [[Indiana|IN]], [[South Carolina|SC]], and [[Wyoming|WY]]). Each of these statutes covers bias on the basis of race, religion, and ethnicity; 32 of them cover sexual orientation, 28 cover gender, and 11 cover transgender/gender-identity.<ref name=adl>{{citation|url=http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/state_hate_crime_laws.pdf |title=State Hate Crime Laws |periodical=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=June 2006 |access-date=4 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614124916/http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/state_hate_crime_laws.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 }}</ref> In October 2009, the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]], which "...gives the Justice Department the power to investigate and prosecute bias-motivated violence where the perpetrator has selected the victim because of the person's actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability", was signed into law and makes hate crime based on sexual orientation, amongst other offenses, a federal crime in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrc.org/13699.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028224353/http://www.hrc.org/13699.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2009 |title=President Barack Obama Signs Hate Crimes Legislation into Law |publisher=HRC |date=28 October 2009 |access-date=24 August 2010 }}</ref>

====European Union====
In the [[European Union]], discrimination of any type based on sexual orientation or gender identity is illegal under the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]].<ref>[[s:Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union#CHAPTER III. EQUALITY|Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]]</ref>

===Political activism===
{{Further|LGBT social movements}}
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2018}}

Since the 1960s, many LGBT people in the West, particularly those in major metropolitan areas, have developed a so-called [[Queer culture|gay culture]]. To many,{{Who|date=January 2012}} gay culture is exemplified by the [[gay pride]] movement, with annual parades and displays of rainbow flags. Yet not all LGBT people choose to participate in "queer culture", and many gay men and women specifically decline to do so. To some{{Who|date=January 2012}} it seems to be a frivolous display, perpetuating gay stereotypes.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
[[File:OriginalRainbowPrideFlag.jpg|thumb|Original Rainbow Pride Flag in [[San Francisco]], designed by [[Gilbert Baker (artist)|Gilbert Baker]] in 1978]]

With the outbreak of [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] in the early 1980s, many LGBT groups and individuals organized campaigns to promote efforts in AIDS education, prevention, research, patient support, and community outreach, as well as to demand government support for these programs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

The death toll wrought by the AIDS epidemic at first seemed to slow the progress of the gay rights movement, but in time it galvanized some parts of the LGBT community into community service and political action, and challenged the heterosexual community to respond compassionately. Major American motion pictures from this period that dramatized the response of individuals and communities to the AIDS crisis include ''[[An Early Frost]]'' (1985), ''[[Longtime Companion]]'' (1990), ''[[And the Band Played On]]'' (1993), ''[[Philadelphia (film)|Philadelphia]]'' (1993), and ''[[Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt]]'' (1989).{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

[[Coming out|Publicly gay politicians]] have attained numerous government posts, even in countries that had [[sodomy law]]s in their recent past. Examples include [[Guido Westerwelle]], Germany's [[Vice-Chancellor of Germany|Vice-Chancellor]]; [[Pete Buttigieg]], the [[United States Secretary of Transportation]], [[Peter Mandelson]], a British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] cabinet minister and [[Per-Kristian Foss]], formerly [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[Minister of Finance]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

LGBT movements are opposed by a variety of individuals and organizations. Some [[social conservatism|social conservatives]] believe that all sexual relationships with people other than an opposite-sex spouse undermine the traditional family<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD |title=First Presidency Message on Same-Gender Marriage |publisher=Newsroom |date=20 October 2004 |access-date=October 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603123925/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD |archive-date=3 June 2008}}</ref> and that children should be reared in homes with both a father and a mother.<ref name=DMD>{{cite web|last=Brownback |first=Sam |title=Defining Marriage Down – We need to protect marriage. |work=[[National Review]] |date=9 July 2004 |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601155703/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp |archive-date=1 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/the-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world/the-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world?lang=eng |title=''The Family: A Proclamation to the World'' |publisher=Lds.org |date=23 September 1995 |access-date=24 August 2010 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603234916/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/the-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world/the-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world?lang=eng |url-status=live }}</ref> Some argue that gay rights may conflict with individuals' freedom of speech,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/michael_gove/article805241.ece |newspaper=The Times |title=I'd like to say this, but it might land me in prison |date=24 December 2002 |first=Michael |last=Gove |location=London |access-date=27 June 2008 |archive-date=18 September 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080918211024/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/michael_gove/article805241.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/christian-group-likens-tory-candidate-review-to-witch-hunt-1.644299 |title=Christian group likens Tory candidate review to witch hunt |date=28 November 2007 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605082143/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/christian-group-likens-tory-candidate-review-to-witch-hunt-1.644299 |archive-date=5 June 2008 }}</ref> religious freedoms in the workplace,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.law.com/jsp/ihc/PubArticleIHC.jsp?id=1193735028038 |title=Employer's Dilemma: When Religious Expression and Gay Rights Cross |first=Judith |last=Moldover |work=[[New York Law Journal]] |date=31 October 2007 |access-date=27 June 2008 |archive-date=28 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928053154/http://www.law.com/jsp/ihc/PubArticleIHC.jsp?id=1193735028038 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1374/is_1_68/ai_n24944645 |title=Collision of religious and gay rights in the workplace |work=Humanist |date=January–February 2008 |first=Bob |last=Ritter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305210524/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1374/is_1_68/ai_n24944645/ |archive-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref> the ability to run churches,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/6904057.stm |title=Bishop loses gay employment case |date=18 July 2007 |work=[[BBC News Online]] |access-date=27 June 2008 |archive-date=30 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930123030/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/6904057.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> charitable organizations<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2080669/Catholic-adoption-service-stops-over-gay-rights.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2080669/Catholic-adoption-service-stops-over-gay-rights.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Catholic adoption service stops over gay rights |date=5 June 2008 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |first=Martin |last=Beckford | location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/03/11/catholic_charities_stuns_state_ends_adoptions/ |title=Catholic Charities to halt adoptions over issue involving gays |date=10 March 2006 |last=LeBlanc |first=Steve |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=14 September 2009 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212653/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/03/11/catholic_charities_stuns_state_ends_adoptions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and other religious organizations<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.therecord.com/News/CanadaWorld/article/341201 |date=24 April 2008 |first=Greg |last=Mercer |work=The Record |title=Christian Horizons rebuked: Employer ordered to compensate fired gay worker, abolish code of conduct |access-date=21 August 2009 |archive-date=6 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706173512/http://news.therecord.com/News/CanadaWorld/article/341201 |url-status=live }}</ref> in accordance with one's religious views, and that the acceptance of homosexual relationships by religious organizations might be forced through threatening to remove the tax-exempt status of churches whose views do not align with those of the government.<ref name=BannedBoston>{{Cite news |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/191kgwgh.asp |title=Banned in Boston: The coming conflict between same-sex marriage and religious liberty |first=Maggie |last=Gallagher |date=15 May 2006 |volume=011 |issue=33 |access-date=27 June 2008 |archive-date=16 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516000949/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/191kgwgh.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/14/nyregion/14civil.html |date=14 August 2007 |title=Church Group Complains of Civil Union Pressure |first=Jill |last=Capuzzo |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 February 2017 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630114638/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/14/nyregion/14civil.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/nyregion/18grove.html |title=Group Loses Tax Break Over Gay Union Issue |first=Jill |last=Capuzzo |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 September 2007 |access-date=31 March 2010 |archive-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628033942/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/nyregion/18grove.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,700226242,00.html |title=LDS Church expresses disappointment in California gay marriage decision |date=15 May 2008 |first=Carrie |last=Moore |work=[[Deseret News]] |access-date=21 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601193325/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C700226242%2C00.html |archive-date=1 June 2009 }}</ref>

===Military service===
{{Main|Sexual orientation and military service}}
[[File:Obama signs DADT repeal.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] signs into law the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]].]]Policies and attitudes toward gay and lesbian [[military]] personnel vary widely around the world. Some countries allow gay men, lesbians, and bisexual people to serve openly and have granted them the same rights and privileges as their heterosexual counterparts. Many countries neither ban nor support LGB service members. A few countries continue to ban homosexual personnel outright.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Most Western military forces have removed policies excluding sexual minority members. Of the 26 countries that participate militarily in [[NATO]], more than 20 permit openly gay, lesbian and bisexual people to serve. Of the permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council]], three ([[United Kingdom]], [[France]] and [[United States]]) do so. The other two generally do not: [[China]] bans gay and lesbian people outright, [[Russia]] excludes all gay and lesbian people during peacetime but allows some gay men to serve in wartime (see below). [[Israel]] is the only country in the Middle East region that allows openly LGB people to serve in the military.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

According to the [[American Psychological Association]], [[empirical evidence]] fails to show that sexual orientation is relevant to military effectiveness including [[unit cohesion]], morale, recruitment and retention.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=American Psychological Association | url=http://www.apa.org/about/governance/council/policy/military.aspx | title=Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the legislative year 2004. Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Representatives July 28 & 30, 2004, Honolulu, HI | access-date=18 November 2004 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215235251/http://www.apa.org/about/governance/council/policy/military.aspx |archive-date=15 February 2010 }}</ref>

==Society and sociology==
{{Further|Societal attitudes toward homosexuality}}

===Public opinion===
[[File:Acceptance of Homosexuality Worldwide (Pew Research Poll 2019-20).svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|2019 Pew Global Research Poll: Should homosexuality be accepted in society? Percentage of responders that answered ''accept'':
{{div col|colwidth=6em}}
{{legend|#a50026|0–10%}}
{{legend|#d73027|11–20%}}
{{legend|#f46d43|21–30%}}
{{legend|#fdae61|31–40%}}
{{legend|#fee090|41–50%}}
{{legend|#e0f3f8|51–60%}}
{{legend|#abd9e9|61–70%}}
{{legend|#74add1|71–80%}}
{{legend|#4575b4|81–90%}}
{{legend|#313695|91–100%}}
{{legend|#c0c0c0|No data}}
{{div col end}}]]
Societal acceptance of non-heterosexual orientations such as homosexuality is lowest in Asian, African and Eastern European countries,<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-LGBT views still prevail, global survey finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/17/global-lgbt-rights-new-survey-ilga |work=The Guardian |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518105707/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/17/global-lgbt-rights-new-survey-ilga |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/social-views-and-morality/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913212457/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/social-views-and-morality/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and is highest in Western Europe, Australia, and the Americas. Western society has become increasingly accepting of homosexuality since the 1990s. In 2017, Professor Amy Adamczyk contended that these cross-national differences in acceptance can be largely explained by three factors: the relative strength of democratic institutions, the level of economic development, and the religious context of the places where people live.<ref name="Adamczyk">{{cite book|last=Adamczyk|first=Amy|title=Cross-National Public Opinion about Homosexuality: Examining Attitudes across the Globe|year=2017|publisher=University of California Press|pages=3–7|isbn=9780520963597|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wly8DQAAQBAJ|access-date=12 February 2017|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728131506/https://books.google.com/books?id=wly8DQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

These [[Stereotype|stereotypical]] beliefs of the people against the LGBTQ+ community have caused rejection and discriminatory behavior against them. Various researches have shown that LGBTQ+ people in societies that do not recognize homosexuality as a sexual identity of such group feel insecure, psychological pressure and isolated from the society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coleman |first=Hazir |date=2019 |title=The Impact of Discrimination Against The LGBTQ Community. |journal=Ramifications |volume=1 |issue=1 |url=https://digitalcommons.wcupa.edu/ramifications/vol1/iss1/4/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Takács |first=Judit |date=April 2006 |title=Social exclusion of young lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Europe. |url=https://www.salto-youth.net/downloads/4-17-948/ReportSocialExclusionIGLYOilga.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender social movements |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/history |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Love is a human right |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/discrimination/lgbti-rights/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Legal restrictions such as imprisonment, fear of [[execution]], not been to allowed employment in governmental jobs, along with informal restrictions such as sexual abuse in society, exclusion from family and social groups, verbal and public humiliation, etc., have all made life difficult for the LGBTQ+ groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |date=2023-05-11 |title=Investigating the Dynamics of the Iranian LGBT Community from Legal and Religious Perspectives |url=https://lampyridjournal.com/index.php/journal/article/view/192 |journal=Lampyrid: The Journal of Bioluminescent Beetle Research |language=en |volume=13 |pages=846–869 |issn=2041-4900}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |date=2021 |title=LGBT IN IRAN: THE HOMOPHOBIC LAWS AND SOCIAL SYSTEM IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN |url=https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/10978 |journal=PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=18 |pages=1446–1464 |issn=1567-214X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Ahmady, Kameel. Narratives and minority: Stories from lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals in Iran: And an overview on the prevalence of LGB groups, Paper presented at the 2th International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences Hosted by The Polytechnic of Guarda PORTUGAL, pp. 543–557, August 27 – 28, 2022. |journal=2th International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Ahmady, Kameel Et al 2018: Forbidden Tale (A comprehensive study on lesbian, gay, bisexuals (LGB) in Iran). Mehri Publishing, London-UK.}}</ref>

===Relationships===
In 2006, the [[American Psychological Association]], [[American Psychiatric Association]] and [[National Association of Social Workers]] stated in an [[Amicus curiae|amicus brief]] presented to the [[Supreme Court of California]]: "Gay men and lesbians form stable, committed relationships that are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential respects. The institution of marriage offers social, psychological, and health benefits that are denied to same-sex couples. By denying same-sex couples the right to marry, the state reinforces and perpetuates the stigma historically associated with homosexuality. Homosexuality remains stigmatized, and this stigma has negative consequences. California's prohibition on marriage for same-sex couples reflects and reinforces this stigma". They concluded: "There is no scientific basis for distinguishing between same-sex couples and heterosexual couples with respect to the legal rights, obligations, benefits, and burdens conferred by civil marriage."<ref name=amici />

===Religion===
{{Main|Homosexuality and religion}}

Though the relationship between [[homosexuality and religion]] is complex, current authoritative bodies and doctrines of the world's largest religions view homosexual behaviour negatively.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} This can range from quietly discouraging homosexual activity, to explicitly forbidding same-sex sexual practices among adherents and actively opposing social acceptance of homosexuality. Some teach that homosexual desire itself is sinful,<ref name=OPCtrial>{{cite web|url=http://www.upper-register.com/irons_trial/charges.pdf|title=Charge #1 and specifications preferred by the Presbytery of Southern California against The Rev. C. Lee Irons|access-date=27 June 2008|publisher=Presbytery of Southern California of the [[Orthodox Presbyterian Church]]|quote=claiming that homosexuality is an unchosen "condition," rather than a sin of the heart, ... contradicts the teaching of Scripture that both the desire and the act are sin.|archive-date=23 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723194409/http://www.upper-register.com/irons_trial/charges.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> others state that only the sexual act is a sin,<ref>Sex and Society – Volume 3 – Page 824</ref> while others are completely accepting of gays and [[lesbian]]s.<ref>The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice – Page 543, Michael D. Palmer, Stanley M. Burgess – 2012</ref> Some claim that homosexuality can be overcome through religious faith and practice. On the other hand, voices exist within many of these religions that view homosexuality more positively, and liberal [[religious denomination]]s may bless [[same-sex marriage]]s. Some view same-sex love and sexuality as sacred, and a [[LGBT themes in mythology|mythology of same-sex love]] can be found throughout the world.{{sfn|Cabezón|1992|p=vii}} According to a 2025 poll conducted by [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]], almost half of LGBT Americans identify as religious.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka A. Alper and Asta |date=22 August 2025 |title=Religion and spirituality among LGBT Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/08/22/religion-and-spirituality-among-lgbt-americans/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Discrimination==
[[File:Cologne Germany Cologne-Gay-Pride-2015 Parade-17a.jpg|thumb|LGBT activists at [[Cologne Pride]] in 2015 carrying a banner with the flags of 70 countries where [[LGBT rights by country or territory|homosexuality is illegal]]]]

===Gay bullying===
{{main|Gay bullying}}

Gay bullying can be the [[verbal abuse|verbal]] or [[physical abuse]] against a person who is perceived by the aggressor to be [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], [[transgender]], or generally queer, including persons who are actually [[heterosexual]] or of non-specific or unknown [[sexual orientation]]. In the US, teenage students heard anti-gay slurs such as "homo", "faggot" and "sissy" about 26 times a day on average, or once every 14 minutes, according to a 1998 study by Mental Health America (formerly National Mental Health Association).<ref>{{cite web|title=Mental Health American, Bullying and Gay Youth |url=http://www.nmha.org/go/information/get-info/children-s-mental-health/bullying-and-gay-youth |publisher="Mental Health America" formerly National Mental Health Association |access-date=27 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414144851/http://www.nmha.org/go/information/get-info/children-s-mental-health/bullying-and-gay-youth |archive-date=14 April 2012 }}</ref>

===Heterosexism and homophobia===
{{Further|Heterosexism|Homophobia}}
[[File:Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill protest.jpg|thumb|left|Protests in New York City against [[Uganda]]'s [[Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill|Anti-Homosexuality Bill]]]]
In many cultures, homosexual people are frequently subject to prejudice and discrimination. A 2011 Dutch study concluded that 49% of Holland's youth and 58% of youth foreign to the country reject homosexuality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Half of young Dutch people reject homosexuality|url=http://community.expatica.com/forums/topic/2993/half-of-young-dutch-people-reject-homosexuality|publisher=Expatica/COC|access-date=9 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201212113/http://community.expatica.com/forums/topic/2993/half-of-young-dutch-people-reject-homosexuality|archive-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> Similar to other minority groups they can also be subject to [[LGBT stereotypes|stereotyping]]. These attitudes tend to be due to forms of homophobia and heterosexism (negative [[attitude (psychology)|attitude]]s, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships). Heterosexism can include the presumption that everyone is heterosexual or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the [[norm (social)|norm]] and therefore superior. [[Homophobia]] is a fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexual people. It manifests in different forms, and a number of different types have been postulated, among which are internalized homophobia, social homophobia, emotional homophobia, rationalized homophobia, and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.genderandhealth.ca/en/modules/sexandsexuality/gss-homophobia-02.jsp |title=Riddle Homophobia Scale |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427192627/http://www.genderandhealth.ca/en/modules/sexandsexuality/gss-homophobia-02.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar is [[lesbophobia]] (specifically targeting lesbians) and [[biphobia]] (against bisexual people). When such attitudes manifest as crimes they are often called [[hate crimes]] and [[gay bashing]].

Negative stereotypes characterize LGB people as less romantically stable and more likely to abuse children, but there is no scientific basis to such assertions. Gay men and lesbians form stable, committed relationships that are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential respects.<ref name=amici /> Sexual orientation does not affect the likelihood that people will abuse children.<ref name=lamb>{{cite web |url=http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/gill-v-office-of-personnel-management/2009-11-17-doma-aff-lamb.pdf |title=Affidavit of Michael Lamb |publisher=United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts |date=2009 |access-date=December 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225193923/http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/gill-v-office-of-personnel-management/2009-11-17-doma-aff-lamb.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=herekm>{{cite web |first=Gregory M. |last=Herek |url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/facts_molestation.html |title=Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation |website=UC Davis |access-date=December 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419022239/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/HTML/facts_molestation.html |archive-date=19 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="APAreport" /> Claims that there is scientific evidence to support [[pedophilia and homosexuality|an association between being gay and being a pedophile]] are based on misuses of those terms and misrepresentation of the actual evidence.<ref name="herekm"/>

===Violence against homosexuals===
{{Main|Violence against LGBT people}}

{{Further|Rape}}

In the United States, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] reported that 20.4% of hate crimes reported to law enforcement in 2011 were based on sexual orientation bias. 56.7% of these crimes were based on bias against homosexual men. 11.1% were based on bias against homosexual women. 29.6% were based on anti-homosexual bias without regard to gender.<ref name=fbicrime>{{citation |title=Victims |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2011/narratives/victims |periodical=[[FBI]] |access-date=26 July 2013 |archive-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708091754/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2011/narratives/victims |url-status=live }}</ref> Lesbians, may become the victims of "[[corrective rape]]", a violent crime with the supposed aim of making them heterosexual.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} In certain parts of the world, LGBT people are also at risk of "[[honor killing]]s" perpetrated by their families or relatives,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/honor-killings-target-turkeys-lgbt-community/ |title='Honor killings' target Turkey's LGBT community |publisher=CBS News |date=12 October 2011 |access-date=23 December 2013 |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213215545/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/honor-killings-target-turkeys-lgbt-community/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Di Piero Russo |url=http://bari.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/08/05/news/sei_il_disonore_della_famiglia-20061452/ |title=Sei il disonore della famiglia" e accoltella il fratello gay |date=5 August 2011 |publisher=bari.repubblica.it |access-date=23 December 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224192322/http://bari.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/08/05/news/sei_il_disonore_della_famiglia-20061452/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/father-confesses-to-killing-his-own-son-in-landmark-homosexual-murder-case.aspx?PageID=238&NID=47579&NewsCatID=341 |title=Father confesses to killing his own son in landmark homosexual murder case |date=25 May 2013 |publisher=hurriyetdailynews.com |access-date=23 December 2013 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019185457/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/father-confesses-to-killing-his-own-son-in-landmark-homosexual-murder-case.aspx?PageID=238&NID=47579&NewsCatID=341 |url-status=live }}</ref> or violence perpetrated by the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.dk/samling/20161/almdel/uui/bilag/148/1735024.pdf|title=Morocco Situation of LGBT Persons|access-date=21 March 2019|publisher=Danish Immigration Service|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821132917/https://www.ft.dk/samling/20161/almdel/uui/bilag/148/1735024.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Homosexual behavior in other animals==
{{Main|Homosexual behavior in animals}}

[[File:Manchot 01.jpg|thumb|[[Roy and Silo]], two [[New York City|New York]] [[Central Park Zoo]] male [[chinstrap penguin]]s similar to those pictured, became internationally known when they coupled and later were given an egg that needed hatching and care, which they successfully provided.<ref name="Love That Dare Not Squeak">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Dinitia |date=7 February 2004 |title=Love That Dare Not Squeak Its Name |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C1EF83A5F0C748CDDAB0894DC404482 |access-date=10 September 2007 |archive-date=29 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129081419/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C1EF83A5F0C748CDDAB0894DC404482 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Homosexual and bisexual behaviors occur in a number of other animal species. Such behaviors include [[Animal sexual behaviour|sexual activity]], [[courtship]], [[affection]], [[pair bond]]ing, and [[parenting]],<ref name=Bagemihl/> and are widespread; a 1999 review by researcher [[Bruce Bagemihl]] shows that homosexual behavior has been documented in about 500 species, ranging from [[primate]]s to [[Acanthocephala|gut worms]].<ref name=Bagemihl/><ref name="Biological Exuberance: Animal">{{Cite magazine |last=Harrold |first=Max |date=16 February 1999 |title=Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Biological+Exuberance:+Animal+Homosexuality+and+Natural+Diversity.-a053877996 |magazine=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]] |via=[[TheFreeLibrary]]|access-date=10 November 2023 |archive-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520172429/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Biological+Exuberance:+Animal+Homosexuality+and+Natural+Diversity.-a053877996 |url-status=live|publisher=Regent Media }}</ref> Animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species. The motivations for and implications of these behaviors have yet to be fully understood, since most species have yet to be fully studied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Dennis |date=10 April 2007 |title='Catalogue of Life' reaches one million species |url=http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2007-04-10-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713004634/http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2007-04-10-3 |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=10 September 2007 |publisher=[[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research]]}}</ref> According to Bagemihl, "the animal kingdom [does] it with much greater sexual diversity—including homosexual, bisexual and nonreproductive sex—than the scientific community and society at large have previously been willing to accept".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gay Lib for the Animals: A New Look At Homosexuality in Nature – 2/1/1999 – Publishers Weekly |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990201/26501-gay-lib-for-the-animals-a-new-look-at-homosexuality-in-nature-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729131204/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990201/26501-gay-lib-for-the-animals-a-new-look-at-homosexuality-in-nature-.html |archive-date=29 July 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Publishersweekly.com}}</ref> According to [[J. Michael Bailey|Bailey]] et al., [[domestic sheep]] are the only conclusively documented example of animals to exhibit an exclusively homosexual orientation, besides humans.<ref name="Bailey"/>

A review paper by N. W. Bailey and [[Marlene Zuk]] looking into studies of same-sex sexual behaviour in animals challenges the view that such behaviour lowers reproductive success, citing several hypotheses about how same-sex sexual behavior might be adaptive; these hypotheses vary greatly among different species.<ref name="Bailey et al.">{{Cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=N. W. |last2=Zuk |first2=M. |year=2009 |title=Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution |url=http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~mzuk/Bailey%20and%20Zuk%202009%20Same%20sex%20behaviour.pdf |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=439–446 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014 |pmid=19539396 |bibcode=2009TEcoE..24..439B |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514185847/http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~mzuk/Bailey%20and%20Zuk%202009%20Same%20sex%20behaviour.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2023, biologists reported studies of animals (over 1,500 different species) that found [[same-sex behavior]] (not necessarily related to human orientation) may help improve social stability by reducing conflict within the groups studied.<ref name="NAT-20231003">{{cite journal |author=Gómez, José M. |display-authors=et al. |date=3 October 2023 |title=The evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=14 |article-number=5719 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.5719G |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-41290-x |pmc=10547684 |pmid=37788987 |number=5719}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20231003cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |date=3 October 2023 |title=Same-Sex Behavior Evolved in Many Mammals to Reduce Conflict, Study Suggests |url=Same-Sex Behavior Evolved in Many Mammals to Reduce Conflict, Study Suggests |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004011315/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/03/science/same-sex-behavior-evolution-mammals.html#permid=128206761 |archivedate=4 October 2023 |accessdate=4 October 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |authorlink=Carl Zimmer}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBTQ}}
{{cols|colwidth=18em}}
* [[LGBT rights by country or territory]]
* [[LGBT rights at the United Nations]]
* [[Anti-LGBT rhetoric]]
* [[Biology and sexual orientation]]
* [[Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation]]
* [[Gender dysphoria]]
* [[Hate speech]]
* [[Human male sexuality]]
* [[List of nonfiction books about homosexuality]]
* [[List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people]]
* [[Religion and sexuality]]
* [[Riddle scale|Riddle homophobia scale]]
* [[Sexual practices between men]]
* [[Sexual practices between women]]
* [[Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures]]
* [[LGBT music]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|30em}}

===Books===
;1980s
* Adam, Barry (1987). ''The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement'', G. K. Hall & Co. {{ISBN|0-8057-9714-9}}
* {{Citation |first=John |last=Boswell |url=https://archive.org/details/christianitysoci00john |title=Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-226-06711-7 }}
* Dover, Kenneth J., ''Greek Homosexuality'', Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. 1979, {{ISBN|0-674-36261-6}} (hardcover), {{ISBN|0-674-36270-5}} (paperback)
* d'Emilio, John ''Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970'', [[University of Chicago Press]] 1983, {{ISBN|0-226-14265-5}}
* {{Citation |title=The History of Sexuality |first=Michel |last=Foucault |author-link=Michel Foucault |year=1986 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=0-394-41775-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsexuali03fouc }}
* Roth, Norman. ''The care and feeding of gazelles: Medieval Arabic and Hebrew love poetry.'' IN: Lazar & Lacy. ''Poetics of Love in the Middle Ages'', George Mason University Press 1989, {{ISBN|0-913969-25-7}}
;1990s
* {{Citation|first1=Bruce|last1=Bagemihl|title=Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1999|isbn=0-312-19239-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CbRGV8AAIQC|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-date=13 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213215855/https://books.google.com/books?id=5CbRGV8AAIQC|url-status=live}}
* Bérubé, Allan, ''Coming out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two'', New York: MacMillan 1990, {{ISBN|0-02-903100-1}}
* {{Citation |year=1997 |title=Two spirit people: American Indian, lesbian women and gay men |author1=Brown, Lester B. |editor1=Lester B. Brown |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7890-0003-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwnQBETJsvEC |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906160618/https://books.google.com/books?id=AwnQBETJsvEC |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |year=2000 |title=Handbook of medieval sexuality |first1=Vern L. |last1=Bullough |first2=James A. |last2=Brundage |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8153-3662-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgSI1gvKhtAC |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906170302/https://books.google.com/books?id=PgSI1gvKhtAC |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |year=1995 |title=[[Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940]] |author1=Chauncey, George |edition=reprint, illustrated |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0-465-02621-0 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Cabezón |first=José Ignacio |title=Buddhism, sexuality, and gender |year=1992 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0758-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyI_SSNXaVsC&pg=PAvii}}
* {{Citation |year=1990 |title=Encyclopedia of homosexuality (2 Volumes) |first1=Wayne R. |last1=Dynes |first2=Warren |last2=Johansson |first3=William A. |last3=Percy |first4=Stephen |last4=Donaldson |publisher=Garland Pub. |isbn=978-0-8240-6544-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYyGAAAAIAAJ |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906170020/https://books.google.com/books?id=TYyGAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |year=1993 |title=Odd girls and twilight lovers: a history of lesbian life in twentieth-century America |author1=Faderman, Lillian |edition=4 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-07488-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44i96GWYxSQC |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906172343/https://books.google.com/books?id=44i96GWYxSQC |url-status=live }}
* Hinsch, Bret, ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'', The University of California Press, 1990, {{ISBN|0-520-06720-7}}
* {{Citation |year=1994 |title=Outing: shattering the conspiracy of silence |author1=Johansson, Warren |author2=William A. Percy |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-56024-419-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZ903C-dkMC |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906171809/https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZ903C-dkMC |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |year=1994 |title=Sex in America: a definitive survey |author1=Michael, Robert T. |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-316-91191-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkjmGwAACAAJ |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906154114/https://books.google.com/books?id=PkjmGwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |year=1998 |title=Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece |author1=Percy, William Armstrong |publisher=University of [[Illinois]] Press |isbn=978-0-252-06740-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCvoj1efp8UC |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906164628/https://books.google.com/books?id=TCvoj1efp8UC |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |year=1987 |title=Compañeras: Latina lesbians (an anthology) |author1=Ramos, Juanita |publisher=Latina Lesbian History Project |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElVnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906171539/https://books.google.com/books?id=ElVnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* Rousseau, George, ''Perilous Enlightenment: Pre- and Post-Modern Discourses—Sexual, Historical'', Manchester University Press 1991, {{ISBN|0-7190-3301-2}}
* {{Citation |year=1992 |title=Sexuality and eroticism among males in Moslem societies |author1=Schmitt, Arno |author2=Jehoeda Sofer |editor1=Arno Schmitt |editor2=Jehoeda Sofer |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-56024-047-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw_BVSVmNsUC |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906160228/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw_BVSVmNsUC |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |year=1999 |title=An American obsession: science, medicine, and homosexuality in modern society |author1=Terry, Jennifer |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-79367-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6pGoWWLfhEC |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906150659/https://books.google.com/books?id=C6pGoWWLfhEC |url-status=live }}
;2000s
* {{Citation |year=2005 |title=Regulating sex: the politics of intimacy and identity |first1=Elizabeth |last1=Bernstein |first2=Laurie |last2=Schaffner |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-94869-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQzW5I2RGNcC |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906150656/https://books.google.com/books?id=YQzW5I2RGNcC |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |year=2002 |title=Before Stonewall: activists for gay and lesbian rights in historical context |author1=Bullough, Vern L. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-56023-193-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7x_VnES2esC |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130210716/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7x_VnES2esC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book|title=The Greeks And Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece|author=Davidson, James|year=2007|isbn=978-0-297-81997-4|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson}}
* {{cite book |last=Gunther |first=Scott Eric |date=2009 |title=The Elastic Closet, A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942-present |location=New York |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-230-59510-1}}
* {{Citation |year=2004 |title=The lavender scare: the Cold War persecution of gays and lesbians in the federal government |author1=Johnson, David K. |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-40481-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FM_hkMdxpIC |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906163301/https://books.google.com/books?id=_FM_hkMdxpIC |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |year=2003 |title=Historical dictionary of the lesbian liberation movement: still the rage |author1=Myers, JoAnne |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-4506-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzYbAAAAYAAJ |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906145121/https://books.google.com/books?id=dzYbAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |year=2002 |title=Queering India: same-sex love and eroticism in Indian culture and society |author1=Vanita, Ruth |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92950-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9rrucxQbmEC |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906150133/https://books.google.com/books?id=I9rrucxQbmEC |url-status=live }}

===Journal articles===
* {{Citation |title=On the Prevalence of Homosexuality and Bisexuality, in a Random Community Survey of 750 Men Aged 18 to 27 |last1=Bagley |first1=Christopher |last2=Tremblay |first2=Pierre |location=New York |publisher=Haworth Press |year=1998 |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=36 |issue= 2 |issn=0091-8369 |oclc=91129391|doi=10.1300/j082v36n02_01 |pages=1–18|pmid=9736328 }}
* {{Citation |doi=10.2307/374839 |title=The Homophobic Imagination |last1=Crew |first1=Louie |last2=Norton |jstor=374839 |first2=Rictor |date=November 1974 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=272–290 |journal=College English |issn=0010-0994 |oclc=427092211 }}
* {{Citation |title=New Evidence of Genetic Factors Influencing Sexual Orientation in Men: Female Fecundity Increase in the Maternal Line |last1=Iemmola |first1=Francesca |last2=Ciani |first2=Andrea Camperio |publisher=Springer |format=Article |year=2009 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |pages=393–399 |volume=38 |issue=3 |issn=0004-0002 |oclc=360232526 |doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9381-6 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-008-9381-6 |pmid=18561014 |s2cid=508800 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Citation |doi=10.1126/science.1887219 |title=A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. |last=LeVay |first=Simon |year=1991 |journal=Science |pages=1034–1037 |issue=5023 |volume=253 |issn=0036-8075 |oclc=121655996 |pmid=1887219 |s2cid=1674111 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/253/5023/1034 |bibcode=1991Sci...253.1034L |access-date=26 September 2009 |archive-date=10 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210022615/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/253/5023/1034 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Citation |title=Fraternal Birth Order and Ratio of Heterosexual/Homosexual Feelings in Women and Men |first9=N |last9=Martin |first8=J |last8=Bailey |first7=M |last7=Wright |first6=S |last6=MacGregor |last1=McConaghy |first5=M |first1=N |last2=Hadzi-Pavlovic |first2=D |last5=Keller |last3=Stevens |first3=C |last4=Manicavasagar |first4=V | display-authors = 8|year=2006 |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |pages=161–174 |issue=4 |volume=51 |issn=0091-8369 |oclc=202629885 |pmid=17135133 |doi=10.1300/J082v51n04_09 |s2cid=24828176 }}

===Online articles===
* Burr, Chandler. [https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199706/homosexuality-biology/ Homosexuality and biology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516011900/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199706/homosexuality-biology |date=16 May 2008 }}. ''The Atlantic'', June 1997, {{ISSN|1072-7825}}. An overview of recent research in layman's language.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/55169.stm BBC News (Feb 1998)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219052528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/55169.stm |date=19 February 2006 }}: Fingerprints Study
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/325979.stm BBC News (Apr 1999)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207094555/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/325979.stm |date=7 February 2006 }}: Doubt cast on 'gay gene'
* {{cite web |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/news/20000329/pointing-finger-androgen-cause-homosexuality |title=Pointing the Finger at Androgen as a Cause of Homosexuality |website=WebMD |date=March 2000 |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314190108/http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/news/20000329/pointing-finger-androgen-cause-homosexuality |url-status=live }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3735668.stm BBC News (Oct 2004)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060704142807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3735668.stm |date=4 July 2006 }}: Genetics of homosexuality
* James Davidson, ''[[London Review of Books]]'', 2 June 2005, [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n11/davi02_.html "Mr and Mr and Mrs and Mrs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051012111141/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n11/davi02_.html |date=12 October 2005 }}—detailed review of ''The Friend'', by Alan Bray, a history of same-sex marriage and other same-sex formal bonds
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/ ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' – Homosexuality]
* [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1529100616637616 Sexual Orientation, Controversy and Science]

{{LGBTQ|main=yes|orientation=yes}}
{{Sexual identities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Homosexuality| ]]
[[Category:LGBTQ studies]]
[[Category:Love]]
[[Category:Psychiatric false diagnosis]]
[[Category:1860s neologisms]]
[[Category:Sexual orientations]]

Deewaar: Let's Bring Our Heroes Home

2026-03-19T06:47:58Z

AbbieLongoria3: minor cleanup

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deewaar: Let's Bring Our Heroes Home
| image = Deewaar-2004.jpg
| director = [[Milan Luthria]]
| producer = Gaurang Doshi
| screenplay = [[Shridhar Raghavan]] Gaurang Doshi
| story = [[S. Gopala Reddy]] Milan Luthria
| writer = Milan Luthria
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Akshaye Khanna]] [[Amrita Rao]] [[Sanjay Narvekar]] [[Aditya Srivastava]]
| music = [[Aadesh Shrivastav]]
| cinematography = [[Nirmal Jani]]
| editing = Hozefa Lokhandwala
| studio =
| distributor = V. R. Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|06|25}}
| runtime = 161 mins
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}210 million<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=9 March 2020|title=Guardian cartoon of cow in relation to Priti Patel sparks outrage amongst diaspora in Britain|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/guardian-cartoon-of-cow-in-relation-to-priti-patel-sparks-outrage-amongst-diaspora-in-britain/articleshow/74557770.cms|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911224645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/guardian-cartoon-of-cow-in-relation-to-priti-patel-sparks-outrage-amongst-diaspora-in-britain/articleshow/74557770.cms|archive-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}286 million<ref name="auto"/>
}}
'''''Deewaar: Let's Bring Our Heroes Home''''' ({{translation|The Wall}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Milan Luthria]], produced by Gaurang Doshi and written by Luthria, Doshi, [[S. Gopala Reddy]]. The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Akshaye Khanna]] and [[Amrita Rao]]. It has no connection to the 1975 film ''[[Deewaar]]'', also starring Bachchan, and is inspired by the 1963 film [[The Great Escape (film)|''The Great Escape'']].<ref name="variety">{{Cite news |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=24 June 2004 |title=Deewaar: Let's Bring Our Heroes Home |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/deewaar-let-s-bring-our-heroes-home-1200532619/ |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183414/http://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/deewaar-let-s-bring-our-heroes-home-1200532619/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Deewaar: Let's Bring Our Heroes Home'' released worldwide on 25 June 2004 and received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with praise for the performances of Bachchan, Khanna and Dutt, but criticism for its length and pacing. Commercially, the film was average. A similar story plot inspired by this movie was used 19 years later in the blockbuster Bollywood movie ''[[Gadar 2]]'' (2023).

== Plot ==

Indian Army Major Ranvir Kaul and some 30 of his colleagues were captured in [[Pakistan]] and held under brutal conditions for 33 years (since the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]). Kaul attempts another escape but is caught, beaten, berated, and thrown back in prison. During the fracas, one of his men does flee and, through a sympathetic friend, Jabbar, sends a letter home. Kaul's wife and son petition the Indian Army, but the General, though sympathetic, has his hands tied. He raises the subject, and Pakistan will deny it, and immediately the men will be shot; he cannot authorize Army action absent hard evidence (not just a letter); there are no other options. Kaul's son, Gaurav sets off to find his father.

Gaurav meets Jabbar and discovers that his father has been transferred to a different prison camp, Saran Jail, under the cunning and sadistic warden Sohail Miyaan. Kaul meets another set of captured Indian POWs at this new prison. Kaul attempts another escape. One man sacrifices himself on the electric fence as others go through. Sohail bemusedly sighs as the others, once past the fence, are blown up by the landmines. Kaul and the remaining prisoners are again beaten and kicked back into their barracks. One of the prisoners, Khan, manages to evade the landmines and escapes. Gaurav meets him accidentally and brings him to safety.

Gaurav attacks a military courier and, in the very act of using his uniforms, infiltrates a Pakistan Army office block. He steals a set of plans that reveal a water main under the prison. His father and the men can dig their way to this main and crawl out. With great reluctance, Khan gets arrested again. Sohail correctly guesses that Khan is back for a reason. Khan discloses to Kaul that his son is here; this news, and the water main, is a great inspiration for the men.

The men quietly begin digging a tunnel to the water main. They discover the body of an Indian Army Captain Jatin in the debris under the prison, but this Jatin is among them! Khan and Kaul realize that he is, in fact, a Pakistani spy. Gaurav and Khan had planned the escape for the night of the tenth, and Jatin, the spy, had dutifully reported this back to Sohail. Kaul and Khan decide that the escape will happen on the ninth. Jatin is not told of this, but the men manage to send a coded message to Gaurav. The following day Khan notices the number 9 scrawled on an army supply truck entering the prison; it is Gaurav's reply. He will await the men near the water main outlet on the ninth.

On the night of the escape, the men overpower the guards and kill Jatin. They enter the water main and begin digging away the last few meters of remaining debris. The knocking in the pipes travels up to Sohail's kitchen sink; Sohail quickly discovers the escape and hotly pursues the men down the pipe. Gaurav digs from the other side, and, just in the nick of time, the debris is cleared, and father and son are reunited. The men make it through. One of them sacrifices himself on a land mine inside the water main, which caves in and blocks Sohail.

Gaurav leads his father and the men to a railway line, but the train is delayed. The men split up to avoid detection and arranged to meet at dawn near a border point. They arrive at the border point, but Sohail and his men are in close pursuit. There is a firefight. Khan puts up a brave fight but is shot down. Ranvir Kaul and Gaurav and the handful of remaining prisoners finally get across the border in a Pakistani army truck. Sohail is right behind them, but his Jeep is disarmed, and he is surrounded by Kaul and the prisoners. Kaul points to the borderline behind them; they are now on Indian soil. Kaul, now an Indian Army soldier, attacks and kills Sohail in hand-to-hand combat and throws his body across the border.

The film ends as Ranvir Kaul and his men are reinstated in the Indian Army and salute the Indian tricolor.

== Cast ==
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Maj. Ranvir Kaul, Gaurav's father.
*[[Sanjay Dutt]] as Khan, Ranvir's fellow prisoner.
*[[Akshaye Khanna]] as Gaurav Kaul, Ranvir's son.
*[[Piyush Mishra]] as Qureshi
*[[Amrita Rao]] as Radhika Saluja, Jabbar's daughter and Gaurav's love interest.
*[[Raghuvir Yadav]] as Jata
*[[Kay Kay Menon]] as Sohail Miyaan
*Nishikant Dixit as Capt. Ajit Verma
*[[Aditya Srivastava]] as Eijaz Shaikh
*[[Rajendranath Zutshi]] as Capt. Jatin Kumar / Pakistan spy
*[[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Jabbar Saluja, Radhika's father.
*[[Tanuja]] as Ranvir Kaul's wife and Gaurav's mother.
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Baldev
*[[Arif Zakaria]] as Rajan
*[[D. Santosh (Actor)|D. Santosh]] as P.O.W. Raghu Jen
*[[Kamlesh Sawant]] as Nayyar
*[[Sanjay Narvekar]] as Marathe
*[[Rajendra Gupta]] as Anand
*[[Ashraful Haque (actor)|Ashraful Haque]] as Naru

== Soundtrack ==
Music for the film was composed by [[Aadesh Shrivastav]]. The lyrics were written by [[Nusrat Badr]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=2004-06-24 |title=Deewaar: Let's Bring Our Heroes Home |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/deewaar-let-s-bring-our-heroes-home-1200532619/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Track list'''
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =

| title1 = Ali Ali
| extra1 = [[Krishna Beura]], [[Shraddha Pandit]], Vijayta
| length1 = 5:57

| title2 = Chaliye Va Chaliye
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
| length2 = 5:56

| title3 = Kara Kaga
| extra3 = [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length3 = 4:19

| title4 = Marhaba Marhaba
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Xenia Ali
| length4 = 5:18

| title5 = Piya Bawri
| extra5 = Alka Yagnik, [[Kailash Kher]]
| length5 = 4:52

| title6 = Todenge Deewaar Hum
| extra6 = Udit Narayan, Mukul Agrawal
| length6 = 4:43
}}

== Critical reception ==

[[Taran Adarsh]] rated the film 3/5 and stated: "DEEWAAR has an impressive cast, but it is Amitabh Bachchan who towers above all with a splendid and power-packed performance. The actor seems to be accomplishing the unattainable with every film [...] Sanjay Dutt is in form yet again. Although his role isn't as well defined as that of Big B or Akshaye Khanna, Dutt comes up with an extremely likeable performance that is sure to win him plaudits from the viewers. His dialogues are well worded and are sure to appeal to the masses. Akshaye Khanna is a treat to watch. The youngster proves yet again that he is amongst the most gifted actors of the present generation. Amrita Rao is wasted".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=2004-06-25 |title=Deewaar – Lets bring our heroes home Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/deewaar/critic-review/deewaar-movie-review/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805063846/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/deewaar/critic-review/deewaar-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Derek Elley of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' stated, "Though its Indo-Pak politics are more ''[[Rambo (franchise)|Rambo]]'' than Romeo, as a barnstorming, jingoistic action movie, ''Deewaar'' delivers".<ref name="variety" />

== See also ==
* [[Prisoners of war during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[The missing 54]], Indian POWs missing since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
* [[1971 (2007 film)|''1971'' (2007 film)]], another Indian film about POWs from the 1971 war

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0387989}}
{{Milan Luthria}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2004 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Milan Luthria]]
[[Category:Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]
[[Category:2000s prison films]]
[[Category:2000s war drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian war drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Indian war films]]
[[Category:2000s war films]]
[[Category:Prisoner of war films]]

India–North Korea relations

2026-03-12T07:25:37Z

AbbieLongoria3: added data

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Indo-North Korean|India|North Korea|filetype=svg
|mission1=Embassy of India, [[Pyongyang]]
|mission2=Embassy of North Korea, [[New Delhi]]
|envoytitle1= Ambassador
|envoy1= Aliawati Longkumer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Missions Abroad, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?504/Korea_DPR? |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=www.mea.gov.in/}}</ref>
|envoytitle2= Ambassador
|envoy2= Choe Hui Chol<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protocol Division, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url=https://meaprotocol.nic.in/?a1DPR/Korea? |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=meaprotocol.nic.in}}</ref>
}}
'''India–North Korea relations''' ({{Langx|ko|인디아-조선민주주의 인민공화국 관계}}), also called '''Indian-North Korean relations''' or '''Indo-North Korean relations''', are the [[Bilateralism|bilateral relations]] between [[India]] and [[North Korea]]. Both countries have growing diplomatic relations. [[India]] maintains an embassy in [[Pyongyang]], and [[North Korea]] has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].

India was one of North Korea's biggest trade partners and a major food aid provider.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/why-does-india-have-relations-north-korea-213592 | title=Why Does India Have Relations With North Korea? | publisher=IBTimes | date=30 December 2011}}</ref> According to [[Confederation of Indian Industries|CII]], India's exports to North Korea in 2013 totaled more than US$60 million.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/0809/opinions-north-korea-india-blockade-heads-up.html | title=Look Who's Helping North Korea | work=Forbes | date=November 2010}}</ref>

As of 2012, India maintained that any peaceful agreement between North Korea and South Korea will be strongly endorsed. India has also cleared that it wants the [[reunification of Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049826 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405025720/http://www.mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049826 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> According to 2014 [[BBC]] World Service Poll, 23% of Indians view North Korea's worldly influence positively, with 27% expressing a negative view.<ref>[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf Negative views of Russia on the Rise: Global Poll]</ref>

In 2017, India implemented the [[Sanctions against North Korea|United Nations Security Council economic sanctions]] and ceased most trade with North Korea.<ref name=38north-20200930/> In 2022, India condemned North Korea's launching of intercontinental ballistic missiles.<ref name="b936">{{cite web | title=India condemns recent intercontinental ballistic missile launch by North Korea | website=The Times of India | date=2022-11-22 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-condemns-recent-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-launch-by-north-korea/articleshow/95674870.cms | access-date=2026-01-01}}</ref>

==History==
===Pre-modern relations===
According to the 13th century chronicle ''[[Samguk Yusa]]'', the ancient Korean queen [[Heo Hwang-ok]] came from a kingdom called "Ayuta". Different theories identifies Ayuta as Ayodhya or Kanyakumari in India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Choong Soon Kim |title=Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b43pR3Z8zTcC&pg=PA34 |date=16 October 2011 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-7591-2037-2 |page=34 }}</ref>

A famous Korean visitor to India was [[Hyecho]], a Korean Buddhist monk from Silla, one of the three Korean kingdoms of the period. On the advice of his Indian teachers in China, he set out for India in 723 CE to acquaint himself with the language and Indian culture. He wrote a travelogue of his journey in Chinese, [[Wang ocheonchukguk jeon]] or "An account of travel to the five Indian kingdoms". The work was long thought to be lost. However, a manuscript turned up among the [[Dunhuang manuscripts]] during the early 20th century.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

A rich merchant from the [[Ma'bar Sultanate]], Abu Ali (P'aehali) 孛哈里 (or 布哈爾 Buhaer), was associated closely with the Ma'bar royal family. After falling out with them, he moved to [[Yuan dynasty]] China and received a Korean woman as his wife and a job from the Mongol Emperor, the woman was formerly [[w:zh:桑哥|桑哥]] Sangha's wife and her father was 蔡仁揆 [[w:ko:채송년|채송년]] Ch'ae In'gyu during the reign of 忠烈 [[Chungnyeol of Goryeo]], recorded in the [[Dongguk Tonggam]], [[Goryeosa]] and [[w:zh:留夢炎|留夢炎]] Liu Mengyan's 中俺集 Zhong'anji.<ref name="Schottenhammer2008">{{cite book|author=Angela Schottenhammer|title=The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture and Commerce and Human Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA138|year=2008|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05809-4|pages=138–}}</ref><ref>SEN, TANSEN. 2006. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41649921?seq=17 The Yuan Khanate and India: Cross-cultural Diplomacy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries]". Asia Major 19 (1/2). Academia Sinica: [http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1445ZBWAkRi.pdf 317.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127000201/http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1445ZBWAkRi.pdf |date=27 January 2016 }}</ref> [[w:zh:桑哥|桑哥]] Sangha was a Tibetan.<ref>[http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf Shaykh 'Âlam: the Emperor of Early Sixteenth-Century China ] p. 15.</ref>

Rabindranath Tagore's poem 'Lamp of the East 'composed in 1929 speaks about the
glorious past and bright future of Korea. This poem is popular even today:
<blockquote><poem>
"In the golden age of Asia, Korea was one of its lamp bearers and
That lamp is waiting to be lighted once again for the illumination in the East"<ref>{{cite web |title=India_DPRK_bilatral_brief |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_DPRK_bilatral_brief_for_website_of_MEA.pdf |website=mea.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>
</poem></blockquote>

===Korean War===
India condemned North Korea as an aggressor when the [[Korean War]] started, supporting Security Council resolutions [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 82|82]] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 83|83]] on the crisis. However, India did not support [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 84|resolution 84]] for military assistance to South Korea. As a [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] country, [https://thekootneeti.in/2017/10/19/remembering-the-veterans-the-untold-history-of-indian-efforts-in-korean-war/ India hesitated to involve itself in a military commitment against North Korea]. Instead, India gave its moral support for the UN action and decided to send a medical unit to Korea as a humanitarian gesture. The 60th Indian Field Ambulance Unit, a unit of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Indian Airborne Division]], was selected to be dispatched to Korea. The unit consisted of 346 men including 14 doctors.<ref>Kim Chan Wahn. "The Role of India in the Korean War", '''[[International Area Studies Review]]''', June 2010; vol. 13(2), pp. 21–37.</ref>

India was chair of the 9-member UN Commission that monitored elections in undivided Korea in 1947. After the Korean War, India again played an important role as the chair of the [[Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission]] in the Korean peninsula.<ref name=indiaembassy-202002/>

===Recent relations===
Consular relations were created on 1 March 1962, and The Consulate General of India in the DPRK was established in October 1968. An Indian Embassy in Pyongyang was established on 10 December 1973. Both states are members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], underlining a common view on many international issues.<ref name=indiaembassy-202002>{{cite web |url=https://eoi.gov.in/pyongyang/?pdf4086?000 |title=India-DPR Korea Relations |publisher=Embassy of India Pyongyang |date=February 2020 |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news |title=The food bridge India built with Kim's Korea |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111220/jsp/frontpage/story_14904670.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107204356/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111220/jsp/frontpage/story_14904670.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=21 December 2012 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata}}</ref> India makes efforts to engage in dialogue to support peace and stability in Korea and tries to act as a bridge between North Korea and the [[Western world]].<ref name=38north-20200930>{{cite web |url=https://www.38north.org/2020/09/jpanda093020/ |title=India's Ties to North Korea: Can New Delhi Overcome Challenges to Its Maturing Engagement? |last=Panda |first=Jagannath |publisher=The Henry L. Stimson Center |work=[[38 North]] |date=30 September 2020 |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Anmol Mukhia with Kim Chun Yong.JPG|thumb|287x287px|Ambassador Gye Chun Yong]]
India's relationship with North Korea has however been affected by North Korean relations with Pakistan especially due to its help for Pakistan's nuclear missile programme. In 1999, India impounded a North Korean ship off the Kandla coast that was found to be carrying missile components and blueprints. India's relations with South Korea have far greater economic and technological depth and India's keenness for South Korean investments and technology have in turn affected its relations with the North adversely. India has consistently voiced its opposition to North Korean nuclear and missile tests.<ref name="kimsdeath">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/kim-s-death-will-india-north-korea-ties-improve-159218 |title=Kim's death: Will India-North Korea ties improve? | publisher=NDTV | date=20 December 2011 |access-date=21 December 2012 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316045517/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/kim-s-death-will-india-north-korea-ties-improve-159218 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=North Korea's rocket launch unwarranted: India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/north-koreas-rocket-launch-unwarranted-india/article4192813.ece|access-date=21 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 December 2012}}</ref>

As a consequence of [[Sanctions against North Korea|United Nations Security Council economic sanctions]], with effect from 7 March 2019, Indian citizens can not undertake capital account transactions with North Korean citizens. Also Indian Government has asked the existing investment transactions to be liquidated within a period of 180 days from the date of notification.

In July 2021, India temporarily closed its embassy in [[Pyongyang]] due to COVID-19 restrictions and the Indian ambassador to North Korea, Atul Gotsurve left North Korea on a special train via the [[North Korea–Russia border]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID-19: India 'Temporarily Closes' Embassy in North Korea, Ambassador Leaves Country |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/covid-north-korea-pyongyang-atul-gotsurve-embassy-closes |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Wire}}</ref> It was reopened in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-19 |title=India reopens embassy in North Korea with a carrot and stick policy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/us-news/story/indias-reopens-embassy-in-north-korea-in-a-carrot-and-stick-policy-gbls-2652624-2024-12-19 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2022, India condemned the launching of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles by North Korea in a joint statement shared with the countries such as the United States, [[Japan]], the [[United Kingdom]] and others.<ref name="v118">{{cite web | last=India | first=Press Trust of | title=India Condemns North Korea Missile Test, Says It "Affects Peace, Security" | website=www.ndtv.com | date=2022-10-06 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-condemns-north-korea-missile-test-says-it-affects-peace-security-3406688 | access-date=2026-01-01}}</ref>

==Economic relations==

===Trade===
Trade between India and North Korea reached an average total of about $10 million in the middle of the 2000s; it shot up to $60 million in 2013. The trade is overwhelmingly in India's favor, with its exports accounting for roughly $60 million while North Korean exports to India were worth $36 million. India's primary export to North Korea is refined petroleum products while silver and auto parts are the main components of its imports from North Korea.<ref>{{cite news|title=Look Who's Helping North Korea|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/0809/opinions-north-korea-india-blockade-heads-up.html|access-date=21 December 2012|newspaper=Forbes Magazine|date=9 August 2010}}</ref> India participated in the sixth Pyongyang Autumn International Trade Fair in October 2010 and there have been efforts to bring about greater economic cooperation and trade between the two countries since then.<ref name="telegraphindia" /><ref name="thehindu" /> In 2010–11, Indo-North Korean trade stood at $57 million with India's exports accounting for $32 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=How much it will affect India-North Korea ties|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/india-news/how-much-it-will-affect-india-north-korea-ties|access-date=21 December 2012|newspaper=Nav Hind Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India – DPR Korea Relations|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/koreadpr-english.pdf|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref>
Due to UNSC sanctions resolutions, trade except food and medicine, with DPRK with
effect from April 2017 is restricted. The bilateral trade has declined considerably due to
India's participation in UN sanctions.<ref>{{cite web |title=India_DPRK_bilatral_brief |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_DPRK_bilatral_brief_for_website_of_MEA.pdf |website=mea.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

===Food aid===
In 2002 and 2004, India contributed 2000 tonnes of food grains to help North Korea tide over severe famine-like conditions. In 2010, India responded to North Korea's request for [[food aid]] and made available to it 1300 tonnes of [[pulses]] and [[wheat]] worth $1 million through the UN [[World Food Programme]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India Gives Food Aid as U.S.-SK Think| date=28 March 2011 |url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk00100&num=7506|publisher=[[Daily NK]]|access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's secret-ish romance with North Korea|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/indias-secret-ish-romance-with-north-korea-160590.html|access-date=21 December 2012|newspaper=FirstPost.com}}</ref> India has contributed $1 million to the World Food Programme for its humanitarian activities in North Korea in the year 2019, the UN agency's monthly report released in November 2019 showed this, as the impoverished North struggles to cope with chronic food shortages. "WFP has intensified the South-South and Triangular cooperation as an avenue to enhance support to the DPRK and has received a contribution from the Government of India of $1 million for its in-country operations," the report said.

===Medical aid===
The Indian government sent $1 million worth of anti-tuberculosis medicine to North Korea per a request from the World Health Organization (WHO), according to a press release issued by the Indian embassy in Pyongyang. "The medical assistance is under the aegis of WHO's ongoing anti-tuberculosis (TB) program in the DPRK," the press release stated. The aid package was handed over to North Korean authorities by the Indian ambassador to the DPRK, Atul Malhari Gotsurve. The supply of anti-tuberculosis medicine, which is India's latest set of humanitarian assistance to North Korea — was sent because "India is sensitive to the shortage of medical supply" to the DPRK, the embassy stated.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=2020-07-25 |title=India extends medical assistance of $1 million to North Korea after WHO request |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/india-extends-medical-assistance-of-1-million-to-north-korea-after-who-request/467899/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col |colwidth=50em}}
* [[Heo Hwang-ok]], the Indian Queen of 48 CE Korea
* [[Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya]], India.
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of North Korea]]
* [[Foreign relations of South Korea]]
* [[India – South Korea relations]]
* [[History of Korea]]
* [[Hinduism in Korea]]
* [[Koreans in India]]
* [[Indians in Korea]]
* [[Pyongyang International Film Festival]], where Indian films have regularly participated
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of North Korea}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-North Korea relations}}
[[Category:India–North Korea relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of North Korea]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|North Korea]]
[[Category:India–Korea relations|South]]

Nee Tata Naa Birla

2026-03-06T04:00:21Z

AbbieLongoria3: typo fix

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nee Tata Naa Birla
| image = Nee Tata Naa Birla.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Nagendra Magadi
| writer =
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] [[Jaggesh]] [[Pooja Gandhi]] [[Jennifer Kotwal]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] [[Nikita Thukral]] [[Keerthi Chawla]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Boeing Boeing (1985 film)|Boeing Boeing]]''|Priyadarshan}}
| producer = D. Ravikumar
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = Lakshman Reddy
| studio = Mother India Movie Tone
| released = {{Film date|2008|06|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Nee Tata Naa Birla''''' ({{Translation|You are [[Tata family|Tata]], I am [[Birla family|Birla]]}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy film]] directed and scripted by Nagendra Magadi. The film has an ensemble cast including [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Jaggesh]], [[Pooja Gandhi]], [[Jennifer Kotwal]], [[Nikita Thukral]] and [[Keerthi Chawla]] in the leading roles. It is based on the 1985 Malayalam movie ''[[Boeing Boeing (1985 film)|Boeing Boeing]]''.

The film revolves around two con men (Ravichandran and Jaggesh) who are experts at stealing from the rich and giving it to the poor. In this process, they are approached by a well known don who gives them a deal of wooing two young girls, who work for the bank. The assignment is to get the code numbers from both the girls and loot the money from the bank. The film takes on the comical track about how the men succeed in their assignment and how they face their real families.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as Ravi
* [[Jaggesh]] as Jaggu
* [[Jennifer Kotwal]] as Teju
* [[Pooja Gandhi]] as Pooja
* [[Keerthi Chawla]]
* [[Nikita Thukral]]
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Draupadi (Cook)
* [[Doddanna]]
* [[Rajan P. Dev]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Satyajith]]
* [[Karibasavaiah]]
* Jyothi Rana
* [[Rekha Das]]
* [[Sundar Raj]]
* [[Kuri Prathap]]
* Harish Rai
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Gurukiran]] and lyrics written by [[V. Manohar]] and Hrudaya Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/nee-tata-naa-birla-k0000163 |title=Songs list |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215105355/http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/nee-tata-naa-birla-k0000163 |url-status=live }}</ref> A total of 5 tracks have been composed for the film and the audio rights brought by Skanda Audio.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yardo Duddu
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| lyrics1 = [[V. Manohar]]
| length1 = 04:35
| title2 = Mutthu Kodala
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics2 = Hrudaya Shiva
| length2 = 04:34
| title3 = Sakha Sakhi
| extra3 = [[Gurukiran]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| lyrics3 = V. Manohar
| length3 = 04:18
| title4 = Yavva Yavva
| extra4 = [[Usha Uthup]], [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Gurukiran]]
| lyrics4 = V. Manohar
| length4 = 04:03
| title5 = Nee Tata Naa Birla
| extra5 = [[Hemanth Kumar]], [[Gurukiran]], [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| lyrics5 = V. Manohar
| length5 = 04:31
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ravichandran's comedy timing is always perfect, and he shines in here too though the same cannot be said of a repetitious Jaggesh. Jennifer and Pooja Gandhi are seen mostly in song and dance sequences. The other girls just come and go. Only a fan of Ravichandran and Jaggesh will call this even a time pass film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssn/20080630.htm|title=Review: Nee Tata Naa Birla|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=30 June 2008|access-date=28 August 2022|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828065148/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/ssn/20080630.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote "The theme is absolutely worn out and comedy scenes are shabby. Director Nagendra Magadi Pandu also known for comedy flicks has consumed a lot of time to tell the same old story. The novelty is missing in this film. Every scene in the film is predictable".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14705002&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Nee Tata Na Birla|work=Sify|access-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710204734/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14705002&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=10 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/reviews/29-nee-tata-naa-birla-ravi-jaggesh-movie.html |title=Filmibeat review |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203005540/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/reviews/29-nee-tata-naa-birla-ravi-jaggesh-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080701031748/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/9111.html Indiaglitz review]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/movie_reviews_2-Kannada-Nee_Tata_Naa_Birla-Movie-Review-5,382.php |title=Bharat Student review |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215132314/http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/movie_reviews_2-Kannada-Nee_Tata_Naa_Birla-Movie-Review-5,382.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nee Tata Naa Birla}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[Category:2008 comedy films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Ellara Mane Dosenu

2026-03-04T07:33:08Z

AbbieLongoria3: Started New Pg Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ellara Mane Dosenu
| image = Ellara Mane Dosenu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = H. S. Prakash
| writer = [[Mohan Shankar]] (dialogue)
| screenplay =
| story = [[V. Sekhar]]
| based_on = ''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]'' (Tamil)(1996) by [[V. Sekhar]]
| producer = B. G. Hemalatha
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ramkumar]]
*[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
*Mohan Shankar
*[[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]]
*[[Sanketh Kashi]]
*[[Umashree]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Prasad Babu
| editing = S. Manohar
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = S D M Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|3|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ellara Mane Dosenu''''' ({{Translation|Everyone's house [[Dosa (food)|dose]] has...}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[family film|family]] [[drama film]] directed by H. S. Prakash and starring [[Ramkumar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Mohan Shankar]], [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]], [[Sanketh Kashi]] and [[Umashree]]. The film is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]'' (1996) and was released to negative reviews. The story revolves around three sisters - Ramani, Mandara and Vasantha - who are forced by their father to marry against their will which culminates with the beginning of their tryst with the evils of a male-dominated society.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ramkumar]] as Muthu Raj
*[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Vasantha
*[[Mohan Shankar]]
*[[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]] as Mandhara
*[[Sanketh Kashi]]
*[[Umashree]] as Ramani
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Palanamayya a.k.a. Palanthu
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Savitri
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Media reporter
*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Sharath
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]
*Bangalore Nagesh
*M. S. Karanth
}}

== Production ==
The film's title is based on a popular saying. [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]] plays the middle class wife of an unemployed man.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2001 |title=I can fit into any character: Bhavana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/i-can-fit-into-any-character-bhavana/articleshow/20259023.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826230105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/i-can-fit-into-any-character-bhavana/articleshow/20259023.cms |archive-date=26 August 2022 |access-date=26 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mymazaa.com/kannada/audiosongs/movie/Ellara+Mane+Dosenu.html|title=Ellara Mane Dosenu Songs|date=2001|work=mymazaa.com|access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Reelo Riyallo
| extra1 = [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| length1 = 4:42
| title2 = Kaasu Keluva Ganda Meese Yaatako
| extra2 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Nanditha
| length2 = 4:15
| title3 = Vayyari Vayyari
| extra3 = Hemanth, Ramesh Chandra
| length3 = 5:20
| title4 = Udhyogam Udhyogam
| extra4 = Harishchandra, Hemanth, Nandhita, Ramesh
| length4 = 4:57
| title5 = Bumper Bumper Lottery
| extra5 = [[Latha Hamsalekha]], Nandhita, Sangeetha Kat
| length5 = 4:46
| total_length = 24:00
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote that "Firstly he has failed miserably in putting the spicy Dosa correctly on the pan and while serving it to the customers (audience in this case) he has forgot to give the well prepared".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2001 |title=A Copycat Of 'Kalam Maripochu' |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/english/knock_out/dosenu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010406082905/http://www.chitraloka.com/english/knock_out/dosenu.html |archive-date=6 April 2001 |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14728336}}

[[Category:2001 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]

Meendum Vazhven

2026-03-04T04:53:42Z

AbbieLongoria3: Started.

{{More plot|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}{{Infobox film
| name = Meendum Vazhven
| image = Meendum Vazhven.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. N. Balu]]
| producer = V. C. Jain G. C. Lal Vani
| writer = T. N. Balu
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]] [[Nagesh]] [[R. S. Manohar]] [[Vijaya Lalitha]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = K. S. Prasad
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Rani Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1971|4|23|ref1=}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Meendum Vazhven''''' ({{translation|I will live once more}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]], written and directed by [[T. N. Balu]]. The film stars [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]], [[Nagesh]], [[R. S. Manohar]] and [[Vijaya Lalitha]] playing lead roles, with [[Major Sundararajan]], [[S. Varalakshmi]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]] and [[Master Sekhar]] playing supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நான் அறிந்த இசை அரசன் எஸ்.பி.பியும் அவரின் இன்னிசை சாம்ராஜ்யமும்; பகுதி 10 -என்.கே.எஸ். திருச்செல்வம் |url=https://thinakkural.lk/article/87150 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[Thinakkural]] |language=Ta |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022091444/https://thinakkural.lk/article/87150 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> It was released on 23 April 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மீண்டும் வாழ்வேன் / Meendum Vazhven (1971) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/meendum-vazhven |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118133740/https://screen4screen.com/movies/meendum-vazhven |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Jagatheesh wants to grab the properties of his businessman paternal uncle, Rajamanickam Pillai, by killing him and his young son Babu, who is studying in a distant boarding school. Knowing his evil intention, the paternal uncle keeps his son's whereabouts a secret which is known only to his loyal personal secretary Shanthi. One night after a bitter argument over the properties, Jagatheesh kills his uncle and abducts his secretary Shanthi to find out about his young son Babu.

Meanwhile, Raju, son of a rich man Chinna Durai is thrown out of his house by his stepmother Shantha Lakshmi and lands in the city as a taxi driver. The secretary Shanthi gets abducted in his taxi, the news is in the newspapers and the police start looking for the taxi. Raju then goes after Jagathesh and finds Shanthi locked up in a cell on a remote island. Jagatheesh finds out the whereabouts of the boy but is unable to identify him, so he abducts a busload of boys from that school and forces Shanthi to identify the boy so that he could kill him. Raju, with help of a small-time magician Chithambaram, rescues Shanthi and the boys after a series of fights with the gangsters. Raju and Shanthi get married.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Raju
* [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]] as Shanthi
* [[Nagesh]] as Chithambaram, Raju's friend/Magician
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as Jagadesh, Babu's Paternal Father
* [[Vijaya Lalitha]] as Lalitha, Jagatheesh's lover
* [[Major Sundararajan]] as Chella Durai, Raju and Rathnam's father
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Shantha Lakshmi, Rathnam's mother
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Black Cat, Jagatheesh's Hitman
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Rathnam, Raju's half brother
* [[Master Sekhar]] as Babu
*[[Samikkannu]] as Constable Irudhaya Raj
* MCT. Muthaiah
* Singapore Sundaram
* K. S. Angamuthu
* [[Jayakumari]] as dumb woman dancer
* Yasotha
* Malathi
* Surekha
* Syamala
* Jai Vijaya
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meendum vazhven - M. S. Viswanathan - ( 7" 1枚 ) - 売り手 |url=https://www.cdandlp.jp/m.-s.-viswanathan/meendum-vazhven/7inch/r2410105009/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=cdandlp.jp |language=ja |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022091536/https://www.cdandlp.jp/m.-s.-viswanathan/meendum-vazhven/7inch/r2410105009/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song "Velli Muthukal" attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=எஸ்.பி.பி. குரலில் மக்களை மயக்கிய பாடல்கள் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/2620824 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030215930/https://m.dinamalar.com/detail.php?id=2620824 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Velli Muthukal" || [[L. R. Eswari]] [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 04:17
|-
| "Valiban Sonna" || L. R. Eswari || 04:06
|-
| "Thottum Thodathathu" || L. R. Eswari || 04:15
|-
| "Unna Nenacha Konjam" || L. R. Eswari, [[A. L. Raghavan]] || 03:59
|-
| "Ellarokkum Nalla" || [[B. Vasantha]], L. R. Anjali || 03:41
|-
| "Vaangayaa Vaanga" || L. R. Eswari, [[Jikki]] || 04:22
|-
| Club Song || Instrumental ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1971 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. N. Balu]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Yes Boss (film)

2026-03-03T23:46:36Z

AbbieLongoria3: minor edit

{{short description|1997 film directed by Aziz Mirza}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yes Boss
| image = Yes Boss film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Aziz Mirza]]
| producer = Ratan Jain Umed Jain [[Champak Jain]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Mangesh Kulkarni
| story = [[Aziz Mirza]]
| starring = [[Aditya Pancholi]] [[Shah Rukh Khan]] [[Juhi Chawla]]
| music = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| cinematography = Harmeet Singh Thomas A. Xavier
| editing = Javed Sayyed
| studio = [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus Movies]]
| distributor = [[B4U Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|07|18}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|5|c|year=1997}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/yes_boss#.VbrfuJ5Viko|title=Yes Boss Budget|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801072156/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/yes_boss#.VbrfuJ5Viko|archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|23|c|year=1997}}<ref name="Yes Boss Box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/yes_boss#.VbrfuJ5Viko|title=Yes Boss Box office|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801072156/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/yes_boss|archive-date=1 August 2015|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''''Yes Boss''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Aziz Mirza]] starring [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Juhi Chawla]] in the lead roles. Produced by Ratan Jain, it is based on the film ''[[For Love or Money (1993 film)|For Love Or Money]]'' (1993) starring [[Michael J Fox]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Michael J Fox Birthday: How the 'Back to the Future' Actor's Films Inspired Shah Rukh Khan, Akshay Kumar, Mohanlal, Suriya Movies! (LatesLY Exclusive) |url=https://sportsgrindentertainment.com/michael-j-fox-birthday-how-the-back-to-the-future-actors-films-inspired-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-mohanlal-suriya-movies-latesly-exclusive/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531081041/https://sportsgrindentertainment.com/michael-j-fox-birthday-how-the-back-to-the-future-actors-films-inspired-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-mohanlal-suriya-movies-latesly-exclusive/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Yes Boss'' released on 18 July 1997 and emerged as a commercial super hit at the box-office, with a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|23|c}}. The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics upon release, with praise for its humor, soundtrack and the performances of the cast, but criticism for its script and pacing.

At the [[43rd Filmfare Awards]], ''Yes Boss'' received 6 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Chawla) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] (Pancholi), and won [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] ([[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]] for "Main Koi Aisa Geet Gaoon").

''Yes Boss'' partially inspired the Malayalam film ''[[Junior Senior (2005 film)|Junior Senior]]'' (2005) and was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' (2009). The rights of the film are owned by Khan's production company [[Red Chillies Entertainment]].

== Plot ==
Ambitious, Rahul Joshi wants to be rich, and is lucky enough to find a job with extra earnings from his boss, Siddharth, a lustful person having extramarital affairs, who has deviously trapped the rich Sheela. Rahul earns overtime money in keeping the affairs a secret. Later, Siddharth is lustfully attracted to the elegant and gorgeous Seema Kapoor, an aspiring model also desiring a life of luxury. Siddharth asks Rahul to help him trap Seema too. Helpless, Rahul does so, but also has a soft spot and a little bit of romantic feelings for her. Anyway due to his efforts, Seema is impressed by Siddharth's personality. Gradually, the two get closer; Seema begins liking Siddharth. However, she also grows close to Rahul while seeking his help.

As their companionship blossoms, Seema meets Rahul's mom, Sonali, a heart patient sensitive to any shocking news in life. Sheela's cousin Bhushan takes this benefit and tells Sonali that Rahul has married Seema, overjoying her. To not shock her, Rahul and Seema act as a happy couple and slowly grow even closer and after a bit of arguments they start falling in love with eachother. Siddharth learns about them, and offers Rahul his dream office, with unsaid implication that it was in return for Seema. Rahul realises he was supporting his lustful habits for his dream office by being a bootlicker to him. He says he wants only Seema.

After this fiasco, true love triumphs as Seema decides to spend her life with Rahul and Sonali, who wholeheartedly accepts their relationship again. Rahul decides he'd have a luxurious life for him and Seema by his own money, not by bootlicking anyone. The story/movie ends with the two on a scooter and reminiscing of how they met and it shows them driving off with "Don't Worry, Get Married" written on a plate in the back of the scooter. The end credits roll and play '''Main Koi Aisa Geet Gaoon''' until halfway of it and the actual movie finally ends.

== Cast ==
*[[Aditya Pancholi]] as Siddharth Chaudhary
*[[Shahrukh Khan]] as Rahul Joshi
*[[Juhi Chawla]] as Seema Kapoor
*[[Kashmera Shah]] as Sheela Chaudhary
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as JD Choudhary, the father-in-law of Siddharth Chaudhary.
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Bhushan
*[[Ashok Saraf]] as Johnny
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Madhav Advani / Mr. Mad
*[[Reema Lagoo]] as Sonali Joshi, Rahul's mother.
*[[Mahavir Shah]] as Advocate Arvind Shukla
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Watchman at Girls hostel / Bahadur Kaushik Chopra
*[[Anant Mahadevan]] as Mahendra Shastri
*Amrit Patel as Dharia
*Shashi Kiran as Sadanand
*[[Sheela Sharma]] as Jyoti
*[[Ajay Wadhavkar]] as Vinayak
*Joginder Shelly as Hakim Singh

==Production==
"Main Koi Aisa Geet" song was shot in [[Bern]], Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VERMA |first=SUKANYA |title=15 Times Bollywood Mixed Songs, Sightseeing |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/15-times-bollywood-mixed-songs-sightseeing/20240606.htm |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yes Boss
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|1997|5|9}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:21
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| producer = Jatin–Lalit
| prev_title = Tum Jiyo Hazaro Saal
| prev_year = 1997
| next_title = [[Badadin]]
| next_year = 1998
}}

The film's soundtrack has 6 songs composed by [[Jatin–Lalit]] who also composed the background score, with lyrics by [[Javed Akhtar]]. Most of the songs are sung by [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]] and won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for the song "Main Koi Aisa Geet Gaoon". Other contributing artists are [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]] & [[Alka Yagnik]].{{citation needed|reason=Unsourced edit made from IP with occasionally unreliable edit history|date=June 2016}} The song "Suniye To" is based on "Ahla Ma Feki" by [[Hisham Abbas]]. The song "Ek din aap" is inspired from Dilip Kumar song "Sham-e-gham ki Qasam" from the movie "Footpath" (1953).

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length
|-
| 1.
|"Chaand Taare"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
| 04:48
|-
| 2.
| "Choodi Baji Hai"
|[[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 05:05
|-
| 3.
|"Ek Din Aap"
|[[Kumar Sanu]], Alka Yagnik
| 04:30
|-
|4.
|"Jaata Hai Tu Kahan"
|Abhijeet
|04:41
|-
| 5.
| "Main Koi Aisa Geet Gaoon"
| Abhijeet, Alka Yagnik
| 05:11
|-
| 6.
|"Suniye To"
| Abhijeet
| 05:12
|}

== Reception ==
K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote that "with bubbly Shahrukh Khan at his best, you cannot afford to give this film a miss".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5xOAAAAIBAJ&dq=vijiyan+review+new+straits+times&pg=PA26&article_id=4690,792517|title=A winning combination of Shahrukh and Juhi Chawla|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=5 August 1997|page=5|first=K. N.|last=Vijiyan}}</ref>

== Box office ==
''Yes Boss'' grossed {{INRConvert|19.48|c}} in India and $975,000 ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}3.48 [[crore]]) in other countries, for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|22.96|c}}, against its {{INRConvert|5|c}} budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of {{INRConvert|3.07|c}}, and grossed {{INRConvert|5.65|c}} in its first week.<ref name="Yes Boss Box office" /> It is the 12th-highest-grossing Indian film of 1997 worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/1997#.VbrjPp5Viko|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 1997|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317235719/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/1997#.VbrjPp5Viko |archive-date=17 March 2015|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

=== India ===
It opened on Friday, 18 July 1997, across 180 screens, and earned {{INRConvert|57|l}} nett on its opening day. It grossed {{INRConvert|1.79|c}} nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of {{INRConvert|3.29|c}} nett. The film earned a total of {{INRConvert|11.33|c}} nett, and was declared a "Hit" by Box Office India.<ref name="Yes Boss Box office" /> It is the 14th-highest-grossing film of 1997 in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_gross_boxoffice/1997#.Vbrl0p5Viko|title=Top India Total Nett Gross 1997|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317235717/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_gross_boxoffice/1997#.Vbrl0p5Viko |archive-date=17 March 2015|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

=== Overseas ===
It earned $975,000 ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}3.48 [[crore]]) outside India.<ref name="Yes Boss Box office" /> It is the 3rd-highest-grossing film of 1997 behind ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' ($3.3 million ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}12.04 [[crore]])) and ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'' ($1.7 million ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}6.12 [[crore]])), which were also [[Shah Rukh Khan]] starrers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_over_total/1997#.Vbrmq55Viko|title=Top Overseas Gross 1997|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318000013/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_over_total/1997#.Vbrmq55Viko|archive-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>

== Awards ==

; [[43rd Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]] for "Main Koi Aisa Geet Gaoon"

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Juhi Chawla]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] – [[Aditya Pancholi]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Jatin–Lalit]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Javed Akhtar]] for "Chaand Taare"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0120540}}

[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatin–Lalit]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aziz Mirza]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Krishnaveni (film)

2026-03-03T20:24:11Z

AbbieLongoria3: typo fix

{{about|the Telugu movie||Krishnaveni (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Krishnaveni
| image = Krishnaveni.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
| producer = [[Uppalapati Surya Narayana Raju|U. V. Suryanarayana Raju]]
| writer = [[Anasuya Shankar]]
| based_on = ''[[Sharapanjara]]'' (Kannada)
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Krishnam Raju]]|[[Vanisri]]}}
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Marthand
| studio = Gopi Krishna Movies
| distributor = Narendra International
| released = {{Film date|1974}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Krishnaveni''''' is a 1974 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]], starring [[Krishnam Raju]] and [[Vanisri]], under the banner of Gopikrishna Movies. The film met with strong critical reception and commercial success upon release. The movie was about a lady suffering from [[hysteria]] and the emotional trauma of her family. The film is a remake of the [[Kannada]] hit film ''[[Sharapanjara]]'' (1971).<ref>{{Cite web| title=kRshNavENi ( 1974 ) | url=http://www.ghantasala.info/tfs/cdata0764.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628030121/http://www.ghantasala.info:80/tfs/cdata0764.html | archive-date=2006-06-28}}</ref>

==Plot==

The movie starts with the marriage of a young couple, Krishnaveni (Vanisri) and Krishnamraju, and continues with a happy family life with kids. The couple decides to go to a tourist place called [Srisailam]. Krishnaveni has subconscious bad memories of her childhood abuse and the place where she was molested. She starts having hallucinations, overwhelming fear and other symptoms of mental illness. She is sent to a mental hospital and treated by [[psychologist]]s. After her return from hospital, she is not welcomed back by her family members, kids, neighbours or even her friends. Society is afraid of her disease. Evil people misuse this opportunity. Slight disagreements or arguments are also treated as a sign of her disease. She cannot regain the affection of her husband and kids. Her misfortunes continue until she becomes ill again. The movie ends on a sad note, but conveys a message about society's misconceptions about mental illness.

==Cast==
* [[Krishnam Raju]] as Satyanarayana Murty
* [[Vanisri]] as Krishnaveni
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Krishnaveni's father
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Krishaveni's mother
* [[M. Balaiah]]
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Satyanarayana's elder sister
* [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Bheemanna
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Kamakshi
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Sundaramna
* [[Manju Bhargavi]] as Leela

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack features 5 songs.

*"Krishnaveni, Teluginti viriboni, Krishnaveni, Naa inti aliveni" - Lyrics written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]]. Sung by [[P. Susheela]] and [[V. Ramakrishna]].
*"Sreesaila Mallayya" - Lyrics written by C. Narayana Reddy. Sung by P. Susheela.
*"Sangeetam madhurasangeetam" - Sung by P. Susheela.
*"Padunalegellu vanavamegi marali vacchenu Sita, Parama pavani aa maatha" - P. Susheela
*"Enduko nuvvu naato unna vela inta hayi" - P. Susheela, V. Ramakrishna.

==Awards==
[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu]] - [[Vanisri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0370856|title=Krishnaveni}}
* [http://www.ghantasala.info/tfs/cdata0764.html Ghantasala about ''Krishnaveni'']

{{V. Madhusudhana Rao}}
{{Krishnam Raju}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
[[Category:Films produced by Krishnam Raju]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:1974 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1974 romantic drama films]]

{{1970s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Devadasu (1974 film)

2026-03-03T20:23:10Z

AbbieLongoria3: cleanup

{{For|other films with the same title|Devadasu (disambiguation){{!}}Devadasu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{one source|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devadasu
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Vijaya Nirmala]]
| producer = S. Raghunath [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] {{small|(Presents)}}
| story = Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
| screenplay = Vijaya Nirmala
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[Vijaya Nirmala]]
| music = [[Ramesh Naidu]]
| cinematography = VSR Swamy (W.I.C.A)
| editing = Kotagiri Gopala Rao
| studio = Sri Vijaya Krishna Movies
| distributor = Andhra, Seded, Nizam Sree films, Karnataka Movie Land Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1974|12|6}}<ref name = "Devadasu 1974 IndianCineMa">{{cite web | url = https://indiancine.ma/QEW/info | website = indiancine.ma | title = Devadasu | access-date = 1 March 2022 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220301111816/https://indiancine.ma/QEW/info | archive-date = 1 March 2022}}</ref>
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Devdas]]''|[[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]}}
| runtime = 131 mins
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Devadasu''''' is a 1974 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[romance film]], with [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] in the titular roll and directed by [[Vijaya Nirmala]], who also plays Parvati, in her 100th film in lead role. It is based on [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s ''[[Devdas]]'', produced by S. Raghunath and presented by Krishna under the Sri Vijaya Krishna Movies banner, with music was composed by [[Ramesh Naidu]]. Kotagiri Gopala Rao edited the film, while V. S. R. Swamy provided the cinematography. The film was a commercial failure at the box office.<ref name="ottplay.com">{{Cite web |title=RIP Superstar Krishna: Of the star's tryst with Devadasu and a clash with ANR |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rip-superstar-krishna-of-the-stars-tryst-with-devadasu-that-left-him-with-a-bitter-aftertaste/ec5a673909624 |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=OTTPlay }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins at the village Ravulapalli, where two infant neighbors, Devadas & Parvati, share a camaraderie. He is the son [[Zamindar]] Narayana Rao, and she is a peasant Neelakantham’s daughter. Since Devadas’s naughtiness increases, his father enrolls him in a boarding school. Years roll by, and Devadas backs when Parvati is under beatitude as the astral love rises with them. Knowing it, Zamindar warns & mortifies Neelakantham about their low level of caste & status. Enraged, Neelakantham declares to get hitched above them. Parvati covertly walks to Devadas that night and begs him not to let go of her when he asks for time.

The following day, he affirms his decision to Zamindar but loses the ability as his father shows the danger of suicide. Ergo, muddle Devadas, flies to the town and notifies Parvati of his failure to denote. Parallelly, Neelakantham arranges an aged alliance with Zamindar of Durgapuram, Bhavana Babu, which Parvati accepts. Till then, Devadas regrets & retrieves, telling Parvati he is bolder for espousal. She rejects it as her self-reverence is offended and presides over the wedding of her father’s choice. Devastated, Devadas returns when his carousing mate Bhagawan introduces him to a courtesan [[Chandramukhi]] for relief. Nevertheless, his suffering is intense, and he loathes, throwing money in her face. At that moment, she feels a sense of worship, ends her past, and devotes herself to him.

Thus, Devadas hits the bottle to get out of grief and turns into an alcoholic. Hearing it, his father passes away under contrite when Devadas forwards. Parvati settles into her new house, adores her husband, revives his disintegrated family, and showers motherly affection to his progeny. Currently, she visits her parents’ home and implores Devadas to stop drinking but pleads not to withdraw a little peace. Plus, she seeks to bless his ministry, which he bestows to fulfill before leaving his breath. Now, he is back in town again when lonesome Devadas journeys to Chadramukhi. He views her relinquishing all luxuries and expresses her adoration for him. Chadramukhi petitions Devadas to knit a fine match and post her as their maid. Then, Devadas states that if he does so, he will tie the knot only with her.

Following this, he starts self-destruction as a drinking spree, and his health deteriorates. Once, spotting him on the streets, Chandramukhi carries him when the doctor declares it’s his last stage. On his advice, Devadas leaves for his village. Chandramukhi is about to join him, which he denies with an oath to conjoin her in his next life. Midway, Devadas discerns his fast-approaching death and moves to Durgapuram to keep up his vow. After great difficulty, Devadas lands at his destination and becomes flat before Parvati’s residence. At last, mindful of his death, Parvati rushes towards the door, which her family members thwart by closing it, and she collapses. Finally, the movie ends with Devadas’s funeral.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Devadas
* [[Vijaya Nirmala]] as Parvati
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as [[Chandramukhi]]
* [[Jaggayya]] as Zamindar Narayana Rao
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Bhagawan
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Mahendra / Mahi
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as School teacher
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Zamindar Bhavana Babu
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] as Doctor
* [[Kantha Rao]] as Neelakantham
* [[Sreedhar]] as Dijeen
* [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Dharmanna
* Karakala as Bullcart driver
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Jalaja
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Sharada Devi
* [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Bhavani
* [[Girija (actress)|Girija]]
* [[Chhaya Devi]]
* Manimala as Manorama
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Parvati's grandmother
* [[Naresh (actor)|Master Naresh]] as Young Devadas
* Baby Sumati as Young Parvati
}}

== Soundtrack ==

Soundtrack composed by [[Ramesh Naidu]] is owned by [[Saregama]] music label.<ref name = "Devadasu 1974 Spotify">{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/3pr1fk9ak3hNiUP75NTfdR | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Devadasu | access-date = 1 March 2022 }}</ref> Lyrics were written by [[Aarudhra]].<ref name = "Devadasu 1974 IndianCineMa" />

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:05

| title1 = Kala Chedhirindhi
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:04

| title2 = Idhi Nisheedha Samayam
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:44

| title3 = Jeevitham Yemiti
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:29

| title4 = Meghala Meedha
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:23

| title5 = Poruginti Doragariki
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length5 = 4:16

| title6 = Ee Roju Chaala Manchi Roju
| extra6 = P. Susheela
| length6 = 4:06
}}

== Reception ==
''Devadasu'' was released on 6 December 1974. It opened with a tepid response in theatres. In 2022, Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' wrote, "There are several theories surrounding the film's non-performance at the ticket window. While some claim that the film neither offered any new insight into the novel nor had any pathbreaking performances, another reason behind its failure is believed to be the re-release of [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]]'s ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' at the same time, that proved counterproductive to its fortunes."<ref name="ottplay.com"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0361501}}

{{Devdas}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:Devdas films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ramesh Naidu]]
[[Category:1974 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 romance films]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijaya Nirmala]]

{{1970s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{1970s-romance-film-stub}}

Minugurulu

2026-03-03T17:49:21Z

AbbieLongoria3: Started

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Minugurulu
| image = Minugurulu poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Ayodhyakumar Krishnamsetty
| producer = Ayodhyakumar Krishnamsetty
| story = N. V. B.Choudary
| writer = Ayodhyakumar Krishnamsetty N. V. B. Choudary
| starring = [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] [[Raghubir Yadav]] Deepak Saroj
| cinematography = David Edward Fuller Paulius Kontijevas
| editing = Kiran Ganti
| distributor = Respect Creations
| music = Dr: Josyabhatla
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2012|||A.P. Film Chamber|2014|1|25|India|ref2=<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/dasari-to-distribute-minugurulu-releasing-jan-24_149421.html Dasari to distribute `Minugurulu`, releasing 25 Jan]</ref>}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Minugurulu''''' ({{translation|Fireflies}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[social problem]] film co-written and directed by Ayodhyakumar Krishnamsetty.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/minugurulu-a-must-watch/article5617818.ece Minugurulu: A must watch - The Hindu]</ref> The film stars [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Raghubir Yadav]] and Deepak Saroj.

The film was selected as Best Indian Film at the 9th India International Children's Film Festival, held at [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140127131721/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/102625.html 'Minugurulu' Grabs Best Indian Film CIICFF - Telugu Movie News]</ref> The film has also garnered the Akkineni Vamsee International Award.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222190736/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/103021.html 'Minugurulu' Selected For The 'Akkineni Vamsee International Award' - Telugu Movie News]</ref> The film has received seven state [[Nandi Awards]] including Best Film (Silver), and Best First Film of a director for the year 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandi-awards-2012-and-2013-rajamouli-ilayaraja-samantha-and-prabhas-emerge-winners-4549659/|title=Nandi Awards 2012 and 2013: Rajamouli, Ilayaraja, Samantha and Prabhas emerge winners|date=1 March 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Raju, a mother-less child, is orphaned by his father, as he is blinded while editing a video that he has made in a local photo studio. He is admitted to a residential blind orphanage run by a depraved man, who battens on the money meant for the welfare of the blind and keeps the children in deplorable conditions. As visually impaired boy, he learns to see life as a challenge. In the process of coping with the fresh blindness, Raju finds four friends Mynah, Sukumar, Bhaskar and Anand among the children of the centre. All the children decide to send a complaint to the District Collector with the help of Raju. Unfortunately the whole effort goes in vain. This humiliation and pain strengthens the resolve of the children to expose the man's delinquency. The mission "Divya-Drushti" starts with Raju's astounding idea of portraying the brutality of Narayana with all the evidence to the District Collector and makes an identity and creates independence not only to him but also to others.

== Cast ==
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Narayana
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Kiranmai
* [[Raghubir Yadav]] as Surdas
* Deepak Saroj as Raju
* Sreenivasa Sayee as Shiva

==Reception==
The film was also showcased official selection, Golden Elephant, at the International Children's Film Festival in Hyderabad, India.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131123144012/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/childrens-film-fest-will-help-minugurulu-release-director/434637-71-216.html Children's film fest will help 'Minugurulu' release: Director]</ref>
The film was also showcased at the Rafi Peer's 3rd International Film Festival held at Lahore in December 2013.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/punjab/20-Dec-2013/rafi-peer-s-3rd-international-film-festival-commences Rafi Peer’s 3rd International Film Festival commences]</ref> On 26 December 2013, the film was screened at the Kolkata International Film Festival and International Children's Film Festival of Kolkata.<ref>[http://www.minugurulu.com/news/ News]</ref> The film garnered official selection at the Fifth International Disability Film Festival – Ability Fest held between 23 and 26 September 2013.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chennai-to-host-ability-fest-2013-113092100207_1.html Chennai to host Ability Fest 2013 | Business Standard]</ref>

The film is the "First Telugu script to be preserved in Oscar Library‘s permanent core collection" and First ever Telugu film that is contended for OSCAR best feature 2014 Along with 323 Features.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==Awards==
;2012 [[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]] (silver) – Ayodhya Kumar
*[[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director]] – Ayodhya Kumar
*[[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer]] – NVB Choudary, Ayodhya Kumar
*[[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor]] – [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor]] – Deepak Saroj
*[[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress]] – Rushini
*[[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist]] – R. C. M. Raju

;Mirchi Music Awards
* Upcoming Lyricist of the Year (2014) – Chakravarthula

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]

Purushan Pondatti

2026-03-03T04:49:40Z

AbbieLongoria3: Adding.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Purushan Pondatti
| director = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| screenplay = [[P. Kalaimani]]
| producer = P. K. Yadav
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pandiarajan]]|[[Ranjitha]]}}
| cinematography = N. K. Viswanathan
| editing = V. Uthayasankaran
| music = [[Sirpy]]
| studio = Sundar Theatres
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|12|06}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Purushan Pondatti''''' ({{translation|Husband and Wife}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[N. K. Viswanathan]]. The film stars [[Pandiarajan]] and [[Ranjitha]]. It was released on 6 December 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purushan pondatty ( 1996 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=purushan%20pondatty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118062229/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=purushan%20pondatty |archive-date=18 November 2010 |access-date=14 June 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> It won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Third Best Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1996 Cinema State Awards |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203152338/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |archive-date=3 February 1999 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2024}}
Pandian, a sale representative, marries Rajeswari. Pandian's mother Vadivu is a miser while his father Velmurugan is a good man and they also have three daughters. Vadivu takes advantage of Rajeswari's salary and dowry. For the marriage of her first daughter Malini, Vadivu uses Rajeswari's jewels. Then, the groom loses his job, so Pandian and Rajeswari decide on abortion for the family's benefit. In the meantime, Malini becomes pregnant. Rajeswari, who was angry to be treated as a cash cow by Vadivu, resigns from her job. Vadivu, who expected much from her salary, becomes upset and she tries to set Rajeswari on fire but Velmurugan saves her. Rajeswari then leaves Pandian's house and begins to look for a job and have the opportunity to be independent some day. Despite the fact that she looks for a job everywhere, she could not find one. So she becomes a dressmaker and after that, a successful entrepreneur of a clothes factory. Meanwhile, Pandian's family are crippled with debts. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Pandiarajan]] as Pandian
*[[Ranjitha]] as Rajeswari
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Rajeswari's father
*[[Manivannan]] as Velmurugan, Pandi's father
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Vadivu
*[[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] as Natarajan
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Pattusamy
*Latha as Malini
*Vijaya Chandrika as Rajeswari's mother
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]] as Suryakala
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Groom
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Khan
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]]
*[[Kullamani]]
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy|MRK]]
*G. K.
*M. M. Vinayaga
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*[[Joker Thulasi]]
*John Babu
*Vijayaganesh
*Kalaignanam (guest appearance)
}}

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Sirpy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purushan Pondatti |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/purushan-pondatti/bQ0bIeoieeg_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307045715/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/purushan-pondatti/bQ0bIeoieeg_ |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=23 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Purushan Pondatty Tamil Film Audio Cassette By Sirpi |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/purushan-pondatty-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-sirpi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228014840/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/purushan-pondatty-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-sirpi/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=Banumass |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Lottery Enakku" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sangeetha Sajith]] || [[S. J. Suryah]]|| 4:57
|-
| "Mazhaiyadikuthu" || Mano, [[K. S. Chithra]] || rowspan=4|[[Vairamuthu]] || 4:52
|-
| "Natta Nadu Rathiri" || Mano, K. S. Chithra || 4:30
|-
| "Pulla Venum" || [[Sirpy]], K. S. Chithra || 4:26
|-
| "Vaada Vayasu Paiya" || [[M. M. Keeravani|Maragatha Mani]] || 4:06
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1996 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. K. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Vanna Jigina

2026-03-03T03:05:15Z

AbbieLongoria3: fixed issues

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Nandha Periyasamy}}
{{No plot|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vanna Jigina.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Nandha Periyasamy]]
| producer = [[Thirrupathi Brothers|N. Subhash Chandrabose]] K. Thirukadal Udhayam
| starring = [[Vijay Vasanth]] [[Sanyathara]]
| cinematography = Balaji V. Ranga
| editing = [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]
| music = [[John Peter (composer)|John Peter]]
| studio = Raghul Films
| distributor = [[Thirrupathi Brothers]]
| released = {{Film date|2015|08|21|df=yes}}
| runtime = 106 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vanna Jigina''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, written and directed by [[Nandha Periyasamy]]. The film stars [[Vijay Vasanth]] and [[Sanyathara]] in the lead roles while [[Singampuli]], [[Ravi Mariya]] and [[Ashwin Raja]] among others form an ensemble cast. Music for the film was composed by [[John Peter (composer)|John Peter]] and the film was released on 21 August 2015.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay Vasanth]] as Pavadai
* [[Sanyathara]] as Angel Priya
* [[Singampuli]]
* [[Ravi Mariya]]
* [[Ashwin Raja]]
* Doubt Senthil
* Sugu Venkat as Kishore Kumar
* Sridevi as Karugamani
* Dev Anand
* Sai Bharath
* A. Roshan
* Saicharan
* R. Balakrishnan
* P. Balaji
}}

== Production ==
The film was launched under the title ''Jigina'' in July 2014, and carried on using that title through production, before being christened as ''Vanna Jigina'' before the film was censored.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2014 |title=Vijay Vasanth's "Jigina" starts rolling! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-vasanth-s-jigina-starts-rolling-news-tamil-oh5krzaifcdba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801011228/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-vasanth-s-jigina-starts-rolling-news-tamil-oh5krzaifcdba.html |archive-date=1 August 2014 |access-date=20 October 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The project received further media attention after director [[N. Linguswamy]] chose to buy the rights of the film and distribute it under his production studio's banner, [[Thirrupathi Brothers]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2015 |title=What is "Jigina" all about? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/what-is-jigina-all-about-news-tamil-pftjLUfghbeeh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522030905/http://www.sify.com/movies/what-is-jigina-all-about-news-tamil-pftjLUfghbeeh.html |archive-date=22 May 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=12 August 2015 |title=Jigina carries a huge message: Lingusamy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150812/entertainment-kollywood/article/jigina-carries-huge-message-lingusamy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101045310/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150812/entertainment-kollywood/article/jigina-carries-huge-message-lingusamy |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[John Peter (composer)|John Peter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigina |url=https://gaana.com/album/jigina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101045312/https://gaana.com/album/jigina |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The audio launch happened in mid-June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2015 |title=Glittering Audio Launch for Jigina |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Jun/17/glittering-audio-launch-for-jigina-770518.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221175528/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Jun/17/glittering-audio-launch-for-jigina-770518.html |archive-date=21 December 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
*"Rosapoo" – Hariharasudhan
*"Kaathoda" – Surjit, Vinayetha
*"Ayyo En Idhayuthula" – Jayamoorthy

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' labelled the film as "backward" and criticising the theme of portraying people with dark skin tones as inferior.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=21 August 2015 |title=Jigina: A perilous movie about the perils of social network |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/jigina-a-perilous-movie-about-the-perils-of-social-network/article7566331.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102111031/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/jigina-a-perilous-movie-about-the-perils-of-social-network/article7566331.ece |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Likewise, the critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted the film is "funny for all the wrong reasons".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=22 August 2015 |title=Vanna Jigina Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Vanna-Jigina/movie-review/48609411.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825092450/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Vanna-Jigina/movie-review/48609411.cms |archive-date=25 August 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave a more favourable report, saying "the director has made a good attempt with a novel idea and even sends out a strong message", but "where he errs is in its execution" and adds had "he concentrated on an interesting screenplay with few more meaningful dialogues, the film would have been an engaging fare".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=23 August 2015 |title=Movie Review 'Vanna Jigina': Good attempt with a novel idea |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150822/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-vanna-jigina-good-attempt-novel-idea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221174452/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150822/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-vanna-jigina-good-attempt-novel-idea |archive-date=21 December 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Over all, ''Jigina'' is yet another average venture with usual cliches but still watchable once for the strong message".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigina |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jigina-review-tamil-pivoQRbfffafj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822040422/http://www.sify.com/movies/jigina-review-tamil-pivoQRbfffafj.html |archive-date=22 August 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{N. Lingusamy}}
{{Nandha Periyasamy}}

[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nandha Periyasamy]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Peter (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
{{Improve categories|date=December 2024}}

Carbon (2022 Indian film)

2026-03-03T02:39:51Z

AbbieLongoria3: Started Some Details and Citations

{{Short description|2022 Indian Tamil film}}
{{distinguish|Carbon (2022 Moldovan film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Carbon
| image = Carbon 2022 Tamil film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. Srinuvasan
| writer = R. Srinuvasan
| producer = A. Bhagyalakshmi M. Anandhajothi R. Srinuvasan
| starring = [[Vidharth]] [[Dhanya Balakrishna]]
| cinematography = Vivekanand Santhosham
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| studio = Benchmark Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2022|01|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Carbon''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by R. Srinuvasan and produced by Benchmark Films.<ref name="Carbon announcement NIE" /> The film stars [[Vidharth]] and [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] in the lead roles.<ref name="Dhanya DTN" /> This marks the 25th film for Vidharth.<ref name="Carbon Trailer DW" /> The film's music is composed by [[Sam C. S.]], with cinematography handled by Vivekanand Santhosham and editing done by [[Praveen K. L.]]<ref name="Sify film censor" /> The film released in theatres on 13 January 2022.<ref name="Carbon Release CE" />

== Synopsis ==
A man with a special ability, tries to discover the identity of a mysterious hit-and-run driver who has put his father in critical condition, only to realise that the mastermind is Swapna his girlfriend who along with four men trap men for money and kill them. A furious Shankar wanted to kill Swapna, who also wanted to kill him for disrupting her plans but later he leaves her stating that he can’t kill his girlfriend. Swapna later realises her mistake
== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vidharth]] as Shankar
* [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] as Swapna
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Subbarayan
* [[Munnar Ramesh]] as Inspector Divakar
* Ajay Natraj
* Vikram Jagadish
* Powlin
* [[Vinod Sagar]]
* [[A. Govindamoorthy]]}}

== Production ==
Benchmark Films signed on director R. Srinuvasan (who earlier directed ''[[Annadurai (film)|Annadurai]]'') to direct a film for their production house during the middle of 2020, with [[Vidharth]] to portray the leading role. The shooting of the film was started in August 2020 with the majority of the portions was shot in [[Chennai]] and the remaining portions in [[Tirukoilur]].<ref name="Carbon announcement NIE" />

== Release ==
The film got released in theatres on 13 January 2022.<ref name="Carbon Release CE" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Carbon announcement NIE">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2021 |title=Vidharth's 25th film titled Carbon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/mar/30/vidharths-25th-filmtitled-carbon-2283299.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110084854/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/mar/30/vidharths-25th-filmtitled-carbon-2283299.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Dhanya DTN">{{Cite web |title=My journey in the industry was no cakewalk: Dhanya Balakrishna |url=http://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/04/03012826/1284892/My-journey-in-the-industry-was-no-cakewalk-Dhanya-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404013616/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/04/03012826/1284892/My-journey-in-the-industry-was-no-cakewalk-Dhanya-.vpf |archive-date=4 April 2021 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Sify film censor">{{Cite web |title=Vidharth's 'Carbon' gets clean 'U' certificate |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vidharths-carbon-gets-clean-u-certificate-news-bollywood-vmmjPuhbjhebi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110084829/https://www.sify.com/movies/vidharths-carbon-gets-clean-u-certificate-news-bollywood-vmmjPuhbjhebi.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=12 December 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Carbon Trailer DW">{{Cite web |title=Vidharth's 'Carbon' is about a man whose dreams come true |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=900829 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205084511/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=900829 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=[[Daijiworld Media]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Carbon Release CE">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2022 |title=Naai Sekar and Kombu Vatcha Singamda join the pongal race |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jan/08/naai-sekar-and-kombu-vatcha-singamda-join-the-pongal-race-28887.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110084858/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jan/08/naai-sekar-and-kombu-vatcha-singamda-join-the-pongal-race-28887.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:2022 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chaitra (2023 film)

2026-03-03T02:32:12Z

AbbieLongoria3: Started The Details W/ Infobox - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chaitra
| image = Chaitra - The Beginning of the End.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = M. Jenith Kumar
| writer = M. Jenith Kumar
| producer = K. Manoharan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Yashika Aannand]]
* Avitej Reddy
* Shakthi Mahendra
}}
| cinematography = P. Sathish Kumar
| editing = Elisha
| music = Prabakaran Meiyappan
| studio = Mars Productions
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|2023|11|17|df=yes}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Chaitra''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language horror thriller film written and directed by M. Jenith Kumar. The film stars [[Yashika Aannand]], Avitej Reddy and Shakthi Mahendra in the lead roles. The film, produced by K. Manoharan under the banner of Mars Productions, was released on 17 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-27 |title=CHAITRA-The beginning of the end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/chaitra-the-beginning-of-the-end/articleshow/99812855.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523035151/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/chaitra-the-beginning-of-the-end/articleshow/99812855.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-05-23 |access-date=2023-11-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=Yashika Aanand's Chaitra gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/oct/29/yashika-aanands-chaitra-gets-release-date-49052.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2023 |title=First look poster of Yashika Aanand's next out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/15/first-look-poster-of-yashika-aanands-next-out-38777.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Yashika Aannand]] as Chaitra
* Avitej Reddy as Kathir
* Shakthi Mahendra as Divya
* G.Pooja
* Kannan Varatharaj as a police officer

== Production ==
The film was produced by K. Manoharan under the banner of Mars Productions. The cinematography was done by P. Sathish Kumar, while editing was handled by Elisha. The teaser of the film was released in April 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=யாஷிகா ஆனந்த் நடிக்கும் 'சைத்ரா' பட முன்னோட்டம் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/152891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501160844/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/152891 |archive-date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by Prabakaran Meiyappan.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Believe You Nanbaa
| length1 = 3:45
| lyrics1 = Manikandan Vijayalakshmi
| extra1 = Mukesh, Yeskay, Pavithrra Venkatraman
| title2 = Rathamaai Vervaigal
| length2 = 1:24
| lyrics2 = Manikandan Vijayalakshmi
| extra2 = Akshaya Shridhar
| total_length = 5:09
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Dinakaran]]'' wrote that "the serious hospital scenes are laugh-out-loud" and that "this is one of the ghost films of all kinds."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Karthik |date=2023-11-16 |title=சைத்ரா: விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/chaitra_review/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ''[[Thinaboomi]]'' critic stated that "overall, the team has succeeded in making a simple story into an interesting horror film. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=சைத்ரா விமர்சனம் |url=https://thinaboomi.com/2023/11/20/214167.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121100841/http://www.thinaboomi.com/2023/11/20/214167.html |archive-date=2023-11-21 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=தின பூமி |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Arjuna Bhogeswar Baruah Sports Complex

2026-02-26T23:10:52Z

AbbieLongoria3: starting new data!

{{Short description|Sports complex in Assam}}
{{Infobox venue
| main_venue = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| main_venue_capacity = 21,600
| fullname = Arjuna Bhogeswar Baruah Sports Complex
| former_names = Sarusajai Sports Complex
| image = IndiraGandhiStadium.jpg
| location = [[Sarusajai]], [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
| owner = [[Government of Assam]]
| facilities = [[Maulana Md. Tayabullah Hockey Stadium]]
| cost = {{small|est.}}{{INRConvert|149|c}}
| main_contractors = [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| architect = STUP Consultants
| broke_ground = 2 March 2004
}}

The '''[[Arjuna Award|Arjuna]] Bhogeswar Baruah Sports Complex''',<ref name=":5" /> also known as the '''Bhogeswar Baruah stadium''',<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1969700201318486114 |user=himantabiswa |title=More and more people wish to see our beloved Zubeen one last time, and we deeply understand these sentiments. Therefore, Bhogeswar Baruah Stadium will remain open throughout the night today for the public to pay their respects to Zubeen. Tomorrow also, the mortal remains of Zubeen will be kept at Sarusajai for people to offer their homage. |first=Himanta |last=Biswa Sarma |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> formerly known as the '''Sarusajai''' '''Sports Complex''', is a [[Sports complex|complex of sports facilities]] located in [[Sarusajai]], [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]. It hosted the [[2007 National Games of India|2007 National Games]], and was used for the [[Lying in state|lying-in-state]] of [[Zubeen Garg]] in 2025.

== History ==

=== Development and construction ===
The locality of [[Sarusajai]] won the bid to host the [[2007 National Games of India|2007 national games]] on 13 December 2002, though the sports infrastructure of the town was not able to accommodate the event.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2003 |title=Sleepy Sarusajai in infrastructure blitz |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/sleepy-sarusajai-in-infrastructure-blitz/cid/784192 |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> It marked the first time the games had ever been held in [[Assam]] and only the second time in the [[Northeast India|Northeast]], after [[Manipur]].<ref name=":0" /> French Architectural firm STUP consultants, which previously designed infrastructure for the [[1976 Summer Olympics|Montreal Olympics]] and venues in the [[2004 Athens Olympics]], presented its designs to the government of Assam in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2003 |title=Global firm lands for Games - Stup Consultants present designs for 2005 Games in Assam |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/global-firm-lands-for-games-stup-consultants-present-designs-for-2005-games-in-assam/cid/841313 |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> President of the [[Indian Olympic Association]], [[Suresh Kalmadi]], Chief Minister [[Tarun Gogoi]], and governor [[Ajai Singh]] laid the foundation stones for the athletics stadium, indoor hall, and aquatic stadium in December 2003. The project was spread over 369 [[Bigha|bighas]] of land.<ref name=":0" />

The state government engaged STUP consultants to design the infrastructure for the city, while the stadium construction was completed by [[Larsen & Toubro]]. The development project for the turfing of the football ground was a collaborative effort between the soil conservation department and STUP consultants, and the landscaping and plantation project was delayed due to Larsen & Toubro being unable to clear some of the sites.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2005 |title=More funds sought for Games |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/more-funds-sought-for-games/cid/843680 |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Larsen & Toubro began construction of the stadium on 2 March 2004, on the basis of designs prepared by STUP consultants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2006 |title=Demolition shadow on Games |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/demolition-shadow-on-games/cid/790688 |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

Despite concerns over parts of the complex being still constructed in the days before the games,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2007 |title=Games work in progress, still |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/games-work-in-progress-still/cid/735693 |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> the complex was ready for the opening of the 2007 games.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2007 |title=Record splash at Games |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/record-splash-at-games/cid/731552 |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> In 2012, ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reported that the complex had cost {{INRConvert|149|c}}, and that there had been "negligible" use of the infrastructure since the 2007 games.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2012 |title=SAI asked to take over Sarusajai complex for better use |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/sai-asked-to-take-over-sarusajai-complex-for-better-use/cid/453684 |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

In March 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=Mahadev Deka speaks during the inauguration ceremony of the gym and fitness centre at the Sarusajai Sports Complex in Guwahati, on Sunday. |url=https://assamtribune.com/mahadev-deka-speaks-during-the-inauguration-ceremony-of-the-gym-and-fitness-centre-at-the-sarusajai-sports-complex-in-guwahati-on-sunday |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> bodybuilder [[Mahadev Deka]] inaugurated the gym and fitness centre at the sports complex.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Gym & Fitness centre open at Sarusajai Sports Complex |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/local-sports/gym-fitness-centre-open-at-sarusajai-sports-complex |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=Gym inaugurated at Sarusajai |url=https://assamtribune.com/gym-inaugurated-at-sarusajai |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Use ===
[[File:Zubin Garg Live performance (cropped).jpg|thumb|The body of legendary Assamese singer [[Zubeen Garg]] (pictured) lay in state at the complex in 2025.]]
The complex has hosted [[2007 National Games of India|2007 National Games]], [[2016 South Asian Games]], [[2020 Khelo India Youth Games]], 2024 [[Khelo India University Games]] and Khel Maharan. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the open area in the indoor stadium was converted to become care centres for COVID.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Sarusajai Sports Complex: The hub of sporting action in Northeast India |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2023/01/sarusajai-sports-complex-the-hub-of-sporting-action-in-northeast-india/,%20https://thenewsmill.com/2023/01/sarusajai-sports-complex-the-hub-of-sporting-action-in-northeast-india/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Athletic Stadium is currently home to [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] and [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] while the Indoor Stadium hosted the [[Northeastern Warriors]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=Disappointing start for North East Warriors |url=https://assamtribune.com/disappointing-start-for-north-east-warriors |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NorthEast United FC Venue |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/504-northeast-united-fc-profile/venue |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref> In September 2025, the complex was used for the [[lying in state]] of Assamese singer [[Zubeen Garg]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-23 |title=Assam’s Zubeen Garg cremated with State honours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/zubeen-garg-funeral-guwahati-assam-september-23-2025/article70083661.ece |access-date=2025-11-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
=== Renaming ===
On 28 May 2025, the Assam government under Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] approved the renaming of the Sarusajai Sports Complex, to be named after legendary Assamese athlete, [[Bhogeswar Baruah]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Sarusajai Stadium renamed after Assam’s sporting legend Bhogeswar Baruah |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/sarusajai-stadium-renamed-after-assams-sporting-legend-bhogeswar-baruah-1271927-2025-09-03 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=Assam Renames Sarusajai Sports Complex After Sporting Legend Bhogeswar Baruah |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-renames-sarusajai-sports-complex-after-sporting-legend-bhogeswar-baruah |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> During [[Abhiruchi Sports Day]] on 3 September, the sports complex was formally renamed, with Sarma stating that he felt "privileged" to rename the stadium in Baruah's honour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports complex renamed after Assam's first Arjuna awardee Bhogeswar Baruah |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/09/03/ces27-as-sports-complex-rename.html |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

=== Future ===
In February 2017, Finance Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma announced that the Assam government would create the Arjuna Bhogeswar Baruah State Sports Academy, and proposed {{INRConvert|5|c}} for the building of the school, using the infrastructure of the sports complex.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=Rs 5cr allotted for sports academy |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/rs-5cr-allotted-for-sports-academy/cid/1427019 |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

In 2019, Chief Minister [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] laid the foundation stones for the state sports school named after Baruah to be located at the sports complex. The school is set to be built on 20 bighas of land and will have a focus on six disciplines: [[Track and field|athletics]], [[Association football|football]], [[boxing]], [[weightlifting]], [[archery]], and [[taekwondo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gani |first=Abdul |date=2019-02-26 |title=Assam to have sports school after its first Arjuna awardee Bhogeswar Baruah |url=https://thebridge.in/athletics/assam-sports-school-first-arjuna-awardee-bhogeswar-baruah/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Facilities ==

=== Sports venues ===
{{OSM Location map|width=350|height=280|coord={{coord|26.116|91.763}}|zoom=15|caption=Venues in the Arjun Bhogeswar Baruah Sports Complex. {{div col|colwidth=12em|content=
{{Ubl
| '''Venues'''
| {{bgcolor|#57bbb6|''' 1 '''}} Athletic Stadium
| {{bgcolor|#6bc077|''' 2 '''}} Aquatic Complex
| {{bgcolor|#f48472|''' 3 '''}} Indoor Stadium
| {{bgcolor|#ffcc00|''' 4 '''}} [[Maulana Md. Tayabullah Hockey Stadium|Hockey Stadium]]
| {{bgcolor|#9933ff|''' 5 '''}} Lawn Bowls Green
}}}}|mark-coord1={{Coord|26.116005|91.760197}}|shape1=n-circle|shape-color1=#57bbb6|mark-title1=Athletic Stadium|mark-description1=Multi-purpose stadium|mark-coord2={{Coord|26.114329|91.757794}}|shape2=n-circle|shape-color2=#6bc077|mark-title2=Aquatic Complex|mark-description2=Swimming & aquatic sports|mark-coord3={{Coord|26.117795|91.758624}}|shape3=n-circle|shape-color3=#f48472|mark-title3=Indoor Stadium|mark-description3=Indoor sports arena|mark-coord4={{Coord|26.118424|91.769132}}|shape4=n-circle|shape-color4=#ffcc00|mark-title4=[[Maulana Md. Tayabullah Hockey Stadium|Hockey Stadium]]|mark-description4=Hockey stadium|mark-coord5={{Coord|26.112753|91.757662}}|shape5=n-circle|shape-color5=#9933ff|mark-title5=Lawn Bowls Green|mark-description5=Lawn bowling facility}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Venue
!Events
!Capacity
|-
|1
|[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|[[Association football|Football]], [[Track and field|Athletics]]
|30,000
|-
|2
|Dr Zakir Hussain Aquatic Complex
|[[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]
|1,500
|-
|3
|Karmabir Nabin Chandra Bordoloi Indoor Stadium
|[[Basketball]], [[Handball]]
|2,000
|-
|4
|[[Maulana Md. Tayabullah Hockey Stadium]]
|[[Field hockey|Hockey]]
|2,000
|-
|5
|Lawn Bowls Green
|[[Bowls]]
|
|}

=== Other facilities ===
A gym and fitness centre at the sports complex was opening in March 2020.<ref name=":1" /> Various stadiums in the complex also hold VIP rooms and media rooms.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Infrastructure {{!}} Sports Authority of Assam {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://saa.assam.gov.in/portlets/infrastructure-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108143025/https://saa.assam.gov.in/portlets/infrastructure-0 |archive-date=2017-11-08 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=saa.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

== Design and architecture ==
[[File:Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium, Guwahati.jpg|thumb|Sarusajai stadium in 2007]]

===Sarusajai stadium===
{{Main|Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium}}The Sarusajai stadium has an eight-lane synthetic track, as well as facilities for fields events including the [[long jump]], [[triple jump]] and [[high jump]].<ref name=":2" />

=== Hockey stadium ===
{{Main|Maulana Md. Tayabullah Hockey Stadium}}

The Maulana Md. Tayabullah Hockey Stadium was designed to have a capacity of 2,000 people, and has a [[synthetic turf]] in the main field and half of the practice field, and also has high mast lights.<ref name=":3" />

== Events ==
The Arjuna Bhogeswar Baruah Sports Complex has held various events since 2007.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align:left;" |Sporting events at the NGAC Sports Complex
! scope="col" style="width:150px;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" |Event name
! scope="col" style="width:150px;" |Facilities (within complex)
! scope="col" style="width:50px;" |{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |9–18 February 2007
|[[2007 National Games of India]]
|[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
! scope="row" |5 February 2016
|[[2016 South Asian Games]]
|[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2016-02-05 |title=PM Modi Declares South Asian Open in Colourful Ceremony |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2016/Feb/05/pm-modi-declares-south-asian-open-in-colourful-ceremony-888946.html |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!October 2017
|[[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]]
|[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gani |first=Abdul |date=2019-11-29 |title=FIFA seeks amendment to facilities at Sarusajai Stadium for U-17 Women’s World Cup |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2019/11/fifa-seeks-amendment-to-facilities-at-sarusajai-stadium-for-u-17-womens-world-cup/,%20https://thenewsmill.com/2019/11/fifa-seeks-amendment-to-facilities-at-sarusajai-stadium-for-u-17-womens-world-cup/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!3–4 February 2018
|[[Assam Global Investors' Summit]]
|[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-31 |title=Stage set for State's mega global trade summit |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/stage-set-for-states-mega-global-trade-summit |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!10 January 2020
|[[2020 Khelo India Youth Games]]
|[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-19 |title=Khelo India Youth Games 2020: All-round Maharashtra maintain top spot; Assam swimmer Shivangi Sarma wins fourth gold |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/khelo-india-youth-games-2020-all-round-maharashtra-maintain-top-spot-assam-swimmer-shivangi-sarma-wins-fourth-gold-7928991.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103173421/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/khelo-india-youth-games-2020-all-round-maharashtra-maintain-top-spot-assam-swimmer-shivangi-sarma-wins-fourth-gold-7928991.html |archive-date=2024-11-03 |access-date=2025-11-06 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
!15 February 2020
|[[65th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-15 |title=65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020: Akshay Kumar gets showered with love on his arrival in Assam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/65th-amazon-filmfare-awards-2020-akshay-kumar-gets-showered-with-love-on-his-arrival-in-assam/articleshow/74151062.cms |access-date=2025-11-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!21–22 September 2025
|[[Lying in state]] of [[Zubeen Garg]]
|Sports Complex
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-20 |title=From Kahilipara to Arjun Bhogeswar Baruah Complex: Zubeen Garg’s final journey for public homage |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/from-kahilipara-to-arjun-bhogeswar-baruah-complex-zubeen-gargs-final-journey-for-public-homage-1280431-2025-09-20 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of sports venues named after individuals]]
* [[Bhogeswar Baruah National Sports Awards]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Sports complexes]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Assam]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Assam]]

Kinshuk Mahajan

2026-02-24T08:29:30Z

AbbieLongoria3: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kinshuk Mahajan
| birth_name = Kinshuk Mahajan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|4|17|df=yes}}<ref name="HBKM" />
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| image = Kinshuk Mahajan.jpg
| caption = Mahajan in 2014
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| children = 2
| spouse = {{marriage|Divya Gupta|2011}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Kinshuk and Divya's love tale |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kinshuk-s-love-tale/story-isfsSuvOURbUEA7TskugGI.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125543/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kinshuk-s-love-tale/story-isfsSuvOURbUEA7TskugGI.html |url-status=live |archive-date=5 September 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=5 October 2012 }}</ref>
| years active = 2007–present
| alma_mater = Asian Academy of Film and Television, [[Noida]]
| known for = ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]'' ''[[Pandya Store]]''
}}

'''Kinshuk Mahajan''' (born 17 April 1986) is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. He is known for his portrayal of Ranveer Rajvansh in ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]'' and Gautam Pandya in ''[[Pandya Store]]''. He is a recipient of an [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] and a [[Gold Awards|Gold Award]]

Mahajan made his acting debut with the film ''[[Delhii Heights]]'' and his TV debut with ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]'', portraying Adiraj Sherawat, both in 2007. He then portrayed Viren Sood in ''[[Chand Chupa Badal Mein]]''. His other notable work include portraying Rudra in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]]'', Ishaan Khanna in ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'' and Manoj Kohli in ''[[Megha Barsenge]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title= It's time to learn some music: Kinshuk|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Its-time-to-learn-some-music-Kinshuk/etarticleshow/7117566.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001321/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-18/tv/28256994_1_musical-instrument-kinshuk-mahajan-debut-show |url-status=live |archive-date=26 September 2012 |work= [[The Times of India]]|date= 18 December 2010 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kinshuk Mahajan was born on 17 April 1986 in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="HBKM">{{Cite web |title=Actor Kinshuk Mahajan celebrates his birthday with wife and his twins; see pics |access-date=17 April 2020 |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kinshuk-mahajan-celebrates-his-birthday-with-wife-and-twins-see-pics/articleshow/68938975.cms}}</ref> He completed his schooling from [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]], Noida. Mahajan then completed his graduation from the Asian Academy of Film and Television, Noida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Kinshuk Mahajan: Know the story of this TV star |url=https://navbharatlive.com/entertainment/today-is-the-birthday-of-actor-kinshuk-mahajan-know-the-story-of-this-tv-star-537666.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001321/https://www.enavabharat.com/amp/entertainment/television/today-is-the-birthday-of-actor-kinshuk-mahajan-know-the-story-of-this-tv-star-537666/ |url-status=live |archive-date=26 September 2012 |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=Navabharat}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mahajan got engaged to his longtime girlfriend Divya Gupta in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kinshuk Mahajan is engaged! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-804/tv/28235293_1_kinshuk-mahajan-female-fan-love-life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-04/tv/28235293_1_kinshuk-mahajan-female-fan-love-life |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 October 2010}}</ref> He married Gupta on 12 November 2011, in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bidaai actor Kinshuk Mahajan to marry girlfriend |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bidaai-actor-kinshuk-mahajan-to-marry-girlfriend-3001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125543/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood/bidaai-actor-kinshuk-mahajan-to-marry-girlfriend-3001.html |url-status=live |archive-date=5 September 2012 |work=India TV News |access-date=2 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Check out Kinshuk Mahajan and Divya Gupta's wedding album|work=India Today|access-date=12 November 2012|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/kinshuk-mahajans-wedding-raakesh-paswan-afsar-bitiya-divya-gupta-366669-2011-11-21}}</ref> On 7 October 2017, they had twins, named Ssahir and Saishaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidaai actor Kinshuk Mahajan is now a proud father of twins; see pic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bidaai-actor-kinshuk-mahajan-is-now-a-proud-father-of-twins-lifetv-1065185-2017-10-15 |access-date=15 November 2017 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kinshuk Mahajan and Divya Gupta celebrates seventh-month birthday of twin-babies Ssahir & Saishaa! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/kinshuk-mahajan-celebrates-seventh-month-birthday-of-twin-babies-ssahir-saishaa-866528/amp |access-date=7 October 2019 |website=ABP News |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
===Debut and breakthrough (2007-2013)===

Mahajan made his acting debut in 2007 with the [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film, ''[[Delhii Heights]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/30dh.htm |title=Movie Review: Stay away from Jimmy Shergill and Neha Dhupia's Delhii Heights |website=Rediff.com |access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> The same year, he made his TV debut with ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]'', portraying Adiraj Sherawat from 2007 to 2008. It was his first major appearance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dhoom-machao-dhoom-1070962 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001321/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dhoom-machao-dhoom-1070962 |title=Dhoom Machao Dhoom! |work=DNA India |access-date=15 March 2015 |archive-date=26 September 2012}}</ref>

In 2007, he also portrayed Devendra opposite [[Chahat Khanna]] in ''[[Kaajjal]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kaajjal, a story of delayed dues? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kaajjal-a-story-of-delayed-dues/story-8h532IJ4rpOjLiKtOTwD8K.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125543/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kaajjal-a-story-of-delayed-dues/story-8h532IJ4rpOjLiKtOTwD8K.html |url-status=live |archive-date=5 September 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 August 2008}}</ref> He then portrayed Kamal Thakral in ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Touching tales of triumphing over odds |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030504/spectrum/tv.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125543/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030504/spectrum/tv.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2012 |work=Tribune India |access-date=10 August 2007}}</ref>

From 2008 to 2010, he portrayed Ranveer Rajvansh in ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]'', opposite [[Parul Chauhan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/whose-idea-is-it-anyway-/435645/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001321/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/whose-idea-is-it-anyway-/435645/ |title=Whose idea is it anyway? |work=Indian Express |access-date=1 July 2012 |archive-date=26 September 2012}}</ref> It proved as a major turning point in his career.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/bidaai-success-bash/kinshuk-mahajan/morphshow/5737427.cms?from=mdr |title=Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai: Kinshuk Mahajan at the success bash; see pics! |website=India Times |access-date=10 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidaai: Small town winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/20080204-small-town-winners-735231-2008-01-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606102650/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/20080204-small-town-winners-735231-2008-01-25 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |website=India Today |access-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> Mahajan won [[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Male)]] for his performance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/apoorva-agnihotri-in-kinshuk-mahajan-out/story-yGKrZY6fy3vLPLwK0mdpXI.html |title=Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai: Apoorva Agnihotri in, Kinshuk Mahajan out |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 June 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

From 2010 to 2011, Mahanjan portrayed Viren Sood opposite [[Neha Sargam]] in ''[[Chand Chupa Badal Mein]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/actor-kingshuk-mahajan-who-quit-sapna-babul-ka-bidaai-because-he-didnt-want-to-play-dad-will-soon-be-seen-in-the-show-chand-chupa-badal-mein-/articleshow/6565177.cms| title=Actor Kinshuk Mahajan quits Bidaai, will soon be seen in Chand Chupa Badal Mein |work=Times of India |access-date=19 September 2010}}</ref> The show was introduced by [[Javed Akhtar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chaand-Chupa-Badal-Mein-launched/articleshow/6079115.cms |title=Rajan Shahi's Chaand Chupa Badal Mein launched by Javed Akhtar |website=Times of India |access-date=2 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Star-Plus-show-Chand-Chupa-Badal-Meinwill-end-on-June-17-/articleshow/8634879.cms| title=Star Plus and Rajan Shahi's 'Chand Chupa Badal Mein' will end on June 17 |work=Times of India |access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref>

From 2011 to 2012, he portrayed Pintu Singh in ''[[Afsar Bitiya]]'', opposite [[Mitali Nag]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afsar Bitiya has created quite a buzz: Kinshuk Mahajan aka Pintu Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Afsar-Bitiya-has-created-quite-a-buzz-Kinshuk-Mahajan/articleshow/11349321.cms |access-date=5 January 2013 |website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afsar Bitiya to go off air |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/afsar-bitiya-to-go-off-air/articleshow/17626194.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128075837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/afsar-bitiya-to-go-off-air/articleshow/17626194.cms |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2 July 2013 |website=Times of India}}</ref> In 2011, he participated as a Contestant on the travel show, ''Jee Le Ye Pal''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jee Le Yeh Pal: Reality show on races? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/jee-le-yeh-pal-reality-show-on-races/story-gNynJldIk42X7QlOVHKpYI.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121232843/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/jee-le-yeh-pal-reality-show-on-races/story-gNynJldIk42X7QlOVHKpYI.html |access-date=27 September 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=21 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Expansion and various roles (2014-2019)===

In 2014, Mahajan portrayed Inspector Vinod More in [[Encounter (Indian TV series)|''Encounter'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/sony-tv/best-friends-turn-enemies-encounter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001321/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/sony-tv/best-friends-turn-enemies-encounter |title=Best friends turn enemies in Encounter |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=4 May 2014 |archive-date=26 September 2012}}</ref> From 2014 to 2015, he portrayed Abhimanyu Maheshwari, opposite [[Shefali Sharma]] in ''[[Tum Aise Hi Rehna]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Tum-Aise-Hi-Rehna-Kinkshuk-Mahajan-and-Shefali-Sharma-in-lead-roles/articleshow/45043787.cms |title=Tum Aise Hi Rehna: Kinkshuk Mahajan and Shefali Sharma to play the lead roles in Sony TV's show |work=Times of India |access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/sony/tum-aise-hi-rehna-kinshuk-mahajan-shares-his-thought-never-seen-wedding |title=Tum Aise Hi Rehna: Kinshuk Mahajan shares his thought on a never seen before wedding! |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=25 December 2014 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108094043/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/sony/tum-aise-hi-rehna-kinshuk-mahajan-shares-his-thought-never-seen-wedding |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2015, he portrayed Tilak Rajawat in ''[[Tere Sheher Mein]]'' opposite [[Hiba Nawab]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tere-sheher-mein-kinshuk-mahajan-replaces-dhruv-bhandari-amayas-life-649002 |title=Tere Sheher Mein: Kinshuk Mahajan replaces Dhruv Bhandari in Amaya aka Hiba Nawab's life |work=IB Times |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> From 2015 to 2016, he portrayed Ashok and Uday in two episodes of ''[[Savdhaan India]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianage.com/tv/kinshuk-mahajan-good-boy-gone-bad-706 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001321/https://www.asianage.com/amp/tv/kinshuk-mahajan-good-boy-gone-bad-706 |title=Kinshuk Mahajan is good boy gone bad |work=The Asian Age |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-date=26 September 2012}}</ref>

In 2016, he portrayed Karan in an episode of ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH - Zing's Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya Season 7, Episode 6! |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-season-7/0-6-562/episode-6-pyaar-tune-kya-kiya/0-1-117033 |access-date=20 March 2016 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref> From 2016 to 2017, Mahajan portrayed Rudra, a shape-shifting serpent opposite [[Mouni Roy]] in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/Kinshuk-Mahajan-Naagin-2-Mouni-Roy-Naagin-Naag-Bidaai-actor-17772169 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001321/https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/television-news/article/Kinshuk-Mahajan-Naagin-2-Mouni-Roy-Naagin-Naag-Bidaai-actor-17772169 |title=Kinshuk Mahajan to join cast of 'Naagin 2' |work=Mid Day |access-date=28 November 2016 |archive-date=26 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/naagin-2-kinshuk-mahajans-role-in-the-show-comes-to-an-end-502215/amp |title=NAAGIN 2: Kinshuk Mahajan's role of Rudra in the show comes to an END |work=ABP News |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>

Mahajan portrayed Vivek in 2017, in ''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]''. From 2017 to 2018, he portrayed Aarav Randhawa in ''[[Bhootu]]'', opposite [[Sana Amin Sheikh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-kinshuk-mahajan-on-his-role-in-upcoming-horror-comedy-show-bhootu-with-sana-amin-shei-16719502.html |title=Kinshuk Mahajan on his role in ZEE TV's Bhootu: I believe if there is god, there are ghost too! |work=Jagran |access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/sana-amin-sheikh-and-kinshuk-mahajans-track-end-zee-tvs-bhootu-396843?amp |title=Sana Amin Sheikh and Kinshuk Mahajan's track to end on Zee TV's Bhootu |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128122141/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/sana-amin-sheikh-and-kinshuk-mahajans-track-end-zee-tvs-bhootu-396843?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

From 2018 to 2019, Mahajan portrayed Veer opposite [[Sana Saeed]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH - Laal Ishq Episode 19 Baba Bangali; starring Kinshuk Mahajan and Sana Saeed |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/laal-ishq/0-6-tvshow_1306724328/laal-ishq/0-1-tvshow_1306724328-season_1403040319-episode_1227709565 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref> and Suyyash opposite Parvati Sehgal in two episodes of ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laal Ishq Episode 109 Jeeva's thirst for revenge; starring Kinshuk Mahajan and Parvati Sehgal |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/laal-ishq/0-6-tvshow_1306724328/laal-ishq/0-1-253799 |access-date=10 August 2019 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>

He portrayed Ishaan Khanna opposite [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]] in ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'' from 2018 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kinshuk Mahajan to enter Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka after Drashti Dhami's exit! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/kinshuk-mahajan-to-enter-silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-after-drashti-dhamis-exit-2152434.html/amp |access-date=1 November 2018 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka Update: Diwali celebrations to bring Mauli and Ishaan closer? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-diwali-celebrations-bring-mauli-and-ishaan-closer-431478 |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> In 2019, he portrayed Akshay Kapoor in ''[[Gathbandhan]]'' opposite [[Shruti Sharma (actress)|Shruti Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Naagin 2' fame actor Kinshuk Mahajan to enter 'Gathbandhan' as the new villain! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/gathbandhan-naagin-2-actor-kinshuk-mahajan-as-new-villain-in-shruti-sharma-abrar-qazis-colors-show-1072879/amp |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=ABP News}}</ref>

===Success and recent work (2020-present)===

Mahajan earned wider recognition and praises with his portrayal of Gautam Pandya in ''[[Pandya Store]]'', opposite [[Shiny Doshi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kinshuk Mahajan and Shiny Doshi walk an extra mile to get into the skin of their characters for the upcoming show 'Pandya Store'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kinshuk-mahajan-and-shiny-doshi-walk-an-extra-mile-to-get-into-the-skin-of-their-characters-for-the-upcoming-show-pandya-store/articleshow/80425349.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210125080826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kinshuk-mahajan-and-shiny-doshi-walk-an-extra-mile-to-get-into-the-skin-of-their-characters-for-the-upcoming-show-pandya-store/articleshow/80425349.cms|archive-date=25 January 2021|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What happened when Kinshuk Mahajan couldn't recognise Shiny Doshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/what-happened-when-kinshuk-mahajan-couldnt-recognise-shiny-doshi/articleshow/93782115.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825150411/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/what-happened-when-kinshuk-mahajan-couldnt-recognise-shiny-doshi/articleshow/93782115.cms |archive-date=25 August 2022 |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=Times of India}}</ref> From January 2022 to July 2023, he portraying Gautam Pandya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shooting of Star Plus's Pandya Store started in Somnath|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment/articles/shooting-of-pandya-store-started-in-somnath-132978|access-date=16 January 2021|website=Mid-Day|language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TV show 'Pandya Store' completes 100 episodes; Kinshuk Mahajan, Shiny Doshi and Kanwar Dhillon thank the audience|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/tv-show-pandya-store-completes-100-episodes-kinshuk-mahajan-and-shiny-doshi-thank-audiences-743968?amp|access-date=2021-05-22|website=Pinkvilla|language=en|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922005733/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/tv-show-pandya-store-completes-100-episodes-kinshuk-mahajan-and-shiny-doshi-thank-audiences-743968?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later in 2022, he reprised Gautam Pandya in the game show ''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dynamic Star Parivaar face each other in a series of battles, including dancing, and other fun activities, and the winning family will be crowned 'The Best Parivaar'. |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/pushpa-fever-gets-to-anupamaa-403242 |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=Tribune India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Banni vs Dhara: Pandya family compete with Banni and Rathod family in this week's Ravivaar With Star Parivar |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/banni-vs-dhara-pandya-family-compete-banni-rathod-family-weeks-ravivaar-star-parivar/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

From August 2024 to June 2025, Mahajan is seen portraying Manoj Kohli in ''Megha Barsenge'' opposite Neha Rana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Megha Barsenge's Kinshuk Mahajan says show's concept is relatable as he knows an abandoned bride from his family|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=10 September 2024|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-megha-barsenges-kinshuk-mahajan-says-shows-concept-is-relatable-as-he-knows-an-abandoned-bride-from-his-family-1330969?amp}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Delhii Heights]]''
| Kinshuk
|
|
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2007
| ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]''
| Kamal Thakral
| Supporting Role
|
|-
| ''[[Kaajjal]]''
| Devendra "Dev"
| Lead Role
|
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]''
| Adiraj "Addy" Sherawat
| Supporting Role
|
|-
| 2008–2010
| ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]''
| Ranveer Rajvansh
| rowspan = "3" | Lead Role
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/sara-khan-and-parul-chauhan-s-popular-show-sapna-babul-ka-bidaai-be-re-run-august-29-1182995 |title=Sara Khan, Parul Chauhan and Kinshuk Mahajan's 'Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai' to be re-run from August 29 |access-date=26 August 2022 |website=Pinkvilla |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128071329/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/sara-khan-and-parul-chauhan-s-popular-show-sapna-babul-ka-bidaai-be-re-run-august-29-1182995 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Chand Chupa Badal Mein]]''
| Viren Sood
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tv-shows-that-are-named-after-popular-bollywood-songs/articleshow/67488577.cms |title=Check out the list of TV shows that are named after Bollywood songs |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Navbharat}}</ref>
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Afsar Bitiya]]''
| Pintu Singh
|
|-
| 2014
| [[Encounter (Indian TV series)|''Encounter'']]
| Inspector Vinod More
| Episode 13 to Episode 15
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Tum Aise Hi Rehna]]''
| Abhimanyu Maheshwari
| Lead Role
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2015
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Ashok
| Episode 1138
|
|-
| ''[[Tere Sheher Mein]]''
| Tilak Rajawat
| Negative Role
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2016
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Karan
| Season 7 – Episode 6
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Siddharth Gupta to take over from Karan Kundra as Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya's host in Season 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/siddharth-gupta-to-take-over-from-karan-kundra-as-tv-host/articleshow/50931203.cms |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Uday
| Episode 1775
|
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]]''
| Rudra
| Supporting Role
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/naagin-2-kinshuk-mahajan-to-enter-mouni-roys-naagin-2-as-ichchadhaari-naag-lifetv-448271-2016-11-10 |title=Naagin 2: Kinshuk Mahajan to enter Mouni Roy's Naagin 2 as ichchadhaari naag Rudra |work=India Today |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]''
| Vivek
| Cameo Role
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Bhutu]]''
| Aarav Randhawa
| Lead Role
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' – ''Baba Bangali''
| Veer
| Episode 19
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/laal-ishq-sana-saeed-and-kinshuk-mahajan-play-lovers-screen-422068?amp |title=Laal Ishq: Sana Saeed and Kinshuk Mahajan to play lovers on-screen |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128142642/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/laal-ishq-sana-saeed-and-kinshuk-mahajan-play-lovers-screen-422068?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]''
| Ishaan Khanna
| positive Role
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2019
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series) | Laal Ishq]]'' – ''Jeeva''
| Suyash
| Episode 109
|
|-
| ''[[Gathbandhan]]''
| Akshay Kapoor
| Negative Role
|
|-
| 2021–2023
| ''[[Pandya Store]]''
| rowspan="2"|Gautam "Gomby" Pandya
| Lead Role
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Pandya Store's Kinshuk Mahajan on his character Gautam: He is a simple man, like Lord Ram|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/exclusive-pandya-stores-kinshuk-mahajan-on-his-character-he-is-a-simple-man-like-lord-ram/videoshow/80409109.cms|access-date=22 January 2021|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]''
| Episode 1/6/13/14/16
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Ravivaar With Star Parivaar: Team 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' emerges as the winner and lifts the trophy|work=Times Of India|access-date=25 September 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-team-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-lift-the-trophy/articleshow/94432567.cms}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Megha Barsenge]]''
| Manoj Kohli
| Negative Role
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Neha Rana, Neil Bhatt, and Kinshuk Mahajan starrer Megha Barsenge to premiere on August 6 on COLORS|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=30 August 2024|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/neha-rana-neil-bhatt-kinshuk-mahajan-starrer-megha-barsenge-premiere-august-6-colors/}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Special appearances====
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Ranveer Rajvansh
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-is-integration-between-two-shows-working-1678364 |title=Bidaai meets Yeh Rishta: Is integration between two shows working? |website=DNA India |access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''Itti Si Khushi''
| Abhimanyu Maheshwari
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Hain Na]]''
| Himself
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shweta Tiwari to Kinshuk Mahajan: A star studded affair on 'Hum Hai Na Dilwalon Ki Diwali' |work=Times of India |access-date=4 October 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/a-star-studded-affair-on-hum-hai-na-dilwalon-ki-diwali/articleshow/44836492.cms}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''Shaadi Ho To Aisi''
| Akshay Kapoor
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=COLORS' 'Shaadi Ho Toh Aisi' - an entertainment extravaganza: Will Jiya choose Kunal or Rajveer? |work=Colors TV |access-date=10 November 2019 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=mOkBsxicCTI}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Accolades ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Male|Fresh New Face - Male]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2008 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083458/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|archive-date=2018-09-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Male)|Debut in a Lead Role – Male]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantvinfo.com/boroplus-gold-awards-on-zee-tv/|title= Check out all the winners of 2nd Boroplus Gold Awards, 2008|work=India TV|access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Popular Actor (Drama)
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Pandya Store]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=22nd Indian Television Academy Awards Nominations - Vote Now|access-date=9 September 2022|work=Indian Television Academy Awards|url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2023
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role]]
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/public-voting/|access-date=12 April 2023|work=Indian Telly Awards|title=Indian Telly Awards 2023: Check Out The List Of Nominees For Fan Favorites}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Actor|Fan Favorite Actor]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2025
| Fan Favorite – Negative Actor
| ''[[Megha Barsenge]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Telly Awards 2025 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/winners.html |date=23 July 2025 |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian television actors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=9435898}}
*{{Instagram|mahajankinshuk17}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahajan, Kinshuk}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]

Sagardighi Thermal Power Station

2026-02-21T17:10:06Z

AbbieLongoria3: Added a post

{{Short description|Power station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Sagardighi Thermal Power Project
| name_official = WBPDCL
| image = Sgtpp9.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption= Location of the Sagardighi Thermal Power Station in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|24|22|06|N|88|06|04|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location = [[Sagardighi (community development block)|Sagardighi]], [[West Bengal]]
| status = Operational
| construction_began =
| commissioned = Unit 1: 7 September 2008 Unit 2: 6 November 2008 Unit 3: December 2015 Unit 4: January 2017
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner =
| operator = [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited]]
| th_fuel_primary = [[Bituminous coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary = Oil
| ps_units_operational= 2X300 MW; 2x500 MW
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity= 1600 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac=
| website = [http://wbpdcl.co.in/component/content/article/14-sample-data-articles/93-generatingunits-sagardighi-overview.html]
| extra =
}}
'''Sagardighi Thermal Power Station''' is a thermal power plant located at [[Manigram]], 13 km north of [[Sagardighi, Murshidabad|Sagardighi]] in the Indian state of West Bengal. The power plant is operated by the [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=550| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|24|26|0|N|88|6|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the southern portion of Jangipur subdivision, Murshidabad district (including Suti I, Raghunathganj I, Raghunathganj II, Sagardighi CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility Abbreviation- TPS: Thermal Power Station, AMU: Aligarh Muslim University Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|33|50|N|88|3|18|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Ramakantapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Ramakantapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|31|52|N|88|4|6|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Fatellapur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Fatellapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|34|8|N|88|2|13|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Madna| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Madna, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|33|0|N|88|3|46|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Nayabahadurpur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Nayabahadurpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|28|2|N|88|2|2|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Ghorsala| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Ghorsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|27|36|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos6= bottom|label6= Srikantabati| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Srikantabati]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|27|0|N|88|4|45|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Charka| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Charka, Jangipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|26|35|N|88|6|9|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Dafarpur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Dafarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|26|9|N|88|6|24|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Ramnagar| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Ramnagar, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|24|27|N|88|4|4|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Mirzapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mirzapur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|30|30|N|88|4|36|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Giria| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Giria, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|29|11|N|88|4|57|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Mithipur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Mithipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|28|20|N|88|5|37|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Jot Kamal| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Jot Kamal]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|27|54|N|88|5|44|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Osmanpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Osmanpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|0|36|N|88|28|36|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Sahajadpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Sahajadpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|27|45|N|88|6|27|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Khodarampur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Khodarampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|27|21|N|88|7|22|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Donalia| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Donalia]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|26|55|N|88|7|53|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Teghari| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Teghari, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|26|26|N|88|9|9|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Krishna Sali| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Krishna Sali]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|26|0|N|88|10|32|E}} | label-pos20=bottom|label20= Bara Jumla| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Bara Jumla]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|31|6|N|88|2|38|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= AMU: Murshidabad Centre| numbered21=F| mark-title21= [[Aligarh Muslim University: Murshidabad Centre]] (F) |shape-color21=#967117
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|22|9|N|88|6|22|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Sagardighi TPS| numbered22=F| mark-title22= Sagardighi Thermal Power Station (F) |shape-color22=black| label-size22=13|label-color22=black 
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|28|8|N|88|6|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Jangipur| numbered23=M| mark-title23=[[Jangipur, Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color23= #800000
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|31|5|N|88|1|12|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ahiran| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Ahiran]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|24|N|87|59|40|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Bansabati| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Bansabati]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|31|32|N|87|59|23|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Harua| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Harua]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|21|33|N|88|6|51|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Manigram| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Manigram]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|18|20|N|88|1|48|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Morgram| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Morgram]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|28|14|N|88|2|58|E}} | label-pos29=top|label29= Raghunathganj| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Raghunathganj]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|33|0|N|88|2|1|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Sadikpur| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Sadikpur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|17|50|N|88|5|5|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Sagardighi| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Sagardighi, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|17|38|N|88|11|9|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Nurpur| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Nurpur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|25|56|N|88|5|4|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Rajnagar| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Rajnagar, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|34|0|N|88|9|0|E}} | label34= Padma River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= 80| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|35|0|N|87|58|20|E}} | label35= Farakka Feeder Canal | label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= 43| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|33|20|N|87|58|40|E}}| label36=Bansloi River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36= 30| label-pos36=right| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|23|0|N|88|9|0|E}} | label37= Bhagirathi River| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37= 40| label-pos37=right| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|20|57|N|88|4|23|E}} | label-pos38= left|label38=Kherur Mosque| numbered38=H| mark-title38= [[Kherur Mosque]] (H)| shape-color38=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|35|0|N|88|10|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Sagardighi Thermal Power Station is located at {{coord|24|22|06|N|88|06|04|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline}}.

The site is about {{convert|1|km}} from [[Manigram railway station]] of the Bandel-Barhawara section of Eastern Railway. NH 34 is about {{convert|14|km}} from the site. It is on the western bank of the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.wbpcb.gov.in/html/eia_A_to_be_held/EIA_sagardighi.pdf | title = Sagardighi Thermal Power Station | publisher = West Bengal Power Development Corporation | work = Summary Environment Assessment Report| access-date = 14 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Energy/Power/Sagardighi_thermal_plant_to_begin_generation_by_Aug-end/articleshow/3243634.cms | title = Sagardighi thermal plant to begin generation by Aug-end | work=Economic Times |access-date = 14 February 2009 | date=17 July 2008}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in a part of the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==The Project==
The West Bengal Power Development Corporation Ltd is a Government of West Bengal owned enterprise entrusted with thermal and solar power generation and supply maintaining environmental aspects and social responsibilities. WBPDCL are in Kolaghat (210 MWx4), Bakreswar (210 MWx5) Sagardighi (300MWx2+500MWx2+660MWx1 {under construction}), Santaldihi (250 MWx2) and Bandel (60MWx2+215MWx1)l. The registered & Corporate Office of The WBPDCL is at Bidyut Unnyan Bhaban, Plot– 3/C, LA-Block, Sector-III, SaltLake City, Kolkata-700106.
The foundation stone of Sagardighi Thermal Power Plant (Sg.T.P.P) laid by Former Chief Minister of West Bengal Mr. Buddhadeb Bhattacharya in the year of 2008 at surrounding an area of about 765 Hectors of land, located at Manigram Village, 13 KM north of Sagardighi town by the side of Sagardighi-Manigram-Gankar– Raghunathganj Road at a distance 20 KM from National Highway 34 in Murshidabad District, West Bengal and around 240 KM from Kolkata. The nearest rail station is Manigram on Bandel– Barhawara branch line and 6.5 KM from Sagardighi Railway Station on Sainthia– Azimgunj line of Eastern Railway.
In the first phase, two units of 300 MW each were synchronized on 21.12.2007 and 13.08.2008 respectively. The Main Plant Package was awarded to DEC, China. For Second Phase, the Main Plant Package was awarded to BHEL. In the second phase, two units of 500 MW each were synchronized on 31.03.2015 and 15.10.2015 respectively. The 3rd phase Unit of 660 MW is going to be completed shortly. Seriously considering alternative Green sources largest floating Solar Power Plant to be set up at Sg.T.P.P and accordingly project execution is under progress. Sg.T.P.P evacuate power through existing Grid system in Sagardighi, Subhasgram, Farakka, Baharampur, Gokarna and Jeerat.
Coal Linkage is made with Captive Coal Mines Pachawar North and East of Damagaria Coal Mines. Raw water is primarily obtained from nearest Bhagirathi River and fed at raw water pond inside the plant.
Consecutive last few years Sg.T.P.P generating more Power and achieved the position of 5th Best Power Generating plant in India declared by Central Electricity Authority for the year 2022-2023.
The project was developed by the Chinese firm, [[Dongfang Electric Corporation]], at a cost of [[Rs.]] 27.50 billion.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.projectstoday.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?Nid=22490 | title = Sagardighi power plant to begin generation by August | publisher = Projects Today, 17 July 2008 | access-date = 14 February 2009}}</ref> The power plant had provided employment for about 2,000 people. The state government had acquired {{convert|1600|acres}} of land without resistance.2×300 MW & 2×500 MW total generation now is 1600. Another 1×660 MW is planned for which EPC contract has been to awarded to public sector engineering major [[BHEL]] at cost of around INR 3500 crore.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/bhel-bags-rs-3500-cr-for-setting-up-660-mw-supercritical-thermal-power-plant-in-west-bengal-118123100243_1.html | title= BHEL bags Rs 3500 cr for setting up 660 MW Supercritical Thermal Power Plant in West Bengal | date=31 December 2018 | newspaper=Business Standard | access-date=7 September 2019 }}</ref>

==Gallary==
[[File:Sgtpp1.jpg|thumb|Image]]
[[File:Sgtpp2.jpg|thumb|Image]]
[[File:Sgtpp3.jpg|thumb|Image]]
[[File:Sgtpp4.jpg|thumb|Image]]
[[File:Sgtpp5.jpg|thumb|Image]]
[[File:Sgtpp7.jpg|thumb|Image]]
[[File:Sgtpp8.jpg|thumb|Image]]
[[File:Sgtpp10.jpg|thumb|Image]]
[[File:Sgtpp11.jpg|thumb|Image]]

== Capacity ==
The Thermal Power Station has a planned capacity of 1600 MW; 2 units of 300 MW each and 2 units of 500 MW each.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| 1 || 300 || 2008 September || Commissioned
|-
| 2 || 300 || 2008 November || Commissioned
|-
| 3 || 500 || 2015 December || Commissioned <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bhel-commissions-thermal-unit-in-west-bengal-115121500883_1.html|title=Bhel commissions thermal unit in West Bengal|agency=Press Trust of India|date=15 December 2015|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || 500 || 2017 January || Commissioned <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netindian.in/news/business-economy/bhel-commissions-500-mw-thermal-unit-west-bengal|title=BHEL commissions 500 MW thermal unit in West Bengal|first=NetIndian|last=News Network|website=NetIndian}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || 660 || Work in progress (expected 2023 end)|| EPC awarded to [[BHEL]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/bhel-bags-rs-3500-crore-order-for-west-bengal-supercritical-power-plant/67319825|title=BHEL bags Rs 3,500 crore order for West Bengal supercritical power plant - ET EnergyWorld|website=ETEnergyworld.com}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portalbar|India|Energy}}
{{Power Plants of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in West Bengal]]

Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian

2026-02-12T03:13:50Z

AbbieLongoria3: Added a post

{{short description|Indian geneticist and ecologist (born 1939)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1939|6|15}}
| birth_place = [[Palamedu]], [[Madurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Bioenergetics]] | [[Animal ecology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Bangalore University]] | [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] | [[Columbia University]] | [[Ghent University]] | [[Oxford University]] | [[University of South Carolina]] | Ecology Institute, Germany | [[Kyoto University]] | [[MS Swaminathan Research Foundation]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] | [[Kiel University]] | Biologische Anstalt Helgoland }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Sexuality, Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation in fish
| awards = 1978 [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute|IARI]] Hooker Award 1984 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] 1985 ECI Prize 1991 [[WorldFish]] Naga Award 1994 Bahl Memorial Gold Medal 1997 Tamil Nadu Scientist Award
}}

'''Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian''' (born 15 June 1939), a retired professor of [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] (MKU), is an Indian geneticist and ecologist, known for his pioneering studies in [[bioenergetics]] and [[animal ecology]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=226 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> A recipient of the [[WorldFish]] Naga Award, he is a former chairman of the ''Task Force Committee on Aqua and Marine Biotechnology'' of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India,<ref name="List of Members Task Force Committee">{{cite web | url=http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/List-of-Members-Task-Force-Committee.pdf | title=List of Members Task Force Committee | publisher=Department of Biotechnology | date=2016 | access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> a former president and a fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] and an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]].<ref name="T J Pandian on National Institute of Oceanography">{{cite web | url=http://www.nio.org/nio/uploadevents/195_0_Prof_Pandian_Lecture_Abst.pdf | title=T J Pandian on National Institute of Oceanography | publisher=National Institute of Oceanography | work=Scientist profile | date=2016 | access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1984, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Chennai Presidency College Main.jpg|thumb|235px|[[Presidency College, Chennai]].]]
Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian, born on 15 June 1939 in [[Palamedu]], a small town in [[Madurai district]] of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]] to Kumarasamy Thavamani and Valliammal couple, graduated in science from [[Thiagarajar College]], [[Madurai]] in 1960 and completed his master's degree from [[Presidency College, Chennai]] in 1962, both the colleges affiliated to [[Madras University]], before securing a doctoral degree (PhD) in 1965 from the same university.<ref name="Fellow profile - National Academy of Agricultural Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/detail.php?id=329 | title=Fellow profile - National Academy of Agricultural Sciences | publisher=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> His post-doctoral studies were at Bilogische Anstalt, Helgoland, Germany and he obtained the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences ([[Dr. rer. nat.]]) from [[Kiel University]] in 1968. Returning to India, he started his career at [[Bangalore University]] as a lecturer in 1968 and moved to his home town in 1971 to join [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] as a reader where he served till his superannuation, holding positions of a professor (1976–92) and a senior professor (1994–95).<ref name="Indian Fellow - Pandian">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N87-0972 | title=Indian Fellow - Pandian | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> In between, he served as a visiting scientist at [[Oxford University]] (1973), as a visiting professor at [[Columbia University]] and [[University of South Carolina]] (1981–82), as an overseas associate at [[Kyoto University]] (1989) and as a UNESCO lecturer at [[Ghent University]] (2003–04). Post his superannuation, he held the position of a National Professor of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] from 1996 to 2002, an Emeritus Scientist of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] from 2002 to 2005 and an [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] senior scientist from 2005 to 2009.{{Refn|group=note|Based at [[Annamalai University]]}} He has chaired the ''Task Force Committee on Aqua and Marine Biotechnology'' of the [[Department of Biotechnology]]<ref name="List of Members Task Force Committee" /> and is associated with Ecology Institute, Germany as a visiting scientist since 1985 and with [[MS Swaminathan Research Foundation]] as a visiting professor since 1996.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Pandian" /> He also served the councils of the Indian National Science Academy in 1990 and National Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 1998 to 2000.<ref name="Fellow profile - National Academy of Agricultural Sciences" />

Pandian is married to Muthu Shanthakumari and the couple has a son, Sathish Kinne Pandian who is a urologist.<ref name="Sathish Kinne Pandian">{{cite web | url=http://www.mciindia.org/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=338973 | title=Sathish Kinne Pandian | publisher=Medical Council of India | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> The family lives in Madurai.<ref name="Fellow profile - National Academy of Agricultural Sciences" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Ameiurus melas by Duane Raver.png|thumb|left|A species of catfish ([[Ameiurus melas]])]]
Pandian's early work was in the field of [[bioenergetics]] and focusing on metabolism, he developed a model for predicting the transformation of food energy into growth.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=28 September 2016 | pages=33}}</ref> He published his research findings in ''Marine Biology'' journal of [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] in an article, ''Intake, digestion, absorption and conversion of food in the fishes Megalops cyprinoides and Ophiocephalus striatus'', which eventually became a citation classic.<ref name="Intake, digestion, absorption and conversion of food in the fishes Megalops cyprinoides and Ophiocephalus striatus">{{cite journal | url=http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1983/A1983RK20200001.pdf | title=Intake, digestion, absorption and conversion of food in the fishes Megalops cyprinoides and Ophiocephalus striatus | author=Pandian T. J. | journal=Marine Biology | date=October 1983 | volume=1 | pages=16–32 | doi=10.1007/bf00346690| s2cid=83957482 }}</ref> Subsequently, shifting his attention to the sexuality of fish, he demonstrated that the sperm survived in [[catfish]] for over 240 days if they were preserved at -20o degree Celsius and could still be fertilized, a discovery which had commercial relevance in places where [[liquid nitrogen]] is not easily available.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Pandian" /> Later, he created the first [[transgenic]] fish from preserved sperm and genome-inactivated eggs of compatible species which helped him to generate ''interspecific and intergeneric [[androgenetic]] clones''. Furthering the researches, he created ''supermales'' (with YY chromosomes) of [[tilapia]], [[Barb (fish)|barbs]] and [[guppy|guppies]] (Poecilia reticulata) and ''superfemales'' (ZZ) in molly ([[Poecilia sphenops]]) species, reportedly for the first time in India.<ref name="T J Pandian on National Institute of Oceanography" /> He used these monosex organisms to mass-produce monosex progenies in catfish. He is also credited with the cloning and production of fish-based ''[[growth hormone]] gene transformation [[Vector (molecular biology)|vectors]]''<ref name="Year Book entry - NIIST">{{cite web | url=http://www.niist.res.in/english/wp-content/files/SampleYearBookEntry.pdf | title=Year Book entry - NIIST | publisher=National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016 | archive-date=16 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116160112/http://www.niist.res.in/english/wp-content/files/SampleYearBookEntry.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> and with the restoration of [[rosy barb]] species using preserved sperms and genome-inactivated eggs of [[tiger barb]].<ref name="T J Pandian on National Institute of Oceanography" /> His researches are documented in a number of books which include ''Animal Energetics: Bivalvia through reptilia'',<ref name="Pandian1987">{{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Animal Energetics: Bivalvia through reptilia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GIXAQAAIAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-544792-8}}</ref> ''Animal Energetics: Protozoa through insecta'',<ref name="PandianVernberg1987">{{cite book|author1=T. J. Pandian|author2=F. John Vernberg|title=Animal Energetics: Protozoa through insecta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpjwAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-544791-1}}</ref> ''Sex Determination in Fish'',<ref name="Pandian2011">{{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Sex Determination in Fish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAjSBQAAQBAJ|date=2 September 2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-7919-1}}</ref> ''Genetic Sex Differentiation in Fish'',<ref name="Pandian2012">{{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Genetic Sex Differentiation in Fish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EZvJQwsJBgC|date=5 June 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-57808-799-0}}</ref> ''Environmental Sex Differentiation in Fish''<ref name="Pandian2014">{{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Environmental Sex Differentiation in Fish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtfMBQAAQBAJ|date=22 December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-5438-9}}</ref> and ''Reproduction and Development in Crustacea'',<ref name="Pandian2016">{{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Reproduction and Development in Crustacea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LML1CwAAQBAJ|date=5 April 2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4987-4829-2}}</ref> and over 250 science articles; [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific papers, has listed 133 of them.<ref name="T. J. Pandian on ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/50358788_Thavamani_Jegajothivel_Pandian | title=T. J. Pandian on ResearchGate | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref>

Pandian was one among the biologists who founded the Asian Fisheries Society (AFS), a non-profit scientific society for the promotion of fisheries and aquaculture, in 1984 and sat in its fourth council from 1992 to 1995.<ref name="Fourth Council (1992-1995)">{{cite web | url=http://www.asianfisheriessociety.org/council.php?id=23 | title=Fourth Council (1992-1995) | publisher=Asian Fisheries Society | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> He is a former member of the governing body of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] and the academic councils of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] and the [[Central Institute of Fisheries Education]].<ref name="Indian Fellow - Pandian" /> He has been associated with several science journals including ''Journal of Asian Fisheries Science'', [[Hydrobiologia]], [[Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology]], [[Marine Ecology Progress Series]], ''Indian Journal of Marine Sciences'' and ''Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research'' and is a former associate editor of [[Current Science]], consultant editor of ''Korean Journal of Aquaculture'' and a guest editor of Current Science and Hydrobiologia. He coordinated the USERS Project of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] during 2012–14<ref name="Fellow profile - National Academy of Agricultural Sciences" /> and has mentored 36 scholars in their doctoral researches.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Pandian" /> He is also a Member of the Governing Council and an Advisor of the ''Centre for Scientific & Applied Research'' of PSN College of Engineering and Technology, [[Tirunelveli]]<ref name="Mentors and Resource Persons">{{cite web | url=http://www.psnresearch.ac.in| title=Mentors and Resource Persons | publisher=PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> and the ''Inspire Internship Camp'' of Velammal Institute of Technology, Panchetti<ref name="Inspire Internship Camp">{{cite web | url=http://www.velammalitech.edu.in/pdf/INSPIRE_2015_Mentors.pdf | title=Inspire Internship Camp | publisher=Velammal Institute of Technology | date=2015 | access-date=1 October 2016 | archive-date=26 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126114055/http://www.velammalitech.edu.in/pdf/INSPIRE_2015_Mentors.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="‘Inspire’ science camp from Monday">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/inspire-science-camp-from-monday/article6346033.ece | title='Inspire' science camp from Monday | work=The Hindu | date=24 August 2014 | access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> and he has attended several seminars and conferences to deliver keynote addresses,<ref name="Guest Lecture-Cancer Genetics - Role of the Laboratory">{{cite web | url=http://www.drngpasc.ac.in/clinical/activities.php | title=Guest Lecture-Cancer Genetics - Role of the Laboratory | publisher=Dr.N.G.P. Arts and Science College | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016 | archive-date=25 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325115848/http://www.drngpasc.ac.in/clinical/activities.php | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Frontier Lecture">{{cite web | url=http://universityofcalicut.info/news/frontier_lect_dept_zoology.pdf | title=Frontier Lecture | publisher=University of Calicut | date=March 2014 | access-date=1 October 2016 | archive-date=26 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126113913/http://universityofcalicut.info/news/frontier_lect_dept_zoology.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> notably the National Seminar on Sustainability of Seafood Production in 2006<ref name="National Seminar on Sustainability of Seafood Production">{{cite web | url=http://www.nio.org/index/option/com_eventdisplay/task/view/tid/4/sid/114/eid/39 | title=National Seminar on Sustainability of Seafood Production | publisher=National Institute of Oceanography | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> and the CSIR Foundation Day lecture in 2012.<ref name="CSIR Foundation Day lecture">{{cite web | url=http://www.nio.org/index/option/com_eventdisplay/task/view/tid/4/sid/24/eid/195 | title=CSIR Foundation Day lecture | publisher=National Institute of Oceanography | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Pandian, who held the National Lectureship and the National Fellowship of the [[University Grants Commission of India]] during 1985–86 and 1989–91 respectively, received the Hooker Award of the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] in 1978.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Pandian" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1984 for his contributions to bioenergetics and animal ecology.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> The next year, he received the ECI Prize of the Ecology Institute where he has been serving as an adviser since then.<ref name="ECI Prize ">{{cite web | url=https://www.int-res.com/ecology-institute/staff/ | title=ECI Prize | publisher=Ecology Institute | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> [[WorldFish]] awarded him the Naga Award in 1991 and three years later, he received the 1994 K.N. Bahl Memorial Gold Medal of the Society of Biosciences, Delhi.<ref name="Year Book entry - NIIST" /> The [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] selected him as National Professor in 1996{{Refn|group=note|ICAR National Professorship was from 1996 to 2002}} and the Council for Science and Technology of the Government of Tamil Nadu chose him for the Tamil Nadu Scientist Award in 1997.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Pandian" />

Pandian is an elected fellow of a number of major Indian science academies. The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as a fellow in 1984<ref name="NASI fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=P | title=NASI fellows | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=30 September 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044529/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=P | url-status=dead }}</ref> and he became a fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, the next year.<ref name="Fellow Profile IAS">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Pandian,_Prof._Thavamani_Jegajothivel | title=Fellow Profile IAS | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> Two years later, he was elected as a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, which was followed by his election as fellow by the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] in 1992. In 1999, he received the fellowship of [[The World Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="T J Pandian - TWAS fellow">{{cite web | url=http://twas.org/member/pandian-thavamani-jegajothivel | title=T J Pandian - TWAS fellow | publisher=The World Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Animal Energetics: Bivalvia through reptilia|year=1987|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-544792-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=T. J. Pandian|author2=F. John Vernberg|title=Animal Energetics: Protozoa through insecta|year=1987|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-544791-1}}
* {{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Fish Genetics and Aquaculture Biotechnology|date=2 January 2005|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=9781578083725}}
* {{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Sexuality in Fishes|date=20 July 2010|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=9781578086856}}
* {{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Sex Determination in Fish|date=2 September 2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-7919-1}}
* {{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Genetic Sex Differentiation in Fish|date=5 June 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-57808-799-0}}
* {{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Endocrine Sex Differentiation in Fish|date=26 February 2013|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781466575608}}
* {{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Environmental Sex Differentiation in Fish|date=22 December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-5438-9}}
* {{cite book|author=T. J. Pandian|title=Reproduction and Development in Crustacea|date=5 April 2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4987-4829-2}}

=== Articles ===
* {{cite journal | title=Intake, digestion, absorption and conversion of food in the fishes Megalops cyprinoides and Ophiocephalus striatus | author=Pandian T. J. | journal=Marine Biology | date=October 1983 | volume=1 | pages=16–32|doi=10.1007/bf00346690| s2cid=83957482 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Effect on growth and reproduction of hormone immersed and masculinized fighting fish Betta splendens. | author=Santhakumar Kirankumar, Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian | journal=J. Exp. Zool. | date=October 2002 | volume=293 | issue=6 | pages=606–16 | doi=10.1002/jez.10181| pmid=12410610 | bibcode=2002JEZ...293..606K }}
* {{cite journal | title=Growth enhancement and food conversion efficiency of transgenic fish Labeo rohita. |author1=Venugopal Thayanithy |author2=Thayanithy Venugopal |author3=Vikas Anathy |author4=Santhakumar Kirankumar |author5=Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian | journal=J Exp Zool A | date=June 2004 | volume=301 | issue=6 | pages=477–90|doi=10.1002/jez.a.78 |pmid=15181642 |bibcode=2004JEZ...301..477V }}
* {{cite journal | title=Production and progeny testing of androgenetic rosy barb Puntius conchonius. | author=Santhakumar Kirankumar, Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian | journal=J Exp Zool A | date=December 2004 | volume=301 | issue=12 | pages=938–51| doi=10.1002/jez.a.117 | pmid=15562453 | bibcode=2004JEZ...301..938K }}
* {{cite journal | title=GFP reporter gene confirms paternity in the androgenote Buenos Aires tetra, Hemigrammus caudovittatus. | author=Clifton Justin David, Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian | journal=J Exp Zool A | date=January 2006 | volume=305 | issue=1 | pages=83–95| doi=10.1002/jez.a.247 | pmid=16358274 | bibcode=2006JEZA..305...83D }}
* {{cite journal | title=Endosulfan suppresses growth and reproduction in zebrafish | author=Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian | journal=Current Science | date=April 2008 | volume=94 | issue=7}}

== See also ==
* [[Bioenergetics]]
* [[Transgene]]
{{portal|India|Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.int-res.com/discussion-forums/esep-discussion-forum-1/ | title=Contribution 2 | publisher=The Biologische Anstalt Helgoland | work=Review | date=December 2000 | access-date=1 October 2016 | author=T. J. Pandian}}
* {{cite web | url=http://kosficfile.chonnam.ac.kr/proceeding/104/1040000003.pdf | title=Asian Aquaculture Journals: Problems and Possibilities | publisher=Journal of Korean Aquaculture | work=Article | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016 | author=T. J. Pandian | archive-date=26 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126164248/http://kosficfile.chonnam.ac.kr/proceeding/104/1040000003.pdf | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=T+J+Pandian&qt=results_page | title=T. J. Pandian on WorldCat | publisher=WorldCat | work=Listing | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n86011421.html | title=Pandian, T. J. on Library of Congress | publisher=Library of Congress | work=Name authority file | date=2016 | access-date=1 October 2016}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandian, Thavamani Jegajothivel}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian marine biologists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Indian ecologists]]
[[Category:Indian botanical writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:People from Madurai district]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of Kiel alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Bangalore University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Madurai Kamaraj University]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:University of South Carolina faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kyoto University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Ghent University]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Aquaculture in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]

Saeeda Faiz

2026-02-10T03:15:04Z

AbbieLongoria3: Added new pg!

{{more citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Saeeda Faiz
|image = Saeeda_Faiz.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1925|6|9}}
|birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|9|14|1925|6|9}}
|death_place =
|death_cause =
|other_names = Saeeda Adami, Aapa
|known_for = * Teacher in Government Girls' School, Basti
* Principal of Government Girls Inter College, Ghazipur
* Founder Manager of Shah Faiz Public School, Ghazipur
|education =
|employer =
|occupation = Educationist, social reformer
|spouse = [[Shah Abul Faiz]]
|parents = Sulaiman Adami (father), Mariam Adami (mother)
|relatives =
}}

'''Muhtarame Saida Faiz Sahiba''' ({{langx|hi|स्व॰ सईदा फैज}}, {{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محترمہ سعیدہ فیض صاحب}}}}; 9 June 1925 – 14 September 2010) was an educationalist and social reformer from [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She actively participated in educational reforms, especially for women in Ghazipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Mother Mariam Global School |url=https://mmgs.edu.in/about-us/index.php |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=mmgs.edu.in}}</ref>

==Early life==
Saeeda Faiz was the eldest among her other five sisters and two brothers. Her father, Mohammad Sulaiman Adami and her mother, Mariam Adami were natives of [[Gorakhpur]], Uttar Pradesh. Her father was a [[freedom fighter]] and his patriotism made him popular in pre-independent India. Faiz grew up in an Indian society that still held on to [[Discrimination|discriminatory beliefs]] regarding female education and freedom. But amidst widespread social prejudices against women education, her parents were determined to provide her best of education.

==Education==
Saeeda Faiz acquired her higher education in [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Aligarh]], Uttar Pradesh and obtained a degree of M.A., B.T.

==Career==
After completing her education, she worked as a teacher in Government Girls' School, [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]]. Later, she served as a lecturer and after that as a Principal in many Government Girls' Inter Colleges of Uttar Pradesh and finally retired as Principal from Government Girls' Inter College, Ghazipur in 1985.

In 1962, Saeeda Faiz was married to Shah Abul Faiz. After marriage, Faiz began her career as a Principal in Government Girls' Inter College, Ghazipur. Shah Abul Faiz hails from Ghazipur. He was highly respected in the city and achieved the position of an M.L.A. in 1974. He had a dream to start a school in the city, but he died in 1984 due to poor health. Faiz decided to fulfill the desire of her husband. She founded a small school beginning from classes L.K.G. to III near her own home, in Mianpura, Ghazipur in 1985. She named the school, Shah Faiz Memorial School, after her husband and later obtained its affiliation from the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]]. The school was later renamed to Shah Faiz Public School after its affiliation.

==Honors and awards==
[[File:Saeeda Faiz Best Educationalist 2009.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|Saeeda Faiz receiving Best Educationalist Award-2009 by [[National Solidarity Council]], [[New Delhi]]]]
Faiz achieved Best Educationalist Award-2009 by [[National Solidarity Council]], [[New Delhi]] for the upliftment of the society and encouraging education in Ghazipur.

==Biography==
A book called ''Saeeda Faiz - An Inspiration'' was published in 2010 recording all the works and life of Saeeda Faiz by multiple authors describing her works, inspirations and experiences received from her in their own words. The book was published by Educational Development Forum, Ghazipur in 2010. Dr. Nadeem Adami is the patron of the book. The chief editor of the book is Dr.(Er.) K.P. Tiwari and the editor is Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui. There are six associate editors: Atia Adami, Dr. Meena Adami, Dr. Uma Sharma, Waqim F. Rahman, and Mohammad Saleen.

==See also==
* [[Ghazipur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faiz, Saeeda}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Women autobiographers]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]

P. V. Manoranjan Rao

2026-02-09T06:01:33Z

AbbieLongoria3: Stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. V. Manoranjan Rao
| image = P._V._Manoranjan_Rao.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1936|12|07}}
| birth_place = [[Nellore]]
| occupation = Scientist, writer
| yearsactive = 1962–present
| alma_mater = [[PhD.|Doctor of Philosophy]] ([[University of Calcutta]])
| notable_works = [[Ever Upwards: ISRO in Images]], [[From Fishing Hamlet To Red Planet]], 50 Years of Space: A Global Perspective, [[A Brief History of Rocketry in ISRO]]
}}
'''P. V. Manoranjan Rao''' is a veteran space scientist and author from India. In his career spanning over three decades — including over two decades at the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://seminar.vssc.gov.in/Employeeportal/pagContact.php?empcode=VS23518|title=VSSC Retired Employees Portal :: FeedBack|website=seminar.vssc.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref> — he has done extensive research in areas including the physics of [[Lightning#Discharge|lightning discharge]], [[Ionosphere|ionospheric physics]], [[Magnetosphere|magnetospheric physics]], [[Very low frequency|VLF]] and [[Extremely low frequency|ELF]] [[wave propagation]], [[electrostatics]] of [[launch vehicle]]s, electrostatic charging of [[communications satellite]]s, [[Electromagnetic interference|EMI]]/[[Electromagnetic compatibility|EMC]] and [[lightning]] protection for launch vehicles. He has edited and authored three books on India's space history.

==Early life==
After completing his [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[Physics]] from [[Hindu College (Guntur)]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 1956, Manoranjan Rao did his [[Master of Science]] in Physics from [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1958.

==Career==
During 1959–1961, Manoranjan Rao did research in [[theoretical physics]] at the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] in [[Kolkata]]. This was followed by research stints (1962–1968) on the physics of lightning at the [[University College of Science, Technology & Agriculture|University College of Science]] and [[Bose Institute]] under the eminent [[physicist]] Prof. Satish Ranjan Khastgir.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.358|title=Report|last=India|first=Bose Research Institute (Calcutta|date=1967-01-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlpGAAAAYAAJ|title=Remote Sensing of Earth Resources: A Literature Survey with Indexes|last=Facility|first=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|date=1970-01-01|publisher=Scientific and Technical Information Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; [available from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va.]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMFBAQAAIAAJ|title=Indian Science Abstracts|date=1969-01-01|publisher=Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre.|language=en}}</ref> In 1968, he was awarded a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in Physics by the [[University of Calcutta]]. In 1969, he moved to Kuden-kenkyujo, Toyokawa, [[Japan]] to continue with his research on [[atmospheric electricity]] and lightning physics at the [[Nagoya University]]. After spending a year in Japan, Manoranjan Rao joined the [[National Physical Laboratory of India]] for a brief stint. Later, at [[Banaras Hindu University]], he worked on [[Whistler (radio)|whistler]] phenomenon, which led to his research on very low frequency (VLF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) propagation in the [[magnetosphere]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=50 Years of Space: A Global Perspective|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=9788173716003|editor-last=Manoranjan Rao|editor-first=P. V.|edition=First|location=Hyderabad|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/Brief-History-Rocketry-ISRO-ebook/dp/B008SC4FM6|title=A Brief History of Rocketry in ISRO|last1=Rao|first1=PV Manoranjan|last2=Radhakrishnan|first2=P.|date=2012-08-02|publisher=Universities Press|language=English}}</ref>

He left [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1973 to join the Space Physics Division (SPD) at [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC), [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/satish-dhawan-the-gentle-colossus/article24715.ece|title=Satish Dhawan — the gentle colossus|date=2009-09-24|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref>

He has 31 publications in various journals,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&q=manoranjan+rao&btnG=|title=manoranjan rao - Google Scholar|website=scholar.google.co.in|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-U7yAAAAMAAJ&q=%2522manoranjan+rao%2522|title=Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics|date=1963-01-01|publisher=Council of Scientific & Industrial Research|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4BGAAAAYAAJ|title=Progress in Geophysics|date=1973-01-01|publisher=Geophysics Research Board.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFUK7QkqAogC|title=Radio Science|date=1968-01-01|publisher=American Geophysical Union|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3V4EAAAAIAAJ|title=Transactions of the Bose Research Institute|last=India|first=Bose Research Institute (Calcutta|date=1968-01-01|publisher=Bose Research Institute.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpDAQAAIAAJ|title=International Aerospace Abstracts|date=1971-01-01|publisher=Technical Information Service, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8PyAAAAMAAJ|title=Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity|date=1974-01-01|publisher=Society of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity of Japan|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJwsAQAAMAAJ|title=Readings in Remote Sensing Applications|date=1992-01-01|publisher=Scientific Publishers|isbn=9788172330408|language=en}}</ref> Indian and international, and has authored 8 technical reports internal to the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]. Over 20 of his articles have been published in newspapers and magazines,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/18/stories/2002111801050200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030505053005/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/18/stories/2002111801050200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-05-05|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=When Thumba took off|date=2002-11-18|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X94xAQAAIAAJ|title=Manorama Year Book|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Manorama Publishing House.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/satish-dhawan-the-gentle-colossus/article24715.ece|title=Satish Dhawan — the gentle colossus|date=2009-09-24|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref> and he is quoted often in the media on matters related to the history of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/news/sep/29pslv.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: India stuns the world|website=m.rediff.com|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Space-scientists-recall-Mrinalini-with-her-husband-Vikram-Sarabhai/articleshow/50699664.cms|title=Space scientists recall Mrinalini with her husband Vikram Sarabhai - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9AiAQAAMAAJ|title=Business India|date=1994-11-01|publisher=A. H. Advani|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reflections-shivanand.blogspot.in/2007_10_03_archive.html|title=reflections: 3 Oct, 2007|website=reflections-shivanand.blogspot.in|access-date=2016-08-28}}</ref>

He was the founder-editor of ''Countdown'', the in-house journal of [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|VSSC]], and ''Space India'', the in-house journal of the ISRO, from their inception until his retirement. He was also instrumental in reviving the ISRO's Space Museum in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He has written the script for over a dozen documentaries highlighting the VSSC's achievements. At the time of his retirement from theVSSC, he was part of VSSC Management Council, the apex body that works with the centre director in the overall management of the centre.

He retired from ISRO in 1996 as the Group Director of the Programme Planning and Evaluation Group at VSSC.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/nitcs-tathva-08-from-today/article1361832.ece|title=NIT-C's 'Tathva 08' from today|date=2008-10-23|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X94xAQAAIAAJ|title=Manorama Year Book|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Manorama Publishing House.|language=en}}</ref>

After his retirement from VSSC, he has worked on the lightning protection systems at [[Software Technology Parks of India|STPI]] Earth Station, [[Technopark, Trivandrum]] and the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] launchpad at [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]. He also continued with his contributions to ISRO's Space Museum even after retirement — he wrote the content for the museum display panels.

He was the Editor-in-Chief of ''50 Years of Space: A Global Perspective'', a publication that commemorated 50 years of the [[Sputnik 1]] launch and the 58th [[International Astronautical Congress]] (Hyderabad, 2007).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/half-a-century-of-space-exploration/article2267178.ece|title=Half a century of space exploration|date=2007-10-30|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=50 Years of Space: A Global Perspective|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=9788173716003|editor-last=Rao|editor-first=P. V. Manoranjan|edition=First|location=Hyderabad|language=English}}</ref> Along with P. Radhakrishnan, a former space scientist, Dr. Rao co-authored ''A Brief History of Rocketry in ISRO'', published in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article554876.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706035731/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article554876.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 July 2012|title=The ups and downs of ISRO|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/award-for-book-by-isro-former-scientists/article6298641.ece|title=Award for book by ISRO former scientists|date=2014-08-09|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/this-is-indias-rocket-science/article3828527.ece|title=This is India's rocket science|date=2012-08-27|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-28}}</ref> This book won the Engineering Sciences Book award for 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iaaweb.org/content/view/144/244/|title=International Academy of Astronautics|website=iaaweb.org|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref> from the Paris-based [[International Academy of Astronautics]] (IAA).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/award-for-book-by-isro-former-scientists/article6298641.ece|title=Award for book by ISRO former scientists|date=2014-08-09|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref>

He was the Chief Editor of ''[[From Fishing Hamlet To Red Planet]]'', a compendium of articles on the history of the Indian Space Research Organisation <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/space/isro-releases-book-on-indian-space-programme_1818798.html|title=ISRO releases book on Indian Space Programme|date=2015-11-05|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/fishing-hamlet-to-red-planet-download-e-book|title=Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet-Download the E-book - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-27|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811055848/http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/fishing-hamlet-to-red-planet-download-e-book|url-status=dead}}</ref> and its sequel ''[[Ever Upwards: ISRO in Images]]'', both considered to be the authorized and official history of [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manoranjan Rao, P. V.}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]

Bhubanananda Odisha School of Engineering, Cuttack

2026-01-22T07:31:00Z

AbbieLongoria3: enhanced content further and added references based on references

{{Short description|Engineering school in Odisha, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Bhubanananda Odisha School of Engineering, Cuttack
| image = BOSELogo.svg
| established = 1923
| type = Public
| principal = Gyanaranjan Ray
| city = [[Cuttack]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|20.4771|85.8941|region:IN-OR_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban, {{cvt|44|acre}}
| address = S.C.B. Medical Road, Cuttack
| other_name = BOSE
| academic_affiliations = [[SCTE & VT]], [[AICTE]], [[Directorate of Technical Education & Training, Odisha|DTET]]
| website = {{URL|www.bosecuttack.in}}
}}

'''Bhubanananda Odisha School of Engineering''' ('''BOSE''') ([[Odia language|Odia]]: '''ଭୁବନାନନ୍ଦ ଓଡିଶା ଯାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ, କଟକ''') is the oldest diploma engineering school in Odisha. It is located in [[Cuttack]], Odisha, India.

Founded in 1923 as Orissa School of Engineering. It initially offered civil engineering; mechanical engineering and electrical engineering were introduced later. It currently offers a three-year diploma in engineering in eight disciplines.

==History==
The Cuttack Survey School 1876 — later renamed to Orissa School of Engineering — was established as the first technical school in the state. The conversation of School of Engineering happened in 1923. This is the oldest technical institute in the state.

Prior to 1923, there was no scope of technical education in Orissa. Students were going to Bihar School of Engineering for Diploma courses. On elevation of Bihar School of Engineering to Bihar Engineering College, Orissa School of Engineering was established in 1923 at Cuttack under Bihar-Orissa Government.

After World War II in 1939 and during Japanese aggression in 1942, Orissa School of Engineering trained more than 1000 war technicians, demobilized soldiers, and industrial trainees. The institute was centre of war efforts in the Eastern Region. Lord Wavell, the then Viceroy of India was paying hurricane visits to the institution during the thick of war. Initially technician courses in civil engineering, electrical-mechanical engineering were offered. At a later stage, to meet the industrial demand, diversified courses were introduced under the semester system in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Listed under the design innovation centre of IIT Bhubaneswar |url = http://www.diciitbbs.com/bhubananda-orissa-school-of-engineering-bose-cuttack|website = DIC - IIT Bhubaneswar|access-date = 2019-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Vigilance Awareness Week - 2019 at BOSE, Cuttack|url = https://kalingatv.com/state/ecor-reaches-out-to-schools-colleges-to-spread-vigilance-awareness|website = Kalinga TV| date=24 October 2019 |access-date = 2019-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = BHUBANANANDA ODISHA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, CUTTACK !!! B.O.S.E. !!!|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_heLcr3cEPU|website = Youtube|access-date = 2016-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Find Colleges across India|url = https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/bose-cuttack|website = collegedekho.com|access-date = 2020-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = BOSE|url = http://bosecuttack.com/|website = Official website of BOSE, Cuttack|access-date = 2019-09-28|archive-date = 27 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190927010709/http://bosecuttack.com/|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Courses==
The institute currently offers three year diploma/polytechnic courses in nine disciplines:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome :: Student Academic Management System (SAMS) |url=https://skill.samsodisha.gov.in/Website/Diploma/dipWebCategoryWiseStrength.aspx |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=skill.samsodisha.gov.in}}</ref>

* Civil engineering
* Electrical engineering
* Mechanical engineering
* Electronics & telecommunication engineering
* Automobile engineering
* Computer science and engineering
* Information technology
* Applied electronics and instrumentation engineering
* Automation and robotics

The institute also has a Mathematics and Science Department which provides courses for 1st year students along with advanced mathematics courses for other departments.
Campus Layout: Spread over 44 acre of area near River Mahanadi which covers the main Institution, Separate Boys and Girls Hostel ad Staff Quarters. It has a lush green Play ground which is maintained by Union Sporting Club. This campus also shared by Biju Pattnaik Film and TV Institute of Orissa BPFTIO, a TV and film institute in Eastern India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{SCTE & VT}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Education in Cuttack]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1923]]
[[Category:1923 establishments in India]]

Palakkad Sreeram

2026-01-21T07:10:57Z

AbbieLongoria3: Stub

{{short description|Indian film singer (born 1972)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Palakkad Sreeram
| birth_name = Kavassery Lakshminarayanan Sreeram
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|2|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]]
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = Flute
| years_active = 1996 - present
| image = Palakkad Sreeram Singer.jpg
}}

'''Palakkad Sreeram''' (born 16 February 1972) is an Indian playback singer who predominantly works in Tamil cinema. He is known for his frequent collaborations with [[A. R. Rahman]].

== Early life ==
Sreeram was born on 16 February 1972 in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Iyer]] family to Smt. Jayalaksmi and Sri. K. S. Lakshmi Narayanan in a village [[Kavasseri]] near [[Alathur]], [[Palakkad district]] in [[Kerala]]. He completed his post graduation in Music from Govt. College Chittur, Calicut University and moved to Madras for his musical journey.

== Career ==
Sreeram started learning music under his mother from very young age and also under Sri. Sundareswara bhagavathar, and he had an immense passion on musical instruments.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Suryanarayan|first=Renuka|date=2017-03-30|title=Noteworthy for its novelty|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/palakkad-sreeram-showed-his-skills-in-vocals-on-the-flute-and-keyboard/article17743610.ece|access-date=2020-08-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He owns an audio label Swararnavam,<ref>{{Cite web|title=SREERAM|url=http://nm.carolagrey.de/SREERAM.html|access-date=2020-08-08|website=nm.carolagrey.de}}</ref> and has scored music for two Malayalam films, ''Mazhamegha Pravukal'' and ''[[Melvilasam Sariyanu]]''. He moved to Chennai in 1995 soon after his marriage and he had learnt flute by himself. He made his debut in the film industry as a flutist in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|last=s|first=venkadesan|date=2014-09-09|title=Palghat K.L. Sreeram says music is his mentor|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140908/entertainment-tvmusic/article/palghat-kl-sreeram-says-music-his-mentor|access-date=2020-08-08|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=K.ganapathi|date=2018-06-14|title=Full of tonal vigour|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/palakkad-kl-sreeram-showcased-his-musical-acumen-at-a-concert-in-palakkad/article24143470.ece|access-date=2020-08-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2022, he received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy awards declared |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-sangeetha-nataka-academy-awards-declared/article66675481.ece |access-date=31 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 March 2023 |language=}}</ref>

Sreeram has predominantly worked with composer [[A. R. Rahman]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Palakkad Sreeram|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09j2yvj|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-08|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> singing notable songs such as "Vetri Kodi Kattu" from ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999) and "Liquid Dance" in ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|title=All you want to know about #PalakkadSriram|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/palakkad-sriram.html|access-date=2020-08-08|website=FilmiBeat|language=en}}</ref> He has also worked with [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[Devi Sri Prasad]], among other composers.

== Personal life ==
Sreeram is married to Baby,<ref>{{Cite web|last=cris|date=2018-01-10|title=Baby wants more jobs for artistes|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/100118/baby-wants-more-jobs-for-artistes.html|access-date=2020-08-08|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-12-31/page/80/mode/2up|pages=80–81|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|date=31 December 2000|access-date=16 July 2023|title=வாத்யகலா வல்லவர்!}}</ref> a vocalist and composer,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=Lakshmi|date=2020-02-13|title=Baby Sreeram has a penchant for aesthetics|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/baby-srirams-penchant-for-aesthetics/article30809617.ece|access-date=2020-08-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and they have two children, a son Bharath and a daughter Anagha.

== Discography ==

===As playback singer===
====Tamil songs====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer
!Co-artist(s)
|-
|1998
!''[[Uyire]]'' '''(D)'''
|"Thaiyya Thaiyya"
| rowspan="6" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Malgudi Subha]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |1999
! rowspan="2" |''[[Padayappa]]''
|"Vetri Kodi Kattu"
|
|-
|"Minsara Poove"
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]
|-
!''[[Taj Mahal (1999 film)|Taj Mahal]]''
|"Thirupaachi"
|[[Kalpana Raghavendar]], [[Clinton Cerejo]], Chandran
|-
!''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]''
|"Kadhal Niagara"
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[Anupama (singer)|Anupama]]
|-
|2001
!''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]''
|"Love Check"
|
|-
|2002
!''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]''
|"Ulagame Nee"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|-
|2003
!''[[Saamy]]''
|"Tirunelveli Halwada"
| rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2004
!''[[Kovil (film)|Kovil]]''
|"Arali Vidhaiyil"
|
|-
!''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]''
|"Gaja Varanda"
| rowspan="2" |[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|-
!''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]''
|"Naanga Ninna"
|[[Pop Shalini]], Kalpana Raghavendar
|-
!''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]''
|"Vaanamunna"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
!''[[Arasatchi]]''
|"Kozhaa Puttu Penney"
| rowspan="2" |Harris Jayaraj
|[[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
|-
!''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]''
|"Punnakunnu"
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
!''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]''
|"Neathi Adida Aai"
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|[[Javed Ali]], Gopal Sharma, Kumar, [[Suchitra]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
!''[[Maayavi]]''
|"Tamizh Naattil"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Malathy Lakshman]]
|-
!''[[Sandakozhi]]''
|"Mundasu Sooriyane"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
!''[[Thotti Jaya]]''
|"Yaari Singari"
|Harris Jayaraj
|[[Ceylon Manohar]], Karthik, Srilekha Parthasarathy
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
!''[[Kaalai]]''
|"Veeramulla"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]]
|-
!''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|"Liquid Dance"
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Srimathumitha]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
!''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]''
|"Vaigai Siricha Thoonganagaram"
|[[Sundar C Babu]]
|
|-
!''[[Rowthiram]]''
|Theme Music
|[[Prakash Nikki]]
|
|-
!''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]''
|"Kodiavanin Kadhaya"
|[[Thaman S]]
|MLR Karthikeyan, Malathy Lakshman
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
!''[[Attakathi]]''
|"Podi Vechi Pudippan"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|[[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]], Brinda
|-
!''[[Madhubana Kadai]]''
|"Samarasam Ulavum"
|[[Ved Shankar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
!''[[Annakodi]]''
|"Kola Vaala Edungada"
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|[[A. R. Reihana]], Maya
|-
!''[[Irandaam Ulagam]]''
|"Raakozhi Raakozhi"
|Harris Jayaraj
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
!''[[Vallinam]]''
|"Vallinam"
|Thaman S
|[[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Naveen Madhav
|-
!''[[Poojai]]''
|"Odi Odi"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|
|-
| 2015
!''[[Savaale Samaali]]''
|"Savaale Samaali"
|Thaman S
|
|-
|2017
!''[[Valla Desam]]''
|"Megam Kalaivathillai"
|R. K. Sundar
|
|-
|2022
!''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|"Ratchasa Maamaney"
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], Mahesh Vinayakram
|}

====Kannada songs====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer
!Co-artist(s)
|-
|2016||''Kaala Bhairava''||"Neene Maharaja"||Jassie Gift||
|-
|}
====Malayalam songs====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer
!Language
!Co-artist(s)
|-
|2000
!''[[Thenkasipattanam]]''
|"Kadamizhiyil (Version 2)"
|[[Suresh Peters]]
|Malayalam
|[[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|2001
!''[[Raavanaprabhu]]''
|"Pottukuthedi"
|[[Suresh Peters]]
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2001
!''[[Rakshasa Rajavu]]''
|"Indumathi Ithal"
|[[Mohan Sithara]]
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2012
!''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]''
|"Oh Thingal Pakshi"
|[[Sharreth]]
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2014
!''[[Isaac Newton S/O Philipose]]''
|"Thengum"
|[[Bijibal]]
|Malayalam
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015
! rowspan="2" |''[[The Reporter (film)|The Reporter]]''
|"Ekayayi"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sharreth]]
| rowspan="3" |Malayalam
|-
|"Varmathiye"
|
|-
!''[[KL 10 Patthu]]''
|"Enthaanu Khalbe"
|[[Bijibal]]
|[[Soumya Ramakrishnan]], [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
|2017
!''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]''
|"Kaandil Ellam"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Malayalam
|Pooja, [[Sharanya Srinivas]], [[Blaaze]]
|-
|2018
!''[[Contessa (film)|Contessa]]''
|"Takka Takka"
|Jafriz
|Malayalam
|
|-
|}

====Telugu songs====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer
!Language
!Co-artist(s)
|-
|2004
!''[[Venky]]''
|"Silakemo"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Telugu
|[[Malathy Lakshman]]
|-
|2013
!''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|"Deva Devam"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Telugu
|[[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], Rita
|-
|}
===Albums===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Album
!Song
!Composer
!Language
!Co-artist(s)
|-
|2014
|''Mahalakshmi Kataksham''
|"Khanana Khan Khanita"
|[[M. M. Srilekha]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|2020
|''Soul of Anamika''
|Greesjmame Sakhi
|
|Malayalam
|}

== Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Japan (2023 film)|Japan]]'' || Doctor || Tamil film
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|id=palakkad.sreeram}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreeram, Palakkad}}
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Rajagiri Hospital

2025-12-31T22:38:21Z

AbbieLongoria3: added new entry

{{Primary sources|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Rajagiri Hospital
| org_group = Rajagiri (CMI) group of institutions
| country = India
| founded = 2014
| logo = Rajagiri Hospital logo.png
| logo_size =
| image = Rajagiri Hospital Cochin.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| location = [[Aluva]]
| region = [[Ernakulam]]
| state =
| coordinates =
| healthcare = [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]]
| funding =
| type = Multi-specialty
| affiliation =
| patron =
| network =
| standards =
| emergency =
| helipad =
| beds = 570
| speciality =
| closed =
| demolished =
| website = {{URL|http://www.rajagirihospital.com/}}
| other_links =
| module =
}}
'''Rajagiri Hospital''' is a [[tertiary hospital]] in [[Edathala]], near [[Aluva]], in [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]]. Established in 2014, it is owned and managed by the [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]] group of institutions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rajagirihospital.com/About-Us | title=About Us }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Kochi]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2014]]

Second Lalu Prasad Yadav ministry

2025-12-27T16:37:22Z

AbbieLongoria3: Added new entry!

{{Short description|Government of Bihar, India (1995–1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_number = 26th
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| jurisdiction = [[Bihar]]
| flag = Seal of Bihar.svg
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = File:The Union Minister for Railways, Shri Lalu Prasad addressing the Media to announce a policy matter in New Delhi on September 12, 2004.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| date_formed = 4 April 1995
| date_dissolved = 25 July 1997
| government_head_title = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| government_head = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| deputy_government_head_title =
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Bihar|Governor]]
| state_head = [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai|A. R. Kidwai]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2|border=black}} [[Independent politician|IND]]
| legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = *{{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
*{{Party index link|Samata Party}}
| opposition_leader = [[Sushil Modi]]
| election = [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term = {{ayd|4 April 1995|25 July 1997}}
| previous = [[First Lalu Prasad Yadav ministry|First Lalu ministry]]
| successor = [[First Rabri Devi ministry|First Rabri ministry]]
}}

The '''Second Lalu Prasad Yadav ministry''' was the 26th Council of Ministers in [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] headed by Chief Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2013 |title=Lalu, the milkman's son who rose from clerk to CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lalu-the-milkmans-son-who-rose-from-clerk-to-CM/articleshow/23325515.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003101948/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-01/india/42573630_1_lalu-prasad-fodder-scam-rjd |archive-date=3 October 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==
Source<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar assembly elections 1995, 2000, 2005|url=http://www.bihartimes.in/elect_05/elections.html|access-date=2021-09-23|website=www.bihartimes.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=mediavigil|title=Cabinet Reshuffle in Bihar & at Centre|url=http://www.biharwatch.in/2008/04/cabinet-reshuffle-in-bihar-at-centre.html|access-date=2021-09-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-12-18|title=Profile: Laloo Prasad Yadav|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3514292.stm|access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref>{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|'''Chief Minister''']] Home Affairs General Administration Cabinet Secretariat Vigilance Election Other departments not allotted to any Minister
| minister1 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of finance ministers of Bihar|Finance]] & Commercial Taxes
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Water Resources
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Agriculture
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =[[List of ministers of education of Bihar|Minister of Education]]
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Building Construction
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue & Land Reforms
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Road Construction
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Tourism
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of Health Ministers of Bihar|Minister of Health & Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Health Engineering Department
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Urban Development & Housing
| minister1 = '
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Art, Culture, Youth Affairs & Sports
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Energy
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Excise & Prohibition
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Panchayat Raj
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Rural Development
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Environment & Forest
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Co-operatives
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Food & Civil Supplies
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of ministers of science and technology of Bihar|Minister of Science & Technology]]
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Industry
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Minority Welfare
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Information & Public Relations
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Minor Irrigation
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Sugarcane Industries
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Social Welfare
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Planning & Development
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Law & Justice
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Schedule Caste Welfare
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Extremely Backward Class Welfare
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Animal Husbandry & Fisheries
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour & Employment
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Information Technology
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Mining & Geology
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
| minister2 =
| minister2_termstart =
| minister2_termend =
| minister2_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Disaster Management
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of state in Health & Family Welfare
| minister1 = -
| minister1_termstart = 4 April 1995
| minister1_termend = 25 July 1997
| minister1_party =
}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Bihar]]

Doctor Rakhmabai (film)

2025-12-02T00:09:03Z

AbbieLongoria3: started basic post needs work.

{{short description|Marathi-language biographical drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Doctor Rakhmabai
| image =
| caption = Poster
| writer = [[Bikas Mishra]]
| story = Mohini Varde
| screenplay = [[Bikas Mishra]]
| producer = [[Swapna Patker]]
| director = [[Anant Mahadevan]]
| starring = [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]
| music = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| cinematography = Alphonse Roy
| editing = Anant Mahadevan
| released = {{Film date|2016|09|23|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/doctor-rakhmabai/movieshow/61263904.cms|title=Doctor Rakhmabai Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| gross = {{INR|3.5 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Small budget Big Bonanza: Marathi Cinema shines amidst fierce competition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/small-budget-big-bonanza-marathi-cinema-shines-amidst-fierce-competition/articleshow/112941796.cms |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
}}

'''''Doctor Rakhmabai''''' is a [[List of Marathi films of 2016|2016]] Indian [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]-language [[biographical]] [[drama film]], produced by [[Swapna Patker]] and directed by [[Anant Mahadevan]]. It stars [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Dr. Rakhmabai and the music was composed by [[Rohan-Rohan]]. The film follows the real life story of [[Rukhmabai]] and how she won one of India's first divorce cases and then travelled to the [[United Kingdom]] to get her medical degree to become one of India's first female practicing doctor.

==Cast==
*[[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as [[Rukhmabai|Dr. Rakhmabai]]
*[[Prasad Oak]] as Dr. Sarkharam Arjun
*[[Kavita Lad]] as Jayantibai
*[[Santosh Juvekar]] as Dadaji
*[[Alexx O'Nell]] as Dr. David
*Bharat Dabholkar as Grandfather
*[[Sharad Ponkshe]] as Narayan Dharmaji
*Elena Kasnatcheewa as Dr. Edith
*Bhaktimahednra Pawar as Rakhmabai 11 years old
*Kristen Peterson as Rakhmabais Lawyer
*Aditi Sarangdhar as Vidya Oza

==Film Festivals==
; 2017 IndoGerman Filmweek (DCSAFF)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indogerman-filmweek.de/?p=5144/|title=IGFW 2017|website=|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref>
; 2017 Dallas Fort/Worth South Asian Film Festival (DFWSAFF)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfwsaff.com/doctor-rakhmabai/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822200529/http://www.dfwsaff.com/doctor-rakhmabai|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 August 2017|title=DFWSAFF|website=|access-date=15 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/texas-south-asian-film-fest-line-up-features-marathi-film-doctor-rakhmabai/article_36c1e720-fa0e-11e6-a23c-777d3d39b551.html/|title=Doctor Rakhmabai featured at the Texas South Asian Film Festival|website=|access-date=23 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/dr-rakhmabai-finds-entry-at-dfw-asian-film-fest.php/|title=Doctor Rakhmabai finds entry at DFWSAFF|website=|date=5 March 2017|access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://localprofile.com/2017/01/18/dallas-south-asian-film-festival//|title=2017 Texas South Asian Film Festival|website=|access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref>
; 2017 Marathi International Film Festival (MIFF)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/marathi-international-film-festival-in-stockholm-from-apr-20/entertainment/news/844356.html/|title=MIFF|website=|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>
; 2017 Jagran Film Festival (JFF)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/om-puri-nawaz-and-rajkummar-raos-films-to-screen-at-jff/1087554/|title=Movies to be screened at JFF|website=|access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Aax4UcmkDmwEc14u4ibXMO/What-to-watch-out-for-at-8th-Jagran-Film-Festival.html/|title=What to watch out for at 8th Jagran Film Festival|website=|access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>
; 2017 Indian Film Festival of Melbourne (IFFM)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio/melbourne/programs/theconversationhour/the-conversation-hour/8777216/|title=Conversation Hour at IFFM|website=|date=5 August 2017|access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/iffm-2017-to-promote-women-empowerment-again-2361501//|title=IFFM 2017 to promote women empowerment again|website=|date=29 July 2017|access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
; 2018 Lonavala International Film Festival India (LIFFI)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfwsaff.com/doctor-rakhmabai/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822200529/http://www.dfwsaff.com/doctor-rakhmabai|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 August 2017|title=Lonavala International Film Festival India|website=|access-date=10 Jan 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liffi.in/listed-film/2018/|title=Films screened at the Lonavala International Film Festival India|website=|access-date=10 Jan 2018}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="11" |2017
| rowspan="8" |[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
| Best Sound
|
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/marathi-films-to-debut-in-sweden/articleshow/58231389.cms/|title=Marathi Films|website=|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Best Costume Design
|
|{{Won}}
|-
| Best Art Direction
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Picture
|[[Swapna Patker]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Director
| [[Anant Mahadevan]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| [[Santosh Juvekar]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
|DC South Asian Arts Film Festival (DCSAFF)
|Audience Poll - Best Feature Film
|[[Swapna Patker]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dcsaff.com/dcsaff-2017//|title=DCSAFF 2017|website=|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|17th [[New York Indian Film Festival]]
|Best Actress
|[[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]
|{{Nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/achalaganesan/docs/nyiff_2017_festival_guide/|title=NYIFF 2017|website=|access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pune International Film Festival]]
|Best Actress
|[[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asianfilmfestivals.com/2017/02/12/winners-pune-international-film-festival-2017/|title=PIFF 2017|website=|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/tannishtha-chatterjee-bags-best-actress-award-at-piff/articleshow/56650803.cms/|title=Tannishtha Chatterjee bags Best Actress Award at PIFF|website=|access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
| rowspan="3" |4th Rajasthan International Film Festival (RIFF)
| Best Regional Film
|[[Swapna Patker]]
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://riffjaipur.org/awards2018.htm/|title=4th RIFF 2018|website=|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Best Regional Director
| [[Anant Mahadevan]]
| {{Won}}
|-
|Best Actress
| [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]
| {{Won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5934324|Doctor Rakhmabai}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]

Jodhbir Chand

2025-11-13T21:37:15Z

AbbieLongoria3: created new info...

{{short description|Raja of Nadaun (1823 - 1873)}}
{{infobox royalty
|title = [[Raja]]
|succession = [[Raja]] of [[Nadaun, Himachal Pradesh|Nadaun]]
|predecessor = ''Position established''
|successor = Amar Chand
|father = [[Sansar Chand]]
|mother = Gulab Dassi
|birth_date = {{circa|1815}}
|death_date = {{circa|1873}}
|dynasty = [[Katoch]]
}}
[[Sir]] '''Jodhbir Chand''' {{small|[[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]}} (1815 – 1873) was the [[Raja]] of [[Nadaun, Himachal Pradesh|Nadaun]] from 1823 until his death in 1873.

== Early life and background ==
He was born in 1815 to [[Sansar Chand]] and a concubine of his by the name of Gulab Dassi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Archer |first=William George |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_Paintings_from_the_Punjab_Hills_T/BInuAAAAMAAJ? |title=Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills: Text |date=1973 |publisher=Sotheby Parke Bernet |isbn=978-0-85667-002-2 |pages=59,256 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Illustrated_Weekly_of_India/9XI6AQAAIAAJ |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=1962 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Katoch]] dynasty.<ref name=":0" /> His ancestors had ruled the [[Kangra State|Kangra]] for centuries.<ref name=":0" /> He gave two of his sisters, Mehtab and Raj, in marriage to [[Ranjit Singh]], the [[Maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Massy |first=Charles Francis |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chiefs_and_Families_of_Note_in_the_Delhi/QPcYAQAAIAAJ |title=Chiefs and Families of Note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab |date=1890 |publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press |pages=373–375 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel Henry |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Panjab_Chiefs/Q0ABAAAAQAAJ |title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government |date=1865 |publisher=T.C. McCarthy |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reign ==
[[Ranjit Singh]] conferred on him the title of [[Raja]] and a [[jagir]] of [[Nadaun, Himachal Pradesh|Nadaun]] that yielded an annual revenue of Rs. 100,000 in 1823.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Princely_and_Noble_Families_of_the_F/ayYbAvECXQwC |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=325–326 |language=en}}</ref> He initially acquired great influence at [[Lahore]], being a personal favourite of [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref name=":0" /> However, over the years, their friendship lessened.<ref name=":0" /> He was gradually stripped of the [[jagir]] lands until his income dropped to just Rs. 30,000.<ref name=":0" /> From 9 March 1846 onward—when [[Kangra State|Kangra]] was ceded to the [[East India Company]] by his brother-in-law, [[Ranjit Singh]]—he pledged loyalty to the Company.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Great Britain. India Office |url=https://archive.org/details/peopleofindiaser04greauoft/ |title=The people of India : a series of photographic illustrations, with descriptive letterpress, of the races and tribes of Hindustan |last2=Kaye |first2=John William |last3=Taylor |first3=Meadows |last4=Watson |first4=J. Forbes (John Forbes) |date=1868 |publisher=London : India museum |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> During the [[Katoch]] [[Rebellion|insurrection]] in [[Kangra State|Kangra]] (1848–49), he sided with the British.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India/-AO2AAAAIAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |pages=382 |language=en}}</ref> As a reward, the British confirmed his jagir upon the annexation of [[Kangra State|Kangra]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkV9AAAAMAAJ |title=Haryana District Gazetteers: Imperial gazetteer of India (provincial series), Punjab, 1908 (v. 1) |date=1997 |publisher=Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department, Haryana |pages=382 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], he once again supported them and sent his second son to fight on their side.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> His son was awarded the [[Order of Merit]] for his services.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
He died in 1873 and was succeeded by Amar Chand as the [[Raja]] of [[Nadaun, Himachal Pradesh|Nadaun]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Golden_Book_of_India/3kwoAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=24,168,420 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Kangra_District_1883_84/Q0ZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Gazetteer of the Kangra District, 1883-84 |date=2001 |publisher=Sang-e-Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1116-1 |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref> Upon his death, the then [[List of head of the State of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant Governor of Punjab]], [[Robert Henry Davies]], paid tribute to him in the following words:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Gulshan Lall |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chiefs_and_Families_of_Note_in_the_Punja/EZifwYm8MT0C |title=Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab |date=1940 |publisher=Government Printing |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text=... whose upright and honourable character had secured the respect and esteem of all , while he had discharged the duties of his position to the entire satisfaction of Government.
|author=[[Robert Henry Davies]]
}}
==Honours==
In 1868, he was made a [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Star of India]] and was granted a salute of seven guns.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1873 deaths]]
[[Category:History of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]

Mohammad Zahid (poet)

2025-11-10T17:48:40Z

AbbieLongoria3: Done

[[File:Mohammad Zahid Poet.jpg|thumb]]
{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{infobox writer
|name=Mohammad Zahid
|birth_date={{birth year and age|1977}}
|birth_place=[[Anantnag]], [[Kashmir Valley]], India
|occupation={{flatlist|
*Poet
*translator
*editor
}}
|nationality=Indian
|awards=[[Jibanananda Das Award]]
|parents=Bashir Ahmad Makhdoomi Badshah Gowher
}}
'''Mohammad Zahid''' (born 1977) is an Indian poet, translator and editor from [[Anantnag]], [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cyberwit.net/authors/mohammad-zahid|title=Mohammad Zahid – Author Profile|publisher=Cyberwit|access-date= 15 October 2022}}</ref> He is a recipient of [https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/jkaacl-announces-best-book-award-2015/ Best Book Award from Academy of Art Culture & Languages, J&K] for his maiden poetry collection, The Pheromone Trail. He is also a recipient of [[Jibanananda Das Award]] for his translation of Kashmiri poetry into English.

==Early life and education==
Mohammad Zahid was born in 1977 at [[Anantnag]] in [[Kashmir Valley]]. His father Bashir Ahmad Makhdoomi and mother Badshah Gowher were scholars of English literature and [[Persian literature]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cyberwit.net/authors/mohammad-zahid|title=Biodata of Mohammad Zahid|publisher=Cyberwit|access-date= 15 October 2022}}</ref> Zahid had his early education in Anantnag. Having his Bachelor's degree in Science, he studied English Literature at [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. Later he joined [[Jammu & Kashmir Bank]] as a Probationary Officer.

==Professional and literary career==
Despite being a banker by profession, Zahid has devoted his spare time to literature. His poetry has featured at International Library of Poetry, Florida and International Poetry Festival. <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.academia.edu/3861579|title=Mohammad Zahid – An English Poet in Making from Kashmir|author= Jan Mudasir Gul| publisher=Academia|access-date= 15 October 2022}}</ref> He has served as Editor of [[Muse India]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://kashmirlife.net/poetic-musings-issue-36-vol-07-90383/|title=Poetic Musing – Mohammad Zahid| author= Shakir Mir|publisher=Kashmir Life|date= 23 November 2015|access-date= 15 October 2022}}</ref> He has also served as a feature photographer for various journals like Lake View International Journal for Literature and Arts<ref>{{cite web|url= https://issuu.com/lijla/docs/feb2013/185|title=Lake View International Journal - Contributors|date=3 February 2013 | access-date= 15 October 2022}}</ref> and translator editor for several other journals. <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.spillingcocoa.com/cocks-by-mohammad-zahid/|title=Spilling Cocoa – "Cock" by Mohammad Zahid| author= Robert Garnham| date= 10 March 2021| access-date= 15 October 2022}}</ref> His poetry has been translated into French,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://hyderabad.afindia.org/poetry-reading-evening/|title=Poetry Reading Evening – Mohammad Zahid| publisher=Alliance Francaise|access-date= 15 October 2022}}</ref> Spanish and other world languages. His maiden poetry book “The Pheromone Trail” won the best book award from the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Language. <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.prlog.org/12652467-the-pheromone-trail-gets-the-best-book-award-from-the-academy-of-art-culture-and-languages-jk.html|title=Pheromone Trail gets best book award|publisher=Cyberwit|date= 16 July 2017| access-date= 15 October 2022}}</ref> His poetry essentially captures the “illusion of fantasies that has enamoured Kashmiri people”. <ref>{{cite web|url= https://kashmirnarrator.com/trails-of-pain-kashmirs-english-writing/|title= Trails of pain – Kashmir's English Writing|author= Murtaza Shibli|publisher=Kashmir Narrator|date= 16 July 2017| access-date= 15 October 2022}}</ref> He has also translated Kashmiri poetry into English including [[Sahitya Akademi]] award winning works of [[Naseem Shafaie]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theantonymmag.com/kashmiri-poems-by-naseem-shafaiye-translated-to-english-by-mohammad-zahid/|title="The Sea and I" by Naseem Shafaiye translated by Mohammad Zahid|date=28 August 2022 | publisher=Antonym Magazine|access-date= 15 October 2022}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
* [https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/jkaacl-announces-best-book-award-2015/ Best Book Award from Academy of Art Culture & Languages, J&K]
* [[Jibanananda Das Award]]
* Reliance Time-Out Poetry Award
* Sacred Heart Poetry Prize

==Bibliography==
*The Pheromone Trail (2013)
*Graffiti Of Dreams (2023)
* Kashmiri Language & Poetry Volume I (English Translation of Kashmiri Zuban aur Shayiri by Abdul Ahad Azad Published by Jammu & Kashmir Academy of Art Culture & Languages
*Abdul Rahim Aama English Translation (Makers of Indian Literature) Sahitya Akademi New Delhi India
*The Hall of Mirrors English Translation of Aaena Khana Sahitya Akademi award winning essay collection of Aziz Hajini, Published by Sahitya Akademi
* Kashmiri Language & Poetry Volume III (English Translation of Kashmiri Zuban aur Shayiri by Abdul Ahad Azad Published by Jammu & Kashmir Academy of Art Culture & Languages

==See also==
* [[Naseem Shafaie]]
https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/abdul-rahim-aama-makers-of-indian-literature-uam220/
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zahid, Mohammad}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:People from Anantnag]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld

2025-11-06T22:38:32Z

AbbieLongoria3: Started The Stub Basic Info

{{Infobox person
| name = Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld
| image = Meulenbeld2009.jpg
| caption=Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld in 2009
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|05|28}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|03|26|1928|05|28}}
| death_place = Groningen
| citizenship = Dutch
| occupation = University professor of Sanskrit and psychiatrist
| known_for = Historian of medicine
| notable_works = A History of Indian Medical Literature (1999-2002)
}}

'''Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld''' (28 May 1928 – March 26, 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM |title=Announcements – Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld, psychiatrist and Sanskritist, passed away on March 26th 2017 at the age of 88 |date=3 April 2017 |website=eJournal of Indian Medicine |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>) was a physician-scholar who taught and published major works of research in [[Indology]]. He specialized in the history of Indian medicine ([[Ayurveda]]). Throughout his scholarly career he also maintained a practice as a psychiatrist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dutchstudies-satsea.nl/deelnemers/meulenbeld-gerrit-jan/|title=Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan - Home of Dutch Studies|website=www.dutchstudies-satsea.nl|date=26 January 2017 |language=nl|access-date=2017-06-23}}</ref>

== Education and professional life ==
Meulenbeld was born in [[Borne, Overijssel]]. He studied medicine, and Indology under [[Jan Gonda]], at [[Utrecht University]]. From 1954 he worked as a psychiatrist. At the end of the nineteen-sixties he returned to Indology. Immediately after receiving his doctorate in [[Sanskrit]], Meulenbeld began to write the historical overview of the Indian medical literature. From 1978 he worked as associate professor of Indology at the [[University of Groningen]] and as a psychiatrist at the [https://www.vanmesdag.nl/ Van Mesdagkliniek] also in Groningen. In 1986 accepted a full-time job at the Van Mesdagkliniek when the Institute of Indic Languages and Cultures of the University of Groningen was closed as part of a Dutch policy of retrenchment in the study of Asian cultures.. He worked at the Van Mesdagkliniek until his retirement in 1988.

A detailed obituary by Hans Bakker appeared in the ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bakker|first=Hans|date=2018-01-25|title=Obituary of Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld: Borne, 28 May 1928 * – Bedum, 26 March 2017 †|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/iij/61/1/article-p97_3.xml|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|language=en|volume=61|issue=1|pages=97–100|doi=10.1163/15728536-06101002|issn=0019-7246|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 1990, Prof. Meulenbeld received the Basham Medal from the [https://iastam.org International Association for the Study of Traditional Asian Medicine] The medal is awarded "in recognition of special contributions by IASTAM members to promoting the Association’s goals, such as outstanding studies in the social and cultural history of traditional Asian medicine."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iastam.org/?page_id=532|title=IASTAM Awards|website=IASTAM|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref>

In 2002, Prof. Meulenbeld was made a Knight of the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands. With this award, the Dutch Crown honoured his lifelong contributions to the medical [[history of India]], and the publication of the final volume of his ''History of India Medical Literature,'' that was presented at the award ceremony at the University of Groningen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Rahul Peter|date=July 2002|title=G. J. Meulenbeld Honoured|url=https://www.iastam.org/newsletters/24_iastam_newsletter_jul-02.pdf|journal=IASTAM Newsletter|volume=July/August 2002|pages=7}}</ref>

In 2011 the [http://www.avpayurveda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=87 Arya Vaidya Pharmacy], a leading centre of ayurvedic practice, education and industry, bestowed the title ''Yavanacharya of Ayurveda'' on Prof. Meulenbeld on the occasion of an International Grand Centennial Convention.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110904201210/http://www.ayurvedaconvention.com/Convention/Awards_2.html http://www.ayurvedaconvention.com/Convention/Awards_2.html]</ref>

==Works==

Meulenbeld's book-length monographs include:

* ''Mahādevadeva’s Hikmatprakāśa: a Sanskrit treatise on Yūnānī medicine.'' [https://rjh.ub.rug.nl/eJIM/article/view/24744 Part I: text and commentary of Section I with an annotated English translation]; [https://rjh.ub.rug.nl/eJIM/article/view/24745 Part II: selected passages from text and commentaries of Section II with an annotated English translation]. ''eJIM'' 5,2. Groningen, 2012. [https://rjh.ub.rug.nl/eJIM/article/view/24749 Part III: text and commentary of selected verses from Section III with an annotated English translation]. ''eJIM'' 6,2. Groningen, 2013.
* ''[https://rjh.ub.rug.nl/eJIM/issue/view/3275 The śītapitta group of disorders (urticaria and similar syndromes) and its development in Āyurvedic literature from early times to the present day]'', Eelde-Groningen (Supplements to eJIM 3), Groningen, 2010. URL
* ''[https://rjh.ub.rug.nl/eJIM/issue/view/3268 The trees called śigru (Moringa sp.), along with a study of the drugs used in errhines]'', Eelde-Groningen (Supplements to eJIM 1), Groningen, 2009.
* ''History of Indian Medical Literature,'' Groningen Oriental Studies No.15, Vol.1-3, Groningen, 1999–2002.
* ''Madhavanidāna: English translation with principal commentaries chapters 1-10''; Leiden: Brill, 1974. [http://mlbd.com/BookDecription.aspx?id=12614 Reprinted Delhi, 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708130018/http://www.mlbd.com/BookDecription.aspx?id=12614 |date=2016-07-08 }}
and his publications also extend over [https://www.dutchstudies-satsea.nl/deelnemers/meulenbeld-gerrit-jan/ many scholarly articles].

Meulenbeld's doctoral thesis under Prof. [[Jan Gonda]] was a translation of the first ten chapters of the ''Madhavanidāna'', Sanskrit treatise on nosology, together with its Sanskrit commentaries, the ''Madhukośaṭīkā'' and the ''Āṭaṅkadarpaṇa''. It was published in 1974, and reprinted in Delhi in 2008. The index of technical terms appended to ''Madhavanidāna'' translation is one of its unique features.

Meulenbeld also created and maintained the online [https://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/ Annotated bibliography of Indian Medicine].

===A History of Indian Medical Literature===
His major work, the five-volume publication ''[https://www.brill.com/history-indian-medical-literature-5-vols The History of Indian Medical Literature]'' (Groningen, 1999–2002) is of foundational value for scholars of Ayurveda as well as those studying Sanskrit, Indian philosophy, anthropology and medical history. It has transformed the study of Indian medical history, placing it on a more secure historical basis than ever before and bringing into critical view thousands of medical treatises that were formally unknown to historical scholarship.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wujastyk|first=Dominik|date=2004|title=Review of A History of Indian Medical Literature|jstor=4145810|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=67|issue=3|pages=404–407|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0430025X}}</ref> Meulenbeld began work on his ''History'' at the invitation of his professor, Jan Gonda, who sought his work as a contribution to the books he was commissioning and editing for the multi-volume ''[https://www.worldcat.org/title/history-of-indian-literature/oclc/476419491/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br A History of Indian Literature].'' Gonda imposed strict page limits on his contributors. When Meulenbeld's work began to exceed these limits, his friends and colleagues, especially Prof. [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/emmerick-ronald-eric-scholar Ronald E. Emmerick], encouraged Meulenbeld to continue writing and to ignore the limits of the Gonda series. This he did, and three decades later his monumental work was published in the Groningen Oriental Series.<ref>Anecdotal memory from conversations with Dominik Wujastyk</ref>

The volumes cover a time-frame of over two millennia, from the [[Vedic period]] to the early twentieth century. The work covers Sanskrit treatises as well as Pali and Prakrit works by Buddhists and Jains. It also covers some of the recent works in Hindi and also the Ayurvedic tradition of nearby island nation, [[Sri Lanka]].

== Personal life ==
Jan Meulenbeld was married to Hannie Zwaan (1933-2019), to whom he dedicated the volumes of his ''History of Indian Literature'' with the affectionate phrase in English, Latin and Sanskrit: "To Hannie uxori carae पतिव्रतायै".[https://www.online-familieberichten.nl/pers/1714674/Hannie-Zwaan-1933-2019]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070818123218/http://indianmedicine.ub.rug.nl/
* http://www.indianmedicine.nl
* https://www.dutchstudies-satsea.nl/deelnemers/meulenbeld-gerrit-jan/
* "A Walking Ayurvedic Encyclopedia - Dr G. J. Meulenbeld" [https://ayurkairaly.blogspot.ca/ Ayurkairaly blog post, 2007]. Consulted 21 June 2017.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Borne, Overijssel]]
[[Category:Dutch Indologists]]
[[Category:Dutch medical writers]]

Chhattisgarh women's football team

2025-11-04T21:49:26Z

AbbieLongoria3:

{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Chhattisgarh football team}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=September 2025}}
{{One source|date=September 2025}}
{{Third-party|date=September 2025}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Chhattisgarh
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Chhattisgarh women's football team
| nickname =
| ground = Various
| capacity =
| owner = [[Chhattisgarh Football Association]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| captain =
| league = [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]
| season = [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]
| position = Final round
| current = 2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _thinredhoops
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 = _redsides
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = EFCC00
| body1 = EFCC00
| rightarm1 = EFCC00
| shorts1 = EFCC00
| socks1 = C51E3A
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = C51E3A
| body2 = C51E3A
| rightarm2 = C51E3A
| shorts2 = C51E3A
| socks2 = 000000
| website =
}}

The '''Chhattisgarh women's football team''' is an Indian women's [[association football|football]] team representing [[Chhattisgarh]] in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/501|title=Chhattisgarh Football Association |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian state football associations]]
* [[Football in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Football in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy teams]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}