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Kavitha (actress)

2026-05-08T16:21:05Z

Ab2030:

{{Short description|Indian actress and politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kavitha
| image = Kavitha Dasaratharaj.jpg
| birth_name = Kavitha Dasaratharaj
| birth_date = 28 September 1965
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_cause =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress, Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Dasaratharaj|1983|2021|end=died}}
| children = 3
| years_active = {{Ubl | 1976–1984 (Lead actress) | 1991–present (Supporting actress)}}
}}

'''Kavitha Dasaratharaj''', known professionally as '''Kavitha''', is an Indian actress and politician who predominantly works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] film industries, she also acted in few [[Malayalam]] movies as well.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} She has done supporting roles in Telugu-language movies like ''Meenakshi'' (2005), ''Chethilo Cheyyesi'' (2010), ''Yugalageetham'' (2010) and ''Aada Paandavulu'' (2013).

==Personal life==
She is a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and hails from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2008/Dec/24/siddharths-film-logo-launched-13036.html|title=A big turning point|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Her husband and her son died due to [[COVID-19]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Veteran Actor Kavitha's Husband Succumbs To COVID-19 |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/veteran-actor-kavitha-husband-dasaratharaj-death-covid-19/ |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=shethepeople.tv}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Kavitha awards
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
| 2020 || Zee Tamizh Kudumbha Viruthugal 2020 || Contribution to Cinema & Series || {{Won}} || {{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
|}

== Filmography ==
''This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.''

=== Telugu ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Siri Siri Muvva]]'' (1976) as Savithri – Debut in Telugu
* ''Seeta Geeta Daatithe'' (1977) as Seetha
* ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Lawyer Viswanath]]'' (1978) as Gowri
* ''[[Cheppindi Chestha]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Kollimalai Kumarigal]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Punadhirallu]]'' (1979) as Radha
* ''President Peramma'' (1979)
* ''[[Andadu Aagadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhadu Aagadu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AMIP |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1979) as Padma
* ''Captain Krishna'' (1979)
* ''[[Iddaru Asadhyule]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Aarani Mantalu]]'' (1980) as Latha
* ''Venkateswara Vratha Mahatyam''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkateswara Vratha Mahatyam (వేంకటేశ్వర వ్రత మహత్యం) 1980 {{!}} tunes |url=https://tunes.desibantu.com/venkateswara-vratha-mahatyam-1980/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114183110/https://tunes.desibantu.com/venkateswara-vratha-mahatyam-1980/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (1980) as Kalyani
* ''[[Sarada Ramudu]]'' (1980) as Padma
* ''[[Thathayya Premaleelalu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Nakili Manishi]]'' (1980) as Susheela
* ''Badai Basavayya''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badai Basavayya |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/badai-basavayya/cast/2030247088/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=TV Guide |language=en}}</ref> (1980) as Ratnakumari aka Baby
* ''Adrushtavanthudu'' (1980) as Gowri
* ''[[Alludu Pattina Bharatam]]'' (1980) as Radha
* ''[[Chuttalunnaru Jagratha]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Agni Sanskaram]]'' (1980)
* ''Grahanam Vidichindi'' (1980)
* ''Sannayi Appanna'' (1980)
* ''[[Mogudu Kaavali]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Oorukichchina Maata]]'' (1981) as Sita
* ''[[Srirasthu Subhamasthu]]'' (1981)
* ''Nayudu Gari Abbayi'' (1981)
* ''Jeevitha Ratham'' (1981) as Sathya
* ''[[Srivari Muchatlu]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' (1981) as Kalpana
* ''[[Aggi Ravva]]'' (1981) as Menaka
* ''Chinnaari Chittibabu'' (1981)
* ''Prathigna'' (1982) as Roja
* ''[[Nipputho Chelagatam]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Gruha Pravesam (1982 film)|Gruha Pravesam]]'' (1982)
* ''Kadali Vachina Kanakadurga'' (1982)
* ''Pellilla Perayya'' (1982)
* ''Jagannatha Rathachakralu''<ref>{{Citation |title=Jagannatha Ratha Chakralu Full Movie - Krishna {{!}} Jayaprada {{!}} Jaggayya {{!}} Giribabu {{!}} V9 Videos | date=27 May 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7xYZSrAQxw |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> (1982) as Latha
* ''[[Kaliyuga Ramudu]]'' (1982) as Savitri
* ''[[Doctor Cine Actor]]'' (1982) as Latha
* ''Iddaru Kodukulu'' (1982) as Sundari
* ''Savaal'' (1982)
* ''[[Anuraga Devatha]]'' (1982)
* ''Bangaru Bhoomi'' (1982) as Tulasi
* ''Moogavani Paga'' (1983) as Rani
* ''[[Prema Pichollu]]'' (1983)
* ''Chandi Chamundi'' (1983)
* ''Ee Desamlo Oka Roju'' (1983)
* ''Kalyana Veena'' (1983)
* ''Akka Mogudu Chelleli Kapuram'' (1983)
* ''Agni Jwala'' (1983)
* ''Bandipotu Rudramma'' (1983)
* ''Chandi Rani'' (1983)
* ''Kaliyuga Dheivam'' (1983)
* ''Palleturi Pidugu'' (1983) as Chitti and Rani
* ''Kanthayya Kanakayya''<ref>{{Citation |title=KANTHAYYA KANAKAYYA {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} CHANDRA MOHAN {{!}} KAVITHA {{!}} TELUGU CINE CAFE | date=24 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MgpTI6qoic |access-date=27 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> (1983) as Radha
* ''[[Chanda Sasanudu]]'' (1983) as Jayasri
* ''Pralaya Garjana'' (1983)
* ''Grahanam Vidichindi'' (1983)
* ''Mayagadu''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=8q4bXWADthk |title=Mayagadu Telugu Full Length Movie HD {{!}} Mohan babu {{!}} Kavitha {{!}} Chakravarthy @skyvideostelugu |date=2018-03-26 |last=SkyVideos Telugu |access-date=2024-10-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref> (1983) as Jyothi
* ''Pichi Pantulu'' (1983)
* ''Sardar''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardar (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZDL |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1984) as Gowri
* ''Ganga'' (1991)
* ''[[Amma Rajinama]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Peddarikam]]'' (1992) as Lalitha
* ''Pellam Chatu Mogudu'' (1992)
* ''Hello Darling'' (1992)
* ''Teerpu'' (1994) as Kalyani
* ''Namaste Anna'' (1994)
* ''Server Sundaram Gari Abbayi'' (1995)
* ''Aayanaki Iddaru'' (1995)
* ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]'' (1996) as Rajeswari
* ''High Class Atha - Low Class Alludu'' (1997)
* ''Prema Pallaki'' (1998)
* ''Priyuralu'' (1998)
* ''[[Swayamvaram (1999 film)|Swayamvaram]]'' (1999)
* ''Sambiah'' (1999)
* ''Vichitram'' (1999) as Kaveri
* ''[[Nee Premakai]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Mounamelanoyi]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Holi (2002 film)|Holi]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Dhanush (film)|Dhanush]]'' (2003)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-dhanush.html|title=Weak script|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=Idlebrain.com|author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari|accessdate=Sep 1, 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Dham (film)|Dham]]'' (2003)
* ''Enjoy'' (2004)
* ''[[Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Gudumba Shankar]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Andaru Dongale Dorikite]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Apparao Driving School]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Allari Pidugu]]'' (2005)
* ''Prayatnam'' (2005)
* ''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]'' (2005)
* ''Pourusham'' (2005)
* ''[[Danger (2005 film)|Danger]]'' (2005)
* ''Meenakshi'' (2005)
* ''[[Adirindayya Chandram]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Premikulu]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Asadhyudu]]'' (2006)
* ''Seetharamudu'' (2006)
* ''[[Brahmastram]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Madhumasam]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]'' (2008)
* ''Ardham Chesukoru'' (2008)
* ''[[Kuberulu]]'' (2008)
* ''[[A Aa E Ee (2009 Telugu film)|A Aa E Ee]]'' (2009)
* ''Samrajyam'' (2009)
* ''Mogudu Kavali'' (2009)
* ''Ramdev'' (2010)
* ''Yugalageetham'' (2010)
* ''Glamour'' (2010)
* ''Chalaki'' (2010)
* ''Chethilo Cheyyesi'' (2010)
* ''[[Madatha Kaja]]'' (2011)
* ''Galli Kurrollu'' (2011)
* ''[[Maaro (film)|Maaro]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Keratam]]'' (2011)
* ''Thrilling'' (2011)
* ''Sankranti Alludu'' (2011)
* ''[[Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam]]'' (2012)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/svvfilmnews.html|title=Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam first schedule completed|date=19 February 2012|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Damarukam (film)|Damarukam]]'' (2012)
* ''Aada Paandavulu'' (2013)
* ''Yesu Kristu Rendava Rakada'' (2013)
* ''Sri Manikanta Mahimalu'' (2015)
* ''[[Winner (2017 film)|Winner]]'' (2017)
* ''Premika'' (2017)
* ''2 Friends'' (2018)
* ''Baggidi Gopal'' (2020)
* ''Lingadu Ramalingadu'' (2020)
* ''Nuvvu Nenu Okkatite'' (2021)
* ''[[Raave Naa Cheliya]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Purushothamudu]]'' (2024)
{{div col end}}

=== Tamil ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Oh Manju'' (1976) as Manju – Debut in Tamil (Credited as Kumari Kavitha)
* ''Rowdy Rakkamma'' (1977) as Lalitha
* ''Aalukkoru Aasai'' (1977) as Kalpana
* ''[[Sahodarara Savaal|Sahodara Sabatham]]'' (1977) as Jyothi
* ''[[Aattukara Alamelu]]'' (1977) as Radha
* ''Kalamadi Kalam'' (1977) as Kavitha
* ''Aval Thandha Uravu'' (1978)
* ''[[Kaatrinile Varum Geetham]]'' (1978) as Geetha/Kamini/Rosy
* ''[[Andaman Kadhali]]'' (1978) as Kavitha
* ''Ganga Yamuna Kaveri'' (1978) as Anitha
* ''[[Alli Darbar]]'' (1978) as Malliga
* ''[[General Chakravarthi]]'' (1978) as Rani
* ''[[Neeya?]]'' (1979) as Icchhadhari Snake (2nd form)
* ''Engal Vathiyar'' (1980) as Lakshmi
* ''Aval Oru Kaviyam'' (1981) as Geetha
* ''[[Ellam Inba Mayyam]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Vaidehi Kalyanam]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Sevagan]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Ilavarasan]]'' (1992) as Lakshmi
* ''[[Natchathira Nayagan]]'' (1992) as Kavitha
* ''[[Thambi Pondatti]]'' (1992) as Lakshmi
* ''[[Nadodi Thendral]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Senthamizh Paattu]]'' (1992) as Rajeswari
* ''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]'' (1992)
* ''Mappillai Vanthachu'' (1992)
* ''Muthal Seethanam'' (1992)
* ''[[Amaravathi (1993 film)|Amaravathi]]'' (1993) as Balasubramaniam's wife
* ''[[Kattabomman (film)|Kattabomman]]'' (1993) as Saroja
* ''[[Uzhaippali]]'' (1993)
* ''Akkarai Cheemayile'' (1993)
* ''[[Kattalai (film)|Kattalai]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Aranmanai Kaavalan]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' (1994) as Shruthi's mother
* ''[[Sadhu (film)|Sadhu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]'' (1994) as Azhamu
* ''[[Seeman (film)|Seeman]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Thamarai (film)|Thamarai]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Sathyavan]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Manasu Rendum Pudhusu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Thai Thangai Paasam]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Mannukku Mariyadhai]]'' (1995) as Lakshmi
* ''[[Chellakannu]]'' (1995) as Kamalamba
* ''[[Ilaya Ragam]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Mr. Romeo]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]'' (1996) as Sathya's mother
* ''[[Summa Irunga Machan]]'' (1996) as Rajamma
* ''[[Irattai Roja]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Alexander (1996 film)|Alexander]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Priyam (1996 film)|Priyam]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Thuraimugam]]'' (1996) as Punniyalakshmi
* ''[[Mettukudi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Take It Easy Urvashi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Avathara Purushan]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Andha Naal (1996 film)|Andha Naal]]'' (1996) as Lakshmi
* ''[[Raasi (film)|Raasi]]'' (1997) as Karpagam
* ''[[Ratchagan]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Kaadhali (1997 film)|Kaadhali]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Poochudava]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Aahaa Enna Porutham]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Kumbakonam Gopalu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Aval Varuvala]]'' (1998) as Roobini
* ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Poomaname Vaa]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' (1999) as Savithri's mother
* ''[[Unakkaga Mattum]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Pandavar Bhoomi]]'' (2001) as Dhanalakshmi
* ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Gummalam]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Arasatchi]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Suyetchai MLA]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Aarya (film)|Aarya]]'' (2007) as Aarya's Mother
* ''[[Madhavi (2009 film)|Madhavi]]'' (2009) as Savitri
* ''[[Keratam|Yuvan]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Idhayam Thiraiarangam]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Narathan]]'' (2016) as Kamala
{{div col end}}

=== Kannada ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Sahodarara Savaal]]'' (1977) as Jyothi
* ''Rishya Shringa'' (1977)
* ''[[Kiladi Kittu]]'' (1978)
* ''Makkale Devaru'' (1983)
* ''[[Sahasi (film)|Sahasi]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Kaliyuga Seethe]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Putnanja]]'' (1995)
* ''Police Power'' (1995)
* ''Shiva Leele'' (1996)
* ''Ranganna'' (1997)
* ''Mahabharatha'' (1997)
* ''C.B.I.Durga'' (1997)
* ''Akka'' (1997)
* ''Mr. Kokila'' (1999)
* ''[[Hrudaya Hrudaya]]'' (1999)
* ''Jeeboomba'' (2000)
* ''[[Super Star (2002 film)|Super Star]]'' (2002)
* ''Kambala Halli'' (2002)
* ''[[H2O (2002 film)|H2O]]'' (2002)
* ''Boothayyana Makkalu'' (2002)
* ''[[Chandra Chakori]]'' (2003)
* ''Miyyav'' (2003)
* ''Olave'' (2005)
* ''Boyfriend'' (2005)
* ''A Aa E Ee'' (2006)
* ''[[Honeymoon Express (2006 film)|Honeymoon Express]]'' (2006)
* ''Hrudaya I Miss You'' (2008)
* ''[[Nee Tata Naa Birla]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Ullasa Utsaha]]'' (2009)
{{div col end}}

=== Malayalam ===
* ''[[Aanayum Ambaariyum]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Black Belt (1978 film)|Black Belt]]'' (1978)
* ''Pancharatnam'' (1979)
* ''[[Arthana]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Agnidevan]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Sargavasantham]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Friends (1999 film)|Friends]]'' (1999)

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
|-
|1999–2000|| ''Anubandham'' || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Gemini TV]]
|-
||| ''Agnisakshi'' || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[ETV Telugu|E TV]]
|-
|2014–2017|| ''Mooga Manasulu'' || Chayadevi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2017|| [[Ganga (2017 TV series)|''Ganga'']] || Rudhramma || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2018–2019|| [[Nandini (TV series)|''Nandini'']] || Selva Rani Rama Prabha || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Kannada]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2020–2022|| [[Endrendrum Punnagai (TV series)|''Endrendrum Punnagai'']] || Aandal || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2021|| [[Oohalu Gusagusalade (TV series)|''Oohalu Gusagusalade'']]
|Visalakshi
| rowspan="3" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| rowspan="2"|[[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2022|| ''[[No.1 Kodalu]]'' || Gnanambika
|-
|2023–2024
|[[Ala Venkatapuramlo]]
|Pramodini
|[[Gemini TV|GeminiTV]]
|-
|2024–Present|| ''Sivangi'' |||Nirmala Devi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Gemini TV]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0442660}}

{{authority control}}
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from West Godavari district]]

Andhra Kesari University

2026-05-07T04:18:07Z

Ab2030:

{{short description|University in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Andhra Kesari University
| image = Andhra Kesari University logo.png
| image_size = 180
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|11 January 2022}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| rector =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor = D. V. R. Murthy
| students = 580
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Ongole, Prakasam, Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| free_label =
| free =
| caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Andhra Kesari University
| other_name = AKU
| mascot =
| website = {{url|akuprakasam.ac.in}}
| coor =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| staff =
| faculty = 33
| colors =
}}
'''Andhra Kesari University''' is a [[public university]] located in [[Ongole, Andhra Pradesh]]. It was established on 11 January 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=State assembly passes bill to establish two universities|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/nov/25/state-assembly-passes-bill-to-establish-two-universities-2387845.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> The university was named after [[Tanguturi Prakasam]], a political leader, social reformer and [[Anti-colonial nationalism|anti-colonial nationalist]]. He served as the [[chief minister]] of [[Madras Presidency]] and subsequently became the first chief minister of erstwhile [[Andhra State]]. He was known as "Andhra Kesari" which translates to "Lion of Andhra".<ref>{{cite web|title=Specialised varsities on cards in high edu revamp|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/specialised-varsities-on-the-cards-in-higher-edu-revamp/articleshow/73103071.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Universities in Vizianagaram, Prakasam|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/ap-set-new-universities-vizianagaram-prakasam-122429|publisher=Sakshi|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prakasam to realise dream of university after 50-year wait|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/prakasam-to-realise-dream-of-university-after-50-year-wait-717008|publisher=The Hans India|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra Kesari University may get 400 crore to upgrade infra|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-kesari-university-may-get-400-crore-to-upgrade-infra/article35088642.ece|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

==History==
Earlier, the university is the outgrowth initiative of the Post-Graduate centre of Acharya Nagarjuna University, which was established on 16 November 1993 with the aim of ensure better education to poor and backward communities in and around [[Prakasam district]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About ANU Ongole campus|url=https://www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in/ongoledepartment.php|website=www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Acharya Nagarjuna University PG campus celebrates Azadi ka Amrut Mahotsav|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ongole-acharya-nagarjuna-university-pg-campus-celebrates-azadi-ka-amrut-mahotsav-677244|publisher=The Hans India|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ongole university will offer job-oriented courses, says V-C|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ongole-university-will-offer-job-oriented-courses-says-v-c/article26031188.ece|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

On 24 November 2021, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] introduced a bill in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] to upgrade the Post-Graduate centre into an autonomous university. On 11 January 2022, the university was officially established, through the ''A.P Universities (Amendment) Act, 2021''.<ref>{{cite web|title=A.P Universities (Amendment) Act, 2021|url=https://legislation.aplegislature.org/PreviewPage.do?filePath=basePath&fileName=Bills/PassedBills/English/Eng_passbill_L_15_20_33_236_v_1.pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Collector inspects Andhra Kesari Tanguturi Prakasam University|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/collector-inspects-andhra-kesari-tanguturi-prakasam-university-672364|publisher=The Hans India|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ANU staff felicitates Education Minister Audimulapu Suresh|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/anu-staff-felicitates-education-minister-audimulapu-suresh-693802|publisher=The Hans India|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

===Campus===

The present Post-Graduate campus existed with 3.16 acres. In addition to this, it has 109.80 acres of land at Pernamitta, [[Ongole]]. The said multidisciplinary university is proposed to be established in Pernamitta village of Santhanuthalapadu mandal, Prakasam district, with an exclusive focus on Teacher Education, by relocating the existing P.G centre of Acharya Nagarjuna University.

==Academics==
The university consists of 8 departments, offering 10 postgraduate programs.

===Departments===
*[[Commerce|Commerce & Business Administration]]
*[[Economics]]
*[[History]]
*[[Mathematics]]
*[[Statistics]]
*[[Social Work]]
*[[Education]]
*[[Physical Education|Physical Education & Sports Sciences]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Universities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ongole]]

{{AndhraPradesh-university-stub}}

Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)

2026-05-07T02:48:58Z

Ab2030: starting new details

{{Short description|Indian politician and social activist(born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandrashekhar Azad
| image = Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan (cropped).jpg
| caption = Azad in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|December|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chhutmalpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| title =
| term =
| party = [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]]
| children = 1
| parents = Govardhan Das (father) Kamlesh Devi (mother)
| spouse = {{marriage|Vandna Azad|2020}}
| alma_mater = [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A. Hons.]] & [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B.]]
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[lawyer]], [[social activist]]
| profession =
| office1 = [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|National President of the Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]]
| term_start1 = 15 March 2020
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = ''Position Established''
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|Leader of the Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 4 June 2024
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = ''Position Established''
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Bhim Army|Chief of the Bhim Army]]
| term_start3 = 21 July 2015
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = ''Position Established''
| successor3 =
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor4 = [[Girish Chandra]]
| constituency4 = [[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency|Nagina, Uttar Pradesh]]
| majority4 = 1,51,473
}}
'''Adv. Chandrashekhar Azad''' (born 5 December 1987; {{IPA|hi|t͡ʃən̪d̪ɾəʃeːkʰəɾ aːzaːd̪}}), also known as '''Chandrashekhar''' and '''Chandrashekhar Azad 'Ravan'''', is an Indian politician, social activist, [[Ambedkarism|Ambedkarite]] and lawyer. He is serving as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] of the [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency|Nagina]] since June 2024.<ref name="Dalits {{!}} Voices from the margins">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Dalits {{!}} Voices from the margins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-dalits-voices-from-the-margins-2565841-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322131000/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-dalits-voices-from-the-margins-2565841-2024-07-13 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is the chief and co-founder of the [[Bhim Army]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/my-son-a-dalit-revolutionary-says-bhim-army-chiefs-mother-1437081.html|title=My Son a Dalit Revolutionary, Say Bhim Army Chief's Mother|last=|first=|date=19 June 2017|website=News18|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> and the [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|National President of the Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]]. In February 2021, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine featured him in its annual list of ''100 Emerging Leaders who are Shaping the Future''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/five-indian-origin-persons-indian-activist-time-100-emerging-leaders-7193702/|title=Bhim Army Chief Chandrashekhar Azad in Time magazine's list of 100 emerging leaders|work=The Indian Express|date=18 February 2021|access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Chandrashekhar Azad was born on 3 December 1986, village [[Chhutmalpur]] in [[Saharanpur]], [[Western Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/chandrashekhar-azad-ravan |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Growing up in a Dalit family, Azad experienced caste-based discrimination, which influenced his early interest in social justice and advocacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahi |first=Sunita |date=17 September 2018 |title=Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan: "I am a misfit in politics" |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/chandrashekhar-azad-ravan-i-am-a-misfit-in-politics |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2024 |title=The Rise Of Chandrashekhar Azad 'Ravan' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/the-rise-of-chandrashekhar-azad-ravan |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2019 |title=Chandrashekhar Azad: The Indian Dalit leader challenging Modi |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47621018 |access-date=15 December 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> His father, Govardhan Das, retired as a principal of a [[state school|government school]]. Azad came to prominence as a [[Bahujan]] leader after he installed a hoarding titled ''The Great Chamars of Ghadkhauli Welcome You'' on the outskirts of his village. Chandra Shekhar Azad started free coaching classes for all categories and distributed free books for poor students to study.<ref name="Trivedi">{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Divya |title=Fighting spirit |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/fighting-spirit/article10036189.ece |accessdate=16 January 2019 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |date=2 February 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190116210220/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/fighting-spirit/article10036189.ece |archivedate=16 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Doval">{{cite news |last1=Doval |first1=Nikita |title=Chandrashekhar Azad—The man in the blue scarf |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/rmPhKrGml7erSdCj5u2uGN/Chandrashekhar-Azadthe-man-in-blue-scarf.html |accessdate=16 January 2019 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=9 June 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190116211115/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/rmPhKrGml7erSdCj5u2uGN/Chandrashekhar-Azadthe-man-in-blue-scarf.html |archivedate=16 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tiwary">{{cite news |last1=Tiwary |first1=Deeptiman |title=Walking the faultlines: The Bhim Army has been slowly gaining ground among Dalits locally |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/walking-the-faultlines-bhim-army-bjp-bsp-yogi-adityanath-mayawati-4687743/ |accessdate=20 June 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620213649/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/walking-the-faultlines-bhim-army-bjp-bsp-yogi-adityanath-mayawati-4687743/ |archivedate=20 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A PhD scholar Dr Rohini Ghavri has accused Chandrashekhar Azad of sexual harassment and many other accusations, which have been strongly denied by Chandra Shekhar Azad. <ref>{{cite web |title=MP's ex-girlfriend jumped into 'Brahmin daughters' controversy |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/mp/indore/news/mps-ex-girlfriend-brahmin-daughters-controversy-rohini-chandrashekhar-calls-fake-ambedkarite-136614842.html |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=Bhaskar English|language=en-in}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-girlfriend Rohini issues fresh warning to Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar Azad ‘Ravan |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/mp/indore/news/mp-azad-rally-curiosity-ex-girlfriend-allegation-rohini-challenge-chandrashekhar-online-136498679.html|access-date=7 May 2026 |website=Bhaskar English|language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=चंद्रशेखर पर आरोप लगाने वाली रोहिणी कौन? सफाई कर्मचारी की बेटी, एक करोड़ की स्कॉलरशिप|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/career/education-who-is-phd-scholar-dr-rohini-ghavari-jobs-in-switzerland-bhim-army-chief-chandrashekhar-azad-faces-serious-allegations-ws-kl-9304129.html |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=News 18|language=hi-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='50-50 हजार रुपए के गिफ्ट दिए', चंद्रशेखर आजाद रावण पर आरोप लगाने वाली डॉ रोहिणी घावरी कौन?|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/indore/chandrashekhar-azad-ravan-and-dr-rohini-ghavari-love-relationship-she-blames-giving-gifts-worth-rs-50000-each/articleshow/121885619.cms |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=Nav Bharat Times|language=hi-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=डॉ. रोहिणी घावरी ने चंद्रेशखर आजाद को अब बताया बेवड़ा, आखिर उस कांच की ग्‍लास में क्‍या था?|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/bijnor/rohini-ghavari-said-that-chandrashekhar-azad-is-alcoholic-but-supports-denied/articleshow/124104369.cms|access-date=7 May 2026 |website=Nav Bharat Times|language=hi-in}}</ref>

==Activism and politics ==
{{main|Bhim Army|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}

Azad, Satish Kumar, and Vinay Ratan Singh founded [[Bhim Army]] in 2014, an organisation that works for the emancipation of [[Dalit]]s through education in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-18 |title=What is the Bhim Army? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-bhim-army-5171341/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It runs free schools for Dalits in western [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Mohammad |date=2017-06-17 |title=Mohammad Ali on the Bhim Army's grassroot education project for Dalits in Saharanpur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-new-schools-in-saharanpur/article19087047.ece |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sunaina |date=2018-05-22 |title=Class act: the great Dalit fightback that started in the schoolroom |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/22/class-act-the-great-dalit-fightback-that-started-in-the-schoolroom |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In 2020, he founded the [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]].

5656 UP legislative Assembly elections, he contested the Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency against [[Yogi Adityanath]], with Azad getting 3.06% of the vote share.

In the [[2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh]], [[Aazad Samaj Party]] (ASP) candidate Chandrashekhar Azad won the [[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency]] by 1,51,473 votes. He got 5,12,552 votes. BJP's [[Om Kumar]] came second, who got 3,61,079 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/story/nagina-loksabha-seat-result-chandra-shekhar-bjp-candidate-om-kumar-manoj-kumar-surendra-pal-lclr-1957048-2024-06-04 | title=Nagina Election Result: चंद्रशेखर आजाद 1 लाख 51,000 वोट से जीते, BJP के ओम कुमार को हराया | date=4 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thelallantop.com/election/post/nagina-loksabha-result-2024-om-kumar-chandrashekhar-azad | title=Nagina Loksabha Results: भीम आर्मी के चंद्रशेखर, नगीना से BJP प्रत्याशी को भारी अंतर से हराया | date=4 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2024 |title=BJP और चंद्रशेखर आजाद रावण की 'करीबी' नगीना से दे रही है दिलचस्प संकेत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/opinion-analysis-/story/chandrashekhar-azad-ravan-likely-getting-bjp-support-like-mayawati-got-earlier-in-nagina-loksabha-seat-contest-opnm1-1914940-2024-04-10 |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Posts held ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1 || 4 June 2024 || Incumbent || [[Member of Parliament]], [[18th Lok Sabha]] || [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|ASP]] || style="background-color:#00008B; width:4px;" |
|-
| 2 || 14 August 2024 || Incumbent || Member of the Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes || [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|ASP]] || style="background-color:#00008B; width:4px;" |
|-
| 3 || 26 September 2024 || Incumbent || [[Standing Committee on Home Affairs|Member of the Standing Committee on Home Affairs]] || [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|ASP]] || style="background-color:#00008B; width:4px;" |
|-
| 4 || 15 March 2020 || Incumbent || [[National President]] of the [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]] || [[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|ASP]] || style="background-color:#00008B; width:4px;" |
|}

== Imprisonment ==
[[File:Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan.jpg|thumb|Chandrashekhar Azad at [[Jama Masjid, Delhi]], during the anti CAA protests.]]
*He was arrested in relation to the [[Saharanpur violence]] incident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/ravan-in-the-14-day-police-custody/44062/|title=14 दिन की हिरासत में रावण, गिरफ्तारी के पीछे गर्लफ्रेंड का हाथ|website=navodayatimes.in|language=hi|access-date=15 March 2018|date=9 June 2017}}</ref> Azad was arrested under the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]] by the Uttar Pradesh Government. Afterwards he was granted bail by the [[Allahabad High Court]] after his lawyer argued that the arrests were politically motivated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2017 |title=HC says cases against Bhim Army chief 'politically motivated', grants him bail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/hc-says-cases-against-bhim-army-chief-politically-motivated-grants-him-bail/articleshow/61472185.cms |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*Delhi Police had denied permission to [[Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan|Chandrashekhar Azad's]] protest march against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship (Amendment) Act]] from Delhi Jama Masjid to [[Jantar Mantar]]. He entered into protest at Jama Masjid and was arrested by Delhi police and detained for several days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bhim-army-chief-chandrashekhar-azad-arrested-by-delhi-police-a-day-after-protests-against-citizenshi-2152323|title=Bhim Army's Chandrashekhar Azad Arrested Day After Protest In Old Delhi|website=ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Election history==

===Lok Sabha===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent party
! Opponent votes
! Result
! Margin
|-
! 2024
| [[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency|Nagina]]
| {{Party name with color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
| 5,12,552
| Om Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 3,61,079
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 1,51,473
|}

===Member of Legislative Assembly (Uttar Pradesh)===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent party
! Opponent votes
! Result
! Margin
|-
! 2022
| [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Urban]]
| {{Party name with color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
| 7,640
| Yogi Adityanath
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1,65,499
| {{no|Lost}}
| 1,57,859
|}

== See also ==

* [[Third Mayawati ministry]]

* [[Jignesh Mevani]]
* [[Shri Guru Ravidas Gurughar|Shri Guru Ravidas Gurughar, Tughlakaba]]
* [[Mayawati]]
* [[Fourth Mayawati ministry]]
* [[Kanshi Ram]]
* [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
* [[Ravidassia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Chandrasekhar}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:Activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social workers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Dalit politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]

Angami Baptist Church Council

2026-05-06T23:58:14Z

Ab2030: Adding first stub w/ infobox

{{Draft article|nomove=yes}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
|name = Angami Baptist Church Council
|image =
|caption =
|main_classification = [[Protestant]]
|orientation = [[Baptist]]
|founded_date = {{start date and age|1885}}
|founded_place = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]
|area = [[Nagaland]], [[India]]
|associations = [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council]]
|congregations = 111<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://abcconline.org/member_churches.html |title=List of ABCC Member Churches |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510012055/http://www.abcconline.org/member_churches.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|members = 42,880
|website = [http://abcconline.org/ www.abcconline.org]
}}

The '''Angami Baptist Church Council''' ('''ABCC''') is one of the 20 associations in the [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council]] (NBCC). Through the NBCC, the ABCC is part of the [[Baptist World Alliance|Baptist World Alliance (BWA)]]. Its headquarters, [[Kohima]], is the second station of the [[American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society]] in [[Nagaland]], India.

== History ==
In 1878 Mrs. and Rev. C. D. King,<ref>[http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4123/2/NEH-2005-008-1.pdf Rev. C. D. King in Angami Territory pdf] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180758/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4123/2/NEH-2005-008-1.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> the first American Baptist Missionary to the [[Angami Naga|Angamis]] arrived in [[Chümoukedima]]. But they had to flee back to [[Sibsagar]] due to the hostilities between the [[Angami Naga|Angamis]] and the [[United Kingdom|British]]. After the British finally established their administrative headquarters at [[Kohima]] in 1879, Mrs. and Rev C. D. King arrived in Kohima on 25 February 1881 with the Gospel.

On 29 March 1883, the Kohima Baptist Church was established. In 1885, four Angamis from Kohima accepted Christ and were baptized. Unfortunately, when the King family left for the USA because of health reasons, these early believers left the faith. However, in 1887, Mrs. Hattie and Dr. Sidney W. Rivenburg transferred from Molung, Assam, Nagaland to Kohima to restart the work. After laboring for five years, they saw their first convert. And thereafter slowly but steadily men and women from other villages started coming to Christ. Mrs. Hattie E. Rivenburg died in Kohima and is buried on the A.B.C.C. compound. Dr. Rivenburg continued to work among the Angami people until 1923.<ref>[''Star of the Naga Hills'', Narola Rivenburg, American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia, 1941.]</ref>

== Present day ABCC ==
As of 2023, the Council has 111 Churches with about 42,880 baptized members and 57 [[ordained]] ministers and 118 [[Licentiate (degree)|licentiate]] [[pastors]].<ref>[http://www.nbcc.in/statistics.html NBCC Statistics]</ref> The Council runs three institutions- Baptist High, Baptist College and Shalom Bible Seminary. The Council has 6 Departments- Women, Youth, Men, [[Catechism|Christian Education]] & Literature, Missions, Property & Socio-Economic Development. Dr. Rachülie Vihienuo is the present{{when|date=January 2021}} [[Executive Director]] of the Council.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

The ABCC celebrated its 125 years<ref>[http://www.morungexpress.com/local/42842.html 125 Years of Christianity in Angami Land] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714115544/http://www.morungexpress.com/local/42842.html |date=14 July 2011 }}</ref> of ministry at Kohima in February 2010. During the four-day celebration (3 to 7 February 2010), the Council donated $8,744<ref>[http://www.xtremeteamonline.org/read/18348 ABCC contribution towards Haiti Relief] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320130742/http://www.xtremeteamonline.org/read/18348 |date=20 March 2012 }}</ref> towards [[2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti earthquake]] relief.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

== Theology and practice ==
As a member of the Universal Body of the Lord Jesus Christ, the ABCC believes in the:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://abcconline.org/about_abcc.html |title=About ABCC |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724214106/http://abcconline.org/about_abcc.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Priesthood of all Believers.
* One personal God, eternally existent in three persons - Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
*
* The [[Bible]] as the Word of God is the divine inspiration, authentic and final authority, sufficient for our faith.
* Freedom from every kind of [[Slavery]]
* [[Baptism|Believers Baptism through immersion]].

=== Church and State ===
The ABCC is not against the political aspirations of the [[Naga people]] but, with the [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council|NBCC]], the ABCC is against and will oppose the unbiblical ideologies and means to attain those aspirations. Affirming the State-Church separation, the ABCC resolved not to participate in state/political group sponsored programs that undermine the State-Church separation.

== Missions and affiliated organizations ==

=== Mission Department ===
The Mission Department was established in 1980. At present the Council has 41 [[Missionaries]] and 20 [[Evangelists (Christianity)|Native Evangelists]] serving in different fields.

* '''International Fields:''' [[Nepal]], [[Thailand]], [[Chad|Chad (North Central Africa)]], [[Gambia|Gambia (South Africa)]], [[Cambodia]], [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[East Timor]], [[Laos]].
* '''National Fields:''' [[Sikkim]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Assam]], Nagaland-Assam Border.
* '''Fields in Nagaland:''' Reaching Non-locals in [[Chümoukedima]], [[Dimapur]] and [[Kohima]].
* '''Fields in partnership with other Missions agencies:''' [[West Bengal]], [[Bangalore]], [[Manipur]], Nsong, [[Mumbai]], and [[Delhi]].

=== Youth Department ===
The Angami Baptist Youth Department (ABYD) was officially established in 1932 with the missionary Rev. J. E. Tanquist and his wife Mabel Tanquist. Initially it was called Angami Christian Endeavour Union (ACEU). The ABYD celebrated its 75 Years of ministry in the year 2007 at Khonoma.
The objective of ABYD is to help and equip the Youth members to share their faith with others as well as to develop second line leadership for evangelism. Focusing on this, the ABYD organizes seminars and trainings every year. One of the notable contributions by the ABYD is in the area of [[Christian music|Music]]. Currently, the department is emphasizing on Sports Ministry and [[True Love Waits (organization)|True Love Waits]] (TLW) seminars in order to reach the youth members even outside the Church.

=== Seminaries and Colleges ===
Apart from evangelism and other Church activities, as part of its endeavor towards spiritual development, the ABCC gives equal importance to human resources development with Christian values.
Towards this, there are three (3) institutions:

* '''Baptist High:<ref>[http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17197:baptist-high-celebrates-jubilee Baptist High Kohima celebrates Golden Jubilee]</ref>''' Established in 1959, it is a [[Higher Secondary Examination|Higher Secondary School]] in [[Science studies|Science stream]].
* '''[[Baptist College, Kohima|Baptist College]]:<ref>[http://entrance-exam.net/list-of-colleges-in-nagaland-university-nagaland/ Baptist College Kohima]</ref>''' Established in 1982, the College offers [[Bachelor’s Degree]] in [[Bachelor of Arts|Arts]] and [[Bachelors of Commerce|Commerce]] streams.
* '''[[Shalom Bible Seminary]] (SBS):<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shalombibleseminary.org/ |title=Shalom Bible Seminary |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904175336/http://shalombibleseminary.org/ |archive-date=4 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>''' Established in 1996, '''SBS''' offers [[B.Th.]], [[M.Div.]], and [[M.Th.]] Degrees.

== Angami (Tenyidie) Bible ==

=== History ===
[[Translation|Bible Translation]] works happened to be one of the priorities of the American missionaries. The first translation of the [[Book of Matthew]] was started by Rev. C. D. King. However, he could not complete as he left for home. Later, it was translated by Rev. Dr. S. W. Rivenburg in 1890. He also translated the Books of [[Book of John|John]] and [[Book of Acts|Acts]]. Miss Narola, the daughter of Rivenburg, translated the [[Book of Mark]] in 1915. In the same year the [[Book of Luke]] was translated by Rev. J.E. Tanquist. [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]], the last Book of the [[New Testament]] was translated in 1918. Consequently, through the efforts or the missionaries and native leaders, the [[New Testament]] was brought out in 1927.

Translation of the [[Old Testament]] started around 1940, and a good portion was translated. But during the [[Battle of Kohima]] in 1944, all the [[manuscripts]] were lost. Vigorous translation then began again and the [[Book of Genesis]] was published in 1950. However most of the manuscripts (of the remaining books) were again destroyed during the Indo-Naga conflicts in 1956.

=== The Release of the Angami (Tenyidie) Bible ===
In 1966 the Angami Baptist Women took the initiative in helping translation works again. The long expected [[Angami Naga language|Tenyidie]] Bible of the Angami Nagas was finally released and presented on 20 December 1970, with a huge congregation of thanksgiving, held at Kohima Local Baptist Church.

=== Fresh Translation Works ===
The revised edition of the [[New Testament]] was released in December 1995. With regard to the [[Old Testament]] revision, the project began in 1986. The new translation of the Old Testament was released in 2009.

== See also ==
* [[Ao Baptist Arogo Mungdang]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110508154047/http://www.abcconline.org/ Angami Baptist Church Council]
* [http://www.internationalministries.org/read/18622 International Ministries]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110217014221/http://www.abc-usa.org/Resources/AmericanBaptistNewsService/tabid/79/articleType/ArchiveView/month/2/year/2010/Default.aspx American Baptist News Service]
* [http://www.internationalministries.org/read/18907 Haiti relief]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930034656/http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwMjI1NTQ=-Q8I2pa0u+p0= True Love waits by NBCC]

{{coord|25.676|94.111|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Angami Baptist Church Council (Abcc)}}
{{Draft categories|
[[Category:Christianity in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1885]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kohima]]
[[Category:Baptist denominations established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Baptist denominations in India]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Angami Naga|Baptist]]
}}

Krishna Nayaka

2026-05-02T14:45:58Z

Ab2030: started new post

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Nayaka
| image =
| caption = Official portrait
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1983}}
| birth_place = Koilaragatti Thanda, [[Hoovina Hadagali]] taluk, Vijayanagara district, Karnataka, India
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
| signature = Krishna Nayaka Signature.svg
| office = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hadagali Assembly constituency|Hadagali]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[P. T. Parameshwar Naik]]
| successor =
}}
'''Krishna Nayaka''' or '''Krishna Naik''' (born 1983) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from Hoovina [[Hadagali Assembly constituency]] in [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagar district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Nayaka in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/krishna-nayaka-hadagali-candidate-s10a088c006/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Hadagalli Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Krishna Nayaka Wins From Hadagalli |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/hadagalli-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601807 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nayaka is from [[Hoovina Hadagali]], Vijayanagar district. His father Umla Nayak is a farmer. He completed his graduation degree in engineering at [[Visvesvaraya Technological University|Vishveshvaraya Technological University]], [[Belgaum|Belagavi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Nayaka(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- HADAGALI (SC)(VIJAYANAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7974 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nayaka won the Hoovina Hadagali Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 73,200 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[P. T. Parameshwar Naik]] of [[Indian National Congress]], by a narrow margin of 1,444 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Hadagalli, Hagaribommanahalli, Kudligi, Vijayanagara Election Result 2023: HR Gaviyappa, Dr Srinivas NT Hand Congress Handsome Victories |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/live-hadagalli-hagaribommanahalli-kudligi-vijayanagara-karnataka-election-result-2023-roundwise-vote-counting-winners-list-article-100180355 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: List of winners with a margin of fewer than 2,000 votes |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/karnataka-assembly-elections-2023-list-of-winners-with-a-margin-of-fewer-than-2000-votes-1218469.html|access-date=2024-08-25|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hadagali">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hadagali |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1088.htm?ac=88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429180411/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1088.htm?ac=88 |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaka, Krishna}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Ballari district]]

Department of Agriculture and Horticulture (Assam)

2026-05-02T12:03:40Z

Ab2030:

{{Short description|Government department in Assam}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Agriculture and Horticulture
| nativename = {{native name|as|কৃষি আৰু উদ্যান শস্য বিভাগ}}
| seal = Seal of Assam.svg
| seal_width = 100px
| seal_caption = State emblem of Assam
| formed = {{Start date and age|1950}}
| logo_caption =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Assam]]
| headquarters = Block, 1st Floor, [[Janata Bhawan]] (Civil) [[Dispur]], [[Guwahati]]-781006
| coordinates =
| budget =
| minister1_pfo = Minister
| minister1_name = [[Atul Bora (AGP politician)|Atul Bora]]
| chief1_name = Aruna Rajoria, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = Commissioner and Secretary
| chief2_name = Tej Prasad Bhusal, ACS
| chief2_position = Secretary
| child1_agency = Directorate of Agriculture
| child2_agency = Directorate of Horticulture and Food Processing
| child3_agency = Assam Seeds Corporation Limited
| child4_agency = Assam Seed and Organic Certification Agency
| child5_agency = Assam State Agriculture Marketing Board
| child6_agency = State Agriculture Management and Extension Training Institute
| child7_agency = Assam Small Farmers' Agri Business Consortium
| website = {{official website|https://agri-horti.assam.gov.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| employees =
| parent_department =
| type = Department
}}

The '''Department of Agriculture and Horticulture''' ({{langx|as|কৃষি আৰু উদ্যান শস্য বিভাগ}}) is a department in the state [[government of Assam]], [[India]] which is responsible for the administration and promotion of [[agriculture]] in the state, regulation of agrarian services, ensuring [[food security]] and [[food processing]], and improving livelihoods of the [[farmers|farming community]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://agri-horti.assam.gov.in/about-us/about-us|title=Department of Agriculture and Horticulture (Assam): About Us|access-date=5 April 2026|website=agri-horti.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

The department is headed by a minister usually of cabinet rank, or the Minister of Agriculture, currently [[Atul Bora (AGP politician)|Atul Bora]] who has been in office since 24 May 2016.

== History ==

The history behind the creation of the Department of Agriculture in Assam dates back to April 1882 during the [[British rule in Assam|colonial rule]]. The department was responsible for conducting crop-cutting experiments on winter rice, mustard and sugarcane cultivation in the state to assess the productivity of land preparation and assessment proposals during settlement.

In 1893, an Agricultural Conference was held in [[Shimla]] and based on the recommendations of the conference, the British Government deputed Sir E. Buck to Assam in 1895 to discuss and implement the conference's recommendations in Assam. Buck advocated the appointment of an agricultural expert to ascertain agricultural defects and introduce agricultural improvements. In 1897, B. C. Basu, a Deputy Collector in Bengal, was appointed as assistant director.

In 1905, following the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] and the subsequent creation of the [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] province, the Department of Agriculture was separated in 1907 to form the Department of Land Records and Agriculture. Assam became a separate province again in 1912 and the Department of Land Records and Agriculture continued to exist until 1922. In 1923, the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Industries was established.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://agri-horti.assam.gov.in/about-us/history|title=Department of Agriculture and Horticulture: History|access-date=5 April 2026|website=agri-horti.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

Following India's independence in 1947 and the subsequent formation of the [[Bordoloi ministry (Assam)|state government]] under the chief ministership of [[Gopinath Bordoloi]], the Department of Agriculture was formed in the state. [[Omeo Kumar Das]] was appointed as the state's first agriculture minister. Since then, the department has existed.

== Organisation ==

The Department of Agriculture and Horticulture is the nodal agency and is administered through two directorates and five specialised agencies:

=== Directorate of Agriculture ===

The '''Directorate of Agriculture''' ({{langx|as|কৃষি সঞ্চালকালয়}}) is responsible for the formulation and implementation of the state's agrarian policies and programmes aimed at achieving rapid agricultural growth through optimum utilisation of land, water, soil and plant resources and implementation of beneficiary-oriented schemes for the economic upliftment of the farmers. The directorate also establishes farmer-dependent coordination in implementing and providing technological knowledge to the farming community through agricultural extension services.

The directorate is also responsible for creating assured irrigation facilities for farmers through minor irrigation schemes, promoting the use of farmer-friendly bio-fertilisers, encouraging farmers to minimise pesticide use, and controlling environmental pollution through integrated pest management. It also monitors soil health, educates farmers on soil and water conservation technologies, undertakes measures to provide agricultural credit and crop insurance, helps the farmers in getting remunerative returns for their produce, and implements flood and drought relief programmes. It also contributes towards the economic empowerment of women and the eradication of rural poverty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://diragri.assam.gov.in/about-us/detail/function-and-objectives-1|title=Functions and Objectives of the Directorate of Agriculture|website=diragri.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

The directorate is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the following schemes and projects:
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi]]
* Mukhya Mantri Krishi Sa Sajuli Yozana
* [[National e-Governance Plan|National e-Governance Plan-Agriculture]] (NeGP-A)
* National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
* National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
* National Mission on Agriculture Extension Technology (NMAET)
* National Mission on Oil Seeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP)
* [[Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana]] (PMFBY)
* Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
* [[Remunerative Approach for Agriculture and Allied sector Rejuvenation|Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana]] (RKVY)
* Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF)
* Chief Minister Samagra Gramya Unnayan Yojana (CMSGUY)
{{div col end}}

=== Directorate of Horticulture and Food Processing ===

The '''Directorate of Horticulture and Food Processing''' ({{langx|as|উদ্যান শস্য আৰু খাদ্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণ সঞ্চালকালয়}}) is responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies and programmes aimed at achieving rapid growth of the horticultural sector and ensuring an increase in area coverage to increase production and productivity of horticultural crops by transferring technology. It also undertakes all possible measures to ensure a timely and adequate supply of quality planting materials and motivates farmers to minimise the use of chemicals and adopt organic farming practices.

The directorate also aims to increase the production and productivity of fruit crops, vegetable crops, and spice crops and ensure good health and augment market and marketing facilities.

The Directorate of Horticulture and Food Processing is responsible for the implementation of the following schemes and projects:

{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
* Bee Keeping Scheme
* Coconut Development Scheme
* Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan States (HMNEH)
* Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana -Per Drop More Crop (PMKSY-PDMC)
* Mission Organic Value Chain Development in Assam (MOVCDA)
* Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
* Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY)
* SASMIRA Scheme for Agro-Textile
* State Plan Scheme
{{div col end}}

=== Assam Seeds Corporation Limited ===

The '''Assam Seeds Corporation Limited''' ({{langx|as|অসম বীজ নিগম লিমিটেড}}) (ASCL) was established in 1967 to provide unique services for the production of all kinds of high-yielding varieties of seeds to the farmers and other customers at a fair price. It also produces foundation seeds from breeder seed on its own farm, which are then procured from the [[Assam Agricultural University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ascltd.assam.gov.in/about-us/history-1|title=Assam Seeds Corporation Limited: History|website=ascltd.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Assam Seed and Organic Certification Agency ===

The '''Assam Seed and Organic Certification Agency''' ({{langx|as|অসম বীজ আৰু জৈৱিক প্ৰমাণীকৰণ সংস্থা)}} (ASOCA) was established on 1 January 1985 as an autonomous body of the Government of Assam under the Seed Act 1966 and was registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. The agency recognises varieties of seeds eligible for seed certification and publishes and maintains lists indicating the names of such varieties and kinds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asoca.assam.gov.in/about-us/detail/functions-objectives-1|title=Functions and Objectives of the Assam Seed and Organic Certification Agency|website=asoca.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Assam State Agricultural Marketing Board ===

The '''Assam State Agricultural Marketing Board''' ({{langx|as|অসম ৰাজ্যিক কৃষি বিপণন ব’ৰ্ড}}) (ASAMB) was established under the Assam Agricultural Produce Market (AAPM) Act 1972 to provide for better regulation of buying and selling of agricultural produce and the establishment of a market for agricultural produce in the state of Assam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asamb.assam.gov.in/about-us/history-2|title=History of the Assam State Agricultural Marketing Board|website=asamb.assam.gov.in}}</ref> The board is responsible for the coordination of the working of the market committees for the development of the market and market areas and state level planning of the development of agricultural produce and markets.

=== State Agriculture Management and Extension Training Institute ===

The '''State Agriculture Management and Extension Training Institute''' ({{langx|as|ৰাজ্যিক কৃষি ব্যৱস্থাপনা আৰু সম্প্ৰসাৰণ প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান)}} (SAMETI) is the state-level nodal training institute of Tripura, established under the scheme "Support to State Extension Programme for Extension Reform" in the year 2011 at Krishi Bhavan Campus, Khanapara, Guwahati. The institution is autonomous in nature, with greater flexibility in structure and functioning, and is responsible for human resource development and capacity building of extension functionaries of different line departments on scientific extension management.

=== Assam Small Farmers' Agri Business Consortium ===

The '''Assam Small Farmers' Agri Business Consortium''' ({{langx|as|অসম ক্ষুদ্ৰ কৃষকৰ কৃষি ব্যৱসায় সংঘ)}} (ASFAC) was established on 1 October 2001 and was registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 on 24 December 2001. The agency functions to catalyse agro industrial growth in different parts of Assam based on principles of ecological sustainability, economic efficiency and social equity, and undertakes programmes for employment generation, growth and diversification of agriculture and other food based industries to increase food production and export of food products.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asfac.assam.gov.in/about-us/detail/objectives-functions|title=Objectives and Functions of the Assam Small Farmers' Agri Business Consortium|website=asfac.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

== Ministers ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Chief Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Omeo Kumar Das 1998 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Omeo Kumar Das]]''' {{small|ওমেও কুমাৰ দাস (1895–1975) MLA for [[Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency|Dhekiajuli North]]}}
| 26 January 1950
| 5 August 1950
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|26 Jan 1950|27 Mar 1952}}
| rowspan="10"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Bordoloi ministry (Assam)|Bordoloi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
|-
| 9 August 1950
| 27 March 1952
| [[First Medhi ministry|Medhi I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Bishnuram Medhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Ram Nath Das''' {{small|ৰাম নাথ দাস MLA for [[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat North]]}}
| 28 March 1952
| 21 April 1957
| {{ayd|28 Mar 1952|21 Apr 1957}}
| [[Second Medhi ministry|Medhi II]]
|-
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Moinul Hoque Choudhury.gif|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Moinul Hoque Choudhury]]''' {{small|মইনুল হকে চৌধুৰী (1923–1976) MLA for [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar East]]}}
| 21 April 1957
| 27 December 1957
| rowspan="3"| {{ayd|21 Apr 1957|16 Mar 1967}}
| [[Third Medhi ministry|Medhi III]]
|-
| 27 December 1957
| 1 March 1962
| [[First Chaliha ministry|Chaliha I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]
|-
| 1 March 1962
| 16 March 1967
| [[Second Chaliha ministry|Chaliha II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Lakshmi Prasad Goswami''' {{small|লক্ষ্মী প্ৰসাদ গোস্বামী MLA for [[Jamunamukh Assembly constituency|Jamunamukh]]}}
| 16 March 1967
| 11 November 1970
| {{ayd|16 Mar 1967|11 Nov 1970}}
| [[Third Chaliha ministry|Chaliha III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Ataur Rahman Choudhury''' {{small|অতৌৰ ৰহমান চৌধুৰী MLA for [[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]]}}
| 11 November 1970
| 31 January 1972
| {{ayd|11 Nov 1970|31 Jan 1972}}
| [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry ministry|Choudhry]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Upendra Das''' {{small|উপেন্দ্ৰ দাস MLA for Rangamati}}
| 31 January 1972
| 12 October 1974
| {{ayd|31 Jan 1972|12 Oct 1974}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Sarat Chandra Sinha ministry|Sinha]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Mohammad Umaruddin''' {{small|মহম্মদ উমাৰুদ্দিন MLA for [[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]}}
| 12 October 1974
| 12 March 1978
| {{ayd|12 Oct 1974|12 Mar 1978}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''Soneswar Boro''' {{small|সোণেশ্বৰ বড়ো MLA for [[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golaghat]]}}
| 12 March 1978
| 4 September 1979
| {{ayd|12 Mar 1978|4 Sep 1979}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Janata Party]]
| [[Borbora ministry|Borbora]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[Golap Borbora]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''Santi Ranjan Das Gupta''' {{small|শান্তি ৰঞ্জন দাস গুপ্তা MLA for [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]}}
| 9 September 1979
| 11 December 1979
| {{ayd|9 Sep 1979|11 Dec 1979}}
| [[Hazarika ministry|Hazarika]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]]
|-
! colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Position vacant during this interval''}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Syeda Anwara Taimur.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Anwara Taimur]]''' {{small|আনোৱাৰা টাইমুৰ (1936{{ndash}}2020) MLA for [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]}}
| 6 December 1980
| 30 June 1981
| {{ayd|6 Dec 1980|30 Jun 1981}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Taimur ministry|Taimur]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Anwara Taimur]]
|-
! colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Position vacant during this interval''}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''Santi Ranjan Das Gupta''' {{small|শান্তি ৰঞ্জন দাস গুপ্তা MLA for [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]}}
| 13 January 1982
| 19 March 1982
| {{ayd|13 Jan 1982|19 Mar 1982}}
| [[Janata Party]]
| [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi ministry|Kesab]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Position vacant during this interval''}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Ranendra Narayan Basumatary''' {{small|ৰানেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ বসুমতাৰী MLA for [[Kokrajhar West Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar West]]}}
| 28 February 1983
| 23 December 1985
| {{ayd|28 Feb 1983|23 Dec 1985}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Saikia ministry|Saikia I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
|
| '''Nilamoni Das''' {{small|নীলামণি দাস MLA for [[Mangaldai Assembly constituency|Mangaldoi]]}}
| 24 December 1985
| 28 November 1990
| {{ayd|24 Dec 1985|28 Nov 1990}}
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| [[First Mahanta ministry|Mahanta I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
| [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|-
! colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Position vacant during this interval''}}
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Syeda Anwara Taimur.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Anwara Taimur]]''' {{small|আনোৱাৰা টাইমুৰ (1936{{ndash}}2020) MLA for [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 30 June 1991
| rowspan="2"| 14 May 1996
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|30 Jun 1991|14 May 1996}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Saikia ministry|Saikia II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
|-
| [[Barman ministry|Barman]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Bhumidhar Barman]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
| [[File:Chandra Mohan Patowary.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]''' {{small|চন্দ্ৰ মোহন পাটোৱাৰী (born 1955) MLA for [[Dharmapur Assembly constituency|Dharmapur]]}}
| 15 May 1996
| 17 May 2001
| {{ayd|15 May 1996|17 May 2001}}
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| [[Second Mahanta ministry|Mahanta II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
| [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ardhendu Kumar Dey ALA portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ardhendu Kumar Dey]]''' {{small|অৰ্ধেন্দু কুমাৰ দে (1938{{ndash}}2022) MLA for [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]}}
| 17 May 2001
| 21 May 2006
| {{ayd|17 May 2001|21 May 2006}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Tarun Gogoi ministry|Tarun I]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Tarun Gogoi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}"|
| [[File:Pramila Rani Brahma.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pramila Rani Brahma]]''' {{small|প্ৰমিলা ৰাণী ব্ৰহ্ম (born 1951) MLA for [[Kokrajhar East Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar East]]}}
| 21 May 2006
| 18 May 2011
| {{ayd|21 May 2006|18 May 2011}}
| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| [[Second Tarun Gogoi ministry|Tarun II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Nilamani Sen Deka in November 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nilamani Sen Deka]]''' {{small|নীলামণি সেন ডেকা (born 1953) MLA for [[Dharmapur Assembly constituency|Dharmapur]]}}
| 30 May 2011
| 26 January 2015
| {{ayd|30 May 2011|26 Jan 2015}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Tarun Gogoi ministry|Tarun III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Rakibul Hussain in January 2014 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rakibul Hussain]]''' {{small|ৰকিবুল হুছেইন (born 1964) MLA for [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]}}
| 26 January 2015
| 24 May 2016
| {{ayd|26 Jan 2015|24 May 2016}}
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Atul Bora in 2025.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Atul Bora (AGP politician)|Atul Bora]]''' {{small|অতুল বৰা (born 1960) MLA for [[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhat]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 25 May 2016
| rowspan="2"| Incumbent
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|25 May 2016}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| [[Sonowal ministry|Sonowal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="width:8em"| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
|-
| [[Sarma ministry|Sarma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[Government of Assam]]
* [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]]
* [[Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)]]
* [[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)]]
* [[Department of Agriculture (Tamil Nadu)]]
* [[Department of Agriculture (West Bengal)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Assam|Agriculture and Horticulture]]
[[Category:State agriculture departments in India|Assam]]

Sethupathi (film)

2026-05-01T04:48:39Z

Ab2030: started initial post from scratch

{{short description|2016 film by S. U. Arun Kumar}}
{{Distinguish|Sethupathi IPS}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sethupathi film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. U. Arun Kumar]]
| writer = S. U. Arun Kumar
| producer = [[Vansan Movies|Shan Sutharsan]]
| starring = [[Vijay Sethupathi]] [[Remya Nambessan]]
| cinematography = Dinesh B. Krishnan
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| studio = [[Vansan Movies]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2016|2|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sethupathi''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[S. U. Arun Kumar]] and produced by [[Vansan Movies]]. The film stars [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Remya Nambessan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2015 |title=Remya to romance Vijay Sethupathi, again |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Remya-to-romance-Vijay-Sethupathi-again/articleshow/46722900.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401040859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Remya-to-romance-Vijay-Sethupathi-again/articleshow/46722900.cms |archive-date=1 April 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2015 |title=Vijay Sethupathi plays honest policeman in Sethupathi |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vijay-Sethupathi-Plays-Honest-Policeman-in-Sethupathi/2015/09/24/article3043774.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924232122/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vijay-Sethupathi-Plays-Honest-Policeman-in-Sethupathi/2015/09/24/article3043774.ece |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It revolves around a police officer whose reputation suffers when a young suspect is severely injured in his custody and threats from his enemies increase.

The film was released worldwide on 19 February 2016<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=700516595106340864 |user=sri50 |title=Friday Feb 19 Releases – Tamil 1. #Miruthan, 2. #Sethupathi , 3. #NavarasaThilagam. Hindi :1 #Neeraja 2.#IshqForever 3. #Loveshhuda. 1/2 |first=Sreedhar |last=Pillai |access-date=25 April 2026 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/nELGo |archive-date=25 April 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> and became a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=26 June 2016 |title=After the success of 'Sethupathi' Will Vijay stop doing 'offbeat films'? |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/after-the-success-of-sethupathi-will-vijay-stop-doing-offbeat-films-2639156.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226121232/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after-the-success-of-sethupathi-will-vijay-stop-doing-offbeat-films-2639156.html |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=27 June 2016 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref> It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Jayadev (film)|Jayadev]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2017 |title=DJ steals the show |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/dj-steals-the-show/article19167060.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023025/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/dj-steals-the-show/article19167060.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=25 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Subburaj, who is on night rounds in his C3 Station limits, is lured into a trap and burnt to death by a group of henchmen. Despite being burnt inside his station limits, he stumbles across a small bridge and dies inside C4 Station's limit. This causes tension to the planner of the attack. Sethupathi is the Crime Section's [[police inspector|Inspector]] of C4 Station in [[Madurai]] who is awaiting his already-confirmed promotion to [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]]. Subburaj's case is given to Sethupathi, who finds out that an influential politician, Vaathiyar of [[Melur]], is behind the murder.

SI Kanagavel is married to Vaathiyar's daughter, but the marriage is an unhappy one. Due to consistent conflict, Vaathiyar tries to make peace between the couple. One day, Vathiyar's daughter comes to his home after being assaulted by Kanagavel. Therefore, Vaathiyar decides to kill Kanagavel. One the eve of the incident, Kanagavel faces an accident and is off-duty due to minor injury. Subburaj, who is attached as Crime SI in the same police station, is filling in for him.

Sethupathi arrests Vaathiyar during a temple festival and forces him to travel to Chennai to apply for bail, earning his enmity. Later, Sethupathi interrogates two adolescent schoolboys who had sold a stolen chain which was lost in a chain-snatching attempt. When they do not speak up, Sethupathi threatens to shoot them on the count of five, albeit using a locked gun. At the fifth count, he accidentally shoots one of the boys in the neck when the other tries to flee, leaving him critically injured. Sethupathi is charged with attempt-to-murder and is suspended.

However, he had no intention of shooting either of the boys and realises someone had unlocked his gun, which he had thought was locked. He soon finds out that Kanagavel is responsible for unlocking his gun. Kanagavel covertly bribes constable Muruganandham in C4 Station to unlock the gun and replace the bullets with dummy ones, so that Sethupathi will be defenceless when attacked by Vaathiyar's men.

Kanagavel assumes that if an inspector (who is investigating brutal murder of an SI) is attacked, the department will retaliate harshly to either kill or to put Vaathiyar in prison for life, so Kanagavel will be not be separated from his daughter. Kanagavel reveals the truth to the City [[Police Commissioner]], and Commissioner tells him to repeat it in the enquiry commission, but the same night, Kanagavel is tied to a long-distance electric pole and burnt alive by Vaathiyar.

Sethupathi and Muruganandham appear before an enquiry of three officials to prove the former's innocence. However, one of the members of the enquiry panel is an ally of Vaathiyar and she tries to influence the panel against Sethupathi. Muruganandham's daughter is kidnapped minutes before the final enquiry, and he turns against Sethupathi. The same evening, the Commissioner and Regional Civil Commissioner visit Muruganandham's home and uncover the truth.

Since these two officers are on the committee, Sethupathi's job is saved. However, Sethupathi's troubles are still not over; Vaathiyar starts targeting Sethupathi and his family. Sethupathi overcomes all the hurdles put by Vaathiyar and his henchmen. Vaathiyar then decides to silence Sethupathi once and for all by sending his henchmen to kill Sethupathi's wife Malarvizhi and two children, but Sethupathi's son, who is aware of the police work, wields Sethupathi's armed revolver to ward them off.

Infuriated with the failed attempt, Vaathiyar instructs his men to kill the schoolboy injured by Sethupathi and put the blame on him. However, Sethupathi, aware of Vaathiyar's plan, guards the hospital where the boy is admitted and saves him from Vaathiyar's henchmen. With Sethupathi returning to work, Vaathiyar's henchmen accept defeat and warn Vaathiyar to leave Madurai for good, but he does not take heed. The next day, Sethupathi kills Vaathiyar by setting his house on fire and closes the case.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Kalimuthu Sethupathi
* [[Remya Nambessan]] as Malarvizhi
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Vaathiyar
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Anbuselvan
* [[Vivek Prasanna]] as Madhivaanan
* [[Linga (actor)|Linga]] as Shenbaga Moorthy
* [[Raaghavan|Master Raghavan]] as Mara
* [[Redin Kingsley]] as Raja
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as B. V. Kumar
* Baby Thanushra
* Muruganandham
* Karuppu Nambiar
* Francis
* Murugan
* Santhanalakshmi
}}

== Production ==
''Sethupathi'' is [[S. U. Arun Kumar]]'s sophomore directorial venture. [[Vijay Sethupathi]], who played the lead in Arun Kumar's directorial debut ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' (2014), returned as the lead actor. He initially suggested titling the film ''Ka. Sethupathi'', but the director did not agree. Before [[Remya Nambessan]] was cast as the lead actress, a number of actresses refused the film; Sethupathi believed it was because of their reluctance to play a motherly role.<ref name="interview">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=20 February 2016 |title=Actor Vijay Sethupathi on his recent films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-vijay-sethupathi-on-his-recent-films/article8261284.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224114927/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-vijay-sethupathi-on-his-recent-films/article8261284.ece |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=25 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Because he plays a police officer, Sethupathi sported a [[handlebar moustache]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=Vijay Sethupathi: From rowdy to cop |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/vijay-sethupathi-from-rowdy-to-cop/article7757322.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807061926/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/vijay-sethupathi-from-rowdy-to-cop/article7757322.ece |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=25 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> He initially wanted the character to be clean shaven, but Arun felt that look would not be appealing enough.<ref name="interview" /> Arun sought to make Sethupathi's character a realistic and believable police officer, in contrast to other Tamil films where he felt police officers were outrageously depicted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2016 |title=Vijay’s action avatar in ‘Sethupathi’ will stand out: director S.U. Arun Kumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vijays-action-avatar-in-sethupathi-will-stand-out-director-s-u-arun-kumar/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217094435/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vijays-action-avatar-in-sethupathi-will-stand-out-director-s-u-arun-kumar/ |archive-date=17 February 2016 |access-date=25 April 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began in late September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=24 September 2015 |title=Vijay Sethupathi Plays Honest Policeman in Sethupathi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Sep/24/vijay-sethupathi-plays-honest-policeman-in-sethupathi-819640.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527215452/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Sep/24/vijay-sethupathi-plays-honest-policeman-in-sethupathi-819640.html |archive-date=27 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was primarily shot in [[Madurai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=3 October 2016 |title=Madurai becomes the favourite backdrop for Tamil filmmakers |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Madurai-becomes-the-favourite-backdrop-for-Tamil-filmmakers/articleshow/54641320.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007040830/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Madurai-becomes-the-favourite-backdrop-for-Tamil-filmmakers/articleshow/54641320.cms |archive-date=7 October 2016 |access-date=25 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The entire filming process took place over a single schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=4 January 2016 |title='Sethupathi' – A Day in the Life of a Cop |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/Jan/04/sethupathi---a-day-in-the-life-of-a-cop-864204.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527215451/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/Jan/04/sethupathi---a-day-in-the-life-of-a-cop-864204.html |archive-date=27 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music was composed by [[Nivas K. Prasanna]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=SETHUPATHI - Nivas K.Prasanna Tamil Audio Cd (FACTORY SEALED PACK) |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/sethupathi-nivas-k-prasanna-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116053322/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/sethupathi-nivas-k-prasanna-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=25 April 2026 |work=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref> The audio launch was held on 20 January 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=23 January 2016 |title=Vijay's Secrets to Success |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/Jan/23/vijays-secrets-to-success-872151.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425031209/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/jan/23/vijays-secrets-to-success-872151.html |archive-date=25 April 2026 |access-date=25 April 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:09
| title1 = Mazhai Thooralam
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| length1 = 5:40
| title2 = Konji Pesida Venaam
| lyrics2 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
| length2 = 3:47
| title3 = Hey Mama
| lyrics3 = Na. Muthukumar, [[Blaaze]]
| extra3 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], Blaaze, [[MK Balaji]]
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Hawa Hawa
| lyrics4 = MK Balaji
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Saindhavi]]
| length4 = 4:16
| title5 = Thaen Kootil
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra5 = V. M. Mahalingam
| length5 = 3:43
}}

== Critical reception ==
Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that ''Sethupathi'' was a good thriller and a better family drama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=19 February 2016 |title=Sethupathi: A good thriller, a better family drama |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sethupathi-a-good-thriller-a-better-family-drama/article8258185.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310221523/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sethupathi-a-good-thriller-a-better-family-drama/article8258185.ece |archive-date=10 March 2016 |access-date=20 February 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[DNA India]]'' wrote that there were no loud over-the-top dialogues and punchlines that were typical of all on-screen cops in Tamil films and Vijay Sethupathi had outshone many other Tamil film heroes as the cop.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=19 February 2016 |title='Sethupathi' review: Vijay Sethupathi outshines many other Kollywood heroes as the cop |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-sethupathi-review-vijay-sethupathi-outshines-many-other-heroes-in-kollywood-as-the-cop-2179674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615160141/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-sethupathi-review-vijay-sethupathi-outshines-many-other-heroes-in-kollywood-as-the-cop-2179674 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=20 February 2016 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that it is another feather in the cap for Sethupathi, who reveals his versatility yet again handles his role with remarkable understanding.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=21 February 2016 |title=Sethupathi Review: One More Feather in Sethupathi's Hat |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Sethupathi-Review-One-More-Feather-in-Sethupathis-Hat/2016/02/21/article3288404.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223103838/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Sethupathi-Review-One-More-Feather-in-Sethupathis-Hat/2016/02/21/article3288404.ece |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=4 March 2016 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Anupama Subramaniam of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "Vijay Sethupathi's moves are full of energy and enthusiasm and his impeccable dialogue delivery is a treat to watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Anupama |date=20 February 2016 |title=Sethupathi movie review: A well-made entertainer that is not to be missed! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/200216/sethupathi-movie-review-a-well-made-entertainer-that-is-not-to-be-missed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410012159/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/200216/sethupathi-movie-review-a-well-made-entertainer-that-is-not-to-be-missed.html |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "The biggest strength of the film is the fine characterization of Vijay Sethupathi and his effortless performance".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2016 |title=Sethupathi review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sethupathi-review-go-for-it-review-tamil-qcuk6Nhfahghi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601140753/http://www.sify.com/movies/sethupathi-review-go-for-it-review-tamil-qcuk6Nhfahghi.html |archive-date=1 June 2018 |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
At the [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]], [[K. S. Chithra]] won the award for Best Playback Female Singer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2017 |title=SIIMA 2017 concludes: Ranbir-Kat make a special appearance |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-2017-concludes-ranbir-kat-make-a-special-appearance/articleshow/59408453.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813150004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-2017-concludes-ranbir-kat-make-a-special-appearance/articleshow/59408453.cms |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=3 July 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{S. U. Arun Kumar}}

[[Category:2010s police films]]
[[Category:2016 action drama films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 masala films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. U. Arun Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nivas K. Prasanna]]
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

N. G. Hulkur

2026-05-01T04:06:50Z

Ab2030: creating a info

{{distinguish|Hulkuru|Hulkur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = N. G. Hulkur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.00515354588687|N|78.42969808594049|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolar Gold Fields]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,432<ref>{{cite web | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2927_PART_B_DCHB_KOLAR.pdf | title=2011 census | work=censusindia.gov.in | access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref>
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 563116
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08153
| registration_plate =KA
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 622772
}}

'''N. G. Hulkur''' is a village in the [[Kolar Gold Fields]] Taluk of [[Kolar district]] in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is situated about 25 kilometers from [[Kolar Gold Fields]], situated very close to [[Andhra Pradesh]] border.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2927_PART_A_DCHB_KOLAR.pdf | title=2011 census | work=censusindia.gov.in | access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Indian Census]], the village consists of 2,432 people. The town has a literacy rate of 52.71 percent which is lower than [[Karnataka]]'s average of 75.36 percent.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Total Number of Household : 561<ref>{{cite web | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=709081 | title=2011 census | work=censusindia.gov.in | access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref>
!Population
!Persons
!Males
!Females
|-
|Total
|2,432
|1,270
|1,162
|-
|In the age group 0–6 years
|285
|154
|131
|-
|Scheduled Castes (SC)
|1,358
|706
|652
|-
|Scheduled Tribes (ST)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Literates
|1,282
|768
|514
|-
|Illiterate
|1,150
|502
|648
|-
|Total Worker
|1,293
|692
|601
|-
|Main Worker
|1,288
|688
|600
|-
|Marginal Worker
|5
|4
|1
|-
|Non Worker
|1,139
|578
|561
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Kolar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kolar district]]

{{Kolar-geo-stub}}

C. T. Ahammed Ali

2026-04-29T05:47:44Z

Ab2030: starting new bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. T. Ahammed Ali
| image =
| office1 = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Kasaragod Assembly constituency|Kasaragod]]
| term_start1 = 1980
| term_end1 = 2011
| office2 = Minister for Local Administration, Government of Kerala
| term_start2 = June 1991
| term_end2 = March 1995
| office3 = Minister for Public Works, Government of Kerala
| term_start3 = March 1995
| term_end3 = May 1996
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|04|05}}
| birth_place = Chemnad, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| spouse = A. Ummalimma
| children = 4 (1 son and 3 daughters)
}}

'''Chemnad Thaazhevalappil Ahammed Ali''' (born 5 April 1944) is an Indian politician. He is a Former Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kasaragod Assembly constituency|Kasargod Assembly constituency]] since 1980 to 2011. He also served as Minister for Local Administration from June 1991 to March 1995 and Minister for Public Works from March 1995 to May 1996. During this period, the Kerala Panchayat Raj Bill and the Kerala Municipality Bill were enacted. He is associated with the [[Indian Union Muslim League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m24.htm |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Legislative Assembly |url=https://niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/profile/index/558 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=niyamasabha.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2020-10-18 |title=C.T. Ahammed Ali named UDF Kasaragod district chairman |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ct-ahammed-ali-named-udf-kasaragod-district-chairman/article32888820.ece |access-date=2022-12-31 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ali was born to C. T. Abdullah and K. Khadeejabi on 5 April 1944 in Chemnad.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Personal life ==
Ali was married to A. Ummalimma and they have 4 children together, 1 son and 3 daughters.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1980–1982]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Public Works ministers of Kerala]]

Undivided Sylhet district

2026-04-26T12:06:00Z

Ab2030: started the place w/ refs

{{Short description|Pre-Independence district of India}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Sylhet (1765–1947)
| common_name = Sylhet
| status_text = Part of [[Bengal Presidency]] (1765–1874) Part of [[North-East Frontier]] (1874–1905) Part of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] (1905–1912) Part of [[Assam Province]] (1912–1947)
| nation = [[British India]]
| subdivision = District
| era =
| life_span = 1765–1947
| capital = [[Sylhet]]
| year_start = 1765
| date_start =
| event_start = Part of [[Bengal Presidency]]
| year_end = 15 August 1947
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Partition of India]]
| event1 = Transfer to [[North-East Frontier]]
| date_event1 = 1874
| event2 = Transfer to [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]]
| date_event2 = 1905
| event3 = Bifurcation of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]]
| date_event3 = 1912
| p1 = Bengal Subah
| s1 = Sylhet Division{{!}}Sylhet
| s2 = Karimganj district{{!}}Karimganj
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of Pakistan.svg
| flag_s2 = Flag of India.svg
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_area2 =
| stat_year2 =
| stat_pop1 =
| footnotes =
| demonym =
| today = [[Bangladesh]] [[India]]
}}
The '''Undivided Sylhet district''' is a former administrative district of [[Assam Province]] (now [[Assam]]) of [[British India]]. It was formerly governed as part of [[Bengal Presidency]] until 1874, before its transfer to Assam. During the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of India]] in 1947, the ertswhile district was partitioned into [[Sylhet Division]] of then [[East Bengal]] (then in [[Pakistan]]), now part of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Karimganj district]] which remained as a part of [[Barak Valley]] region in [[Assam]].<ref>{{ cite web |title=History of Cachar District |url=https://cachar.assam.gov.in/about-us/history |website=cachar.assam.gov.in }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web |title=History |url=https://sribhumi.assam.gov.in/about-us/history |website=sribhumi.assam.gov.in }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Sylhet}}
[[File:AssamProvince1936_Map.png|thumb|250px|Sylhet district as part of Assam Province in 1936]]

===Transfer to Assam Province===
During the [[British Raj]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] was governed as a part of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] until 1874. In September 1874, Sylhet was separated from the Bengal Presidency and added to the new [[Assam province]].<ref>"To make (the Province) financially viable, and to accede to demands from professional groups, (the colonial administration) decided in September 1874 to annex the Bengali-speaking and populous district of Sylhet."{{harvcol|Hossain|2013|p=260}}</ref> The people of Sylhet protested the decision of the region's transfer to Assam by submitting a memorandum to the Viceroy.<ref>" A memorandum of protest against the transfer of Sylhet was submitted to the viceroy on 10 August 1874 by leaders of both the Hindu and Muslim communities." {{harvcol|Hossain|2013|p=261}}</ref> Later the protests subsided when the Viceroy, [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Lord Northbrook]], visited Sylhet and announced that the education and justice would be administered from Bengal,<ref>"It was also decided that education and justice would be administered from Calcutta University and the Calcutta High Court respectively." {{harvcol|Hossain|2013|p=262}}</ref> and the opportunities of employment for tea estates and their produce in Assam in order to facilitate the province's commercial development..<ref>{{cite book |author=Tanweer Fazal |year=2013 |title=Minority Nationalisms in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bGMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |publisher=Routledge |pages=53–54 |isbn=978-1-317-96647-0}}</ref><ref>"They could also see that the benefits conferred by the tea industry on the province would also prove profitable for them. For example, those who were literate were able to obtain numerous clerical and medical appointments in tea estates, and the demand for rice to feed the tea labourers noticeably augmented its price in Sylhet and Assam enabling the Zaminders (mostly Hindu) to dispose of their produce at a better price than would have been possible had they been obliged to export it to Bengal." {{harvcol|Hossain|2013|p=262}}</ref>

Sylhet temporarily reverted to Bengal during the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905, when it became part of the province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]]. The partition was annulled in 1911, and the boundaries of [[Assam Province]] was restored in 1912.

===Partition of Sylhet in 1947===
{{Main|1947 Sylhet referendum}}

During the partition of India in 1947, a [[1947 Sylhet referendum|referendum]] was held to determine whether the Sylhet region would remain in India or join Pakistan. The four subdivisions ([[North Sylhet]], [[South Sylhet]], [[Habiganj District|Habiganj]] and [[Sunamganj District|Sunamganj]]) joined the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]; subsequently forming [[East Bengal]]'s [[Sylhet Division]].

Meanwhile, [[Abdul Matlib Mazumdar]] led a delegation advocating for the region to remain with India, due to which the district's [[Karimganj district|Karimganj subdivision]] remained in India, as part of the state of [[Assam]].

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{Cite journal| last = Hossain| first=Ashfaque| title = The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum| journal= Modern Asian Studies| volume=47 |number=1 | year=2013| pages= 250–287| jstor=23359785| doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X| s2cid=145546471}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Sylhet Division]]
[[Category:Karimganj district]]
[[Category:Former districts of Assam]]
[[Category:Colonial India]]

Kunwer Sachdev

2026-04-24T11:57:23Z

Ab2030: started new post

{{short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1962)}}
{{COI|date=April 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kunwer Sachdev
| image = Su-Kam MD Kunwer Sachdev (4)1.jpg
| alt = Kunwer Sachdev
| image_size =
| caption =
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| organization = [[Su-Kam Power Systems]]
| years_active = 1988–present
| title =
| parents =
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| awards = Entrepreneur of the Year 2011
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| spouse =
| children =
| known_for =
| website = {{URL|kunwersachdev.com}}
}}

'''Kunwer Sachdev''', also known as the '''Inverter Man of India''',<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=From the 'Inverter Man of India' rakesh Malhotra |url=https://thebossmonk.com/entrepreneur/kunwer-sachdev-the-inverter-man-of-india-founder-of-su-kam-power-system/ |author=TBM Desk |date=30 March 2021 |access-date=30 January 2014 |publisher=TheBossMonk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/national/kunwer-sachdev-is-known-as-the-inverter-man-of-india/212321/ |title=इस वजह से कुँवर सचदेव जाने जाते हैं 'द इन्वर्टर मैन ऑफ इंडिया' के नाम से |language=hi |publisher=[[Navodaya Times]] |date=12 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/technology/kunwer-sachdev-the-inverter-man-of-india-gave-new-direction-to-world-in-power-backup-au564-1654820.html |title=पॉवर बैकअप से लेकर सोलर सेक्टर में ऐसे हुई क्रांति, 'द इन्वर्टर मैन ऑफ इंडिया' ने बदली तस्वीर |language=hi |publisher=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]] |date=10 January 2023}}</ref> is an Indian [[entrepreneur]] and [[businessperson]]. He founded Su-Kam Power Systems Ltd in 1998, establishing one of India’s early organised manufacturers of inverter and power-backup systems.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kunwer Sachdev, The Inverter Man Of India Is Back {{!}} The Nepal Environmentalist |url=https://www.nepalenvironmentalist.com/article/608627149-kunwer-sachdev-the-inverter-man-of-india-is-back |access-date=27 February 2026 |website=www.nepalenvironmentalist.com}}</ref> He ceased his formal association with the company in 2018.

He is also the mentor of Su-Vastika, an Indian power backup provider started by his wife, Khushbhoo Sachdev, in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Su-kam founder, Kunwer Sachdev starts new firm, "Su-vastika" |url=https://guardian.ng/news/su-kam-founder-kunwer-sachdev-starts-new-firm-su-vastika/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 September 2022 |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatv.in/paisa/auto/indian-solar-startup-su-vastika-invented-this-new-technology-to-curb-pollution-caused-by-diesel-generators-2022-11-16-903053 |title=डीजल जेरनेटर से होने वाले प्रदूषण पर लगेगी लगाम, भारतीय सौर स्टार्टअप Su-Vastika ने इजाद की यह नई तकनीक |language=hi |date=16 November 2022 |publisher=[[India TV]]}}</ref> He is also active as a mentor and industry advisor, including association with startup and investor networks such as Delhi Angels.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Avishek |title=Businesses Are More Like An Affair Than A Marriage In Today's World: Kunwer Sachdev |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/businesses-are-more-like-an-affair-than-a-marriage-in-today%E2%80%99s-world-kunwer-sachdev-136957 |access-date=27 February 2026 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

He is also a member of the [[Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority]], a [[government agency]] in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmda.gov.in/authority/profile.html?language=en|title = GMDA | Authority: Profile}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kunwer Sachdev was born to Krishan Lal Sachdeva, a section officer in the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kunwer Sachdev family |url=https://kunwersachdev.com/family/ |publisher=kunwersachdev.com |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

==Education==

Kunwar Sachdev completed his primary education at a government school in Delhi's [[Punjabi Bagh]]. He had wanted to become a doctor since childhood, but he became a [[businessman]].<ref>{{cite news |title=कभी बसों में बेचते थे पेन, आज 70 देशों में है कारोबार |language=hi |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/PPL-ACH-founder-of-su-kam-kunwer-sachdeva-life-story-news-hindi-5517688-PHO.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>

After completing his intermediate education, Sachdev joined [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] in [[Delhi]] and graduated with a degree in Statistics. After this, he obtained the degree of [[Bachelor of Laws]] from the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web |title=Kunwer Sachdeva, CEO of Su-Kam, speaks to HT – Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/audio-news-video/AV-India/Kunwer-Sachdeva-CEO-of-Su-Kam-speaks-to-HT/Article2-1058299.aspx |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 May 2013 |access-date=11 September 2014 |archive-date=18 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918121914/http://www.hindustantimes.com/audio-news-video/AV-India/Kunwer-Sachdeva-CEO-of-Su-Kam-speaks-to-HT/Article2-1058299.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite news|author1=Sujit John|title=Inverting Power Cuts|work=[[Times of India]]|date=19 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Forbes India">{{cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title=Why Su-Kam is looking up to the sun |url=http://india.forbes.com/article/boardroom/why-sukam-is-looking-up-to-the-sun/39154/1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215081838/http://india.forbes.com/article/boardroom/why-sukam-is-looking-up-to-the-sun/39154/1 |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |publisher=[[Forbes (India)]]}}</ref><ref name="Business_Standard">{{cite news |title=Kalam inaugurates mini solar plant in Dimple Yadav's constituency |newspaper= Business Standard India|url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kalam-inaugurates-mini-solar-plant-in-dimple-yadavs-constituency-115070700876_1.html|publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=7 July 2015|last1= Rawat|first1= Virendra Singh}}</ref><ref name="IBN7 Khabar">{{cite web |title=Rags to Riches Part 4 |website = [[YouTube]]|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWThQNeFo0o |date=24 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="[[ET Now]]">{{cite web |title=TeeTime: In conversation with Kunwer Sachdev, MD, Su-Kam Power Systems |website = [[YouTube]]|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qstFP0mVdE |date=29 November 2013}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
Sachdev’s entrepreneurial career began at a young age. As a teenager, he sold pens to support his older brother’s business, gaining early exposure to sales and customer engagement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2024 |title=एका संकल्पनेतून साकारली अब्जावधींची कंपनी अन्...; वाचा विक्रेत्यापासून ते यशस्वी उद्योजकापर्यंतची कुंवर सचदेव यांचा प्रवास |url=https://www.loksatta.com/career/success-story-of-kunwar-sachdev-transformation-from-salesman-to-a-successful-entrepreneur-with-six-thousand-crore-company-asp-99-4578935/ |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> After a brief period working in [[telecommunications]], he started his own [[cable television]] installation and equipment business in the late 1980s with modest capital. This business marked his first venture into manufacturing and market operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=पेन बेचने वाले ने खुद लिखी अपनी किस्मत, बनाई 2300 करोड़ की कंपनी, पढ़ें कुंवर सचदेव की दिलचस्प Success story |url=https://www.mpbreakingnews.in/business/pen-seller-wrote-his-own-destiny-created-company-worth-rs-2300-crore-read-kunwar-sachdevs-interesting-success-story-mps |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=MP Breaking News |language=hi}}</ref>

In 1998, recognising the widespread problem of unreliable electricity supply in India, Sachdev shifted focus from cable TV to power-backup solutions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merathia |first=Anant |date=24 July 2024 |title=Why the Delhi HC's push for a code of conduct is a crucial step for insolvency reform |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2024/Jul/24/why-the-delhi-hcs-push-for-a-code-of-conduct-is-a-crucial-step-for-insolvency-reform |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He founded [[Su-Kam Power Systems|Su-Kam Power Systems Ltd]], initially investing a small amount to enter the largely unorganised inverter market. Sachdev quickly identified the need for reliable, efficient inverters and began developing products tailored to local conditions.<ref name="Verma">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Shivam |title=Meet 'inverter man of India', whose one mistake led to downfall of 26-year-old company, he is... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-inverter-man-of-india-kunwer-sachdev-whose-one-mistake-led-to-downfall-of-26-year-old-company-he-is-3111928 |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Later career ===
During the 2000s and early 2010s, Su-Kam expanded rapidly under Sachdev’s guidance. The company grew its product range to include advanced UPS systems, solar hybrid power solutions and battery technologies and began exporting to more than 70 countries.<ref name="Verma"/>

The company faced financial pressures in the late 2010s, and by 2018, Sachdev’s formal association with Su-Kam ended when the company faced insolvency proceedings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Energética |date=16 July 2025 |title=Su-vastika Systems Secures Investment from Rotomag Enertec to Boost Clean Energy Solutions - Asia Pacific {{!}} Energetica India Magazine |url=https://www.energetica-india.net/news/su-vastika-systems-secures-investment-from-rotomag-enertec-to-boost-clean-energy-solutions |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Energetica India Magazine, India Energy News, Renewable Energy News, Conventional Power Generation, Companies Guide... |language=en}}</ref>

Following this phase, Sachdev became a mentor and strategic leader for Su-Vastika Systems Private Limited, a newer power backup and energy-storage company founded by his wife, Khushbhoo Sachdev.<ref>{{Cite news |last=India |first=Energética |date=16 July 2025 |title=Su-vastika Systems Secures Investment from Rotomag Enertec to Boost Clean Energy Solutions - Asia Pacific {{!}} Energetica India Magazine |url=https://www.energetica-india.net/news/su-vastika-systems-secures-investment-from-rotomag-enertec-to-boost-clean-energy-solutions |access-date=27 March 2026 |work=Energetica India Magazine, India Energy News, Renewable Energy News, Conventional Power Generation, Companies Guide... |language=en-IN}}</ref>

During 2024–2025, Su-Vastika expanded its technology and manufacturing roadmap under Sachdev’s guidance. A development in this period was a strategic investment and collaboration with Rotomag Enertec Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=16 July 2025 |title=Rotomag Enertec invests in Su-vastika to drive innovation in energy storage solutions |url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/rotomag-enertec-invest-su-vastika |access-date=27 March 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Views and opinions ==
Sachdev has expressed a number of views on entrepreneurship, leadership, and technological innovation through interviews and public discussions associated with his work at [[Su-Kam Power Systems]].<ref name=":0" /> His perspectives generally emphasise problem-solving, organizational leadership, and continuous innovation as essential elements of business development.<ref name=":1" />

Sachdev has described entrepreneurship primarily as a process of identifying and addressing practical problems.<ref name=":2" />

== Media ==
'''Books'''

Sachdev has been profiled in several publications on Indian entrepreneurship. He is featured in ''Connect the Dots'' by [[Rashmi Bansal]], which documents the journeys of self-made entrepreneurs without formal business training.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bansal |first=Rashmi |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Connect_the_Dots.html?id=67-PSQAACAAJ |title=Connect the Dots: The Inspiring Stories of 20 Entrepreneurs Without an MBA who Dared to Find Their Own Path |date=2010 |publisher=Eklavya Education Foundation |isbn=978-81-904530-2-8 |language=en}}</ref> His company, Su-Kam, is discussed in ''Booming Brands'' by Harsh Pamnani, a work that examines innovative Indian businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Anuradha |date=11 December 2018 |title=Booming Brands - Made in India Brands by Harsh Pamnani |url=https://anuradhagoyal.com/booming-brands-harsh-pamnani/ |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Anuradha Goyal |language=en-US}}</ref> Sachdev is also included in ''Making Breakthrough Innovation Happen'' (2009) by Porus Munshi, which highlights notable innovations in India, including developments in inverter technology associated with Su-Kam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2024 |title=Su-Kam's "Inverter Man of India" Now Powers a Sustainable Future with Su-vastika ☀️ |url=https://suvastika.com/author/kunwer/ |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Su-vastika |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards==
Kunwer Sachdev was awarded the 'Entrepreneur of the Year 2011' at the Entrepreneur India Awards.<ref>{{cite news|title= Kunwer Sachdev Wins Entrepreneur Of The Year Award|work=[[Electronics for You]]|date=19 July 2011}}</ref> He has been awarded one of 'India's Most Respected Entrepreneurs' by Hurun, a [[Publishing|media publishing]] group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kunwer Sachdev among Huron's most respected entrepreneurs, 2017 |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kunwer-sachdev-among-hurons-most-respected-entrepreneurs-2017/1212649 |publisher=Outlook India |date=18 December 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sachdev, Kunwer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]

Pedda Chintakunta

2026-04-19T10:56:52Z

Ab2030:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Geography|date=September 2013}}
{{One source|date=May 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pedda Chintakuntla
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.127|N|78.469|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 166.5
| population_total = 10000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| Elected_body =
| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament|M P]]
| leader_name = Sri S P Y Reddy
| leader_title2 = [[M L A]]
| leader_name2 = Kum. Bhuma Akhila Priya
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 518543
| registration_plate = AP 21XX XXXX
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pedda Chintakunta''' is a part of [[Allagadda|Allagadda]] Nagara Panchayati in [[Kurnool district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Peddachintakunta Population |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Kurnool/Allagadda/Peddachintakunta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312191352/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Kurnool/Allagadda/Peddachintakunta |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 March 2014 |website=IndiaGrowing.com |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref> It is located 115 km from [[Kurnool]]. It is 1 km from [[National Highway 18 (India)|Rayalaseema Express Highway]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kurnool district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Srujan Lokesh

2026-04-18T17:25:36Z

Ab2030: started basic article basic info

{{short description|Indian Kannada actor, television presenter}}
{{Notability|Biography|date=December 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srujan Lokesh
| image = Srujan Lokesh (3).jpg
| caption = Srujan Lokesh (2019)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|6|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| alma_mater = SSMRV college, [[Bengaluru]]
| television = * ''Maja talkies'' (2011)
* ''Sye''
* ''[[Majaa Talkies]]'' (2015)
| father = [[Lokesh]]
| mother = [[Girija Lokesh]]
| relatives = [[Subbaiah Naidu]] {{small|(grandfather)}}
| occupation = Actor, producer, television presenter
}}

'''Srujan Lokesh''' (born 28 June 1980) is an Indian actor, television presenter, radio presenter and producer who mainly works in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] industry.

==Production house==
[[Lokesh Productions]] was founded by Srujan Lokesh and his mother [[Girija Lokesh]] in 2013. The production house has produced several shows on television including ''Challenge'', ''Chota Champion''<ref name="indiancinemagallery">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiancinemagallery.com/kannada/news/srujan-lokesh-lost-with-children.html|title=Srujan Lokesh Lost With Children|publisher=indiancinemagallery.com|accessdate=24 August 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034410/http://www.indiancinemagallery.com/kannada/news/srujan-lokesh-lost-with-children.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''Kaasige Toss'',<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Srujan-Lokesh-shoots-for-a-reality-show/articleshow/18690667.cms|title=Srujan Lokesh shoots for a reality show – The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 February 2013 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=24 August 2015|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204000322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Srujan-Lokesh-shoots-for-a-reality-show/articleshow/18690667.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> all being reality shows. Currently, the house produces ''[[Majaa Talkies]]'',<ref name="deccanherald">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/486164/hes-funny-like-that.html|title=He's funny like that|publisher=deccanherald.com|accessdate=24 August 2015|date=27 June 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061419/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/486164/hes-funny-like-that.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Majja-Talkies-to-have-a-104-episode-run-time/articleshow/46084886.cms|title=Majja Talkies to have a 104-episode run time – The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=February 2015 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=24 August 2015|archive-date=2 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202180123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Majja-Talkies-to-have-a-104-episode-run-time/articleshow/46084886.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes3">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Srujans-Maja-Talkies-kicks-off-tonight-with-Sharan/articleshow/46155187.cms|title=Maja Talkies kicks off tonight with Sharan – The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 February 2015 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=24 August 2015|archive-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227075850/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Srujans-Maja-Talkies-kicks-off-tonight-with-Sharan/articleshow/46155187.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> a sketch comedy show.

{{Main|Lokesh Productions}}

== Awards and honours ==
* Suvarna Channel award: Best Anchor (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uchil |first=Parinika |date=2019-06-28 |title=Happy Birthday Srujan Lokesh: 5 Interesting Facts About Him That Will Take You By Surprise – Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/happy-birthday-srujan-lokesh-5-interesting-facts-about-him-that-will-take-you-by-surprise |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>
* Bigg entertainment award: Most popular category Best Anchor (2011){{citation needed|date= January 2023}}
* Maadyama award: Best Anchor (2012, 2013){{citation needed|date= January 2023}}

==Filmography==
{{BLP sources section|date= January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Other notes
|-
| 1991 || ''Veerappan'' || || As a child actor
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Bhujangayyana Dashavathara]]'' || || As a child actor
|-
| 2002 || ''Neela Megha Shyama'' || Shyama ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Darshan (2004 film)|Darshan]]'' || Sanjay ||
|-
| 2005
|| ''Lati Charge''||
|-
| 2007 ||''[[Preethigaagi|Preetigagi]]''|| ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Navagraha (film)|Navagraha]]'' || Gende ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[IPC Section 300]]'' || ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Porki]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Snehitaru]]'' || Parashurama ||
|-
| ''[[Edegarike]]'' || Bachchan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Andhar Bahar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aane Pataaki]]'' || Biregowda ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''Typical Kailas'' || Kailas ||
|-
| ''[[Paramashiva (film)|Paramashiva]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Sapnon Ki Rani]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Love U Alia]]'' ||Himself|| Cameo appearance in the song "Kamakshi Kamakshi"
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Jaggu Dada]]'' ||Majnu ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=SM |first1=Shashiprasad |title=Jaggu Dada movie review: This senseless commercial comedy encashes on stardom |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110616/jaggu-dada-movie-review-encashes-on-stardom-in-this-senseless-commercial-comedy.html |access-date=31 March 2024 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Chakravarthy (2017 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' || Kittappa ||
|-
| ''Happy Journey'' ||Arya ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bhootayyana Mommaga Ayyu]]'' ||Narrator
| As narrator
|-
| 2019 ||{{Lang|kn-latn|[[Ellidde Illi Tanaka]]}}||Surya
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Selfie Mummy Googl Daddy]]'' ||Surya ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[GST (film)|GST]]'' || Lucky || Also director
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2004||''Kanavugal Aayiram'' (Tamil)||Rishi ||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mg4BQkipaCA |title=கனவுகள் ஆயிரம் – Kanavugal Aayiram {{!}} Tamil Serial {{!}} Jaya TV Rewind {{!}} Episode 2 |date=12 October 2021 |publisher=Jaya TV |language=Tamil|time=11:48 to 16:00|access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Majaa Talkies#Maja with Sruja .282010.29|Maja With Sruja]]'' || Host ||
|-
|| ''Sye'' || Host||
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2012 || ''Kitchen Kiladigalu'' || Co-Host ||<ref>{{cite news|title=ಸುವರ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಚಂದ್ರು, ಸೃಜನ್ & 'ಕಿಚನ್ ಕಿಲಾಡಿಗಳು'|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/tv/26-suvarna-tv-kitchen-kiladigalu-cookery-reality-show-aid0039.html|accessdate=3 February 2018|work=Filmibeat|date=26 January 2012|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203235828/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/tv/26-suvarna-tv-kitchen-kiladigalu-cookery-reality-show-aid0039.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|| ''Star Singer Grand Finale'' || Host||
|-
|| ''[[Suvarna Film Awards]]'' || Host||
|-
|| ''Sye 2'' || Host||
|-
|| ''Mummy No. 1'' || Host ||
|-
| Rowspan="2"| 2013 || ''Kaas Ge Toss'' || Host||
|-
|| ''Chota Champion'' || Host||<ref>{{cite news|title=Everyone loves a show with kids: Srujan Lokesh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Everyone-loves-a-show-with-kids-Srujan-Lokesh/articleshow/33611672.cms|accessdate=3 February 2018|work=The Times of India|date=12 April 2014|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203190311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Everyone-loves-a-show-with-kids-Srujan-Lokesh/articleshow/33611672.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''Chota Champion 2''|| Host||
|-
|| ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada 2]]'' || Participant ||
|-
| 2015–2017 || ''[[Majaa Talkies]]'' || Host||
|-
| 2018– 2019 || ''[[Majaa Talkies|Majaa Talkies Super Season]]'' || Host||<ref>{{cite news|title=Sharan to be first guest of Majaa Talkies Super Season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sharan-to-be-first-guest-of-majaa-talkies-super-season/articleshow/62721033.cms|accessdate=3 February 2018|work=The Times of India|date=31 January 2018|archive-date=2 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602131952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sharan-to-be-first-guest-of-majaa-talkies-super-season/articleshow/62721033.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019|| ''Comedy Talkies'' || Judge ||
|-
|2020 || ''[[Majaa Talkies]]'' || Host||
|-
|2021
|''[[Raja Rani (Kannada TV show)|Raja Rani]]''
|Judge
|
|-
|2021 –
|''[[Nannamma Super Star]]''
|Judge
|
|-
|2022
|''Gicchi Giligili''
|Judge
|
|-
|2023–present
|''Family Gangstars''
|Host
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-09 |title=Shrujan Lokesh to host reality show 'Family Gangstars' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/shrujan-lokesh-to-host-reality-show-family-gangstars/articleshow/100872466.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

{{Commons category}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130413160745/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article600307.ece] NewIndianExpress. 4 September 2012
* http://www.cinekannada.com/celebrity-detail/srujan-lokesh-profile/ www.cinekannada.com. 9 July 2013

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokesh, Srujan}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian game show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]

M. S. Rajeswari

2026-04-17T14:12:29Z

Ab2030: creating data

{{Short description|Indian playback singer (1932–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = M. S. Rajeswari
| image = MSRajeswari.jpg
| caption = M. S. Rajeswari in late 1940s
| image_size =
| birth_name = Madurai Satagopan Rajeswari
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|02|24|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|04|25|1932|02|24|df=y}}
| origin = [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| genre = [[Film music]] ([[playback singer|playback singing]]), [[Indian classical music]], Tamil patriotic
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1946–2018
| label =
| website =
}}
'''M. S. Rajeswari''' ({{langx|ta| எம். எஸ். ராஜேஸ்வரி}}; 24 February 1932 – 25 April 2018) was an Indian [[playback singer]] who has recorded over 500 songs in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] language films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mayyam.com/archives/showthread.php?19-quot-Kuzhandhai-Voice-quot-MS-Rajeswari/page6&s=d343850e8c35862976aa68cd4bd81dc7|title=The Forum Hub|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213740/http://mayyam.com/archives/showthread.php?19-quot-Kuzhandhai-Voice-quot-MS-Rajeswari/page6&s=d343850e8c35862976aa68cd4bd81dc7|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
She was born on 24 February 1932 to Madurai Satagopan and T. V. Rajasundari who herself was a singer and stage artist. Rajeswari was introduced to film singing by family friend [[B. R. Panthulu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENQ5tj6-VuU|title=TAMIL RARE M.S. RAJESWARI SONG|author=Murugeshan Karunakaran (comment)|website=[[YouTube]] |date=26 April 2018 |accessdate=26 April 2018}}</ref>

==Career life==
She started her career in [[AVM Studios]] where she was one of the resident playback singers along with T. S. Bagavathi. Her very first song was ''Maiyal Migavum Meerudhe'' in the film [[Vijayalakshmi (film)|Vijayalakshmi]] produced by Pragathi Pictures, the forerunner to [[AVM Studios]]. During the 1940s, she sang for almost all the films produced by AVM before continuing her work independently. In later years, she was a popular voice for child artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vazhkai-1949/article3509383.ece
|title=Vazhkai 1949 – The Hindu|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 June 2012 }}</ref>

She rendered songs which consist of solos and duets in all of the [[AVM Studios]] early productions such as [[Naam Iruvar (1947 film)|Nam Iruvar]], [[Ram Rajya (1943 film)|Rama Rajyam]], [[Vedhala Ulagam]], [[Vaazhkai (1949 film)|Vazhkai]], [[Jeevitham (1950 film)|Jeevitham]], [[Or Iravu]], [[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]], [[Gunasagari]], [[Penn (film)|Penn]] and [[Chella Pillai]].

She sang more often in the 1940s and 1950s compared to her work during the 1960s to 1990s. During the later half, she was only sought in songs that voice needed for small children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/jayalalithaa-felicitates-tamil-film-legends-at-indian-cinema-centenary-celebrations-635326|title=Jayalalithaa felicitates Tamil film legends at Indian cinema centenary ... |work=NDTVMovies.com |date=22 September 2013 }}</ref> Films such as [[Kaveriyin Kanavan]], [[Kaithi Kannayiram]] and [[Engal Selvi]] are the earlier ones where she recorded her voice for child artists. Since 1964 till the 1990s she was only sought for playback for child artists.

She was the first playback singer for [[Kamal Haasan]] for the song ''Ammaavum Neeye Appaavum Neeye'' in [[Kalathur Kannamma]] when she was offered by [[AVM Studios]] after a break.

Rajeswari had recorded many songs for Baby [[Shamili]]. Her voice suits the best when Shamili was a child artist in [[Durga (1990 film)|Dhurga]], [[Durga (1990 film)|Lakshmi Dhurga]], Bhairavi, [[Sendhoora Devi]], Sindhoora Devi, Thai Poosam, Sivasangkari, Dheiva Kuzhandhai and Sivarathiri.

=== Music composers she sang for ===
She started her career in [[AVM Studios]] under [[R. Sudarsanam]]’s music. Later, many of her songs are under [[K. V. Mahadevan]]'s music direction. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, [[Shankar–Ganesh]] engaged her often.

{{columns-list |colwidth=15em|
* [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]]
* [[R. Sudarsanam]]
* [[Naushad]]
* [[R. Govardhanam]]
* [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
* [[C. Ramchandra]]
* M. S. Gnanamani
* Poornanandha
* [[Robin Chatterjee]]
* [[G. Ramanathan]]
* [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
* [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
* [[M. Ranga Rao]]
* [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
* Tiruvenkadu Selvarathinam
* [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
* [[G. Devarajan]]
* [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
* [[Pukazhenthi]]
* [[Master Venu]]
* [[B. A. Chidambaranath]]
* [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
* [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
* [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
* [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
* [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
}}

===Playback singers she sang with===
She sang immemorable duets mostly with [[T. M. Soundararajan]]. Others include [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[A. M. Rajah]], [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], V. J. Varma, K. Devanarayanan, [[V. N. Sundaram]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[S. C. Krishnan]], M. Satyanarayana, [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], K. Appa Rao, [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[Mano (singer)|Mano]].

She also sang duets with female singers, most notably with T. S. Bagavathi. Others are [[L. R. Eswari]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[P. Susheela]], [[Radha Jayalakshmi]], [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]], [[A. P. Komala]], [[S. Janaki]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Swarnalatha]], U. R. Chandra, L. R. Anjali, [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], [[Santha P. Nair]] & Kalyani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/flmmusic/msrajeswari.html
|title=M. S. Rajeswari -Tamil film songs – Indian Heritage}}</ref>

The singing actors she sang with were [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] & [[T. R. Ramachandran]].

==Death==
She died on 25 April 2018 at the age of 87 due to ailments related to old age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/legendary-playback-singer-ms-rajeswari-passes-away-chennai-80195|title=Legendary Playback Singer M. S. Rajeswari Passes Away in Chennai|date=25 April 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180426114145/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/legendary-playback-singer-ms-rajeswari-passes-away-chennai-80195|archivedate=26 April 2018|access-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Lyrics !! Music director !! Co-singer
|-
| 1946 || [[Vijayalakshmi (film)|Vijayalakshmi]] || Tamil || Maiyal Migavum Meerudhe || || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1947 || rowspan=2|[[Naam Iruvar (1947 film)|Nam Iruvar]] || rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Mahaan Gaandhiye Mahaane || K. P. Kamatchi Sundaram || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Karunamoorthi Gaandhi Mahaathmaa || K. P. Kamatchi Sundaram ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1947 || rowspan=3|[[Ram Rajya (1943 film)|Rama Rajyam]] ||rowspan=3| Tamil || Oonjal Oonjal || || rowspan=3|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Oh Raani Mahaaraani || || T. S. Bagavathi
|-
| Yaavarum Sundharamaaga || ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1948 || rowspan=5|[[Vedhala Ulagam]] || rowspan=5|Tamil || Odi Vilaiyaadu Paappaa || [[Subramania Bharati|Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyar]] ||rowspan=5|[[R. Sudarsanam]] || T. S. Bagavathi
|-
| Vaasam Ulla Poo Parippene || || T. S. Bagavathi
|-
| Aadum Mayil Paadum Kuyil || ||
|-
| Iravile Vandhaan Inba Sugam Thandhu || ||
|-
| Anandham Aanen Naan Aahaa || ||
|-
| rowspan=6|1949 || rowspan=6|[[Vaazhkai (1949 film)|Vazhkai]] || rowspan=6|Tamil || Enni Enni Paarkka Manam Inbam || K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam || rowspan=6|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Senthamizhum Suvaiyum Polave || K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam || [[T. R. Ramachandran]]
|-
| Manamevum Aasai.... Un Kangal Unnai Emaatrinaal || K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam ||
|-
| Aasai Kollum Meesaiyulla || K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Uzhuthundu Vaazhvaar.... Paadupattaale Palan Koodum || K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam || T. S. Bagavathi
|-
| Senthamizhum Suvaiyum Polave (Short) || K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam || [[T. R. Ramachandran]] & T. S. Bagavathi
|-
| rowspan=6|1950 || rowspan=6|[[Jeevitham (1950 film)|Jeevitham]] || rowspan=6|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Tikku Tikku Takkuladi || Toleti Venkata Reddy || rowspan=6|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Mana Manasu Manasu Ekamai || Tholeti Venkata Reddy || M. Satyanarayana
|-
| Priyamaina Rajaa.... Nee Kan Ninne Praminchinaa || Toleti Venkata Reddy ||
|-
| Chakkanaina Boya Rajuni || Tholeti Venkata Reddy || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Bhoomi Dunnaloy Mana Desam || Toleti Venkata Reddy || T. S. Bagavathi
|-
| Nandha Gopala Neetho Ne Aadudhaanoy || Toleti Venkata Reddy ||
|-
| rowspan=6|1951 || rowspan=6|[[Or Iravu]] || rowspan=6|Tamil || Thunbam Nergaiyil Yaazhedutthu || [[Bharathidasan]] || rowspan=6|[[R. Sudarsanam]] || V. J. Varma
|-
| Vasandha Mullaiyum Malligaiyum || K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam ||
|-
| Kottu Murase Kottu Murase || [[Subramania Bharati|Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyar]] || [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] & V. J. Varma
|-
| Vaazhiya Sendhamizh || [[Subramania Bharati|Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyar]] || K. Devanarayanan
|-
| Padutthurangum Podhu.... Akkam Pakkam Yaarum Illai || K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam || dialogues by [[A. Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| Arumbu Pol Meesai.... Paartthu Paartthu Kanngal Rendum || K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam || V. J. Varma & T. S. Bagavathi
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Aan|Murattu Adiyaal]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Aahaahaa.... Indru Endhan Nenjil Saki || || rowspan=2|[[Naushad]] ||
|-
| Izhandhen Unai Anbe || ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1952 || rowspan=3|[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || O Rasikkum Seemaane || K. P. Kamatchi Sundaram || rowspan=3|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Pudhu Pennin Manadhai Thottu Ponavare || K. P. Kamatchi Sundaram ||
|-
| Ellorum Vaazha Vendum || [[K. M. Annal Thango|Annal Thango]]|| T. S. Baghavathi
|-
| rowspan=3|1952 || rowspan=3|[[Velaikaran (1952 film)|Velaikaran]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Idhaya Veenaiyin Narambai Meettiya || K. P. Kamatchi Sundaram || rowspan=3|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Aanandame Aahaa Aanandame || [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]] ||
|-
| Maane Marikozhundhe || [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]] || T. S. Bhagavathi, [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Gunasagari]] || rowspan=2|Kannada || Daari Thoro Prabo Shankara || || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| || ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1953 || rowspan=4|[[Jatagam]] || rowspan=4|Tamil || Kuzhavum Yaazhilsaiye Kannan || T. K. Sundara Vathiyar || rowspan=4|R. Govardhanam ||
|-
| Maadugal Meitthidum Paiyan || T. K. Sundara Vathiyar ||
|-
| Manadhil Pudhuvidha Inbam Kaanudhe || T. K. Sundara Vathiyar ||
|-
| Eliyor Seiyum Izhivaana Thozhilai || T. K. Sundara Vathiyar || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1953 || Jathaka Phala || [[Kannada]] || Lalane || || R. Govardhanam || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1953 || [[Manithan (1953 film)|Manithan]] || Tamil || Penne Ulagin Kanne || Kanagasurabhi || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Albela (1951 film)|Nalla Pillai]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Joraaka Paadi Anbaaga Aadi || || rowspan=2|[[C. Ramchandra]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Thozhi Un Kann Edhire Kodi || || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| 1953 || [[Ulagam|Prapancham]] || Telugu || Naa Premaraani Jeevanavaaṇi || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || M. S. Gnanamani & Poornanandha || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Ratna Deepam]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kaanamenum Thanam Kandaen || Vijayakumar || rowspan=2|[[Robin Chatterjee]] ||
|-
| Kaadhal Endraale Mana Thunbam || Vijayakumar ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Gunasagari|Sathya Sodhanai]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kaadhal Vaanil Nee Chandrodhayam || V. Seetharaman || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Odi Vaa Odi Vaa Velli Mulaichi || V. Seetharaman ||
|-
| 1953 || [[Ulagam]] || Tamil || Premaiyin Raani || || M. S. Gnanamani || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| rowspan=5|1954 || rowspan=5|[[Penn (film)|Penn]] || rowspan=5|Tamil || Ettaadha Kilaiyil Kittaadha || || rowspan=5|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Sonna Sollai Marandhidalaamo || || T. S. Bagavathi
|-
| Bhaaratha Nattukkinai Bhaaratha Naade || ||
|-
| Vaal Munaiyin Sakthiyinaal Ulagai Aaluvom || || T. S. Bagavathi & [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Agila Bhaaradha Penngal || ||
|-
| 1954 || [[Sorgavasal]] || Tamil || Maasillaatha Maamani Manonmani || || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1954 || rowspan=3|[[Thookku Thookki]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Inba Nilai Kaana Innum En || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || rowspan=3|[[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| Kanvazhi Pugundhu Karutthinil Kalandha || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Piyare Nimbal Mele || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] || [[V. N. Sundaram]]
|-
| 1955 || [[Chella Pillai]] || Tamil || Naadu Nadakkira Nadaiyile || || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|[[Pennarasi]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Inbam Enggum Ingge || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| Chandhiran Madhiyam.... Paadhaiyin Mele Vizhiyaai Vaitthu || || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], S. C. Krishnan & U. R. Chandra
|-
| rowspan=3|1955 || rowspan=3|[[Town Bus]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Chittukkuruvi Chittukkuruvi Seidhi Theriyumaa || [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] || rowspan=3|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Chittukkuruvi Chittukkuruvi Seidhi Theriyumaa (Pathos) || [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] ||
|-
| Ponnaana Vaazhve Mannaagi Poma || [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & [[Radha Jayalakshmi]]
|-
| 1956 || [[Hatim Tai (1956 film)|Maya Mohini]] || Tamil || Ulagil Ullor Vaazha Nee || K. Devanarayanan || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[T. M. Soundarajan]]
|-
| 1956 || [[Naan Petra Selvam]] || Tamil || Aiyaave Vaarunga Inge Vaarunga || [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1956 || [[Ondre Kulam]] || Tamil || Mangkilai Maele Poonguyil Kooviyadhu || Surabhi || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] & [[M. Ranga Rao]] || [[V. N. Sundaram]], [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & Kalyani
|-
| rowspan=3|1957 || rowspan=3|[[Mahadhevi]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Kaakkaa Kaakkaa Maikondaa || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || rowspan=3|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Singaara Punnagai Kannaara Kandaale || [[Kannadasan]] || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
|-
| Sevai Seivadhe Aanandham || [[Kannadasan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| 1958 || [[Maalaiyitta Mangai]] || Tamil || Mazhai Kooda Oru Naalum Thenaagalaam || [[Kannadasan]] || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1958 || rowspan=3|[[Mudhalali]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Engirundho Vandhaan En Idhayam Kavarndhaan || [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] || rowspan=3|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Aasai Kalyaanam Nalla Anbu Kalyaanam || [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] ||
|-
| 1Kunguma Pottukkaaraa Kona Kiraappukkaaraa || [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Pogaadhe Machan Pogaadhe || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Paakkraan Summa Paakraan || [[A. Maruthakasi]] ||
|-
| 1958 || [[Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum]] || Tamil || Mannukku Maram Baaramaa || K. Muthuswamy || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|[[Kaveriyin Kanavan]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Maapillai Vandhaan Maapillai Vandhaan || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| Maapillai Vandhaan Maapillai Vandhaan || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] ||
|-
| 1959 || Madhavi || Tamil || Thottakkaara Chinna Maamaa || [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Paththarai Maathu Thangam]] || Tamil || Aniyaayam Adukkumaa || Ku. Sa. Krishnamoorthy || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] & Tiruvenkadu Selvarathinam ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Engal Selvi]] || Tamil || Ambuli Maamaa Varuvaaye || Kuyilan || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| 1960 || [[Ivan Avanethan]] || Tamil || Edhu Nijam Edhu Poi || M. S. Subramaniam || [[M. Ranga Rao]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| 1960 || [[Kaithi Kannayiram]] || Tamil || Sundelikkum Sundelikkum Thirumanamaam || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|[[Kalathur Kannamma]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Ammaavum Neeye Appaavum Neeye || T. K. Sundara Vathiyar || rowspan=3|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Ammaavum Neeye Appaavum Neeye (Pathos) || T. K. Sundara Vathiyar ||
|-
| Unnai Kandu Mayangaadha Mirugamundo || [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|[[Kalathur Kannamma|Mavoori Ammayi]] || rowspan=3|Telugu || Kanipenchu Talli Kaapaadu Taṇḍri || || rowspan=3|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Kanipenchu Talli Kaapaadu Taṇḍri (Pathos) || ||
|-
| Ee Byooṭīlo Nanu Minnche Mr̥gamundaa || || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], K. Apparao & [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| 1960 || Mahalakshmi || Tamil || Chinnanchiru Kannan Andha Singaara Vannan || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1960 || [[Padikkadha Medhai]] || Tamil || Paditthadhanal Arivu Petror || [[Kannadasan]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Thangam Manasu Thangam]] || Tamil || Chinnan Chiru Veedu Onnu || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1961 || [[Intiki Deepam Illale]] || Telugu || Kapupupanta Kodukulani || [[Acharya Aatreya]] || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1961 || [[Kumudham]] || Tamil || Miyaaw Miyaaw Poonai Kutti || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1962 || [[Kavitha (1962 film)|Kavitha]] || Tamil || Oor Irundhum Veedu Illai || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1962 || [[Sengamala Theevu]] || Tamil || Pesiyadhu Naan Illai Kanngal Thaane || Chennai Ekalaivan || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1963 || [[Naan Vanangum Dheivam]] || Tamil || Naan Maraven Murali Gopala || || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1963 || [[Kaithiyin Kathali]] || Tamil || Udhaya Sooriyan Malarnthadhaal || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1964 || Amma Enge || Tamil || Ammaa Ammaa Enge Pone || [[Panchu Arunachalam]] || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| 1964 || [[School Master (1964 film)|School Master]] || [[Malayalam]] || Kilukilukkumi Kilukilukkumi || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| 1965 || [[Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum]] || Tamil || Kozhi Oru Koottile Seval Oru Koottile || || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| 1966 || [[Enga Pappa]] || Tamil || Oru Maratthil Kudi Irukkum || [[Kannadasan]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| 1966 || [[Iru Vallavargal (1966 film)|Iru Vallavargal]] || Tamil || Kuvaa Kuvaa Paappaa || [[Kannadasan]] || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| 1967 || [[Bhagyamudra]] || Malayalam || Mannaankattayum Kariyilayum || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[Pukazhenthi]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1967 || rowspan=2|Ponnana Vazhvu || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kadhai Kadhaiyaam Kadhai Kadhaiyaam Kaaranamaam || || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Enge.... Kunguma Chimizhe Gopura Vilakke || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| 1968 || Dheiveega Uravu || Tamil || Sindhaama Sirippaa Singaara Paappaa || || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1968 || [[Kalisina Manasulu]] || Telugu || Ammavamtidi Amta Mamchidi || || [[Master Venu]] ||
|-
| 1968 || Siritha Mugam || Tamil || Raajaatthi Koondhalukku Rojapoo Vaangi Vandhu || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || L. R. Anjali
|-
| 1969 || [[Chella Penn]] || Tamil || Amma Sonnadhu Pole || Kovai Kumaradevan || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] ||
|-
| 1972 || [[Dhikku Theriyatha Kaattil]] || Tamil || Poo Poova Parandhu Pogum || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| 1972 || [[Naan Yen Pirandhen]] || Tamil || Thambikku Oru Paattu || Avinasi Mani || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || L. R. Anjali
|-
| 1972 || [[Shakthi Leelai]] || Tamil || Thannai Vendravan Yaarum || [[Kannadasan]] || [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1974 || Amma Appa || Tamil || Paappaa Vandhene Paadugindrene || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1974 || rowspan=2|Devi Sri Karumari Amman || rowspan=2|Tamil || Amma Thaaye Karumaari || || rowspan=2|[[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| Velli Manam Un Kovil ||
|-
| 1974 || Samarpanam || Tamil || Vetkkapada Vendum Ovvoru || Pattukottai Dhandayuthapani || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| 1977 || [[Vidarunna Mottukal]] || Malayalam || Kaattiloru Malarkkulam || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Santha P. Nair]]
|-
| 1978 || [[Iravu 12 Mani]] || Tamil || Amma Akka Appa || || [[Shankar-Ganesh]] ||
|-
| 1979 || Kadamai Nenjam || Tamil || Thulli Thulli Sellum || [[Alangudi Somu]] || N. S. Thiyagarajan ||
|-
| 1982 || Thaai Mookaambikai || Tamil || Isai Arasi Ennalum || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[S. Janaki][P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1984 || Vengaiyin Maindhan || Tamil || Kannaa Vaa Kannaa Vaa || || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| 1987 || [[Nayakan]] || Tamil || Naan Siritthaal Deepavali || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| 1988 || [[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]] || Tamil || Car Car Super Car || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] ||
|-
| 1988 || [[Thaimel Aanai]] || Tamil || Endha Kadhai Solla || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[K. J. Yesudas]] & [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| 1989 || Paasa Mazhai || Tamil || Oru Paattu Un Manasai || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[S. Janaki]] & [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
| 1990 || [[Aadi Velli (film)|Aadi Velli]] || Tamil || Sonna Pecha Kekkanum || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| 1990 || [[Durga (1990 film)|Dhurga]] || Tamil || Paappaa Paadum Paattu || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| 1990 || [[Durga (1990 film)|Lakshmi Dhurga]] || Telugu || Paappaa Paade Paattaa || || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1991 || rowspan=2|Aadi Viratham || rowspan=2|Tamil || Ettadukku Maaligaiyil Vataamidum || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || rowspan=2|[[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| Aadi Velli Puthukku || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]] & [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1991 || rowspan=2|Naagamma || rowspan=2|Telugu || Chakkanaina Neralonaa || Vijaya Ratnam Gona || rowspan=2|[[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| Naagula Panchami || Vijaya Ratnam Gona || [[K. S. Chithra]] & [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1991 || rowspan=2|Bhairavi || rowspan=2|Kannada || Haadona Baa || || rowspan=2|[[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| Yaho Yahu || ||
|-
| 1991 || [[Sendhoora Devi]] || Tamil || Yakkaa Yakkaa Yakkaa Yakkaa Elakkaa || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| 1991 || [[Sendhoora Devi|Sindhoora Devi]] || Telugu || Gajavadhanaa Devaraa || || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| 1991 || Thai Poosam || Tamil || Anne Anne Anbu Anne Naagaraajane || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| 1991 || Sravana Masam || Telugu || Anna Anna Manchi Anna || || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1992 || rowspan=2|Dheiva Kuzhandhai || rowspan=2|Tamil || Aana Maamaa Aana Maamaa || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || rowspan=2|[[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| Aanaavum Aavanaavum Solli Thandheenga || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1992 || rowspan=2|Sivasangkari || rowspan=2|Tamil || Mama Mama Naanthane Nagamma || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || rowspan=2|[[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| Amaadi Abiraami Nalla Vazhi Nee Kaami || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1992 || rowspan=2|Naga Bala || rowspan=2|Telugu || Mama Mama Nenega Naagamma || || rowspan=2|[[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| || || [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1993 || rowspan=2|Sivarathiri || rowspan=2|Tamil || Naadhar Mudi Mel Irukkum || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || rowspan=2|[[Shankar-Ganesh]] ||
|-
| Thenaali Raamaa Nee || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1993 || rowspan=2|Sivarathiri || rowspan=2|Telugu || Nataraaju Haaraani Naagaraaju || || rowspan=2|[[Shankar-Ganesh]] ||
|-
| Thenaali Raamanna Raa || ||
|-
| Unreleased || Nagarathil Thirudargal || Tamil || Raajaatthi Koondhalukku Rojapoo Vaangi Vandhu || || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.saavn.com/s/artist/m.s.-rajeswari-albums/z-BNvfHlHP8_ Listen to M.S. Rajeswari songs on Saavn]
*[http://www.raaga.com/tamil/singer/MS.-Rajeswari Raaga – MS. Rajeswari Tamil songs. MS. Rajeswari]
*[http://gaana.com/artist/m-s-rajeshwari M. S. Rajeswari Tamil songs inp0p Gaana.Com]
*[http://tamilwire.net.in/indexr.php?dir=Old%20Is%20Gold/M_S_Rajeswari_Hits&p=0&sort=1 Old Is Gold/M S Rajeswari Hits]
*[https://mio.to/artist/MS.+Rajeshwari Listen to MS. Rajeshwari songs/music online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602034207/https://mio.to/artist/MS.%20Rajeshwari |date=2 June 2024 }}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170118085152/http://spicyonion.com/singer/ms-rajeshwari-songs/ Indian Movie Database]}}
*[https://www.discogs.com/artist/5374765-MS-Rajeswari M.S. Rajeswari Discography at Discogs]
*[http://en.msidb.org/qSearch.php?q=M.%20S.%20Rajeswari List of Malayalam Songs by Singers M. S. Rajeswari]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajeswari, M. S.}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]

Jokihat Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:48Z

Ab2030: started a post

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Jokihat
|type= SLA
| map_image = 50-Jokihat constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Mohammad Murshid Alam]]
|party = {{Party index link|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|Independent|shortname=None}}
| latest_election_year = [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Araria district|Araria]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|50]]
|established = 1967
| electors = 301,120
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Jokihat Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Araria district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. In 2017 Bihar Flood affected area.
{{Pie chart
| caption = Each election in the Raniganj Vidhansabha constituency has been won by a different political party (1967–2025).
| value1 = 23.52
| label1 = [[Janata Dal (United)|'''JDU''']] (4 term)
| color1 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| value2 = 11.76
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (2 term)
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value3 = 11.76
| label3= [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|'''RJD''']] (2 term)
| color3 = {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| value4 = 11.76
| label4 = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|'''AIMIM''']] (2 term)
| color4= {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| value5= 11.76
| label5 = [[Independent politician|'''IND''']] (2 term)
| color5 = {{party color|Independent}}
| value6 = 5.88
| label6 = [[Samajwadi Party|'''SP''']] (1 term)
|colour6 = {{ Party color |Samajwadi Party}}
| value7 = 5.88
| label7 = [[Praja Socialist Party|'''PSP''']] (1 term)
| color7 = {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}
| value8 = 5.88
| label8 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (1 term)
| color8 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| value9 = 5.88
| label9 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 term)
| color9 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| value10 = 5.88
| label10 = [[Janata Party (Secular)|'''JPS''']] (1 term)
| color10 = {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
| colour10 = #0000000000CD
}}
==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 50 Jokihat Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Jokihat [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Barahkumba, Bhikha, Nakta Khurd, Pakri, Pechaili, Ramnagar, Sohandar, Suksaina, Majlispur, Kujri and Miyanpur [[gram panchayat]]s of Palasi CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Jokihat Assembly constituency is part of No 9 [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Jokihat Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/jokihat.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Nazamuddin
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Taslimuddin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Moidur Rehman
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Taslimuddin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Moidur Rahman
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Taslimuddin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|1996^
| rowspan="2" |[[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Manzar Alam
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|2018^
| rowspan="3" |[[Mohammed Shahnawaz Alam|Shahnawaz Alam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Md Murshid Alam
|{{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Jokihat<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Jokihat">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Jokihat |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0450.htm |access-date=7 January 2026 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107140001/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0450.htm |archive-date=7 January 2026}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Md. Murshid Alam
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:83737}}
|percentage = 38.52
|change = {{increase}}4.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manzar Alam
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:54934}}
|percentage = 25.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Sarfaraz Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:35354}}
|percentage = 16.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mohammed Shahnawaz Alam|Shahnawaz Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:29659}}
|percentage = 13.64
|change = {{decrease}}16.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Momin Front
|candidate = Md Ismail
|votes = {{formatnum:4137}}
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party
|candidate = Musarrat
|votes = {{formatnum:2609}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4003}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change = {{increase}}0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28803}}
|percentage = 13.25
|change = {{increase}}9.01
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:217385}}
|percentage = 71.55
|change = {{increase}}12.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Jokihat<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Mohammed Shahnawaz Alam|Shahnawaz Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:59596}}
|percentage = 34.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:52213}}
|percentage = 29.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ranjit Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:48933}}
|percentage = 28.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Saba Perween
|votes = {{formatnum:3696}}
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Md Shabbir Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:2350}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change = {{increase}}0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2844}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change = {{decrease}}1.77
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7383}}
|percentage = 4.24
|change = {{decrease}}29.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:174138}}
|percentage = 59.36
|change = {{decrease}}2.17
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Jokihat<ref name="Jokihat Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Jokihat Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/jokihat |access-date=7 January 2026 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107140014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/jokihat |archive-date=7 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92890}}
|percentage = 58.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjit Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:38910}}
|percentage = 24.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Kausar Zia
|votes = {{formatnum:5499}}
|percentage = 3.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = Bibi Zeba Khatun
|votes = {{formatnum:4206}}
|percentage = 2.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Maha Nand Bishwas
|votes = {{formatnum:2557}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:2157}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sarfuddin
|votes = {{formatnum:1593}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5388}}
|percentage = 3.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:53980}}
|percentage = 34.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:158505}}
|percentage = 61.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

{{coord|26|08|01|N|87|36|35|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Araria district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Ishaan Madesh

2026-04-14T07:15:41Z

Ab2030: started a page - done

{{Short description|Indian motorsports athlete}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Ishaan Madesh
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| years_active = 2019–present
| country = India
| sport = [[Motorsport]]
| team = Peregrine Racing
}}

'''Ishaan Madesh''' (born 2008){{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} is an Indian racing driver from [[Karnataka]]. He is an eight-time Indian national karting champion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-09-01 |title=Ishaan Madesh notches huge win in Senior Max race |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2025/Sep/01/ishaan-madesh-notches-huge-win-in-senior-max-race |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He takes part in three different formats, Indian National Karting championship, Indian National Car Racing Championship and [[FIA F4|FIA F4 Indian Championship]] which is part of [[Indian Racing League]].

== Early life and education ==
Madesh is born in Bengaluru. He represents Peregrine Racing team in the Indian karting nationals.<ref name=":0" /> His father Madesh runs a team in the Karting nationals and his elder, Rohaan Madesh, is also an Indian national karting champion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-04 |title=Grand double for Ishaan, Shonal, Rivaan,and Shiv |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/grand-double-for-ishaan-shonal-rivaanand-shiv/article69892802.ece |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Madesh made his debut in 2018 as a nine-year old at Bengaluru's Meco Kartopia track.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Driver: Ishaan Madesh {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/ishaan-madesh |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref> He started his motorsports career in the Rotax Max Meco fmsci Indian National Karting Championship and moved to racing Formula cars in 2025 after winning seven karting titles in Rotax Max Nationals and X30 Nationals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-04 |title=Grand double for Ishaan, Shonal, Rivaan,and Shiv |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/grand-double-for-ishaan-shonal-rivaanand-shiv/article69892802.ece |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He began racing cars in the [[MRF Racing|MRF]] [[Madras Motor Sports Club|MMSC]] [[FMSCI|fmsci]] Indian National Car Racing Championship in 2025. In July 2025, he took part in Round 1 at the Madras International Circuit and won Race 2 in the [[MRF Challenge|Formula 2000]] category, the main class of the championship which was held along with other classes like [[F1600 Championship Series|F1600]] and Indian Touring Class.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-20 |title=Ishaan and Arjun steal the limelight in the MRF Formula 2000 category |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/ishaan-and-arjun-steal-the-limelight-in-the-mrf-formula-2000-category/article69835134.ece |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later in 2025, he continued taking part in the Indian karting nationals in the Senior Max class. In the second round at the CoASITT circuit in [[Coimbatore]], he beat his elder brother to win both the pre-finals and finals.<ref name=":1" />

In 2020, Madesh got his first Indian national title winning the Meco fmsci Rotax Max Indian National Karting Championship in the Micro Max class with victories and fastest laps in three rounds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhury |first=Sudipto |date=2021-01-11 |title=Ishaan Madesh, Rishon Rajeev and Arjun Maini win their classes at the 2020 National Karting Championship Rotax Max Class |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/rotax-max-championship-2020 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=www.evoindia.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, he also won the fmsci X30 Nationals winning all the rounds except round 2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhury |first=Sudipto |date=2020-10-20 |title=Ruhaan Alva does a clean sweep at the National Karting Championship X30 Class |url=https://www.evoindia.com/top-news/x30-junior-national-karting-championship-2 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=www.evoindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 October 2023, Madesh added another Indian National Karting title winning the Meco-Fmsci Rotax Max National Karting Championship 2023 in the Junior Max class and qualified to represent Indian in the [[Rotax Max Challenge]] grand finals in [[Bahrain]] in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-29 |title=Ishaan emerges champion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ishaan-emerges-champion/articleshow/104791402.cms |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2018, Madesh won the Rotax Max Indian National Karting Championship in the Micro Max class his first National title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FMSCI National Rotax Max Karting Championship: Ishaan Madesh, Shahan Ali Mohsin and Debarun Banerjee emerge victorious in respective classes |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/fmsci-national-rotax-max-karting-championship-ishaan-madesh-shahan-ali-mohsin-and-debarun-banerjee-emerge-victorious-in-respective-classes/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, Madesh was named in the Kolkata Royal Tigers to race in the Formula 4 and [[Indian Racing League]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-06 |title=Raoul Hyman Powers Goa Aces to Victory as IRL Hits 25 Race-Day Milestone in Coimbatore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/124325867.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 6 October 2025, he raced in the third leg of the Indian Racing League at the Kari Motor Speedway in Coimbatore in the FIA Formula 4 Indian Championship and won a third place in Race 1 followed by a victory in Race 2.<ref name=":3" />

On 9 November 2025, Madesh won the Senior title in the Meco fmsci Indian National Karting Championship for Rotax Max Classes 2025 at the final round held at Meco Kartopia in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-09 |title=karting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/motorsports/article70259596.ece |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== International career ==
Madesh made his international debut in April 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-08 |title=The 30th Andrea Margutti Trophy successfully reached its conclusion {{!}} Trofeo Margutti |url=https://www.trofeomargutti.com/?p=4844&lang=en |access-date=2025-10-08 |language=it-IT}}</ref> when he took part in the 30th edition of the [[Andrea Margutti Trophy]] in the mini category and raced for Formula K Junior team.<ref name=":2" /> In 2019, he also took part in the [[WSK Euro Series]], also with Formula K Junior team in 60 mini class. In the same year, he represented India in the Rotax Max Championship grand finals with Dan Holland Racing team.<ref name=":2" />

In 2022, Madesh represented Team India in the [[2022 FIA Motorsport Games|FIA Motorsport Games]] in the junior category of karting sprint and finished 16th.<ref name=":2" />

== Racing record ==
=== Racing career summary ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
!Season
!Series
!Team
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Podiums
!Points
!Position
|-
! 2025
|align=left| [[2025 F4 Indian Championship|F4 Indian Championship]]
|align=left| [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
|15
|3
|1
|3
|7
|142
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" |'''3rd'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |2025-26
| align="left" |[[2025–26 MRF Formula 2000 season|MRF Formula 2000]]
| align="left" |[[MRF Racing]]
|12
|7
|3
|10
|12
|199
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" |'''1st'''
|-
| align="left" |[[2025–26 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
| align="left" |[[Speed Demons Delhi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Complete F4 Indian Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! Pos
! Points
|-
| [[2025 F4 Indian Championship|2025]]
!nowrap| [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR1 1]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR1 2]] {{small|1}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | '''''[[Madras International Circuit|MAD1 1]]''''' {{small|8}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | ''[[Madras International Circuit|MAD1 2]]'' {{small|1}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MAD1 3]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | ''[[Madras International Circuit|MAD1 4]]'' {{small|8}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2 1]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2 3]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2 4]] {{small|1}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR3 1]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR3 2]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR3 3]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MAD2 1]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MAD2 2]] {{small|4}}
! style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3rd
! style="background:#FFDF9F"| 142
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madesh, Ishaan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2008 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian racing drivers]]
[[Category:FIA Motorsport Games drivers]]
[[Category:Indian F4 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Indian Racing League drivers]]

Dal bhat

2026-04-13T03:46:21Z

Ab2030: starting post

{{Short description|Lentil & rice dish from South Asia}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Dal bhat
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternate_name = Dal chawal Dhal bhaat (Caribbean)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Naidu |first1=Surya |title=Cooking up the 'Calaloo' Nation: Gender, Race and National Cuisine in the Imagining of Trinidad and Tobago |date=August 1998 |publisher=University of British Columbia |page=30 |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/831/1.0088481/2 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>
| country = [[Nepal]], [[Indian subcontinent]]
| region = [[Terai]], [[Bihar]]
| national_cuisine = [[Nepali cuisine|Nepal]], [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]], [[Bhutanese cuisine|Bhutan]], [[Sri Lankan cuisine|Sri Lanka]], [[Trinidad and Tobago cuisine|Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Culture of Guyana#Cuisine|Guyana]], [[Surinamese cuisine|Suriname]], [[Jamaican cuisine|Jamaica]], [[Mauritian cuisine|Mauritius]], [[Fijian food|Fiji]]
| creator =
| course = Meal
| served =
| main_ingredient = Rice, vegetable, lentils, chutney or achar
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Dāl bhāt''' ( {{langx|ne|दाल भात}}, [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]: 𑂠𑂰𑂪 𑂦𑂰𑂞, {{langx|hi|दाल भात}}, {{langx|bn|ডাল ভাত}}, {{langx|gu|દાળ ભાત}}, {{langx|mr|डाळ भात}}, {{langx|as|দাইল ভাত}} ''dāil bhat'' / দালি ভাত ''dāli bhāt'') is a traditional meal from Nepal, as well as the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]] and other Northern Indian states. It consists of [[steamed rice]] and a [[stew]] of [[legume|pulses]] called ''[[dal]]''. It is a [[staple food]] in these countries. ''Bhāt'' or ''chāwal'' means "boiled rice" in a number of [[Indo-Aryan languages]].

At higher elevations in Nepal, above {{convert|6500|ft}}, where rice does not grow well, other grains such as [[maize]], [[buckwheat]], [[barley]] or [[millet]] may be substituted in a cooked preparation called [[dhindo]] or ''atho'' in Nepal. Bhat may be supplemented with [[roti]] in Nepal (rounds of unleavened bread).

Dal may be cooked with [[onion]], [[garlic]], [[ginger]], [[chili pepper|chili]], [[tomato]]es, or [[tamarind]], in addition to lentils or [[bean]]s. It always contains herbs and spices such as [[coriander]], [[garam masala]], [[cumin]], and [[turmeric]]. Recipes vary by season, locality, ethnic group and family. In Nepal, for example, dal is often tempered with '''[[jimbu]]''' (Himalayan aromatic leaf) and '''ghee'''.

Dal bhat is often served with [[tarkari|vegetable tarkari or torkari]] ({{lang|ne|तरकारी}} in Nepali, তরকারি in Bengali), a mix of available seasonal vegetables. It is also called '''dal bhat tarkari''' (दाल भात तरकारी) in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and Bengali (ডাল ভাত তরকারি). A small portion of [[pickling|pickle]] (called ''achar'' or ''loncha'') is sometimes included. In Bengal (West Bengal and Bangladesh) dal bhat may accompany machh bhaja (মাছ ভাজা - fried fish).

Dal bhat bhujiya is a traditional dish eaten in [[Bihar]] along with chokha.

Dal bhat, consisting of lentil soup (dal) and steamed rice (bhat), has been a key part of Nepali meals for many centuries. Its exact origin is unclear, but the combination of rice and lentils comes from ancient South Asian farming traditions, where both crops were staple foods. As communities settled in fertile areas like the Terai and Kathmandu Valley, rice and lentils became a regular part of the diet.

Over time, rice farming expanded through improved agricultural techniques and terraced farming, making rice more widely available. Dal bhat gradually became a daily meal for people across Nepal, providing nutrition and reflecting the country’s culture, hospitality, and sense of community.

In the past, rice was less common in hilly and mountainous regions, where grains like millet, barley, and buckwheat were preferred. With better farming and trade, Dal bhat spread to all parts of Nepal. Today, it remains a traditional and beloved dish, with regional variations in preparation and side dishes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://highrouteadventure.com/nepalese-food-that-you-must-try/|title=Nepalese Food That You Must Try|publisher=High Route Adventure|website=High Route Adventure|access-date=29 March 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Nepali Khana.jpg|Nepali khana—dal bhat tarkari
Dal bhat Birethani.jpg|Nepalese-style dal bhat
Nepali dal-bhat-tarkari.jpg|Traditional dal bhat thali
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bangladesh|Caribbean|Food|India|Nepal}}
* [[Assamese cuisine]]
* [[Awadhi cuisine]]
* [[Bengali cuisine]]
* [[Bhojpuri cuisine]]
* [[Bihari cuisine]]
* [[Caribbean cuisine]]
* [[Fijian cuisine]]
* [[Gujarati cuisine]]
* [[Indian cuisine]]
* [[Marathi cuisine]]
* [[Nepalese cuisine]]
* [[Odia cuisine]]
* [[Sikkimese cuisine]]
* [[Trinidad and Tobago cuisine]]
* [[Thali]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web|title=Dal Bhat|date=25 April 2012 |url=http://www.thelongestwayhome.com/blog/food-around-the-world/nepalese/food-from-nepal-dal-bhat-tourist-version/}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.himalayanlearning.org.uk/where-we-work/culture-and-history/food/dhal-bhat-recipe/ Dal Bhat recipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602184704/http://www.himalayanlearning.org.uk/where-we-work/culture-and-history/food/dhal-bhat-recipe/ |date=2019-06-02 }}
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/food-drink/food/story/dishes-you-thought-were-indian-but-are-not-rajma-dal-chawal-gulab-jamun-jalebi-samosa-biryani-lifefd-350244-2016-11-04 5 dishes that you thought were Indian-origin, but actually aren't] – article in India Today
* [https://listnepal.com/list-of-traditional-nepali-foods/ From Momos to Dal Bhat: Discovering 12 Must-Try Nepali Dishes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110223011/https://listnepal.com/list-of-traditional-nepali-foods/ |date=2024-11-10 }} – online article

{{Legume dishes}}
{{Rice dishes}}

[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Indian legume dishes]]
[[Category:Gujarati cuisine]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Kutchi cuisine]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]
[[Category:Fijian cuisine]]
[[Category:Guyanese cuisine]]

S. Muthiah Mudaliar

2026-04-11T23:38:57Z

Ab2030: started a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician and legislator (1883–1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sami Muthiah Mudaliar<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.108237/page/2/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Madras Administration Report 1927-28 |page=3}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024}}</ref>
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]
| image = S. Muthiah Mudaliar.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| order1 = Minister of Education and Excise (Madras Presidency)
| term_start1 = 16 March 1928
| term_end1 = 27 October 1930
| monarch1 =
| premier1 = [[P. Subbarayan]]
| governor1 = [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]], [[Sir Norman Marjoribanks]] (acting)
| predecessor1 = [[A. Ranganatha Mudaliar]]
| successor1 = [[S. Kumaraswami Reddiar]]
| birth_date = 1883
| birth_place = Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|15 July 1953|1883}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], [[Indian National Congress]] ([[Swarajya Party]])
| alma_mater = Government College, Kumbakonam, Law College, Madras
| profession = [[lawyer]]
| occupation = [[legislator]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Sami Muthiah Mudaliar'''<ref name=":0" /> [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (1883 – 15 July 1953) was an Indian [[politician]] and [[legislator]] of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] and later, the [[Swarajya Party]] and an independent minister in the [[Madras Presidency]]. He is largely remembered for introducing the Communal Government Order implementing reservations in the Presidency.

Muthiah Mudaliar was born in [[Kumbakonam]]. He studied and graduated in law and commenced practice as a lawyer. He joined the Justice Party and later, the Swarajya Party and served as legislator from 1923 to 1930. From 1928 to 1930, he served as the Minister of Education and Excise in [[P. Subbarayan]]'s government. He returned to the Justice Party in the late twenties and participated in the Madras 1938 [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi agitations]].

Muthiah Mudaliar was a close friend and associate of [[Periyar|E. V. Ramasami]].

== Early life ==

Muthiah Mudaliar was born in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Madras Presidency]] in 1883.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Muthiah graduated from Government College, Kumbakonam and Law College, Madras and practised as a lawyer at the [[Madras High Court]]<ref name="india_whoswho">{{cite book|title=Indian Who's who|author=Kabad, Waman. P|publisher=Yeshanand & Co.}}</ref> before joining the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

== Politics ==

In 1923, Muthiah left the Justice Party and joined the [[Swarajya Party]]. He participated in the 1923 assembly elections and was elected to the [[Madras Legislative Council]]. He was returned to the assembly in the 1926 elections but refused a ministry in accordance with the policies of the Swarajya Party not to participate in the [[dyarchy]]. However, he did not like the secret support that his colleagues in the Swarajya Party gave to the [[P. Subbarayan]] government. He felt that the assumption of a stance supportive to a government elected under dyarchy was an endorsement of dyarchy itself. He attended the [[Bombay]] session of the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC), at which he raised the issue. He recommended the creation of a committee to investigate this rebellious deeds of the Madras members of the Swarajya Party. However, the committee tabled a report the very next day announcing that the Madras members were not guilty of any anti-party activities. Muthiah dissented with the committee and left the Swarajya Party.

== In the government ==

In 1928, when two of Subbarayan's ministers R. N. Arogyasamy Mudaliar and A. Ranganatha Mudaliar resigned, Subbarayan invited Muthiah to take over the portfolios of education and excise which Ranganatha Mudaliar had held.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} This time, Muthiah accepted the invitation and served as the Minister of Education and Excise in the independent ministry from 1928 to 1930.
Muthiah Mudaliar is remembered for introducing the Communal G. O. Ms No. 1021 to implement the 1921 order.<ref name="reservations_history">{{cite news | last= Murugan | first= N. | title= RESERVATION (Part-2) | date= 9 October 2006 | url= http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2006/10/09/RESERVATION-Part2/ | work= National | access-date= 5 January 2009 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090108054013/http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2006/10/09/RESERVATION-Part2/ | archive-date= 8 January 2009 }}</ref> This act, introduced provisions for reservations for [[Dalits]] and increased representation for Indian Christians and Muslims. At the same time, it reduced the reservations for Brahmins from 22% to 16% and non-Brahmins from 48% to 42%.<ref name="dalits">{{cite book|title=India's silent revolution: Rise of lower castes in North India|year=2003|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|page=175}}</ref> This act was in effect until India's independence on 15 August 1947.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

As Minister of Excise, Muthiah launched a Created Excise Propaganda Central Committee along with district committees in order to introduce and implement prohibition in the Presidency. He launched a massive propaganda campaign against consumption of liquor and allocated a record budget of Rs. 4 lakhs (400,000) for propaganda alone. This was probably the most costly propaganda campaign against drinking. Prohibition lasted throughout Subbarayan's tenure but was discontinued by the successor Justice Party regime. As late as August 1934, Rev. Herbert Naderson, Secretary of the Prohibition League, praised Muthiah's efforts at the Imperial Institute at London.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

== Death ==

Muthiah Mudaliar died on 15 July 1953, at the age of 70.<ref name="tnassembly_death">{{cite web|title=Resume of the 1st Madras Legislative Assembly (1952-1957) Chapter XIV:Motions and Resolutions|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_01assly/ch14.pdf|publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

Muthiah was regarded by his colleagues and followers as simple, practical and overzealous. He lived in the same house until his death. He was commended in the legislative assembly by India's first woman legislator, [[Muthulakshmi Reddy]], for his efforts at women's empowerment such as introduction of a provision for a woman director for the public health department, increasing maternity and child welfare staff and for the provision of a government grant to the Red Cross health school.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=The Congress in Tamilnad: Nationalist Politics in South India, 1919-1937 |first=David |last=Arnold |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-31529-419-3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthiah, S. Mudaliar}}
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thanjavur district]]

Indira Devi Bawari

2026-04-10T00:07:29Z

Ab2030: started new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Indira Devi Bawari
| image =
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor = [[Sukharam Netdiya]]
| successor = [[Laxmanram Meghwal]]
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|10|01}}<ref name="e867">{{cite web | title=Indira Devi (MLA Merta), MLA Indra Devi, MLA Merta | website=Rajasthan Link | url=https://rajasthanlink.com/VanuDetails/nagaur/assembly-15/1284/indira-devi-mla-merta | language=rw | access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Merta City]], Rajasthan, India
| constituency = [[Merta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Merta, Rajasthan]]
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}

'''Indira Devi''' '''Bawri''' (born 1 October 1987) is an Indian politician. A member of the [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|Rashtriya Loktantrik Pary]], Bawri served as the Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Merta Assembly constituency|Merta]] from 2018 to 2023. She also served as member of committee on welfare of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="o268">{{cite web |last=Bari |first=Abdul |date=11 December 2018 |title=हनुमान बेनीवाल की पार्टी ने यहां भी हासिल की जीत, मेड़ता से इंदिरा देवी जीतीं ,खुशी से झूम उठे समर्थक |url=https://www.patrika.com/nagaur-news/rajasthan-election-result-live-update-nagaur-won-indira-devi-election-3827491 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="q713">{{cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=28 October 2023 |title=Rashtriya Loktantrik Party fields 10 candidates, MP Hanuman Beniwal to contest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2023/story/lok-sabha-mp-hanuman-beniwal-rlp-first-list-rajasthan-assembly-election-date-polling-2454901-2023-10-28 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Indira}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Loktantrik Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

Villages and agraharas in Goa and their ancient names

2026-04-07T20:41:26Z

Ab2030: started some place from scratch

{{Short description|Old names of villages in Goa, India}}
{{No footnotes|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

This article contains a list of Ancient names of a few Goan villages and Agraharas.

==List==
{|class="wikitable"
!Ancient name
!Modern name
|-
|Asgav/Asgaon
|[[Assagao]]
|-
|Varenya/Varunapur
|[[Verna, Goa|Verna]]
|-
|Lattala
|Lotli/[[Loutolim]]
|-
|Mathagrama
|[[Margao]]/Madgao
|-
|Kushasthali
|Kutthali/[[Cortalim]]
|-
|Ananta uruga( corrupted as Anantaurja)
|Antaruj ( also called as [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] )
|-
|Kudtarika
|Kudtari/[[Curtorim]]
|-
|Naagvhay
|Nagave/[[Nagoa]]
|-
|Banavalli/Banahalli
|Banavli/[[Benaulim]]
|-
|Survalli/Surahalli
|Suravali/Seraulim
|-
|Banastari
|Banastari
|-
|Harhara
|Harmala/[[Arambol]]
|-
|Ray Grama
|Ray/[[Raia, Goa|Raia]]
|-
|Kardalipura/Kardalivana
|Keloshi/[[Quelossim]]
|-
|Bhatagrama/Skrinkhala
|Sakhali/[[Sanquelim]]
|-
|Chudamani
|Chodan/[[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]]
|-
|Deepavati
|Diwadi//[[Divar]]
|-
|Mahashala
|[[Mashel]]/Marcela
|-
|Pahajani kali
|Panaji/[[Panjim]]
|-
|Badari
|Bori/[[Borim]]
|-
|Sangampura/Sangam
|Sange/[[Sanguem]]
|-
|Rishivana
|Rhivana/[[Rivona]]
|-
|Jambuvali/Jambuhalli
|Jambavali/[[Zambaulim]]
|-
|Shakhavali/Shankhahalli
|Sankhval/[[Sancoale]]
|-
|Naghalli
|Nagali
|-
|Kumkumahalli
|Kunkalli/[[Cuncolim]]
|-
|Kanvapura
|Kanacona/[[Canacona]]
|-
|Paingyapura
|Paingin/[[Poinguinim]]
|-
|Parashu
|Parse/Parsem
|-
|Kelambi
|Kolva/[[Colva]]
|-
|Shalagrama
|Salgao/[[Saligao]]
|-
|Bandivatak
|Bandode/[[Bandora, Goa|Bandora]]
|-
|Kasarpallika
|Kasarpali/[[Kansarpal]]
|-
|Agastipura
|Agapur
|-
|Kushvan
|Kusman/[[Quepem|Cusmona]]
|-
|Kharegrama
|[[Khandepar]]
|-
|Dipakavishaya
|Divachal (Konkani), Dicholi (Marathi), [[Bicholim]] (English, Portuguese)
|-
|Kundivataka
|Kudne
|-
|}
|Vellimpura (Velim)
|Chandrapura (Chandor)

==See also==
*[[Agraharam|Agrahara]]

==References==
# "Gomant Kalika"(monthly), published by Kalika Prakashan Vishwast Mandal
# "Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti" by [[B.D. Satoskar]], published by Shubhada Publication
# "Hindu Temples and deities" by [[Rui Gomes Pereira]]

[[Category:Hinduism in Goa]]
[[Category:History of Goa]]
[[Category:Villages in Goa]]

Kroadh

2026-03-29T10:38:27Z

Ab2030:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kroadh
| image = Kroadh poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shashilal K. Nair]]
| screenplay = [[Vikas Anand]] {{infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1= Dialogues by|data1= Lalit Mahajan}}
| story = Vikas Anand
| producer = Pappu Verma
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Sunny Deol]] [[Amrita Singh]] [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] Yashwant Dutt
| narrator =
| cinematography = Damodar Naidu
| editing = Hussain A. Burmawala
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| studio = Verma Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1990|03|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kroadh''''' ({{lit|Fury}}) is a 1990 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Bollywood]] [[action film]] directed by [[Shashilal K. Nair]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=KroadhU |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kroadh/movieshow/61330754.cms |access-date=2023-06-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It stars [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Amrita Singh]] and [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kroadh Movie Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539734|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104103111/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539734|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013|accessdate=15 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kroadh (1990) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kroadh-7005/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705082401/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kroadh-7005/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story begins with the two brothers living a peaceful life with their policeman father, Inspector Vikram Shukla, and their mother. Their lives are shattered when a notorious criminal named Dharamdas, who is known for kidnapping and assaulting young girls, brutally murders their mother. Their father, Inspector Vikram, arrests Dharamdas, but the witness turns hostile, leading to Dharamdas being set free. The situation escalates, and their father ends up in prison for killing his own brother who was an advocate for the criminals. With their father wrongly imprisoned and their mother dead, the orphaned boys are raised by a kind neighbour.

Ajay, is the elder brother. He is a man driven by a deep sense of justice and a simmering [[Rage (emotion)|kroadh]] (fury) against the man who destroyed his family but at the same time he is often the voice of reason, trying to solve problems through logic. The younger brother, Vijay, also carries the same burning anger (kroadh) for vengeance inside him but is more impulsive and prone to take to crime for this purpose.

As they grow up, both Ajay and Vijay are determined to avenge their mother's death, but they only know their killer's name, Dharamdas. This quest for revenge leads them to the underworld of Mumbai, where they become entangled in a conflict between two rival gangs. A major turning point comes when Ajay is arrested and wrongly convicted of murder. Then, one day Vijay comes to meet Ajay in jail, and Ajay tells him to take the path of crime for searching Dharamdas, which Vijay does and soon becomes an underworld criminal.

Meanwhile in jail, Ajay is reunited with his long-lost father, Inspector Vikram Shukla, who is also imprisoned. This period in jail transforms Ajay. He reflects on his life and, with the help of a kind jailor, dedicates himself to reforming and choosing a different path. Upon his release, Ajay's path diverges completely from his brother's. He becomes a police officer, committed. This creates a central conflict in the film: a clash of ideologies between the two brothers, with Ajay now a police officer trying to uphold the law and Vijay a criminal kingpin. Even though, the brothers are now on opposite sides of the law, their ultimate goal — to find Dharamdas — remains the same.

The climax sees the brothers finally discover the true identity of Dharamdas, who has been operating under a different name. Unable to achieve justice through the police system, a frustrated Ajay finally leaves the police force and takes the law into his own hands. The story culminates in a powerful and tragic showdown. Ajay and Vijay finally unite. The brothers confront their nemesis together, but in the ensuing fight, Vijay gets shot by the police.

In a final act of vengeance and brotherhood, Ajay overpowers Dharamdas and douses him with gasoline. He, then, asks mortally wounded Vijay to light a match and set Dharamdas ablaze. Vijay does so and the brothers finally avenge their mother's death. Vijay dies in his brother's arms, leaving a heartbroken Ajay to face the consequences, with a police officer arriving on the scene holding handcuffs, signifying the tragic conclusion of their story.

==Cast==
*[[Sanjay Dutt]] as Vijay Shukla
*[[Sunny Deol]] as Ajay Shukla
*[[Amrita Singh]] as Matki, Ajay’s girlfriend.
*[[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] as Sonu, Vijay’s girlfriend.
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Inspector Vikram Shukla, Ajay and Vijay’s father.
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Awasthi
*Yashwant Dutt as Dharamdas Kumar
*[[Jagdeep]] as Mastram
*[[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Mrs. Shukla, Ajay and Vijay’s mother.
*[[Pallavi Joshi]] as Salma Khan
*[[Anang Desai]] as Jailor Aslam Khan
*[[Vikram Gokhale]] as Police Commissioner Verma
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as himself
*[[Bharat Kapoor]] as Jailor Gopal
*[[Deepak Tijori]] as Henry, Kumar's henchman
*[[Jack Gaud]] as Sikander

==Music and soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and the lyrics of the songs were penned by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]].
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Na Fankaar Tujhsa"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Tera Bhagwan Rakhwala"
| Mohammed Aziz
|-
| "Pehli Bar Tere Mandir Mein"
| Mohammed Aziz
|-
| "Bombay Bombay Bombay Bombay Bombay"
| Mohammed Aziz, [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0099953}}

[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Amitabh Bachchan]]

Indian aesthetics

2026-03-28T11:13:04Z

Ab2030: started a stub - done

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Redirect|Navarasa|other uses|Navarasa (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2016}}
[[Indian art]] evolved with an emphasis on inducing special spiritual or philosophical states in the audience, or by representing them symbolically

== Rasas in the performing arts ==
{{main|Rasa (aesthetics)}}
[[Image:Durga-mudra.png|right|thumb|Raudram rasa of the destructive fury of goddess [[Durga]] in Bharatanatyam]]
The theory of [[rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]s still forms the [[aesthetics|aesthetic]] underpinning of all Indian classical dance and theatre, such as [[Bharatanatyam]], [[kathak]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Odissi]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Kudiyattam]], [[Kathakali]] and others. Expressing ''rasa'' in classical Indian dance form is referred to as ''rasa-abhinaya''. The ''Nātyasāstra'' carefully delineates the ''[[Bhāva (Hinduism)|bhavas]]'' used to create each ''rasa''.

The expressions used in Kudiyattam or Kathakali are extremely exaggerated theatrical expressions. The opposite of this interpretation is [[Balasaraswathi]]'s school of subtle and understated abhinaya of the devadasis. There were serious public debates when [[Balasaraswathi]] condemned Rukmini Devi's puritanistic interpretations and applications of [[Sringara]] rasa. The abhinaya of the [[Melattur style]] of abhinaya remains extremely rich in variations of the emotions, while the [[Pandanallur style]] expressions are more limited in scope.

==History==
===Natyashastra===
[[Image:Kondadakuli.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Yakshagana]] artist expressing emotions on stage. Vaachikabhinaya is an important part of Yakshagana.]]
Rasa theory blossoms beginning with the [[Sanskrit]] text [[Nātyashāstra]] (''nātya'' meaning "drama" and ''shāstra'' meaning "science of"), a work attributed to [[Bharata Muni]] where the Gods declare that drama is the 'Fifth Veda' because it is suitable for the [[Kali Yuga|degenerate age]] as the best form of religious instruction. The Nātyashāstra presents the aesthetic concepts of rasas and their associated bhāvas in chapters six and seven, respectively, which appear to be independent of the work as a whole. Eight rasas and associated bhāvas are named, and their enjoyment is likened to savoring a meal: rasa is the enjoyment of flavors that arise from the proper preparation of ingredients and the quality of ingredients.

===Kashmiri aestheticians===
The theory of the rasas develops significantly with the Kashmiri aesthetician [[Anandavardhana|Ãnandavardhana's]] classic on poetics, the Dhvanyāloka which introduces the ninth rasa, [[Shanta Rasa|shānta-rasa]] as a specifically religious feeling of peace (''śānta'') which arises from its bhāva, weariness of the pleasures of the world.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} The primary purpose of this text is to refine the literary concept ''dhvani'' or poetic suggestion, by arguing for the existence of ''rasa-dhvani'', primarily in forms of Sanskrit including a word, sentence or whole work "suggests" a real-world emotional state or bhāva, but thanks to [[aesthetic distance]], the sensitive spectator relishes the rasa, the aesthetic flavor of tragedy, heroism or romance.

The 9th - 10th century master of the religious system known as "the nondual Shaivism of Kashmir" (or [[Kashmir Shaivism]]) and aesthetician, [[Abhinavagupta]] brought rasa theory to its pinnacle in his separate commentaries on the Dhvanyāloka, the Dhvanyāloka-locana (translated by Ingalls, Masson and Patwardhan, 1992) and the Abhinavabharati, his commentary on the [[Nātyashāstra]], portions of which are translated by Gnoli and Masson and Patwardhan. Abhinavagupta offers for the first time a technical definition of rasa, which is the universal bliss of the Self or [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] colored by the emotional tone of a drama.

===Inclusion of bhakti===
In the literary compositions, the emotion of bhakti as a feeling of adoration towards God was long considered only a minor feeling fit only for stotras, but not capable of being developed into a separate rasa as the sole theme of a whole poem or drama. In the tenth century, it was still struggling, and [[Abhinavagupta]] mentions bhakti in his commentary on the [[Natya Shastra]], as an important accessory sentiment of the shanta rasa, which he strove with great effort to establish. However, just as Shanta slowly attained a state of primacy that it was considered the rasa of sasas, bhakti also soon began to loom large and, despite the lukewarmness of the great run of alankarikas, had the service of some distinguished advocates, including [[Tyagaraja]]. It is the [[Bhagavata]] that gave the great impetus to the study of bhakti from an increasingly aesthetic point of view. {{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

===Attention to rasas===
Poets like [[Kālidāsa]] were attentive to rasa, which blossomed into a fully developed aesthetic system. Even in contemporary India, the term ''rasa'' denoting "flavor" or "essence," is used colloquially to describe the aesthetic experiences in films.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}

==The Navarasas==
[[File:Sringara3sm.jpg |thumb|Expression of ''Sringāra'' (Romance) in [[Bharatanatyam]] |alt=Sringara or Romance in Bharatanatyam]]
[[Bharata Muni]] enunciated the eight rasas in the ''[[Nātyasāstra]]'', an ancient Sanskrit text of [[dramatic theory]] and other performance arts, written between 200 BC and 200 AD.<ref name=lidovarasa>{{harvnb|Natalia Lidova|2014}}</ref> In the [[India]]n performing arts, a ''rasa'' is a sentiment or emotion evoked in each member of the audience by the art. The ''Natya Shastra'' mentions six rasa in one section, but in the dedicated section on ''rasa'' it states and discusses eight primary ''rasa''.<ref name="Meyer2005p102">{{cite book|author=Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe|title=Approaches to Acting: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KiJn_o4R5MC&pg=PA102 |year=2005|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0381-9|pages=102–103}}</ref>{{Sfn|Wallace Dace|1963|pp=249-250}} Each rasa, according to Nātyasāstra, has a presiding deity and a specific colour. There are 4 pairs of rasas. For instance, [[Hāsya]] arises out of [[Sringara]]. The [[Aura (paranormal)|Aura]] of a frightened person is black, and the aura of an angry person is red. [[Bharata Muni]] established the following:<ref>{{cite book |last= Ghosh |first= Manomohan |title= Natyasastra |year= 2002 |isbn=81-7080-076-5}}</ref>

*'''[[Srungara|{{IAST|Śṛṅgāraḥ}}]]''' (शृङ्गारः): Romance, Love, attractiveness. Presiding deity: [[Vishnu]]. Colour: light green
*'''[[Hāsya|{{IAST|Hāsyaṃ}}]]''' (हास्यं): Laughter, mirth, comedy. Presiding deity: [[Shiva]]. Colour: white
*'''{{IAST|Raudraṃ}}''' (रौद्रं): Fury. Presiding deity: [[Shiva]]. Colour: red
*'''[[Karuṇā|{{IAST|Kāruṇyaṃ}}]]''' (कारुण्यं): Compassion, mercy. Presiding deity: [[Yama]]. Colour: grey
*'''{{IAST|Bībhatsam}}''' (बीभत्सं): Disgust, aversion. Presiding deity: [[Shiva]]. Colour: blue
*'''[[Bhayānaka|{{IAST|Bhayānakaṃ}}]]''' (भयानकं): Horror, terror. Presiding deity: [[Yama]]. Colour: black
*'''{{IAST|Vīraṃ}}''' (वीरं): Heroism. Presiding deity: [[Indra]]. Colour: [[Saffron (color)|saffron]]
*'''{{IAST|Adbhutaṃ}}''' (अद्भुतं): Wonder, amazement. Presiding deity: [[Brahma]]. Colour: yellow<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.thenavarasa.com/flash/
|title=The Navarasa
|access-date=2012-04-22
}}</ref>

=== Śāntaṃ rasa ===
A ninth rasa was added by later authors. This addition had to undergo a good deal of struggle between the sixth and the tenth centuries, before it could be accepted by the majority of the Alankarikas, and the expression "''Navarasa''" (the nine rasas), could come into vogue.

*'''{{IAST|[[Shanta Rasa|Śāntaṃ]]}}''': Peace or tranquility.<ref name="Pollock2016">{{cite book|last= Pollock|first=Sheldon|title=A Rasa Reader: Classical Indian Aesthetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ub51CwAAQBAJ|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-54069-8|page=48}}</ref> deity: [[Vishnu]]. Colour: perpetual white.

Shānta-rasa functions as an equal member of the set of rasas, but it is simultaneously distinct as being the most clear form of aesthetic bliss. Abhinavagupta likens it to the string of a jeweled necklace; while it may not be the most appealing for most people, it is the string that gives form to the necklace, allowing the jewels of the other eight rasas to be relished. Relishing the rasas and particularly shānta-rasa is hinted as being as good as but never equal to the bliss of Self-realization experienced by [[yogis]].

==See also==
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
* [[Abhinaya]]
* [[Bishōnen]] – A Japanese beauty concept with influence from Indian aesthetic concepts
* [[Nātyasāstra]] – An ancient Sanskrit text on performance arts and aesthetics
* [[Nātyakalpadrumam]]
* [[Rasa lila]]
* [[Sanskrit Literature]]
* [[Sanskrit Theatre]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite journal |author=Wallace Dace |title=The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory |journal=Educational Theatre Journal |volume=15 |issue=3 |year=1963 |pages=249–254 |jstor=3204783 |doi=10.2307/3204783}}
* {{cite book |author=Natalia Lidova |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071 |title=Natyashastra}}

==Further reading==
* Sen, R. K., ''Aesthetic Enjoyment: Its Background in Philosophy and Medicine'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1966
* Sen, R. K., ''A Brief Introduction to a Comparative Study of Greek and Indian Aesthetics and Poetics'', Calcutta: Sen Ray & Co., 1954
* Sen, R. K., ''Nature of Aesthetic Enjoyment in Greek and Indian Analyses'', Indian Aesthetics and Art Activity, Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1968
* Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''The Concept of Imitation in Greek and Indian Aesthetics'', Calcutta: Rupa & Co., 1977
* Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''Understanding and Enjoyment in Aesthetic Experience'', Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics: 1978
* Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''Contemporary Indian Aesthetics'', Milan (Italy): Rubberttino, 1995
* Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''Representation in Painting and Drama: Arguments from Indian Aesthetics'', Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics: 1992
* Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''Aesthetics Beyond/ Within Aesthetics: The Scope and Limits of Indian Aesthetics'', Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics: 1995
* Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''Rasa, Sringara and Sringara Rasa: Aesthetics as Mass Culture in Indian Antiquity'', Lahti (Finland): 1995
* Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''Art, Nature and the Artifactuality of Art and Nature: A Plea for Environmental Aesthetics in Ancient India'', Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics: 1996
* Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''Art, Reality and the Reality of the Arts: Ontology, Representation and The Sister Arts Theory in Indian Aesthetics'', Indian Response to Literary Theory, Delhi: 1996
* Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''Emotion, Aesthetic Experience and the Contextualist Turn'', International Yearbook of Aesthetics: 1996
* Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''Dhvani as a Pivot in Sanskrit Literary Aesthetics'', East and West in Aesthetics, Siena (Italy): 1997
* Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''Transculturality of Classical Indian Aesthetics'', Frontiers of Transculturality in Contemporary Aesthetics, Turin (Italy): 2001
*Sukla, Ananta Charan, ''Contemporary Indian Aesthetics'', Vishvanatha Kaviraja Institute (India): 1995
*Matthew Jones (January 2010). "Bollywood, Rasa and Indian Cinema: Misconceptions, Meanings and Millionaire". Visual Anthropology 23 (1): 33–43.
*{{cite book | author=Welch, Stuart Cary | title= ''India: art and culture, 1300-1900'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1985 | isbn=9780944142134 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/80045/rec/1 }}

==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-natyashastra/d/doc209700.html Rasa (sentiments)] and [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-natyashastra/d/doc209702.html Bhāva (psychological states)] - in the Natya-shastra
* Indian aesthetics - [https://in.openart.community/general-topics/indian-aesthetics/ OpenArt India]

{{aesthetics}}

[[Category:Dance in India]]
[[Category:Movements in aesthetics|I]]
[[Category:Literary theory]]
[[Category:Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:History of aesthetics]]
[[Category:Indian aesthetics]]

Government Degree College, Teliamura

2026-03-27T18:40:35Z

Ab2030: expanded content

{{Short description|College in Tripura, India}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Government Degree College, Teliamura|timestamp=20260327184035|year=2026|month=March|day=27|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Government Degree College, Teliamura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| established = 3 August 2012
| founder =
| type = Undergraduate college
| motto =
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| mottoeng =
| city = Teliamura, [[Khowai district]]
| principal = Sri DEBABRATA ROY
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 12
| administrative_staff =
| students = 900
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| state = [[Tripura]]|
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 799205
| coordinates = {{coord|23.8093387|91.6477396|display=Inline}}
| campus = Rural
| affiliations = Tripura University
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = http://www.gdcteliamura.in/
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Government Degree College, Teliamura''', established in 2012, is a college in [[Khowai district]], [[Tripura]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and sciences. It is affiliated to [[Tripura University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Tripura University |url=https://www.tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/affiliatedCollege1 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814111933/https://www.tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/affiliatedCollege1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Departments==

===Arts and Commerce===
The college offers the following subjects:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://gdcteliamura.in/index.php/academic/course-of-studies | title = Government Degree College, Teliamura| publisher = GDCT |accessdate = 28 January 2019}}</ref>
*English
*Sanskrit
*Kokborok
*History
*Geography
*Political Science
*Philosophy
*Education
*Information Technology

==Accreditation==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).

==See also==
*[[Teliamura]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in Tripura]]
*[[Tripura University]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Tripura]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Teliamura+College/@23.8093387,91.6477396,326m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sGovernment+Degree+College,+Teliamura!3m4!1s0x0:0xd603f021fa3f5706!8m2!3d23.8093612!4d91.6480994|title= Government Degree College, Teliamura}}

{{Portal bar|Education}}

{{Tripura University}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Tripura University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tripura]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Colleges in Tripura]]

{{tripura-university-stub}}

Thrippunithura

2026-03-17T11:06:42Z

Ab2030: Refined content and updated sections

{{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thrippunithura
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]<ref name="localbodies">{{Cite web | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | title=Local Bodies - Grama Panchayath | website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Hill Palace Museum.jpg
| photo2a = Kottavathil.jpg
| photo2b = Pooja Cricket Tournament TPTRA 2009.JPG
| photo3a = തൃപ്പൂണിത്തുറ ഹിൽ പാലസിലെ കുളം.JPG
| photo3b = Thrippunithara@Temple.jpg
| photo4a = Kalikkotta Thripunithura.JPG
| spacing = 2
| space = 2
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 270
| foot_montage = Clockwise from top: South block of [[Hill Palace, Tripunithura|Hill Palace Museum]];
Palace Oval Ground; [[Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple]]; Kalikkotta Palace; Pond in Hill Palace; Kotta Vathil
}}
| image_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Locality in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|56|38|N|76|20|58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eranakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Thrippunithura Municipality
| leader_title1 = Chairperson
| leader_name1 = P. L. Babu ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_name2 = Radhika Varma ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2 = Deputy Chairperson
| government_blank1_title = Municipal wards
| government_blank1 = 53<ref>https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/thrippunithura-municipality-election-results-2025-full-list-of-ward-wise-winners-party-2025-12-13-1021583</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 29.17
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 92,521
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/881019/20 |title=PMAY profile - Thripunithura Municipality}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0484
| registration_plate = KL 39
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ernakulam]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thrippunithura''' or '''Tripunithura''' ([[Malayalam]]:തൃപ്പൂണിത്തുറ) is a prominent historical and residential region in the city of [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Located about 7 km (4 mi) from the city centre, Tripunithura was the capital of the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. The descendants of the [[Cochin Royal Family|Cochin royal family]] still live here. The [[Hill Palace]] situated in Tripunithura was the palace of Maharaja of Cochin, the ruler of [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. [[Tripunithura]] is also well known for its historical cultures and worldwide famous because of [[Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple]] and the annual festival ''Vrishchikoltsawam'' that takes place at the temple.

In local administration, it is a [[municipality]] named Tripunithura Municipality. In the state administrative structure, Tripunithura is part of the [[Ernakulam District]] in the [[Kerala|state of Kerala]].

==Etymology==
Some latter day [[Sanskrit]] enthusiasts describe the origin of the name to "pūrṇa vēda puri" — the town of [[Vedas]] in its entirety. Another possible origin to name comes from the meaning "the land on the shores of Poorna river" above doesn't give sense. Thirupunithra = Thiru punitha thara (or Thiru Punitha Thura) means the land that which is holy(thara literally means a platform or an elevated stage). The word Pooni has multiple means, two of which are 'bullocks', 'a type of water bird'. Pooni might also refer to the [[Quiver|bag]] used to carry arrows.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==History==
{{Main article|History and culture of Thrippunithura}}
Thrippunithura is known as the Raja Nagari (royal city) and is one of the most prominent centers of traditional Kerala cultural heritage. The palaces of the Cochin Royal House are renowned for being patrons of traditional arts, architecture, literature and music. The erstwhile rulers of Kingdom of Cochin were great patrons of art. This made fine arts and architecture flourish under them in many ways. The town is also a prominent centre of learning for classical arts like [[Carnatic music]], [[Kathakali]] and [[Mohiniyattam]] besides [[percussion]] instruments like [[mridangam]], [[chenda]] and [[maddalam]]. Much of this is facilitated by the [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts|RLV College]] of Music and Institute of Fine Arts was established here in 1956.<ref>[http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_collegiate/list.htm officialwebsite of kerala.gov.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810221656/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_collegiate/list.htm |date=10 August 2008 }}</ref> Another center of learning is Kerala Kalalayam which was established by Kathakali artist Padmashree [[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair]] and Mohiniyattam artist [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]] in 1952. Tripunithura has many dedicated centers for stage performances and promotion of art established by the royal family{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Politics==
Thrippunithura is part of the [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-19
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030085443/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date=2008-10-30
}}</ref> The current elected Member of Parliament representing the constituency is [[Hibi Eden]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1112.htm|title=2024 General Election Result|website=eci.gov.in|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> The Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency elects seven members to the state Legislative Assembly, one each from [[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]], [[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery]], [[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]], [[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]], [[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]], [[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]] and [[Vypin (State Assembly constituency)|Vypin]].

In the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]], Thrippunithura comes under the [[Thrippunithura Assembly constituency]]. As of the 2021 assembly elections, the current MLA is [[K. Babu]], elected from the [[Indian National Congress]].

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations|align = left
|1991| 51,078
|2001| 59,884
|2011| 69,390
|footnote = Source: <ref>Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (web), Delimitation Commission of India (web), Rand McNally International Atlas 1994, School of Planning & Architecture (web)</ref>
}}
As per the [[2011 Indian census]], Thrippunithura has a population of 69,390 and a population density of {{convert|3,713|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|}}. Of this, 48.9% are males and 51.1% are female. 8.18% of the population is under 6 years of age. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] constitute 9.44% and 0.24% of the population respectively. The total literacy rate was 97.71% (98.61% for males and 96.85% for females), which is higher than the state average of 94% and the national average of 74.04%.

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Religion in Thrippunithura''' (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.com/towns/thrippunithura-population-ernakulam-kerala-803290}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism in Kerala|Hinduism]]
|value1 = 82.78
|color1 = darkorange
|label2 = [[Christianity in Kerala|Christianity]]
|value2 = 15.28
|color2 = Blue
|label3 = [[Islam in Kerala|Islam]]
|value3 = 1.35
|color3 = Green
|label4 = None
|value4 = 0.54
|color4 = black
|label5 = Other
|value5 = 0.05
|color5 = grey
}}
Thrippunithura is one of the most homogenous areas in Kerala in terms of religion. According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism in Kerala|Hindus]] are the majority with 82% of the population adhering to the religion. [[Christianity in Kerala|Christians]] form a small minority, constituting 15% of the population. [[Islam in Kerala|Muslims]] constitute 1% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvalla Municipality City Population Census 2011-2023 {{!}} Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803303-thiruvalla-kerala.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

Thrippunithura is home to the [[Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple]], widely known throughout Kerala for its yearly ''Vrishcikotsavam''. It is the first of the eight royal temples of the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. Thrippunithura also has had a long presence of [[St. Thomas Christians]] from antiquity. The [[Nadamel Marth Mariam Church]] (Nadamel Pally), established in A.D. 1175, is the oldest church in Thrippunithura.

==Education==
Tripunithura has many educational institutions which makes the place a good haven for education. Primary, High and Higher Secondary School education is available in many schools. The Government schools functioning in Tripunithura include the Government Sanskrit High School, Government Girls High School, Government Palace High School and Government Boys High School as well as private management schools like The Convent School and The Shree Venkiteshwara School.

There are also a few privately managed [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] schools, namely, Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Bhavans Vidya Mandir, Sree Narayana Vidya Peetam Public School, the Nair Service Society (NSS) Higher Secondary School, The Choice School which function in various parts of the town to provide the necessary basics and also higher education for children. The landmark of the town is the [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts|RLV Music College]] which provides proteges with training in Classical music and has also produced many great singers most notably [[K. J. Yesudas]].

Tripunithura also has 4 government colleges such as Government College Tripunithura (Arts College), Sanskrit College Tripunithura, RLV College of Fine Arts, and Government Ayurveda College.

== Geography ==
In the south, Thrippunithura borders the [[Vembanad]], the longest lake in India. The lake provides facilities for inland water navigation, with the Champakkara canal stretch of the [[National Waterway 3]] forming its western boundary with [[Kochi]] and [[Maradu]]. The canal then merges with the Chithrapuzha river in the north, near [[Irumpanam]]. Thrippunithura has an average elevation of {{cvt|8|metres}} above sea level, with the areas near [[Thiruvankulam]] in the easternmost boundaries rising to 30m.

==Transport==
Tripunithura has a main bus-stand in its main centre with buses going from and coming into from different locations. Furthermore, it has bus-stops in almost every part of the town which makes travel by bus easier. Railway transport is also available. NH 85 (Kochi Madurai highway) or Old [[National Highway 49 (India)|NH 49]] passes through Karingachira. Ernakulam-Ettumanoor State Highway(SH 15) also passes through Thrippunithura.

[[Tripunithura railway station]] is a major railway station in Ernakulam to Kottayam route with many passenger trains and express trains having a stop here.

Thripunithura metro station has started its operations since 6 March 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/05/21/kochi-metro-final-trial-run-along-tripunithura-begins.html | title=Kochi Metro: Final trial run along Tripunithura stretch commences }}</ref> The [[Iron Bridge (Thrippunithura)|iron bridge]] at Thrippunithura is one of the oldest iron bridges in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-18 |title=The bridge over the Padinjare Puzha |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-bridge-over-the-padinjare-puzha/article7665128.ece |access-date=2023-07-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Royal Heritage==
{{Main article|Cochin Royal Family}}

{{See also|Kingdom of Cochin}}

<gallery class="center">
Image:Palace Thripunithura.JPG|Raj Bhavan Palace, Thripunithura
Image:Palace Thripunithura-2.JPG|Edoop Palace (North), Thripunithura.
Image:Kalikkotta Thripunithura.JPG|The Royal Theatre or Kalikkotta Palace
Image:Thripunithura - 2.JPG|Thattu Malikka or Royal Balcony for Royal Family to view [[Sree Poornathrayesa temple]] festivals
Image:Thripunithura - 3.JPG|The entrance to Amma Thampuran Kovilakam (Palace No 31M), the ancestral home of [[Cochin Royal Family]], near [[Sree Poornathrayesa temple]]
</gallery>

===Location===
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Neighbouring regions of Thrippunithura'''
|Northwest = [[Vytilla]]
|North = [[Eroor]]
|Northeast = [[Kakkanad]]
|West = [[Kundannoor]]
|Centre = Thrippunithura
|East = [[Ambalamugal]], [[Muvattupuzha]]
|Southwest = [[Aroor]]
|South = [[Udayamperoor]], [[Mulanthuruthy]], [[piravom]]
|Southeast = [[Thiruvankulam]], [[Chottanikkara]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Thripunithura}}

{{Kerala}}
{{Kochi (India) topics}}
{{Ernakulam district}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Kochi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kochi]]
[[Category:Regions of Kochi]]
[[Category:Kathakali]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Tirhut division

2026-03-16T07:38:26Z

Ab2030: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Administrative division in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tirhut division
| native_name = तिरहुत प्रमंडल
| other_name =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2
| image1 = Buddha Samyak Darshan Museum & Stupa.jpg
| caption1 = Buddha Samyak Darshan Museum & Stupa
| image2 =Vaishali Pillar.jpg
| caption2 = Ashok Pillar
| image3 = Vaishali stupa.jpg
| caption3 = Vaishali Stupa
| image4 = StonePillar GandhiMuseum.jpg
| caption4 = StonePillar Gandhi Museum
| image5 = Punaura Dham.jpg
| caption5 = Punaura Dham
| image6 = Buddhist Stupa at Kesariya at Champaran (east) district of Bihar, India. 18.jpg
| caption6 = Buddhist Stupa at Kesariya
| image7 =
| caption7 = [[Valmiki National Park]]
| image8 = Baba GaribNath.jpg
| caption8 = [[Garibnath Temple]]
}}
| image_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.07|N|85.45|E|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1908
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Muzaffarpur]]
| parts_type = Districts
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]] [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]] [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
| leader_title = Commissioner
| leader_name = Ram Kumar
| area_total_km2 = 17141
| population_total = 21410544
| population_as_of = 2011
| website = {{URL|https://tirhutdivision.nic.in/|Official website}}
| type = Division
}}
'''Tirhut Division''' is an administrative division of the Indian state of [[Bihar]], with its headquarters located at [[Muzaffarpur]]. It was created in 1908 and is one of the prominent divisions of the state. The division is administered by a [[Divisional commissioner|Divisional Commissioner]], a senior officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service (IAS)]], in the revenue side and [[Inspector General of Police (India)|Inspector General of Police]], a senior officer of the [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police Service (IPS)]] on the policing and law-and-order side.

The division comprises six districts: [[Muzaffarpur district]], [[East Champaran district]], [[West Champaran district]], [[Vaishali district]], [[Sitamarhi district]], and [[Sheohar district]]
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About The Division {{!}} Tirhut Division Muzaffarpur {{!}} India |url=https://tirhutdivision.nic.in/about-department/introduction/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Saravanan M (I.A.S.) {{!}} Tirhut Division Muzaffarpur {{!}} India |url=https://tirhutdivision.nic.in/whoswho/shri-gopal-meena-i-a-s/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Districts and subdivisions==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Districts of Tirhut Division, Bihar'''
! style="background:#4682B4; color:white;" | District
! style="background:#5F9EA0; color:white;" | Headquarters
! style="background:#87CEEB;" | Sub-divisions
! style="background:#90EE90;" | Blocks
! style="background:#FFA07A;" | Population (2011)
! style="background:#FFD700;" | Creation Date
|-
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] || style="background:#FFFFE0; font-weight:bold;" | [[Muzaffarpur]]|| Muzaffarpur East, Muzaffarpur West || Aurai, Bandra, Bochaha, Gaighat, Katra, Minapur, Muraul, Mushahari, Paroo, Sahebganj, Sakra, Saraiya, Kanti, Kurhani, Marwan || 4,801,062 || 1875
|-
| [[East Champaran]] || style="background:#FFFFE0; font-weight:bold;" | [[Motihari]] || [[Motihari]], [[Raxaul]], [[Areraj]] || Adapur, Areraj, Banjaria, Chakia (Pipra), Chiraiya, Dhaka, Ghorasahan, Harsidhi, Kesaria, Kotwa, Madhuban, Mehsi, Motihari, Paharpur, Pakridayal, Phenhara, Patahi, Raxaul, Sugauli, Tetaria, Turkaulia || 5,099,371 || 1972
|-
| [[West Champaran]] || style="background:#FFFFE0; font-weight:bold;" | [[Bettiah]] || [[Bettiah]], [[Bagaha]], [[Narkatiaganj]] || Bagaha-1, Bagaha-2, Bettiah, Bairia, Bhitaha, Chanpatia, Gaunaha, Jogapatti, Lauriya, Mainatand, Majhaulia, Narkatiaganj, Nautan, Piprasi, Ramnagar, Sikta, Thakrahan || 3,935,042 || 1972
|-
| [[Sheohar]] || style="background:#FFFFE0; font-weight:bold;" | Sheohar || Sheohar || Dumri Katsari, Purnahiya, Sheohar, Piprarhi, Tariyani || 656,246 || 1994
|-
| [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] || style="background:#FFFFE0; font-weight:bold;" | [[Sitamarhi]] || Sitamarhi, Pupri, Belsand || Bairgania, Bajpatti, Bathnaha, Bela, Belsand, Bokhara, Choraut, Dumra, Majorganj, Nanpur, Parihar, Pupri, Runnisaidpur, Sonbarsa, Suppi || 3,423,574 || 1972
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || style="background:#FFFFE0; font-weight:bold;" | [[Hajipur]] || [[Hajipur]], [[Mahnar]], [[Mahua, Bihar|Mahua]] || [[Bhagwanpur (community development block)|Bhagwanpur]], [[Bidupur]], Chehra Kalan, [[Desari|Desri]], [[Goraul]], [[Hajipur]], [[Jandaha]], [[Lalganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Lalganj]], [[Mahnar]], [[Mahua Assembly constituency|Mahua]], [[Patepur]], Paterhi Belsar, [[Raghopur, Vaishali|Raghopur]], [[Rajapakar|Raja Pakar]], Sahdai Buzurg || 3,495,021 || 1972
|}<ref>[https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/hi/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95/ Muzaffarpuur SUB Division List]</ref><ref>[https://sheohar.nic.in/subdivision/]</ref><ref>[https://eastchamparan.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/]</ref><ref>[https://westchamparan.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/]</ref><ref>[https://sitamarhi.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/]</ref><ref>[https://vaishali.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/]</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ '''Tourist Attractions in Tirhut Division'''
! style="background:#4682B4; color:white;" | District
! style="background:#FFD700; color:black;" | Highlights
|-
| style="background:#E6F2FF;" | [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
| Ashoka’s Pillar, Lychee gardens, heritage memorials and temples, [[Garibnath Temple|Baba Garibnath Dham]]
|-
| style="background:#E6FFE6;" | [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|[[Kesaria Stupa]], [[Someshwar Fort]], Orwell birthplace, Satyagraha sites
|-
| style="background:#FFF0E6;" | [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|[[Valmiki National Park]], spiritual river confluences, archaeological remains, Shahid Samarak<ref>[https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/west-champaran]</ref>
|-
| style="background:#FFFACD;" | [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
| Buddhist–Jain ruins, [[Relic Stupa of Vaishali]], Vishwa Shanti Stupa, Archaeological Museum, Buddha Samyak Darshan Museum & Stupa<ref>[https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/vaishali]</ref>
|-
| style="background:#F0E6FF;" | [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
| [[Punaura Dham|Sita’s birthplace temple]], [[Haleshwar Sthan]], [[Janaki Janmasthali Mandir]]<ref>[https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/sitamarhi/punaura-dham]</ref><ref>[https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/sitamarhi]</ref>
|-
| style="background:#FFE6F2;" | [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]]
| Shiva temple fairs, Vedic heritage and educational icons
|}
<ref>[https://tirhutdivision.nic.in/gallery/photogallery/ Tourist Places in Tirhut Division]</ref>

==Geography and demographics==
Tirhut Division covers an area of 17,141 km². According to the Census of India, the division has a total population of 21,410,544 with a literacy rate of 60.81%. Administratively, it is subdivided into 18 subdivisions, 99 community development blocks, 1,788 gram panchayats, and 1,572 villages.
<ref>[https://tirhutdivision.nic.in/about-department/introduction/]</ref>

==Historical significance==
*[[Champaran Satyagraha]] (1917)
The Champaran Satyagraha was the first satyagraha movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in British India, beginning in 1917. It marked a turning point in the Indian independence movement. Champaran became a separate administrative unit in 1866 and was later bifurcated in 1971 into East Champaran and West Champaran.<ref>[https://thewire.in/history/champaran-pir-munis-raj-kumar-shukla]</ref>

*Vaishali
Vaishali is considered one of the world’s first republics, established as early as the 6th century BCE. It holds religious significance as the birthplace of Lord Mahavira, the 24th Jain Tirthankara and as the site where [[Gautama Buddha]] delivered his last sermon and announced his Parinirvana.

*Sitamarhi
The district of Sitamarhi was carved out of Muzaffarpur district on 11 December 1972. It is a sacred site in Hindu mythology, believed to be the birthplace of Sita, the wife of Lord Rama, from the epic [[Ramayana]]. The Janaki Kund and Janaki Mandir are notable pilgrimage sites here.

*Sheohar
Sheohar is the smallest district of the division. Formerly a subdivision of Sitamarhi, it became a separate district on 6 October 1994.
<ref>[http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2008/Aug/newsbihar04Aug1.html#:~:text=In%201907%2C%20again%20modern%20Tirhut,%2C%20East%20and%20West%20Champaran%5D.|History of Tirhut By Bihar Times]</ref>

== Economy ==
Muzaffarpur, the largest city and administrative headquarters of Tirhut Division, serves as the economic and unofficial capital of North Bihar. The division is primarily agrarian, with Muzaffarpur district recognized as a major hub for [[lychee]] production in India. The region is famous for its '''Shahi''' and '''China''' varieties, cultivated over an estimated 25,800 hectares and producing approximately 300,000 tonnes annually—about 40% of India's total output.
<ref>[https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/fmcg/nitish-kumar-inaugurates-37-crore-bag-manufacturing-unit-in-muzaffarpur/121860663]</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
Agriculture forms the backbone of Tirhut’s economy. Principal crops include [[rice]], [[wheat]], [[pulses]], [[jute]], [[maize]], and various [[oil seeds]]. The region also supports extensive [[sugarcane]] farming, with multiple sugar mills historically operating in the area. Muzaffarpur acts as a wholesale market hub for agricultural produce from surrounding districts.

=== Industry ===
The industrial base of Tirhut Division is centered in Muzaffarpur and includes:

*[[Kanti Thermal Power Station]]
*Textile and bag manufacturing clusters, particularly in the Bela Industrial Area
*'''Leather Product Park''' hosting over 90 manufacturing units
*Dairy processing plants operated by [[Sudha Dairy]] and [[ITC Limited]]
*A '''Mega Food Park''' spread across 78 acres with an investment of ₹180.57 crore
*A biofuel production plant and the state's only semiconductor manufacturing unit, operated by '''Suresh Chips & Semiconductor'''
*Bihar's cabinet has sanctioned the development of 700 acres for new industrial areas in Muzaffarpur at an estimated cost of ₹297 crore. In 2025, '''Cosmas Lifestyle''' inaugurated a ₹37 crore bag production facility under Bihar’s textile and leather development policy.

==== Vaishali ====
Vaishali’s economy mixes agro-trade with modern industrial development. The city of Hajipur in Vaishali district contains the 150-acre Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), a multi-product zone managed by [[Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority|BIADA]]. EPIP hosts renowned brands such as PepsiCo, Britannia, HUL, Godrej, and several others, along with research institutes like CIPET and NIPER<ref>[https://apparelresources.com/business-news/manufacturing/bihar-industries-minister-nitish-mishra-inaugurates-bag-unit-muzaffarpur-creating-8000-jobs/]</ref>

==== West Champaran ====
While detailed industrial data is limited, West Champaran stands out in Bihar for its sugarcane production, holding the top spot in the state as of 2022

==== East Champaran ====
East Champaran’s economy is firmly rooted in agriculture, oriented around crops such as rice, paddy, sugarcane, jute, and lentils, making it one of the top producing districts in Bihar for these staples

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316011819/http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in/ |date=16 March 2015 }}

{{Tirhut Division}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

[[Category:Tirhut division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Bihar]]

Referendum

2026-03-15T07:40:03Z

Ab2030: minor edit

{{short description|Direct vote on a specific proposal}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
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{{Direct Democracy}}
{{Elections}}
{{politics}}

A '''referendum''', '''plebiscite''', or '''ballot measure''' is a [[Direct democracy|direct]] [[vote]] by the [[Constituency|electorate]] (rather than their [[Representative democracy|representatives]]) on a proposal, law, or political issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/plebiscite |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712195247/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/plebiscite |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 12, 2012 |title=Definition of Plebiscite |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref> A referendum may be either ''binding'', resulting in the adoption of a new [[policy]], or ''consultive'' (or ''advisory''), functioning like a large [[opinion poll]].

==Etymology==

'Referendum' is the [[gerundive]] form of the [[Latin language|Latin]] verb {{wikt-lang|la|referre}}, literally "to carry back" (from the verb {{wikt-lang|la|ferre}}, "to bear, bring, carry" plus the inseparable [[prefix]] {{lang|la|re-}}, here meaning "back"<ref name=":0">Marchant & Charles, Cassell's Latin Dictionary, 1928, p. 469.</ref>). As a gerundive is an [[adjective]],<ref name=":1">A gerundive is a verbal adjective (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.)</ref> not a [[noun]],<ref>A [[gerund]] is a verbal noun (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.) but has no nominative case, for which an infinitive ({{lang|la|referre}}) serves the purpose</ref> it cannot be used alone in Latin, and must be contained within a context attached to a noun such as {{lang|la|Propositum quod referendum est populo}}, "A proposal which must be carried back to the people". The addition of the verb {{wikt-lang|la|sum}} (3rd person singular, {{lang|la|est}}) to a gerundive, denotes the idea of necessity or compulsion, that which "must" be done, rather than that which is "fit for" doing. Its use as a noun in English is not considered a strictly grammatical usage of a foreign word but is rather a newly coined English noun, which follows English grammatical usage, not Latin grammatical usage. This determines the form of the plural in English, which according to English grammar should be "referendums". The use of "referenda" as a plural form in English (treating it as a Latin word and attempting to apply to it the rules of Latin grammar) is unsupportable according to the rules of both Latin and English grammar. The use of "referenda" as a plural form is posited hypothetically as either a gerund or a gerundive by the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', which rules out such usage in both cases as follows:<ref name=":2">Oxford English Dictionary: 'Referendum'</ref>

<blockquote>''Referendums'' is logically preferable as a plural form meaning 'ballots on one issue' (as a Latin gerund,<ref name=":3">a [[gerund]] is a verbal noun (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.) but has no nominative case, for which an infinitive (''referre'') serves the purpose. It has only accusative, genitive, dative and ablative cases (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, pp. 91–92.)</ref> referendum has no plural). The Latin plural gerundive 'referenda', meaning 'things to be referred', necessarily connotes a plurality of issues.<ref name=":4">i.e. ''Proposita quae referenda sunt popolo'', "Proposals which must be carried back to the people"</ref></blockquote>

It is closely related to [[political agenda|agenda]], "those matters which must be driven forward", from {{wikt-lang|la|ago}}, to impel or drive forwards; and [[memorandum]], "that matter which must be remembered", from {{wikt-lang|la|memoro}}, to call to mind, [[corrigenda]], from {{wikt-lang|la|rego}}, to rule, make straight, those things which must be made straight (corrected), etc.

The term 'plebiscite' has a generally similar meaning in modern usage and comes from the Latin ''plebiscita'', which originally meant a decree of the ''[[Plebeian Council|Concilium Plebis]]'' (Plebeian Council), the popular assembly of the [[Roman Republic]]. Today, a referendum can also often be referred to as a plebiscite, but in some countries the two terms are used differently to refer to votes with differing types of legal consequences.<ref name="Green" />

In Australia, a 'referendum' is often said to be a vote to change the federal constitution and 'plebiscite' a vote which does not affect the federal constitution.<ref name="Green">{{cite web | url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/antonygreen/2015/08/plebiscite-or-referendum-whats-the-difference.html | title=Plebiscite or Referendum – What's the Difference | publisher=ABC | date=12 August 2015 | access-date=23 August 2015 | author=Green, Antony | archive-date=13 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813234421/http://blogs.abc.net.au/antonygreen/2015/08/plebiscite-or-referendum-whats-the-difference.html | url-status=live }}</ref> However, this is erroneous as not all federal referendums have been on constitutional matters (such as the [[1916 Australian conscription referendum]]), and state votes that likewise do not affect either the federal or state constitution are frequently said to be referendums (such as the [[2009 Western Australian daylight saving referendum]]). Historically, they are used by Australians interchangeably and a plebiscite was considered another name for a referendum.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article108757304 |title=The Referendum |newspaper=[[The Evening News (Sydney)|Evening News]] |issue=9452 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=21 September 1897 |access-date=26 August 2020 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article163803818 |title=Government by Plebiscite. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser]] |volume=LXV |issue=1960 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=29 January 1898 |access-date=26 August 2020 |page=217 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article227144727 |title=The Plebiscite or Referendum. |newspaper=[[The Bendigo Independent]] |issue=12,464 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1910 |access-date=26 August 2020 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

In Ireland, 'plebiscite' referred to the vote to adopt its constitution, but a subsequent vote to amend the constitution is called a 'referendum', as is a poll of the electorate on a non-constitutional bill.

== History ==
The name and use of the 'referendum' is thought to have originated in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] canton of [[Graubünden]] as early as the 16th century.<ref>Barber, Benjamin R.. ''The Death of Communal Liberty: A History of Freedom in a Swiss Mountain Canton''. Princeton University Press, 1974, p. 179.</ref><ref>Vincent, J.M.. ''State and Federal Government in Switzerland'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, p. 122</ref>

After a reduction in the number of referendums in the mid-twentieth century, the referendum as a political tool has been increasing in popularity since the 1970s. This increase has been attributed to [[dealignment]] of the public with political parties, as specific policy issues became more important to the public than party identifiers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Silagadze |first1=Nanuli |last2=Gherghina |first2=Sergiu |date=January 2020 |title=Referendum Policies across Political Systems |journal=The Political Quarterly |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=182–191 |doi=10.1111/1467-923x.12790 |s2cid=213618720 |issn=0032-3179|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Types==

=== Classification ===
The term "referendum" covers a variety of different meanings, and the terminology is different depending on the use. A referendum can be binding or advisory.<ref>{{cite book |pages=2–3 |title=The Dynamics of Referendum Campaigns: An International Perspective|chapter=Context, Elites, Media and Public Opinion in Referendums: When Campaigns Really Matter|last= de Vreese |first=Claes H. |isbn=9780230591189 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHuGDAAAQBAJ |date= 2007 |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan}}
</ref> In some countries, different names are used for these two types of referendum. Referendums can be further classified by who initiates them.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Serdült|first1=Uwe|last2=Welp|first2=Yanina|date=2012|title=Direct Democracy Upside Down|url=http://www.tfd.org.tw/export/sites/tfd/files/publication/journal/dj0801/004.pdf|journal=Taiwan Journal of Democracy|volume=8|issue=1|pages=69–92|doi=10.5167/uzh-98412|access-date=2015-03-24|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104503/http://www.tfd.org.tw/export/sites/tfd/files/publication/journal/dj0801/004.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

David Altman proposes four dimensions that referendums can be classified by:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Direct Democracy Worldwide|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288427223|access-date=2021-08-29|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>

* [[Mandatory referendum|Mandatory]] (legally required) vs [[optional referendum|optional]] (ad hoc)
* Binding vs consultative
* [[Popular initiative|Citizen initiated]] (bottom-up) vs [[authorities referendum|authorities initiated]] (top-down)
* Proactive (proposing a change) vs reactive (preventing a change)

=== Mandatory referendums ===
{{Main|Mandatory referendum}}
A [[mandatory referendum]] is a class of referendum required to be voted on if certain conditions are met or for certain government actions to be taken. They do not require any signatures from the public. In areas that use referendums a mandatory referendum is commonly used as a legally required step for ratification for constitutional changes, ratifying international treaties and joining international organizations, and certain types of public spending.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Design and Political issues of Referendums –|url=http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/ese/ese08/ese08a/ese08a02|access-date=2020-06-11|website=aceproject.org|archive-date=2020-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502105042/http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/ese/ese08/ese08a/ese08a02|url-status=live}}</ref>

Typical types of mandatory referendums include:

* Constitutional changes: Some countries or local governments choose to enact any constitutional amendments with a mandatory referendum. These include [[Referendums in Australia|Australia]], [[Ordinary referendum|Ireland]], [[Voting in Switzerland|Switzerland]], Denmark, and 49 of the 50 [[U.S. state]]s (the only exception is [[Delaware]]).
* [[Financial referendum]]: Many localities require a referendum in order for the government to issue certain bonds, raise taxes above a specified amount, or take on certain amounts of debt. In [[California]] for example, the state government may not borrow more than $300,000 without a public vote in a statewide bond [[California ballot proposition|proposition]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statewide bond propositions (California)|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Statewide_bond_propositions_(California)|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Ballotpedia|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222220011/https://ballotpedia.org/Statewide_bond_propositions_(California)|url-status=live}}</ref>
* International relations: Switzerland has mandatory referendums on enacting [[Treaty|international treaties]] that have to do with [[Military alliance|collective security]] and joining a supranational community. This type of referendum has only occurred once in the country's history: a failed attempt in 1986 for Switzerland to join the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Goetschel|first1=Laurent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ok3SLA1ndEC&q=mandatory+referendum+switzerland+treaty+security&pg=PA40|title=Swiss Foreign Policy: Foundations and Possibilities|last2=Bernath|first2=Magdalena|last3=Schwarz|first3=Daniel|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-34812-6|language=en}}</ref>
* [[War referendum]]: A hypothetical type of referendum, first proposed by [[Immanuel Kant]], is a referendum to approve a declaration of war in a [[war referendum]]. It has never been enacted by any country, but was debated in the United States in the 1930s as the [[Ludlow Amendment]].

=== Optional referendum ===
{{Main|Optional referendum}}
An [[optional referendum]] is a class of referendums that is put to the vote as a result of a demand. This may come from the executive branch, legislative branch, or a request from the people (often after meeting a signature requirement).

Types of optional referendums include:

* [[Legislative referral|Authorities plebiscite]]: Also known as a legislative referral, are initiated by the legislature or government. These may be advisory questions to gauge public opinion or binding questions of law.
* [[Popular initiative]] or Initiative referendum: A citizen-led process to propose and vote on new laws.
* [[Popular referendum]]: A citizen-led process to oppose and strike down existing laws.
* [[Recall election|Recall referendum]]: A procedure to remove elected officials before the end of their [[term of office]]. Depending on the area and position, a recall may be for a specific individual, such as an individual legislator, or more general such as an entire legislature.

== Rationale ==
From a political-philosophical perspective, referendums are an expression of [[direct democracy]], but today, most referendums need to be understood within the context of [[representative democracy]]. They tend to be used quite selectively, covering issues such as changes in voting systems, where currently elected officials may not have the legitimacy or inclination to implement such changes.

==By country==
{{Further|Referendums by country}}
Since the end of the 18th century, hundreds of national referendums have been organised in the world;<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Bruno S. Frey et Claudia Frey Marti, ''Le bonheur. L'approche économique'', [[Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes]], 2013 ({{ISBN|978-2-88915-010-6}}).</ref> almost 600 national votes have been held in [[Voting in Switzerland|Switzerland]] since its inauguration as a [[Modern history of Switzerland|modern state in 1848]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/explore-600-national-votes_how-direct-democracy-has-grown-over-the-decades/41481992 |title=How direct democracy has grown over the decades |author=Duc-Quang Nguyen |publisher=swissinfo.ch – a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation SRG SSR |date=17 June 2015 |location=Berne, Switzerland |access-date=2016-01-28 |archive-date=2016-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806005325/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/explore-600-national-votes_how-direct-democracy-has-grown-over-the-decades/41481992 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Italy]] ranks second with 78 [[Referendums in Italy|national referendums]]: 72 popular referendums (51 of which were proposed by the [[Radical Party (Italy)|Radical Party]]), 4 constitutional referendums, [[1946 Italian institutional referendum|one institutional referendum]] and [[1989 Italian advisory referendum|one advisory referendum]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://elezionistorico.interno.it/index.php?tpel=F | title=Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali | access-date=2017-10-13 | archive-date=2017-10-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026045058/http://elezionistorico.interno.it/index.php?tpel=F | url-status=live }}</ref>

==By issue==
{{Further|Category:Referendums by issue}}

===Civil rights referendum===
{{Excerpt|Civil rights referendum|only=paragraph}}

===Financial referendum===
{{Excerpt|Financial referendum|only=paragraph}}

===Mining referendum===
{{Excerpt|Mining referendum|only=paragraph}}

===Independence referendum===
{{Excerpt|Independence referendum|only=paragraph}}

===Referendums related to the European Union===
{{Excerpt|Referendums related to the European Union|only=paragraph}}

== Design and procedure ==

=== {{anchor|Mutiplechoice}}Multiple-choice referendums ===
{{category see also|Multiple-choice referendums}}
A referendum usually offers the electorate a straight choice between accepting or rejecting a proposal. However some referendums give voters multiple choices, and some use transferable voting. This has also been called a [[wiktionary:Preferendum|'''preferendum''']] when the choices given allow the voters to weight their support for a policy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reybrouck |first=David Van |date=2023-03-16 |title=Democracy's Missing Link: The "preferendum" – a method for citizens to rate and rank policy ideas – would turn citizen concerns into government action. |url=https://www.noemamag.com/democracys-missing-link |journal=[[Noema]] |language=en-US |access-date=2023-11-06 |archive-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106011414/https://www.noemamag.com/democracys-missing-link/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Switzerland]], for example, multiple choice referendums are common. Two multiple choice referendums were held in [[Sweden]], in 1957 and in 1980, in which voters were offered three options. In 1977, a referendum held in [[Australia]] to determine a new [[Advance Australia Fair|national anthem]] was held, in which voters had four choices. In 1992, New Zealand held a five-option referendum on their electoral system. In 1982, Guam had a referendum that used six options, with an additional blank option for those wishing to (campaign and) vote for their own seventh option.

A multiple choice referendum poses the question of how the result is to be determined. They may be set up so that if no single option receives the support of an absolute [[majority]] (more than half) of the votes, resort can be made to the two-round system or [[instant-runoff voting]], which is also called IRV and PV.

In 2018 the Irish [[Citizens' Assembly (Ireland)|Citizens' Assembly]] considered the conduct of future [[referendums in Ireland]], with 76 of the members in favour of allowing more than two options, and 52% favouring preferential voting in such cases.<ref name="citizensassembly_referenda">{{cite web|url=https://www.citizensassembly.ie/en/Manner-in-which-referenda-are-held/Manner-in-which-referenda-are-held.html|title=Manner in which referenda are held|publisher=Citizens' Assembly|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031432/https://www.citizensassembly.ie/en/Manner-in-which-referenda-are-held/Manner-in-which-referenda-are-held.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other people regard a non-majoritarian methodology like the [[Modified Borda Count]] (MBC) as more inclusive and more accurate.

Swiss referendums offer a separate vote on each of the multiple options as well as an additional decision about which of the multiple options should be preferred. In the Swedish case, in both referendums the 'winning' option was chosen by the [[First Past the Post electoral system|Single Member Plurality]] ("first past the post") system. In other words, the winning option was deemed to be that supported by a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]], rather than an absolute majority, of voters. In the 1977 Australian referendum, the winner was chosen by the system of preferential [[instant-runoff voting]] (IRV). Polls in Newfoundland (1949) and Guam (1982), for example, were counted under a form of the [[two-round system]], and an unusual form of TRS was used in the 1992 New Zealand poll.

Although [[California]] has not held multiple-choice referendums in the Swiss or Swedish sense (in which only one of several counter-propositions can be victorious, and the losing proposals are wholly null and void), it does have so many yes-or-no referendums at each election day that conflicts arise. The State's constitution provides a method for resolving conflicts when two or more inconsistent propositions are passed on the same day. This is a de facto form of [[approval voting]]—i.e. the proposition with the most "yes" votes prevails over the others to the extent of any conflict.

Other voting systems that could be used in multiple-choice referendum are [[Condorcet method]] and [[quadratic voting]] (including [[Quadratic voting#Quadratic funding|quadratic funding]]).

===Electronic referendum===
{{Excerpt|Electronic referendum|only=paragraph}}

== Participation quorum ==
[[File:Nedko.Selakov-Utopics-photo-G.Perrenoud.jpg|thumb|Nedko Solakov's artistic and humouristic project "Référendum against référendums", for the Swiss Sculpture Exhibition Utopics in 2009]]
Participation [[quorum]] - the additional requirement that a certain minimum number of votes must be cast in order for a referendum to be legally valid - means that it is in the interests of a proposal’s opponents to abstain rather than to vote against it, so that the quorum is not met.<ref name=CGPS>{{cite web |last1=European Commisssion for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) |title=Code for good practice on referendums (revised), p. 28|url=https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2022)015-e |website=Venice Commission of the Council of Europe |publisher=Council of Europe}}</ref> The opponents need only desert the ballot box in order to impose their viewpoint, even when they are very much in the minority.<ref name=CGPS/> All others who are not voting for other reasons, including those with no opinion, are effectively also voting against the referendum.

The participation quorum requirement encourages a host of controversial election practices such as falsifing the turn-out rate,<ref name=CGPS/> voter suppression and manipulating the date of the referendum to reduce turnout. It has been shown both empirically and mathematically that a participation quorum requirement reduces turnout to below the quorum theshold, which is known as the "quorum paradox" (a form of the [[Participation criterion|no-show paradox]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herrera |first1=Helios |last2=Mattozzi |first2=Andrea |title=Quorum and turnout in referenda |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1003803 |website=SSRN |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="r277">{{cite journal | last1=Kouba | first1=Karel | last2=Haman | first2=Michael | title=When do voters boycott elections with participation quorums? | journal=Public Choice | volume=189 | issue=1–2 | date=2021 | issn=0048-5829 | doi=10.1007/s11127-021-00885-y | pages=279–300 | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-021-00885-y | access-date=27 July 2025| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The "quorum paradox" arises from the fact that, unlike in deliberative bodies such as parliaments—where a vote can be postponed to a later meeting if a quorum is not reached—referendums cannot be rescheduled.

An example of the participation quorum phenomenon is the [[2005 Italian fertility laws referendum]], in which the opposition to the proposed loosening of laws on research on [[embryo]]s and on allowing [[In vitro fertilisation|in-vitro fertilization]], campaigned for people to abstain from voting to drive down turnout. Although a majority of people voted yes for the changes in the law, the results were invalid because participation was low.<ref name=":4" />

The European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) recommends against any quorum requirements in its [https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2022)015-e Code for Good Practice on Referendums]<ref>{{cite web |last1=European Commisssion for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) |title=Code for good practice on referendums (revised), p18 |url=https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2022)015-e |website=Venice Commission of the Council of Europe |publisher=Council of Europe}}</ref>

== Disputes ==
Important referendums are frequently challenged in courts. In pre-referendum disputes, plaintiffs have often tried to prevent the referendum to take place. In one such challenge, in 2017, the [[Constitutional Court of Spain|Spanish Constitutional Court]] suspended the [[Catalonia]]'s [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|independence referendum]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-09-08|title=Spain Catalonia: Court blocks independence referendum|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41196677|access-date=2021-11-21|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023031/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41196677|url-status=live}}</ref> In post-referendum disputes, they challenge the result. British courts dismissed post-referendum challenges of the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|Brexit]] referendum.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-10|title=High Court rejects challenge to have Brexit referendum result declared void|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-high-court-case-legal-challenge-referendum-vote-leave-spending-theresa-may-eu-a8676226.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121140103/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-high-court-case-legal-challenge-referendum-vote-leave-spending-theresa-may-eu-a8676226.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[International court|International tribunals]] have traditionally not interfered with referendum disputes. In 2021, the [[European Court of Human Rights]] extended its jurisdiction to referendums in its judgment ''[[Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia]]'', initiated by two [[Disability|disabled]] voters over [[polling place]] [[Accessibility|access]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ECHR ruling 'has Europe-wide implications' on disability|url=https://www.lawsociety.ie/gazette/top-stories/2021/10-october/echr-ruling-has-europe-wide-implications-on-disability|access-date=2021-11-21|website=www.lawsociety.ie|archive-date=2021-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109234540/https://www.lawsociety.ie/gazette/top-stories/2021/10-october/echr-ruling-has-europe-wide-implications-on-disability|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Criticisms==

===Criticism of populist aspect===
[[File:Odessa Russian Sring 20140330 07.JPG|thumb|Pro-Russian protesters in [[Odesa]], Ukraine, demanding a referendum, March 30, 2014]]
[[File:20150703 Greek Referendum Demonstration for NO syntagma square Athens Greece.jpg|thumb| [[2015 Greek bailout referendum]] Demonstration for "NO" vote, [[Syntagma Square]], [[Athens]], Greece ]]

In Political Governance states that voters in a referendum are more likely to be driven by transient whims than by careful deliberation, or that they are not sufficiently informed to make decisions on complicated or technical issues.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzV4V59udu8C | isbn=9788182053175 | title=Political Governance: Political theory | year=2005 | publisher=Gyan Publishing House | access-date=2023-03-19 | archive-date=2023-11-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106011659/https://books.google.com/books?id=kzV4V59udu8C | url-status=live }}</ref> Also, voters might be swayed by [[media coverage]], [[propaganda]], strong personalities, intimidation, and expensive advertising campaigns.<ref name="h444">{{cite journal | last1=Arbour | first1=Brian K. | last2=Hayes | first2=Danny | title=Voter Turnout in the California Recall: Where Did the Increase Come From? | journal=American Politics Research | volume=33 | issue=2 | date=2005 | issn=1532-673X | doi=10.1177/1532673X04272430 | pages=187–215 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X04272430 | access-date=27 July 2025| url-access=subscription }}</ref>.

Some opposition to the referendum has arisen from its use by dictators such as [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] who, it is argued,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Qvortrup|first1=Matt |title=Direct Democracy: A Comparative Study of the Theory and Practice of Government by the People|isbn=978-0-7190-8206-1|date=2013|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester}}</ref> used the plebiscite to disguise oppressive policies as [[populism]]. Dictators may also make use of referendums as well as [[show elections]] to further legitimize their authority such as [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] in [[1933 Portuguese constitutional referendum|1933]]; Benito Mussolini in [[1934 Italian general election|1934]]; Adolf Hitler in [[1934 German referendum|1934]], [[1936 German election and referendum|1936]]; [[Francisco Franco]] in [[1947 Spanish law of succession referendum|1947]]; [[Park Chung Hee]] in [[1972 South Korean constitutional referendum|1972]]; and [[Ferdinand Marcos]] in [[1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite|1973]]. Hitler's use of plebiscites is argued{{by whom|date=March 2016}} as the reason why, since [[World War II]], there has been no provision in [[Germany]] for the holding of referendums at the federal level.

In recent years, referendums have been used strategically by several European governments trying to pursue political and electoral goals.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/view/836/781|first1=Cecilia Emma|last1=Sottilotta|date=2017|title=The Strategic Use of Government-Sponsored Referendums in Contemporary Europe: Issues and Implications|journal=Journal of Contemporary European Research|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1361–1376|doi=10.30950/jcer.v13i4.836|s2cid=158825358|doi-access=free|access-date=2017-12-16|archive-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217014256/https://www.jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/view/836/781|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1995, [[John Bruton]] considered that {{blockquote|All governments are unpopular. Given the chance, people would vote against them in a referendum. Therefore avoid referendums. Therefore don't raise questions which require them, such as the big versus the little states.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/31/referendums-are-a-bad-idea-irish-leader-told-eu-in-1995|title = Referendums are a bad idea, Irish leader told EU in 1995|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 2019-12-31|last1 = Bowcott|first1 = Owen|last2 = Davies|first2 = Caroline|access-date = 2019-12-31|archive-date = 2019-12-31|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191231110719/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/31/referendums-are-a-bad-idea-irish-leader-told-eu-in-1995|url-status = live}}</ref>}}

===Closed questions and the separability problem===
Some critics of the referendum attack the use of closed questions. A difficulty called the [[separability problem]] can plague a referendum on two or more issues. If one issue is in fact, or in perception, related to another on the ballot, the imposed simultaneous voting of first preference on each issue can result in an outcome which is displeasing to most.

===Undue limitations on regular government power===
Several commentators have noted that the use of [[Popular initiative|citizens' initiatives]] to amend constitutions has so tied the government to a jumble of popular demands as to render the government unworkable. A 2009 article in ''[[The Economist]]'' argued that this had restricted the ability of the [[California]] state government to tax the people and pass the budget, and called for an entirely new Californian constitution.<ref>{{Cite news
| title=California: The ungovernable state
| magazine=[[The Economist]]
| location=[[London]]
| date=16–22 May 2009
| pages=33–36
| url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2009/05/14/the-ungovernable-state
| access-date=4 June 2025
| archive-date=4 September 2009
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904195421/http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13649050
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

A similar problem also arises when elected governments accumulate excessive debts. That can severely reduce the effective margin for later governments.

Both these problems can be moderated by a combination of other measures as
* strict rules for correct accounting on budget plans and effective public expenditure;
* mandatory assessment by an independent public institution of all budgetary implications of all legislative proposals, before they can be approved;
* mandatory prior assessment of the constitutional coherence of any proposal;
* interdiction of extra-budget expenditure (tax payers anyway have to fund them, sooner or later).

=== Disproportionate disruption ===
Referendums occur occasionally rather than periodically as elections are and they do not offer the same kind of formal opposition. In republic polities, referendums could be used to bypass legislatures and representatives by the executive body. Zurcher argues that the use of the Nazi referendums was ending turnout requirements to advance intrinsic advantages in an otherwise slower and more demanding manner to constitutional and policy changes.
<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/21/1/187/7079631 | doi=10.1093/icon/moad013 | title=The case for supermajority requirements in referendums | date=2023 | last1=Qvortrup | first1=Matt | last2=Trueblood | first2=Leah | journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law | volume=21 | pages=187–204 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Sources==
* The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation, statistics (German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210071708/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/03/blank/key/stimmbeteiligung.html Statistik Schweiz – Stimmbeteiligung]
* {{cite journal|last1=Turcoane|first1= Ovidiu|title=A proposed contextual evaluation of referendum quorum using fuzzy logics|journal= Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods |volume=10|issue= 2|date=2015|pages= 83–93|url=http://www.jaqm.ro/issues/volume-10,issue-2/pdfs/8_OV_.pdf}}

==See also==
* [[Right to petition]]
*[[Deliberative referendum]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_ballot_measures_by_year From 1777 inclusively]

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Referendums}}
*Smith, Julie (ed.). 2021. ''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-55803-1 The Palgrave Handbook of European Referendums]''. Palgrave.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/gov.2018.16 |title=Explaining the Paradox of Plebiscites |journal=Government and Opposition |pages=1–18 |year=2018 |last1=Qvortrup |first1=Matt |last2=O'Leary |first2=Brendan |last3=Wintrobe |first3=Ronald |volume=55 |issue=2 |s2cid=149756080}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Topaloff|first1=Liubomir|title=Elite Strategy or Populist Weapon?|journal=Journal of Democracy|date=2017|volume=28|issue=3|pages=127–140|doi=10.1353/jod.2017.0051|s2cid=157760485|url=http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/rise-referendums-elite-strategy-or-populist-weapon|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Qvortrup|first1=Matt|title=Demystifying Direct Democracy|journal=Journal of Democracy|date=2017|volume=28|issue=3|pages=141–152|doi=10.1353/jod.2017.0052|s2cid=157819009|url=http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/rise-referendums-demystifying-direct-democracy|url-access=subscription}}
* Morel, L. (2011). 'Referenda'. In: B. Badie, D. Berg-Schlosser, & L. Morlino (eds), ''International Encyclopedia of Political Science''. Thousand Oaks: Sage: 2226–2230. {{ISBN?}}

{{Portal bar|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Referendums| ]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Direct democracy]]
[[Category:Voting]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Latin gerundives in English]]

Arvind Singh Mewar

2026-03-15T02:58:02Z

Ab2030:

{{Short description|Indian royal and businessman (1944–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Arvind Singh Mewar
| image = Maharana of Udaipur Arvind Singh Mewar.jpg
| caption = Mewar in 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date|1944|12|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Udaipur]], [[Kingdom of Mewar]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|03|16|1944|12|13|df=yes}}
| death_place = Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| burial_date = 17 March 2025
| burial_place = [[Ahar Cenotaphs|Mahasati]]
| spouse = Vijayraj Kumari Mewar
| issue = [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]] Bhargavi Kumari Mewar Padmaja Kumari Mewar
| house = [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]]
| father = [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]]
| mother = Princess Sushila Kumari of Bikaner
| dynasty = [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]]
| module = {{Infobox person |embed=yes
| website = {{URL|www.arvindsinghmewar.com}}
| organization = [[HRH Group of Hotels]]}}
}}

'''Arvind Singh Mewar''' ({{langx|hi|अरविन्द सिंह मेवाड़}}; {{IPA|hi|ʌɾʋɪndᵊ sɪɳɣʰ meʋäːɽ}}; 13 December 1944 – 16 March 2025) was an Indian businessman who was a member of the house of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] and chairman of [[HRH Group of Hotels]]. He was the 76th custodian of the House of Mewar on behalf of Sri Eklingji.

== Early life and education ==
Mewar was born on 13 December 1944 to [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] and his wife, Shushila Kumari, as their second son.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Meininger |first=Irmgard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lC1uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Kingdom of Mewar: Great Struggles and Glory of the World's Oldest Ruling Dynasty |date=2000 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0144-0 |pages=162–164 |language=en}}</ref> Singh received his primary education at home.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=C. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHgo_xlOqaQC |title=Ruling Elites of Rajasthan: A Changing Profile |date=1993 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-13-6 |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref> In 1957, he was sent to [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]], where he passed his [[Senior Cambridge]] in 1961.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Afterward, he studied at Maharana Bhupal College, [[Udaipur]], until 1965.<ref name=":1" /> He obtained his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] there after studying subjects like [[English literature]], economics, and [[political science]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=Who is Maharaja Arvind Singh Mewar, Chairman of HRH Group of Hotels: Know about his luxurious lifestyle, palaces & more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-know-maharaja-arvind-singh-mewar-chairman-of-hrh-group-of-hotels-know-about-his-luxurious-lifestyle-palaces-more-3135365/ |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Then, he went to the UK and US to study [[hotel management]].<ref name=":1" /> In the UK, he studied a course in [[hotel management]] at Metropolitan College, [[St Albans]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Schner |first=David |date=2011 |title=LEADERS Interview with Shriji Arvind Singh Mewar of Udaipur, 76th Custodian of the House of Mewar |url=https://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2011.1_jan/Hospitality's%20Global%20Impact/LEADERS-Shriji-Arvind-Singh-Mewar-Udaipur.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624141841/https://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2011.1_jan/Hospitality's%20Global%20Impact/LEADERS-Shriji-Arvind-Singh-Mewar-Udaipur.html |archive-date=24 June 2011 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=LEADERS Magazine}}</ref> After completing the course, he moved in 1967 to Chicago, US, where he did on-the-job training in hospitality services.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Arvind Singh Mewar was the chairman and managing director of the [[HRH Group of Hotels]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cass.city.ac.uk/news/2012/october/cass-welcomes-76th-generation-custodian-of-house-of-mewar|title=Cass welcomes 76th Generation Custodian of House of Mewar|website=Cass Business School – City, University of London|language=en|access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> which was started by his father in 1963. He had a crystal collection in the palace as well as a fleet of [[antique car]]s. These are open to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=The Udaipur Collection: Family Heirloom Historic Vehicles |url=https://magazine.derivaz-ives.com/the-udaipur-collection-historic-vehicles/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=deRivaz & Ives |language=en}}</ref>

From 1979 to 1981, Arvind Singh Mewar lived and worked in Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Sanjana |date=2025-03-17 |title=Remembering Arvind Singh Mewar, an avid sportsman, licensed pilot and head of HRH group of hotels |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/remembering-arvind-singh-mewar-an-avid-sportsman-licensed-pilot-and-head-of-hrh-group-of-hotels |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref> Back in [[Udaipur]], from 1981 to 1984, he worked as the personal secretary to his father, the former [[Maharana]] [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]].{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} In 1982–83, he was General Manager of [[Lake Palace Hotel]], Udaipur.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== Cricketing and polo career ==
Mewar played [[cricket]] in England.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Charlotte |date=2017-05-21 |title=How an Indian prince came to Manchester for a 'slice of normality' and learnt the lesson of his life |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/how-indian-prince-came-manchester-13068817 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en}}</ref> He joined Bramhall Cricket Club and later played as an opening batsman for the Lancashire 2nd XI.<ref name=":8" /> He then moved to [[Manchester]] to continue playing in the [[Lancashire League (cricket)|Lancashire League]].<ref name=":8" /> On 15 December 1961, he made his [[Ranji Trophy]] debut against Vidarbha in a match played at [[Bhupal Nobles University|Bhopal Nobles' College]] ground.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=HT News Desk |date=2025-03-17 |title=Funeral of Arvind Singh Mewar, Maharana Pratap's descendant, today in Udaipur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-was-arvind-singh-mewar-maharana-prataps-descendant-dies-in-rajasthans-udaipur-101742179581946.html |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=HT News Desk |date=2025-03-16 |title=Maharana Pratap's descendant Arvind Singh Mewar dies. Who was he? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharana-prataps-descendant-arvind-singh-mewar-dies-who-was-he-101742116894605.html |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He established The Cricket Institute, [[Udaipur]], to promote the sport across Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-17 |title=Arvind Singh Mewar: A Visionary Who Transformed Mewar's Heritage And Tourism - EBNW Story |url=https://ebnw.net/travel-tourism/arvind-singh-mewar-a-visionary-who-transformed-mewars-heritage-and-tourism/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mewar was actively involved with several cricket associations, including the [[Rajasthan Cricket Association]], the [[Cricket Club of India]], the [[Mumbai Cricket Association|Bombay Cricket Association]], and the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] in London.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} He began playing polo in the 1970s but had to give up the sport for medical reasons.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> He later established the Udaipur Cup at the Cambridge and Newmarket Polo Club.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

== Personal life ==
Mewar married Vijayraj Kumari in 1972.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morrow |first=Ann |url=https://archive.org/details/highnessmaharaja00morr/ |title=Highness : the Maharajahs of India |date=1987 |publisher=Leicester : Ulverscroft |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7089-8441-3 |pages=335–336}}</ref> She is the daughter of Fateh Singh, the son of [[Vijayarajaji]], the [[Maharao]] of [[Cutch State|Cutch]].<ref name=":0" /> They had three children: two girls, Bhargavi Kumari and Padmaja Kumari, and one son, [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Meininger |first=Irmgard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_cSAQAAMAAJ |title=City Palace of Udaipur: Historical View and a Guide |date=2000 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0149-5 |pages=39–40 |language=en}}</ref> Lakshyaraj married Nivritti Kumari, who is the daughter of politicians [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] and [[Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=City Palace dazzles as Lakshyaraj Singh gets engaged with Nivritti Kumari |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/events/city-palace-dazzles-as-lakshyaraj-singh-gets-engaged-with/c74416-w2859-cid117531-s10700.htm |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2014 |title=Udaipur prince Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar gets married to Nivritti, daughter of Odisha BJP president at Bhubaneswar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/jaipur/udaipur-prince-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-gets-married-to-nivritti-daughter-of-odisha-bjp-president-at-bhubaneswar/articleshow/29210402.cms |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Nivritti is the great-granddaughter of [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]], former [[List of chief ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisoyi |first=Sujit |date=12 June 2024 |title=Odisha's first BJP CM, Deputy CMs to take oath today: Who are Mohan Charan Majhi, K V Singh Deo, Pravati Parida? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/odisha-bjp-cm-deputy-oath-today-mohan-charan-majhi-k-v-singh-deo-pravati-parida-9386962/ |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Death ==
Mewar remained in good health for most of his life, but his condition gradually declined in his final years.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-17 |title=Udaipur mourns death of tourism stalwart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/udaipur-mourns-death-of-tourism-stalwart/articleshow/119086106.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was undergoing treatment at his residence, the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] in [[Udaipur]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-03-16 |title=Mewar royal Arvind Singh passed away in Udaipur |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/mewar-royal-arvind-singh-passed-away-in-udaipur-1503408556.html |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> He died on 16 March 2025, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite news |title=Member of erstwhile royal family, Arvind Singh Mewar passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/member-of-the-erstwhile-royal-family-arvind-singh-mewar-passes-away/articleshow/119065551.cms |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 March 2025}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand CM Dhami condoles demise of erstwhile Udaipur royal Arvind Singh Mewar |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttarakhand-cm-dhami-condoles-demise-of-erstwhile-udaipur-royal-arvind-singh-mewar20250316215834/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

His body was kept at [[Shambhu Niwas|Shambu Niwas]] for relatives, friends, and the public to pay their respects.<ref name=":5" /> The [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]], Udaipur, was closed to tourists on 16–17 March due to his death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-03-17 |title=Arvind Singh Mewar, Maharana Pratap's descendant, passes away |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/arvind-singh-mewar-maharana-prataps-descendant-passes-away-8861092 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharana Pratap's Descendant, Royal Family Member Arvind Singh Mewar Dies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharana-prataps-descendant-royal-family-member-arvind-singh-mewar-dies-7934593 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> His funeral procession began around 11 a.m. on 17 March from [[Shambhu Niwas]] in [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]], Udaipur.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Maharana Pratap descendant Arvind Singh Mewar cremated in Udaipur |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/03/17/des39-rj-arvind-singh-cremation.html |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> It passed through Badi Pol, Jagdish Chowk, Ghantaghar, Bada Bazaar, and Delhi Gate before reaching the cremation site at [[Ahar Cenotaphs|Mahasati]] in Udaipur, where his last rites were performed.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharana Pratap descendant Arvind Singh Mewar cremated in Udaipur |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/Maharana-Pratap-descendant-Arvind-Singh-Mewar-cremated-in-Udaipur/2380201 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref> His funeral pyre was lit by his son, [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharana Pratap descendant Arvind Singh Mewar cremated in Udaipur |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/rajasthan/maharana-pratap-descendant-arvind-singh-mewar-cremated-in-udaipur/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |date=2025-03-17 |title=Maharana Pratap descendant Arvind Singh Mewar cremated in Udaipur |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/maharana-pratap-descendant-arvind-singh-mewar-cremated-in-udaipur-602661 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

His nephew, [[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]], along with other dignitaries, attended his funeral.<ref name=":7"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-03-17 |title=Punjab Guv Kataria bids adieu to royal schoolmate Arvind Singh Mewar |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/punjab-guv-kataria-bids-adieu-to-royal-schoolmate-arvind-singh-mewar-1503408910.html |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
{{Main|Mewar family dispute}}
Since the death of [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]], there have been conflicts and issues between his descendants regarding the leadership of the house of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] and a property dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2000 |title=Feud between scions of Maharanas of Mewar may bury their glorious past |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20000124-feud-between-scions-of-maharanas-of-mewar-may-bury-their-glorious-past-776963-2000-01-23 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2014 |title=Court battle for control of Mewar fortunes exposes heap of skeletons in the closet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19831231-court-battle-for-control-of-mewar-fortunes-exposes-heap-of-skeletons-in-the-closet-804541-2014-01-30 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It all started in 1984 when his father willed his entire property through a trust to Arvind, named him his successor, and disinherited his eldest son, [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]], because he had filed a lawsuit against him.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkIWAQAAMAAJ |title=India Today International |date=2000 |publisher=Living Media India Limited |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> He made Arvind the executor of the will and his daughter, Yogeshwari Kumari, the trustee.<ref name=":4" /> This will was kept confidential, and no one knew of it until [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]]'s death, which led to questions about the will's legitimacy.<ref name=":0" /> After the death of his father, Arvind assumed the leadership of the house with the title of Shriji Hazoor, and his eldest brother [[Mahendra Singh Mewar|Mahendra]] was coronated as the [[Maharana]] of Mewar by the Rawat of [[Salumbar|Salumber]] on 19 November 1984.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The [[Maharana]]s were not considered rulers but mere custodians or [[Dewan|diwans]] of Mewar on behalf of [[Eklingji|Sri Eklingji]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_cvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=180 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIE3AQAAMAAJ |title=Chitor and the Mewar Family |date=1909 |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries |pages=10–11 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, a court ruled that the estate shall be divided into four equal shares and allocated to Arvind, Mahendra, Yogeshwari and the deceased Maharana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2020|title=Udaipur royal inheritance to be shared equally by three siblings|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/udaipur-royal-inheritance-to-be-shared-equally-by-3-siblings/articleshow/76719645.cms|access-date=19 January 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>{{Mewari Rana}}

== See also ==
* [[Maharana Mewar Public School]]
* [[Mewar]]
* [[Udaipur State]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.eternalmewar.in House of Mewar]
* [https://www.hrhhotels.com/shriji_arvindsingh_mewar.php Shriji Arvind Singh Mewar]
* [http://newsdropbox.com/grand-welcome-of-bhanwarsahib-haritraj-singh-mewar/ Haritaj Singh Mewar]
* [https://udaipurbox.com/arvind-singh-mewar/ Arvind Singh Mewar – The 76th custodian of the House of Mewar]

{{Udaipur}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mewar, Arvind Singh}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sisodia dynasty]]

Madha Yaanai Koottam

2026-03-14T22:35:39Z

Ab2030: creating new stub...

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Vikram Sugumaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| image = Madha Yaanai Kootam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vikram Sugumaran]]
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] N. P. K. S. Logu Go. Venkatesh
| writer = Vikram Sugumaran
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]]|[[Vela Ramamoorthy]]|[[Oviya]]}}
| music = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| cinematography = Ragul Dharuman
| editing = [[Kishore Te.]]
| studio = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar|GV Prakash Kumar Productions]]
| distributor = [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|12|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Madha Yaanai Koottam''''' ({{translation|Herd of musth elephants}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[drama thriller film]] written and directed by [[Vikram Sugumaran]], a former assistant of [[Balu Mahendra]] and the dialogue writer of ''[[Aadukalam]]''. The film, which is produced by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], stars newcomer [[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]], along with [[Oviya]]. The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]], while Ragul Dharuman and [[Kishore Te.]] handled cinematography and editing, respectively. The film released on 25 December 2013 and was a [[sleeper hit]] at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2013 |title=GV Prakash turns producer |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gv-prakash-turns-producer-news-tamil-nenkFPaccih.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124221611/http://www.sify.com/movies/gv-prakash-turns-producer-news-tamil-nenkFPaccih.html |archive-date=24 January 2014 |access-date=14 April 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film revolves around the family of Jayakkodi Thevar, who has two wives. Jayakkodi is a respected landowner whose family has helped develop the village for generations. However, his first wife Sevanamma and her elder brother Veera Thevar control the local gangs and are feared by the villagers. Despite being 25 years older and already having four sons, Veera married Sevanamma's daughter and has a son of age 12 with her. Jayakkodi prefers to live with his second wife and her children, Parthiban and Ammu. Because of her husband's preference for his second wife, Sevanamma dislikes the second wife and her children. Veera blames his brother-in-law's second wife and her children for destroying his sister's life, and he hates them, too. The only member of the first wife's family that accepts the second wife's family is Jayakkodi's drunkard eldest son Boologarasa. However, he is often powerless against his mother and maternal uncle. Jayakkodi's relatives also do not deal closely with his second family as his second-wife is of lower caste.

Ponram is a newly rich person from same village and caste as Jayakkodi, and he wants to replace Jayakkodi as the most respected person. After being outshone in temple donations, Ponram competes with Veera for land tender from the forest department. When Jayakkodi comes to the tender, Veera leaves it out of respect, but Jayakkodi loses it to Ponram. Ponram's younger brother insults Jayakkodi, and later that night, he is brutally killed by Veera and his sons. Jayakkodi goes to pay respects to Ponram's brother, and a fight erupts between Ponram and Parthi. Jayakkodi and Parthi are arrested. Veera comes to their aid by using a related lawyer and saves them without hassle. Ponram swears revenge on Jayakkodi's entire family.

Parthi develops affection for a Malayali girl named Ritu, whom he first meets at his sister's nursing college and later convinces her to stay at his house due to ragging issues at the college hostel. Jayakkodi arranges a wedding for Ammu with one of his relative's sons, but the relative backs out due to caste pressure from Veera. Jayakkodi arranges a grand wedding for Ammu with his caste groom from Tanjore. After the wedding, Ritu leaves to her hometown to pursue her master's degree, and she stays silent when Parthi confesses his love for her in the bus stop minutes before she leaves. Jayakkodi dies unexpectedly after a heart attack the next night. Veera's sons come with their cousins and take Jayakodi's body back to Sevanamma's house. Boologarasa invites his stepmother and half-siblings to pay their respects, but his uncle Veera threatens to have the entire village boycott the funeral if they attend. As a result, the second wife and her children are kept away from the rituals.

Boologarasa is guilt-suck that his stepmother and half-siblings are excluded from his father's funeral. He invites Parthi to the 16th day ritual in honor of their father. After initial procrastination, Parthi decides to attend the ritual. Boologarasa teases Veera's sons for not being able to do anything to stop him from bringing his brother to their home. Angered, Boologarasa's cousins attack him. This eventually escalates into a fight. As one of Veera's sons tries to stab Boologarasa, Parthi pushes him away, and the son lands on a sharp knife and dies. Parthi flees as his brother holds back his surviving cousins. In order to avenge his son's death, Veera and his surviving sons plan to kill him. Sevanamma initially understands that Parthi is not at fault and he did this to save her only son. She helps protect Parthi's mother and arranges for him to escape to Kerala. Parthi lives with Ritu's family for a few days but is forced to live on the streets after his stepmother's nephews track him down using info from Ponram.

Sevannamma, confronted by her brother, helps him lure Parthi out by poisoning Parthi's mother, who currently lives with her. This brings Parthi to his dead mother, and all rituals end. Immediately, Veera's sons and cousins lock Parthi inside the house and attack him, with rest of the family waiting outside for one winner to come out. Despite being outnumbered by his cousins, Parthi defeats them. One of Veera's sons escapes and begs Veera to kill Parthi. Veera climbs the house and throws his sickle to Parthi's neck, and it fatally cuts Parthi. The entire family surrounds Parthi, who dies looking at Sevanamma. Veera and his sons are arrested for murder, and Sevanamma is shown crying while cleaning Parthi's blood.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]] as Parthiban
*[[Oviya]] as Ritu
*[[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Veera Thevar
*[[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Sevanamma
*Muruganji as Jayakkodi Thevar
*Vinitha as Ammu
*[[Kalaiyarasan]] as Boologarasa
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as Ponram
*Anju as Deepa
*Virumandi as Seeraalan
*Jenish as Thennarasu
*Ilavarasan as Ilavarasu
*P. Gopalakrishnan
*Theni Mahalakshmi
*Vaigai Siva Vijay Thevar
{{colend}}

==Production==
After associating [[Ravi K. Chandran]] for five years, Ragul Dharuman made his debut as an independent cinematographer in this film. The film started in March 2013 in Periyakulam and the second schedule of shooting was underway in April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2013 |title=G V's production venture titled 'Madha Yaanai Koottam' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-13/news-interviews/38510561_1_aadukalam-g-v-prakash-kumar-oviya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416233028/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-13/news-interviews/38510561_1_aadukalam-g-v-prakash-kumar-oviya |archive-date=16 April 2013 |access-date=14 April 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Madha Yaanai Koottam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Front Cover
| released = 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:28
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Sony Music
| producer = N. R. Raghunanthan
| prev_title = [[Neerparavai]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Pulivaal]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]. All lyrics written by Yegathasi.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:34
| all_music =
| title1 = Kona Kondakari
| extra1 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length1 = 4:34
| title2 = Unnai Vanangaatha
| extra2 = [[Velmurugan]]
| length2 = 4:08
| title3 = Kombu Oothi
| extra3 = [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[Anand Aravindakshan]], Vikram Sugumaran
| length3 = 4:02
| title4 = Enga Pora
| extra4 = [[Thanjai Selvi]]
| length4 = 4:04
| title5 = Yaro Yaro
| extra5 = [[Haricharan]], [[Monali Thakur]]
| length5 = 5:05
| title6 = Mukkulathu
| extra6 = Thiruvudaiyan
| length6 = 4:35
}}

==Reception==
The film received generally positive reviews from critics.

[[Rediff]] wrote "Vikram Sukumaran’s ''Madha Yaanai Koottam'' reveals in great detail the rites and rituals followed after death and how pride, anger and vengeance can only lead to senseless violence and death".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Madha Yaanai Koottam shows senseless violence |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-madha-yaanai-koottam-shows-senseless-violence-south/20131226.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420140819/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-madha-yaanai-koottam-shows-senseless-violence-south/20131226.htm |archive-date=20 April 2016 |access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "Vikram Sugumaran has made a decent first film. He is a good writer."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Madha Yaanai Koottam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/madhayaanai-koottam-review-tamil-pcmbhnhhdhceg.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425075129/http://www.sify.com/movies/madhayaanai-koottam-review-tamil-pcmbhnhhdhceg.html |archive-date=25 April 2016 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=Sify}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The film is hopelessly dark".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 December 2013 |title=Madhayaanai Koottam: Herd mentality |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/madhayaanai-koottam-herd-mentality/article5511986.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220062604/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/madhayaanai-koottam-herd-mentality/article5511986.ece |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=15 April 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3426300}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about death]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2013 thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films scored by N. R. Raghunanthan]]

Narendranagar

2026-03-11T21:11:48Z

Ab2030: creating entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narendranagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Himalayan view from Ananda spa, Narendra Nagar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Himalayan view from [[Ananda in the Himalayas|Ananda Hotel & Spa]], Narendranagar
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.17|N|78.30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]
| established_title = 1919
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1020
| population_total = 3349
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 249175
| registration_plate = UK
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 1378]]
| website = {{URL|uk.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Narendranagar''' is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Tehri Garhwal district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>[http://tehri.nic.in/TOURIST/NARENDRA%20NAGAR.htm Narendranagar] [[Tehri Garhwal district]] website.</ref>

==Geography==
Narendranagar is located at {{coord|30.17|N|78.30|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/39/Narendranagar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Narendranagar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 1,020 metres (3,349 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Narendranagar had a population of 4796. Males constitute 59% of the population and females 41%. Narendranagar has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 74%. In Narendranagar, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==History==
The present town of Narendranagar came into existence in 1919,<ref name=hist>[http://210.212.78.56/50cities/narendranagar/english/profile_history.asp History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204025641/http://210.212.78.56/50cities/narendranagar/english/profile_history.asp |date=4 December 2008 }} ''Narendranagar'' official website.</ref> when Maharaja Narendra Shah of [[Tehri Garhwal]] moved his capital from [[Tehri]] to a more picturesque locale. The small town of Odathali, nestled in the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]] foothills, was chosen not only for its extraordinary scenic beauty but also for its proximity to the plains below. On a clear day, one can get an aerial view of [[Rishikesh]], [[Haridwar]] and the Ganga flowing from the mountains to the plains of Haridwar. The move mirrored earlier decisions by his predecessors—Pratap Shah and Kirti Shah—who had founded [[Pratapnagar Assembly constituency|Pratapnagar]] and [[Kirtinagar]], respectively<ref name="tri">{{cite web | title=Capital towns of kings cry for attention | website=The Tribune | date=22 February 2016 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/capital-towns-of-kings-cry-for-attention-199326/?utm_source=chatgpt.com | access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

Odathali is a place of historic and mythological significance. It has been known to be a seat of spirituality and meditation since ancient times. According to legend, the sage Uddhava is known to have performed severe penance at this spot. Also, Purasara, the founder of astrology, has been known to conduct various experiments on the movements of planets and stars. His observatory has now been converted into the local polytechnic.

Maharaja Narendra Shah was an enlightened ruler, as you can see in the well-ordered civic buildings of the neat little royal township of Narendranagar. Some of the buildings like the hospital and the secretariat are still in use today. The bazaar buildings too are a century old.

[[File:Viceregal Palace, Ananda - In the Himalayas, Narendra Nagar, Uttarakhand.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Viceregal Palace, built by the Maharaja of [[Tehri Garhwal]], ca 1910, now [[Ananda - In the Himalayas]]]]
In the early 1900s, Narendra Nagar became a popular destination with the British Viceroys of the time. The Palace 'Annexe' was added to the original palace building in 1910 to house the Viceroy and his entourage who visited Narendra Nagar fairly often. Over the years, the regal corridors of the Palace has echoed with the footsteps of many distinguished guests - former [[Prime Ministers of India]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Indira Gandhi]] and spiritual leaders like [[Anandmayi Ma]] and [[Swami Sivanand]] as well as the last British [[Viceroy of India]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten of Burma]].

The last Maharaja, [[Manabendra Shah]] took over the reins of [[Tehri Garhwal]] in 1946, from Maharaja Narendra Shah, who abdicated in the favour of his son.<ref name=hist/><ref>[http://rudraprayag.nic.in/history.htm History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809051428/http://rudraprayag.nic.in/history.htm |date=9 August 2008 }} [[Rudraprayag]] Official district website.</ref> The province was eventually merged with the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] shortly after India gained independence.

'The Narendranagar Palace', is now home to '[[Ananda - In the Himalayas]]', a destination spa, that looks down into the [[Doon Valley]] from its majestic height of 3000 feet. Crowning a picturesque ridge of the mighty Himalayan ranges, the palace is a symbol of the grandeur and splendour of an era gone by. Original relief work still adorns the palace walls and two magnificent [[World War I]] cannons flank the royal gateway.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://210.212.78.56/50cities/narendranagar/english/home.asp Narendranagar, Official website]
* [http://wikimapia.org/country/India/Uttaranchal/Narendranagar/ Narendranagar] at [[wikimapia]].

{{Tehri Garhwal}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tehri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1919]]

Gaya, India

2026-03-05T23:30:07Z

Ab2030: basic improve information for consistency additionally for consistency

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|City in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gaya
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style = border:1
| perrow = 1/1
| image1 = Vishnupad temple gaya bihar.jpg
| image2 = Dungeshwari Hills.jpg
| image3 = Gaya Airport GAY.jpg
| image4 = Sujata Garh.JPG
| image5 = Mahabodhitemple.jpg
}}
| image_caption = From top: [[Vishnupad Temple]], [[Gaya Airport]], [[Sujata Stupa]] and [[Mahabodhi Temple]]
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Gaya in Bihar
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.75|N|85.01|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Magadh Division]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]
| established_title = Keekat Kshetra (R.V)
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Gayasura]]
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Gaya Municipal Corporation|Gaya Nagar Nigam]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Ganesh Paswan
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news|title=Gaya Municipal Corporation|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 August 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gaya-chokes-as-master-plan-in-limbo/articleshow/70915995.cms|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915235944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gaya-chokes-as-master-plan-in-limbo/articleshow/70915995.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CDP-Gaya>{{cite web | url=http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Gaya.pdf| page=4 | title=City Development Plan for Gaya: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | publisher=Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Bihar | access-date=8 October 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913030335/http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Gaya.pdf | archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 308
| area_rank = 21 (India), 3rd (Bihar)
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 111
| population_total = 470839<ref name="census2011"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = 9490
| population_rank = 102 (India), 2nd (Bihar)
| population_demonym = Gayaite, Gayavi, Gayawaal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://huntnews.in/p/detail/458673712122865?xlang=en&uc_param_str=dnfrpfbivesscpgimibtbmntnijblauputoggdnw&pos=1462975380148&channel=education&chncat=category_english |title=Two Bihar boys in top 10 of civil services |access-date=12 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816020056/http://huntnews.in/p/detail/458673712122865?xlang=en&uc_param_str=dnfrpfbivesscpgimibtbmntnijblauputoggdnw&pos=1462975380148&channel=education&chncat=category_english |archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 823001 - 13
| area_code = 91-631
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| registration_plate = BR-02
| website = {{URL|https://gaya.nic.in//}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Magahi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| blank1_name = Railway Station
| blank1_info = [[Gaya Junction]]
| blank2_name = Airport
| blank2_info = [[Gaya International Airport]]
| official_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = Mohan Shrivastava
}}

'''Gaya''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{lang|hi-Latn|Gayā}}) is a city, municipal corporation and the administrative headquarters of [[Gaya district|Gaya district]] and [[Magadh division]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. Gaya is {{convert|116|km|mi}} south of [[Patna]] and is the state's [[List of cities in Bihar by population|second-largest]] city, with a population of 470,839. The city is surrounded on three sides by small, rocky hills ([[Mangla Gauri|Mangla-Gauri]], Shringa-Sthan, Ram-Shila, and Brahmayoni), with the [[Phalgu|Phalgu River]] on its eastern side.

It is a city of historical significance and is one of the major tourist attractions. Gaya is sanctified in the [[Jain]], [[Hindu]], and [[Buddhist]] religions. Gaya district is mentioned in the great epics, the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. It is the place where [[Rama]], with [[Sita]] and [[Lakshmana]], came to offer [[Pinda (riceball)|piṇḍadāna]] for their father, [[Dasharatha]], and continues to be a major Hindu pilgrimage site for the piṇḍadāna ritual. [[Bodh Gaya]], where [[Buddha]] is said to have attained [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]], is one of the four holy sites of [[Buddhism]].

Gaya was chosen as one of twelve heritage cities to benefit from the Government of India's four-year [[Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana]] (HRIDAY) scheme for urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation projects.<ref>{{cite news |last=HRIDAY National Project Management Unit, National Institute of Urban Affairs, Ministry of Urban Development Government of India |date=21 January 2015 |title=Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana |website=www.hridayindia.in |url=https://hridayindia.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/hriday-brochure.pdf |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529205452/http://hridayindia.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/hriday-brochure.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Etymology==

Gaya is named after the demon ''[[Gayasura]]'' (meaning "the demon Gaya") who dwelt the area during the [[Treta Yuga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEdpwKpTYqsC&dq=ganj+gaya+bihar&pg=PA134 |title=Systems of Rural Settlements in Developing Countries |date=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-203-3 |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405023058/https://books.google.com/books?id=TEdpwKpTYqsC&dq=ganj+gaya+bihar&pg=PA134 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bihar (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTFuAAAAMAAJ&q=gaya+bihar+treta+yuga |title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Singhbhum |last2=Choudhury |first2=Pranab Chandra Roy |date=1957 |publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405023056/https://books.google.com/books?id=lTFuAAAAMAAJ&q=gaya+bihar+treta+yuga |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Vayu Purana]], Gaya was the name of a demon ([[Asura]]) whose body became pious after he performed strict [[Tapas (Indian religions)|penance]] and secured blessings from Lord [[Vishnu]].<ref name=MSME /> It was said that the body of [[Gayasura]] was transformed into the series of rocky hills that make up the landscape of Gaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harekrsna.com/philosophy/associates/demons/vishnu/gayasur.htm |title=The Hare Krsnas - Battles of Vishnu Avatars - Gayasur |publisher=Harekrsna.com |access-date=7 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115138/http://www.harekrsna.com/philosophy/associates/demons/vishnu/gayasur.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Gayasisa1.jpg|thumb|Brahmayoni Hill, where Buddha preached the ''[[Fire Sermon|Adittapariyaya Sutta]]'' (the ''Fire Sermon'')]]

==History==

[[File:Gaya Haffkine01.jpg|thumb|alt=A view of Gaya during British rule, photograph taken by Waldemar Haffkine|A view of Gaya during [[British Raj|British rule]], photograph taken by [[Waldemar Haffkine]]]]

===Ancient history===
According to modern scholars, the [[Kikata kingdom]] from [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] period was located at Gaya, Bihar.

Gaya is an ancient city, with a Buddhist documented history dating back to the 6th century BCE when the sage [[The Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] attained enlightenment at [[Bodh Gaya]], {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} from the modern city.<ref name="Nomination">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1056rev.pdf |title=World Heritage Scanned Nomination - Site Name: Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya |last=World Heritage Committee |website=www.whc.unesco.org |date=29 June 2002 |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404051635/http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1056rev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Even before this time, Gaya was a place of pilgrimage for people from around the world. The fame of ancient Gaya derived from the account in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' of the god [[Rama]] coming here to the banks of [[Phalgu|Phalgu River]] (called the [[Niranjana]]), accompanied by his wife and younger brother, to offer [[Pinda (riceball)|pind-daan]] for their father [[Dasharatha]], for the [[moksha]] of his soul.<ref name="Rámayán">{{cite book |last=Griffith |first=Ralph T. H. |title=The Rámayán of Válmíki Translated into English Verse |publisher=London: Trübner & Co.; Benares: E. J. Lazarus and Co |date=1870–1874 |page=761 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/24869/24869-pdf.pdf#page=761 |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729150113/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24869/24869-pdf.pdf#page=761 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pind daan">{{cite book |last=Bhalla |first=Prem D |title= Hindu Rites, Rituals, Customs and Traditions: A to Z on the Hindu Way of Life |publisher= Pustak Mahal |date=2006 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOgAnbOmu08C&pg=PT307|pages=314–319 |chapter=Chapter N6-N7: What is the importance of pind daan for the deceased?; What is the purpose of the Shraddh ceremony? |isbn=978-8-122-30902-7}}</ref> In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Gaya is referred to as Gayapuri.

Gaya flourished during the [[Maurya Empire]] (321–187 BCE), which ruled from the city of [[Pataliputra]] (adjacent to modern [[Patna]]) over an area that extended beyond the Indian subcontinent. During this period, Gaya witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties in the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] region, where it occupied an important place in cultural history over some 2,400 years between the 6th century BCE and the 18th century CE.

The city's cultural significance began with the dynasty founded by [[Sisunaga]], who exercised power over Patna and Gaya around 600 BCE. [[Bimbisara]], fifth king of the dynasty, who lived and ruled around 519 BCE, had projected Gaya to the outer world. Having attained an important place in the history of civilisation, the area experienced the influence of [[The Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] and Bhagwan Mahavir during the reign of Bimbisara. After a brief period under the [[Nanda Empire|Nanda dynasty]] (345–321 BCE), Gaya and the entire Magadha region came under Mauryan rule. Mauryan Emperor [[Ashoka]] (272–232 BCE) embraced and promoted Buddhism. He visited Gaya, and built the first temple at Bodh Gaya to commemorate the [[Buddha]]'s attainment of supreme enlightenment.<ref name="UNESCO WHC">{{cite web |url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056 |title= Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, Description |website= www.whc.unesco.org |publisher= UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date= 27 September 2018 |archive-date= 5 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201105154305/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

The period of Hindu revivalism began with the [[Gupta Empire]] during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. [[Samudragupta]] of Magadha brought Gaya into the limelight, making it the capital of Bihar district during the Gupta empire.

In 750 CE, Gaya became a part of the [[Pala Empire]], under the rule of its founder, [[Gopala]]. It is believed that the present temple of [[Bodh Gaya]] was built during the reign of Gopala's son, Dharmapala.

In the 12th century CE, Gaya was invaded by [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji]] of the [[Ghaznavid Empire]]. By 1557, it had become part of the [[Mughal Empire]], and remained under its power until the [[Battle of Buxar]] and the beginning of [[British Raj|British rule]] in 1764. Gaya, along with other parts of the country, gained its independence in 1947.

===Modern history===
[[File:View of Gaya from Hills of Mangla Gauri.jpg|thumb|View of Gaya from Hills of Mangla Gauri]]
[[File:Bharat Sevashram Sangha temple, Gaya.jpg|thumb|Bharat Sevashram Sangha temple, Gaya]]
As attested by [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] in the early nineteenth century, the city was divided into two areas: a sacred area in the southern part of the city, called Gaya; and the larger secular area, which may have been known by the Muslim community as Allahabad. During the [[British Raj|British rule]], the commercial and administrative area of the secular zone was formally named Saheb Ganj by British policy reformer [[Thomas Law (1756–1834)|Thomas Law]], who was a district officer in Gaya in the late nineteenth century. Now 2023 Upgrade Gaya Junction to International Junction official news launched By @PIB_Patna on Twitter <ref name="Vidyarthi">{{cite book |last=Vidyarthi |first=Lalita Prasad |title=The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |edition=2nd |date=1978 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4FidiusPr0C&q=gaya+priests+district&pg=PA2
|pages=1–29 |chapter=Chapter 1: The Sacred Centres of Gaya |access-date=28 September 2018 }}</ref>

[[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]], founder of the [[All India Kisan Sabha]] peasant movement in 1936, established an ashram at [[Neyamatpur]], Gaya, which later became the centre of the freedom struggle in [[Bihar]]. Many prominent leaders of the [[Indian National Congress]] visited frequently to meet [[Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma|Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma]] when he was leader of Kisan Sabha, residing in the ashram set up by Swamiji.Yadunandan Sharma became the leader of the peasants of [[Gaya district]] and second-in-command to Swami Sahajanand Saraswati.

Gaya played a significant role in the [[Indian Independence Movement]]. From 26 to 31 December 1922, the 37th session of the [[Indian National Congress]] was held in Gaya<ref>{{cite news |last=Indian National Congress |date=1923 |title=Report of the Thirty-Seventh Indian National Congress held at Gaya on the 26th, 27th, 29th, 30th and 31st December 1922 |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/17967https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/17967/GIPE-038654-Contents.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521160048/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/17967https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/17967/GIPE-038654-Contents.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref> under the presidency of [[Chittaranjan Das|Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das]]. It was attended by prominent leaders and luminaries of the Independence Movement, including [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas K. Gandhi]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]], [[Sardar Patel]], [[Maulana Azad]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Sri Krishna Sinha]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Evelyn |date=1923 |title=Politics in Gaya |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/17967/GIPE-038654-Contents.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |work=The Communist International, Organ of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, English Edition |location=London, England |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927165005/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/17967/GIPE-038654-Contents.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gaya is the birthplace of eminent nationalist ''[[Honorary titles of Indian leaders|Bihar Vibhuti]]'', [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]], Bihar's first [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|deputy Chief Minister]] and Finance Minister. Former Bihar Chief Minister [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]] also hailed from Gaya. Ishwar Chaudhary, a member of the [[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]], [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]] and [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]] [[Lok Sabha]]s from 1971 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1991, represented the Gaya constituency of Bihar.

'''Recent Developments'''

The new ''Vishnupad Corridor Project'' is underway to improve pilgrim experience at Vishnupad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-26 |title='Vishnupad Corridor project to transform pilgrims' experience' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/vishnupad-corridor-project-to-transform-pilgrims-experience/articleshow/121418265.cms |access-date=2025-09-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Administration==
Until 1864, Gaya was a part of the district of Bihar and [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]] (now in the state of [[Jharkhand]]). It became a district of [[Bihar]] in its own right on 3 October 1865.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gaya-celebrates-154th-establishment-day/articleshow/66059602.cms|title=Gaya celebrates 154th establishment day|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 October 2018|access-date=4 October 2018|archive-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103144540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gaya-celebrates-154th-establishment-day/articleshow/66059602.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 1981, the Bihar state government created the [[Magadh division]], comprising the district of [[Gaya district|Gaya]], along with [[Nawada district|Nawada]], [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]] and [[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]], all of which had originally been sub-divisions when [[Gaya district]] was created.<ref name=MSME /> [[Aurangabad]] and [[Nawada]] were partitioned from the territory of Gaya in 1973; and [[Jehanabad]] in 1988.<ref name="Statoids">{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 11 October 2011 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 25 September 2011 | work = Statoids | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111017155710/http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | archive-date = 17 October 2011 }}</ref> Gaya district occupies an area of 4,976 km2 (1,921-mile2).<ref name=MSME />

Gaya Municipal Corporation (GMC) is the civic body that governs Gaya.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=10 January 2021|title=Gaya civic body takes steps to improve cleanliness score {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gaya-civic-body-takes-steps-to-improve-cleanliness-score/articleshow/80191975.cms|access-date=23 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628060936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gaya-civic-body-takes-steps-to-improve-cleanliness-score/articleshow/80191975.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> GMC consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]], who administer the city's infrastructure, public services, and supplies.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=24 April 2021|title=Violation of safety norms reason for Covid spike in Gaya: Experts {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/patna/violation-of-safety-norms-reason-for-covid-spike-in-gaya-experts/articleshow/82220836.cms|access-date=23 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205531/https://m.timesofindia.com/city/patna/violation-of-safety-norms-reason-for-covid-spike-in-gaya-experts/articleshow/82220836.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Pilgrimage===

The city of Gaya is a holy place of [[Hinduism]], with a great number of [[Hindu deities]] represented in the engravings, paintings and carvings of its shrines. Of particular importance are the sites in the city associated with [[Vishnu]], in particular the [[Phalgu|Phalgu River]] and the shrine [[Vishnupad Mandir]], or Vishnupada, which is marked by a large footprint of Lord Vishnu engraved in a basalt block.<ref name="Vidyarthi"/> Gaya is the location at which [[Rama]], with [[Sita]] and [[Lakshmana]], offered pind-daan for his father, [[Dasharatha]]. Gaya has since remained a site of key importance for the performance of the pind-daan ritual.<ref name="Rámayán"/><ref name="pind daan"/>

Gaya is considered to be one of the most ideal places to perform the [[Śrāddha]]. (A [[Śrāddha]] is the Hindu ritual that one performs to pay homage to one's ancestors, especially to one's dead parents). As per Hindu belief system, it is believed that a person goes to hell if he dies in the following circumstances - if he meets an accidental death, if he dies without his consecrations being performed, or if he is killed by a wild animal. But, if [[Śrāddha]] of that person are performed at Gaya then the soul of such a man will get rid of the tortures of the hell and will go to heaven. Performing [[Śrāddha]] here is of great importance as it helps one to get rid of ''pitra rinna'' i.e. debts towards one's ancestors (male forefathers).

Nearby [[Bodh Gaya]] ("Buddha Gaya"), so named to distinguish it from the Hindu town centre of Gaya, is one of the four holiest sites of [[Buddhism]] and the site where the [[Buddha]] attained enlightenment.<ref name="UNESCO WHC"/><ref name="Vidyarthi"/>

===World Heritage Site at Bodh Gaya===

The [[Mahabodhi Temple|Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya]] was listed as a [[World Heritage Site]] by the [[World Heritage Committee]] of the [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)]] at its 26th session, on 26 June 2002.<ref name="UNESCO WHC"/>

The {{convert|50|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} Mahabodhi Temple central to the complex was first built by the emperor [[Ashoka]] in the 3rd century BCE. The main part of the present structure dates from the 5th–6th centuries CE. It is one of the earliest and best-preserved Buddhist temples built entirely of brick dating from the later [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period. The [[Bodhi Tree]] (''Ficus religiosa''), the most important of the sacred places within the complex, is reputedly a descendant of the original tree under which Siddhārtha Gautama attained [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] and became the [[Buddha]].<ref name="UNESCO WHC"/> Marking this seminal moment, Bodh Gaya is one of the four holiest pilgrimage sites of Buddhism, with [[Lumbini]], [[Sarnath]] and [[Kushinagar]].<ref name="ICCROM"/>

The various structures on the site have undergone a number of restorations over the centuries. Ongoing maintenance and management is required to protect the complex which, as a major pilgrimage site, is under pressure due to large numbers of visitors.<ref name="ICCROM">{{cite book |last1=Lambah |first1=Abha Narain |last2=Dorje |first2=Nangze |editor-last1=Wijesuriya |editor-first1=Gamini |editor-last2=Lee |editor-first2=Sujeong |title=ICCROM-CHA Conservation Forum Series: First ICCROM-CHA International Forum on Conservation Asian Buddhist Heritage: Conserving the Sacred |publisher=ICCROM, International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property |date=2017 |pages=103–111 |chapter=Chapter 13: Challenges of managing a living Buddhist site: Mahabodhi Temple, Bodh Gaya, India |isbn=978-92-9077-240-8 |url=https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/2017-11/asianbuddhist_web.pdf |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928044018/https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/2017-11/asianbuddhist_web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The site is under the responsibility of the state government of Bihar, and is managed by the Bodhgaya Temple Management Committee (BTMC) and advisory board under the Bodh Gaya Temple Act, 1949.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bodhgayatemple.com/images/pdf/temple_act.pdf |title= The Bodh Gaya Temple Act, 1949 (Bihar Act of 17 of 1949), (as modified up to the 8th February, 1955) |website= www.bodhgayatemple.com |access-date= 27 September 2018 |archive-date= 10 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170810010027/http://www.bodhgayatemple.com/images/pdf/temple_act.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref>

==Climate==
As Gaya is surrounded by hills on three sides and river on the fourth side, the climate of Gaya is seasonable. Climate is characterised by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year. The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] sub-type for this climate is "[[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]" (humid subtropical).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=590718&cityname=Gaya%2C+Bihar%2C+India&units= |title=Climate Summary for Gaya, India |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=7 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323021216/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=590718&cityname=Gaya%2C+Bihar%2C+India&units= |archive-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Gaya (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 31.7
| Feb record high C = 36.1
| Mar record high C = 42.1
| Apr record high C = 45.0
| May record high C = 47.1
| Jun record high C = 47.9
| Jul record high C = 43.7
| Aug record high C = 42.3
| Sep record high C = 42.3
| Oct record high C = 37.2
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 31.1
| year record high C = 47.9
| Jan high C = 22.9
| Feb high C = 26.8
| Mar high C = 32.8
| Apr high C = 38.7
| May high C = 39.8
| Jun high C = 37.8
| Jul high C = 33.6
| Aug high C = 33.0
| Sep high C = 32.5
| Oct high C = 31.7
| Nov high C = 28.9
| Dec high C = 24.7
| year high C = 31.9
|Jan mean C = 15.5
|Feb mean C = 19.4
|Mar mean C = 24.9
|Apr mean C = 30.5
|May mean C = 33.2
|Jun mean C = 32.3
|Jul mean C = 29.5
|Aug mean C = 29.2
|Sep mean C = 28.8
|Oct mean C = 26.1
|Nov mean C = 21.6
|Dec mean C = 16.8
| Jan low C = 8.4
| Feb low C = 11.7
| Mar low C = 16.2
| Apr low C = 21.9
| May low C = 25.5
| Jun low C = 26.6
| Jul low C = 25.7
| Aug low C = 25.6
| Sep low C = 24.6
| Oct low C = 20.7
| Nov low C = 14.4
| Dec low C = 9.7
| year low C = 19.2
| Jan record low C = 1.5
| Feb record low C = 2.7
| Mar record low C = 7.8
| Apr record low C = 12.9
| May record low C = 17.1
| Jun record low C = 18.3
| Jul record low C = 16.7
| Aug record low C = 18.5
| Sep record low C = 17.4
| Oct record low C = 12.2
| Nov record low C = 6.1
| Dec record low C = 1.4
| year record low C = 1.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 13.6
| Feb rain mm = 13.9
| Mar rain mm = 12.2
| Apr rain mm = 10.3
| May rain mm = 35.3
| Jun rain mm = 155.2
| Jul rain mm = 273.2
| Aug rain mm = 267.4
| Sep rain mm = 179.5
| Oct rain mm = 53.2
| Nov rain mm = 8.5
| Dec rain mm = 3.2
| year rain mm = 1025.5
| Jan rain days = 1.2
| Feb rain days = 1.3
| Mar rain days = 1.3
| Apr rain days = 0.9
| May rain days = 2.4
| Jun rain days = 6.6
| Jul rain days = 12.9
| Aug rain days = 13.5
| Sep rain days = 8.7
| Oct rain days = 2.4
| Nov rain days = 0.5
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 52.2
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 56
| Feb humidity = 48
| Mar humidity = 32
| Apr humidity = 25
| May humidity = 36
| Jun humidity = 54
| Jul humidity = 75
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 68
| Nov humidity = 59
| Dec humidity = 58
| year humidity = 55
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Gaya Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 285–286
| access-date = 24 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M34
| access-date = 24 August 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42591
| title = Normals Data: Gaya – India Latitude: 24.75°N Longitude: 84.95°E Height: 116 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}Gaya has been ranked 8th best "National Clean Air City" under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Economy==
Gaya is the second-largest contributor to the [[economy of Bihar]], after Patna. Agriculture is the leading economic activity of the district. The main crops grown are rice, wheat, potatoes, and lentils. Livestock raised include cattle, buffaloes, goats and pigs. Gaya has a large number of household industries, producing [[Incense in India|incense sticks]] (atagarbatti), local sweets [[tilkut]] (made with sesame seed) and lai (made with poppy seed), stone-work, hand weaving, power-loom weaving, textiles and garments, small-scale manufactured goods, and plastic products. Small-scale industries also include agricultural services, metalworking, machinery and equipment production and repair services.<ref name="MSME">{{cite news |last=MSME-Development Institute, Ministry of MSME, Government of India |date=2011 |title=Brief Industrial Profile of Gaya District – Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/gaya_bihar.pdf |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034313/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/Gaya_BIHAR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The main vegetable market in the city is the Kedarnath Market. Commercial activities are located along its main roads; the city also has a large number of informal shops.<ref name="Udyog Mitra">{{cite web |url=https://www.udyogmitrabihar.in/docs/dp/gaya.pdf |title=Bihar – Economic Profile Gaya |last=Udyog Mitra, Department of Industries |publisher=Government of Bihar |date=2011 |website=www.udyogmitrabihar.in |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928003327/https://www.udyogmitrabihar.in/docs/dp/gaya.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As Gaya is an important centre of religious tourism, accommodation is widely available.<ref name="Geary">{{cite book |last=Geary | first=David |title=The Rebirth of Bodh Gaya: Buddhism and the Making of a World Heritage Site |publisher= University of Washington Press |date=2017 |page=159 |section=Buddhist Circuits and Spiritual Tourism (in Chapter 5: A Master Plan for World Heritage) |isbn=978-0-295-74238-0 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=meA5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159}}</ref> Bodh Gaya's largest hotel is the Maha Bodhi Hotel, Resort & Convention Centre; the Sambodhi Retreat, a resort of Bihar, is also in the town.

==Transportation==
===Local transport===
There are many city buses and taxis providing services across the city and [[Bodh Gaya]]. [[Tanga (carriage)|Tangas]], [[Auto Rickshaw]]s, [[Electric rickshaw]]s, and cycle rickshaws also ply the city and [[Bodh Gaya]]. The main bus stands are Government Bus Stand, Sikaria More Bus Stand, Gaurkashni Bus Stand (Manpur), and Delha Bus Stand. Local transport is reliable, and auto rickshaws are available for various destinations in the city.
A weel bus service connecting all nearby towns is operated by BSRTC ([[Bihar State Road Transport Corporation]].The Gaya–Patna railway line plays a major role in transporting people from the town to the state capital.

=== Roadways ===
Gaya has a road network providing good connectivity with the state of Bihar and other parts of the country.<ref name=CDP>{{cite web |url= http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Gaya.pdf |title= City Development Plan (2010-30) Gaya: Executive Summary |last= Egis India Consulting Engineers Private Limited |publisher= Urban Development and Housing Department Government of Biha |website= www.urban.bih.nic.in |access-date= 27 September 2018 |archive-date= 13 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140913030335/http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Gaya.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> Regular direct bus services run from Gaya to [[Patna]], [[Aurangabad]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Munger]], [[Nalanda]], [[Rajgir]], [[Varanasi]], [[Ranchi]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Durgapur]], [[Asansol]], [[Kolkata]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Dhanbad]]. In 2011, {{abbr|A/C|air-conditioned}} [[Mercedes-Benz]] luxury services were introduced by [[Bihar State Road Transport Corporation]] for [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Patna]], [[Munger]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Koderma]], [[Ranchi]] and Ramgarh.

The [[Grand Trunk Road]] from [[Kolkata]] to [[Delhi]] passes from "[[Dobhi]] & [[Barachatti]]"some {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} from Gaya. This road, known as [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 2]] before 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=27 September 2018|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> is now called [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]]. It connects Gaya to [[Patna]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Ranchi]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Rourkela]], [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]], [[Kolkata]] (495 km), [[Varanasi]] (252 km), [[Prayagraj]], [[Kanpur]], [[Delhi]], [[Amritsar]], and to the Pakistani cities of [[Lahore]] and [[Peshawar]]. Gaya is connected to Patna (105 km) by [[National Highway 22 (India)|National Highway 22]] (formerly NH 83), and to Nawada, Rajgir (78 km) and [[Bihar Sharif]] by [[National Highway 120 (India)|NH 120]]. Construction work began in 2014 on the road from Patna to Dobhi via Gaya and Gaya to Bihar Sharif to create a four-lane highway with additional road and bridge infrastructure. Completion of the project, originally due in April 2018, has been delayed. the first expressway of bihar Amas-Darbhanga Expressway is starting from a nearby village Amas, construction started from late 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last=Qadir |first=Abdul |date=25 April 2018 |title=Dobhi-Patna road project delayed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dobhi-patna-road-project-delayed/articleshow/63900929.cms |work=The Times of India |location=India |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930092418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dobhi-patna-road-project-delayed/articleshow/63900929.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Railways ===
[[File:Gaya Junction platform.JPG|thumb|[[Gaya Junction]] ]]
Gaya is connected to the rest of India by roads, rail and airways. The [[Grand Chord]] section of the Indian Railways passes through Gaya. [[Gaya Junction railway station]] railway station is a major junction station serving the city. Gaya Junction has been redeveloped as Model railway station recently and houses all the major facilities like waiting rooms, computerised reservation facility, food plaza, dormitory, retiring rooms, cafeteria, bookshop, etc. Gaya falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division]] of the [[East Central Railway zone]]. The [[Grand Chord]] rail line that connects [[Howrah]] and [[New Delhi]] passes through Gaya. It lies between [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction]] on the [[Delhi]] side and [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad Junction]] on the [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] side. It is located at {{Coord|24|48|13|N|84|59|57|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wikimapia.org/13242471/Gaya-Junction-Rail-Station-ER |title=Gaya Junction |publisher=Wikimapia |access-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210110843/http://wikimapia.org/13242471/Gaya-Junction-Rail-Station-ER |archive-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> It has an elevation of {{Convert|117|m|ft}}.<ref name="train list">{{cite web|title=Trains at Gaya|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/1388|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=1 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208132627/http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/1388|archive-date=8 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=indiantrains>{{cite web|title=Ghanbad Junction Railway Station Details |url=http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=GAYA&name=DHANBAD+JN |publisher=indiantrains.org |access-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408222802/http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=GAYA&name=DHANBAD+JN |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>

=== Airways ===
{{Main|Gaya Airport}}
Situated between Gaya (7 km) and [[Bodh Gaya]] (11 km), [[Gaya Airport]] is one of two operating international airports in the states of Bihar and Jharkhand. Gaya airport mainly operates weekly and seasonal flights for Buddhist pilgrims to Bodh Gaya from [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka; [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], [[Singapore]], [[Paro, Bhutan|Paro]] and [[Bhutan]]. There are also regular domestic flights to [[Kolkata]] and [[Delhi]]. [[IndiGo]] has started Domestic Flights to New Delhi and Kolkata. The Airports Authority of India has plans to develop Gaya Airport as a stand-by to the [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.aai.aero/en/node/74281 |title= Gaya Airport |website= www.aai.aero |last= Airports Authority of India |access-date= 27 September 2018 |archive-date= 17 May 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210517142138/https://www.aai.aero/en/node/74281 |url-status= live }}</ref>
Gaya Airport also serves as the only place of [[Bihar]] from where Hajj pilgrims take direct flight to [[Jeddah]] and [[Madina]] in Saudi Arabia.

== Pilgrimage and Spiritual Attractions ==
Gaya is not only significant in secular history but also revered as a major pilgrimage center in Hinduism and Buddhism. Below are key spiritual sites in and around Gaya:

* [[Vishnupad Temple|Vishnupad Mandir]] – Located on the banks of the [[Phalgu River]], this temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. It is believed to be the spot where Vishnu subdued the demon Gayasura. A 40 cm footprint of Vishnu, known as Dharmasila, is enshrined within the temple. The current structure was rebuilt in 1787 by [[Ahilyabai Holkar|Queen Ahilyabai Holkar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishnupad Temple, Gaya |url=https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/gaya/vishnupad-temple |access-date=4 August 2025 |publisher=Bihar Tourism}}</ref>

* [[Akshayavata]] Tree – Adjacent to the Vishnupad complex, this sacred banyan tree is believed to be immortal (“Akshaya” means indestructible). Devotees believe that no Shraddha ceremony in Gaya is complete without performing rites at this tree.<ref>{{cite web |title=Places to Visit in Gaya |url=https://www.holydham.com/places-to-visit-in-gaya/ |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref>

* Sita Kund – Situated across the [[Phalgu River]] from Vishnupad, this sacred pond marks the place where [[Goddess Sita]] is said to have offered pind-daan for her father-in-law [[Dasharatha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Discover Sita Kund, a mythological site in Gaya |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/bihar/gaya/sita-kund |access-date=4 August 2025 |publisher=Incredible India}}</ref>

* '''Phalgu River Ghats''' – The ghats along the [[Phalgu River|Phalgu]] (Falgu) River are essential to the rituals of pind-daan. Pilgrims descend the steps to perform ancestral rites and take holy dips in the river. In September 2022, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar inaugurated India’s longest rubber dam, known as the Gayaji Dam, on the Falgu River in Gaya Ji to help maintain water levels in the river and support visitors during events such as the Pitripaksha Mela.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gayaji Dam: Bihar CM inaugurates India’s longest rubber dam on Falgu river |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/gayaji-dam-bihar-cm-inaugurates-india-s-longest-rubber-dam-on-falgu-river-101662637910755.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref>
[[File:Rubber_Dam_Gaya_Ji_on_the_Phalgu_River_at_Night_–_Illuminated_Bridge.jpg|thumb|The Gayaji Dam, India’s longest rubber dam on the Falgu River in Gaya Ji, Bihar, India]]

* Pretshila Hill – A hill in Gaya associated with certain mortuary rites and local legends; some pilgrims perform rituals here during [[Pitru Paksha|Pitrupaksha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaya Dham Pilgrimage Places |url=https://gayapandit.com/sitakundh.php |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref>

* Ramshila – A sacred rock formation linked to the legend of [[Lord Ram|Lord Rama]] performing pinda-daan rites. Local tradition holds that Rama’s shila (stone) still bears his presence.'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Places to Visit in Gaya |url=https://www.holydham.com/places-to-visit-in-gaya/ |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref>'''

* [[Mahabodhi Temple]] (Bodh Gaya) – Though located some distance from Gaya city, this UNESCO World Heritage Buddhist complex draws pilgrims worldwide. It marks the site where [[The Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]] attained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahabodhi Temple, Bodh Gaya |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056 |access-date=4 August 2025 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Phalgu River |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalgu_River |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref>

* Bodhi Tree – At the Mahabodhi Temple complex, the sacred Bodhi Tree is believed to be a descendant of the original tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment. Pilgrims meditate and worship here.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahabodhi Temple |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056 |access-date=4 August 2025 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

* [[Mangla Gauri Temple|Mangala Gauri Temple]] – A Shakti Peetha located on the Mangalagauri Hill in Gaya. It is believed to be the seat of the goddess (Sati) and is one of the 18 Maha Shakti Peethas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangla Gauri Temple |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangla_Gauri_Temple |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Gaya City (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/181-gaya.html|title=Gaya City Census 2011 data|work=Census 2011 India|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507141025/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/181-gaya.html|archive-date=7 May 2017}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|79.43}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|19.65}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|0.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|maroon|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|1.42}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.09%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (0.02%).
}}

The city had its first census in 1872, which placed the figure at 66,843.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kamaldeo Narain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG3sTfBh47YC&dq=gaya+had+its+first+census+in+1872&pg=PA19 |title=Urban Development in India |date=1978 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-080-8 |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731062213/https://books.google.com/books?id=RG3sTfBh47YC&dq=gaya+had+its+first+census+in+1872&pg=PA19 |archive-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2011 census, the Gaya Urban Agglomeration had a population of 470,839.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011}}</ref> The Gaya Urban Agglomeration encompasses the Gaya [[Municipal corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]], Kaler ([[Out Growth]]), and Paharpur ([[Census town#India|Census Town]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituents of urban Agglomerations Having Population 1 Lakh & above |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160617063229/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2016 |access-date=16 April 2012 |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011}}</ref> the Gaya Municipal Corporation had a total population of 468,614,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaya, District in Bihar - The population development of Gaya |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-bihar.php?adm2id=1034 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914184017/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-bihar.php?adm2id=1034 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> of whom 247,572 were male and 221,042 were female. The population below 5 years was 59,669. The sex ratio was 986 women to 1000 men. The literacy rate for the population aged 7 and over was 85.74%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=16 April 2012 |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011}}</ref>

==Sub Towns==


*[[Keori]], between Gaya and Patna
*[[Barachatti]]
*[[Sherghati]]
*[[Tekari]]
*[[Bodhgaya]]
*[[Gurua]]
*[[Guraru]]
*[[Wazirganj]]
*[[Dumariya]]
*[[Aatri]]

== Education ==
[[File:Academic building of IIM BG.jpg|thumb|Academic Building of 'IIM Bodhgaya']]
[[File:Entrance Gate Of GCE Campus.png|thumb|Entrance Gate Of GCE Campus]]

Govt. Training Centres
*[[Officers Training Academy|Officer's Training Academy, Gaya]]

Notable Institutions of Higher Education include:
*[[Central University of South Bihar]]
*[[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya]]
*[[Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Magadh University]]

[[File:Faculty Social Sciences Magadh Universit 2010.jpg|thumb]]

Notable colleges:

*[[Gaya College]]
*[[Gaya College of Engineering]]
*[[Mirza Ghalib College]]

Notable schools:
*[[Nazareth Academy, Gaya]]

==Notable people==

*[[Gautam Buddha]]
*[[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]]
*[[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]]
*[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Jitan Ram Manjhi |date=29 January 2025 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitan_Ram_Manjhi |access-date=3 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Eqbal Ahmad]]
*[[Satyapal Chandra]]
*[[Seyed E. Hasnain]]
*[[Ashutosh Aman]]
*[[Tabish Khair]]
*[[Baigoman | Babu Raghunath Singh Baigoman]]
*[[Prem Kumar (politician)]]
*[[A. K. Narain]]
*[[Lalit Mohan Sharma]]
*[[Janki Ballabh Shastri]]
*[[O. P. Singh]]
*[[Abhay Kushwaha]]
*[[Lilliput (actor)]]
*[[Rajendra Prasad Yadav (Atri politician)]]
*[[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
*[[Abu Bakr Ahmed Haleem]]
*[[Hussain Ul Haque]]

== See also ==

* [[Pind Daan]]
* [[Pitru Paksha]]
* [[Phalgu River]]
* [[Akshayavat]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=UA/Cities 1 lakh and above|publisher=Government of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2011}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gaya, India}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Gaya}}

{{Bihar}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Magadh Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gaya, India| ]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Early Buddhism]]
[[Category:Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Gaya district]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]

JioCinema

2026-03-05T07:16:04Z

Ab2030: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Defunct Indian subscription video on demand service}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Needs removal of REFBOMBing in some locations while others lack citations to support content. All references should be checked for reliability|date=September 2024}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
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| commercial = Yes
| registration = Optional
| num_users = 15 million ({{as of|2024}})<ref name="Jha">{{cite news|last1=Jha |first1=Lata |title=JioCinema crosses 15 million subscribers with new premium plans, says Mukesh Ambani |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-agm-jiocinema-subcribers-video-streaming-jiocinema-premium-netflix-disney-hotstar-amazon-prime-video-ott-11724925467474.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=29 August 2024 |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref>
| parent =
}}

'''JioCinema''' was an Indian [[Video on demand#Subscription models|subscription video-on-demand]] [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] [[Streaming media|streaming]] service owned by [[Viacom18]]. The service was merged with [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 14 February 2025, to form JioHotstar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-14 |title=JioStar unveils JioHotstar platform, merges JioCinema and Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/jiostar-unveils-jiohotstar-platform-merges-jiocinema-and-disney-hotstar/article69218081.ece#:~:text=JioStar,%20the%20recently%20formed%20joint,for%20premium%20sports,%20and%20entertainment. |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In April 2022, the service was brought under Reliance's [[Viacom18]] joint venture, backed by new funding from [[Uday Shankar (businessman)|Uday Shankar]] and [[James Murdoch]]'s Bodhi Tree Systems. JioCinema began to subsume Viacom18's existing streaming platform [[Voot]] later that year, beginning with sports programming in October, and Voot being officially discontinued in favour of JioCinema in August 2023.

== History ==

=== Launch (2016–2019) ===
JioCinema was launched on 5 September 2016 by [[Jio Platforms]] as part of a suite of apps and services exclusive to [[Jio]] mobile subscribers, with JioCinema app for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]]. In December 2017, JioCinema added a web-based version for [[Personal computer|PCs]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch Reliance JioTV and JioCinema on PC and laptop |publisher=BGR India |url=https://www.bgr.in/how-to/watch-reliance-jiotv-and-jiocinema-on-pc-and-laptop-heres-a-step-by-step-guide-542520/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611120034/https://www.bgr.in/how-to/watch-reliance-jiotv-and-jiocinema-on-pc-and-laptop-heres-a-step-by-step-guide-542520/ |archive-date=11 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=After JioCinema, Reliance Jio Silently Introduces Web Version of JioTV for Millions of Live TV Viewers |publisher=Telecom Talk |url=https://telecomtalk.info/jio-silently-introduces-web-version-of-jiotv/171552/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611115859/https://telecomtalk.info/jio-silently-introduces-web-version-of-jiotv/171552/ |archive-date=11 June 2020}}</ref> A JioCinema app was also released for Jio's [[KaiOS]]-based Jio Phone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 |title=Reliance Jio unveils JioPhone Prima 4G feature phone: Price and other details |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/reliance-jio-unveils-jiophone-prima-4g-feature-phone-price-and-other-details/articleshow/104843554.cms |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2019, [[Intex Technologies|Intex]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Intex brings new line of 4K UHD Smart LEDs with JioCinema support |publisher=Gizbot |url=https://www.gizbot.com/accessories/news/intex-brings-new-line-4k-uhd-smart-leds-with-jiocinema-support-055050.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616063705/https://www.gizbot.com/accessories/news/intex-brings-new-line-4k-uhd-smart-leds-with-jiocinema-support-055050.html |archive-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> [[TCL Technology|TCL]],<ref>{{cite news |title=TCL TVs To Get JioCinema App: All You Need To Know |publisher=Gizbot |url=https://www.gizbot.com/home-entertainment/news/tcl-electronics-integrates-jiocinema-on-its-smart-tvs-061644.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616063702/https://www.gizbot.com/home-entertainment/news/tcl-electronics-integrates-jiocinema-on-its-smart-tvs-061644.html |archive-date=16 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JioCinema makes way to TCL Smart TVs, coming soon on Xiaomi TV |publisher=The Mobile Indian |url=https://www.themobileindian.com/news/jiocinema-makes-way-to-tcl-smart-tvs-coming-soon-on-xiaomi-tv-27472 |url-status=live |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616063659/https://www.themobileindian.com/news/jiocinema-makes-way-to-tcl-smart-tvs-coming-soon-on-xiaomi-tv-27472 |archive-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> and [[Xiaomi]]<ref>{{cite news |title=JioCinema app coming soon for Xiaomi Mi TVs: All that you should know |publisher=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gadgets/jiocinema-app-coming-soon-for-xiaomi-mi-tv-5892744/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615130945/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gadgets/jiocinema-app-coming-soon-for-xiaomi-mi-tv-5892744/ |archive-date=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mi TV JioCinema App Integration Announced by Xiaomi, TCL Makes Similar Announcement for Its Smart TVs |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/tv/news/mi-tv-integration-jio-cinema-app-teaser-xiaomi-tcl-announcement-2082194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606194519/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/tv/news/mi-tv-integration-jio-cinema-app-teaser-xiaomi-tcl-announcement-2082194 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> announced that they would include JioCinema apps with their [[smart TV]]s.

=== Viacom18 era (2022–2023) ===
In April 2022, [[Viacom18]]—a joint venture between [[Paramount Global]] and Jio's parent company [[Network18 Group]]—announced that Qatar-backed Bodhi Tree Systems (founded by former Disney Asia-Pacific president [[Uday Shankar (businessman)|Uday Shankar]] and former [[21st Century Fox]] CEO [[James Murdoch]]) would make a major investment in the company with a focus on bolstering its streaming businesses. As part of the deal, JioCinema would be brought under Viacom18.<ref name=BusinessToday2023>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Bodhi Tree-Viacom18 deal: Why the new deal points towards Reliance's aggressive push in broadcasting business |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/bodhi-tree-viacom18-deal-why-the-new-deal-points-towards-reliances-aggressive-push-in-broadcasting-business-377624-2023-04-17 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> In September 2022, the [[Competition Commission of India]] approved the transaction, which was completed in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=CCI approves merger of JioCinema OTT platform with Viacom18 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/cci-approves-merger-of-jio-cinema-ott-platform-with-viacom18-347904-2022-09-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113081308/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/cci-approves-merger-of-jio-cinema-ott-platform-with-viacom18-347904-2022-09-22 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=27 April 2022 |title=James Murdoch's Bodhi Tree, Reliance, Viacom18 Strike $2 Billion Deal to Create Giant Indian TV and Streaming Company |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/asia/james-murdoch-bodhi-tree-reliance-viacom18-2-billion-deal-1235242692/ |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref name="BusinessToday2023" />

In October 2022, before the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]], it was announced that Viacom18 sports content would move from their existing streaming platform [[Voot]] to JioCinema, with all World Cup matches streaming for free.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=2022-10-06 |title=Viacom18 to shift sports content to JioCinema |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/viacom18-to-shift-sports-content-to-jiocinema/articleshow/94667721.cms |access-date=2023-05-30 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=JioCinema to live stream the FIFA World Cup |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/jiocinema-to-live-stream-the-fifa-world-cup/481300 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312074637/https://www.campaignindia.in/article/jiocinema-to-live-stream-the-fifa-world-cup/481300 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Campaign India |language=en}}</ref> The platform was made available to all users, including non-Jio users. Its coverage faced criticism from viewers on social media for initially having technical issues such as buffering; JioCinema stated that it would work to address these issues.<ref>{{cite news |title=JioCinema apologises after fans complain of glitches during FIFA World Cup live streaming |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/jiocinema-apologises-after-fans-complain-of-glitches-during-fifa-world-cup-live-streaming-353613-2022-11-21 |access-date=31 March 2023 |work=Business Today |date=21 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331133014/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/jiocinema-apologises-after-fans-complain-of-glitches-during-fifa-world-cup-live-streaming-353613-2022-11-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

JioCinema launched a premium tier on 15 May 2023, anchored by a content agreement with [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] that saw rights to [[HBO]] and [[Max (streaming service)|Max]] original productions move to JioCinema from its competitor, [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |last2=Frater |first2=Patrick |date=2023-05-15 |title=India's JioCinema Premium Launches $12 Annual Plan for Warner Bros. Discovery Content |url=https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/jiocinema-premium-annual-pricing-plan-warner-bros-discovery-content-1235612547/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> JioCinema also announced a similar library agreement with [[NBCUniversal]], including [[Universal Pictures]], [[Universal Television]], and [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] productions.<ref name=":5" />

Voot began to migrate its original productions to JioCinema in June 2023, including new seasons of ''[[Asur (TV series)|Asur]]'' and ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Digital series)|Bigg Boss OTT]].'' In August 2023, Voot was discontinued, with JioCinema assuming its content library, and existing Voot Select subscribers being migrated to JioCinema Premium.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-08-09 |title=Voot folds into JioCinema; users now free to migrate |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/vootjiocinema-merger-complete-viacom18-s-voot-joins-jiocinema-boosting-content-lineup-and-customer-engagement-11691562670196.html |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=Viacom18 completes merger of JioCinema and Voot OTT platforms, majority subscribers transitioned |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/viacom18-completes-merger-of-jiocinema-and-voot-ott-platforms-majority-subscribers-transitioned/article67197460.ece |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Disney+Hotstar and JioCinema merger (2024–present) ===
In October 2024, Employees of [[Reliance Industries|RIL]] revealed that [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and JioCinema will officially merge into a single platform. Back in February 2024, [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]] and [[Disney India|Disney]] agreed on a $8.5 billion merger of their media assets. [[Nita Ambani]] will serve as the chairperson of the merged entity while [[Uday Shankar (businessman)|Uday Shankar]] from Bodhi Tree Systems will be the vice-chair.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-20 |title=JioCinema to merge with Disney+ Hotstar: What will happen to movies, shows and IPL streaming |url=https://www.digit.in/news/apps/jio-cinema-to-merge-with-disney-hotstar-what-will-happen-to-movies-shows-and-ipl-streaming.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Digit |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Kamya |date=2024-10-21 |title=Reliance to Merge JioCinema, Disney+ Hotstar on Single Platform |url=https://www.medianama.com/2024/10/223-disneyhotstar-to-serve-as-the-only-streaming-platform-post-reliance-and-disney-india-merger-report/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref> Shortly after news of the merger reached the media and the public, a user known as "A Dreamer" registered the domain name "jiohotstar.com". The user requested Reliance to fund his education in exchange for the domain; initially requesting £93,345 from Reliance, matching the fees for his education programme. However, this request was turned down by Ambujesh Yadav, AVP of Commercials at Reliance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=Delhi techie acquires "JioHotstar" domain for education fund; Reliance declines offer, considers legal action |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/delhi-techie-acquire-jiohotstar-domain-reliance-consider-legal-action-9636569/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2024, Reliance Industries acquired the domain jiohotstar.com,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Vasudha |date=4 December 2024 |title=Viacom18 Media Pvt Ltd, a subsidiary of Reliance Industries, now officially owns the domain jiohotstar.com, |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/reliance-owned-viacom18-acquires-jiohotstar-com-domain-name-after-long-wait-124120400417_1.html}}</ref> giving rise to speculations that Disney+ Hotstar and JioCinema would officially merge into a single platform.

On 14 February 2025, JioCinema along with Disney+ Hotstar were merged and launched as [[JioHotstar]], subsequently JioCinema transferred existing subscribers to JioHotstar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Meet JioHotstar, the new streaming platform that combines content from JioCinema and Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/jiohotstar-jio-cinema-disney-hotstar-streaming-platform-9834789/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Content ==
===Current partners===
* [[Balaji Telefilms]]
* [[Eros Now]]
* [[Muse Communication]]
* [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]
* [[Paramount+]]
* [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
* [[HBO Max]]

=== Indian content ===
In December 2018, JioCinema partnered with [[Disney India]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pdkAC3maf3mYyhjws5Fo3N/JioCinema-to-host-content-from-Disney-India.html|title=JioCinema to host content from Disney India|publisher=livemint|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913180152/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pdkAC3maf3mYyhjws5Fo3N/JioCinema-to-host-content-from-Disney-India.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://telecomtalk.info/jiocinema-app-disney-section/185108/|title=JioCinema to Get Dedicated Disney Section Following Reliance Jio and Disney Content Partnership|publisher=Telecom talk|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913180154/https://telecomtalk.info/jiocinema-app-disney-section/185108/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/jiocinema-partners-with-disney-india-for-dedicated-contents-1801941.htm|title=JioCinema partners with Disney India for dedicated contents|publisher=CNBC TV18|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913180204/https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/jiocinema-partners-with-disney-india-for-dedicated-contents-1801941.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> to offer [[Disney+ Hotstar]] content on the JioCinema app. Disney has withdrawn from this deal after the introduction of [[Disney+ Hotstar]] in India.

In December 2019, JioCinema partnered with [[Sun NXT]] to host over 4,000 films available on the Sun NXT platform<ref>{{cite news|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/jiocinema-partners-sun-nxt-to-offer-south-indian-content/72351507|title=JioCinema partners SUN NXT to offer South Indian content|publisher=Economics Times|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611115859/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/jiocinema-partners-sun-nxt-to-offer-south-indian-content/72351507|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/technology/apps-review/jiocinema-sun-nxt-partner-to-bring-south-indian-movies-to-subscribers-1.4332604|title=JioCinema, Sun NXT partner to bring south Indian movies to subscribers|publisher=Mathrbhumi|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611121400/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/technology/apps-review/jiocinema-sun-nxt-partner-to-bring-south-indian-movies-to-subscribers-1.4332604|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/jiocinema-sun-nxt-south-indian-movies-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-2128382|title=JioCinema, Sun NXT Partner to Offer South Indian Movies to Jio Subscribers|publisher=NDTV|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204111449/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/jiocinema-sun-nxt-south-indian-movies-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-2128382|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2019/dec/04/jiocinema-partners-with-sun-nxt-to-offer-south-indian-movies-to-users-2071342.html|title=JioCinema partners with Sun NXT to offer south Indian movies to users|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204144735/https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2019/dec/04/jiocinema-partners-with-sun-nxt-to-offer-south-indian-movies-to-users-2071342.html|url-status=live}}</ref> across four Indian languages: [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], and [[Malayalam]]. In May 2020, JioCinema partnered with ''Hoichoi'' to provide Hindi-dubbed Bengali content.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 May 2020 |title=Hoichoi content now available on JioCinema |url=https://onlytech.com/hoichoi-content-now-available-on-jio-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702064325/https://onlytech.com/hoichoi-content-now-available-on-jio-cinema/ |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=2 July 2020 |publisher=Only Tech}}</ref>

=== International content ===
In May 2022, [[Paramount Global]] announced that [[Paramount+]] would launch in India through Viacom18 in 2023, however Paramount never launched its streaming platform in India and instead brought their content to JioCinema Premium.

In April 2023, Jio Studios unveiled a slate of 100 new titles that would eventually be available on JioCinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=2023-04-13 |title=India's Jio Studios Unveils Content Slate of 100-Titles |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/india-jio-studios-content-slate-1235582254/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> The same month, [[Warner Bros. Discovery India|Warner Bros. Discovery]] announced an agreement with JioCinema for it to carry [[HBO]] and [[Max (streaming service)|Max]] original programming, as well as other [[Warner Bros. Television Studios]] content. The deal succeeds a previous agreement with Hotstar and [[Amazon Prime Video]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2023-04-27 |title=Warner Bros. partners with James Murdoch-backed Viacom18 to bring Succession, other HBO content to India |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/27/warner-bros-partners-with-james-murdoch-backed-viacom18-to-bring-succession-other-hbo-content-to-india/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Naman|last2=Frater|first2=Patrick|title=Viacom18-JioCinema Secures HBO, Max Original and Warner Bros. Content for India|url=https://variety.com/2023/global/news/viacom18-jiocinema-india-hbo-warner-1235596330/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=April 27, 2023|access-date=April 28, 2023}}</ref> HBO content would premiere day-and-date with their U.S. broadcast.<ref name=":0" /> HBO and Warner Bros. content would launch in May 2023 as part of the new JioCinema Premium tier.

In May 2023, [[NBCUniversal]] announced a similar agreement, which will add a [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] hub to JioCinema Premium featuring first-run and library content from [[Universal Television]], [[Universal Pictures]], [[Universal Content Productions]], and [[Sky Studios]], along with [[List of Peacock original programming|Peacock original programming]].<ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=29 May 2023 |title=NBCUniversal Content Set To Stream On Viacom18's JioCinema In India |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/nbcuniversal-viacom18-jiocinema-streaming-india-1235382165/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

In November 2023, Viacom18 secured a deal to bring ''[[Pokémon]]'' shows and movies to JioCinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=Viacom18 to stream Pokemon shows, movies on JioCinema |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/viacom18-to-stream-pokemon-shows-movies-on-jiocinema/article67540063.ece |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, JioCinema struck the deal with anime licensor [[Muse Communication]] to bring the [[Anime]] series into their JioCinema Premium subscription, including to simulcast [[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba season 4|the fourth season]] of hit anime [[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (TV series)|''Demon Slayer'']].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|date=11 May 2024|title='Demon Slayer,' 'Spy x Family' on Slate as India's JioCinema Launches Anime Hub (Exclusive)|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/asia/demon-slayer-spy-x-family-jiocinema-anime-hub-1235999374/|website=Variety|access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>

== Original programming ==
=== List of original shows ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;
|-
! Title !! Premiere date !! Original language(s) !! Genre(s)
|-
| ''Inside Story: A Season With Rajasthan Royals''<ref>{{cite news |date=1 Aug 2020 |title=JioCinema releases 'Inside Story: A season with Rajasthan Royals' showcasing their 2019 IPL campaign |url=https://technosports.co.in/2020/08/01/jio-cinema-releases-inside-story-a-season-with-rajasthan-royals-showcasing-their-2019-ipl-campaign/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803213417/https://technosports.co.in/2020/08/01/jio-cinema-releases-inside-story-a-season-with-rajasthan-royals-showcasing-their-2019-ipl-campaign/ |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=19 August 2020 |publisher=technosports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/documentary |title=Rajasthan Royals Documentary |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927021738/https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/documentary |url-status=live }}</ref>|| 2020 || [[English language|English]]|| [[Television documentary]]
|-
|''[[Illegal - Justice, Out of Order]]''
|12 May 2020
|[[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
|[[Legal thriller]]
|-
|[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 1)|''Bigg Boss OTT 1'']]
|8 August 2021
|
|[[Reality television]]
|-
|''[[Inspector Avinash]]''
|18 May 2023
| rowspan="14" |[[Hindi]]
|[[Crime film|Crime drama]]
|-
|''[[Crackdown (TV series)|Crackdown]]''
|30 May 2023
|[[Spy film|Spy thriller]]
|-
|''[[Asur (Indian web series)|Asur]]''
|1 June 2023
|[[Crime film|Crime thriller]]
|-
|''UP65''
|8 June 2023
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
| ''[[Rafuchakkar]]''
|15 June 2023
|[[Heist film|Heist]] [[comedy]]
|-
| [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|''Bigg Boss OTT 2'']]
|17 June 2023
|[[Reality television]]
|-
| ''[[Ishq Next Door]]''
| 3 July 2023
|[[Romantic comedy]]
|-
|''[[The Magic Of Shiri]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/feature/divyanka-tripathi-jaaved-jaaferi-to-star-in-the-magic-of-shiri/1653209/|access-date=3 July 2023|title=Divyanka Tripathi, Jaaved Jaaferi to star in 'The Magic of Shiri'|work=The Print|date=3 July 2023 }}</ref>
|13 July 2023
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
|''Do Gubbare''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/do-gubbare-is-all-about-human-bonding-527025|access-date=4 August 2023|title=Do Gubbare is all about human bonding|work=The Print}}</ref>
|20 July 2023
|[[Drama film|Drama]] [[comedy]]
|-
|''[[Kaalkoot]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kaalkoot-teaser-vijay-varma-transforms-to-a-determined-police-officer-to-nab-culprits-of-acid-attack-8830405/|access-date=13 July 2023|title=Kaalkoot teaser: Vijay Varma transforms to a determined police officer to nab culprits of acid attack|work=The Indian Express|date=12 July 2023 }}</ref>
|27 July 2023
|[[Crime]] [[Drama film|drama]]
|-
|''[[Taali (TV series)|Taali]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/taali-teaser-out-sushmita-sen-trans-activist-sreegauri-sawant-release-date-jiocinema-2413434-2023-07-29|access-date=13 July 2023|title='Taali' teaser: Sushmita Sen transforms into trans activist Shreegauri Sawant|work=India Today}}</ref>
|15 August 2023
|[[Biography]]
|-
|''Lakhan Leela Bhargava ( LLB )''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/ravi-dubey-turns-lawyer-for-new-show-lakhan-leela-bhargav20230808215826|access-date=10 August 2023|title=Ravi Dubey turns lawyer for new show 'Lakhan Leela Bhargav'|work=ANI}}</ref>
|21 August 2023
|[[Legal Drama|Legal drama]] [[comedy]]
|-
|''Bajao''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/bajao-rapper-raftaar-to-make-his-acting-debut-with-the-comedy-web-series-5309133.html|access-date=2 August 2023|title=Bajao: Rapper Raftaar To Make His Acting Debut With the Comedy Web Series|work=Latest LY|date=August 2023 }}</ref>
|25 August 2023
|[[Musical film|Musical]] [[drama]]
|-
|''[[Temptation Island India|Temptation Island India: Pyaar Ki Pariksha]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/temptation-island-jiocinema-india-reality-dating-format-1235564703/ | title='Temptation Island': JioCinema Emerges as Indian Buyer of Reality Dating Format | date=5 October 2023 }}</ref>
|3 November 2023
|[[Dating game show|Dating]] [[Reality television|reality]]
|-
|''Good Old Days''
|23 November 2023
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Romantic drama]]
|-
|''[[Jab Mila Tu]]''
|22 January 2024
| rowspan="6" | [[Hindi]]
|[[Romantic drama]]
|-
|''[[Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/feature/jimmy-shergill-lara-duttas-web-series-ranneeti-balakot-beyond-teaser-out/1714754/|access-date=16 August 2023|title=Jimmy Shergill, Lara Dutta's web series 'Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond' teaser out|work=The Print|date=14 August 2023 }}</ref>
|25 April 2024
|[[Action film|Action]] [[drama]]
|-
|''[[Murder In Mahim]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/ashutosh-rana-opens-up-about-his-role-in-murder-in-mahim/articleshow/109889586.cms|access-date=7 May 2024|title=Ashutosh Rana opens up about his role in 'Murder in Mahim'|work=The Time of India|date=8 May 2024}}</ref>
|10 May 2024
|[[Crime drama|Crime thriller]]
|-
|''Dhawan Karenge with Shikhar Dhawan''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/shikhar-dhawan-to-debut-as-chat-show-host-for-jiocinemas-dhawan-karenge/cid/2020201|title=Shikhar Dhawan to debut as chat show host for JioCinema's Dhawan Karenge'| work=Telegraph India|date=16 May 2024}}
</ref>
|20 May 2024
|[[Talk show]]
|-
|''Gaanth, Chapter 1 : Jamnaa Paar''
|11 June 2024
|[[Crime fiction|Crime thriller]]
|-
| [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 3)|''Bigg Boss OTT 3'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/bigg-boss-ott-season-3-to-stream-on-jiocinema-premium-134537.html|title=Bigg Boss OTT Season 3 to stream on JioCinema Premium|work=Exchange4Media|date=22 May 2024}}</ref>
|21 June 2024
|[[Reality television]]
|-
|''PrimeTime With the Murthys''
|3 July 2024
|[[Hindi]] [[English language|English]]
|[[Comedy]] [[drama]]
|-
| ''[[Pill (TV series)|Pill]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/pill-announcement-riteish-deshmukh-web-series-debut-jiocinema-july-12/6ac53c3223134&ved=2ahUKEwi0pvTQtamHAxWJRWwGHX28BvYQyM8BKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw23xOVytfAzVepNnT4d3U7C|title=Ritesh Deshmukh's debut series pill to release on JioCinema|work=OTTPlay|date=22 June 2024}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| 12 July 2024
| rowspan="7" | [[Hindi]]
| [[Medical fiction|Medical thriller]]
|-
| ''[[Dus June Kii Raat|Dus June ki Raat - Chapter 1]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/tusshar-kapoor-priyanka-chahar-choudhary-dus-june-ki-raat-ott-release-jiocinema-2572098-2024-07-26|title=Tusshar Kapoor, Priyanka Chahar series to release on August 4|work=India Today|date=26 July 2024}}</ref>
| 4 August 2024
| [[Comedy]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|-
|''[[Shekhar Home]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kay Kay Menon-starrer detective series 'Shekhar Home' gets premiere date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kay-kay-menon-starrer-detective-series-shekhar-home-gets-premiere-date/article68472090.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=1 August 2024}}</ref>
| 14 August 2024
| [[Crime film|Crime]] [[drama]]
|-
|''[[MTV Dark Scroll]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Scroll Muqabla Anjaan Se: Amit Sadh To Host India's Only Paranormal Reality Show; Check Release Date |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/dark-scroll-muqabla-anjaan-se-amit-sadh-to-host-indias-only-paranormal-reality-show-check-release-date-10180707 |website=English Jagran |date=14 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| 16 August 2024
| [[paranormal television|Paranormal]] [[Reality television|reality]]
|-
| ''[[Khalbali Records]]''<ref>{{cite web | title='Khalbali Records' set to hit screens: Ram Kapoor leads starry cast in musical drama | website=The Statesman | date=27 August 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/khalbali-records-set-to-hit-screens-ram-kapoor-leads-starry-cast-in-musical-drama-1503336207.html}}</ref>
| 12 September 2024
| [[Musical film|Musical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
|-
|''[[Honeymoon Photographer]]''<ref>{{cite web | title=Asha Negi's OTT show 'Honeymoon Photographer' to stream on JioCinema on September 27 | website=Deccan Herald | date=19 September 2024 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/asha-negis-ott-show-honeymoon-photographer-to-stream-on-jiocinema-on-september-27-3197446}}</ref>
| 27 September 2024
| [[Crime fiction|Crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
|-
| ''[[Doctors (2024 TV series)|Doctors]]''<ref>{{cite web | last=Kar | first=Shramana | title=Doctors on OTT: Intense medical tensions, compelling arguments about being a good doctor, romance drama, and more reasons to watch the web series | website=OTTPlay | date=22 December 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/reasons-to-watch-doctors-web-series-on-jiocinema-on-december-27-2024/fd0d01eafb477}}</ref>
| 27 December 2024
| [[Medical drama]]
|-
|}

=== List of original films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" id="special_upcoming" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;
!Title
!Premiere date
!Original language(s)
!Genre
|-
| ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
| {{dts|26 July 2021}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 July 2021|title=Mimi: Kriti Sanon's film releases four days early after online leak|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mimi-leaked-online-kriti-sanon-and-pankaj-tripathi-s-netflix-film-hit-by-piracy-four-days-before-release-date-101627308556145.html|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726142308/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mimi-leaked-online-kriti-sanon-and-pankaj-tripathi-s-netflix-film-hit-by-piracy-four-days-before-release-date-101627308556145.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
| [[Comedy-drama]]
|-
| ''[[Dasvi]]''
| {{dts|7 April 2022}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2022 |title=Exclusive: Abhishek Bachchan-starrer Dasvi to skip theatrical release; to release on JioCinema and Netflix on April 7 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-abhishek-bachchan-starrer-dasvi-skip-theatrical-release-release-jio-cinema-netflix-april-7/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314060744/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-abhishek-bachchan-starrer-dasvi-skip-theatrical-release-release-jio-cinema-netflix-april-7/ |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
| [[Comedy of manners|Social-comedy]]
|-
| ''[[Kacchey Limbu]]''
| {{dts|19 May 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kacchey Limbu Movie Review: Radhika Madan, Rajat Barmecha, Ayush Mehra's film on gully cricket thoda kaccha reh gaya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/kacchey-limbu-movie-review-radhika-madan-rajat-barmecha-ayush-mehras-film-on-gully-cricket-kaccha-hi-reh-gaya-2381184-2023-05-19 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=[[India Today]] |date=19 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Sports drama]]
|-
|''[[Boo (2023 film)|Boo]]''
|27 May 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-26 |title=Director Vijay's horror thriller 'Boo' to premiere directly on OTT |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-vijays-horror-thriller-boo-to-premiere-directly-on-ott/articleshow/100529789.cms |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]{{Br}}[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Horror film|Horror]]
|-
| ''[[Mumbaikar (film)|Mumbaikar]]''
| {{dts|2 June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title=Vikrant Massey and Vijay Sethupathi's thriller drama 'Mumbaikar' to release on this date |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/vikrant-massey-and-vijay-sethupathis-thriller-drama-mumbaikar-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/100501680.cms |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
| [[Crime fiction|Crime thriller]]
|-
| ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
| {{dts|9 June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-05-25 |title=Shahid Kapoor Says His Action Entertainer Bloody Daddy 'Is A Big Screen Experience On OTT' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/shahid-kapoor-bloody-daddy-release-on-ott-jio-cinema-june-9-trailer-out-1604666 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=[[ABP Group|ABP Live]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Action film#Action-thriller|Action-thriller]]
|-
| ''[[Gulaam Chor]]''
| {{dts| 11 June 2023}}
|[[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]]
|Mystery thriller
|-
| ''[[I Love You (2023 film)|I Love You]]''
| {{dts| 16 June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|title='I Love You' movie review: Rakul Preet Singh is trapped in an inane thriller|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-love-you-movie-review-rakul-preet-singh-is-trapped-in-an-inane-thriller/article66976273.ece/|date=18 June 2023|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
| [[Romantic thriller]]
|-
| ''[[Aseq]]''
| {{dts| 23 June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aseq Trailer: Sonnalli Seygall And Vardhan Puri Starrer Aseq Official Trailer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/aseq-trailer-sonnalli-seygall-and-vardhan-puri-starrer-aseq-official-trailer/videoshow/101153137.cms|date=21 June 2023|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref>
| [[Horror film|Horror]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|-
| ''[[Sergeant (Indian film)|Sergeant]]''
| {{dts| 30 June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2023 |title=JioCinema Announces Randeep Hooda's 'Sergeant' Release Date |url=https://www.binged.com/news/jio-cinema-announces-randeep-hoodas-sergeant-release-date/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |work=Binged |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130164313/https://www.binged.com/news/jio-cinema-announces-randeep-hoodas-sergeant-release-date/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|-
|''[[Blind (2023 film)|Blind]]''
|7 July 2023
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|-
|''[[Unaad]]''
|8 July 2023
|Marathi
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
|''[[Ishq-e-Nadaan]]''
|14 July 2023
|rowspan="14" | Hindi
|[[Romance film|Romantic]] [[Drama film|drama]]
|-
|''[[Trial Period]]''
|21 July 2023
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
|''[[One Friday Night]]''
|28 July 2023
|[[Mystery Film|Mystery]] [[Drama|thriller]]
|-
|''[[Hey Kameeni]]''
|22 December 2023
|[[Drama]]
|-
|''[[Ek Kori Prem Katha]]''
|5 April 2024
|[[Drama]]
|-
|''[[Dedh Bigha Zameen]]''
|31 May 2024
|[[Drama]]
|-
|''[[Blackout (2024 film)|Blackout]]''
|7 June 2024
|[[Comedy|Comedy thriller]]
|-
|''[[Ghudchadi]]''
|9 August 2024
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]] [[drama]]
|-
|''[[Tikdam]]''
|23 August 2024
|[[Drama]]
|-
|''[[Visfot]]''
|6 September 2024
|[[Crime fiction|Crime thriller]]
|-
|''[[Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai]]''
|20 September 2024
|[[Comedy drama]]
|-
|''[[Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani]]''
|4 October 2024
|[[Romantic drama]]
|-
|''[[The Miranda Brothers]]''
|25 October 2024
|[[Drama]]
|-
|''[[Khwaabon Ka Jhamela]]''
|8 November 2024
|[[Romantic comedy]]
|-
|}

=== List of short films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" id="special_upcoming" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;
!Title
!Premiere date
!Original language(s)
!Genre
|-
| ''The Comedian''
| {{dts|29 September 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2023|title=Satish Kaushik's last film 'The Comedian' to premiere on JioCinema Film Fest|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/satish-kaushiks-last-film-the-comedian-to-premiere-on-jiocinema-film-fest-2440911-2023-09-26|access-date=2023-11-14|website=India Todoy|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Comedy-drama]]
|-
| ''Birha : The Journey Back Home''
| {{dts|30 September 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2023|title=
Birha (The Journey Back Home) (2022) Hindi Movie|url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/birha-the-journey-back-home/3830529/watch|access-date=2023-11-14|website=JioCinema|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Drama]]
|-
|''Bebaak''
|{{dts|1 October 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 October 2023|title=JioCinema Film Fest: An Opportunity To Enjoy Cinematic Gems At Home|url=https://www.socialnationnow.com/jiocinema-film-festival-unveiling-20-movie-in-20-days|access-date=2023-11-14|website=Social Nation|language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="18" | [[Hindi]]
|-
|''Rat in the Kitchen''
|{{dts|2 October 2023}}
|[[Neo-noir]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|-
|''Mein Mehmood''
|{{dts|3 October 2023}}
| rowspan="12" |[[Drama]]
|-
|''Gangster Ganga''
|{{dts|4 October 2023}}
|-
|''Munna Ka Bachpan''
|{{dts|5 October 2023}}
|-
|''Ghuspaith''
|{{dts|6 October 2023}}
|-
|''The Daughter''
|{{dts|7 October 2023}}
|-
|''Laar''
|{{dts|8 October 2023}}
|-
|''Kofuku''
|{{dts|9 October 2023}}
|-
|''Armaand''
|{{dts|10 October 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 September 2023|title=JioCinema Film Fest to commence on September 29, featuring 20 premieres across 20 days|url=https://mediabrief.com/jiocinema-film-fest/|access-date=2023-11-14|website=Media Brief|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Coming Out With the Help Of a Time Machine''
|{{dts|11 October 2023}}
|-
|''The Last Envelope''
|{{dts|12 October 2023}}
|-
|''Murakh: The Idiot''
|{{dts|13 October 2023}}
|-
|''Maachis Ki Dibiya''
|{{dts|14 October 2023}}
|-
|''Ring Mili Kya''
|{{dts|15 October 2023}}
|[[Comedy (film)|Comedy]]
|-
|''Dammy''
|{{dts|16 October 2023}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Drama]]
|-
|''Before We Die''
|{{dts|17 October 2023}}
|-
|''Phone Call''
|{{dts|18 October 2023}}
|}

==Availability and access==
As of April 2024, JioCinema re-launched the JioCinema Premium subscription service, with pricing starting at Rs. 29 per month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-25 |title=Reliance Jio takes on Netflix and Amazon Prime with JioCinema Premium plan starting at Rs 29: Benefits and other details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/reliance-jio-takes-on-netflix-and-amazon-prime-with-jiocinema-premium-plan-starting-at-rs-29-benefits-and-other-details/articleshow/109579945.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This service offers ad-free streaming, support for up to 4K video quality, and offline viewing capabilities. A family plan available at Rs. 89 per month allows simultaneous access on four screens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=JioCinema Premium subscription plans announced, price starts at Rs 29 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/jiocinema-premium-subscription-plans-announced-price-starts-at-rs-29-2531428-2024-04-25 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Viewership ==
As per [[Statista]]'s Q2 2020 report, JioCinema had a 7% market share among many competitors like [[Netflix]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]], which had a 20% market share each; [[Disney+ Hotstar]], which had a 17% market share; [[ZEE5]] with a 9% market share; [[ALTBalaji]] and [[SonyLIV]], which had a 4% market share each; and other streaming platforms, which had a 19% market share.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/chart/23009/market-share-streaming--ott--platforms-in-india/|title=International Brands Rise to the Top of Indian Streaming Market|date=23 September 2020 |publisher=Statista|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929063818/https://www.statista.com/chart/23009/market-share-streaming--ott--platforms-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[2023 Indian Premier League final]] set a new record for concurrent viewership of a streaming broadcast. JioCinema reported that the match peaked at 32 million concurrent viewers (beating a record set during the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]] by Hotstar) and was seen by over 120 million unique viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2023-05-29 |title=Reliance's JioCinema breaks world record with free cricket streaming |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/05/29/jiocinema-concurrent-global-record/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2019 |title=Hotstar sets global streaming record during India-New Zealand semi-final |url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/hotstar-global-streaming-record-india-new-zealand-semi-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718183201/http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/hotstar-global-streaming-record-india-new-zealand-semi-final |archive-date=18 July 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=SportsPro Media}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Film}}
*[[List of Netflix India originals]]
*[[List of Amazon India originals]]
*[[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
*[[List of SonyLIV original programming]]
*[[List of ZEE5 original programming]]
* [[Over-the-top media services in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.jiocinema.com/}}

{{Reliance Industries Limited}}
{{Disney+ Hotstar}}

[[Category:Music streaming services]]
[[Category:Reliance Industries subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Internet television streaming services]]
[[Category:Jio]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2022 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2025 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:TvOS software]]
[[Category:OTT Platforms in India]]

Maheshinte Prathikaaram

2026-03-03T20:37:03Z

Ab2030: creating new article...

{{short description|2016 film by Dileesh Pothan}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maheshinte Prathikaaram.jpg
| alt = Illustrated poster features Fahadh Faasil standing on steps and looking away from camera
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| producer = [[Aashiq Abu]]
| writer = [[Syam Pushkaran]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Fahadh Faasil]]
* [[Aparna Balamurali]]
* [[Anusree]]
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]
* [[Soubin Shahir]]
}}
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = [[Shyju Khalid]]
| editing = [[Saiju Sreedharan]]
| studio = [[Aashiq Abu|OPM Dream Mill Cinemas]]
| distributor = {{ubl|OPM Dream Mill Cinemas {{small|(India)}}|Tricolor Entertainments {{small|(Overseas)}}}}
| released = {{film date|df=y|2016|02|05|[[Kerala]]|2016|02|12|rest of India}}
| runtime = 120 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=Maheshinte Prathikaram|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/maheshinte-prathikaram-2016|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714082854/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/maheshinte-prathikaram-2016|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|3.5}} crores<ref name="MP Budget and Collection">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-scores-big-multiplexes-64773|title='Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum' scores big at multiplexes|website=The News Minute|date=6 July 2017|access-date=16 May 2020|quote=Maheshinte Prathikaram made on a budget of Rs. 3.5 crores, it collected Rs. 17.5 crores at the box office|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927194543/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-scores-big-multiplexes-64773|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|17.85}} crores<ref name="MP Budget and Collection" />
}}
'''''Maheshinte Prathikaaram''''' ({{translation|Mahesh's Revenge}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Dileesh Pothan]], in his directorial debut, and produced by [[Aashiq Abu]]. The film stars [[Fahadh Faasil]] in the title role alongside a supporting cast including [[Aparna Balamurali]], [[Anusree]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] and [[Soubin Shahir]]. Written by [[Syam Pushkaran]], the story is based on an incident in the life of Thampan Purushan from [[Thuravoor, Cherthala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-real-life-story-thampan-purushan.html|title=It was 'Purushan's prathikaram' in real life!|website=Malayala Manorama|date=25 February 2016|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623141416/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-real-life-story-thampan-purushan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shyju Khalid]] was the film's cinematographer, and [[Bijibal]] composed the music.

''Maheshinte Prathikaaram''{{'s}} development began in 2013 when Pothan was working as an associate director for Abu on ''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]'', co-written by Syam. Syam suggested a story idea to Pothan based on an incident in his native village. At Pothan's insistence, Syam wrote the screenplay that year and Abu later became interested in producing the film. Production was scheduled to commence from December 2014 after completing the casting process but, scheduling conflicts led to its postponement to August 2015. [[Principal photography]] began in early August in [[Idukki district|Idukki]] at nearby locations, where it was predominantly filmed. Shooting was completed in late October.

''Maheshinte Prathikaaram'' was released in [[Kerala]] on 5 February 2016, in the rest of India on 12 February, and globally on 26 February. The film was a commercial success, grossing {{INR}}17.35 crore ({{INR}}173.5 million) at the Kerala box office on a budget of {{INR}}3.50 crore ({{INR}}35 million). It received critical acclaim with praise going to the performances of its cast especially that of Fahadh Faasil's as one of his career-best performances, humour, music, cinematography, editing and screenplay. At the [[64th National Film Awards]], it won the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]] and [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]], and at the [[47th Kerala State Film Awards]], it won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]] and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]. The film was remade into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Nimir]]'' (2018) and into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]'' (2020). Maheshinte Prathikaram is widely regarded as one of the defining movies of the [[New Wave (Malayalam film movement)|Malayalam New Wave]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2019-12-19|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|access-date=2021-07-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mahesh Bhavana is a small-time photographer who lives with his father, Vincent Bhavana. They run the [[digital photography]] Bhavana Studio in the Prakash region of [[Idukki district]] in [[Kerala]]. Next to the studio is a flex-board printing shop owned by Mahesh's good friend, Baby. His assistant Crispin is a [[Adobe Photoshop|Photoshop]] expert who designs the flex-boards. Mahesh is in a relationship with his high-school sweetheart, Soumya .

Baby becomes involved in a trivial argument with a man in the center of the village. The dispute escalates, but passersby calm them down. However, Crispin belatedly attacks the man who had argued with Baby. The fight restarts, with the man's friend Jimson, joining in as well. Mahesh arrives and tries to calm everyone down, but Jimson, furious at Mahesh's bossy tone, starts a fight with him and beats him up. Vincent eventually breaks up the fight. Humiliated, Mahesh vows to get revenge by beating up Jimson and pledges that he will wear slippers again only after he has done so.

Soumya ends her relationship with Mahesh and marries an [[Non-resident Indian|NRI]] nurse leaving Mahesh heartbroken. He then learns about Jimson's whereabouts from Crispin and visits the garage where he works as a welder. There he learns that Jimson has quit and moved to [[Dubai]] for work. Despite Baby's advice that he should forget the incident, Mahesh resolves to wait for Jimson's return. In the meantime, he enrolls in a [[Chinese martial arts|kung fu]] course.

Jimsy, a young college student, visits the studio to have a [[glamour photography|glamour photograph]] taken since she wants to participate in ''[[Vanitha]]''{{'s}} cover competition. Perplexed at the unusual request, Mahesh conducts the photo shoot. However, Jimsy's photograph turns out to be dull and unimpressive, and her disappointment with the result makes Mahesh question his skills as a photographer. Upset, he turns to his father for advice who explains photography as an art to his son. Mahesh goes through his father's photograph collection, understanding their angles and lighting, and gets an idea.

Instead of his familiar [[Photography|still photography]], Mahesh secretly photographs Jimsy in motion and sends the best photo to the magazine. Shortly afterward, Jimsy goes to Mahesh's house with the magazine containing her photo. Although she rebukes him for photographing her without permission, she praises the photo. They become interested in each other, and realizing this, Jimsy calls Mahesh to talk about their future. She tells him that she is Jimson's younger sister, but his misgiving is overshadowed by love and he decides to continue their relationship.

Several weeks later, Jimson is fired from his job for slapping his supervisor and is deported back to India. The following day, Mahesh and Baby challenge him to a [[hand-to-hand combat]]. After a few minutes of fighting, Mahesh pins down Jimson and Baby declares him the winner. Mahesh visits Jimson in a hospital the next day and introduces himself to his mother in front of Jimsy. He admits his love for Jimsy and asks Jimson if he agrees to the relationship. During the end credits, it is shown that Mahesh and Jimsy are together now.

== Cast ==
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Mahesh Bhavana
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as Crispin
* [[Aparna Balamurali]] as Jimsy
* [[Anusree]] as Soumya
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as Baby
* [[Lijomol Jose]] as Soniya
* K. L. Antony Kochi as Vincent Bhavana, Mahesh's father
* [[Sujith Shankar]] as Jimson Augustine, Jimsy's brother
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Kunjumon, Soumya's father
* Achunthanandan as Thahir, village councillor
* Arun Kumar Pavumba as auto driver, jimson's friend
* [[Vijilesh Karayad]] as Vijilesh
* Leena Antony as Jimsy's mother
* "Kung-fu" Sajith as Mahesh's karate instructor
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Eldho, an American [[Malayali]] (cameo appearance)
* [[Unnimaya Prasad]] as Eldho's wife (cameo appearance)

== Production ==

=== Development ===

''Maheshinte Prathikaaram'' is based on an incident in screenwriter [[Syam Pushkaran]]{{'s}} native village. During the filming of [[Aashiq Abu]]{{'s}} ''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]'' (2013), Syam discussed it with Abu's associate-director [[Dileesh Pothan]], who decided to make his directorial debut with it. The idea for a film was developed; it was decided to set and shoot it in [[Idukki district|Idukki]], since they believed it was a good location for a story about people living in the countryside.<ref>{{cite news|trans-title=Not Acting, Director Truly|language=ml|last=ജേക്കബ്|first=ജോ|script-title=ml:അഭിനയമല്ല, സത്യമായും സംവിധായകനാണ്|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/interview-with-dileesh-pothan.html|access-date=25 June 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404085320/http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/interview-with-dileesh-pothan.html|archive-date=4 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2014, [[Fahadh Faasil]] was reported to star in the film, with Abu bankrolling it through his production house OPM Dream Mill Cinemas.<ref>{{cite news|last=V. P.|first=Nicy|title=Fahadh to Play Photographer in 'Maheshinte Prathikaram'|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-play-photographer-maheshinte-prathikaram-607246|access-date=11 June 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611122800/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-play-photographer-maheshinte-prathikaram-607246|archive-date=11 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It was Fahadh's second film for Abu after ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' (2012). [[Bijibal]] was signed as the film's composer and [[Shyju Khalid]] as its cinematographer. Filming was planned to start in the first week of December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan|first=Shruti|title=Fahadh will play a photographer in his next film|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Fahadh-will-play-a-photographer-in-his-next-film/articleshow/40373973.cms|access-date=24 June 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823000527/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Fahadh-will-play-a-photographer-in-his-next-film/articleshow/40373973.cms|archive-date=23 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Maheshinte Prathikaaram'' was Syam's first independent screenplay. In September 2014, Fahadh was reported to join the project after completing [[Anwar Rasheed]]'s ''Maniyarayile Jinnu''.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Admin|title=Dileesh Pothan to debut as director with Fahad Fazil movie.|url=http://metromatinee.com/news/dileesh-pothan-debut-director-fahad-fazil-movie|publisher=Metromatinee.com|access-date=24 June 2016|date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714071934/http://metromatinee.com/news/dileesh-pothan-debut-director-fahad-fazil-movie|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because of Fahadh's scheduling conflicts, production was postponed until early June 2015.<ref>{{cite news|author=Online Desk|title=Anusree and Fahadh to pair up again|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaram-fahadh-faasil-anusree-pairs-up-dileesh-pothan-film.html|access-date=24 June 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409151649/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaram-fahadh-faasil-anusree-pairs-up-dileesh-pothan-film.html|archive-date=9 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It was postponed again when the actor was unavailable due to a conflict with ''Naale'' and ''[[Ayal Njanalla]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Deccan Chronicle|title=Fahadh-Parvathy team up for Virgin|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150714/entertainment-mollywood/article/fahadh-parvathy-team-virgin|access-date=24 June 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714072329/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150714/entertainment-mollywood/article/fahadh-parvathy-team-virgin|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Maheshinte Prathikaaram'' began production in early August 2015 for a planned Christmas release.<ref name="filming" /><ref>{{cite news|trans-title=Fahadh Is Photographer|language=ml|author=Deshabhimani|script-title=ml:ഫഹദ് ഫോട്ടോഗ്രാഫർ|url=http://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/latest-news/392782|access-date=24 July 2016|work=[[Deshabhimani]]|date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724181817/http://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/latest-news/392782|archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

=== Writing ===

The character of Mahesh was based on Kuriyachira Purushan (popularly known as Thampan Purushan), Syam's neighbour in their native [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]], [[Alappuzha]]. Purushan was publicly beaten and humiliated when he tried to break up a fight, and vowed to wear his [[slipper]]s only after he avenged the man who embarrassed him. His "enemy" went to [[Dubai]], and he had to wait three years for revenge. As a child, Syam heard about the incident from Purushan and discussed it with Pothan as an idea for a screenplay. Syam began writing, setting the story in Pothan's native [[Kottayam]]; it was later changed to [[Idukki]].<ref name="purushan" /> He studied Idukki's culture and characteristics in his two-month stay during the filming of ''Idukki Gold'', and found it an ideal backdrop.<ref name="syamstory" /> Syam added a fictional romance to the story. The film paid tribute to Purushan (who died in December 2015 while the film was in [[post-production]]) in a [[Intertitle|title card]].<ref name="purushan">{{cite news|last=Sathyapal|first=Rajashree|title=It was 'Purushan's prathikaram' in real life!|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-real-life-story-thampan-purushan.html|access-date=11 June 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=25 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313204431/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-real-life-story-thampan-purushan.html|archive-date=13 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite ''Maheshinte Prathikaaram''{{'s}} title, Pothan intended it to be a comedy: "I enjoy humour with a poignant touch. This was a narrative that had the potential to be a thriller but we wanted that element of realism to shine through". He and Syam worked on the screenplay for nearly three years.<ref name="jackpot">{{cite news|last=Gauri|first=Deepa|title=Dileesh Pothan hits the jackpot with debut film Maheshinte Prathikaram – Khaleej Times|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/south-stars/dileesh-pothan-hits-the-jackpot-with-debut-film-maheshinte-prathikaram|access-date=11 June 2016|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630054820/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/south-stars/dileesh-pothan-hits-the-jackpot-with-debut-film-maheshinte-prathikaram|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a few assistant directors, they honed it for about three months in Prakash City, a mountain village near [[Kattappana]] in Idukki (where the film is set). The screenplay was based on their observations of the village near the ''kavala'' ([[Junction (road)|junction]]), which generated a detailed backstory for each of the film's characters. Pothan took note of the mannerisms of the shopkeepers in the ''kavala'' whom he considered a "witness to many of the incidents that unfold in the village, real and reel".<ref name="dileesh">{{cite news|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|title=Scoring a hit|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/scoring-a-hit/article8230110.ece|access-date=17 May 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714071217/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/scoring-a-hit/article8230110.ece|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Syam, he observed the strengths of both Pothan and Fahadh and incorporated into the screenplay.<ref name="Syam">{{cite news|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|title=Scripting reel success|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/syam-pushkaran-winner-of-the-national-award-for-best-original-screenplay-rewinds-his-celluloid-journey/article17951085.ece|access-date=12 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012071233/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/syam-pushkaran-winner-of-the-national-award-for-best-original-screenplay-rewinds-his-celluloid-journey/article17951085.ece|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The screenplay was revised several times between pre-production and filming, with Syam preparing its first draft in mid-2013. In the meanwhile, he completed scripts for three other films. According to the writer, its creation was unhurried; the film was about village life, with which he was familiar (Thampan Purushan, on whom the story is based, was his father's friend). Syam added that the screenplay had "less research but more observation". A revised screenplay was prepared after completing the casting, and it underwent several more revisions as filming progressed. Syam, Pothan and Khalid discussed the screenplay every night after filming. Syam said that there were changes to every scene in the film, based on suggestions by the director and cast.<ref name="syamstory">{{cite news|trans-title=Maheshinte Prathikaaram, A Frequently Revised Screenplay: Syam Pushkaran|language=ml|last=വിജയൻ|first=ലക്ഷ്മി|script-title=ml:മഹേഷിന്റെ പ്രതികാരം, പലവട്ടം മാറ്റിയെഴുതിയ തിരക്കഥ: ശ്യാം പുഷ്കരൻ|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/interview-with-syam-pushkaran.html|access-date=25 June 2016|date=11 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714070953/http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/interview-with-syam-pushkaran.html|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cast and crew ===

According to Pothan, the film had the "perfect casting, despite the fact that several of them were newcomers".<ref name="jackpot" /> He first discussed the film with Fahadh Faasil during the filming of ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' in 2014, in which the [[Dileesh Pothan|director]] played a minor role. Fahadh, enthusiastic about the project, agreed to appear in the film after fulfilling his other commitments. Pothan described Mahesh as a simpleton with a multi-layered character and wanted an actor who would provide much finesse and subtlety to the portrayal.<ref name="dileesh" /> He added that Fahadh was chosen for the "natural and spontaneous" actor in him.<ref name="jackpot" /> Pothan and Syam cast [[Soubin Shahir]] as Crispin early in the screenwriting process.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sudhish|first=Navamy|title=Reinventing Humour|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Reinventing-Humour/2016/02/10/article3268945.ece|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 February 2016|access-date=19 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316204812/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Reinventing-Humour/2016/02/10/article3268945.ece|archive-date=16 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The director summoned [[Sujith Shankar|Sujith Shanker]], who debuted in ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]'' (2015), for a script-briefing section as a possible Jimson. Although Shanker liked the story, he was uncertain whether he would fit in the role; however, Pothan had confidence in him.<ref>{{cite news|last=Simon|first=Litty|title=Sujith Shanker, the new anti-hero of Mollywood|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/maheshinte-prathikaaram-fame-sujith-shanker-on-movies-and-theatre.html|access-date=19 June 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102532/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/maheshinte-prathikaaram-fame-sujith-shanker-on-movies-and-theatre.html|archive-date=8 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Syam's wife [[Unnimaya Prasad|Unnimaya]] was the casting director and also acted and served as an [[assistant director]] in the film.<ref name="Syam" /> She along with Pothan appeared in minor roles{{mdash}}Sarah and Eldho, a couple settled in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news|trans-title=Eldhochayan's 'Chill Sarah' is Syam Pushkar's Wife; Now in Aashiq Abu Film|script-title=ml:എൽദോച്ചായന്റെ 'ചിൽ സാറ' ശ്യാം പുഷ്‌കറിന്റെ ഭാര്യ; ഇനി ആഷിഖ് അബു ചിത്രത്തിൽ|url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/131868-latest-news-unnimaya-wife-of-shyam-pushkar-in-ashiq-abus-mayanadhi.html|access-date=12 October 2017|work=[[Mangalam Publications]]|date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012072009/http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/131868-latest-news-unnimaya-wife-of-shyam-pushkar-in-ashiq-abus-mayanadhi.html|archive-date=12 October 2017|language=ml|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2015, Anusree was cast as Soumya, a nurse who is Mahesh's childhood sweetheart.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan|first=Shruti|title=Anusree is a nurse in Maheshinte Prathikaram|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Anusree-is-a-nurse-in-Maheshinte-Prathikaram/articleshow/47372557.cms|access-date=19 June 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082714/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Anusree-is-a-nurse-in-Maheshinte-Prathikaram/articleshow/47372557.cms|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Aparna Balamurali]], who had appeared in ''[[Oru Second Class Yathra]]'' (2015), was encouraged by Syam's wife (who is her university instructor) to audition for the role of Jimsy. Balamurali was briefed about her character only two days before filming began.<ref>{{cite news|last=Soman |first=Deepa |title=Jimsy is quite like me, says Aparna Balamurali |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jimsy-is-quite-like-me-says-Aparna-Balamurali/articleshow/51056196.cms |access-date=19 June 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714074025/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jimsy-is-quite-like-me-says-Aparna-Balamurali/articleshow/51056196.cms |archive-date=14 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Fahadh suggested [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], with whom he had worked in ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' (2013), for Baby's role.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cris|title=A serious-looking funny man|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/110216/a-serious-looking-funny-man.html|access-date=19 June 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=11 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310204545/http://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/110216/a-serious-looking-funny-man.html|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Newcomer [[Lijomol Jose|Lijimol Jose]] was chosen for the role of Soniyamol after she answered a [[Casting (performing arts)|casting call]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Simon|first=Litty|title=Meet Babychayans' Soniyamol aka Lijomol|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/lijomol-maheshinte-prathikaram-actor-on-debut-film-fahadh-faasil-dileesh-pothan.html|access-date=19 June 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506064214/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/lijomol-maheshinte-prathikaram-actor-on-debut-film-fahadh-faasil-dileesh-pothan.html|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Theatrical couple K. L. Antony Kochi and Leena Antony made their film debuts as Vincent Bhavana and Jimsy's mother, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last=Viswanath|first=Chandrakanth|title=Taking Centrestage|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Taking-Centrestage/2016/03/05/article3310417.ece|access-date=19 June 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424051441/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Taking-Centrestage/2016/03/05/article3310417.ece|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pothan also hired local people to appear in the film in "whatever clothes they turned up in"; he believed that if he cast only actors, "the reality would have been compromised". The director wanted to "feel each frame of the film, be it the rustic ambiance, the clothes or the accent".<ref name="clothes" />

Ajayan Chalissery was ''Maheshinte Prathikaaram''{{'s}} [[art director]]. Chalissery designed the [[Set construction|set]] for Mahesh's Bhavana Studio and nearby buildings, including a footwear shop which was built in a vacant area. "Each and every property used for the movie, from the steel plates used in kitchen to the photos and frames hung on the walls, the windows and doors, everything was intentionally used to reflect a house of Idukki natives", said Ajayan.<ref name="art">{{cite news|last=Simon|first=Litty|title=Ajayan Chalissery, the real owner of Bhavana studio|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/ajayan-chalissery-maheshinte-prathikaaram-art-director-talks-about-movies-and-works.html|access-date=16 May 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=11 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506215654/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/ajayan-chalissery-maheshinte-prathikaaram-art-director-talks-about-movies-and-works.html|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Designer [[Sameera Saneesh]] was in charge of the film's costumes. All clothes worn by the cast were [[Used good|secondhands]], bartered from local residents in exchange for new clothes, since Pothan believed that ''Maheshinte Prathikaaram''{{'s}} details should appear realistic.<ref name="clothes">{{cite news|last=Sreekumar|first=Priya|title=The real act|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/140316/the-real-act.html|access-date=25 June 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606043949/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/140316/the-real-act.html|archive-date=6 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Martial artist]] and trainer "Kung-fu" Sajith was the film's [[stunt coordinator]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Raman|first=Giji K.|title=Giving a kung fu punch to films|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/giving-a-kung-fu-punch-to-films/article8698861.ece|access-date=11 June 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607003053/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/giving-a-kung-fu-punch-to-films/article8698861.ece|archive-date=7 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===

[[File:Idukki009.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Curved road along the top of the large Idukki Dam|The climactic fight was filmed near the Idukki Dam.]]
Filming began in early August 2015, during the [[wet season]], in the Idukki district of Kerala.<ref name="filming">{{cite news|trans-title=High Range is Busy Watching Film Shoots|language=ml|author=Mathrubhumi|script-title=ml:സിനിമ ഷൂട്ടിങ് കാണുന്നതിന്റെ തിരക്കിൽ ഹൈറേൻജ്|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/idukki/malayalam-news/kattappana-1.530937|access-date=24 July 2016|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724181958/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/idukki/malayalam-news/kattappana-1.530937|archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="rain" /> Major portions of the film were shot in [[Thopramkudy]], near [[Kattappana]].<ref name="art" /> In September, while filming in [[Cheruthoni]], Fahadh sustained a leg injury while performing a stunt with co-star Sujith Shanker. Although a two-day rest was advised, he decided to press on because of the tight shooting schedule.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-faasil-injured-during-maheshinte-prathikaram-shooting-actor-continues-shoot-648147|title=Fahadh Faasil injured during 'Maheshinte Prathikaram' shooting; Actor continues shoot|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=26 September 2015|access-date=16 May 2016|last=James|first=Anu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105093908/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-faasil-injured-during-maheshinte-prathikaram-shooting-actor-continues-shoot-648147|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The filming in Idukki, which took 45 days,<ref>{{cite news|author=Onmanorama Staff|title='Maheshinte Prathikaaram' is the story of a commoner: Fahadh Faasil|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/fahadh-faasil-on-maheshinte-prathikaaram-anwar-rasheed-movie-and-nazriya.html|access-date=19 June 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508223658/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/fahadh-faasil-on-maheshinte-prathikaaram-anwar-rasheed-movie-and-nazriya.html|archive-date=8 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up in late October.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Fahadh completes Maheshinte Prathikaaram |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Fahadh-completes-Maheshinte-Prathikaaram/articleshow/49552092.cms|access-date=24 June 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714073027/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Fahadh-completes-Maheshinte-Prathikaaram/articleshow/49552092.cms|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Admin|title=Fahad Fazils Maheshinte Prathikaram completed|url=http://metromatinee.com/node/10952|publisher=Metromatinee.com|access-date=19 June 2016|date=10 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629155524/http://metromatinee.com/node/10952|archive-date=29 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There were two fight scenes in the film. For realism, the actors fought without rehearsing. Although the first scene used music and other technical enhancements, Pothan wanted the climactic fight to look more natural: "I felt it would be better to film it without its cinematic nature. To be able to relate to the scene, it had to look natural. Fahadh and Sujith had a tough time while shooting".<ref name="fight">{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Anasuya|title=Stunts in Malayalam filmsare very raw and very real
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/stunts-in-malayalam-filmsare-very-raw-and-very-real/article8565779.ece|access-date=16 May 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714072832/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/stunts-in-malayalam-filmsare-very-raw-and-very-real/article8565779.ece|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The scene was filmed in four days on muddy grounds<ref name="jackpot" /> near the [[Cheruthoni Dam|Cheruthoni]] and [[Idukki Dam]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fahadh injured during shooting|url=http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=69330|access-date=19 June 2016|work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]|date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925104451/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=69330|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's ''[[Asclepias|appooppan thadi]]'' (milkweeds) were artificial; about 1,000 were made from lightweight materials. In a scene where Crispin cuts them down, most blew upward like real milkweeds and the scene had to be re-shot several times.<ref name="art" /> The film was made on a budget of {{INR}}4.5 crores.<ref name="budget">{{cite web|last=Ranjini|first=Beena|title=എതിരില്ലാത്ത താരാധിപത്യം..|trans-title=Undisputed Stardom..|url=http://www.vellinakshatram.com/online/report/Malayalam-Cinema-2016-Flash-Black-Boxoffice_2017-01-01.php|publisher=[[Vellinakshatram (magazine)|Vellinakshatram]]|access-date=1 January 2017|language=ml|date=1 January 2017|archive-date=2 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080325/http://www.vellinakshatram.com/online/report/Malayalam-Cinema-2016-Flash-Black-Boxoffice_2017-01-01.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===

Cellador Productions of [[Bangalore]] worked on the film's [[sound design]]; Nixon George and Rajeesh K. R. designed its [[soundscape]]. Since ''Maheshinte Prathikaram'' was set in Prakash City in Idukki, it required natural sounds which blended with the dialogue and music instead of dominating them. George and Rajeesh recorded in all the locations and found it of great help during the final editing process. Creating sound effects for the climactic fight was difficult: "We used a big piece of meat to produce the sound effects of punches and kicks. It took a long time and a lot of trial and error".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/keeping-it-real/article8281834.ece | title=Keeping it real | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=26 February 2016 | access-date=17 May 2016 | first=Aswin | last = V. N. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714070707/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/keeping-it-real/article8281834.ece | archive-date=14 July 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> Editor [[Saiju Sreedharan]] was the film's colourist, correcting the [[color grading|colour grading]] and developing its [[digital intermediate]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Suganth |first=M.|title=Colourists, the people who give films their sheen|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Colourists-the-people-who-give-films-their-sheen/articleshow/52118964.cms|access-date=22 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714070830/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Colourists-the-people-who-give-films-their-sheen/articleshow/52118964.cms|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Themes and analysis ==
''Maheshinte Prathikaaram'', which uses rain as a metaphor, was filmed during the [[monsoon]]. Pothan cited [[K. G. George]]'s 1982 film, ''[[Yavanika]]'', as influencing him to use rain as part of the director's storytelling. The first half of the film was shot in the rain or immediately afterward, when the clouds were gone. Mahesh weeps during a downpour after attending his ex-girlfriend's wedding; the rain becomes a metaphor to "wash away the dreams Mahesh had built, essentially, giving him a new lease of life". It was the film's only use of a rain unit.<ref name="rain">{{cite news|author=Team MetroPlus|title=Rain of images|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/rain-of-images/article8738479.ece|access-date=23 June 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714075613/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/rain-of-images/article8738479.ece|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Sreehari Nair of [[Rediff.com]], ''Maheshinte Prathikaaram'' has the key qualities of a great short story; he found it closer to the [[Creative nonfiction|creative non-fiction]] style specialised by the writers of ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' magazine in 1960s in terms of rhythm and pacing.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/special/the-photographer-who-wanted-revenge/20160222.htm | title=The photographer who wanted revenge | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=22 February 2016 | access-date=3 August 2016 | first=Sreehari | last=Nair | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507115905/http://www.rediff.com/movies/special/the-photographer-who-wanted-revenge/20160222.htm | archive-date=7 May 2016 | url-status=live}}</ref> Nair noted strong left-wing ideology in the film due to Pothan's political philosophy, with the director indirectly using the idea of equality inherent in his characters' belief system: "A game one can play on every subsequent viewing of the movie is to note how a major character in one scene had appeared as a minor character in some scene before". Each of the film's characters was unique.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nair|first=Sreehari|title=Seeing Red at the Malayalam Movies|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/seeing-red-at-the-movies/20160601.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=23 June 2016|date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613194423/http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/seeing-red-at-the-movies/20160601.htm|archive-date=13 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Syam later clarified that the film did not reflect his personal or political views.<ref name="syamstory" />

In an interview for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Fahadh called ''Maheshinte Prathikaaram'' a "serious comedy".<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Vijay|title=Back with a bang|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/in-conversation-with-fahadh-faasil/article8192736.ece|access-date=16 May 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204080538/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/in-conversation-with-fahadh-faasil/article8192736.ece|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite its title, the film differed from earlier Malayalam revenge-centred films. It begins with Mahesh bathing in a pond, humming a popular song from 2000's ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'' (a [[cult film|cult]] action film). It also alludes to the doomed character Sethumadhavan's vengeance in ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'' (1989) and ''[[Chenkol]]'' (1993).<ref name="Hindu-review" /> In his review for ''[[The Times of India]]'', Sanjith Sidhardhan called the film the "sweetest tale of revenge"; it "is not a regular revenge thriller; it has a heavy dose of rib-tickling comedy that stems from the actions of its rustic characters and their sensibilities".<ref name="TOI-review" />

== Music ==
{{Main|Maheshinte Prathikaaram (soundtrack)}}
The film's four-song soundtrack and [[film score|score]] were composed by [[Bijibal]], who also sang two songs. Lyrics were by [[Rafeeq Ahammed]] and [[Santhosh Varma]]; Varma wrote the final song, ''"Cherupunjiri"''. Bijibal, [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Sudeep Kumar]], Sangeetha Sreekanth, Aparna Balamurali and [[Nikhil Mathew]] contributed vocals to the soundtrack. The film's songs were released by [[Muzik 247]] on 1 January 2016.<ref name="videosong">{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-idukki-song-fahadh-faasils-maheshinte-prathikaram-video-664639|title=Watch Idukki, Theliveyil songs from Fahadh Faasil's 'Maheshinte Prathikaram' [Jukebox]|date=5 February 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213160852/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-idukki-song-fahadh-faasils-maheshinte-prathikaram-video-664639|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>

The music was composed after the lyrics were written; Ahammed wrote the song "Idukki" as a poem in one day. According to Bijibal, it was easy to compose ''"Idukki"'' because it had such "motivati[ng] lyrics". He originally recorded the song with a small orchestra, singing it himself. The composer later recorded another version with a lush orchestra; however, Pothan thought it lacked the beauty of the original and used the first version in the film.<ref>{{cite news|trans-title=Music that Made Idukki A Smart Girl|language=ml|last=ലക്ഷ്മി|script-title=ml:ഇടുക്കിയെ മിടുക്കിയാക്കിയ സംഗീതം|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/bijibal-share-his-experience-eith-maheshinte-prathikaram-idukki-song.html|access-date=25 June 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413222222/http://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/bijibal-share-his-experience-eith-maheshinte-prathikaram-idukki-song.html|archive-date=13 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to her role as Jimsy, Balamurali sang ''"Mounangal"'' with Yesudas. Balamurali stated that she was made to sing on the sets frequently and opined that it influenced them at a later stage.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abhilash|first=Rekha|title=Jimcy, the girl who quietly stole Mahesh's heart|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/aparna-balamurali-maheshinte-prathikaaram-actor.html|access-date=19 June 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=10 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504180613/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/aparna-balamurali-maheshinte-prathikaaram-actor.html|archive-date=4 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A song titled ''"Ethetho"'' written by M. R. Jayageetha was initially recorded but never included in the film. Later the song was used with Telugu lyrics in [[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]], Telugu remake of the film. The original version was released in August 2020 on Bijibal's official YouTube channel.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ethetho {{!}} Bijibal {{!}} Dileesh Pothan {{!}} Venkatesh Maha {{!}} Fahad Fazil {{!}} Satyadev| date=26 August 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYt4ppMzLvg|language=en|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref>

== Release ==

''Maheshinte Prathikaaram''{{'s}} release plans were announced in January 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Fahadh Faasil gearing up for release of Monsoon Mangoes and Maheshinte Prathikaram|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-faasil-gearing-release-monsoon-mangoes-maheshinte-prathikaram-662539|access-date=11 June 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714080504/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-faasil-gearing-release-monsoon-mangoes-maheshinte-prathikaram-662539|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released in 67 theatres in [[Kerala]] on 5 February.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Fahadh Faasil's 'Maheshinte Prathikaaram' movie review: Live audience response|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-faasils-maheshinte-prathikaaram-movie-review-live-audience-response-665773|access-date=11 June 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408144841/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-faasils-maheshinte-prathikaaram-movie-review-live-audience-response-665773|archive-date=8 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It was released in the rest of India on 12 February,<ref name="outside" /> and internationally two weeks later.<ref>{{cite web|author=Admin|title=Maheshinte Prathikaram will go worldwide from this February 26|url=http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/maheshinte-prathikaram-will-go-worldwide-february-26|publisher=Onlookersmedia|access-date=16 June 2016|date=25 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714082218/http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/maheshinte-prathikaram-will-go-worldwide-february-26|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was distributed in India by OPM Dream Mill Cinemas, opening outside Kerala in [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore]], [[Mangalore]], [[Manipal]], [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]].<ref name="outside">{{cite web|author=Admin|title=Maheshinte Prathikaram screens increasing from tomorrow !|url=http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/maheshinte-prathikaram-screens-increasing-from-tomorrow|publisher=Onlookersmedia|access-date=14 June 2016|date=11 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603162929/http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/maheshinte-prathikaram-screens-increasing-from-tomorrow|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 February 2016, it was released in [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].

The film was released on [[DVD]] and [[VCD]] by SAINA Video Vision on 10 May 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Maheshinte-Prathikaram-FAHAD-FAZIL/dp/B01FAVWHNQ|title=Maheshinte Prathikaram|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624063256/http://www.amazon.in/Maheshinte-Prathikaram-FAHAD-FAZIL/dp/B01FAVWHNQ|archive-date=24 June 2016|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianentertainmentportal.com/maheshinte-prathikaaram-dvd-vcd-released-saina|title=Maheshinte Prathikaaram DVD & VCD Released from SAINA|date=10 May 2016|publisher=Indian Entertainment Portal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510001906/http://indianentertainmentportal.com/maheshinte-prathikaaram-dvd-vcd-released-saina/|archive-date=10 May 2016|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> The film's television broadcasting right was purchased by [[Mazhavil Manorama]], it premiered on TV on 14 September 2016, during the festival time of [[Onam]] in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/onam-2016-heres-full-time-schedule-onam-special-premiere-movies-malayalam-channels-693431|title=Onam 2016: Here's full time schedule of Onam special premiere movies on Malayalam channels|date=12 September 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=12 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914161805/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/onam-2016-heres-full-time-schedule-onam-special-premiere-movies-malayalam-channels-693431|archive-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
By March, the film's producers released a number of "dialogue posters" on [[social networking site]]s with popular lines from its characters.<ref>{{cite news|trans-title=Maheshinte Prathikaaram Through Images|language=ml|author=Web Desk|script-title=ml:മഹേഷിന്റെ പ്രതികാരം ചിത്രങ്ങളിലൂടെ|url=http://www.theindiantelegram.com/2016/03/31/46399.html|access-date=24 July 2016|work=The Indian Telegram|date=31 March 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724155732/http://www.theindiantelegram.com/2016/03/31/46399.html|archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> After ''Maheshinte Prathikaaram''{{'s}} release, Pothan, Aashiq, Fahadh and Soubin visited theatres across Kerala to analyse audience reaction to the film; Fahadh made a surprise appearance at a [[Payyanur]] theatre's ticket counter.<ref>{{cite news|author=Onmanorama Staff|title=For 'Maheshinte Prathikaaram', it's Fahadh Faasil at the ticket counter|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-fahadh-faasil-at-the-ticket-counter.html|access-date=16 May 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=16 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714081202/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-fahadh-faasil-at-the-ticket-counter.html|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In March, the crew (including Aashiq, Fahadh, Jaffer Idukki and Bijibal) spoke with students at the Al Azhar College of Arts and Science in [[Thodupuzha]] in conjunction with the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] Art Fest.<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title=Colourful Beginning to MGU Art Fest|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Colourful-Beginning-to-MGU-Art-Fest/2016/03/11/article3321254.ece|access-date=14 June 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312100640/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Colourful-Beginning-to-MGU-Art-Fest/2016/03/11/article3321254.ece|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> For [[Vishu]] on 14 April, the producers released a three-minute behind-the-scenes video featuring [[audition]]s and the filming of several scenes.<ref>{{cite news|author=Onmanorama Staff|title='Maheshinte Prathikaaram' special Vishu wish {{!}} Video|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-behind-the-scenes-video.html|access-date=17 June 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714080913/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-behind-the-scenes-video.html|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===

After witnessing a low opening in the morning shows at the [[Kerala]] box office, the film's earnings picked up from the evening shows due to positive response from the audience.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Maheshinte Prathikaram celebrity review: Fahadh Faasil is back with a bang|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/maheshinte-prathikaram-celebrity-review-fahadh-faasil-back-bang-665921|access-date=14 June 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=6 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216042700/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/maheshinte-prathikaram-celebrity-review-fahadh-faasil-back-bang-665921|archive-date=16 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Favourable word of mouth helped the film, with its screen count in Kerala increasing from 67 to 88 in one week.<ref name="100 million" /> The film performed steadily in Kerala during its third week, earning a total of {{INR}}1 crore ({{INR}}10 million) over the weekend.<ref>{{cite news|author=Speed News Desk|title=Kerala Box Office : Good opening for Vettah, Maheshinte Prathikaram rock steady|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/kerala-box-office-good-opening-for-manju-warrior-kunchacko-boba-vettah-fahadh-faasil-maheshinte-prathikaram-rock-steady-1456748996.html|access-date=11 June 2016|work=Catch News|date=1 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617114901/http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/kerala-box-office-good-opening-for-manju-warrior-kunchacko-boba-vettah-fahadh-faasil-maheshinte-prathikaram-rock-steady-1456748996.html|archive-date=17 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> After three weeks, its total earnings exceeded {{INR}}10 crore ({{INR}}100 million).<ref name="100 million">{{cite news|author=Onmanorama Staff|title='Maheshinte Prathikaaram' still rules Kerala box office|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-action-hero-biju-rules-kerala-box-office.html|access-date=8 March 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=24 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406204830/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-action-hero-biju-rules-kerala-box-office.html|archive-date=6 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of its run, it had earned {{INR}}17.35 crore ({{INR}}173.5 million) in Kerala and was the highest-grossing film at the January {{ndash}} June box office.<ref name="keralagross">{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Kerala box office: Here's the final collection report of 'Maheshinte Prathikaaram,' 'Action Hero Biju,' 'Kali' and 'Paavada'|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-heres-final-collection-report-maheshinte-prathikaaram-action-hero-biju-683993|access-date=24 June 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=23 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713191708/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-heres-final-collection-report-maheshinte-prathikaaram-action-hero-biju-683993|archive-date=13 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/yearender-good-bad-retrospect-2016/highest-grossing-malayalam-movies-of-2016.html|title=Top 10 highest grossing Mollywood movies of 2016...|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=5 December 2016}}</ref> It had a run of over 125 days in some Kerala theatres, and ran for more than 50 days in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mathrubhumi|title='Maheshinte Prathikaram' amazed me, says Mohanlal {{!}} VIDEO|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/-maheshinte-prathikaram-amazed-me-says-mohanlal-%7C-video-english-news-1.1179726|access-date=4 July 2016|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713191118/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/-maheshinte-prathikaram-amazed-me-says-mohanlal-%7C-video-english-news-1.1179726|archive-date=13 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=DNA Webdesk|title=Fahadh Faasil thrilled to work with Sivakarthikeyan, Jayam Raja|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-fahadh-faasil-thrilled-to-work-with-sivakarthikeyan-jayam-raja-2200850|access-date=23 May 2016|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=11 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422023619/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-fahadh-faasil-thrilled-to-work-with-sivakarthikeyan-jayam-raja-2200850|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Maheshinte Prathikaram'' was the highest earning Malayalam film at the United States box office over its third weekend (11{{ndash}}13 March), grossing $16,819 on 17 screens and outperforming ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'' and ''[[Vettah]]''. It earned a total of $70,238 in three weeks.<ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=Malayalam US box office: 'Maheshinte Prathikaaram' leads; 'Action Hero Biju' and 'Vettah' follow|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-us-box-office-maheshinte-prathikaaram-leads-action-hero-biju-vettah-follow-670754|access-date=31 May 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317063339/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-us-box-office-maheshinte-prathikaaram-leads-action-hero-biju-vettah-follow-670754|archive-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Earnings dropped to $9,750 over the fourth weekend (18{{ndash}}20 March) from 13 screens.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Malayalam box office: 'Maheshinte Prathikaaram,' 'Action Hero Biju' and 'Vettah' hold well in US|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-box-office-maheshinte-prathikaaram-action-hero-biju-vettah-hold-well-us-671826|access-date=31 May 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=23 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505141036/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-box-office-maheshinte-prathikaaram-action-hero-biju-vettah-hold-well-us-671826|archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It maintained the top position over its sixth weekend (1{{ndash}}3 April) grossing $5,086 from seven screens for a six-week total of $92,596.<ref name="weeksix">{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Malayalam US-UK box office: Fahadh's 'Maheshinte Prathikaram' leads; Prithviraj's 'Darvinte Parinamam' follows|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-us-uk-box-office-fahadhs-maheshinte-prathikaram-leads-prithvirajs-darvinte-673487|access-date=31 May 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=5 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415070754/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-us-uk-box-office-fahadhs-maheshinte-prathikaram-leads-prithvirajs-darvinte-673487|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the highest earning Malayalam film at the United Kingdom-Ireland box office during its second weekend (11{{ndash}}13 March), grossing £5,274 from 29 screens for a two-week total of £32,437.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Malayalam UK box office: 'Maheshinte Prathikaram,' Puthiya Niyamam,' 'Action Hero Biju' hold well|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-uk-box-office-maheshinte-prathikaram-puthiya-niyamam-action-hero-biju-hold-well-670662|access-date=31 May 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505125914/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-uk-box-office-maheshinte-prathikaram-puthiya-niyamam-action-hero-biju-hold-well-670662|archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The film earned a total of £35,055 after its fourth weekend in the United Kingdom and Ireland.<ref name="weeksix" />

=== Critical response ===

S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a positive review: "Syam Pushkaran, in writing the revenge story, takes away the usual ingredients of hate and anger, and replaces it with lots of humour, arriving as a torrent in one-liners, in situations and even in the minute gestures of the characters ... ''Maheshinte Prathikaram'' provides clean entertainment, treading new paths in that endeavour. If revenge comes like this, let's have more of it". He praised Pothan's direction and Fahadh's performance.<ref name="Hindu-review">{{cite news|last=Praveen|first=S. R.|title=A refreshing approach to revenge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-refreshing-approach-to-revenge/article8205081.ece|access-date=14 May 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207013544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-refreshing-approach-to-revenge/article8205081.ece|archive-date=7 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sify]] also had a positive review: "It's not often that you come across such an intelligent comedy that is extremely funny, thoroughly gripping and brilliantly packaged". The reviewer praised the performances: "One of the best things about this one is the performance of every artiste, both in main roles and also those who are there even in a scene or so". Also praising the screenplay, cinematography, and music, the review concluded: "Maheshinte Prathikaram is one of the finest comedies to have happened in Malayalam during recent years".<ref name="sify-review">{{cite web|author1=Moviebuzz|title=Maheshinte Prathikaram review: Finally, an intelligent comedy|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maheshinte-prathikaram-review-finally-an-intelligent-comedy-review-malayalam-qcfrQVcdfebad.html|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=14 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610051544/http://www.sify.com/movies/maheshinte-prathikaram-review-finally-an-intelligent-comedy-review-malayalam-qcfrQVcdfebad.html|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Mythily Ramachandran of ''[[Gulf News]]'' praised the film's humour and performances: "The anger and hatred one often associates with a revenge tale is missing"; humour takes over, and the film "busts the notion that revenge tales must be laden with gore and violence".<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Mythily|title=Review: 'Maheshinte Prathikaaram'|url=http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/reviews/review-maheshinte-prathikaaram-1.1691747|access-date=25 June 2016|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405092739/http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/reviews/review-maheshinte-prathikaaram-1.1691747|archive-date=5 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Deepa Gauri of the ''[[Khaleej Times]]'', ''Maheshinte Prathikaram'' is a boon for a Malayalam cinema with an "identity crisis". She praised the film's screenplay and direction: "Every frame shows the minute detailing, which gives [''Maheshinte Prathikaaram''] its real heart. Charming you with wit, underlining humour and with characters who behave without any cinematic hangover".<ref>{{cite news|last=Gauri|first=Deepa|title=Maheshinte Prathikaram: Endearing simplicity|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/movie-reviews/maheshinte-prathikaram-endearing-simplicity|access-date=25 June 2016|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624184223/http://khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/movie-reviews/maheshinte-prathikaram-endearing-simplicity|archive-date=24 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Raj Vikram of Metromatinee.com also gave a positive review: "There is not a single scene in the film which appears cooked up ... He [Pothan] must be commended for being sure-footed about what he intended to portray". Vikram praised the performances by Fahadh and the supporting cast, the "magnificent camera" and the "songs which seamlessly and melodiously merge with the narrative", concluding that it "is a movie that is true to itself. It surprises with its all pervading simplicity and makes even revenge look like a stroll in the park".<ref name="matinee-review">{{cite web|last=Vikram|first=Raj|title=Maheshinte Prathikaram Movie Review|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/maheshinte-prathikaram-movie-review-671|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511121333/http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/maheshinte-prathikaram-movie-review-671|archive-date=11 May 2016 |publisher=Metromatinee.com|access-date=14 May 2016|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

Anu James of the ''[[International Business Times]]'' gave the film four out of five stars and called it "a simple movie with the right amount of romance, comedy, action and revenge". Appreciating its casting and performances, James also praised the film's technical aspects: its cinematography, "crisp editing", direction, music, screenplay, costume design and art direction.<ref name="IBTimes-review">{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Fahadh Faasil's 'Maheshinte Prathikaram' review: A tale of realistic loveable revenge|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-faasils-maheshinte-prathikaram-review-tale-realistic-loveable-revenge-667036|access-date=14 May 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604052245/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-faasils-maheshinte-prathikaram-review-tale-realistic-loveable-revenge-667036|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=live}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Litty Simon of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' rated ''Maheshinte Prathikaram'' 3.75 out of 5: "Dileesh [Pothan] has managed to give a realistic and emotional drama. Humour blends well with the storyline in a subtle and spontaneous manner [with a] well-crafted script". Simon praised the performances of Fahadh and others in the cast and the film's music and cinematography: "With its simplicity and realistic approach, the two-and-a-half-hour-long movie is refreshing and belongs to the 'neat' entertainer category".<ref name="Manorama-review">{{cite news|last=Simon|first=Litty|title='Maheshinte Prathikaaram': A lovable revenge|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/fahadh-faasil-maheshinte-prathikaaram-malayalam-movie-by-dileesh-pothan-movie-review.html|access-date=14 May 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528084105/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/fahadh-faasil-maheshinte-prathikaaram-malayalam-movie-by-dileesh-pothan-movie-review.html|archive-date=28 May 2016|url-status=live}}{{Rating|3.5|5|score=3.75/5 stars}}</ref>

Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5: "''Maheshinte Prathikaaram'' is a movie that has many feel-good moments and something everybody can relate to. This tale of sweet revenge is a rare genial comedy". He appreciated its casting and screenplay, cinematography, editing and music, praising the performances of Fahadh and other cast members and calling the film "visually appealing".<ref name="TOI-review">{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Maheshinte Prathikaram Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Maheshinte-Prathikaram/movie-review/50889413.cms|access-date=14 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713185400/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Maheshinte-Prathikaram/movie-review/50889413.cms|archive-date=13 July 2016|url-status=live}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Paresh C. Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film three out of five stars, praising Fahadh's performance and its narrative style: "The plot is driven by characters and their reactions to a particular situation, and there is no solid form of story where we see a growth in characters or logical progression in the story".<ref name="rediff-review">{{cite web|last=Palicha|first=Paresh C.|title=Review: Maheshinte Prathikaaram is a winner|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-maheshinte-prathikaaram-is-a-winner/20160206.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=14 May 2016|date=6 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507181014/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-maheshinte-prathikaaram-is-a-winner/20160206.htm|archive-date=7 May 2016|url-status=live}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)/Nominee(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3"|20 January 2017
| [[Asianet Film Awards#Special awards|Critics Award for Best Film]]
| [[Aashiq Abu]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=James|first=Anu|date=2017-02-13|title=19th Asianet Film Awards: Was it Pulimurugan's success meet? Nivin Pauly gets trolled; netizens criticise jury members|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/19th-asianet-film-awards-was-it-pulimurugans-success-meet-nivin-pauly-gets-trolled-netizens-715835|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Akhila|date=2017-01-23|title=19th Asianet Film Awards: Complete Winners List|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/19th-asianet-film-awards-complete-winners-list-252414.html|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Filmibeat|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Character Actress
| [[Anusree]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best New Face
| [[Aparna Balamurali]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Asiavision Awards]]
| 18 November 2016
| New Sensation in Acting
| [[Aparna Balamurali]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|author=Onmanorama staff|title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2016 announced: and the winners are...|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-mohanlal.html|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011182456/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-mohanlal.html|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| [[CPC Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| 19 February 2017
| Best Movie
| [[Aashiq Abu]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/cinema-paradiso-club-vinayakan-maheshinte-prathikaaram.html|title=CPC cine awards 2016: Vinayakan, Sai Pallavi & Rajisha win top honors|work=OnManorama|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822182220/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/cinema-paradiso-club-vinayakan-maheshinte-prathikaaram.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Script Writer
| [[Shyam Pushkaran|Shyam Syam]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Bijibal]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Shyju Khalid]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="8"| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|17 June 2017]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film – Malayalam]]
| ''Maheshinte Prathikaaram''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=64th Filmfare South Awards 2017: Here's Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Tamil nomination lists|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/64th-filmfare-south-awards-2017-heres-malayalam-tamil-telugu-tamil-nomination-lists-730110|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011165955/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jio-64th-filmfare-south-awards-2017-complete-winners-list-tamil-telugu-kannada-malayalam-live-updates-photos-videos-731122|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|title=Jio 64th Filmfare South Awards 2017: Here is the complete winners' list|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jio-64th-filmfare-south-awards-2017-complete-winners-list-tamil-telugu-kannada-malayalam-live-updates-photos-videos-731122|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=18 June 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011165955/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jio-64th-filmfare-south-awards-2017-complete-winners-list-tamil-telugu-kannada-malayalam-live-updates-photos-videos-731122|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director – Malayalam]]
| [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| [[Fahadh Faasil]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam]]
| [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]]
| [[Aparna Balamurali]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Album – Malayalam]]
| [[Bijibal]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist – Malayalam]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] (for "Idukki")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam]]
| [[Bijibal]] (for "Idukki")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[47th Kerala State Film Awards|10 September 2017]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| [[Syam Pushkaran]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2016: Complete winners' list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-state-winners-2016-complete-winners-list/articleshow/57520218.cms|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011183709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-state-winners-2016-complete-winners-list/articleshow/57520218.cms|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|author=Staff reporter|title=State film awards to be presented tomorrow|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/state-film-awards-to-be-presented-tomorrow/article19647286.ece|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 September 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011183438/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/state-film-awards-to-be-presented-tomorrow/article19647286.ece|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
| [[Aashiq Abu]], [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[64th National Film Awards|3 May 2017]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| [[Syam Pushkaran]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news|author=Express Web Desk|title=National Film Awards 2017: Akshay Kumar, Sonam Kapoor felicitated by Pranab Mukherjee|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2017-live-ceremony-updates-akshay-kumar-sonam-kapoor-pranab-mukherjee-neerja-pink-kasav-4638813/|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011184623/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2017-live-ceremony-updates-akshay-kumar-sonam-kapoor-pranab-mukherjee-neerja-pink-kasav-4638813/|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
| [[Aashiq Abu]], [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| North American Film Awards
| rowspan="7"| 22 July 2017
| Best Movie
| [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=North American Film Awards (NAFA) 2017: Nivin Pauly, Manju Warrier, Tovino Thomas and others in winners list|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/north-american-film-awards-nafa-2017-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-others-winners-714073|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011181353/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/north-american-film-awards-nafa-2017-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-others-winners-714073|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Best Screenplay
| [[Syam Pushkaran]]
| {{won}}
|-
| New Sensational Heroine
| [[Aparna Balamurali]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Comedian
| [[Soubin Shahir]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Debut Director
| [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Bijibal]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Shyju Khalid]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Padmarajan Award]]
| 8 May 2017
| Best Film
| [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Syam Pushkaran]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 10, 2017|title=Padmarajan Award: Maheshinte Prathikaaram bags award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/maheshinte-prathikaaram-bags-award/articleshow/58604068.cms|access-date=2022-01-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-05-08|title=Padmarajan awards announced|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/padmarajan-awards-announced/article18410920.ece|access-date=2022-01-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="11"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="11"| [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|30 June 2017]]
| Best Film
| ''Maheshinte Prathikaaram''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="11" |<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=SIIMA Awards 2017 nominations (Malayalam): Maheshinte Prathikaram leads; check date, venue, ticket details|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-nominations-malayalam-maheshinte-prathikaram-leads-check-date-venue-ticket-728836|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603062820/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-nominations-malayalam-maheshinte-prathikaram-leads-check-date-venue-ticket-728836|archive-date=3 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=SIIMA awards: Here's the winners list from Malayalam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siima-awards-heres-the-winners-list-from-malayalam/articleshow/59409434.cms|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011163346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siima-awards-heres-the-winners-list-from-malayalam/articleshow/59409434.cms|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Fahadh Faasil]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Male)
| [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Female)
| [[Anusree]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| [[Sujith Shankar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Comedian
| [[Soubin Shahir]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Debutant Female
| [[Aparna Balamurali]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Debutant director
| [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Bijibal]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] (for "Idukki")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Male)
| [[Vijay Yesudas]] (for "Mounangal")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4"| 12 February 2017
| Best Movie
| [[Aashiq Abu]], [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Vanitha Film Awards 2017: Mohanlal, Manju Warrier win top honours; netizens question if they deserve to be in winners' list|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vanitha-film-awards-2017-mohanlal-manju-warrier-win-top-honours-netizens-question-if-they-715259|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011180712/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vanitha-film-awards-2017-mohanlal-manju-warrier-win-top-honours-netizens-question-if-they-715259|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Popular Actress
| [[Anusree]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Composer
| [[Bijibal]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Shyju Khalid]]
| {{won}}
|}

== Remakes ==
The film was remade into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Nimir]]'' (2018), directed by [[Priyadarshan]]. He stated that he had improvised the screenplay to suit the Tamil speaking audience.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/051017/nimir-a-k-town-remake-from-kerala.html|title=Nimir, a K-town remake from Kerala|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=5 October 2017|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010135139/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/051017/nimir-a-k-town-remake-from-kerala.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was also remade into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/baahubali-producers-announce-the-telugu-remake-of-maheshinte-prathikaram.html |title=VIDEO: BAAHUBALI MAKERS' ANNOUNCE THEIR NEXT- REMAKE OF THIS MALAYALAM SUPERHIT! |date=25 Dec 2019 |website=Behindwoods |access-date=2019-12-25 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225163047/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/baahubali-producers-announce-the-telugu-remake-of-maheshinte-prathikaram.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam}}

[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about photographers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dileesh Pothan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kattappana]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Syam Pushkaran]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]

What's Your Raashee?

2026-03-03T11:52:37Z

Ab2030: expanded content

{{Short description|2009 film by Ashutosh Gowariker}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{other uses|What's Your Sign? (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
| image = File:What's Your Raashee? poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = Theatrical release poster depicts a baffled man, surrounded by a frame which consists of a pictures of twelve different women, looking forward. Text at the bottom of the poster reveals the title, tagline, production credits and release date.
| director = [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Ronnie Screwvala]]
*[[Sunita A. Gowariker]]
}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''Kimball Ravenswood''|[[Madhu Rye]]}}
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' Naushil Mehta Ashutosh Gowariker '''Dialogues:''' Naushil Mehta Amit Mistry Tapan A. Bhatt
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Harman Baweja]]
*[[Priyanka Chopra]]
}}
| music = [[Sohail Sen]]
| cinematography = [[Piyush_Shah|Piyush Shah]]
| editing = Ballu Saluja
| studio = {{Plainlist|
*[[UTV Motion Pictures]]
*Ashutosh Gowariker Productions
}}
| distributor = UTV Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|09|25}}
| runtime = 211 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee?|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/whats-your-raashee-1970-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122133332/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/whats-your-raashee-1970-1|archive-date=22 January 2017|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}32 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1120|title=What's Your Raashee? – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}17 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}
'''''What's Your Raashee?''''' ({{lit|What's Your Zodiac Sign?}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and Sunita A. Gowariker. Based on the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] novel ''Kimball Ravenswood'' by the playwright and novelist [[Madhu Rye]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-new-Zodiac-sign/article11641753.ece/ | title=A new Zodiac sign? | newspaper=The Hindu | date=October 2009 }}</ref> the film stars [[Harman Baweja]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]], with [[Darshan Jariwala]] and [[Dilip Joshi]] in supporting roles, and follows the story of Yogesh Patel (Baweja), a Gujarati [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]], who must marry in ten days to save his brother from harm; Yogesh agrees to meet twelve potential brides (all played by Chopra), one from each [[Astrological sign|zodiac sign]].

Gowariker had always aspired to make a romantic comedy and was inspired to adapt Rye's novel into a feature film after watching a play based on the same source material. Later, he bought the rights and co-wrote the screenplay with playwright Naushil Mehta. In the process, several plot changes were made for the cinematic adaptation, notably the similarity between the twelve girls, and the ending. Since Gowariker was against using prosthetics to create the twelve characters, Chopra worked on her body language and her voice to make them distinct. [[Principal photography]] was extensively done at sixty-seven locations across [[Mumbai]], and partly in [[Baroda]] and [[Chicago]]. The [[What's Your Raashee? (soundtrack)|soundtrack, consisting of thirteen songs]], each representing an astrological sign and one compilation, was composed by newcomer [[Sohail Sen]] replacing Gowariker's frequent collaborator [[A. R. Rahman]], with lyrics by [[Javed Akhtar]].{{fact|date=December 2023}}

The film's master copy was stolen from [[Adlabs]] before its release, and a few days later was recovered by the police, who found and seized several pirated copies of the film created from the master copy. The film had its world premiere at the [[2009 Toronto International Film Festival]] and was released on 25 September 2009. With a box office gross {{INR}}17 crore, it was unsuccessful and received mixed reviews, with criticism for its over three-and-a-half-hour run time and its screenplay. However, the film garnered acclaim for its soundtrack and Chopra's performance, which received a nomination for the [[Screen Award for Best Actress]]. She also became the first actress in history to portray twelve roles in one film, a feat considered for inclusion in the ''[[Guinness World Records]]''.

== Plot ==

Deep within a quaint rural village, an elderly man receives a card in the mail from his youngest grandson, Yogesh Patel ([[Harman Baweja]]). Over in [[Mumbai]], Yogesh's family consults an astrologer to learn if their eldest son, Jitendra "Jitu" Patel ([[Dilip Joshi]]), a debtor, will go to jail, and also gives him Yogesh's birthdate to learn his future. They are astonished to hear that Yogesh will inherit a fortune if he is married on the 20th of that month; the phone rings, and the family is overjoyed to hear that Yogesh's grandfather has made him his sole heir.

Yogesh is successful and lives in Chicago. He gets a text message from Jitu that his father Bharat ([[Anjan Srivastav]]) had a heart attack, and rushes to Mumbai. When he arrives, Yogesh learns that Jitu had lied to him about Bharat, but that Jitu owes a rich man 25 million rupees for gambling debts; if Yogesh does not marry on the 20th of the month, Jitu will go to jail. At first Yogesh is adamant he will not marry, but Jitu tells him that he also borrowed 15 million rupees from a mob boss; his parents are unaware of this. Yogesh is annoyed, but agrees to marry after the gangster threatens them. Yogesh's uncle, Devu ([[Darshan Jariwala]]), subsequently posts a matrimonial ad with Yogesh's photo, and 176 girls reply. Yogesh decides that he will meet one girl from each [[Astrological sign|zodiac sign]]. Meanwhile, Devu's wife Kanta asks Bharat to hire a detective – she suspects that Devu is cheating on her. When Bharat learns that the astrologer is also a detective, he hires him. The detective identifies Devu's mistress as a woman named Anila Kamdar.

After Yogesh has met most of the girls, one of them, Sanjana, asks to talk to him privately. She says to him that a boy has agreed to marry her, but she is reluctant. She asks Yogesh to give her time to decide what to do about her boyfriend. He agrees, telling her about his problems with Jitu. Sanjana, touched that Yogesh will help her despite his own problems, hugs him. Devu walks in, and thinks he has interrupted them; Sanjana chases him, trying to explain. Tailing Devu, the detective is unaware that he had been with Anila at a hotel and sees him with Sanjana. Sanjana shows Devu a picture; when he says something supposedly demeaning, she becomes angry and tries to leave. Devu stops her, holding her while she cries before they leave in his car. The detective convinces Yogesh and his father that Devu is having an affair with Sanjana. Anila then comes downstairs, looking for Devu. Yogesh shows her the photos, telling her that Devu and Sanjana went to Khandala, a [[hill station]] near Mumbai. The detective tells Kanta this story, and they find Devu at a hotel with Sanjana. Devu thinks Yogesh betrayed him, and Yogesh thinks Devu is having an affair with Sanjana.

After seeing the last girl, Yogesh's mother Shakuntala beseeches him to choose with his heart instead of his mind. Yogesh sees all of the girls in a dream, and in the morning decides who he will marry. He goes to Rajni's office because she offered a 50-million-rupee dowry, and is relieved to discover that she is marrying someone else. Yogesh goes to Devu's house to tell him he wants to marry Vishakha, but Devu calls her and rejects her. He says there is no need for Yogesh to marry her; he knows about Jitu's debt, and says he will choose Yogesh's bride himself.

Yogesh is impatient, but Devu keeps the bride a secret. When she enters, Yogesh cannot tell who she is. When the ceremony ends, Devu welcomes the father of the bride: Sanjana's father. Yogesh is stunned when his grandfather brings the money to pay Jitu's debts. He asks Devu how he arranged the marriage; Devu explains that when Sanjana followed him and showed him a picture of her boyfriend, he remembered seeing the boyfriend kissing another woman in Khandala. He brought Sanjana to a hotel in Khandala to confront her boyfriend. Sanjana told him she would marry Yogesh, having realised that she loves him. The film ends with the marriage attendants asking Sanjana's astrological sign. Sanjana asks Yogesh what her ''raashee'' is, to which he says he does not know, and smiles.

== Cast and characters ==
===Cast===
The cast is listed below:<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee?|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=1120|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="cast&crew">{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee? Cast & Crew|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/whats-your-raashee/cast/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129221742/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/whats-your-raashee/cast/|archive-date=29 January 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=25 September 2009 |url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
* [[Harman Baweja]] as Yogesh Patel
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] as Anjali Patel, Sanjana Shah, Kajal Khakhar, Hansa Parekh, Rajni Parmar, Chandrika Khushaldas, Mallika Desai, Nandini Jassani, Pooja Goradia, Vishakha "Dolly" Zaveri, Bhavna Shukla and Jhankhana Basu
* [[Anjan Srivastav]] as Bharatbhai Patel
* [[Manju Singh]] as Shakuntala Patel
* [[Dilip Joshi]] as Jitendra "Jitu" Patel
* Ajita Kulkarni as Jyotsna Bhabhi
* Visswa Badola as Pragji, Yogesh's Grandfather
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Devendra "Devu" Patel
* Bhairavi Vaidya as Kantaben Patel
* Geeta Tyagi as Anila Kamdar
* [[Rajesh Vivek]] as Bhautesh Joshi
* Yuri Suri as Moolraj Bhai
* [[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as Chaand
* Marcell D'souza as Suraj
* [[Pramod Moutho]] as Indravadan Zaveri
* [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] as Stage Dancer
}}
===Characters===
The character description for each of the characters played by [[Priyanka Chopra]] in a [[dual role|twelve roles]] is listed below:<ref>{{cite web|title=Priyanka Chopra, 12 times over!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-priyanka-chopra-on-playing-twelve-roles-in-whats-your-raashee/20090909.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407040155/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-priyanka-chopra-on-playing-twelve-roles-in-whats-your-raashee/20090909.htm#1|archive-date=7 April 2016|author=N, Patcy|work=Rediff.com|date=9 September 2009|access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Character name
!scope="col"| Astrological sign
!scope="col"| Traits
!scope="col"| Description
!scope="col"| Song
|-
| Anjali Patel (12 April)
| [[Aries (astrology)|Mesh (Aries)]]
| Awkward, good-hearted and underconfident
|{{Plainlist|
* A non-native English speaker, she tries too hard to impress Yogesh.
* Though innocent, she fakes her personality to appear as a modern girl, who could suit an NRI.
}}
| "What's Your Raashee?"
|-
| Sanjana Shah (12 February)
| [[Aquarius (astrology)|Kumbh (Aquarius)]]
| Charming, graceful
| {{Plainlist|
* An NRI and microbiologist by profession, she and Yogesh have a lot in common.
* She asks Yogesh to reject her so she could marry her boyfriend, but ultimately decides to marry Yogesh upon realizing her love for him.
}}
| "Jao Naa"
|-
| Kajal Khakhar (12 June)
| [[Gemini (astrology)|Mithun (Gemini)]]
| Vivacious, fun-loving, and argumentative
| {{Plainlist|
* A college student who is a die-hard romantic, she likes Yogesh.
* Although both hit it off and agree to marry, she wants to wait a year to fall in love before marriage.
}}
| "Aaja Lehrate"
|-
| Hansa Parekh (12 July)
| [[Cancer (astrology)|Kark (Cancer)]]
| Quiet, traditional, emotional
| {{Plainlist|
* An honest, well-educated girl who has been unlucky in love as she admits that she is not a virgin, but was sworn to secrecy by her family.
* Not over her previous relationship, she tells Yogesh she would be a good wife but cannot assure him she will love him unconditionally.
}}
| "Bikhri Bikhri"
|-
| Rajni Parmar (12 October)
| [[Libra (astrology)|Tula (Libra)]]
| Dominating
| {{Plainlist|
* A successful architect by profession, she is strict and workaholic.
* She sees marriage as a contract and Yogesh is shocked by her pre-nuptial agreement
}}
| "Maanunga Maanunga"
|-
| Chandrika Khushaldas (12 March)
| [[Pisces (astrology)|Meen (Pisces)]]
| Soft-spoken, traditional, and naive
| {{Plainlist|
* Daughter of a rich jeweller, she is timid and believes in reincarnation.
* Possessive about Yogesh, she thinks that he was her soulmate in the previous life and remembers things from her previous life.
}}
| "Sau Janam"
|-
| Mallika Desai (12 August)
| [[Leo (astrology)|Simha (Leo)]]
| Elegant, quick-tempered and strong
| {{Plainlist|
* A successful dancer and an NGO employee, she thinks an artist can understand another artist, since Yogesh also has interest in music.
* She rejects Yogesh after he unintentionally offends her by talking about an unhygienic street food in India.
}}
| "Dhadkan Dhadkan"
|-
| Nandini Jassani (12 November)
| [[Scorpio (astrology)|Vrishchik (Scorpio)]]
| Passionate, ambitious
| {{Plainlist|
* She hides her true self from her family to appear as a simple girl.
* She sees the marriage as a ticket to pursue her modelling aspirations in Chicago.
}}
| "Aa Le Chal"
|-
| Pooja Goradia (12 September)
| [[Virgo (astrology)|Kanya (Virgo)]]
| Dedicated, caring and loving
| {{Plainlist|
* A caring physician who helps the underprivileged.
* She and Yogesh both fall for each other but adamant about not wanting to settle abroad.
}}
| "Pyaari Pyaari"
|-
| Vishakha "Dolly" Zaveri (12 May)
| [[Taurus (astrology)|Vrishabh (Taurus)]]
| Energetic, fun-loving, friendly.
| {{Plainlist|
* The daughter of a wealthy cotton industrialist, she pretends to be immature to see if Yogesh is only interested in her wealth.
* Unaware of her true intention, Yogesh is uncertain about her.
}}
| "Su Chhe"
|-
| Bhavna Shukla (12 December)
| [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Dhanu (Sagittarius)]]
| Religious, superstitious and sexual
| {{Plainlist|
* An expert in astrology and spiritual in nature, she talks about sex in the first meeting with Yogesh.
* Relies on stars and horoscopes, and realises she and Yogesh are incompatible; tries unsuccessfully to seduce him.
}}
| "Salone Kya"
|-
| Jhankhana Basu (12 January)
| [[Capricorn (astrology)|Makar (Capricorn)]]
| Nervous and aloof
| {{Plainlist|
* A fifteen-year-old girl who wants education.
* Belonging from a poor family, her family hides her age, so she could marry Yogesh in order to settle her several sisters.
}}
| "Koi Jaane Na"
|}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Ashutosh Gowariker]] had always aspired to make a comedy; however, after making the historical drama ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008), he wanted to make a "frothy" romance or "something non-historical, light and fun".<ref name="romcom">{{cite web|title=No drama: Gowariker's next is a romantic comedy|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/no-drama-gowarikers-next-is-a-romantic-comedy-289742.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121174448/http://www.news18.com/news/india/no-drama-gowarikers-next-is-a-romantic-comedy-289742.html|archive-date=21 January 2017|publisher=News18|date=23 May 2008|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> He had always wanted to make a romantic comedy along the lines of ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'' (1946), ''[[Roman Holiday]]'' (1953), ''[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]'' (1975), ''[[Baaton Baaton Mein]]'' (1979), or ''[[When Harry Met Sally...]]'' (1989).<ref name="romcom" /> Gowariker wanted to do a film that would require less research compared to his previous films as he felt he did not have "to go into historical details. But a good comedy is a challenge of its own. The process of arriving at the humour is extremely difficult."<ref name="romcom" />

After watching the play ''A Suitable Bride'' based on [[Madhu Rye]]'s Gujarati novel ''Kimball Ravenswood'', Gowariker decided to adapt it into a film.<ref name="influence">{{cite web|title="What's Your Raashee has been the most difficult film in my career so far" – Priyanka Chopra|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/whats-your-raashee-has-been-the-most-difficult-film-in-my-career-so-far-priyanka-chopra/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128225214/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/whats-your-raashee-has-been-the-most-difficult-film-in-my-career-so-far-priyanka-chopra/|archive-date=28 January 2017|author=Patel, Devansh|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=7 September 2009|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> He read the source material to learn more about it and then bought the novel's film rights.<ref name="romcom" /><ref name="influence" /> In an interview, Rye revealed that he did not agree with Gowariker's description of the novel as a "frothy romance".<ref name="lovestory">{{cite web|title=Gifting Harman-Priyanka another love story|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/09sb.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712185320/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/09sb.htm|archive-date=12 July 2008|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=9 July 2008|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> Rye said that the novel can be considered a cunningly crafted sex thriller driven by devilish characters while also being both a "side-splitting tingly comic" story as well as "a profound study of human nature."<ref name="lovestory" /> Gowariker co-wrote the screenplay with playwright Naushil Mehta.<ref name="romcom" /><ref name="influence" /> When asked if he was worried that the writers would make drastic changes in the adaptation, Rye replied: "I hope they do."<ref name="lovestory" /> Due to the length of the novel, several changes were made with Rye's permission.<ref name="potential">{{cite web|title=Priyanka had the potential to do 12 roles|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/aug/25/slide-show-1-ashutosh-gowarikar-on-whats-your-raashee.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126174200/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/aug/25/slide-show-1-ashutosh-gowarikar-on-whats-your-raashee.htm|archive-date=26 January 2016|work=Rediff.com|date=25 August 2009|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

The ending was altered by the writers; the protagonist chooses a completely different girl in the film than the one he selects in the novel.<ref name="change">{{cite web|title=Ashutosh Gowariker changes 'novel' ending of What's Your Raashee|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ashutosh-gowariker-changes-novel-ending-of-whats-your-raashee-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121210041/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ashutosh-gowariker-changes-novel-ending-of-whats-your-raashee-2/|archive-date=21 January 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=9 September 2009|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> Rye was concerned about the reactions of viewers who had read the novel, and it took Gowariker a while to convince him to agree.<ref name="change" /> The writers were highly impressed and relieved by the characters' fine detailing in the novel, adding: "The written matter was very strong and we had to just get a few layers on that."<ref name="script">{{cite web|title="Script would decide my next film with Aamir, SRK or Hrithik" – Ashutosh Gowariker|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/script-would-decide-my-next-film-with-aamir-srk-or-hrithik-ashutosh-gowariker/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128232244/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/script-would-decide-my-next-film-with-aamir-srk-or-hrithik-ashutosh-gowariker/|archive-date=28 January 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=26 September 2009|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> While writing the screenplay, Mehta and Gowariker decided to have one song for each [[zodiac]] sign to bring out the personality of each sign and its related girl. They had to write each character with different nuances.<ref name="potential" /> The title of the film is taken from a fictional book, ''What's Your Raashee?'', about the compatibility between the sun signs, which the protagonist reads in the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=The secret's around 'What's Your Raashee' is out|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-secrets-around-whats-your-raashee-is-out/58114|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717063645/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-secrets-around-whats-your-raashee-is-out/58114|archive-date=17 July 2014|author=Joshi, Tushar|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=21 September 2009|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[File:Priyanka At Nikon Camera Launch.jpg|right|thumb|200px|alt=A photograph of Priyanka Chopra looking forward, smiling and posing for the camera|[[Priyanka Chopra]] portrayed twelve distinct characters in the film.]]
The casting of the lead pair was leaked well before the intended official announcements. Gowariker cast Harman Baweja after watching the trailer of his debut film, the science fiction romance ''[[Love Story 2050]]'' (2008).<ref name="romcom" /> He asked Harman's father, [[Harry Baweja]], to show him the film's rushes and was impressed with his performance, calling him the best person for the part. Following this, Priyanka Chopra, who had worked with Baweja in ''Love Story 2050'', was cast to play all twelve of the potential brides, each related to one of the twelve zodiac signs.<ref name="romcom" /> On casting Chopra, Gowariker said: "I have always liked Priyanka's work, right from ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy|Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]''. She's been fabulous in all her films. So when I thought of somebody doing twelve roles I thought about her, as I thought she had the potential." When Gowariker offered the film to her, Chopra instantly agreed to star in it.<ref name="potential" />

Chopra became the first actress in cinematic history to portray twelve distinct characters in one film and was considered for inclusion in the ''[[Guinness World Records]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Priyanka Chopra may find a place in Guinness Book|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/priyanka-chopra-may-find-a-place-in-guinness-book/articleshow/4983080.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130040438/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/priyanka-chopra-may-find-a-place-in-guinness-book/articleshow/4983080.cms|archive-date=30 January 2017|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 September 2009|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref> On being asked about the decision of casting one actress to portray twelve characters, Gowariker said: "If we had taken twelve different actresses then the most beautiful one would have to be chosen. So beauty would get more importance. But by taking one girl to play all twelve roles, the importance shifts to the characters."<ref name="potential" /> Gowariker decided not to use prosthetics or makeup to create different looks for the characters but to make them distinctive using hair and costumes. He wanted to differentiate the characters through their mannerisms and traits.<ref name="potential" />

Baweja, who is a Scorpio like his character Yogesh in the film, said that he could relate to the character. While reading the script, he told Gowariker that some of his character's dialogue was what he would usually say.<ref>{{cite web|title='It's justified if women want to dominate men'|url=https://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/sep/23/slide-show-1-hurman-baweja-on-whats-your-raashee.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122220655/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/sep/23/slide-show-1-hurman-baweja-on-whats-your-raashee.htm|archive-date=22 January 2017|author=N, Patcy|work=Rediff.com|date=23 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> At the time, Chopra described the film as the "most difficult and important" in her career. She found playing twelve characters equivalent to performing in twelve different films.<ref name="choose">{{cite web|title=I would not choose a boy according to his Raashee|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-whats-your-rashee-is-not-about-astrology/20090819.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011252/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-whats-your-rashee-is-not-about-astrology/20090819.htm|archive-date=2 February 2017|author=N, Patcy|work=Rediff.com|date=19 August 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> She had to have a different look for each of them but had very little time to prepare and establish each character on screen, since each character had "one song and about two scenes". Since all the characters except one were between ages eighteen and twenty-four, Chopra found it difficult to make every character look distinct.<ref name="choose" /> She said that there were not many options other than changing her hair and the characters' outfits to portray them. As a result, she chose to work on her body language and experimented with her voice and accent to make the characters distinct from one another, describing it as "a real test".<ref name="choose" />

In an interview with [[Bollywood Hungama]], Chopra was quoted saying "when people play multiple characters, they have structures, they are from different parts of the world, sometimes they are a twenty-year-old and then become a forty-year-old in the same film, some with eyes small, etc. I have no clutches [sic]. All the girls I play in the film are in the age group of eighteen and twenty-four."<ref name="influence" /> Additionally, she found playing the [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]] girl, a teenager, very tough, saying: "To play a 15-year-old girl without make-up or special effects to make me look younger was the most challenging role for me. I had to look fifteen years old just through my body language. I didn't want any of the twelve girls to be caricatures."<ref>{{cite web|title=Capricorn girl's role in '...Rashee' was toughest: Priyanka|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/26119/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129000305/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/26119/|archive-date=29 January 2017|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=19 September 2009|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> Chopra also read [[Linda Goodman]]'s ''Sun Signs'' and ''Love Signs'' to prepare for the parts. Initially, it was planned to film one character at a time, however, that did not happen.<ref name="choose" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in Mumbai on 6 December 2008.<ref name="first">{{cite web|title=Ashutosh Gowariker starts 'What's Your Raashee?'|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ashutosh-gowariker-starts-whats-your-raashee/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121202316/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ashutosh-gowariker-starts-whats-your-raashee/|archive-date=21 January 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=9 December 2008|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> The [[Art director|art direction]] was handled by [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]], Piyush Shah did the cinematography, and Ballu Saluja edited the film.<ref name="cast&crew" /> Before the filming began, several rehearsals were done to choose the right look for the characters.<ref name="script" /> [[Neeta Lulla]] was brought in to design Chopra's clothes, while a non-film hair stylist named Asha Harirahan was chosen to design twelve different hair styles and the look of each character.<ref>{{cite web|title=12 hair bounces for Priyanka |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/12-hair-bounces-for-Priyanka/articleshow/5047277.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129220552/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/12-hair-bounces-for-Priyanka/articleshow/5047277.cms |archive-date=29 January 2017 |author=Jha, Subhash K |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It had a single start-to-finish schedule and was filmed at 65 different locations across Mumbai.<ref name="first" /><ref name="second">{{cite web|title=Filming 'Whats Your Raashee' harder than 'Jodhaa Akbar'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-filming-whats-your-raashee-harder-than-jodhaa-akbar-1220196|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121203255/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-filming-whats-your-raashee-harder-than-jodhaa-akbar-1220196|archive-date=21 January 2017|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=9 January 2009|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

Gowariker remarked that shooting this film was more challenging than ''Jodhaa Akbar'' because of filming at so many locations. He found it more time-consuming and challenging but also called it an exciting experience.<ref name="second" /> The second schedule started in January in Mumbai, with scenes also being filmed in [[Chicago]] and [[Baroda]], and was scheduled to last until April 2009.<ref name="second" /> The film was also shot at the [[Mehboob Studio]] and [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]].<ref name="cast&crew" /> The musical numbers were choreographed by [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]], Rekha Chinni Prakash, [[Chinni Prakash]], Raju Khan, and Rajeev Surti.<ref name="cast&crew" /> The song "Aaja Lehraate" was filmed in a single continuous take using a five-camera setup. It was a draining process for Chopra and Baweja, since each mistake required returning to the beginning and filming all over again.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Rashee? song shot in one go|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/what-s-your-rashee-song-shot-in-one-go-news-bollywood-kkfr9Uaghejsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121205221/http://www.sify.com/movies/what-s-your-rashee-song-shot-in-one-go-news-bollywood-kkfr9Uaghejsi.html|archive-date=21 January 2017|website=[[Sify]]|date=20 August 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

Chopra also had to learn [[jazz dance]] for one of the characters.<ref name="influence" /> For another song featuring all twelve characters, Chopra had to shoot for 22 hours to keep the continuity of the whole musical sequence. She had to change the costumes and makeup for each of the twelve characters while filming the song.<ref>{{cite web|title=Priyanka shoots for toughest dance sequence|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2009/02/13/bollywood_news_priyanka_feature.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121212444/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2009/02/13/bollywood_news_priyanka_feature.shtml|archive-date=21 January 2017|last=Gajjar|first=Manish|publisher=BBC|date=13 February 2009|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> At one point, Chopra fainted on the set and Gowariker wanted to postpone the filming, but she insisted on finishing the scenes. Her heavy workload{{mdash}}filming for several productions, travelling for endorsements, and performing at live shows{{mdash}}took its toll; she was admitted to hospital because of exhaustion and was kept under observation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overworked Priyanka in hospital! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Overworked-Priyanka-in-hospital/articleshow/4394883.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129200151/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Overworked-Priyanka-in-hospital/articleshow/4394883.cms |archive-date=29 January 2017 |author=Shah, Kunal M |work=The Times of India |date=13 April 2009 |access-date=29 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After spending three days in hospital, she was discharged and immediately resumed filming to avoid delaying her other projects. Filming was completed by the first week of May 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Priyanka back to work after three days in hospital|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/priyanka-back-to-work-after-three-days-in-hospital-imagegallery-0-events-jepibNdgebhsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129202321/http://www.sify.com/movies/priyanka-back-to-work-after-three-days-in-hospital-imagegallery-0-events-jepibNdgebhsi.html|archive-date=29 January 2017|website=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|What's Your Raashee? (soundtrack)}}
Initially, Gowariker wanted to hire [[A. R. Rahman]], who had composed the music for his earlier films.<ref name="potential" /> However, when Gowariker decided to start filming ''What's Your Raashee?'', Rahman was busy with other projects including ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008).<ref name="eager">{{cite web|title=Eager to see how audiences will react to Raashee|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-ashutosh-on-whats-your-rashee/20090924.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122234453/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-ashutosh-on-whats-your-rashee/20090924.htm|archive-date=22 January 2017|work=Rediff.com|date=24 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> Gowariker wanted thirteen songs for the film, but Rahman did not have time to compose them, and they agreed not to work together on the film.<ref name="potential" /><ref name="eager" /> The director revealed that he did not want another established composer because "he wanted someone to work full time on this film for several months."<ref name="eager" /> He later chose [[Sohail Sen]], then a newcomer, to compose the soundtrack and the film's score.<ref name="signs">{{cite web|title='SIGNS' Language – Sohail Sen|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/signs-language-sohail-sen/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122084743/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/signs-language-sohail-sen/|archive-date=22 January 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=5 September 2009|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

The album contains thirteen original songs written by [[Javed Akhtar]].<ref name="signs" /> Twelve songs represent the different zodiac signs, with an additional song being a compilation of the twelve songs.<ref name="signs" /> Twelve different themes were created, using a different instrument for each zodiac sign, depicting the traits and personality of each girl.<ref name="signs" /> Sen found composing "Chehra Jo Dekhe Hain" most difficult, as he had to merge all the themes of the other twelve songs into one.<ref>{{cite web|title=Comparing me to Rahman not fair: Sohail Sen|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/comparing-me-rahman-fair-sohail-sen/55493|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122084107/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/comparing-me-rahman-fair-sohail-sen/55493|archive-date=22 January 2017|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=25 August 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> The vocals were performed by [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Madhushree]], [[Bela Shende]], Pamela Jain, Bhavya Pandit, and Tarannum Mallik, while Sen performs most of the songs.<ref name="info">{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee? Music Review|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=m082609031645|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905015223/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=m082609031645|archive-date=5 September 2009|publisher=Planet Bollywood|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> Gowariker and his sister Ashlesha also provided the vocals for two different songs on the album.<ref name="signs" /> The soundtrack was released by [[Sony Music]] on 18 August 2009.<ref name="info" />

The soundtrack received positive reviews from critics. Planet Bollywood gave it a rating of 8.5 out of 10 calling it "a musical extravaganza" and wrote: "Ashutosh Gowariker, Sohail Sen and Javed Akhtar give us one of the classiest, grandest and most eclectic musical extravaganzas to come in a long time."<ref name="info" /> Joginger Tuteja of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave it a rating of 4 out of 5, praising the compositions and wrote "Kudos to the film maker, Sohail Sen and Javed Akhtar for getting their thinking hats together and making something as innovative and fresh as ''What's Your Raashee?''. Listen to this one for a unique experience. This one is not to be missed!"<ref>{{cite web|title=Music review of What's Your Raashee?|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/whats-your-raashee/songs/music-critic-review/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122091225/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/whats-your-raashee/songs/music-critic-review/|archive-date=22 January 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 August 2009|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the album 3 out of 5, commending the composer and calling it a decent album.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music review: What's Your Rashee?|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music-review-what-s-your-rashee/story-IpMsWf7gaNJrUOVTXMb5JM.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122090054/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music-review-what-s-your-rashee/story-IpMsWf7gaNJrUOVTXMb5JM.html|archive-date=22 January 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=22 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> The [[BBC]] praised the album and wrote "Sohail Sen shows he can successfully compete with the best in Bollywood."<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Review of Sohail Sen – What's Your Raashee?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/vp3n/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925142013/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/vp3n|archive-date=25 September 2009|publisher=BBC|date=16 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

== Release ==
The first-look poster of the film was released in January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Look: What's Your Raashee?|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/09first-look-whats-your-raashee.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122135248/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/09first-look-whats-your-raashee.htm|archive-date=22 January 2017|work=Rediff.com|date=9 January 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> It resembled a book cover and was designed by Nabeel Abbas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Informer|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/informer/25786|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128222646/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/informer/25786|archive-date=28 January 2017|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=2 January 2009|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> The first teaser, featuring all twelve female characters along with the male protagonist, swaying to the title song, was released in July 2009.<ref name="production">{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee? to have its world premiere at the Toronto Film Festival|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/whats-your-raashee-to-have-its-world-premiere-at-the-toronto-film-festival-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130042650/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/whats-your-raashee-to-have-its-world-premiere-at-the-toronto-film-festival-2/|archive-date=30 January 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=31 July 2009|url-status=live|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref> To promote the film, the makers teamed up with [[Facebook]] to develop an application for users to check their compatibility with their partners as well as to make new friends based on their sun sign.<ref name="app">{{cite web|title=Gowariker takes to Facebook to promote 'What's Your Rashee?'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gowariker-takes-to-facebook-to-promote-what-s-your-rashee-1286908|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122201040/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gowariker-takes-to-facebook-to-promote-what-s-your-rashee-1286908|archive-date=22 January 2017|author=1 September 2009|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> This required users to answer questions about their personal preferences; based on common characteristics with other signs, a list of users with whom they were compatible was shown and they were offered the opportunity to add those people as friends.<ref name="app" /> According to the makers, the application was launched to tie the promotional activity with the theme of the film. Sunita A. Gowariker, the co-producer of the film, later said: "The entire idea ties in well with the theme of the film and yet is not restricted to being only about the film."<ref name="app" />

The master copy of the film was stolen from the [[Adlabs]] Processing at Film City before its release.<ref name="dna">{{cite web|title='Raashee' print stolen before Friday release|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-raashee-print-stolen-before-friday-release-1292084|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122163556/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-raashee-print-stolen-before-friday-release-1292084|archive-date=22 January 2017|author=Sharma, Somendra|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=22 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> When Gowariker learnt about the incident, he lodged a police complaint immediately. The case was taken over by the Mumbai Crime Branch.<ref name="dna" /> [[UTV Motion Pictures]] sent a legal notice to Adlabs Films and UFO Movies, the film's processing and digitising laboratories. It was later revealed that a top official of the lab had sold the master copy for 200,000 rupees to film pirates to make pirated copies of the film to sell in India and overseas.<ref name="dna" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Two distribution house executives held in film piracy case|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-42664520090923|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122172804/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-42664520090923|archive-date=22 January 2017|author=Jamkhandikar, Shilpa|publisher=Reuters|date=24 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> Several people were arrested, including the manager of Adlabs Processing, for allegedly stealing the master copy and producing pirated copies. The print was later recovered by the police, who also found and seized pirated CDs and DVDs produced from the master copy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Master of Film Piracy Racket is in Pakistan: Police|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/master-of-film-piracy-racket-is-in-pakistan-police/666574|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122175307/http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/master-of-film-piracy-racket-is-in-pakistan-police/666574|archive-date=22 January 2017|publisher=Outlook|date=22 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

''What's Your Raashee?'' was produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] at UTV Motion Pictures in collaboration with Ashutosh Gowariker Productions, with Gowariker's wife, Sunita, serving as the producer.<ref name="production" /> The film had its world premiere at the [[2009 Toronto International Film Festival]] on 19 September 2009, with more than 2,000 attendees at [[Roy Thomson Hall]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Applause for What's Your Rashee |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Applause-for-Whats-Your-Rashee/articleshow/5046351.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122193856/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Applause-for-Whats-Your-Rashee/articleshow/5046351.cms |archive-date=22 January 2017 |work=The Times of India |date=24 September 2009 |access-date=22 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Priyanka dazzles Toronto at ...Rashee premiere |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/priyanka-dazzles-toronto-at-rashee-premiere/story-mGtBWjlFz3QZ6k6x0Di00L.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122145654/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/priyanka-dazzles-toronto-at-rashee-premiere/story-mGtBWjlFz3QZ6k6x0Di00L.html|archive-date=22 January 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=23 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> The film was released on 25 September 2009. It had a good opening at the multiplexes but poor attendance elsewhere.<ref name="gross">{{cite web|title=Box Office 2009 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121000733/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ%3D%3D |archive-date=21 January 2011 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Salman shoots down Priyanka's Raashee|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-report/20090930.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927005235/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-report/20090930.htm|archive-date=27 September 2015|author=Mirani, Vinod|work=Rediff.com|date=30 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> Following criticism of the film's excessive length, in mid-week, three songs were cut from the film's theatrical prints to reduce the length of the film. However, the new length was still over three hours, and it was not confirmed if the length was reduced on all of the prints across India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Three songs cut from What's Your Raashee? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/three-songs-cut-from-what-s-your-raashee/story-QBwzxqzaLa4Lu7Gzgy899I.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129002229/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/three-songs-cut-from-what-s-your-raashee/story-QBwzxqzaLa4Lu7Gzgy899I.html|archive-date=29 January 2017|author=Taneja, Nikhil|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 October 2009|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> During its run, it grossed {{INR}}160 million at the box office and was considered as a financial failure.<ref name="gross" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Few takers for Wake Up Sid, Do Knot Disturb|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/05/weekend-box-office.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016133220/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/05/weekend-box-office.htm|archive-date=16 October 2015|author=Mirani, Vinod|work=Rediff.com|date=5 October 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> Two weeks after the theatrical release, ''What's Your Raashee?'' was released for [[pay-per-view]] viewing on various [[Direct-broadcast satellite|DTH]] platforms such as [[Tata Sky]], [[Airtel Digital TV]], and [[Dish TV]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New blockbusters now on television|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/new-blockbusters-now-on-television/story-CiGATefXvDKnqLLakQZG0N.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122162149/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/new-blockbusters-now-on-television/story-CiGATefXvDKnqLLakQZG0N.html|archive-date=22 January 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=20 October 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> Distributed by UTV Home Entertainment, the film was released on [[DVD]] on 10 December 2009 across all regions, with no bonus content.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee?|website=Amazon |url=https://www.amazon.com/Whats-Your-Raashee-Harman-Baweja/dp/B0030EW75O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131105721/http://www.amazon.com/Whats-Your-Raashee-Harman-Baweja/dp/B0030EW75O|archive-date=31 January 2013|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> [[VCD]] versions were released at the same time.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee? VCD|url=http://www.webmallindia.com/buy-vcd-online-hindi-movie-whats-your-raashee-p-13871.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325150121/http://www.webmallindia.com/buy-vcd-online-hindi-movie-whats-your-raashee-p-13871.html|archive-date=25 March 2013|publisher=WebMall India|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> [[Blu-ray]] versions were released in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Whats Your Raashee? Blu-ray|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Whats-Your-Raashee-Blu-ray/15859/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122160806/http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Whats-Your-Raashee-Blu-ray/15859/|archive-date=22 January 2017|publisher=Blu-ray.com|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

[[Indiagames|UTV Indiagames]] also released a [[mobile video game]] based on the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's Your Raashee? |url=https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j4j130849 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=phoneky.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''What's Your Raashee?'' received mixed reviews from critics who criticised the screenplay and its runtime of over three-and-a-half hours. However, Chopra's performance received widespread critical acclaim. Subhash K. Jha gave the film a positive review, calling it "a lovely uncluttered unassuming and transparent film". He also praised Baweja and Chopra's performances and the chemistry between the actors.<ref name="bh">{{cite web|title=Subhash K. Jha talks about What's Your Raashee?|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/subhash-k-jha-talks-about-whats-your-raashee/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122103029/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/subhash-k-jha-talks-about-whats-your-raashee/|archive-date=22 January 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=26 September 2009|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> Jha appreciated Chopra's portrayal of twelve characters, calling it "an amazing achievement", and wrote: "Priyanka gives soul to all the 12 characters she plays. In the climactic song, she brings all of them together, quirks and mannerisms all on display in one unified flow of feelings and body-language. The actress achieves individuality for all her characters while giving the plot a homogeneous flow."<ref name="bh" /> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5, noting that the film works because Gowariker maintains fluidity in the narrative and gets uniformly good work from his cast, especially Dilip Joshi and Darshan Jariwala, who bring subtlety to comedy.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee? Movie review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Whats-Your-Raashee/movie-review/5056938.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006064530/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Whats-Your-Raashee/movie-review/5056938.cms|archive-date=6 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

Several critics had mixed feelings about the film. [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] praised the subtle and refreshing humour, noting that "Gowariker shows a flair for light scenes and creating atmospheric nuances" but criticising the loopy screenplay.<ref name="sv">{{cite web|title=It's Priyanka Chopra's show all the way|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/25/review-whats-your-raashee.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926075948/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/25/review-whats-your-raashee.htm|archive-date=26 September 2009|author=Verma, Sukanya|author-link=Sukanya Verma|work=Rediff.com|date=25 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> She called it "ultimately a performance-oriented film", stating: "A terrific ensemble cast from the world of television and theatre collaborate to its feel-good believability which lasts as long as their screen time."<ref name="sv" /> She particularly praised Chopra's performance and wrote: "Priyanka Chopra transforms into 12 new skins with astonishing distinction, voice and spirit. The actress reinvents herself into this unique individual every single time ranging from batty, bashful and boisterous. This is simply her show."<ref name="sv" /> Sonia Chopra of [[Sify]] also gave a mixed review, noting that the film could have been hugely entertaining but was affected by "a repetitive layout and agonising length". She believed that the film was watchable because of Priyanka Chopra's "consistently stellar act"; she carried the film ably on her shoulders and gave "a fun and uninhibited performance."<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee? is not much fun|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/what-s-your-raashee-is-not-much-fun-review-bollywood-pclxpFgadihji.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122101312/http://www.sify.com/movies/what-s-your-raashee-is-not-much-fun-review-bollywood-pclxpFgadihji.html|archive-date=22 January 2017|author=Chopra, Sonia|website=[[Sify]]|date=24 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 4. She thought that Chopra played her characters "competently, confidently but a bit unevenly" and wrote: "The one trump card for the film is the new queen bee Priyanka Chopra. The film is out-and-out a Priyanka show as she hogs screen time and audience attention with her 12 roles."<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee?|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/whats-your-raashee/262091|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628140928/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/whats-your-raashee/262091|archive-date=28 June 2016|author=Joshi, Namrata|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=12 October 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupra of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' was particularly critical of the length of the film and wrote: "Ashutosh Gowariker's latest, which stretches close to four hours running time, starts feeling like bargain-basement from the get go. It's much too long, and, despite Priyanka's valiant efforts, just not engaging enough."<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/what-s-your-raashee/521611/0|author=Gupta, Shubhra|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] from Bollywood Hungama gave it a negative review, criticising the writing and the length and saying that "''What's Your Raashee?'' has some wonderful moments and award-worthy performance[s] by Priyanka Chopra, but everything pales into insignificance when the written material is weak."<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee? Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/whats-your-raashee/critic-review/whats-your-raashee-movie-review/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122171053/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/whats-your-raashee/critic-review/|archive-date=22 January 2017|author=Adarsh, Taran|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=25 September 2009|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of [[NDTV]] was highly disappointed with the film, terming it a "gargantuan misstep" for Gowariker: "This epic length simply doesn't work for romance. At nearly four hours, ''What's Your Raashee?'' is a marathon watch. And the rewards for enduring it are slim."<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Rashee?|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/what-s-your-rashee-437|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803223947/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/what-s-your-rashee-437|archive-date=3 August 2014|author=Chopra, Anupama|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=25 September 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> [[Sudhish Kamath]] was also disappointed with the film, criticising the time taken (over 25 minutes) in the first act to reach the first episode: "Priyanka Chopra acquits each of these types with unique quirks associated with these signs and is quite charming in most of her avatars, but there is seriously, no other reason for you to watch this movie."<ref>{{cite web|title=A new Zodiac sign? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-new-Zodiac-sign/article11641753.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194221/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-new-Zodiac-sign/article11641753.ece|archive-date=22 January 2017|author=Kamath, Sudhish|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 October 2009|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Priyanka Chopra]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for Nokia 16th Annual Star Screen Awards 2009|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-nokia-16th-annual-star-screen-awards-2009/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122170022/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-nokia-16th-annual-star-screen-awards-2009/|archive-date=22 January 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=31 December 2009|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations of 16th Star Screen Awards (Popular)|url=http://starplus.startv.in/starscreenawards2010/nominees/actress_popular.asp|publisher=[[Star Plus]]|access-date=19 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005191329/http://starplus.startv.in/starscreenawards2010/nominees/actress_popular.asp|archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref> 
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]
| Priyanka Chopra
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[Stardust Awards]]
| [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Male|Superstar of Tomorrow – Male]]
| [[Harman Baweja]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2010|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-max-stardust-awards-2010/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122165411/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-max-stardust-awards-2010/|archive-date=22 January 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 January 2010|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Standout Performance by a Music Director
| [[Sohail Sen]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Stardust Award for New Musical Sensation – Female|New Musical Sensation – Female]]
| [[Bela Shende]] (for song "Su Chhe")
|{{nom}}
|-
| Tarannum Malik (for song "Salone Kya")
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.whatsyourraashee.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|1242530|What's Your Raashee?}}

{{UTV Movies}}
{{Ashutosh Gowariker}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ashutosh Gowariker]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sohail Sen]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chicago]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Films about astrology]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Chicago]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films about arranged marriage]]
[[Category:World record holders]]

Raj Kundra

2026-02-27T03:21:05Z

Ab2030: small fix

{{short description|British businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raj Kundra
| image = Photos-Shilpa-Shetty-and-Raj-Kundra-at-Bastian-in-Lower-Parel-2 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kundra in 2020
| birth_name = Ripu Sudan Kundra
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|09|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England<ref name=Mint20090211/>
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Kavita Kundra|2003|2009|reason=div}}|{{marriage|[[Shilpa Shetty]]|2009}}}}
| website = {{URL|http://rajkundra.net}}
| signature =
| children = 3
}}

'''Raj Kundra''' is a [[British Indians|British-Indian]] businessman and part time actor. He has faced legal scrutiny over allegations related to the production of adult content and involvement in sports betting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2021 |title=Raj Kundra, 3 others named in 1,467-page supplementary chargesheet filed in pornography racket case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/raj-kundra-mumbai-police-crime-branch-supplementary-chargesheet-pornography-porn-racket-1853272-2021-09-15 |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Kundra confesses to betting on IPL matches |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/raj-kundra-confesses-to-betting-on-ipl-matches-639257 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241019021042/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/raj-kundra-confesses-to-betting-on-ipl-matches-639257 |archive-date=19 October 2024 |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

He has been married to [[Shilpa Shetty]], an [[Actor|Indian actress]], since 2009.

== Early life ==
Raj Kundra was born in [[London, England]] to [[Indian people|Indian]] expats.<ref name=Mint20090211>{{cite news |title=It's not about getting the best players, but making the weakest stronger |first=Gouri |last=Shah |newspaper=Mint |location=Delhi |date=11 February 2009 |url=http://www.rajkundra.net/assets/news/1.pdf |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125005344/http://www.rajkundra.net/assets/news/1.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kundra's parents were [[Punjabi Hindus]] from [[Ludhiana]]. Kundra grew up in a [[middle-class]] family. His father, Bal Krishan Kundra worked as a [[bus conductor]] in London before running a small business. His mother, Usha Rani Kundra worked as a [[shop assistant]].<ref name="archives.Deccan Chronicle">{{cite news |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130607/news-current-affairs/article/raj-kundra-bus-conductor%E2%80%99s-son-biz-tycoon |title=Raj Kundra, from bus conductor's son to biz tycoon |date=7 June 2013 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052516/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130607/news-current-affairs/article/raj-kundra-bus-conductor%E2%80%99s-son-biz-tycoon |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
At the age of 18, Kundra moved to [[Dubai]] and later [[Nepal]], where he started a business selling [[Kashmir shawl|pashmina shawls]] to [[fashion retailer]]s in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and made his first couple of millions.<ref name="shawls">{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Raj-Kundra-a-college-drop-out-who-first-made-it-big-selling-pashmina-shawls/articleshow/20467799.cms|title=Raj Kundra, a college drop-out who first made it big selling pashmina shawls|work=Times of India|date=7 June 2013 |access-date=7 June 2013}}</ref> In 2007, he moved to Dubai and set up Essential General Trading LLC, a company dealing in precious [[metal]]s, [[construction]], [[mining]] and [[renewable energy]] projects. He was also at that time involved in the [[financing]] and [[film production|production]] of [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood films]].<ref name="BC20090203">{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Royals agrees to take strategic investment from Raj Kundra and Shilpa Shetty |date=3 February 2009 |publisher=Blenheim Chalcot |location=London |url=http://www.blenheimchalcot.com/press_releases.aspx |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307191616/http://www.blenheimchalcot.com/press_releases.aspx |archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>

He has also been involved in financing and distributing pornographic films, for which he was arrested in 2021.<ref name="e831">{{cite news |title=Raj Kundra earned lakhs daily from 'Hotshot', had another adult app Plan B, Bollyfame as backup: Mumbai police | work=The Tribune | date=21 July 2021 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/raj-kundra-earned-lakhs-daily-from-hotshot-had-another-adult-app-plan-b-bollyfame-as-backup-mumbai-police-286245/ | access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="s595">{{cite web | title=Porn films case: Chats suggest Raj Kundra planned another app after 'Hotshots' was blocked | website=National Herald | date=21 July 2021 | url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/porn-films-case-chats-suggest-raj-kundra-planned-another-app-after-hotshots-was-blocked | access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

His businesses included Satyug Gold, [[Super Fight League]], and more recently, Bastian Hospitality - a [[restaurant chain]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="shawls"/>

In 2015, Kundra was among the promoters of online and television broadcast platform [[Best Deal TV]], an Indian television home shopping channel capitalising on celebrity endorsements. His co-promoter was Bollywood actor [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref name="business-standard.com">{{cite news|title=Home shopping channel Best Deal TV to raise Rs 100 cr|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/best-deal-tv-to-raise-rs-100-cr-115051901327_1.html|website=[[Business Standard]]|date=20 May 2015|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916164420/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/best-deal-tv-to-raise-rs-100-cr-115051901327_1.html|archive-date=16 September 2015|url-status=live|last1=Malvania|first1=Urvi}}</ref>

Under the [[Indian government|Indian government's]] [[Startup India Seed Fund Scheme|Startup India initiative]], Kundra is set to launch India's first [[Livestreaming|live streaming]] [[Social media apps|social media app]], Jaldi Live Stream [[Mobile application|App]] which will allow professional as well as amateur streamers to live stream their content.<ref name="Economic Times">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/raj-kundra-to-launch-made-in-india-live-streaming-platform/articleshow/78251312.cms|title=Raj Kundra to launch 'Made in India' live streaming platform|newspaper=Economic Times|date=22 September 2020 |access-date=22 September 2020 |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav }}</ref> In June 2025, he participated as contestant in the [[Prime Video]]'s ''[[The Traitors India season 1|The Traitors]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 May 2025|title=The Traitors confirmed contestant list: Rebel Kid, Shilpa Shetty's husband Raj Kundra, Jannat Zubair, Karan Kundrra among 22 celebs on Karan Johar-hosted show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-traitors-confirmed-contestant-list-rebel-kid-shilpa-shettys-husband-raj-kundra-jannat-zubair-karan-kundrra-among-22-celebs-on-karan-johar-hosted-show-10033444/|access-date=1 July 2025|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> He was eliminated on Day 2 and placed 19th.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chauhan|first=Manisha|date=14 June 2025|title=Raj Kundra says 'I can't lie to save my...' after he exits The Traitors: 'My wife is...'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-raj-kundra-exits-the-traitors-says-i-can-t-lie-to-save-my-life-my-wife-is-3159800|access-date=1 July 2025|work=[[DNA India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|2025
|''[[The Traitors India season 1|The Traitors]]''
|Contestant
|19th place
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=12 June 2025|title='The Traitors': Apurva Mukhija, Raj Kundra, Uorfi Javed starrer new reality show – Where and when to watch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/the-traitors-apurva-mukhija-raj-kundra-uorfi-javed-starrer-new-reality-show-where-and-when-to-watch/articleshow/121798415.cms|access-date=1 July 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|''[[UT69]]''
|Himself
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2025
|''Mehar''
|Karamjit Singh
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrivastava |first=Sharva |date=27 July 2025 |title=Raj Kundra Makes Punjabi Film Debut With Mehar, Reflects On Sikh Values And Self-Discovery |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/raj-kundra-makes-punjabi-film-debut-with-mehar-reflects-on-sikh-values-andself-discovery-article-152357051 |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
|}

== Indian Premier League ==
{{Main|Rajasthan Royals}}

In 2009, Kundra and Shetty invested in the [[Indian Premier League |Indian Premier League cricket]] team [[Rajasthan Royals]] using an offshore company based in [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shilpa-shetty-partner-buy-12-in-rajasthan-royals-109020400008_1.html|publisher= Business Standard |title= Shilpa Shetty, partner buy 12% in Rajasthan Royals
|newspaper= Business Standard India |date= 4 February 2009 |access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/thin-dividing-line-ties-between-ipl-team-owners-and-offshore-dealings-117120801381_1.html|title=Thin Dividing Line: Ties between IPL team owners and offshore dealings |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=8 December 2017 |publisher=Business Standard |access-date=16 December 2019|last1=Thakurta |first1=Paranjoy Guha }}</ref> The legality of the investment was questioned by departments of the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/eye-on-rr-money/story-286MEcUCfIZBSBgSF1p8cL.html|title=Eye on RR money |date=22 April 2010 |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 April 2010}}</ref>

In June 2013, Kundra was questioned by [[Delhi Police]] with regard to the 2013 [[Indian Premier League]] spot-fixing case,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ipl-spot-fixing-rajasthan-royals-owner-raj-kundra-questioned-by-delhi-police/20130605.htm |title=Rajasthan Royals owner Raj Kundra questioned by Delhi Police|publisher=Rediff |access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> which had involved the [[arrest]] of some Rajasthan Royals players, further Delhi police have given a clean chit to Kundra in reply on [[right to information]] (RTI).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ipl-spot-fixing-scandal-meiyappan-kundra-get-clean-chit-srinivasan-may-return-as-bcci-chief/articleshow/21425875.cms|title=IPL spot-fixing scandal: Meiyappan, Kundra get clean chit; Srinivasan may return as BCCI chief|newspaper= Economic Times|access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2015 a panel appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]] imposed a life ban from the cricket-related activity on him. Further, Kundra denied the involvement and appeal to the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/raj-kundra-files-petition-in-supreme-court-following-clearance-on-ipl-betting-scandal-from-delhi-police-697149|title=Raj Kundra files petition in Supreme Court following clearance on IPL betting scandal from Delhi Police|date=30 March 2018|publisher=CricketCountry|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/300318/ipl-spot-fixing-banished-raj-kundra-files-petition-in-sc-hopes-to-ov.html|title= IPL spot-fixing: Banished Raj Kundra files petition in SC, hopes to overturn ban|date= 30 March 2018|publisher=Deccan Chronocale|access-date= 30 March 2018}}</ref>

Umesh Goenka, a business partner of Raj Kundra claimed in a [[court]] that he was forced to implicate Kundra in [[betting]] by Delhi Police and to save himself from [[physical torture]] and from being charged under [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/delhi-police-forced-me-to-implicate-kundra-partner/articleshow/35908813.cms|title=Delhi police forced me to implicate Kundra: Partner |publisher=Ahamedabad Mirror|access-date=13 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/video/ipl-spot-fixing-umesh-goenka-delhi-police-bashing-confession-india-today-420304-2013-06-12|title=IPL Spot Fixing Umesh Goenka Delhi Police Bashing Confession|date=12 June 2013 |publisher=India Today|access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref>

== Super Fight League ==
Kundra and [[Bollywood]] star [[Sanjay Dutt]] launched India's first professional mixed martial arts fighting league, the [[Super Fight League]], on 16 January 2012.<ref name=TOI01172012>{{cite news |title=Ready for the Super Fight League? |location=Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ready-for-the-Super-Fight-League/articleshow/11511191.cms |first=Roshni |last=Olivera |access-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212031726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-17/news-interviews/30632385_1_mma-sport-fight-night |archive-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
Kundra was awarded the [[Champions of Change (award)|Champions of Change Award]] in 2019, for his involvement with [[Swachh Bharat Mission]]. The award was conferred by former [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] at [[Vigyan Bhavan]] [[New Delhi]] on 20 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title='Sparsh Ganga initiative' wins Champions of Change Award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/jan/22/sparsh-ganga-initiative-wins-champions-of-change-award-2092664.html |newspaper=The New Indian Express | date=22 January 2020 | access-date=18 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=जानें क्यों शिल्पा और राज को मिला 'चैंपियन ऑफ चेंज अवॉर्ड', 'स्वच्छ भारत अभियान' से है कनेक्शन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-and-raj-kundra-awarded-the-champion-of-change-2019-award-from-pranab-mukherjee |work=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Kundra was arrested in July 2021 on charges of producing [[Pornographic film|pornographic]] content. He was booked under the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC), the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] and the Indecent Representation of Women (Prevention) Act. He was granted [[bail]] in September 2021 by a [[Courts of Metropolitan Magistrates, India|metropolitan magistrate's court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2022 |title=One year after being released from jail, Raj Kundra posts: 'If you don't know the whole story, shut up' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raj-kundra-one-year-of-being-released-from-jail-if-you-dont-know-the-whole-story-shut-up-8163856/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=The Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921074923/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raj-kundra-one-year-of-being-released-from-jail-if-you-dont-know-the-whole-story-shut-up-8163856/|archive-date=21 September 2022|language=en}}</ref> On 3 November 2023, a film on the controversy titled ''[[UT69|UT 69]]'' was released. Kundra himself played the lead role and presented experiences of his days in prison.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ut69-trailer-shilpa-shetty-husband-raj-kundra-plays-himself-gives-glimpse-of-his-life-inside-jail-101697629400340.html|title=UT69 trailer: Shilpa Shetty's husband Raj Kundra plays himself, gives glimpse of his life inside jail. Watch|date=18 October 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2025 |title=Raj Kundra breaks silence over HC's 'first deposit ₹60 crore' order – Frustrated by 'repeated misrepresentations' {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/raj-kundra-shilpa-shetty-over-hcs-first-deposit-rs-60-crore-order-frustrated-by-repeated-misrepresentations-11759929134490.html |access-date=14 October 2025 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

The Enforcement Directorate attached his properties worth 97 crores in Bitcoin investment fraud case which was alleged to be a ponzi scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=ED attaches Raj Kundra's properties worth Rs 97.79 crore in Bitcoin investment fraud case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ed-raj-kundra-shilpa-shetty-properties-bitcoin-investment-fraud-case-9277283/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025, [[Mumbai police]] have filed a case against [[Shilpa Shetty]] and her husband Raj Kundra for reportedly stealing ₹60.4 crore from a businessman in a loan-cum-investment deal in their old company (now defunct), Best Deal TV Private Limited.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actor Shilpa Shetty, Raj Kundra Fraud Charges: ₹60 Crore Investment Deal |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-raj-kundra-fraud-charges-60-crore |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Case filed against Shilpa Shetty, Raj Kundra for alleged ₹60 crore fraud |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/case-filed-against-shilpa-shetty-raj-kundra-for-alleged-60-crore-fraud/article69931509.ece#:~:text=Mumbai%20Police%20have%20registered%20a,(August%2014%2C%202025). |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=14 August 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Kundra has been married twice, first to Kavita Kundra, with whom he has a daughter.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/film-and-tv/shilpa-wrecked-my-marriage-999804 |work=Manchester Evening News |title=Shilpa Wrecked My Marriage |date=13 January 2013 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> The couple later divorced. On 22 November 2009, Kundra married Bollywood actress Shilpa Shetty.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Thank-god-Ill-marry-only-once-Shilpa/articleshow/5281437.cms | title=Thank god, I'll marry only once: Shilpa | date=30 November 2009 | access-date=1 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616161245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-30/news-interviews/28103353_1_shilpa-shetty-kundra-wedding-receptions-mediterranean-cruise | archive-date=16 June 2013 | url-status=live | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Kundra and Shetty have a son, born in 2012,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/report-shilpa-shetty-gives-birth-to-a-baby-boy/20120521.htm |title=Shilpa Shetty gives birth to a baby boy |date=21 May 2012 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614072813/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/report-shilpa-shetty-gives-birth-to-a-baby-boy/20120521.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a daughter, born through [[surrogacy]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/02/21/shilpa-shetty-husband-welcome-baby-girl-born-through-surrogacy.html|title=Shilpa Shetty, husband welcome baby girl born through surrogacy|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

Kundra is involved with his wife's charitable organisation, the Shilpa Shetty Foundation.<ref name=Mint20090211 />

He published a [[crime thriller]], ''How Not to Make Money'', in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raj Kundra's book now a British crime-thriller|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Raj-Kundras-book-now-a-British-crime-thriller/articleshow/48538535.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 August 2015 |access-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123215618/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Raj-Kundras-book-now-a-British-crime-thriller/articleshow/48538535.cms|archive-date=23 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kundra, Raj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from London]]
[[Category:English Hindus]]
[[Category:English people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:British businesspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British expatriate actors in India]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League franchise owners]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Male actors from London]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Bhandardara

2026-02-26T13:36:17Z

Ab2030: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhandardara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Bhandardara lake.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Arthur Lake
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|31|45|N|73|45|5|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aahilyanagar district|Aahilyanagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 740
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02424
| registration_plate = MH-17
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nashik]]
[[Sangamner]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhandardara''' is a holiday resort village on the [[Pravara River]] near Igatpuri, in the [[Western Ghats]] of India. The village is located in the [[Akole]] tehsil, Aahilyanagar district of the state of Maharashtra, about {{convert|185|km|sp=us}} from [[Mumbai]], and {{convert|73|km|sp=us}} from [[Nashik]].

Bhandardara attractions include Wilson Dam and Arthur Lake.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Ainul |date=2017-06-28 |title=Top 10 Tourist Destinations You Must Visit At Bhandardara |url=https://hikerwolf.com/top-10-tourist-destinations-you-must-visit-at-bhandardara/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=HikerWolf |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Ratangad]] and [[Harishchandragad]] forts are above the town. The highest peak in [[Maharashtra]], Mount [[Kalsubai]], is 1646 m.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Bhandardara}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Bhandardara}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090315024024/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Hillstations/HillStations.aspx?strpage=BhandaradaraHillstation.html MTDC, Bhandardara]
*[http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/10/bhandardara.html Bhandardara]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20211125190213/http://akolemazaa.com/]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070730220740/http://india.journeymart.com/bhandardara/default.asp Bhandardara City Guide]

{{Ahmednagar district topics}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Maharashtra]]

Abida Sultan

2026-02-25T04:56:55Z

Ab2030: corrected lead per sources

{{Short description|Princess Suraya Jah, Nawab Gowhar-i-Taj (1913–2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Abida Sultan Begum
| title = [[Princess]] Suraya Jah, Nawab Gowhar-i-Taj
| succession =
| reign =
| image = PRINCESS ABIDA OF BHOPAL (21250881074).jpg
| caption =
| native_lang1 = [[Urdu]]
| birth_date = 28 August 1913
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Bhopal State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 11 May 2002 (aged 88)
| death_place = [[Malir Town|Malir]], [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan
| coronation =
| predecessor =
| spouse = Mohammad Sarwar Ali Khan
| successor =
| issue = [[Shahryar Khan]]
| royal house = [[Nawab of Bhopal]]
| father = [[Hamidullah Khan]]
| mother = Maimoona Sultan
| religion =
| burial_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan
}}
Princess '''Suraya Jah, Nawab Gowhar-i-Taj''' (born '''Abida Sultan Begum Sahiba'''; 28 August 1913 – 11 May 2002), also known as '''Abida Sultaan''', was the eldest daughter of [[Hamidullah Khan]], the last [[Nawab of Bhopal|Nawab]] of the [[Bhopal (state)|Bhopal state]], and his wife Begum Maimoona Sultan.

==Early life and royal family==
[[File:Bhopal Royal Family.jpg|thumb|Bhopal royal family. L to R: Nawab [[Hamidullah Khan]], his wife Maimoona Sultan, their daughters – Rabia Sultan, Abida Sultan, [[Sajida Sultan]], in [[London]], 1932]]
Abida Sultan Begum Sahiba (begum being a [[Muslim]] woman of high rank<ref name=bbc/>) was born on 28 August{{cn|date=November 2024}} 1913,<ref name=bbc>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn017r4zw3wo|website=BBC News|title=India's 'rebel' Muslim princess who shot tigers and drove a Rolls-Royce|first=Cherylann|last= Mollan|date=23 Nov 2024| access-date=27 December 2025|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102083549/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn017r4zw3wo}}</ref> the daughter of [[Hamidullah Khan]], the [[Nawab of Bhopal]] and Begum Maimoona Sultan. She was the eldest of three children; she had two younger sisters [[Sajida Sultan]] and Rabia Sultan.<ref name=interview/>

The [[Begum of Bhopal]], [[Sultan Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Sultan Jahan]], was her grandmother,<ref name=interview/> and her predecessor [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]] was her great-grandmother. Her grandmother brought her up, and her own mother "had nothing to do with [her]". Her grandmother, who was nearly 70 when Abida was born, brought her up very strictly in the Islamic tradition. She had to rise at 4am to read the [[Quran]], and had to do menial duties such as sweeping the floor. She was also allowed to do all the same activities as the boys did, including sports, music, and horse riding.<ref name=interview/><ref name=bbc/>

From the age of nine, Abida drove a [[Rolls-Royce]].<ref name=bbc/>

She was also known as Abida Sultaan.<ref name=interview>{{Cite web|url=http://old.harappa.com/abida/abidatext.html|author=Omar Khan|title=Seven interviews with Princess Abida (Sultan of Bhopal State) - (Summary of all 7 interviews by Omar Khan)|date=1990–1991|website=Harappa.com website|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2016|access-date=27 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613023836/https://old.harappa.com/abida/abidatext.html}}</ref><ref name=bbc/>

==Marriage and governing==
In 1926, at the age of 12, she was forced to get into an arranged marriage by her grandmother nicknamed ''Sarkar Amman'',<ref name=interview/> which was the normal custom at the time for Muslim females, with Nawab Mohammad Sarwar Ali Khan,<ref name=Dawn/> the ruler of neighboring [[Kurwai State]], who was a childhood friend. This marriage lasted for 9 years and the married life was not easy due to her young age. After the collapse of her marriage, Abida moved back to her home state, Bhopal. The married couple together had a son [[Shahryar Khan]] who was later brought up by Abida as a single mother.<ref name=bbc/>

She had been completely unprepared for her wedding day, and her marriage broke up after around 9 years. She later wrote that she had not realized that the consummation of her marriage would leave her "so horrified, numbed and feeling unchaste".<ref name=bbc/> She moved back to Bhopal, and an ugly custody dispute over the couple's son, [[Shaharyar Khan]], ensued. In March 1935, she drove for hours to the home of her ex-husband, gave him a gun and said that if he did not shoot her, she would shoot him.<ref name=bbc/>

In 1928,<ref name=Dawn/> at the age of 15, she was recognised as the heiress apparent to the Bhopal throne. She then managed her father's [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] from 1935 until 1949, when Bhopal was merged with the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. During this time, Abida attended some round-table conferences which were held in London and called by the British government. During those conferences, she met [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Motilal Nehru]], and his son, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], first prime minister of India.<ref name=bbc/>

==Move to Pakistan==
After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, she experienced discrimination, and witnessed violence between [[Hindu]]s and Muslims.<ref name=bbc/> She gave up her right to the throne and in 1950 emigrated to the newly-formed [[Pakistan#Post Independence|Pakistan]], aged 37, with her young son.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1486294/the-remarkable-begums-who-defied-patriarchal-norms-to-rule-bhopal-for-more-than-a-century|title=The remarkable Begums who defied patriarchal norms to rule Bhopal for more than a century|date=3 June 2019|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2019|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|author=Priya Mirza|access-date=27 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605235028/https://www.dawn.com/news/1486294/the-remarkable-begums-who-defied-patriarchal-norms-to-rule-bhopal-for-more-than-a-century}}</ref>

In Pakistan, she joined the [[Foreign Service of Pakistan|foreign service]]; the government of India responded by excluding her from the line of succession. Her younger sister [[Sajida Sultan, Begum of Bhopal|Sajida]] succeeded her instead upon her father's death in 1960, despite Abida Sultan contesting the succession in court.<ref name=Dawn/>

She spent the greater part of her life in [[Malir District]] in [[Karachi]], Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn/>

==Death==
Sultan died in Karachi in 2002. Her son, [[Shaharyar Khan]], became the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan and later the chairman of the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]].<ref name=Dawn/>

==Personal life==
The cricketer [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi]] was her brother-in-law through his marriage to Sajida, and the cricketer [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]] is her nephew.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

During her life, she flew aeroplanes, played [[polo]], and wore her hair short.<ref name=bbc/>

She wrote an autobiography, ''Memoirs of a Rebel Princess'', which was published posthumously in 2004.<ref name=bbc/><ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Omar|title=Memoirs of a Rebel Princess (Abida Sultan)|publisher=Oxford University Press via Google Books |series=Oxford Pakistan paperbacks|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-579958-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyFuAAAAMAAJ|page=(315 pages total in the autobiography)}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20250930192104/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bhopal-India Bhopal, India on Encyclopedia Britannica - Archived]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sultan, Abida}}
[[Category:History of Bhopal]]
[[Category:People from Bhopal State]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Karachi]]
[[Category:Pakistani princesses]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Begums of Bhopal]]

Loyola Higher Secondary School, Kuppayanallur

2026-02-22T17:09:16Z

Ab2030: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Loyola Higher Secondary School, Kuppayanallur
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| motto =
| type = [[Private school|Private]] secondary school
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic church|Catholicism]]
| status =
| gender = Co-educational
| denomination = [[Jesuit]]s
| affiliation =
| oversight = Jesuits Chennai Mission
| affiliations = 
| administrator =
| assst_admin =
| rector =
| director =
| president =
| principal =
| asst principal =
| dean =
| headmaster =
| staff = 33
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment = {{ubl|770 students|{{circa|70%}} [[Dalit]]}}
| grades = 6 through 12<ref>[http://ignatiansolidarity.net/blog/2012/02/24/teach-brian Canisius College intern. Accessed 14 August 2016.]</ref>
| tuition =
| established = {{Start date and age|1995|06|12|df=y}}
| address =
| city = Kuppayanallur, [[Kanchipuram district]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| province =
| country = India
| postal_code =
| coordinates = {{Coord|12|35|50|N|79|45|31|E|display=title,inline|region:IN-TN_type:edu}}
| accreditation =
| campus =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| colors =
| athletics =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| yearbook =
| publication =
| newspaper =
| national_ranking =
| website =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
}}
'''Loyola Higher Secondary School''' is a [[private school|private]] [[Catholic school|Catholic]] secondary school located in Kuppayanallur, in the [[Kanchipuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The [[Tamil language|Tamil-medium]], co-educational high school was founded by the [[Jesuit]]s in 1995<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jesuitchennaimission.org/about-us/|title=Jesuit Chennai Mission|website=jesuitchennaimission.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref> and educates students from grades six through twelve.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==History==

Loyola Higher Secondary School was upgraded from the parish primary school in Ongur, a close-by village, to a middle school, then a high school and finally to a higher secondary school.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mdusj.org/index.php/loyola-h-s-school-kuppayanallur |title=Loyola Higher Secondary School, Kuppayanallur |work= |publisher=Jesuit Madurai Province |date=2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 }}</ref> The first batch of 59 SSLC Students wrote their public exam in 1997 and secured 71% pass, which had risen to 95.4% in 2007. The school is recognized but not aided by the Tamil Nadu government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/revised/29_Kancheepuram.pdf |title=Kanchipuram district |publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Government]] |date= |access-date=14 August 2016 }}</ref> It is a co-educational Tamil-medium school run by the Jesuits preferentially for the education of the [[Dalit]] children of the four Jesuit parishes and more than 20 villages.<ref>[https://files.itslearning.com/data/1049/3/Pondicherry/NFundNewslettSpring10.pdf Nevett Fund. Accessed 14 August 2016.]</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]
* [[List of schools in Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu|state=autocollapse}}
{{Jesuit Schools of India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Schools in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Tamil-language schools]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Jamuguri Academy High School

2026-02-21T09:34:58Z

Ab2030: started a article - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}
{{overly detailed|date=November 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jamuguri Academy
| native_name =
| logo =
| seal_image =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| location =
| address =
| city = Niz Borbhogia, Naduar block, [[Sontipur district]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| postal_code = 784180
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7114|N|92.9250|E|display=inline}}
| fundingtype =
| established = 1960
| founder =
| school_board = [[Secondary Education Board of Assam]]
| headmaster = Mukul Baruah
| staff =
| faculty = 12 (7 male, 5 female)
| key_people =
| grades = 6-10
| gender = [[Mixed-sex education|coed]]
| enrollment =
| enrollment_as_of =
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| classrooms = 6
| houses =
| accreditation =
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliations =
| alumni =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jamuguri Academy''' is a school in [[Assam]] state of [[India]]. It is an Upper Primary with Secondary School located in the Niz Borbhogia village of Naduar [[tehsil]]. It was established in the year 1961, and is now managed by the state's Department of Education. It's an [[Assamese language|Assamese]] medium co-educational school.

Jamuguri Academy runs in a government school building. The lowest Class is 6 and the highest class in the school is 10. There is a library facility available in this school.

This school does not have a playground or residential facilities. The school provides [[mid-day meal scheme|mid-day meal]] facility, and the meals are prepared in school.

== History ==

The school was originally established in 1960, by the village ''raij''{{which lang|date=May 2020}} (a general body composed of the eldest male from each family). It was later taken over by the state government.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwdJAQAAIAAJ |title=Socio-cultural and political role of the namghar in Assam |author=Abhijit Bhuyan |publisher=Towards Freedom |year=2007 |page=38 |isbn=9788182060081 }}</ref>

== Other details ==

{| class="wikitable"
|Cluster Name
|Jamuguri model
|-
|School Category
|Upper Primary with Secondary
|-
|School Management
|Department of Education
|-
|Mid-Day Meal
|Provided and Prepared in School Premises
|-
|Location Type
|Rural
|-
|School Building Type
|Government Building
|-
|No. of Books in Library ≈
|500
|-
|No. of Computers ≈
|10
|-
|Drinking Water Type
|Tube-Well
|-
|Playground
|✔
|-
|Books Library
|✔
|-
|Residential Facility
|✖
|-
|Pre-Primary Section
|✖
|-
|Medical Check-Up
|✔
|}

== See also ==

* [[Education in Assam]]
* [[Board of Secondary Education, Assam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Assam]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1960]]
[[Category:Sonitpur district]]

Church of South India

2026-02-17T18:47:51Z

Ab2030: updated

{{Short description|United Protestant church in South India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = Church of South India
| image = Church of South India.png
| caption = Logo of the Church of South India
| main_classification = [[Protestant]]
| orientation = [[United and uniting churches|United and uniting]]
| polity = Mixed polity with [[episcopal polity|episcopal]], [[congregational polity|congregational]], and [[presbyterian polity|presbyterian]] elements<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.csisynod.com/history.php |publisher=Church of South India |access-date=22 August 2020 |language=en |year=2010 |quote=The Church of South India is the result of the union of churches of varying traditions Anglican, Methodist, Congregational, Presbyterian, and Reformed. It was inaugurated in September 1947, after protracted negotiation among the churches concerned. Organized into 22 dioceses, each under the spiritual supervision of a bishop, the church as a whole is governed by a synod, which elects a moderator (presiding bishop) every 23 years. Episcopacy is thus combined with Synodical government, and the church explicitly recognizes that Episcopal, Presbyterian, and congregational elements are all necessary for the church's life. |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214005331/https://www.csisynod.com/history.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Watkins">{{cite book |last1=Watkins |first1=Keith |title=The American Church that Might Have Been: A History of the Consultation on Church Union |date=3 November 2014 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-63087-744-6 |pages=14–15 |language=en |quote=The Church of South India created a polity that recognized Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Congregational elements and developed a book of worship that bridged the liturgical traditions that came into this new church. It set up a plan by which existing ministries were accepted while including processes which would lead to the time, a generation later, when all ministers would have been ordained by bishops in apostolic succession. The Church of South India was important as a prototype for a new American church because two factors had come together: the cross-confessional nature of its constituent parts and the intention to be, in effect, the Protestant Christian presence in communities all across the southern territories of its nation.}}</ref>
| founder =
| founded_date = 27 September 1947 (Day of Union, not date of establishment)
| founded_place = [[Tranquebar]], Tamil Nadu (Presently Under the Pastorate of Karaikal - Tranquebar, Tiruchirappalli - Thanjavur Diocese)
| separated_from =
| leader_title = Moderator
| leader_name = The Most Rev. [[K. Reuben Mark]]
| leader_title1 = Deputy Moderator
| leader_name1 = The Rt. Rev. [[V. S. Francis]]
| leader_title2 = General Secretary
| leader_name2 = Adv. C. Fernandas Rathina Raja
| leader_title3 = Hon. Treasurer
| leader_name3 = B. Vimal Sukumar
| branched_from =
| merger = [[Church of India, Burma and Ceylon]] (Anglican), the southern district of the [[Methodist Church]], South India United Church (which was a union in 1904 of the Continental Reformed, Presbyterian and Congregational Churches), Basel Mission Churches in South India<ref name="WMC2020"/>
| separations = [[Anglican Church of India]] (1964) [[Anglican Catholic Church]] (1984)
| fellowships = [[Christian Conference of Asia]], [[National Council of Churches in India]], [[Communion of Churches in India]]
| associations = [[Anglican Communion]], [[World Methodist Council]], [[World Council of Churches]], [[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]
| area = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Telangana]] and [[Sri Lanka]]
| hospitals = 104<ref name="About CSI"/>
| nursing_homes =
| aid =
| congregations = 14,000<ref name="CWM Official website: CSI">{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=CWM Communications |title=Member Church Feature: Church of South India (CSI) |url=https://www.cwmission.org/member-church-feature-church-of-south-india-csi/ |website=Council for World Mission |date=7 March 2018 |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411183110/https://www.cwmission.org/member-church-feature-church-of-south-india-csi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="About CSI"/>
| members = 4,500,000 - 5,000,000
| ministers = 3,300<ref name="CWM Official website: CSI" />
| missionaries =
| temples =
| primary_schools =
| secondary_schools = 2000 schools, 130 colleges<ref name="About CSI"/>
| tertiary =
| footnotes =
| abbreviation = CSI
| website = {{URL|https://www.csi1947.com/}}
}}
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
The '''Church of South India''' ('''CSI''') is a [[united and uniting churches|united Protestant Church]] in [[India]]. It is the result of union of a number of [[Christian denomination|Protestant denominations]] in [[South India]] that occurred after the independence of India.<ref name="WMC2020"/><ref>Author:Sushil Mittal, Gene Thursby -Religions of South Asia: An Introduction</ref> With a membership of over 4.5 million - 5 million,<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSI Holy Trinity Church, Albany, NY - Church of South India |url=https://www.csialbany.org/about/church-of-south-india |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.csialbany.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CSI Malabar Diocese |url=https://csidioceseofmalabar.com/History |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=csidioceseofmalabar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=CWM Communications |date=2022-10-11 |title=Church of South India celebrates 75th anniversary, calls for an end to discrimination against the casteless - Council for World Mission |url=https://www.cwmission.org/church-of-south-india-celebrates-75th-anniversary-calls-for-an-end-to-discrimination/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=19 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519061033/https://www.cwmission.org/church-of-south-india-celebrates-75th-anniversary-calls-for-an-end-to-discrimination/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Church |url=https://www.allsaintscsi.org/the-church |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=allsaintscsi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Conger |first=George |date=2016-10-31 |title=Church of South India facing a constitutional crisis |url=https://anglican.ink/2016/10/30/church-of-south-india-facing-a-constitutional-crisis/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Anglican Ink © 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> it is the second-largest [[Christianity|Christian]] church based on the number of members in India.

The Church of South India is the successor of a number of Protestant denominations in India, including the four southern dioceses of the [[Church of India, Burma and Ceylon]] ([[Anglican]]), the South India United Church ([[Congregationalist]], [[Presbyterian]] and [[Continental Reformed]]), and the southern district of the [[Methodist Church]].<ref name="Shelley2013">{{cite book |last1=Shelley |first1=Bruce |title=Church History in Plain Language: Fourth Edition |date=10 December 2013 |publisher=Zondervan Academic |isbn=978-1-4016-7685-8 |language=en |quote=Outside the United States the most significant merger was the Church of South India, formed in 1947 through the union of three religious bodies: the Anglican Church of India, Burma and Ceylon; the South India Province of the Methodist Church; and the South India United Church, itself the result of a movement that brought Presbyterian, Congregational, and Dutch Reformed bodies into the union.}}</ref><ref name="oikoumene.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/church-of-south-india |title=oikoumene.org|date=January 1948 |publisher=Oikoumene.org |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref>

The Church of South India is a member of the [[Anglican Communion]], [[World Methodist Council]] and [[World Communion of Reformed Churches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church.aspx?church=north-india|title=The Church of North India (United)|publisher=Anglican Communion Office|access-date=17 September 2018|quote=Along with the Church of South India, the Church of Pakistan, and the Church of Bangladesh, it [the Church of a North India] is one of the four United Churches.}}</ref><ref name="WMC2020">{{cite web |title=Church of South India |date=9 November 2019 |url=https://worldmethodistcouncil.org/member-churches/name/india-church-of-south-india-bangalore-episcopal-area/ |publisher=[[World Methodist Council]] |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=en|quote=The Church of South India is a United Church that came into existence on 27 September 1947. The churches that came into the union were the Anglican Church, the Methodist Church, and the South India United Church (a union in 1904 of the Presbyterian and Congregational churches). Later the Basel Mission Churches in South India also joined the Union. The Church of South India is the first example in church history of the union of Episcopal and non-Episcopal churches, and is thus one of the early pioneers of the ecumenical movement. The CSI strives to maintain fellowship with all those branches of the church which the uniting churches enjoyed before the union. It is a member of the World Methodist Council, the Anglican Consultative Council, the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, the Council for World Mission, and the Association of Missions and Churches in South West Germany.}}</ref> It is one of four [[united and uniting churches|united Protestant churches]] in the Anglican Communion, World Methodist Council and World Communion of Reformed Churches, with the others being the [[Church of North India]], the [[Church of Pakistan]], and the [[Church of Bangladesh]].

Being a United Protestant denomination, the inspiration for the Church of South India came from [[ecumenism]] and the words of [[Jesus]] as recorded in the [[Gospel of John]] ([[John 17:21|17.21]]); as such "That they all may be one" is the motto of the Church of South India.<ref name="About CSI">{{cite web |url= http://www.csimichigan.org/ChurchofSouthIndia.html |title= Church of South India International Resource Center |website=CSI Congregation of Great Lakes, Michigan |access-date=11 January 2013 |year=2007}}</ref>

==History==

===Origins===
Four different church traditions were brought together in the CSI: Anglican, Congregational, Presbyterian, and Methodist. All these churches had been established in India through the missionary work of churches in Europe, America, and Australia, which had started their work in India at different periods from the beginning of the 18th century.

The Church of South India Scheme was the first practical attempt of its kind toward a union, on the basis of the following points enunciated in the [[Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral]]:
* The Holy Scripture of the Old and the New Testaments as containing all things necessary to salvation and as being the rule and ultimate standard of faith.
* The Apostles' Creed as the Baptismal Symbol and the Nicene Creed as sufficient statement of the Christian faith.
* The two sacraments, ordained by Christ Himself — Baptism and the Supper of the Lord — ministered with the unfailing use of Christ's words of Institution and elements ordained by Him.
* The [[Historic episcopate (Anglican views)|Historic Episcopate]], locally adapted in the methods of its administration to the varying need of the nations and people called of God into the union of His Church.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Randall Thomas |title=The five Lambeth Conferences |date=1920 |publisher=London : S.P.C.K. |url=https://archive.org/details/fivelambethconfe00lambuoft/page/n5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The historic episcopate in Anglican ecclesiology the esse perspective |journal=Consensus |year=1986 |volume=12 |issue=1 |url=https://scholars.wlu.ca/consensus/vol12/iss1/7/ |language=en |issn=2369-2685}}</ref>

The first three points could be accepted without any controversial question. But the fourth became contentious, as the Anglican Church maintained [[episcopal polity]] within the [[historical episcopate]] and believed that all its bishops and priests could trace an unbroken line of succession from [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]]; whereas the rest of the churches in the negotiations conformed to other [[Ecclesiastical polity|ecclesiastical polities]] and did not subscribe to the Anglican views on [[apostolic succession]]. After extensive dialogues, an agreement was reached that all who were already ordained in any of the uniting churches would be received as ministers in the united Church; provided all new [[Holy orders|ordinations]] after the union, would be conferred by [[Episcopal polity|episcopally ordained]] bishops of the united Church, with the imposition of hands. The intention was to introduce an episcopate in historic succession [[Historic episcopate (Anglican views)|(from Anglicanism)]] into the new united Church and to ensure its maintenance in the future, by keeping all subsequent ordinations episcopal.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Lausanne, Lambeth and South India, by N.P. Williams (1930) |website=Anglicanhistory.org |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/india/lausanne1930.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Some Comments on the South India Scheme |website=Anglicanhistory.org |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/india/fhood.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100520169|title=Church of South India|website=Oxford Reference}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Lambeth Conference and the Union of Churches in South India. -- |url=https://biblehub.com/library/schaff/the_creeds_of_the_evangelical_protestant_churches/iii_the_lambeth_conference_and.htm |website=biblehub.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Church of South India Contributes to Anglican Communion |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/1999/09/church-of-south-india-contributes-to-anglican-communion.aspx |website=anglicannews.org |language=en-gb}}</ref>

The Church of South India as it exists today came into being with the perseverance and committed efforts of Rev. Vedam Santiago,{{Citation needed|reason=No visible citation; |date=September 2021}} who for a long period of time took leadership of the SIUC, the South Indian United Churches, which later, with the joint efforts of Rev. V Santiago{{Citation needed|reason=No visible citation; |date=September 2021}} and Bishop Azariah became the Church of South India.

=== Formation ===
The Church of South India union ceremony happened at [[St. George's Cathedral Chennai|St George's Cathedral in Madras]] on 27 September 1947, a month after India achieved its independence from the [[United Kingdom]]. It was formed from the union of the SIUC, (South India United Church itself a union of churches from the [[Congregational church|Congregational]], [[Presbyterian]] and [[Reformed church|Reformed]] traditions); the southern provinces of the (Anglican) [[Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon]]; and the Methodist Church of South India.<ref name="anglicancommunion.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.anglicancommunion.org/tour/province.cfm?ID=S3 |title= Anglican Communion official website – The Church of South India (United) |access-date=2008-06-21 }}</ref> The inaugural service was presided by Bishop Rt. Rev. [[Cherakarottu Korula Jacob|C. K. Jacob]], of the [[Anglican Bishop of Travancore and Cochin|Anglican diocese of Travancore and Cochin]].<ref name="anglican history 1947 inauguration">{{cite journal |title=The Order of Service for the Inauguration of Church Union in South India (1947) |website=Anglicanhistory.org |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/india/inauguration1947.html}}</ref> As part of it, nine new bishops, drawn from all the traditions, were consecrated to serve with five Anglican bishops already in the office.<ref name="anglican history 1947 inauguration" /> Each new bishop was ordained with the imposition of hands by the presiding bishop, along with two more Anglican bishops (Rt. Rev. [[Michael Hollis]] and Rt. Rev. [[George Selwyn (bishop of Tinnevelly)|George Selwyn]]) and six presbyters from the uniting Churches, also laying hands.<ref name="anglican history 1947 inauguration" /> This reconciliation of the Anglican views with those of the other uniting denominations, on the doctrine of [[apostolic succession]], realized in the formation of the Church of South India, is often cited as a landmark in the ecumenical movement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/locations/burke/fa/mrl/ldpd_4492556.pdf|title='A Church Is Born' Records, 1947 – 1948 Church of South India Inauguration|via=The Burke Library Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Church of South India and Reunion in England |journal=Biblicalstudies.org.uk |url=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/churchman/082-04_249.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Historic Episcopate in the Light of South Indian Experience |website=Churchsociety.org |url=http://churchsociety.org/docs/churchman/080/Cman_080_2_Paul.pdf |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924060518/https://churchsociety.org/docs/churchman/080/Cman_080_2_Paul.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="anglican history 1947 inauguration" />

[[File:Church of South India formation service.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Rt. Rev. C. K. Jacob presiding over the Church of South India inaugural service]]

[[File:George'sCathedral.jpg|thumb|right|300px|St George's Cathedral]]

==Logo==
The [[logo]] of the Church of South India consists of a [[Christian cross|Cross]] superimposed on a stylized [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus flower]] depicting split tongue for [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] in a white backdrop; around which the motto and name of the Church, is embossed.<ref name="CSI SYNOD">{{cite web |title=CSI SYNOD |url=https://csisynod.com/csi-synod-logo.php |website=csisynod.com |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208221349/https://www.csisynod.com/csi-synod-logo.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was designed by J. Vasanthan of the [[American College, Madurai]].

The imposing central position of the Cross denotes the foundation of the Church and its faith, while its four arms of the same length promulgates equality. The [[Padma (attribute)|Lotus flower]], called Pankaj meaning "mud-born" in [[Sanskrit]], has been of great spiritual and symbolic significance in India, since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lotus Flower |url=http://www.hinduismfacts.org/hindu-symbols/the-lotus-flower/ |website=Facts about Hindu Religion |date=2 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lotus Flower, Hindu Sacred Flower, Lotus Flower Symbolism |url=https://www.lotussculpture.com/my_articles_lotus.html |website=lotussculpture.com}}</ref> Its placement in the Logo, proclaims the indigenous nature of the Church of South India and its dependence on the grace of God, just as a Lotus that blooms at sunrise and closes at sunset, depends on the [[Sun]]. The stylized rendering, makes the Lotus petals simultaneously depict the fiery split tongues of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]. The motto of the CSI embossed on the logo, which is an excerpt of [[Jesus]]'s prayer in John 17:21, is used as an inclusive affirmation of the need for the unity of all people.<ref>{{cite web |title=CSI Logo |url=https://www.melbournecsichurch.org.au/her/logo/ |website=Melbourne CSI Church |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417203928/https://www.melbournecsichurch.org.au/her/logo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CSI SYNOD"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Church of South India |url=http://csiseafordchurch.org/home/history |website=csiseafordchurch.org|date=4 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Beliefs and practices==
The Church of South India is a [[Trinitarian]] Church that draws from the traditions and heritage of its constituent denominations. The Church accepts the [[Chalcedonian Christological Definition]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bindley |first1=T. Herbert (Thomas Herbert) |title=The oecumenical documents of the faith [microform]. The creed of Nicaea. Three epistles of Cyril. The tome of Leo. The Chalcedonian definition |url=https://archive.org/details/MN41552ucmf_1/page/n241 |publisher=London : Methuen & Co. |year=1899}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chalcedonian Definition |url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/glossary/chalcedonian-definition |website=Episcopal Church |language=en |date=22 May 2012}}</ref> as well as the [[Apostles' Creed]] and the [[Nicene Creed]]. Both creeds are included in the Church liturgy as the profession of [[faith]].<ref name="Beliefs and Practices">{{cite web |title=Beliefs and Practices |url=http://redeemercsichurch.org/beliefs-practices.php |website=redeemercsichurch.org |access-date=13 June 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407023758/http://redeemercsichurch.org/beliefs-practices.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://csimichigan.org/PDF/FIRST%20ORDER%20FOR%20MORNING%20AND%20EVENING%20WORSHIP.pdf|title=CSI Order of Service|website=CSI Congregation of Great Lakes, Michigan}}</ref> The Church practices [[infant baptism]] for children born in Christian homes and adult or [[believer's baptism]] for others. Baptized children are members of the church and share in the privileges and obligations of membership so far as they are capable of doing so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://csimichigan.org/PDF/HOLY%20BAPTISM%20OF%20INFANTS.pdf|title=Holy Baptism of Infants (CSI)|website=CSI Congregation of Great Lakes, Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://csimichigan.org/PDF/HOLY%20BAPTISM%20OF%20ADULTS.pdf|title=Holy Baptism of Persons Able to Answer for Themselves (CSI)|website=CSI Congregation of Great Lakes, Michigan}}</ref>

The Church of South India practices the [[Rite (Christianity)|rite]] of [[Confirmation]], by which the ''confirmands'' (those being confirmed) upon profession of their Christian faith, obtain confirmation of their baptisms and thereafter, get to partake fully in the privileges and obligations associated with Church membership. Secondarily, this is also a [[coming of age]] ceremony. Confirmation is almost always administered by a Bishop with the imposition of hands and occasionally by a Presbyter who is authorized to confirm.<ref name="Beliefs and Practices"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://csimichigan.org/PDF/CONFIRMATION.pdf|title=An Order of Service for the Reception of Baptized Persons into the Full Fellowship of the Church Commonly Called Confirmation (CSI)|website=CSI Congregation of Great Lakes, Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Confirmation |url=http://www.religionfacts.com/confirmation |website=ReligionFacts |language=en}}</ref>

=== Capital punishment ===
The Church of South India opposes the death penalty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csisynod.com/news_view.php?Id=52|title=CSI SYNOD|website=csisynod.com|access-date=2016-10-25|archive-date=30 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330025057/https://www.csisynod.com/news_view.php?Id=52|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Women's ordination ===
The CSI recommended the ordination of women to the priesthood in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can woman serve as pastor or ordained priest? |url=https://morungexpress.com/can-woman-serve-pastor-or-ordained-priest |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref> Since 1984, the CSI has ordained women to the priesthood.<ref name="Radhakrishnan2011" /> In 2013, the CSI consecrated its first female bishop, [[Pushpa Lalitha|Eggoni Pushpalalitha]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=ACNS staff|title=Church of South India appoints first female bishop|url=http://episcopaldigitalnetwork.com/ens/2013/09/25/church-of-south-india-appoints-first-female-bishop/|website=episcopaldigitalnetwork.com|publisher=Episcopal Digital Network|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053348/http://episcopaldigitalnetwork.com/ens/2013/09/25/church-of-south-india-appoints-first-female-bishop/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet India's first woman Bishop |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meet-indias-first-woman-bishop-535848 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The Church of South India, since 1984, has allowed [[Ordination of women in Protestant denominations|women's ordination]].<ref name="Radhakrishnan2011"/> Additionally, "it has taken up issues of gender, dalits and [[landlessness]]."<ref name="Radhakrishnan2011">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20110926-kerala-rising-cases-of-sexual-abuse-within-the-church-747702-2011-09-17|date=26 September 2011|author=M G Radhakrishnan|title=Rising cases of sexual abuse within the church in Kerala force clergy to rethink on homosexuality|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=2016-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Paul|first1=Cithara|title=Protestants support gay rights|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090805/jsp/frontpage/story_11322140.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914124004/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090805/jsp/frontpage/story_11322140.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2012|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=12 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.efionline.org/the-news/efi-news/58-current-issues/189-church-pressed-to-rethink-and-embrace-the-lgbt-community|title=Church pressed to rethink and embrace the LGBT community|last=deepak|website=efionline.org|access-date=2016-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828204418/http://www.efionline.org/the-news/efi-news/58-current-issues/189-church-pressed-to-rethink-and-embrace-the-lgbt-community|archive-date=28 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.christiantoday.co.in/article/church.urged.to.rethink.and.embrace.the.lgbt.community/4326.htm|title=Church pressed to rethink and embrace the LGBT community|last=Today|first=Christian|work=Christian Today|access-date=2018-01-29|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141718/http://www.christiantoday.co.in/article/church.urged.to.rethink.and.embrace.the.lgbt.community/4326.htm|archive-date=29 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== LGBTQIA+ Ordination and Beliefs ===
Many dioceses of the CSI church have confirmed that transgender persons may be ordained as clergy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/csi-to-ordain-transgender-a-priest/article2864240.ece|title=CSI to ordain transgender a priest|date=2012-02-06|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-04-29}}</ref> On [[transgender]] issues, the Diocese of Madras has a ministry specifically for transgender people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csimadrasdiocese.org/ministries.php?cat=13|title=Church of South India {{!}} CSI Chennai Diocese {{!}} CSI Diocese of Madras|website=www.csimadrasdiocese.org|access-date=2016-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213194541/http://www.csimadrasdiocese.org/ministries.php?cat=13|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, the denomination invited a transgender pastor to preach.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Transgender-in-a-fix-over-spiritual-path/articleshow/11787219.cms|title=Transgender in a fix over spiritual path - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 February 2012 |access-date=2016-05-01}}</ref>

In 2016, a seminary affiliated with the CSI offered a seminar on LGBT issues. "The [[Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary]] in Madurai held a two-hour seminar on gender and sexuality..."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/awesome-tamil-nadu-seminary-teaching-pastors-accept-lgbt-community-46577|title=Awesome! This Tamil Nadu seminary is teaching pastors to accept the LGBT community|date=2016-07-15|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref> Bishops and other clergy have supported LGBTQ inclusion through the church's publication, ''CSI Life''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Francis |first=V.S. |date=December 2023 |title=Finding Space for the Prince of Peace |url=https://csi-synod.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/s3/1707718191744CSILife-December20231707718192062.pdf |journal=CSI Life |volume=XXI |issue=12 |pages=8 |via=Church of South India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Peter |date=May 2023 |title=Promise & Transformation by the Holy Spirit |url=https://csi-synod.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/s3/1689244935287052023May1689244934947.pdf |journal=CSI Life |volume=XXI |issue=5 |pages=5–8 |via=Church of South India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Sunil |date=March 2023 |title=THE CROSS : FORGIVING, ACCEPTING, LIBERATING AND RESTORING CHRIST |journal=CSI Life |volume=XXI |issue=3 |pages=5–6 |via=Church of South India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Palanna |first=Samuel |date=November 2022 |title=The Ethics of the Covenantal Open Church Amidst the Challenges of the Contractual Open World |url=https://csi-synod.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/s3/1673496874169CSILife-November20221673497548179.pdf |journal=CSI Life |volume=XX |issue=11 |pages=5–8 |via=Church of South India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephen |first=Alfred |date=September 2022 |title=Mission Statement, Mission Priorities and Mission Consultation |url=https://csi-synod.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/s3/1673496228386CSILife-September20221673497062631.pdf |journal=CSI Life |volume=XX |issue=9 |pages=4–5 |via=Church of South India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=John |first=Maxcin |date=July 2022 |title=Theological Education An Eye of a Reader, Tongue of a Teacher and Ears of a Servant |url=https://csi-synod.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/s3/1672639339901CSILife-July20221672639344548.pdf |journal=CSI Life |volume=XX |issue=7 |pages=24 |via=Church of South India}}</ref>

The [[National Council of Churches in India]], of which the CSI is a member, supported the legalization of consensual same-sex relationships in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-04 |title=Protestants cool with verdict on homosexuality |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/protestants-cool-with-verdict-on-homosexuality-53514-2009-08-03 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=voltaire |date=2018-01-23 |title=India's National Council of Churches Advocates for Repeal of Section 377 - Singapore News |url=https://theindependent.sg/indias-national-council-of-churches-advocates-for-repeal-of-section-377/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=The Independent Singapore News |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2015, [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore]] hosted an event, co-led by the Rev. Vincent Rajkumar, aimed at denouncing homophobia.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Silthou|first1=Makepeace|title=A Theological Challenge to Christian Homophobia|url=http://thewire.in/2015/12/09/a-theological-challenge-to-christian-homophobia-16685/|work=The Wire|access-date=12 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211203604/http://thewire.in/2015/12/09/a-theological-challenge-to-christian-homophobia-16685/|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> CSI clergy, working with the [[National Council of Churches in India]] also co-led a consultation speaking out against homophobia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://josephgoh.org/?p=525|title=International Consultation on Church and Homophobia|date=2014-12-08|website=Joseph N. Goh|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-23}}</ref> The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) listed the Church of South India as being among the Anglican provinces open to [[Blessing of same-sex unions in Christian churches|blessing same-sex couples]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Church split over homosexuality would be a failure - Welby|work=BBC News |date=11 January 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35278124|access-date=12 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanghamam.com/readnews.php?id=8588|title=സവവരഗ രതിയം വിവാഹവം: ആംഗലികകന കമയണിയനില ഭിനനത രകഷം|website=sanghamam.com|language=EN|access-date=2017-05-04|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170135/https://www.sanghamam.com/readnews.php?id=8588|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Liturgy==
The CSI Synod Liturgical Congress has developed several new orders for worship for different occasions.<ref name="csimichigan.org">{{Cite web|url=http://csimichigan.org/Liturgy.htm|title=Church of South India Liturgy: CSI Order of Services|website=CSI Congregation of Great Lakes, Michigan}}</ref> The order for the Communion service, known as the CSI Liturgy, has been internationally acclaimed as an important model for new liturgies. The committee has also produced three different cycles of lectionaries for daily Bible readings and "propers", and collects for Communion services. In addition, the committee has also brought out a supplement to the Book of Common Worship.<ref name="csimichigan.org"/> Cherishing the [[reformation]] principle of worship in the native language, the CSI liturgy and [[church service]]s are completely in the vernacular, in all the different [[South India]]n states and [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Sri Lanka]], which comprise its [[ecclesiastical province]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Where worship began with Canarese hymns |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/jan/18/where-worship-began-with-canarese-hymns-1561037.html |website=The New Indian Express|date=19 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Book of Common Prayer in Tamil (1885) |url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/India/Tamil1885.html |website=justus.anglican.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anglicans Online: Books of Common Prayer |url=http://anglicansonline.org/resources/bcp.html |website=anglicansonline.org}}</ref>

==Observances and festivals==
The important observances and festivals include [[Lent]] (including its first day, [[Ash Wednesday]]), [[Passion Week]], [[Palm Sunday]], [[Maundy Thursday]], [[Good Friday]], [[Easter]], [[Ascension Thursday]], [[Pentecost]], [[Lammas]] and [[Christmas]].<ref name="Denominations 1">{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oTtcFiGbW2kC&q=lent+lutheran+catholic+methodist&pg=PA98| title = Comparative Religion For Dummies|publisher=[[For Dummies]]|quote=This is the day Lent begins. Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in ashes on their foreheads. The ashes drawn on ancient tradition represent repentance before God. The holiday is part of Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Methodist, and Episcopalian liturgies, among others| isbn = 9781118052273|year=2011}}</ref>

==Constitution==
The Constitution of the CSI is the key document that governs the administration and management of the church. It comprises 14 chapters detailing rules for the functioning of the Church at every level, from local congregations to the pastorate, dioceses and the Synod.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution |url=http://redeemercsichurch.org/constitution.php |website=redeemercsichurch.org |access-date=1 July 2019 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426021727/http://redeemercsichurch.org/constitution.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most important part of the CSI Constitution is "The Governing Principles of the Church" which sets out 21 governing principles on which the other chapters of the Constitution and the rules contained therein rest. While amending any part of the Constitution can be approved by a two-thirds majority of the Synod, amending the Governing Principles requires a three-fourths majority.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Constitution of the Church of South India |publisher=Christian Literature Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AstWAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:UOM39015069848920|year=1952 }}</ref>

==Ecumenism==
As a [[united and uniting churches|united Protestant Church]], the Church of South Indian is a member of the [[World Methodist Council]], as well as the [[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]; as a constituent member of the [[Anglican Communion]] its bishops participate in the [[Lambeth Conferences]].<ref name="WMC2020"/> It also has representation in the [[Anglican Consultative Council]].<ref name="WMC2020"/> Consequently, the CSI is in full communion with the [[Old Catholic Church]]es of the [[Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)|Union of Utrecht]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.occus.org/old-catholic-church|title=Old Catholic Church in the United States|website=Old Catholic Confederation}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Old-Catholic churches|website=World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/old-catholic-churches |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Philippine Independent Church|Philippine Independent Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Anglican Communion: Churches in Communion |journal=Anglican Communion Website |url=https://www.anglicancommunion.org/ecumenism/churches-in-communion.aspx |language=en}}</ref> It is a member of the [[World Council of Churches]], the [[World Alliance of Reformed Churches]], [[Christian Conference of Asia]] and the [[National Council of Churches in India]]. Through the [[Communion of Churches in India]], it is also in partnership and full communion with the [[Church of North India]] and the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]].

The Church of South India maintains close partnerships with the [[Church of Scotland]], [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church of the United States]], [[Methodist Church of Great Britain]], [[Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap)|Presbyterian Church in Korea]], [[Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea]], [[Presbyterian Church of India]], [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]], [[Reformed Church in America]], [[United Church of Christ]] and the [[Uniting Church in Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSI 1947 |url=https://csi1947.com/about/partners_screen |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=csi1947.com}}</ref>

==Administration==
The church accepts the [[Lambeth Quadrilateral]] as its basis and recognises the [[Episcopal polity|historical episcopate]] in its constitutional form.<ref name="WCC-CSI">{{cite web|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/asia/india/church-of-south-india.html|title=World Council of Churches – The Church of South India|access-date=2008-06-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611024524/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/asia/india/church-of-south-india.html|archive-date=11 June 2008}}</ref> Like [[Anglican ministry|Anglican]] and most other [[Episcopal polity|episcopal]] Churches, the ministry of the Church of South India is structured with three [[holy orders]] of [[bishop]]s, [[priest]]s and [[deacon]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Packer |first=J. I. |url=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/churchman/082-04_249.pdf|title=The Church of South India and Reunion in England|journal=The Churchman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Final Action on the Church of South India by General Convention 1958 |date=24 July 2018 |url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/document/final-action-church-south-india-general-convention-1958 |language=en |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811133953/https://episcopalchurch.org/library/document/final-action-church-south-india-general-convention-1958 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.csicod.org/ORDINATIONOFPRESBYTERS.pdf|title=Orders for the Ordination of Deacons/Deaconesses; The Ordination of Presbyters; The Consecration of Bishops|website=Church of South India: Congregation of Dallas|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026123334/http://www.csicod.org/ORDINATIONOFPRESBYTERS.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Synod==
{{main|Church of South India Synod}}
The church is governed by a [[synod]] based in [[Chennai]] and headed by a [[presiding bishop]] bearing the title of Moderator, who is elected every three years. The officers were elected for a three-year term at the Synod meeting. The present officers of the synod are The Rt. Rev. K. Reuben Mark, Deputy Moderator & Moderator in-charge, CSI, Adv. C. Fernandas Rathina Raja, General Secretary, CSI, B. Vimal Sukumar, Hon.Treasurer, CSI.

The church runs 2,300 schools, 150 colleges and 104 hospitals in South India. In the 1960s the church became conscious of its social responsibility and started organising rural development projects. There are 50 such projects all over India, 50 training centres for young people and 600 residential hostels for a total of 50,000 children.<ref name="About CSI"/>

==Dioceses==
The church is further divided into twenty-six [[diocese]]s, each under the supervision of a [[bishop]], including one diocese encompassing [[Jaffna]], [[Sri Lanka]]. The dioceses are governed by diocesan councils composed of all [[clergy]] in the diocese as well as lay people elected from the local congregations.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.csi-kanyakumari.org/About.htm |title= About Kanyakumari Diocese |access-date= 2008-06-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080827195230/http://www.csi-kanyakumari.org/About.htm |archive-date= 27 August 2008 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Each church will have representation in diocesan council based on their membership. The diocese is headed by the Bishop, who is a presbyter elected through the Diocesan Council. He is considered as the head of the diocese and all the institutions belonging to the diocese. Other than the Bishop, the following are the important administrative posts of each diocese:
*Clergy Secretary: Manages all the activities of the pastoral & evangelical workers in the diocese
*Lay Secretary: Manages all the lay workers' activities in the diocese
*Educational Secretary: Manages all educational institutions and the workers of those institutions
*Diocesan Treasurer: Manages all the income and expenditures of the diocese.
The Diocesan Council also consists of Diocesan Executive Committee, Diocesan Standing Committee, and Pastorate Committee.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!Name
!Headquarters
!Location
!Bishop (The Right Reverend)
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Krishna-Godavari Diocese of the Church of South India|Krishna-Godavari Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Machilipatnam]]
| rowspan="3" style="width:15%; vertical-align:top;"|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[George Cornelious|T. George Cornelious]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Nandyal Diocese of the Church of South India|Nandyal Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Nandyal]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[K. Santhosh Prasanna Rao]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Rayalaseema Diocese of the Church of South India|Rayalaseema Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Kadapa]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[P. Issac Vara Prasad]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India|Dornakal Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Dornakal]]
| rowspan="3" style="width:15%; vertical-align:top;"|[[Telangana]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[K. Padmarao]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Diocese of Medak of the Church of South India|Medak Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Medak]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Commissary#Ecclesiastical|Moderator's Commissary]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Karimnagar Diocese of the Church of South India|Karimnagar Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Karimnagar]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Reuben Mark|K. Reuben Mark]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Central Karnataka Diocese of the Church of South India|Karnataka Central Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Bangalore]]
| rowspan="3" style="width:15%; vertical-align:top;"|[[Karnataka]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Vincent Vinod Kumar]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Karnataka Northern Diocese of the Church of South India|Karnataka Northern Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Dharwad]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Martin C Borgai]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Karnataka Southern Diocese of the Church of South India|Karnataka Southern Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Mangalore]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[HemaChandra Kumar]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[East Kerala Diocese of the Church of South India|East Kerala Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Melukavu]]
| rowspan="6" style="width:15%; vertical-align:top;"|[[Kerala]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[VS Francis]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Kochi Diocese of the Church of South India|Cochin Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Kochi]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Kurian Peter]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Kollam-Kottarakkara Diocese of the Church of South India|Kollam-Kottarakara Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Kollam]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Jose George]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Madhya Kerala Diocese of the Church of South India|Madhya Kerala Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Kottayam]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Sabu Koshy Cherian|Malayil Sabu Koshy Cherian]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Malabar Diocese of the Church of South India|Malabar Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Kozhikode]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Royce Manoj Kumar Victor]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[South Kerala Diocese of the Church of South India|South Kerala Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Trivandrum]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Commissary#Ecclesiastical|Moderator's Commissary]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Diocese of Coimbatore of the Church of South India|Coimbatore Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Coimbatore]]
| rowspan="9" style="width:15%; vertical-align:top;" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[S. Prince Calvin]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Diocese of Erode-Salem of the Church of South India|Erode-Salem Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[A. Jacob Livingston]] (died)
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Diocese of Kanyakumari of the Church of South India|Kanyakumari Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Nagercoil]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[S. Christopher Vijayan]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Anglican Diocese of Madras|Madras Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Chennai]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Paul Francis Ravichandran]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the Church of South India|Madurai-Ramnad Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Madurai]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Jeyasingh Prince Prabhakaran]]

|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Thoothukudi - Nazareth Diocese of the Church of South India|Thoothukudi-Nazareth Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Thoothukudi]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Commissary#Ecclesiastical|Moderator's Commissary]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Tirunelveli Diocese of the Church of South India|Tirunelveli Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Tirunelveli]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[A.R.G.S.T. Barnabas]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Trichy-Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India|Trichy-Tanjore Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
| style="width:30%;"| [[S. Samuel Rajadurai]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Anglican Diocese of Vellore|Vellore Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Vellore]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Sharma Nithiyanandam]]
|-
| style="width:20%;"|[[Jaffna Diocese of the Church of South India|Jaffna Diocese]]
| style="width:15%;"|[[Jaffna]]
| rowspan="1" style="width:15%; vertical-align:top;"|[[Sri Lanka]]
| style="width:30%;"|[[Veluppillai Pathmathyalan]]
|}
[[File:Church of South India Dioceses.jpg|400px|right|Church of South India Dioceses and headquarters.]]

==Affiliations==

===Theological education===
The church recognizes theological degrees granted by institutions affiliated with the [[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]]. These include:

* [[Kerala United Theological Seminary]] (KUTS), [[Trivandrum]], Kerala
* [[Mennonite Brethren Centenary Bible College]] (MBCBC), [[Shamshabad]], Telangana
* [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] (ACTC), [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], Telangana
* [[Bethel Bible College, Guntur|Bethel Bible College]] (BBC), [[Guntur]], Andhra Pradesh
* [[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College|Gurukul Lutheran Theological College & Research Institute]] (GLTCRI), [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
* [[Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary]] (TTS), [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu
* [[Union Biblical Seminary]] (UBS), [[Pune]], Maharashtra
* [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] (UTC), Karnataka
* [[South Asia Theological Research Institute]] (SATHRI), [[Bangalore]], Karnataka
* [[Karnataka Theological College]] (KTC), [[Mangalore]], Karnataka
* Bishops College (BC), [[Calcutta]], West Bengal
* [[Serampore College]] (SC), [[Serampore]], West Bengal

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Anglican Communion]]
* [[Church of North India]]
* [[Christianity in India]]
* [[Christianity in Kerala]]
* [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Christianity in Karnataka]]
* [[Telugu Christian]]
* [[St. Thomas Christians]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Church of South India}}
* [http://www.csisynod.com/ CSI Synod] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829024131/https://www.csisynod.com/ |date=29 August 2018 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130530133045/http://churchofsouthindia.org/ Church of South India, General Secretary]
* [https://www.csidallaschurch.org Church of South India, Dallas, Texas, USA]
* [https://www.csitoronto.org/ Church of South India, Toronto, Ontario, Canada]
* [https://karnatakacentral.csi1947.com Church of South India, Karnataka Central Diocese, India]
* [https://www.csimadrasdiocese.org Church of South India, Diocese of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India]
*[https://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/document/final-action-church-south-india-general-convention-1958 Final Action on the Church of South India by General Convention 1958] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811133953/https://episcopalchurch.org/library/document/final-action-church-south-india-general-convention-1958 |date=11 August 2020 }}
*[https://csimadhyakeraladiocese.org/ CSI Madhyakerala Diocese Website]

{{Anglican Churches}}
{{Christianity in Sri Lanka}}
{{Churches in India}}
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Church of South India| ]]
[[Category:Anglican Communion church bodies|India, South]]
[[Category:Members of the World Communion of Reformed Churches]]
[[Category:Protestantism in India]]
[[Category:Christian denominations established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Christianity in Telangana]]
[[Category:Members of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches|India, South]]
[[Category:Members of the World Council of Churches|India, South]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1947]]
[[Category:Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Affiliated institutions of the National Council of Churches in India]]
[[Category:Anglicanism in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Affirming Christian denominations in Asia]]

Sridhar Lagadapati

2026-02-06T21:42:41Z

Ab2030: started new stub first draft

{{Short description|Businessperson (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sridhar Lagadapati
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Producer
| years_active = 2005{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Sridhar Lagadapati''' (born 14 June 1968) is an Indian producer who works in [[Telugu film]]s. He is the founder and head of Sirisuns Entertainment (Earlier Larsco Entertainment), a company based in Hyderabad (Telangana, India). Sirisuns produces films (under the banner of [[Ramalakshmi Cine Creations]]) and content for Television. Sridhar’s wife, Sirisha Lagadapati is the co-founder and partner alongside Sridhar in all aspects of Sirisuns.<ref>{{cite news|last=Business Standard|title=Sirisha Sridhar's Plans for Sirisuns in 2005|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=15 June 2005|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/lanco-entertainment-arm-lines4-more-films/216536/}}</ref>

==Biography==
Sridhar Lagadapati was the co-founder of [[Lanco Infratech]] Ltd., along with his brothers [[Lagadapati Rajagopal|Rajagopal Lagadapati]] and Madhusudhan Lagadapati. Lanco<ref>{{cite web|last=Economic Times|first=India Times|title=Lanco|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/lanco-infratech-ltd/infocompanymanagement/companyid-1793.cms}}</ref> is an integrated infrastructure developer with interests in Power, Infrastructure, Construction and Property Development. After Sridhar founded Sirisuns (then Larsco Entertainment) in 2003, he gradually shifted his focus from Lanco Infratech (where he was then the Vice Chairman of the group) to Sirisuns Entertainment. Today,{{when|date=September 2018}} he is still a key executive and promoter of Lanco Infratech<ref>{{cite web|last=moneycontrol.com|title=Sridhar L Vice Chairman Lanco Infratech|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/lancoinfratech/management/LI10}}</ref> and continues in the capacity of Director in several of Lanco Infratech’s group companies.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

After his return from the USA, Sridhar married Sirisha in 1995. Around this time Sridhar was also appointed Joint Managing Director of Lanco Infratech Limited (formerly Lanco Constructions). Subsequently, Sridhar took lead of the company as its Managing Director and then, as its Vice-Chairman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Moneycontrol.com|title=Sridhar as Vice Chairman of Lanco Infratech|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/lancoinfratech/management/LI10}}</ref> By 2003, he set up Sirisuns Entertainment along with Sirisha. He lives in [[Jubilee Hills]] at Hyderabad with his wife Sirisha and their two sons including Sahidev Vikram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Child actor Vikram Sahidev elated|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150721/entertainment-tollywood/article/child-actor-vikram-sahidev-elated|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=21 July 2015|publisher=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited|access-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

Sridhar is a trustee of Lanco Foundation<ref>{{cite web|last=Lanco LIGHT|first=Foundation|title=Sridhar L on Board of Trustees, Lanco LIGHT|url=http://www.lancogroup.com/DynTestform.aspx?pageid=57}}</ref> (Earlier called LIGHT - Lanco Institute of General & Humanitarian Trust), and is the Managing Trustee of Sri Prasahi Charities, a personal charity founded by Sridhar and Sirisha.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Evadi Gola Vaadidhi]]'' || <ref name="books.google">{{cite book|last=Damodaran|first=Harish|title=India's new capitalists: caste, business, and industry in a modern nation|date=15 May 2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9780230205079|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWkfAQAAIAAJ&q=sridhar+lagadapati}}</ref>
|-
|2006||''[[Style (2006 film)|Style]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|last=CineSouth.com|title=Lawrence Promotes Latchiyam, Tamil dubbed Telugu Film Style|url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23122006-5.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104200215/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23122006-5.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2007}}</ref>
|-
|2007|| ''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]''||<ref>{{cite web|last=Sify.com|title=Viyyala Vari Kayyalu Movie Review|website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/viyyalavari-kayyalu-review-telugu-14553836.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628022607/http://www.sify.com/movies/viyyalavari-kayyalu-review-telugu-14553836.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-28}}</ref>
|-
|2010||''[[Sneha Geetham]]''||<ref>{{cite news|title=A date with a singing sensation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/a-date-with-a-singing-sensation/article2360126.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 August 2011|accessdate=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Times of India|title=Snehageetham Premiere Show|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-19/regional/28292821_1_fun-filled-premiere-kavya-tapasee|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103071018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-19/regional/28292821_1_fun-filled-premiere-kavya-tapasee|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-01-03}}</ref>
|-
|2013|| ''[[Potugadu]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=The presentation of the story is new to Telugu audience|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130918/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-%E2%80%98potugadu%E2%80%99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922060948/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130918/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-%E2%80%98potugadu%E2%80%99|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2013|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The return of Ramalakshmi Cine Creations after 2 long years is good with grand Production Values|url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/32781/Potugadu-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating|publisher=AP Herald}}</ref>
|-
|2014|| ''Sikandar''||Dubbed in Telugu from Tamil movie ''Anjaan''<ref>{{cite web|title=Suriya's Sikandar movie review|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-08-15/Suriyas-Sikandar-movie-review-105076|website=thehansindia.com|date=15 August 2014|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Samantha's Anjaan is Sikander in Telugu|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Samanthas-Anjaan-is-Sikander-in-Telugu/articleshow/36209967.cms|accessdate=18 January 2016|publisher=Times of India|date=7 June 2014}}</ref> Co-produced with Thirrupathi Brothers and UTV Motion Pictures<ref>{{cite web|title=Anjaan' is being produced by UTV Pictures and Tirupati Brothers in Tamil and Lagadapati Sirisha-Sreedhar-Linguswamy in Telugu|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/news/18732/suriya-samanthas-anjaan-to-release-on-august-15-2014.aspx|website=ragalahari.com|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2015|| ''[[Krishnamma Kalipindi Iddarini]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Romantic Film at Jiff 2016|url=http://www.jiffindia.org/index.html|website=JiffIndia.org|accessdate=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Well intended film|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/krishnammakalipindiiddarinee.html|website=Idlebrain.com|accessdate=7 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2018|| ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]'' ||
|}

==Critical Reception and Awards==

Krishnamma Kalipindi Iddarini (2015): Won Best Romantic Film Award at Jaipur International Film Festival, 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=Krishnamma Kalipindi Iddarini won Best Romantic film at JIFF 2016|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tollywood/110116/best-romantic-film-award-goes-to.html|access-date=18 January 2016|publisher=Deccan Chronicle Holdings|date=11 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Krishnamma Kalipindi Iddarini Wins Best Romantic Film 2016">{{cite web|title=Jiff India Home Page|url=http://www.jiffindia.org/index.html|website=www.jiffindia.org|accessdate=7 January 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lagadapati, Sridhar}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]

Tirhuta calendar

2026-01-24T03:10:54Z

Ab2030: redirect

{{Short description|Calendar followed by the Maithils}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}

'''Tirhuta Panchang''' ([[Devanagari script|Devanagari]]: तिरहुता पंचांग, [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]]: 𑒞𑒱𑒩𑒯𑒳𑒞𑒰 𑒣𑓀𑒔𑒰𑓀𑒑, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: ''Tirhutā pan̄cāṅg'') is a calendar followed by the [[Maithils|Maithili]] community of India and Nepal. This calendar is one of the many Hindu calendars. It is a [[Tropical year|tropical solar]] [[Hindu calendar]] in which the year begins on the first day of Baishakh month i.e. Mesh Sankranti. Every year, this day falls on 13/14 April of the Gregorian Calendar

==Months==
'''Names of Maithili months :'''Maithili Calendar
{| class="wikitable" width = 30% cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
! No.
! Name
! Pronunciation
! Colloquial
! Gregorian Months
|-
| 1
| वैशाख
| [[Baiśākha]]
| बैसाख
| April/May
|-
| 2
| ज्येष्ठ
|[[Jyeṣṭha]]
| जेठ
| May/June
|-
| 3
| आषाढ़
| [[Āshāḍha]]
| अखार
| June/July
|-
| 4
| श्रावण
| [[Śrāvaṇa]]
| साओन
| July/August
|-
| 5
| भाद्र
| [[Bhādra]]
| भादो
| August/September
|-
| 6
| आश्विन
| [[Āśvina]]
| आसिन
| September/October
|-
| 7
| कार्तिक
| [[Kārtika]]
| कातिक
| October/November
|-
| 8
| मार्गशीर्ष (अग्रहायण)
| [[Mārgaśīrṣa]]
| अगहन
| November/December
|-
| 9
| पौष
| [[Pauṣa]]
| पूस
| December/January
|-
| 10
| माघ
| [[Māgha]]
| माघ
| January/February
|-
| 11
| फाल्गुन
| [[Phālguna]]
| फागुन
| February/March
|-
| 12
| चैत्र
| [[Chaitra]]
| चैत
| March/April
|}

==Months and their corresponding season==
'''तिरहुता पञ्चाङ्ग''' ('''Maithili calendar''')

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0.5em; text-align:center"

!मास Month
!ऋतु Season
|-
| ज्येष्ठ/Jyeshtha May–June
| rowspan="2" | ग्रीष्म Summer
|-
| आषाढ़/Asharha June–July
|-
| श्रावण/Shrabana July–August
| rowspan="2" | वर्षा Monsoon
|-
| भाद्र/Bhadra August–September
|-
| आश्विन/Ashvina September–October
| rowspan="2" | शरद Autumn
|-
| कार्तिक/Kartika October–November
|-
| मार्गशीर्ष/Margashirsha November–December
| rowspan="2" |हेमन्त Pre-winter
|-
| पौष/Pausha December–January
|-
| माघ/Magha January–February
| rowspan="2" |शिशिर Winter
|-
| फाल्गुन/Falguna February–March
|-
| चैत्र/Chaitra March–April
| rowspan="2" |वसन्त Spring
|-
| वैशाख/Baishakh April–May
|}

===Baishakha-Jyeshtha-Asharha===
These three months are the summer season in Mithila. Jeth and Asarh are very hot. Baisakh is the month of growing lychee. Jeth and Asarh are the months of growing mangoes.<ref>Climate of North Bihar</ref>

===Shrabana-Bhadra===
Mithila receives heavy rainfall during these two months, often resulting in flooding. Farmers wait for the season's first rain so they can sow paddy in their fields. The holy month of Saon is devoted to Lord [[Shiva]]. Devotees visit Baidnath Dham in [[Deoghar]] to offer gangajal.<ref>Climate of North Bihar</ref>

===Ashvina-Kartika===
These two months have moderate weather, and both represent the festive season for Mithila. Navaratra falls in Asin; [[Diwali]] and [[Chhath]] fall in Katik. Moreover, Katik is the harvesting month for farmers.<ref>Climate of North Bihar</ref>

===Margashirsha-Pausha-Magha===
Margashirsha, Pausha and Magh are the winter seasons in Mithila. Out of these three, Pausha and Magh are the extreme winter periods, when the temperature sometimes falls to 5 °C. [[Makar Sankranti]] falls in the month of Pausha, and [[Basant Panchami]] in Magh.

===Falguna-Chaitra===
After winter, Falgun and Chaitra are the moderate months. Fagun and Chait again are the harvesting months. [[Holi]] falls in Fagun and Chhath falls in Chait. Chaith is the last month of the Maithili calendar.<ref>Climate of North Bihar</ref>

==Days in Maithili calendar==
Like, most of the calendars of the world, Maithili calendar also has 7 days in a week, each of 24-hour length. Rabibasar or Sunday is supposed to be the first day of the week.
*Rabibasar / Sunday : रविवासर
*Somabasar / Monday : सोमवासर
*Mangaldin / Tuesday : मंगलवासर
*Budhbasar / Wednesday: बुधवासर
*Brihaspatibasar / Thursday : बृहस्पतीवासर
*Shukrabasar / Friday: शुक्रवासर
*Shanibasar / Saturday : शनिवासर

==Significance==
The Maithili calendar is the calendar of [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] which originated in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. The Maithili calendar is of great importance for Maithil people in India as well as in Nepal. All auspicious dates (e.g. marriage, ''[[Mundan]]'', ''[[Upanayana]] [[sanskar]]'') as well as the dates of Maithili festivals (e.g. [[Dipawali]] (Diwali/Tihar), ''[[Chhath]]'', [[Durga Puja]], [[Mithila (region)#Temples and festivals|''Janaki Navami'']]) are set based on the Maithili calendar. It has deep roots in the Hindu religion and Mithila's culture.

==Related calendars==
The Maithili calendar is related to the Hindu solar calendar, which is itself based on the [[Surya Siddhanta]]. The Hindu solar calendar also starts in mid-April, and the first day of the calendar is celebrated as the traditional New Year in the [[Indian states]] of [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]],<ref>[[Bengali calendar]]</ref> [[Kerala]], [[Manipur]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref>[[Puthandu]]</ref> and [[Tripura]]. [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Thailand]] and [[Sri Lanka]] also celebrate new year around the same time (13–15 April). This day is also known as ''Mesha Shankranti''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imsc.res.in/~rahul/articles/calendar.html|title = Calendar}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Mithila|Mithila]]
* [[Tirhut]]
* [[Tirhuta script]]
* [[Maithili language]]
* [[Jur Sital]] (Maithili New Year)
* [[Muzaffarpur]]
* [[Vidyapati]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.patra.mithila.org.in/ Online Tirhuta Panchang]
* [http://www.tirhutlive.tk Tirhut- Tirhut=Mithila]
* [http://www.videha.co.in Maithili e-journal]
* [http://mithilavidehavajjitirhut.blogspot.in Maithil=Videha=Vajji=Tirhut]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120412123127/http://www.mithila-haat.com/ Online Mithila shopping store]

{{Calendars}}

[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]
[[Category:Public holidays in India]]
[[Category:Calendars]]
[[Category:Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Time in India]]

India women's cricket team in Australia in 2015–16

2026-01-22T21:53:11Z

Ab2030: started new biography - done

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name=India women's tour of Australia
| team1_image=Flag_of_Australia.svg
| team1_name=Australia women
| team2_image=Flag_of_India.svg
| team2_name=India women
| from_date= 22 January 2016
| to_date= 7 February 2016
| team1_captain= [[Meg Lanning]]
| team2_captain= [[Mithali Raj]]
| no_of_ODIs=3
| team1_ODIs_won=2
| team2_ODIs_won=1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs= [[Alex Blackwell]] (193)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs= [[Mithali Raj]] (170)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets= [[Ellyse Perry]] (9)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets= [[Shikha Pandey]] (8)
| player_of_ODI_series=
| no_of_twenty20s=3
| team1_twenty20s_won=1
| team2_twenty20s_won=2
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs= [[Meg Lanning]] (87)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs= [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (70)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets= [[Ellyse Perry]] (4)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets= [[Jhulan Goswami]] (4) [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] (4)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Jhulan Goswami]] (Ind)
}}
The [[India women's national cricket team]] toured [[Australia]] in January 2016 together with the Indian men cricket team. The tour included a series of three [[One Day International|ODIs]] and three [[Twenty20 International|T20Is]]. The ODIs were part of the [[2014–16 ICC Women's Championship|ICC Women's Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cricketaustralia.com.au/media/media-releases/match-schedules-announced-for-crickets-2015-16-summer/2015-07-09 |title=Match schedules announced for cricket's 2015-16 summer. Cricket Australia |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225110804/http://www.cricketaustralia.com.au/media/media-releases/match-schedules-announced-for-crickets-2015-16-summer/2015-07-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20Is
|-
! {{crw|AUS}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/961489.html |title=Australia ODI Squad |publisher=ESPN |date=12 January 2016 |access-date=12 January 2016 }}</ref>
! {{crw|IND}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/959623.html |title=India ODI Squad |publisher=ESPN |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=12 January 2016 }}</ref>
! {{crw|AUS}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/961491.html |title=Australia T20I Squad |publisher=ESPN |date=12 January 2016 |access-date=12 January 2016 }}</ref>
! {{crw|IND}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/959625.html |title=India T20I Squad |publisher=ESPN |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=12 January 2016 }}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Meg Lanning]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Alex Blackwell]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Kristen Beams]]
* [[Nicole Bolton]]
* [[Sarah Coyte]]
* [[Rene Farrell]]
* [[Holly Ferling]]
* [[Grace Harris]]
* [[Alyssa Healy]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Jess Jonassen]]
* [[Beth Mooney]]
* [[Ellyse Perry]]
* [[Megan Schutt]]
|
* [[Mithali Raj]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Jhulan Goswami]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Ekta Bisht]]
* [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]]
* [[Ravi Kalpana]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Thirush Kamini]]
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
* [[Veda Krishnamurthy]]
* [[Smriti Mandhana]]
* [[Niranjana Nagarajan]]
* [[Shikha Pandey]]
* [[Poonam Yadav]]
* [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]
* [[Poonam Raut]]
* [[Sushma Verma]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|
* [[Meg Lanning]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Alex Blackwell]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Lauren Cheatle]]
* [[Sarah Coyte]]
* [[Rene Farrell]]
* [[Holly Ferling]]
* [[Grace Harris]]
* [[Alyssa Healy]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Jess Jonassen]]
* [[Beth Mooney]]
* [[Ellyse Perry]]
* [[Megan Schutt]]
* [[Naomi Stalenberg]]
|
* [[Mithali Raj]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Jhulan Goswami]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Ekta Bisht]]
* [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]]
* [[Thirush Kamini]]
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
* [[Veda Krishnamurthy]]
* [[Smriti Mandhana]]
* [[Anuja Patil]]
* [[Poonam Yadav]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* [[Vellaswamy Vanitha]]
* [[Sushma Verma]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|}

== Tour match ==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 January
| time = 14:00 [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] ([[UTC+11]])
| daynight =
| team1 = Australia Governor-General XI {{flagicon|AUS}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 19/1 (4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Beth Mooney]] 9[[not out|*]] (23)
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/963421.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Drummoyne Oval]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Claire Polosak]] (Aus) and David Taylor (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain = No further play was possible due to rain.
| notes =
}}

==T20I series==

===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 January
| time = 14:00 [[Australian Central Daylight Time|ACDT]] ([[UTC+10:30]])
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 140/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Alyssa Healy]] 41[[Not out|*]] (15)
| wickets1 = [[Poonam Yadav]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 141/5 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 46 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Megan Schutt]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| result = India Women won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895787.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| umpires = [[Geoff Joshua]] (Aus) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind)
| toss = India women won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Beth Mooney]] and [[Naomi Stalenberg]] (Aus) both made their debut in WT20I. 
*This was India's highest successful run chase in a T20I.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Women pull off record chase|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/965577.html|access-date=26 January 2016|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=26 January 2016}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 January
| time = 14:30 [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] ([[UTC+11]])
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 125/8 (18 overs)
| runs1 = [[Meg Lanning]] 49 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Jhulan Goswami]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 69/0 (9.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mithali Raj]] 37* (32)
| wickets2 =
| result = India won by 10 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895789.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Gerard Abood]] (Aus) and [[Geoff Joshua]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Jhulan Goswami]] (Ind)
| toss = India women won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain = Rain reduced Australia Women's innings to 18 overs and India Women were set a target of 66 runs in 10 overs.
| notes = [[Lauren Cheatle]] (Aus) made her debut in WT20I. 
* This was India Women's first bilateral series win in any formats against Australia Women.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Coverdale|first1=Brydon| author1-link = Brydon Coverdale|title=India Women celebrate historic series win|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/966567.html|access-date=29 January 2016|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 January
| time = 14:30 [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] ([[UTC+11]])
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 5/136 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ellyse Perry]] 55* (41)
| wickets1 = [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] 2/36 (4 overs)
| score2 = 8/121 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vellaswamy Vanitha]] 28 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Ellyse Perry]] 4/12 (4 overs)
| result = Australia won by 15 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895791.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Gerard Abood]] (Aus) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ellyse Perry]] (Aus)
| toss = India women won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind) made her debut in WT20I.
}}

==ODI Series==

===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 February
| time = 10:00 [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] ([[UTC+11]])
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 276/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Alex Blackwell]] 114 (112)
| wickets1 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 3/32 (10 overs)
| score2 = 175 (46.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 42 (72)
| wickets2 = [[Ellyse Perry]] 4/45 (10 overs)
| result = Australia Women won by 101 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895793.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Manuka Oval]], [[Canberra]]
| umpires = [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus) and [[Tony Wilds (umpire)|Tony Wilds]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Alex Blackwell]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = [[2014–16 ICC Women's Championship|ICC Women's Championship]]
| rain =
| notes = [[Grace Harris]] (Aus) made her WODI debut.
*''[[2014–16 ICC Women's Championship|ICC Women's Championship]] points: Australia Women 2, India Women 0''
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 February
| time = 10:00 [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] ([[UTC+11]])
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|AUS}}
| score1 = 252/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 102 (109)
| wickets1 = [[Ellyse Perry]] 3/54 (10 overs)
| score2 = 253/4 (46.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nicole Bolton]] 77 (74)
| wickets2 = [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] 2/42 (7.4 overs)
| result = Australia won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895795.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| umpires = [[Michael Graham-Smith]] (Aus) and [[Damien Mealey]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = [[2014–16 ICC Women's Championship|ICC Women's Championship]]
| rain =
| notes = [[2014–16 ICC Women's Championship|ICC Women's Championship]] points: Australia Women 2, India Women 0
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 February
| time = 10:00 [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] ([[UTC+11]])
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 231/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Alex Blackwell]] 60 (64)
| wickets1 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 3/50 (10 overs)
| score2 = 234/5 (47 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mithali Raj]] 89 (113)
| wickets2 = [[Ellyse Perry]] 2/50 (10 overs)
| result = India Women won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895797.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| umpires = [[Michael Graham-Smith]] (Aus) and [[Tony Wilds (umpire)|Tony Wilds]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mithali Raj]] (Ind)
| toss = Australia Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = [[2014–16 ICC Women's Championship|ICC Women's Championship]]
| rain =
| notes = [[Ellyse Perry]] (Aus) took her 100th ODI wicket.
*''[[2014–16 ICC Women's Championship|ICC Women's Championship]] points: Australia Women 0, India Women 2''
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/895781.html Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{2014–16 ICC Women's Championship}}
{{Australia women's national cricket team}}
{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{International cricket in 2015–16}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian women's cricket team in Australia in 2015-16}}
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2015–16]]
[[Category:2014–16 ICC Women's Championship]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of Australia|India 2015-16]]
[[Category:India women's national cricket team tours|Australia 2015-16]]
[[Category:2015–16 Indian women's cricket]]
[[Category:2015–16 Australian women's cricket season]]
[[Category:2016 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:January 2016 sports events in Australia]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Australia-cricket-tour-stub}}

RAD@home

2026-01-08T01:29:02Z

Ab2030: started new article.

{{Short description|Citizen science collaboratory}}
{{excessive citations|date=December 2025}}
[[File:RAD J131346.9+500320.png|thumb|The twin ring Odd Radio Circle (ORC) RAD J131346.9+500320 discovered by RAD@home citizen science research collaboratory. This is currently (2025) the farthest and the most powerful ORC.]]
'''RAD@home''' is a [[citizen science]] research [[collaboratory]] in India and the first such collaboration in Indian astronomy. It focuses on training university science students to make radio astronomy discoveries using the [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope|GMRT]], which is a [[Square Kilometre Array|SKA]] pathfinder radio telescope, and other telescopes operating in multiple bands of the electromagnetic spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science {{!}} SKAO |url=https://www.skao.int/en/resources/outreach-education/citizen-science |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=www.skao.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=How to run a successful citizen science project |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/news/how-to-run-successful-citizen-science-project |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Nature Index |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#RADatHomeIndia a Collaboratory model of citizen science research |url=https://astro4edu.org/shaw-iau/talk/112/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=astro4edu.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mondal |first=Monika |date=2025-11-08 |title=Mumbai-led team helps reveal mysterious twin rings around galaxy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/rad-at-home-hota-double-odd-radio-circles-citizen-astronomy/article70235060.ece |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=bhuyan |first=Avantika |date=2020-10-01 |title=How citizen scientists are shaping the future of Indian research |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/how-citizen-scientists-are-shaping-the-future-of-indian-research-111601435093020.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-07 |title=They study galaxies, help predict landslides: Meet India's citizen scientists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/they-study-galaxies-help-predict-landslides-meet-india-s-citizen-scientists/story-oa9N5IdjNbeLO6sCJy56NJ.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=Philip J. |last2=Lintott |first2=Chris J. |last3=Fletcher |first3=Leigh N. |date=2015-08-18 |title=Ideas for Citizen Science in Astronomy |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-035959 |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=53 |pages=247–278 |doi=10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-035959 |arxiv=1409.4291 |bibcode=2015ARA&A..53..247M |issn=0066-4146}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-09 |title=Inspired by a Bollywood flick and power of Facebook, Indian scientist builds army of e-astronomers- Technology News, Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/inspired-by-a-bollywood-flick-and-power-of-facebook-indian-scientist-builds-army-of-e-astronomers-4343921.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603050941/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/inspired-by-a-bollywood-flick-and-power-of-facebook-indian-scientist-builds-army-of-e-astronomers-4343921.html |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=Tech2 |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> It was designed to help students and the public to understand multi-wavelength images of galaxies, taken primarily from radio surveys such as NVSS (1400 MHz) with the [[Very Large Array|VLA]] and TGSS (150 MHz) with the GMRT.<ref>{{Cite arXiv |last1=Hota |first1=Ananda |last2=Croston |first2=Judith H. |last3=Ohyama |first3=Youichi |last4=Stalin |first4=C. S. |last5=Hardcastle |first5=Martin J. |last6=Konar |first6=Chiranjib |last7=Aravind |first7=R. P. |last8=Agarwal |first8=Sheena M. |last9=Bhoga |first9=Sai Arun Dharmik |date=2014-02-15 |title=New results on the exotic galaxy 'Speca' and discovering many more Specas with RAD@home network |class=astro-ph.GA |eprint=1402.3674v1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Hota |first1=Ananda |last2=Konar |first2=C. |last3=Stalin |first3=C. S. |last4=Vaddi |first4=Sravani |last5=Mohanty |first5=Pradeepta K. |last6=Dabhade |first6=Pratik |last7=Dharmik Bhoga |first7=Sai Arun |last8=Rajoria |first8=Megha |last9=Sethi |first9=Sagar |date=2016-12-10 |title=Tracking Galaxy Evolution Through Low-Frequency Radio Continuum Observations using SKA and Citizen-Science Research using Multi-Wavelength Data |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-016-9415-8 |journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=41 |doi=10.1007/s12036-016-9415-8 |arxiv=1610.09798 |bibcode=2016JApA...37...41H |issn=0973-7758}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Hota |first1=Ananda |last2=Dabhade |first2=Pratik |last3=Machado |first3=Prasun |last4=Kumar |first4=Avinash |last5=Avinash |first5=Ck. |last6=Manaswini |first6=Ninisha |last7=Das |first7=Joydeep |last8=Sethi |first8=Sagar |last9=Sahoo |first9=Sumanta |last10=Dubal |first10=Shilpa |last11=Bhoga |first11=Sai Arun Dharmik |last12=Navaneeth |first12=P. K. |last13=Konar |first13=Chiranjib |last14=Pal |first14=Sabyasachi |last15=Vaddi |first15=Sravani |chapter=Ten Years of Searching for Relics of AGN Jet Feedback Through RAD@home Citizen Science |series=Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings |date=2025 |volume=61 |editor-last=Ghosh |editor-first=Shubhrangshu |editor2-last=Rao |editor2-first=A. R. |title=The Relativistic Universe: From Classical to Quantum |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-90186-7_23 |language=en |location=Cham |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |pages=293–306 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-90186-7_23 |isbn=978-3-031-90186-7}}</ref>

In 2022, the Collaboratory, led by its founder Ananda Hota, discovered a unique [[Active galactic nucleus|AGN]] where the [[Astrophysical jet|radio jet]] appeared to hit a neighbouring galaxy and bounced back forming a mushroom-shaped radio bubble.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simion @Yonescat |first=Florin |date=2022-10-11 |title=Black hole discovered firing jet at neighbouring galaxy |url=https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/news/black-hole-discovered-firing-jet-neighbouring-galaxy |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=The Royal Astronomical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-10-19 |title=A black hole is firing jets into a neighbouring galaxy |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-022-00112-7 |journal=Nature India |language=en |doi=10.1038/d44151-022-00112-7}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Hota |first1=Ananda |last2=Dabhade |first2=Pratik |last3=Vaddi |first3=Sravani |last4=Konar |first4=Chiranjib |last5=Pal |first5=Sabyasachi |last6=Gulati |first6=Mamta |last7=Stalin |first7=C S |last8=Avinash |first8=Ck |last9=Kumar |first9=Avinash |last10=Rajoria |first10=Megha |last11=Purohit |first11=Arundhati |date=2022-10-12 |title=RAD@home citizen science discovery of an active galactic nucleus spewing a large unipolar radio bubble on to its merging companion galaxy |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/517/1/L86/6755525 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |language=en |volume=517 |issue=1 |pages=L86–L91 |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slac116 |doi-access=free |issn=1745-3925}}</ref> Initial hints of this rare process had been seen in the archival data, but confirmation was not achieved until targeted observation with the GMRT telescope at 325 MHz, or 90 cm, band. In October 2025, the Collaboratory discovered the farthest and the most powerful [[odd radio circle]] (ORC), named [[RAD J131346.9+500320]]; it was also the first ORC to be discovered through citizen science.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Simion @Yonescat |first=Florin |date=2025-10-02 |title=Most powerful 'odd radio circle' to date is discovered |url=https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/research-highlights/most-powerful-odd-radio-circle-date-discovered |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=The Royal Astronomical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2025-10-09 |title=Most powerful 'Odd Radio Circle' so far discovered |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-025-00185-0 |journal=Nature India |language=en |doi=10.1038/d44151-025-00185-0 |doi-broken-date=8 December 2025 |issn=1755-3180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Strickland |first=Ashley |date=2025-10-14 |title=Astronomers discover rare double-ringed odd radio circle in space |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/14/science/odd-radio-circles-double-rings |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=First Indian Citizen Science Research initiative: Researchers discover most powerful 'odd radio circle' with help of citizen scientists |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/first-indian-citizen-science-research-initiative-researchers-discover-most-powerful-odd-radio-circle-10316485/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Hota |first1=Ananda |last2=Dabhade |first2=Pratik |last3=Machado |first3=Prasun |last4=Das |first4=Joydeep |last5=Muley |first5=Aarti |last6=Purohit |first6=Arundhati |date=2025-09-25 |title=RAD@home discovery of extragalactic radio rings and odd radio circles: clues to their origins |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/543/2/1048/8267915 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |volume=543 |issue=2 |pages=1048–1057 |doi=10.1093/mnras/staf1531 |doi-access=free |issn=0035-8711}}</ref> The ORC was spotted by trained citizen scientists analysing the 144 MHz radio images of the sky obtained by the European [[Low-Frequency Array|LOFAR]] radio telescope. This ORC was also the first to be discovered from LOFAR low frequency data.<ref name=":3" /> The other kinds of astronomical objects that the Collaboratory has discovered and published include episodic radio galaxies (a.k.a. Double-Double Radio Galaxies), relic/remnant radio lobes, large radio lobes associated with spiral galaxies which can be compared to the exotic new class of radio galaxies known as [[Speca]] etc.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Apoorva |first1=Prakash |last2=Hota |first2=Ananda |last3=Dabhade |first3=Pratik |last4=Navaneeth |first4=P. K. |last5=Nayak |first5=Dhruv |last6=Purohit |first6=Arundhati |date=2025-08-22 |title=RAD@home Citizen Science Discovery of Two Spiral Galaxies Where the 30–220 kpc Radio Lobes Are Possibly Shaped by Ram Pressure Stripping |journal=Galaxies |language=en |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=98 |doi=10.3390/galaxies13050098 |arxiv=2508.09518 |bibcode=2025Galax..13...98A |doi-access=free |issn=2075-4434}}</ref>

Other than contributing to scientific discoveries, the Collaboratory has also been recognised for its innovative approach to education and outreach in astronomy, particularly in radio astronomy.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Bagla |first1=J. S. |last2=Das |first2=Mousumi |last3=Datta |first3=Abhirup |last4=Gogoi |first4=Rupjyoti |last5=Hota |first5=Ananda |last6=Kembhavi |first6=Ajit |last7=Malik |first7=Manzoor A. |last8=Misra |first8=R. |last9=Pai |first9=Archana |last10=Pandey |first10=Shashi Bhushan |last11=Pandey |first11=S. K. |last12=Rastogi |first12=Shantanu |last13=Ravikumar |first13=C. D. |date=2025-02-19 |title=Human resource development in astronomy: An Indian perspective |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-025-10041-3 |journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1007/s12036-025-10041-3 |bibcode=2025JApA...46...18B |issn=0973-7758}}</ref> Through a combination of online and offline citizen science workshops, organised in collaboration with national research and educational institutes, it has trained thousands of Indian citizens and students to understand radio observations of galaxies using the GMRT. Following these workshops, trained citizen scientists (also known as e-astronomers and i-astronomers) continue their engagement by participating in weekend online e-classes. These e-classes further enable them to discover new radio sources, primarily using TGSS 150 MHz imaging data obtained with the GMRT. In follow-up observation proposals, these co-discovering e-/i-astronomers are included as formal co-investigators.<ref name=":0" /> Through this process, e-/i-astronomers also become co-authors on papers published by the Collaboratory that report citizen-science discoveries, with or without GMRT follow-up observations.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Participation in genuine scientific discoveries has helped many students secure admission to Master’s and PhD programmes, both in India and abroad. Thus, despite operating with zero dedicated funding and infrastructure, the Collaboratory has made significant contributions to human resource development and to preparing the next generation of astronomers for upcoming mega-facility projects such as the [[Square Kilometre Array|SKA]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Citizen science]]
[[Category:Radio astronomy research institutes]]

Pachora

2026-01-04T23:49:53Z

Ab2030: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pachora
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.67|N|75.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council]]
| governing_body = Pachora Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 261
| population_total = 59,609
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 424201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91(02596)
| registration_plate = MH-19
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] [[Constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] [[Constituency]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Pachora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pachora]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}{{More citations|date=January 2022}}'''Pachora''' is a town and a [[municipal council]] in the [[Jalgaon district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It sits on the banks of the [[Hivra River]]. It includes 25 wards with 25 members of Nagarpalika. Pachora has a large rural infrastructure with 95 gram panchayats, which is the largest in any other tehsil place in Maharashtra. The Central Pachora is under [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon Lok sabha]] Constituency.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pachora Municipal Council |title=Pachora Municipal Council Info |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802660-pachora-maharashtra.html |access-date=2015-11-13}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 census, the population of Pachora was 59,609.<ref name="2011cens" /> Pachora Census Town hosts over 32787 houses.

The population of children aged 0-6 is 40, which is 18.96% of the total. The female sex ratio is .758 against a state average of .929. The Child Sex Ratio is around .739 compared to the Maharashtra state average of .894. The literacy rate is 84.67%. The male literacy is around 83.9% while the female literacy rate is 81.65%.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! rowspan="2" |Total Population
! rowspan="2" |Change
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)
|-
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikhs
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Other religions and persuasions
!Religion not stated
|-
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |23511
| style="text-align:right;" |21822
| style="text-align:right;" |45333
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" |73.880
| style="text-align:right;" |21.141
| style="text-align:right;" |0.126
| style="text-align:right;" |0.099
| style="text-align:right;" |3.326
| style="text-align:right;" |1.363
| style="text-align:right;" |0.004
| style="text-align:right;" |0.060
|-
|2011<ref name="2011cens">[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |30958
| style="text-align:right;" |28651
| style="text-align:right;" |59609
| style="text-align:right;" |0.315
| style="text-align:right;" |75.234
| style="text-align:right;" |19.264
| style="text-align:right;" |0.200
| style="text-align:right;" |0.146
| style="text-align:right;" |2.916
| style="text-align:right;" |1.552
| style="text-align:right;" |0.015
| style="text-align:right;" |0.674
|}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = line
| y1=0.7388,0.75234
| y2=0.21141,0.19264
| y3=0.00126,0.002
| y4=0.00099,0.00146
| y5=0.03326,0.02916
| y6=0.01363,0.01552
| y7=0.00004,0.00015
| y8=0.0006,0.00674
}}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = rect
| y1=0.7388,0.75234
| y2=0.21141,0.19264
| y3=0.00126,0.002
| y4=0.00099,0.00146
| y5=0.03326,0.02916
| y6=0.01363,0.01552
| y7=0.00004,0.00015
| y8=0.0006,0.00674
}}

==History==
Pachora has a rich history that dates back to the medieval period. The town was known as "Pachavardhana" during the reign of the Mauryan Empire in the 3rd century BCE. It was also ruled by the Satavahanas, the Rashtrakutas, and the Yadavas. In the 14th century, the town was part of the Bahmani Sultanate, and later came under the control of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century.

During the British colonial period, Pachora was a small agricultural town that produced cotton and other crops. The town's cotton mills were established in the early 20th century and played a significant role in the town's economic development. Pachora was also part of the Indian independence movement and played an active role in the non-cooperation movement in the 1920s.

After India's independence in 1947, Pachora became part of the newly created state of Maharashtra. The town continued to grow and develop, and today it is a major center for cotton production, trade, and education in the region.

[[Pachora Municipal Council]] was established on 1 April 1947. Pachora grabbed a Vidhan-Sabha Constituency in 1952.[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']

== Administration ==
The Council is authorized to build roads within Census Town limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

==Economy==
Pachora has an agricultural economy. Its major crops are cotton, banana, maize, ''[[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]]'', and bajara. The city has other businesses like gold and cloth markets. The primary livelihood is the cultivation of bananas and bajara.

==Festivals==
Pachora has many historic temples. The Panchaleshwar temple was built by the Pandavas during their stay. It is said that Draupadi a.k.a. Panchali was a ardent devotee of Lord [[Shiva]], she expressed her will to build a temple for Shiva.

In [[Nagardeole|Nagardeola]], Rath Galli, Balaji Mandir Temple is about 250 years old. Every year, its festival is celebrated and is called mela (fair) of 'Balaji Rath Yatra'. A 50-foot-high wooden Rath of Balaji Maharaj is pulled in its nearer specific route. Yatra starts in the morning and continues into the night. On KakanBardi hill, the fair ("Khandoba") has been celebrated for the last 800 years since the temple was constructed. This temple is situated on the top of a hill, 4&nbsp;km from Pachora. It is also known as "Jai Malhar".

Pachora has two prominent temples, one of Goddess Kaila Mata Mandir (Bhadgaon road) and the other of Jagdamba Devi Mandir (Rath Galli). In both temples, during "Navratri Utsav", the holy program of Dandiya is celebrated for the 9 days of Navratri.

Pachora also has a famous dargah of Sufi saint - Hazrat Syed Jalalludin Bukhari. It is around 5 km from the city center to another village named - Goradkhede.

==Transport==

=== Rail ===
Pachora is on the main line track of the central railway. It is 50&nbsp;km from [[Jalgaon District]] station and 72&nbsp;km from Bhusawal Junction. It is three hours from [[Nasik Road railway station]] and 6 hours from [[Mumbai]].

[[Pachora–Jamner railway]] is a narrow-gauge branch line that connects Pachora to Jamner which is nearer to Ajanta Caves.<ref>{{cite web|author=PJ Narrow Gauge Train |url=http://www.irfca.org/gallery/Trips/west-konkan/jamner/ |title=Pachora to Jamner Narrow Gauge Train|access-date=2015-11-13}}</ref> The railway line was constructed by Shapoorji Godbole and Co. The Pachora to [[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]] section was opened up in 1918 and the rest of the sections in 1919. On termination of the contracts with the former Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company, the line was brought under direct State management with effect from 1 July 1925.<ref>{{cite web|author=PJ Narrow Gauge Train |url=http://jalgaonlive.com/tag/pachora-jamner-railway// |title=Pachora to Jamner Narrow Gauge Train|access-date=2015-11-13}}</ref>

=== Road ===
Pachora sits on state highway Nagpur-Pune and Nagpur-Surat. It is on the main state road network of state. It is 48&nbsp;km from Jalgaon & 90&nbsp;km from Dhule & 210&nbsp;km From [[Nasik]].

=== Air ===
[[Jalgaon Airport]] is the nearest airport (approximately 50 km).

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Hutatma Smrk Pachora.jpg|Hutatma Smarak Pachora
File:Htm Smrk Pachora.jpg|Martyr Memorial
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Pachora Junction Railway Station|Pachora Junction]]
*[[Pachora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pachora Vidhansabha Constituency]]
*[[Pachora Municipal Council]]
*[[Ajanta Caves]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jalgaon district topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus

2025-12-23T18:54:20Z

Ab2030: started the entry more to come

{{Short description|Bus station in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = New Bus Stand {{rail-interchange|bus}}
| native_name = புதிய பேருந்து நிலையம்
| cta_header =
| type =
| style =
| image = Mettupalayam busstand coimbatore.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore]] [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]{{snd}}641 034.
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.030554|N|76.951178|E| type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 4
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2010|df=y}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = CBE
| owned = [[Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation]]
| operator = [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)]]
| zone = [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC Coimbatore Division]] CBE/191
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 10,000 / Per day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}
'''New Bus Stand''' popularly known as '''Pudhu Bus Stand''' or '''Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus''' or '''Mettupalayam Road Bus Terminus''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mettupalayam Road Bus Stand in Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, Coimbatore Mettupalayam Bus Stand - Coimbatoreplaza.com|url=http://www.coimbatoreplaza.com/bus_stands/mettupalayam-road-bus-stand.html|access-date=2020-06-16|website=www.coimbatoreplaza.com}}</ref> is one of the bus terminus of [[Coimbatore]] City.

==History==
The New Bus Stand on Mettupalayam Road, Opposite to CTC Depot, was opened in 2010. This bus stand is intended to act as an originating bus stand for buses plying from Coimbatore to destinations to the north of the city, namely, Ooty, Mettupalayam, Coonoor, Gudalur, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Buses should enter Mettupalayam Road bus stand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/buses-should-enter-mettupalayam-road-bus-stand/article3896041.ece}}</ref>

==Route==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+
! Location !! Bus Station !! Destinations
|-
| rowspan="1" | Mettupalayam Road || Coimbatore North || [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]], [[Ooty]], [[Gudalur (Coimbatore district)|Gudalur]], [[Coonoor]], Piloor Dam and [[Mysore]]
|}

===Destinations===
*Mettupalayam
*Coonoor (via Mettupalayam)
*Ooty (via Coonoor)
*Gudalur (via Ooty)
*Kothagiri (via Mettuppalayam)
*KSRTC Mangaluru

== Connections ==
The terminus is connected to all the major places within the city such as:

*[[Town Hall, Coimbatore|Town Hall]] - 4.2 km
*[[Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus]] - 13.6 km
*[[Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus]] - 3.3 km
*[[Singanallur Bus Terminus]] - 11.4 km
*[[Ukkadam Bus Terminus]] - 5.0 km
*[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]] - 3.8 km
*[[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur Junction]] - 9.4 km
*[[Coimbatore International Airport]] - 12.4 km.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Bus stations in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Transport in Coimbatore]]

Saibal Chatterjee

2025-12-15T05:41:54Z

Ab2030: improved article

{{Short description|Indian film critic and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saibal Chatterjee

|image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = The Film Maker, Anwar Jamal addressing at an open forum, during the 42nd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2011), in Panaji, Goa. The Film Critics, Sibal Chatterjee and Prashant Kashyap are also seen.jpg
|bSize = 850
|cWidth = 230
|cHeight = 250
|oTop = 175
|oLeft = 217
|Location=center}}

| caption = Saibal Chatterjee, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[42nd International Film Festival of India|2011]])
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| awards = [[National Film Award]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Film critic, editor
| years_active =
| known_for = Founding member of [[Film Critics Circle of India|FCCI]]
| notable_works =
}}

'''Saibal Chatterjee''' is an Indian film critic, editor and documentary screenwriter.<ref name=":0" /> He's a founder member of the [[Film Critics Circle of India]] (FCCI) and was a member of the editorial board of [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica's]] Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gulazāra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |language=en}}</ref>

He was a columnist at ''[[BBC News]]'',<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://vat2015.cmsvatavaran.org/know-us/team/|title=Team | CMS VATAVARAN|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214840/http://vat2015.cmsvatavaran.org/know-us/team/|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Business Standard]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/saibal-chatterjee|title=Author - Saibal Chatterjee | Business Standard|website=business-standard.com|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214640/https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/saibal-chatterjee|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/topic/saibal-chatterjee|title=Saibal Chatterjee News: Saibal Chatterjee Latest News and Headlines Today | Hindustan Times|website=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819010937/https://www.hindustantimes.com/topic/Saibal-Chatterjee|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/author/saibal-chatterjee/|title=Saibal Chatterjee- Latest Articles, Blogs, News|date=1 April 2016|website=The Financial Express|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819010822/https://www.financialexpress.com/author/saibal-chatterjee/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He has also written for ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', and ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/author/saibal-chatterjee/5316|title=Articles by Saibal Chatterjee|website=outlookindia.com/|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819010841/https://www.outlookindia.com/author/saibal-chatterjee/5316|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, he has served as the editor of ''TV World''; and a consultant to ''Zee Premiere''. He presently reviews films for ''[[NDTV]]''.<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/topic/saibal-chatterjee {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816185913/https://www.ndtv.com/topic/saibal-chatterjee |date=16 August 2018 }} NDTV</ref> He has served on the team<ref name="auto"/> as well as jury of a variety of international film festivals. He was the festival director of the 2019 [[Pondicherry International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/first-pondicherry-international-film-festival-in-sept-118071700468_1.html|title=First Pondicherry International Film Festival in Sept|agency=Press Trust of India|date=17 July 2018|via=Business Standard|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214618/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/first-pondicherry-international-film-festival-in-sept-118071700468_1.html|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2018/jul/18/pondicherry-international-film-festival-to-showcase-more-than-100-films-starts-september-26-1845136.html|title=Pondicherry International Film Festival to showcase more than 100 films; starts September 26|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 July 2018 |access-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901211156/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2018/jul/18/pondicherry-international-film-festival-to-showcase-more-than-100-films-starts-september-26-1845136.html|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Chatterjee started his career as a journalist for ''The Telegraph, Kolkata's'' news desk in 1984 and worked there until he moved to New Delhi in 1990, joining ''The Times of India''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Team {{!}} Indian Film Institute |url=https://www.indianfilminstitute.org/team |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=IndianFilmInstitute |language=en}}</ref> He currently reviews film for ''NDTV''. He also is the senior editorial consultant for the ''[[Financial Chronicle]]''.<ref name=":0" /> He was the founding member of Indian Film Institute and currently serves as its Vice Chairman.<ref name=":0" />

Throughout his career, he has covered international film festivals such as [[Cannes Film Festival]], [[Toronto International Film Festival]].

==Books==
*Author - Echoes & Eloquences: The Life And Cinema Of Gulzar
*Co-author - Hollywood Bollywood: The Politics of Crossover Films
*Editor - [[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]

==Awards==
*2003 - [[National Film Award for Best Film Critic|National Film Award - Best Film Critic]] at the [[51st National Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Saibal Chatterjee Awards |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Saibal-Chatterjee/awards?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Member of the jury==
*Aurangabad International Film Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aifilmfest.in/jury/|title=Jury|work=aifilmfest.in|accessdate=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214837/http://www.aifilmfest.in/jury/|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*South Asian Short Film Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sasff.online/jury-introduction/|title=Jury|work=sasff.online|accessdate=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214716/http://www.sasff.online/jury-introduction/|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Film and Television Institute of India|Indian Film Institute]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianfilminstitute.org/ifi-top-ten|title=IFI Top Ten-About|work=indianfilminstitute.org|accessdate=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819010931/https://www.indianfilminstitute.org/ifi-top-ten|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[IFFI]] Panorama<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/film/40-member-panel-films-iffi-agnihotri|title=Forty-Member Panel to Curate Films for IFFI With Agnihotri As Convenor|accessdate=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214758/https://thewire.in/film/40-member-panel-films-iffi-agnihotri|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Smile Foundation's Smile International Film Festival for Children and Youth<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smilefoundationindia.org/siffcy-inaugural.html|title=Smile International Film Festival for Children and Youth opens|work=smilefoundationindia.org|accessdate=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818215021/https://www.smilefoundationindia.org/siffcy-inaugural.html|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://siffcy.org/Thejury.php|title=Jury|work=siffcy.org|accessdate=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829144935/http://siffcy.org/Thejury.php|archive-date=29 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Bengaluru Bengali Kannada Film Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/bengaluru-to-experience-cultural-exchange-through-films/articleshow/64493193.cms|title=Bngaluru to experience cultural exchange through films
|website=[[The Times of India]]
|date=8 June 2018
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Saibal Chatterjee at [http://filmcriticscircle.com/saibal-chatterjee/ Film Critics Circle of India]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Saibal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nationality missing]]
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:Best Critic National Film Award winners]]

{{film-critic-stub}}

Opinion polling for the 2019 Indian general election

2025-12-13T15:51:20Z

Ab2030:

{{Short description|Indian lower house election opinion poll}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup reorganize|date=January 2019}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2019}}
}}
In the run up to the '''[[2019 Indian general election|Indian general election, 2019]]''', various organisations carried out '''opinion polls''' to gauge voting intention in [[India]]. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls are from the Jan 2018 to April 2019. Many organisations have gone on to conduct exit polls and post-poll surveys as well, which too are displayed.

==Background==
Opinion polls in India can be controversial. These charges include partisan manipulation.<ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2014/02/in-indias-national-election-dont-trust-the-polls/ "In India's National Election, Don't Trust the Polls, Jonah Force Hill, February 24, 2014"]. TheDiplomat.com. Feb 2014.</ref>

Opinion poll methodology has heavily improved and agencies like CSDS have got it absolutely correct on 16 occasions, roughly correct on 7 occasions and wrong on 4 occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/verdict/commentary/article5739722.ece|title=Power and Limitations of Opinion Polls: My Experiences|first=Rajeeva|last=Karandikar|website=The Hindu Center|date=2 April 2014 |access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref>

Post-poll surveys or Exit polls, widely published, are fundamentally different from opinion polls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/what-exit-polls-are-really-about/article20769785.ece1|title=What exit polls are really about|website=@businessline|date=12 May 2014 |access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref>

== Opinion polls ==
<section begin=Opinion polling />[[File:Opinion_polling_for_the_2019_Indian_general_election.svg|right|thumb|500px|upright=1.8|Number of seats projected in opinion polls per alliance over time.]]
[[File:IndianGeneralElectionTrend.jpg|thumb|500px|Indian General Election Trends - 2019]]

Various organisations carried out [[opinion polling]] to gauge voting intentions in India. The results of such polls are displayed in this list. The date range for these opinion polls is from the [[2014 Indian general election|previous general election]], held in April and May 2014, to the present day. The ECI banned the release of [[exit poll]]s from 11 April to 19 May, the last phase of the elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/election-commission-bans-exit-poll/die/news/1559180.html|title=Election Commission bans Exit Polls|date=10 April 2019|work=[[United News of India]]|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref> The commission also banned the publication or broadcast in the media of predictions made by astrologers and tarot card readers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/predicting-election-results-by-astrologers-tarot-card-others-violation-of-law-ec-to-media/story/335429.html|title=Predicting election results by astrologers, tarot card, others violation of law: EC to media|date=9 April 2019|work=Business Today|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><section begin="Opinionpolltable" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Poll type
! rowspan="2" |Date published
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |[[List of political parties in India|Others]]
! rowspan="2" | Majority
! rowspan="2" | Ref
|-
! class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
| rowspan="21" |[[Opinion poll]]s
|8 April 2019
|Times Now-VMR
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''279'''
| 149
|115
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |7
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/times-now-vmr-opinion-poll-for-lok-sabha-election-2019-bjp-narendra-modi-congress-rahul-gandhi/396628|title=Times Now-VMR Opinion Poll For Election 2019, Who Will Win Lok Sabha Polls, Times Now VMR Survey, PM Narendra Modi-led NDA likely to get 279 seats, UPA 149 - India News|website=timesnownews.com|date=8 April 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|6 April 2019
|[[India TV]]-CNX
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''275'''
| 126
|142
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |3
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-nda-may-get-thin-majority-with-275-seats-in-ls-elections-bjd-may-retain-odisha-ysr-congress-may-win-andhra-says-india-tv-cnx-pre-poll-survey-512921|title=Lok Sabha Election 2019: NDA may get thin majority with 275 seats, BJD may retain Odisha, YSR Congress may win Andhra, says India TV-CNX pre-poll survey|first=Nidhi|last=Taneja|date=6 April 2019|website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
|-
|Mar 2019
|Times Now-VMR
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''283'''
| 135
|125
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |11
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/opinion-poll-for-lok-sabha-election-2019-live-times-now-vmr-survey-for-bjp-congress-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi/384850|title=Times Now-VMR Opinion Poll : Modi govt again with 283 seats, predicts survey|website=timesnownews.com|date=19 March 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|Mar 2019
|[[News Nation]]
| '''270'''
| 134
|139
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref name="newsnation.in" />
|-
|Mar 2019
|CVoter
| '''264'''
| 141
|138
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
|-
|Mar 2019
|India TV-CNX
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''285'''
| 126
|132
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |13
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india-tv-cnx-opinion-poll-nda-may-get-thin-majority-with-285-seats-in-lok-sabha-elections-508402|title=India TV-CNX Opinion Poll: NDA may get thin majority with 285 seats in Lok Sabha elections|first=Nidhi|last=Taneja|date=10 March 2019|website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
|-
|Mar 2019
|[[Zee 24 Taas]]
| '''264'''
| 165
|114
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/bjp-led-nda-will-be-single-largest-bloc-but-short-of-majority-in-lok-sabha-election-predicts-zee-24-taas-survey-2186344.html|title=BJP-led NDA will be single largest bloc but short of majority in Lok Sabha election, predicts Zee 24 Taas survey|date=9 March 2019|website=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
| Feb 2019
|VDP Associates
| '''242'''
| 148
| 153
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/VDPAssociates/status/1093525958416572416|title=All India Seat Share Forecast if Loksabha election held now(543 Seats) #NationalTrackerPoll NDA-242 UPA-148 Others-153pic.twitter.com/ScDMXHXyCJ|last=VDPAssociates|date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Jan 2019
|Times Now-VMR
| '''252'''
| 147
| 144
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-2019-lok-sabha-elections-times-now-opinion-poll-live-updates-bjp-congress-mahagathbandhan-india-parliament-mayawati/356829|title=2019 Lok Sabha Elections Times Now-VMR Opinion Poll: NDA may fall 20 seats short of magic mark of 272|website=timesnownews.com|date=31 January 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|Jan 2019
|ABP News-CVoter
| '''233'''
| 167
| 143
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref name="auto6"/>
|-
|Jan 2019
|''India Today''-[[Karvy Corporate|Karvy]]
| '''237'''
| 166
| 140
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref name="https">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/mood-of-the-nation-hung-parliament-nda-upa-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-1438459-2019-01-24|title=Hung Parliament if elections held today, NDA would lose 99 seats: Mood of the Nation poll|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| Jan 2019
|VDP Associates
| '''225'''
| 167
| 150
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/060119/vdp-associates-predicts-16-lok-sabha-seats-for-trs.html|title=VDP Associates predicts 16 Lok Sabha seats for TRS|first=Coreena|last=Suares|date=6 January 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
| Dec 2018
|''India Today''
| '''257'''
| 146
| 140
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/2019-lok-sabha-elections-narendra-modi-nda-government-congress-opposition-survey-majority-mark-1424677-2019-01-06|title=If polls held now, NDA may fall short of majority by 15 seats, says survey|publisher=India Today |location=Delhi |date=6 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Dec 2018
|ABP News-CVoter
| '''247'''
| 171
| 125
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/watch-desh-ka-mood-survey-before-loksabha-election-1037629|title=देश का मूड: UP में महागठबंधन बना तो मोदी की राह होगी मुश्किल|date=25 December 2018|website=abpnews.abplive.in|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092706/https://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/watch-desh-ka-mood-survey-before-loksabha-election-1037629|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Dec 2018
|India TV-CNX
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''281'''
| 124
| 138
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |9
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india-tv-cnx-opinion-poll-lok-sabha-elections-2019-live-updates-narendra-modi-bjp-nda-rahul-gandhi-congress-latest-news-490786|title=India TV-CNX Opinion Poll Highlights- PM Modi-led NDA likely to get clear majority in Parliament with 281 seats if Lok Sabha elections were held today|first=Raj|last=Singh|date=8 December 2018|website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
|-
|Nov 2018
|ABP News-CVoter
| '''261'''
| 119
| 163
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://abpnews.abplive.in/india-news/desh-ka-mood-live-updates-lok-sabha-election-2019-abp-news-survey-check-all-updates-1001128|title=अभी देश का मूड पीएम मोदी के साथ, यूपी में महागठबंधन नहीं बना तो एनडीए को 300 सीट: एबीपी न्यूज-सी वोटर सर्वे|first=एबीपी|last=न्यूज|date=1 November 2018|website=abpnews.abplive.in|access-date=2 November 2018|archive-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429213556/https://abpnews.abplive.in/india-news/desh-ka-mood-live-updates-lok-sabha-election-2019-abp-news-survey-check-all-updates-1001128|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Oct 2018
|ABP News
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''276'''
| 112
| 155
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |4
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/videos/audio-bulletin-bjp-led-nda-will-return-to-power-if-lok-sabha-elections-are-held-today-763791|title=Audio Bulletin: BJP-led NDA will return to power if Lok Sabha elections are held today|date=4 October 2018|website=abplive.in}}</ref>
|-
|Aug 2018
|''India Today''-Karvy
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''281'''
| 122
| 140
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |9
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/mood-of-the-nation/story/20180827-a-clash-of-coalitions-1315668-2018-08-18|title=A clash of coalitions|author=Ajit Kumar Jha |location=New Delhi|date=18 August 2018 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| May 2018
|ABP News-CSDS
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''274'''
| 164
| 105
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |2
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/bjp-rules-eastern-india-congress-to-wrest-bjp-bastions-in-assembly-polls-abp-csds-survey-2575179.html|title=Advantage BJP in Lok Sabha 2019 polls, Congress might get a boost: ABP-CSDS survey|website=Moneycontrol|date=24 May 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| Jan 2018
|CVoter
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''335'''
| 89
| 119
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |63
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
|-
| Jan 2018
|''India Today''
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''309'''
| 102
| 132
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |37
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-mood-of-the-nation-poll-is-narendra-modi-still-india-s-first-choice-as-pm-1154288-2018-01-25|title=India Today Mood of the Nation Poll: Is Narendra Modi still India's first choice as PM?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>
|}<section end=Opinion polling /><section end=Opinion polling />

== Vote share ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" width="40px" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
|Mar 2019
|News Nation<ref name="newsnation.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/lok-sabha-elections-2019-modi-govt-to-retain-power-at-centre-nda-likely-to-win-270-seats-opinion-poll--article-216709.html|title=Lok Sabha elections 2019 - Modi govt to retain power at Centre, NDA likely to win 270 seats: Opinion poll - News Nation|date=11 March 2019|website=newsnation.in}}</ref>
|style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''34%'''
|28%
|38%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |6%
|-
|Mar 2019
|ABP News – C voter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abpnews.abplive.in/lok-sabha-election/desh-ka-mood-abp-news-survey-on-lok-sabha-elections-2019-1086247|title=ABP न्यूज़-C Voter सर्वे: NDA बहुमत के करीब, लेकिन यूपी में सपा-बसपा के आगे BJP की राह मुश्किल|first=एबीपी|last=न्यूज़|date=10 March 2019|website=abpnews.abplive.in|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410114356/https://abpnews.abplive.in/lok-sabha-election/desh-ka-mood-abp-news-survey-on-lok-sabha-elections-2019-1086247|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nda-will-marginally-fall-short-of-majority-but-form-government-cvoter-survey/articleshow/68347499.cms |title=CVoter survey 2019: NDA will marginally fall short of majority but form government - India News - Times of India |date=10 March 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''41%'''
|31%
|28%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |10%
|-
| Jan 2019
| Times Now-VMR<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/times-now-vmr-poll-predicts-hung-house-with-advantage-nda/articleshow/67760991.cms|title=Times Now-VMR poll predicts hung House, with Advantage NDA|date=31 January 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''38.7%'''
| 32.6%
| 28.7%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |6.1%
|-
| Jan 2019
| CVoter{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''37.6%'''
| 32.2%
| 30.2%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |5.4%
|-
| Jan 2019
|India Today -Karvy<ref name="https"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''35%'''
| 33%
| 32%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |2%
|-
| style="background:#D5D5D5" |April–May 2014
| style="background:#D5D5D5" |[[Results of the Indian general election, 2014|2014 General election results]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''36.0%'''
| style="background:#D5D5D5" |23.0%
| style="background:#D5D5D5" |42.0%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |13.0% 
|}

== Polling on politicians ==

=== Next Prime Minister ===

===[[Narendra Modi]] vs [[Rahul Gandhi]]===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="100px" class="unsortable" | {{small|[[Narendra Modi]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable" | {{small|[[Rahul Gandhi]]}}
|-
| Jan 2019
| India Today<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ae/news/world/modis-popularity-at-all-time-low-rahul-gandhi-closing-in-poll/ar-BBSMBsx?ocid=st|title=Modi's popularity at all-time low; Rahul Gandhi closing in: Poll|website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''60%'''
| 24%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white"|36%
|-
| Jan 2019
| India TV - CNX<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-chunav-2019-loksabha-elections-2019-india-tv-cnx-opinion-poll-pm-candiate-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-619223|title=India TV-CNX Opinion poll 2019: प्रधानमंत्री की रेस में नरेंद्र मोदी नंबर वन, राहुल गांधी दूसरे नंबर पर|last=Khushbu|date=13 January 2019|website=India TV Hindi}}</ref>
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''41%'''
| 23%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white"|18%
|-
| Nov 2018
| ABP News- C Voter<ref name="auto"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''56%'''
| 36%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white"|20%
|-
| Oct 2018
| rowspan="3" | ABP News- CSDS<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://abpnews.abplive.in/india-news/desh-ka-mood-updates-check-opinion-poll-election-survey-on-bjp-congress-aap-bsp-rjd-jdu-and-others-nda-win-survey-980822|title=बीजेपी अकेले बहुमत से दूर, 80 सीटों पर सिमट जाएगी कांग्रेस: सर्वे|first=एबीपी|last=न्यूज|date=4 October 2018|website=abpnews.abplive.in|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092737/https://abpnews.abplive.in/india-news/desh-ka-mood-updates-check-opinion-poll-election-survey-on-bjp-congress-aap-bsp-rjd-jdu-and-others-nda-win-survey-980822|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''60%'''
| 34%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white"|26%
|-
| Jan 2018
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''66%'''
| 28%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white"|38%
|-
| 2017
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''69%'''
| 26%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white"|43%
|}

=== [[Narendra Modi]] vs [[Priyanka Gandhi]] ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:green" |
! style="background:red" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="70px" class="unsortable" | Yes
! width="70px" class="unsortable" | No
|-
| Feb 2019
|ABP news - Cvoter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/india-news/60-want-to-witness-a-priyanka-vs-modi-battle-in-varanasi-abp-news-cvoter-survey-915043|title=60% want to witness a Priyanka vs Modi battle in Varanasi: ABP News-CVoter Survey|first=|last=|date=8 February 2019|website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref>
| {{yes|'''60%'''}}
| 32%
| style="background:green; color:white" |28%
|}

===Best Alternative to [[Narendra Modi]] amongst the Opposition leaders in 2019 Election ===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |can't say
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[Rahul Gandhi]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[Mamata Banerjee]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[P. Chidambaram]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[Naveen Patnaik]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[Sharad Pawar]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[Mayawati]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[Nitish Kumar]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[Sonia Gandhi]]}}
! width="100px" class="unsortable"| {{small|[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]}}
|-
| Jan 2019
| India Today- Karvy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/mood-of-the-nation/story/20190204-the-making-of-a-grand-alliance-1438068-2019-01-28|title=Mood of the Nation: Will 2019 see the making of a grand alliance?|author=Ajit Kumar Jha |date=4 February 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref>
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''32%'''
| 3%
| {{dash}}
| 3%
| 3%
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| 7%
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| 12%
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|34%
|-
| Jul 2018
| rowspan="6" | India Today- Karvy<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mood-of-the-nation-2018/story/india-today-motn-poll-46-per-cent-say-rahul-gandhi-best-alternative-to-narendra-modi-in-2019-1319914-2018-08-21|title=Mood of the Nation: 46 per cent say Rahul Gandhi best alternative to Narendra Modi in 2019|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''46%'''
| 8%
| 6%
| 6%
| 4%
| 4%
| 2%
| 2%
| 2%
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| 12%
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|34%
|-
| Jan 2018
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''45%'''
| 9%
| 9%
| 7%
| 5%
| 4%
| 4%
| 2%
| 3%
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| 12%
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|33%
|-
| Jul 2017
| 21%
| 4%
| 6%
| 4%
| rowspan="4" |{{dash}}
| 7%
| 3%
| rowspan="4" |{{dash}}
| 2%
| 13%
| 12%
| 3%
| style="background:#D3D3D3"|'''22%'''
| style="background:grey"|1%
|-
| Jan 2017
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''28%'''
| 4%
| 3%
| 2%
| 7%
| 2%
| 3%
| 13%
| 9%
| 3%
| 24%
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|4%
|-
| Aug 2016
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''23%'''
| 4%
| 4%
| 2%
| 12%
| 3%
| 3%
| 13%
| 9%
| 3%
| 21%
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|2%
|-
| Feb 2016
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''32%'''
| 2%
| 5%
| {{dash}}
| 10%
| 1%
| 3%
| 8%
| 15%
| 2%
| 15%
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|17%
|-
|}

== Approval ratings ==

=== Economic performance; compared to previous government ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:green" |
! style="background:red" |
! class="unsortable" rowspan="2" width="70px" |Don't know
! rowspan="2" width="20px" |Lead
|-
! class="unsortable" width="70px" |Better
! class="unsortable" width="70px" |Worse
|-
| Jan 2019
| India Today -Karvy<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/IndiaToday/status/1089896056484065281 |title=#Voternomics2019 How has been the Economic performance of NDA govt ? Take a look at the #MoodOfTheNation graph. (@narendrataneja) |first=India |last=Today |date=28 January 2019}}</ref>
| {{yes|'''49%'''}}
| 28%
| 23%
| style="background:green; color:white" |21%
|-
| Aug 2018
| India Today -Karvy<ref name="auto2"/>
| {{yes|'''51%'''}}
| 24%
| 25%
| style="background:green; color:white" |27%
|-
| Jan 2018
| India Today -Karvy<ref name="auto2"/>
| {{yes|'''56%'''}}
| 21%
| 23%
| style="background:green; color:white" |34%
|}

=== Issues ===

==== Key Issues ====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! width="100px" |Date published
! width="175px" |Polling agency
! class="unsortable" width="100px" |Unemployment
! class="unsortable" width="100px" |Price rise
! class="unsortable" width="100px" |Corruption
! class="unsortable" width="100px" |Farmers' plight
|-
| Jan 2019
| India today - Karvy<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/IndiaToday/status/1089902963223494657|title=#Voternomics2019 #MoodOfTheNation Is govt doing enough to create jobs? This is what the #MoodOfTheNation survey shows (@rajeevdubey , @shwwetapunj) |first=India|last=Today|date=28 January 2019}}</ref>
| {{yes|'''37%'''}}
| 19%
| 15%
| 12%
|}

==== Farm distress; Low crop causing farm distress ====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:green" |
! style="background:red" |
! class="unsortable" rowspan="2" width="70px" |Don't know
! rowspan="2" width="20px" |Lead
|-
! class="unsortable" width="70px" |Yes
! class="unsortable" width="70px" |No
|-
| Jan 2019
| India today - Karvy<ref name="auto3"/>
| {{yes|'''65%'''}}
| 25%
| 10%
| style="background:green; color:white" | 40%
|}

==== Jobs; Enough created ====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:green" |
! style="background:red" |
! class="unsortable" rowspan="2" width="70px" |Don't know
! rowspan="2" width="20px" |Lead
|-
! class="unsortable" width="70px" |Yes
! class="unsortable" width="70px" |No
|-
| Jan 2019
| India today - Karvy<ref name="auto3"/>
| 12%
| {{no|'''76%'''}}
| 12%
| style="background:red; color:white" | 64%
|}

==== Alleged corruption in [[Rafale deal controversy|Rafale deal]] ====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! width="100px" |Date published
! width="175px" |Polling agency
! class="unsortable" width="120px" |Yes
! class="unsortable" width="120px" |No
! class="unsortable" width="120px" |Not aware of deal
! class="unsortable" width="120px" |Can't say
|-
| Jan 2019
| India today - Karvy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/IndiaToday/status/1089809470438264832|title=#MoodOfTheNation: Do you think there was corruption in Rafale deal? |first=India|last=Today|date=28 January 2019}}</ref>
| 30%
| {{yes|'''32%'''}}
| 23%
| 15%
|}

==Statewise opinion polling==

=== Andhra Pradesh (25) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|-
|6 April 2019
|IndiaTV-CNX <ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-nda-may-get-thin-majority-with-275-seats-in-ls-elections-bjd-may-retain-odisha-ysr-congress-may-win-andhra-says-india-tv-cnx-pre-poll-survey-512921|title=Lok Sabha Election 2019: NDA may get thin majority with 275 seats, BJD may retain Odisha, YSR Congress may win Andhra, says India TV-CNX pre-poll survey|first=Nidhi|last=Taneja|date=6 April 2019|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
| 7
| style="background:#5FA5F4" |'''18'''
| style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}; color:white" |11
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Telegu Desam Party|TDP]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|}

=== Arunachal Pradesh (2) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

=== Assam (14) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:#00FF00" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
|-
| 6 April 2019
| IndiaTV-CNX <ref name="auto4"/>
| '''5'''
| '''5'''
| 2
| style="background:grey" |{{Dash}}
|-
| Mar 2019
| Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/opinion-poll-for-lok-sabha-election-2019-live-times-now-vmr-survey-for-bjp-congress-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi/384850|title=Times Now-VMR Opinion Poll : Modi govt again with 283 seats, predicts survey|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=19 March 2019 }}</ref>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''8'''
| 4
| 2
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |4
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:#00FF00" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
|-
| Mar 2019
| Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''37.0%'''
| 32.4%
| 12.8%
| 14.3%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |4.60%
|}

=== Bihar (40) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
|6 April 2019
|IndiaTV-CNX <ref name="auto4"/>
|style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''29'''
|11
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |18
|-

| Jan 2019
| ABP News - Cvoter<ref name="auto6">{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/india-news/lok-sabha-election-2019-modi-wave-or-rahuls-magic-this-time-find-out-at-abp-news-desh-ka-mood-survey-at-5pm-903679|title=ABP News-CVoter survey Highlights: NDA, UPA won't get clear majority in LS polls, hung parliament projected|first=|last=|date=24 January 2019|website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''35'''
| 5
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |30
|-
| Nov 2018
| ABP News- C Voter<ref name="auto"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''34'''
| 6
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |28
|-
| rowspan="2" |Oct 2018
| rowspan="2" |ABP News- CSDS<ref name="auto1"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''22'''
| 18
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |4
|-
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''31'''
| 9
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |22
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

===Chhattisgarh (11)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-

|-
| 6 April 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref name="auto4"/>
| 3
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''8'''
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |5
|-

| March 2019
|News Nation<ref name="newsnation.in"/>
| 5
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''6'''
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |1
|-
| Jan 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref name="auto7">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-indiatv-cnx-opinion-poll-2019-lok-sabha-elections-bjp-led-nda-congress-other-parties-bsp-sp-alliance-uttar-pradesh-latest-updates-498683|title=IndiaTV-CNX Opinion Poll post-Grand Alliance: NDA may fail to repeat its 2014 win in LS elections, likely to fall short of clear majority|first=Soumya|last=Thomas|date=12 January 2019|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
| 5
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''6'''
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |1
|-
| Oct 2018
|Times Now<ref name="timesnownews.com1">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/madhya-pradesh-rajasthan-chhattisgarh-survey-assembly-elections-2018-lok-sabha-poll-2019-bjp-nda-congress-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-shivraj-singh/296191|title=EXCL SURVEY: BJP ahead in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh; Congress in Rajasthan|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=9 October 2018 }}</ref>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''8'''
| 3
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |5
|-
| Oct 2018
|ABP News- CSDS<ref name="auto1"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''9'''
| 2
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |7
|-
| Oct 2018
|Times Now<ref name="timesnownews.com1"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''8'''
| 3
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |5
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:#330066" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|JCC]]
|}

===Goa (2)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-

| 6 April 2019
| India TV - CNX<ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CrgTEJ7mhEM|title=पूरे India का ओपिनियन पोल सभी 543 Lok Sabha Seats पर - IndiaTv-CNX Opinion Poll 2019|last=IndiaTV|date=6 April 2019|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| '''2'''
| {{Dash}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |2
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

===Gujarat (26)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-

| 6 April 2019
| India TV-CNX<ref name="auto8"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''24'''
| 2
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |22
|-

| March 2019
| News Nation<ref name="newsnation.in"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''21'''
| 5
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |16
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

===Haryana (10)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
|-

|6 April 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref name="auto8"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''9'''
|1
| –
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |8
|-

|Jan 2019
|ABP News - Cvoter<ref name="auto6"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''7'''
|3
| –
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |4
|-
|Oct 2018
|ABP News- CSDS<ref name="auto1"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''6'''
| 3
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |3
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
|}

===Himachal Pradesh (4)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

===Jammu and Kashmir (6)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-

|6 April 2019
| India TV - CNX<ref name="auto8"/>
|2
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''4'''
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |2
|-

|Mar 2019
| Times Now<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
|2
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''4'''
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |2
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:#016138" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|JKPDP]]
|}

===Jharkhand (14)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-

| 9 April 2019
|Times Now - VMR<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/nda-seat-tally-at-279-upa-149-times-now-vmr-survey/articleshow/68787355.cms|title=Opinion poll Lok Sabha 2019 latest: NDA seat tally at 279, UPA 149: Times Now-VMR survey - - Times of India |date=9 April 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''11'''
|3
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |8
|-

| 8 April 2019
|News Nation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/opinion-poll-balakot-air-strike-gives-modi-wave-major-boost-nda-likely-to-retain-power-article-219909.html|title=Opinion Poll - Balakot air strike gives 'Modi wave' major boost, NDA likely to retain power at Centre- News Nation|date=8 April 2019|website=newsnation.in}}</ref>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''9'''
|5
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |4
|-

| 6 April 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india-tv-cnx-opinion-poll-nda-likely-to-get-295-seats-check-statewise-projection-513252|title=India TV-CNX Opinion Poll: NDA likely to get 295 seats. Check statewise projection|first=Nidhi|last=Taneja|date=8 April 2019|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''10'''
|4
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |6
|-

|30 March 2019
|VDP Associates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/VDPAssociates/status/1111934494569914368|title=Jharkhand Seat Share Projection #NationalTrackerPoll BJP-7 Cong-4 JMM-2 JVM(P)-1|last=VDPAssociates|date=30 March 2019}}</ref>
|7
|7
|style="background:grey" |{{Dash}}
|-

| 5 January 2019
|VDP Associates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/VDPAssociates/status/1081510861091540992|title=Most surprising data from Jharkhand.Cong projected to win 5 out of 14 Lok Sabha seats as BJP sinks under local anti-incumbency Cong-5 BJP-4 JMM-4 JVM-1|last=VDPAssociates|date=5 January 2019}}</ref>
| 4
| style="background:#84CCE0" |10
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |6
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|JVM]]
|}

=== Karnataka (28) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
| 6 April 2019
| India TV - CNX<ref name="auto4"/>
| '''16'''
| 12
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |4
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

===Kerala (20)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! rowspan="2" width="50px" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| 15–19 April 2019
| Twenty Four News<ref name="twentyfournews.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2019/04/20/24-survey-final-seat-share-for-political-parties.html|title=24 സർവേ; യുഡിഎഫിന് മുന്നേറ്റം; തൊട്ടുപിന്നിൽ എൽഡിഎഫ്|date=20 April 2019|website=www.twentyfournews.com}}</ref>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''10-12'''
| 8-10
| 0-2
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |0-4
|-
| 14 April 2019
| Asianet News - AZ Research<ref name="auto9">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fuIjE4esOeY|title=Asianet news - AZ research Election opinion survey - Part 2|last=asianetnews|date=14 April 2019|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''13'''
| 6
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |7
|-
| 8 April 2019
| Mathrubhoomi News - Nielson<ref name="auto10">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPXAxfQ1Jt8|title=Mathrubhumi News-Nielsen Survey: Results, Debate Unedited- Mathrubhumi-Nielsen Opinion Poll- Part 1|last=Mathrubhumi News|date=8 April 2019|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''14'''
| 5
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |9
|-
| 6 April 2019
| India TV - CNX<ref name="auto4"/>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''14'''
| 5
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |9
|-

| March 2019
| News Nation<ref name="newsnation.in"/>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''15'''
| 4
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |11
|-
| March 2019
| Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''16'''
| 3
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |12
|-
| Oct 2018
| ABP News- CSDS<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/india/2018/10/06/udf-will-win-election-in-kerala.html|title=കേരളത്തില്‍ യുഡിഎഫിന് 16 സീറ്റെന്ന് എബിപി–സീ വോട്ടര്‍ സര്‍വേ|website=www.manoramanews.com}}</ref>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|'''12'''
| 6
| 2
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |6
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| 15-19 Apr 2019
| Twenty Four News<ref name="twentyfournews.com"/>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|42% 
| 39%
| 15%
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" | 3%
|-
| 14 April 2019
| Asianet News – AZ Research<ref name="auto9"/>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|41%
| 34%
| 19%
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" | 7%
|-
| 8 April 2019
| Mathrubhoomi News – Nielson<ref name="auto10"/>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|41%
| 37%
| 16%
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" | 4%
|-
| Mar 2019
| Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| style="background:#84CCE0"|45%
| 29.2%
| 21.7%
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" | 15.8%
|}

===Madhya Pradesh (29)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
|6 April 2019
|IndiaTV-CNX<ref name="auto4"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''21'''
|8
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |13
|-
|Mar 2019
|Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''24'''
|5
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |19
|-
|Jan 2019
|ABP News -Cvoter<ref name="auto6"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''23'''
|6
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |17
|-
| Jan 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref name="auto7"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''18'''
| 11
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |7
|-
| Nov 2018
|ABP News - C Voters<ref name="auto"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''22'''
| 7
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |15
|-
| Oct 2018
| Times Now<ref name="timesnownews.com1"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''21'''
| 8
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |13
|-
|Oct 2018
| ABP News- CSDS<ref name="auto1"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''23'''
| 6
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |17
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
| Mar 2019
| Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''49.20%'''
|39.70%
|4.30%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |9.5%
|}

===Maharashtra (48)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|-
| 6 April 2019
| India TV - CNX<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-chunav-2019-loksabha-elections-2019-india-tv-cnx-opinion-poll-bjp-congress-up-bihar-maharashtra-rajasthan-631116|title=एक बार फिर बन सकती है मोदी सरकार, NDA को 275 और UPA को 147 सीटें|last=Khushbu|date=6 April 2019|website=India TV Hindi}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''34'''
| colspan="2" |13
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |21
|-
| Jan 2019
| ABP News - Cvoter<ref name="auto6"/>
| colspan="2" style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''28'''
| colspan="2" |20
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |8
|-
| Jan 2019
|VDP Associates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/VDPAssociates/status/1081502390782705664|title=Maharashtra Seat Share Forecast(48 Seats) #NationalTrackerPoll BJP-23 Cong-12 NCP-8 Shiv Sena-2 Others-3|last=VDPAssociates|date=5 January 2019}}</ref>
|'''23'''
| 2
| colspan="2" |'''23'''
| style="background:grey" |{{dash}}
|-
| Jan 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india-tv-cnx-opinion-poll-2019-bihar-maharashtra-uttar-pradesh-number-nitish-mayawati-akhilesh-devendra-fadnavis-497304|title=India TV CNX Opinion Poll 2019: Here are projected Lok Sabha seats of BJP, Congress and other parties if election held today|first=Arshi|last=Aggarwal|date=5 January 2019|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''22'''
| 8
| colspan="2" |18
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |4
|-
| Nov 2018
|ABP News- C Voter<ref name="auto"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''23'''
| 5
| 14
| 6
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |9
|-
| rowspan="3" | Oct 2018
| rowspan="3" |ABP News- CSDS<ref name="auto1"/>
| 16
| 2
| colspan="2" style="background:#84CCE0" |'''30'''
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |14
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''36'''
| colspan="2" |12
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |24
|-
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''22'''
| 7
| 11
| 8
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |11
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! class="unsortable" width="50px" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|}

===Manipur (2)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|-
| Mar 2019
| Times Now<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| 1
| 1
| 0
| –
|}

===Meghalaya (2)===

===Mizoram (1)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Mizo National Front}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! rowspan="2" width="50px" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Mizo National Front|MNF]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| Mar 2019
| Times Now<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| 0
| colspan="2"style="background:#70A2EF" |'''1'''
| style="background:{{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |1
|}

===Nagaland (1)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! rowspan="2" width="50px" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| March 2019
| Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| 0
| style="background:#E0CCE0"|'''1'''
| 0

| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" |1
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
|-
| Mar 2019
| Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| 30.1%
| style="background:#E0CCE0"|68.7%
| 5.9%
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" | 38.6%
|}

===Odisha (21)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-

| 6 April 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref name="auto4"/>
| 6
| 1
|style="background:#BBFF77"|'''14'''
| style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |8
|-

|Jan 2019
|ABP News - Cvoter<ref name="auto6"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''12'''
|{{Dash}}
|9
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |3
|-
| Nov 2018
|ABP News- C Voter<ref name="auto"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''13'''
| 3
| 5
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |6
|-
|Oct 2018
|ABP News- CSDS<ref name="auto1"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''13'''
| 2
| 6
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |7
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|}

===Punjab (13)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|-
|6 April 2019
|India TV<ref name="auto4"/>
| 3
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''9'''
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}};Color:White" |6
|-
|Mar 2019
|Zee 24 Taas<ref name="zeenews.india.com"/>
| 1
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''10'''
| 2
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}};Color:White" |6
|-
|Mar 2019
|India TV<ref name="auto11">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india-tv-cnx-opinion-poll-nda-may-get-thin-majority-with-285-seats-in-lok-sabha-elections-508402|title=India TV-CNX Opinion Poll: NDA may get thin majority with 285 seats in Lok Sabha elections|first=Nidhi|last=Taneja|date=10 March 2019|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
| 3
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''9'''
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}};Color:White" |6
|-
|Jan 2019
|ABP News - Cvoter<ref name="auto6"/>
| 1
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''12'''
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}};Color:White" |11
|-
| Oct 2018
|ABP News- CSDS<ref name="auto1"/>
| 1
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''12'''
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |11
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|}

===Rajasthan (25)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
| 6 April 2019
| India TV - CNX<ref name="auto4"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''17'''
| 8
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |9
|-

| March 2019
|News Nation<ref name="newsnation.in"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''17'''
| 8
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |9
|-
| Jan 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref name="auto7"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''15'''
| 10
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |5
|-
| Jan 2019
|VDP Associates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/VDPAssociates/status/1081508416617697281|title=Rajasthan seat Share Forecast(25 Seats) #NationalTrackerPoll Cong-13 BJP-12|last=VDPAssociates|date=5 January 2019}}</ref>
|12
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''13'''
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |1
|-
| Nov 2018
|ABP News- C Voters<ref name="auto"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''17'''
| 8
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |9
|-
| Oct 2018
|Times Now<ref name="timesnownews.com1"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''24'''
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |23
|-
| Oct 2018
|ABP News- CSDS<ref name="auto1"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''18'''
| 7
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |11
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

===Sikkim (1)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! rowspan="2" width="50px" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| 8 April 2019
| News X<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZckKdh5tRDA&app=desktop|title=State by State Poll Results, Opinion Poll, Seat Share; NewsX Polstrat, Lok Sabha Elections 2019|last=NewsX|date=8 April 2019|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| 0
| colspan="2" style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''1'''
| style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}" |1
|-
| 6 April 2019
| India TV - CNX<ref name="auto4"/>
| 0
| colspan="2" style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''1'''
| style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}" |1
|-
| March 2019
| Times Now<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| 0
| colspan="2" style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''1'''
| style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}" |1
|}

===Tamil Nadu (39)===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 8 April 2019
| [[Times Now|Times Now-VMR]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/times-now-vmr-opinion-poll-for-lok-sabha-election-2019-bjp-narendra-modi-congress-rahul-gandhi/396628|title=Times Now-VMR Opinion Poll For Election 2019, Who Will Win Lok Sabha Polls, Times Now VMR Survey, PM Narendra Modi-led NDA likely to get 279 seats, UPA 149 - India News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=8 April 2019 }}</ref>
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''33'''
| colspan="2" |6
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |27
|-
| 8 April 2019
| [[Puthiya Thalaimurai TV|PuthiyaThalaimurai TV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/PTTVOnlineNews/status/1115275977238568960|title=புதிய தலைமுறையின் கருத்துக் கணிப்பு… எந்த கூட்டணிக்கு எவ்வளவு தொகுதிகள்...? #LokSabhaElections2019 #Elections2019 #ElectionsWithPTpic.twitter.com/7SxFCzky0e|last=PuthiyathalaimuraiTV|date=8 April 2019}}</ref>
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''31-33'''
| Colspan="2"|6-8
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" | 27
|-
| 6 April 2019
| [[India TV|IndiaTV-CNX]]<ref name="auto4"/>
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''21'''
| Colspan="2"|13
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |8
|-
| 5 April 2019
| [[Loyola College, Chennai|People studies-Loyola College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/news/latest-opinion-poll-on-tamil-nadu-elections-projects-more-seats-to-dmk-alliance/articleshow/68735383.cms|title=TN Elections Opinion Polls: தமிழகத்தின் அடுத்த முதல்வராக இவருக்கு ஆதரவு|date=5 April 2019|website=Samayam Tamil}}</ref>
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''33'''
| Colspan="2" |3-5
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |28
|-
| Mar 2019
| [[News Nation]]<ref name="newsnation.in"/>
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''24'''
| Colspan="2"|15
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |9
|-
| Mar 2019
| [[The Times of India|Times]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Chennai|title=@Chennai (@chennai) - Twitter|website=twitter.com}}</ref>
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''18'''
| 15
| 6
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |3
|-
| Mar 2019
| [[India TV|India TV-CNX]]<ref name="auto11"/>
| style="background:#84CCE0" |'''22'''
| 15
| 2
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |7
|}

*AIADMK is part of NDA alliance in Tamil Nadu.

===Telangana (17)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}"|
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Indian National Congress|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
|6 April 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref name="auto4"/>
| style="background:#FFDDE3" |'''12'''
| 4
| 0
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |8
|-
|Mar 2019
|Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| style="background:#FFDDE3" |'''12'''
| 1
| 2
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |10
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Indian National Congress|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
|Mar 2019
|Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| 30.30%
| style="background:#FFDDE3"|'''41.20%'''
| 7.4%
| 17.60%
| style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |10.9%
|}

===Tripura (2)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! rowspan="2" width="50px" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-

| Mar 2019
| Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
| 0
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''2'''
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color: white" |2
|-
| March 2019
| India TV-CNX<ref name="auto11"/>
| '''1'''
| '''1'''
| 0
| –
|-
| Jan 2019
| Times Now-VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com2">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-2019-lok-sabha-elections-times-now-opinion-poll-live-updates-bjp-congress-mahagathbandhan-india-parliament-mayawati/356829|title=2019 Lok Sabha Elections Times Now-VMR Opinion Poll: NDA may fall 20 seats short of magic mark of 272|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=31 January 2019 }}</ref>
| 0
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''2'''
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color: white" |2
|-
| Dec 2018
| India Today<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
| '''1'''
| '''1'''
| 0
| –
|}

===Uttar Pradesh (80)===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Mahagathbandhan}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Mahagathbandhan (Uttar Pradesh)|MGB]]
|-
|8 April 2019
|News Nation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/uttar-pradesh-opinion-poll-mahagathbandhan-may-give-tough-fight-to-nda-likely-to-win-41-seats-article-219904.html|title=Uttar Pradesh Opinion Poll: 'Mahagathbandhan' may give tough fight to NDA, likely to win 41 seats- News Nation|date=8 April 2019|website=newsnation.in}}</ref>
|37
|2
|style="background:#8A9ED8" |'''41'''
|style="background:{{party color|Mahagathbandhan}}; color:white" |4
|-
|6 April 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref name="auto4"/>
|style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''41'''
|4
|35
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color: white" |6
|-
|3 April 2019
| ABP News - Nielsen<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/videos/up-survey-nda-to-face-a-loss-of-37-seats-in-lok-sabha-elections-956804|title=UP Survey: NDA to face a loss of 37 seats in Lok Sabha elections|date=3 April 2019|website=www.abplive.in}}</ref>
| 36
| 2
|style="background:#8A9ED8" |'''42'''
|style="background:{{party color|Mahagathbandhan}}; color:white" |6
|-
|1 April 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-chunav-2019-latest-india-tv-cnx-opinion-poll-survey-in-uttar-pradesh-west-bengal-and-odisha-630329|title=India TV-CNX Opinion Poll: उत्तर प्रदेश में BJP+ को मिल सकती हैं 46 सीटें, महागठबंधन भी मजबूत|first=Lakshya|last=Rana|date=1 April 2019|website=India TV Hindi}}</ref>
|style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''46'''
|4
|30
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color: white" |16
|-
|19 March 2019
|Times Now - VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com"/>
|style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''42'''
|2
|36
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color: white" |6
|-
|12 March 2019
|News Nation<ref name="newsnation.in"/>
|35
|2
|style="background:#8A9ED8" |'''43'''
|style="background:{{party color|Mahagathbandhan}}; color:white" |8
|-
|8 March 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india-tv-cnx-opinion-poll-iaf-strike-uttar-pradesh-bjp-congress-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-surgical-strike-live-updates-507363|title=India TV-CNX Opinion Poll: People in UP satisfied with Modi Govt's response to Pulwama terror attack - Highlights|first=Arshi|last=Aggarwal|date=4 March 2019|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
|style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''41'''
|4
|35
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color: white" |6
|-
|31 January 2019
| Times Now - VMR<ref name="timesnownews.com2"/>
| 27
| 2
|style="background:#8A9ED8" |'''51'''
|style="background:{{party color|Mahagathbandhan}}; color:white" |24
|-
|24 January 2019
| ABP News - Cvoter<ref name="auto6"/>
| 25
| 4
|style="background:#8A9ED8" |'''51'''
|style="background:{{party color|Mahagathbandhan}}; color:white" |26
|-
|23 January 2019
|India Today<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/mood-of-the-nation-bjp-down-sp-bsp-up-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-1437607-2019-01-23|title=Without Congress, SP-BSP will bring BJP+ down to 18 seats in Uttar Pradesh: Mood of the Nation poll|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>
| 18
| 4
|style="background:#8A9ED8" |'''58'''
|style="background:{{party color|Mahagathbandhan}}; color:white" |40
|-
|2 November 2018
|ABP News - CVoter<ref name="auto"/>
| 31
| 5
|style="background:#8A9ED8" |'''44'''
|style="background:{{party color|Mahagathbandhan}}; color:white" |13
|-
|5 October 2018
|ABP News- CSDS<ref name="auto1"/>
| 36
| 2
|style="background:#8A9ED8" |'''42'''
|style="background:{{party color|Mahagathbandhan}}; color:white" |6
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Mahagathbandhan}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Mahagathbandhan (Uttar Pradesh)|MGB]]
|}

===Uttarakhand (5)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Indian National Congress|UPA]]
|-
| Jan 2019
| India TV - CNX<ref name="auto7"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''4'''
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color: white" |3
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Indian National Congress|UPA]]
|}

===West Bengal (42)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
|-

|6 April 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref name="auto8"/>
|12
|1
|style="background:#B0F4B0" |'''28'''
| 1
|style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |16
|-

| Mar 2019
|ABP News- Nielsen<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/west-bengal/bjp-may-win-8-trinamool-to-shine-in-west-bengal-abp-nielsen/articleshow/68643020.cms|title=BJP in West Bengal: BJP may win 8, Trinamool to shine in West Bengal: ABP-Nielsen|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406205119/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/west-bengal/bjp-may-win-8-trinamool-to-shine-in-west-bengal-abp-nielsen/articleshow/68643020.cms|archive-date=6 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 8
| 3
| style="background:#B0F4B0" |'''31'''
| {{dash}}
| style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |23
|-
|Jan 2019
|Spick Media<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Spick_Media/status/1098642333191483392|title=#BJP shows improvement at #WestBengal. Ruling Trinamool Congress to stay as Single Largest Party in state. #LokSabhaElections2019 @AITCofficial : 30 (38.56%) @BJP4Bengal : 08 (19.44%) @INCWestBengal : 04 (15.39%) #Others : 00 (26.61%) : #FON #FOWB #AITC #BJP #CPIM #Congresspic.twitter.com/6IyDl0cvMZ|first=Spick Media|last=Network|date=21 February 2019|publisher=[[Twitter]]|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref>
|8
|4
|style="background:#B0F4B0" |'''30'''
| 0
|style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |22
|-
| Nov 2018
|Spick Media<ref>{{cite web|url=https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/83899b59-d110-4e93-82bc-eb74aaa7d701/downloads/1crejrtgn_673088.PDF|title=Fate of West Bengal : Spick Media - IE Tech - Fate of Nation survey - Fate of west bengal (august - september, 2018)|website=Img1.wsimg.com|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104130126/https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/83899b59-d110-4e93-82bc-eb74aaa7d701/downloads/1crejrtgn_673088.PDF|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 5
| 4
| style="background:#B0F4B0" |'''32'''
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |27
|-
| Nov 2018
|ABP News- C Voter<ref name="auto"/>
| 9
| 1
| style="background:#B0F4B0" |'''32'''
| {{dash}}
| style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |23
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
|}

==Union territories==

=== Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

=== Chandigarh (1) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|}

=== Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|}

===Daman and Diu (1)===

===Lakshadweep (1)===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|}

===Puducherry (1)===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="50px" class="unsortable" |Others
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|}

===NCT of Delhi (7)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! width="50px" class="unsortable" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|-

| 6 April 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref name="auto8"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''7'''
| 0
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |7
|-

| March 2019
|News Nation<ref name="newsnation.in"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''6'''
| 0
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |5
|-
| Jan 2019
|India TV - CNX<ref name="auto7"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''5'''
| 1
| 1
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |4
|-
| Oct 2018
|ABP News- CSDS<ref name="auto1"/>
| style="background:#F9BC7F" |'''4'''
|{{dash}}
| 3
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |1
|}

== Exit polls ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Poll type
! rowspan="2" |Date published
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |[[List of political parties in India|Others]]
! rowspan="2" | Majority
! rowspan="2" | Ref
|-
! class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="13" |[[Exit poll]]s
|''[[India Today]]''-Axis
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''{{nowrap|352 ± 13}}'''
| {{nowrap|93 ± 15}}
| {{nowrap|82 ± 13}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|70 ± 13}}
|<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections|title=Lok Sabha Election 2019: Vote Counting, Stats and Election 2019 Analysis|website=indiatoday.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News24]]-Today's Chanakya
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''{{nowrap|350 ± 14}}'''
| {{nowrap|95 ± 9}}
| {{nowrap|97 ± 11}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|68 ± 14}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayschanakya.com/loksabha-2019-analysis.html|title=Lok Sabha 2019 Analysis|author=Today's Chanakya|date=19 May 2019|publisher=News24 India|access-date=28 June 2019|archive-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525112803/http://www.todayschanakya.com/loksabha-2019-analysis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[News18 India|News18]]-[[Ipsos|IPSOS]] [[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]]-IPSOS
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''336'''
| 82
| 124
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |64
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/clean-sweep-for-bjp-crisis-for-congress-rise-of-regional-satraps-what-the-exit-poll-results-mean-for-india-2146841.html|title=Clean Sweep for BJP, Crisis for Congress, Rise of Regional Satraps: What Exit Poll Results Mean|website=[[News18]]|date=20 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="outlookindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-exit-poll-results-2019-live-updates-news18-ipsos-chanakya-india-today-axis-cvoter-to-announce-predictions-after-6-pm/330584|title=Exit Poll Results: Narendra Modi Projected To Return As PM; NDA Headed For Landslide Victory|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|VDP Associates
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''333'''
| 115
| 94
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |61
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/VDPAssociates/status/1130097857262784512|title=Lok Sabha Exit Poll 2019 Sea Share Projection #LokSabhaElections2019 NDA-333 UPA-115 Others-94 pic.twitter.com/1JUh8MkSZJ|last=VDPAssociates|date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sudarshan News]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''313'''
| 121
| 109
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |41
|<ref name="asianage.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/190519/india-elections-end-wait-for-exit-polls-result.html|title=2019 Lok Sabha elections: Exit polls indicate sweep for BJP|date=19 May 2019|website=The Asian Age}}</ref>
|-
|[[Times Now]]-VMR
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''{{nowrap|306 ± 3}}'''
| {{nowrap|132 ± 3}}
| {{nowrap|104 ± 3}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|34 ± 3}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TimesNow/status/1130095864540565504|title=#TimesNowExitPoll BREAKING - TIMES NOW-VMR 2019 Exit Poll National (Overall) Tally: Seat Share: BJP+ (NDA): 306 Cong+ (UPA): 132 Others: 104 Vote Share: BJP+ (NDA): 41.1% Cong+ (UPA): 31.7% Others: 27.2%pic.twitter.com/Y9te9W4wwL|first=TIMES|last=NOW|date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Suvarna News]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''305'''
| 124
| 102
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |33
|<ref name="asianage.com" />
|-
|[[India TV]]-CNX
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''{{nowrap|300 ± 10}}'''
| {{nowrap|120 ± 5}}
| {{nowrap|122 ± 6}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|28 ± 10}}
|<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-india-tv-cnx-exit-poll-lok-sabha-election-bjp-congress-modi-rahul-live-updates-521030 |title = India TV-CNX Exit Poll 2019: As it happened|date = 19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[India news|India News]]-Polstrat
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''287'''
| 128
| 127
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |15
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/lok-sabha-exit-polls-result-live-updates/articleshow/69398185.cms?from=mdr|title=Exit Poll highlights: Most polls predict majority to BJP-led NDA|date=22 May 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|[[CVoter]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''287'''
| 128
| 127
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |15
|<ref name="outlookindia.com" />
|-
|[[News Nation]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''286'''
| 122
| 134
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |14
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/lok-sabha-elections-phase-7-voting-live-updates-polling-in-59-constituencies-narendra-modi-varanasi-shatrughan-sinha-patna-sahib-article-224610.html|title=Lok Sabha Elections Exit Poll 2019 LIVE: Modi set to return as PM, NDA to get 286 seats- News Nation|date=19 May 2019|website=newsnation.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[ABP News|ABP]]-[[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|CSDS]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''277'''
| 130
| 135
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |5
|<ref name="indiatoday.in" />
|-
|[[NewsX]]-Neta
| '''242'''
| 164
| 137
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref name="outlookindia.com" />
|}

== See also ==
* [[Opinion polling for the 2014 Indian general election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/index.aspx Election Commission of India website]
*[https://www.loksabhaelection2019.com/latest-news-lok-sabha-election-2019/ Lok Sabha (General) Elections 2019 Date, Seats, Opinion Poll, Results]
{{Indian general election, 2019}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2019 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Opinion polling in India]]
[[Category:Opinion polling for elections|India]]

Nala and Damayanti

2025-10-28T21:25:15Z

Ab2030: creating new page...

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Episode from the Indian epic Mahabharata}}
{{redirect|Nala Damayanti}}
[[File:Nala Damayanti.jpg|thumb|311x311px|Pahari painting depicting Nala and Damayanti, 18th century]]
'''''Nala and Damayanti''''', also known as '''''Nalopakhyana''''' ([[Sanskrit]] title: नलोपाख्यान ''Nalopākhyāna'', i.e., "Episode of Nala"), is an episode from the [[Culture of India|Indian]] epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. It is about King [[Nala]] and his wife [[Damayanti]]: Nala loses his kingdom in a game of dice and has to go into exile with his faithful wife Damayanti in the forest, where he leaves her. Separated from each other, the two have many adventures before they are finally reunited and Nala regains his kingdom.

''Nala and Damayanti'' is one of the best-known and most popular episodes of the ''Mahabharata''. It has found a wide reception in India and is also regarded in the West as one of the most valuable works of Indian literature.

== Content ==
The ''Mahabharata'', a huge work of over 100,000 double verses, contains a large number of side episodes, some of which are nested within one another, in addition to the main story, which tells of the battle between the [[Pandava]]s and [[Kaurava]]s, two related princely families. Alongside the religious-philosophical didactic poem ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and the [[Savitri and Satyavan|''Savitri'']] legend, ''Nala and Damayanti'' is one of the best known of these episodes. It occurs in ''Aranyakaparvan'', the third of 18 books of the epic<ref>''Mahabharata'' III, 52–79.</ref> and comprises around 1100 double verses ([[shloka|''shlokas'']]) in 26 chapters.

In the main narrative, [[Yudhishthira]], the eldest of the five Pandava brothers, has just lost his kingdom to the Kauravas in a game of dice and had to go into exile with his brothers for twelve years. There, Yudhishtira meets the seer [[Brihadashva]] and asks him if there has ever been a more unfortunate man than himself, whereupon Brihadashva tells him the story of Nala, who also lost his kingdom in the dice game, but eventually regained it.

=== Summary ===
[[File:Indian_myth_and_legend_(1913)_(14597490420).jpg|left|thumb|Damayanti encounters the golden swan, 1913 illustration]]
[[Nala]], the handsome, virtuous and heroic son of Virasena, is king of [[Nishadha Kingdom|Nishadha]]. At the same time, the beautiful [[Damayanti]] lives in [[Vidarbha]] at the court of her father, King Bhima. Bhima was once childless until the seer Damana granted him the boon of three sons and a daughter. Nala and Damayanti hear of each other's virtues through songs and stories, and they fall in love despite never having met. One day, Nala captures a ''[[Hamsa (bird)|hamsa]]'' (wild goose or swan), which promises to convey his feelings to Damayanti. When Damayanti encounters the same goose, it speaks to her of Nala, further deepening her affection. Later, Damayanti begins to behave unusually, prompting concern among her companions, who report the matter to her father, King Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Buitenen |first=Hans van (Johannes Adrianus Bernardus) |url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharata02buit |title=The Mahabharata |date=1975 |publisher=Chicago [etc.] : University of Chicago Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-226-84649-1 |pages=319–322}}</ref>

In response, Bhima arranges a ''[[svayamvara]]''—a traditional ceremony for a bride to choose her husband—and invites suitors from many kingdoms. Meanwhile, the sages [[Narada]] and Parvata visit the god [[Indra]], who laments that no kings are dying in battle. Narada explains that the princes are instead preoccupied with attending Damayanti's ''svayamvara''. Intrigued, the gods Indra, [[Agni]], [[Varuna]] and [[Yama]] decide to attend the event. Upon seeing Nala, they elect to enlist him as their messenger to Damayanti. Reluctantly, Nala agrees to act as the envoy and visits Damayanti in her private chamber. He reveals his divine commission and urges her to choose one of the gods as her husband. However, Damayanti is resolute in her desire to marry Nala and declares her intention to do so. Nala returns to the gods and reports her decision.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Damayanti_Svayamvara.jpg|alt=|thumb|277x277px|Damayanti choosing her husband from a group of suitors who all appear to be Nala. Painting by [[Nandalal Bose]].]]
At the ''svayamvara'', the gods take on Nala's appearance, creating confusion for Damayanti. In desperation, she appeals to the gods, swearing by her sincerity and purity. Moved by her truthfulness, the gods resume their divine forms, enabling her to identify and choose Nala. In gratitude, the gods bestow various boons: Indra grants that he may always appear at sacrifices; Agni ensures Nala's immediate access to fire and immunity from it; Yama grants a refined palate and adherence to righteousness; and Varuna ensures the presence of water and bestows a garland. As the gods return from the ''svayamvara'', they encounter [[Kali (demon)|Kali]] and [[Dvapara Yuga|Dvāpara]]. Upon learning that Nala has won Damayanti, Kali becomes enraged and vows to possess him, while Dvāpara resolves to enter the dice, setting the stage for Nala’s downfall. Nala and Damayanti are married and live together in happiness. The couple also receives the blessing of twin children.<ref name=":0" />

Twelve years later, Nala becomes spiritually defiled, allowing Kali to take possession of him. Nala's brother, [[Pushkara]], challenges him to a game of dice, and under the influence of Kali and Dvāpara, Nala begins to lose repeatedly. Despite protests from the citizens, Nala continues to wager and ignore their pleas. Encouraged by Damayanti, the citizens again attempt to intervene, but their efforts are unsuccessful. Anticipating worse to come, Damayanti instructs Nala's charioteer, Varshneya, to take their twin children to her father's court in Vidarbha for safety. Eventually, Nala loses all of his possessions in the game—everything but Damayanti. Clothed in a single garment, he departs the city, with Damayanti following him. The couple camps outside the city for three nights. When golden-feathered birds approach, Nala throws his cloth over them in an attempt to catch them. However, the birds—actually transformed dice—fly off with the garment. Nala is distraught and suggests that Damayanti return to her parents. She refuses, urging instead that they remain together.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Mahabharata - NalaDamayanti.jpg|thumb|Nala deserts Damayanti in the forest|left]]
Despite her protests, Nala, driven by guilt and pride, decides to part from her for her own safety. They take shelter in a lodge where Nala wrestles with his conscience. Although he returns multiple times, Kali ultimately overcomes him, and Nala flees under the cover of darkness. When Damayanti discovers his absence, she mourns deeply and curses the force behind his suffering. While wandering, she is briefly seized by a python, but is rescued by a hunter. However, the hunter tries to rape her, prompting Damayanti to curse him, resulting in his death. Alone, Damayanti continues her journey through the forest, expressing her grief in lamentation. She speaks to a tiger and later a mountain, but receives no solace. After three days, she discovers a hermitage. The ascetics there console her and predict a reunion with Nala before mysteriously vanishing. She continues onward, questioning an ashoka tree. Eventually, she reaches a riverbank where she finds a passing caravan and joins it. After traveling for many days with a caravan, Damayanti finds herself in peril when the group is attacked at night by a herd of elephants. She survives the attack and continues her journey, eventually arriving in the city of the [[Chedi kingdom|Chedis]]. There, the queen mother notices her and, struck by her demeanor, offers her a position as a chambermaid. Damayanti agrees to take the position but sets specific conditions regarding her dignity and conduct.<ref name=":0" />

Meanwhile, Nala, still wandering the forest, rescues a snake-king, [[Karkotaka]], trapped in a wildfire. In gratitude, the snake transforms Nala into a hunchback, disguising his true identity, and at the same time administers poison to weaken Kali, who still possesses him. The snake advises Nala to seek employment with King [[Rituparna]] of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. Nala follows this advice and gains a position at Rituparna's court under the assumed name Bahuka. Each night, he recites a sorrowful verse, the meaning of which he keeps partially veiled, offering only cryptic explanations when asked.<ref name=":0" />

At the same time, Damayanti's father, King Bhima, dispatches [[brahmins]] across the land to search for his daughter and Nala. One of them, the brahmin Sudeva, eventually arrives in Chedi and recognizes Damayanti. He greets her and informs the queen mother, who in turn makes further inquiries. Upon learning Damayanti's identity, the queen mother reveals that Damayanti is her niece. Damayanti requests assistance in returning home, and soon makes her way back to Vidarbha. At the urging of Damayanti and her mother, King Bhima sends out another group of brahmins to search specifically for Nala. Damayanti provides them with a set of verses to recite publicly in hopes of drawing him out. The brahmins travel extensively, and one of them, Parnada, returns with promising news. He had visited Ayodhya and recited the verses, which prompted Bahuka—Nala in disguise—to respond with a verse of his own, subtly identifying himself. Without informing her father, Damayanti secretly sends Sudeva back to Ayodhya with a message announcing a second ''svayamvara'', designed as a ruse to draw Nala out.<ref name=":0" />

Upon hearing of the new ''svayamvara'', King Rituparna instructs Bahuka to drive him to Vidarbha within a single day. Though reluctant, Bahuka selects a team of horses for the journey. Rituparna questions his choices, but ultimately defers. The chariot journey proceeds with extraordinary speed, nearly taking flight. During the ride, Varshneya, who now serves Rituparna and was once Nala’s charioteer, begins to suspect that Bahuka may indeed be Nala in disguise. During the rapid journey to Vidarbha, King Rituparna's shawl slips from the chariot but cannot be retrieved due to their speed. Along the way, the king observes a vibhitaka tree and immediately counts its fruit with remarkable accuracy. Bahuka, intrigued, verifies the count and then requests to learn this numerical skill, which enhances one's ability in dice games. In return, he offers to share his expertise in horse mastery. Rituparna agrees, and as a result of this exchange, Kali is expelled from Nala and enters the vibhitaka tree.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Tales_from_the_Indian_Epics_091.jpg|thumb|Damayanti confronts Nala, illustration by [[M. V. Dhurandhar|MV Dhurandhar]]]]
Meanwhile, Damayanti hears the distinctive sound of the approaching chariot and senses that it is Nala who is driving it. Her father, King Bhima, is confused by Rituparna's sudden arrival, particularly as there are no signs of a planned ''svayamvara''. Still uncertain, Damayanti dispatches her servant Keshini to investigate Bahuka. Keshini approaches Bahuka and recites the verses composed by Damayanti; in response, he answers with the corresponding verses once spoken by Nala. She reports this back to Damayanti, who then sends her again to discover more about Bahuka's characteristics. Keshini observes several divine signs: the door lintel rises for him, fire and water are instantly present, and his garland remains unfaded. Damayanti then requests that Bahuka prepare meat for her; upon tasting it, she recognizes it as identical to Nala’s cooking. Keshini also brings Nala’s children to him, prompting Bahuka to break into tears. Convinced of his identity, Damayanti has Bahuka brought before her. She expresses her anguish and sorrow. Nala explains that his actions were the result of being possessed by Kali and also questions the intent behind the new svayamvara. Damayanti clarifies that it was a ruse to find him and asserts her continued purity. Her chastity is confirmed by the wind god [[Vayu]]. With this reassurance, Nala's true form is restored, and the couple reunites after three years of separation.<ref name=":0" />

Nala and Damayanti are warmly received by King Bhima. Rituparna congratulates Nala and, in a gesture of reconciliation, Nala grants him the gift of his horsemanship before Rituparna departs. With an escort, Nala returns to Nishadha and challenges his brother Pushkara to a rematch in dice. Confident of victory, Pushkara accepts, hoping again to win Damayanti. This time, Nala defeats him, but magnanimously chooses to forgive Pushkara and sends him away. Nala then reclaims his kingdom. Nala lives out his life in peace and happiness.<ref name=":0" />

== Classification in literary history ==

=== Analysis and interpretation ===
''Nala and Damayanti'' comprises 26 chapters, which display an artistic and deliberate composition: Through the introduction (chapters 1–5), which tells of Nala and Damayanti's love and marriage, the plot builds up to the three main parts: The loss of the kingdom in the dice game and Nala's banishment (chapters 6–10), Damayanti's adventures in the forest (chapters 11–13) and the events leading up to the reunion of the spouses (chapters 14–21). Finally, the story culminates in the happy union of Nala and Damayanti in the closing chapters (chapters 22–26).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wezler |first=Albrecht |title=Nala und Damayanti, Eine Episode aus dem Mahabharata |date=1965 |publisher=Reclam |location=Stuttgart |pages=84 |language=German}}</ref>

A turning point in the narrative is reached at the point where Nala secretly abandons the sleeping Damayanti. By abandoning his wife, who is entitled to care and protection, the king violates the commandment of "law and custom" ([[dharma]]) - a concept that plays a central role in Indian thought. Damayanti rightly complains: "Don't you know what law and custom dictate? How could you leave me in my sleep and go away after you solemnly promised me (you would not leave me)?"<ref>Chapter 11 (Mahabharata III, 60, 4); Albrecht Wezler translation to German</ref> Nala's violation of dharma, however, allows the poet to portray Damayanti as the embodiment of the blameless wife who remains faithful to her husband even when he treats her unjustly.<ref>Wezler (1965). p. 85.</ref> A very similar constellation can be found in the second great Indian epic, the ''[[Ramayana]]'': here [[Sita]], the wife of the hero [[Rama]], is the epitome of the faithful wife. The motif of love in separation is very popular in Indian poetry. Alongside ''Nala and Damayanti'' and the ''Ramayana'', it is also the subject of the most famous Indian drama, [[Kalidasa|Kalidasa's]] ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Shakuntala]]''.

The second main motif—the loss of possessions in a game of dice—also appears several times in Indian literature: in addition to the story of Nala, it also occurs in the main plot of the ''Mahabharata'' (with which the Nala episode is set in analogy) and is also found in the "Song of Dice"<ref>Rigveda 10,34 [https://sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10034.htm en], [https://sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/rv10034.htm sa]</ref> in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', the oldest work of Indian literature.

=== Origin and age ===
The ''Mahabharata'' combines many different elements of different origins and ages. The Nala episode clearly proves to be a deliberate form of [[Interpolation (manuscripts)|interpolation]] due to the way it is embedded—the story of Nala is told to a protagonist of the main plot. The uniformity of content and structure shows ''Nala and Damayanti'' to be originally independent heroic poetry and remnants of an old bardic tradition. Only the monologue of the Brahmin Sudeva in the 16th chapter is a later insertion and comes from the ''Ramayana''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sukthankar |first=V. S. |title=V. S. Sukthankar Memorial Edition I, Critical Studies in the Mahābhārata |date=1944 |pages=406–415 |chapter=The Nala Episode and the Rāmāyaṇa}}</ref>

The question of the age of the ''Nala and Damayanti'' episode cannot be answered with any more certainty than the age of the ''Mahabharata''. The epic was compiled between 400 BC and 400 AD, but the material used may be much older and partly depicts circumstances of the [[Vedic period]] (ca. 1400-600 BC). Within the ''Mahabharata'', the Nala episode is probably "one of the older, though not one of the oldest, parts".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Moriz |title=Geschichte der indischen Litteratur |date=1908 |publisher=Amelang |volume=1 |location=Leipzig |pages=327 |language=German}}</ref> Thus, only gods of the [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic pantheon]] such as [[Indra]], [[Agni]], [[Varuna]] and [[Yama]] appear in the story, but not younger gods such as [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]].

The Nala theme first appears in Indian literature in this episode of the ''Mahabharata''. A "King Nada from Nishidha" (''Naḍa Naiṣidha''), who is certainly identical to "Nala from Nishadha", already appears in the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]''.<ref>''Shatapatha-Brahmana'' II, 3, 2, 1 f.</ref> Nada is said to "carry the (god of death) Yama to the south day after day". According to this, he could have been a king who lived at that time and undertook war campaigns to the south, which in turn points to the great age of the Nala legend.<ref>Winternitz (1908). p. 326 f.</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Further use of the story ===
Nala and Damayanti has been widely received in India. Indian Kavya art poetry, which experienced a golden age in the 1st millennium AD., made use of well-known mythological material to embellish it artistically. The episode of Nala and Damayanti was also very popular. The most important adaptations of the material in chronological order are:<ref>See Franz F. Schwarz (1966). ''Die Nala-Legende I und II'', Vienna: Gerold & Co. p. XVI f.</ref>

* The collective work ''Kathakosha'' ("Treasury of Tales"), a work of [[Jainism|Jaina]] literature by an unknown author, contains numerous other tales and legends as well as a Jain adaptation of the Nala and Damayanti story.
* The art epic ''Nalodaya'' ("Success of Nala") also deals with the Nala episode. It has been handed down in four chants and was composed in the first half of the 9th century. The author is probably [[Ravideva]], possibly Vasudeva. In the past, it was wrongly attributed to the famous poet [[Kalidasa]].
* The ''Nalachampu'' ("Champu of Nala") belongs to the [[Champu]] genre, a mixture of artistic prose and metrical poetry. The work is also known under the title ''Damayantikatha'' ("Story of Damayanti") and was written by [[Trivikramabhatta]] (around 900).
* The ''Raghavanaishadhiya'' ("[story] of the descendant of Raghu and the king of Nishadha") by Haradatta Suri represents the genre of so-called "crooked speech" (vakrokti). Using the possibilities of double meaning available in Sanskrit, the work tells the story of Rama and Nala simultaneously in an almost linguistic acrobatic manner.
* The collection of fairy tales ''Kathasaritsagara'' ("Sea of Tales"), which was written by [[Somadeva]] between 1063 and 1081, also tells a version of the Nala story.
* The best-known adaptation is the ''Naishadhacharita'' ("Deeds of the Nishadha King"). This artistic epic describes the events leading up to Damayanti's self-election in 22 songs in an extremely artificial style. It was composed in the second half of the 12th century by Shriharsha in Kannauj.
* The 15-chant epic poem Sahridayananda also deals with the Nala and Damayanti subject matter. It was probably written in the 13th century by Krishnananda, who also wrote a commentary on the Naishadhacharita.
* Another adaptation of the story is the ''Nalabhyudaya'', written by [[Vamanabhattabana]] in the 15th century.
* There are two adaptations of the Nala story in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature: the ''Nalavenba'' by the author [[Pugalendi]] from the 13th/14th century and the ''Naidadam'' by [[Adivirarama Pandiyan]] from the second half of the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil V. |title=Lexicon of Tamil Literature |date=1995 |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden, New York, Cologne |pages=460 and 464–465}}</ref>
* The poet Faizi (1547–1595) made a Persian adaptation of the Nala story at the request of [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar I]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Muzaffar |title=Alam, Muzaffar, und Subrahmanyam, Sanjay: Writing the Mughal World |date=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |chapter=Faizi's Nal-Daman and Its Long Afterlife}}</ref>
* The story was made into numerous films in all major Indian languages under the title Nala Damayanti, first in 1920 with a silent film by the film company Madan Theatres directed by the Italian [[Eugenio de Liguoro]] with [[Patience Cooper]] as "Damayanti".
* Nal'i Damajanti op. 47, [[opera]] in three acts by [[Anton Arensky]], [[libretto]] by [[Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Modest Tchaikovsky]] ([[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]'s brother), the Mahabharata in [[Vasily Zhukovsky]]'s translation into Russian, premiere January 9 / January 22, 1904 in Moscow.

=== Reception in the West ===
In the West, ''Nala and Damayanti'' is held in high esteem as "one of the most charming creations of Indian poetry".<ref>Winternitz (1908). p. 16.</ref> The German writer and Indologist [[August Wilhelm Schlegel]] commented on the work as follows:<blockquote>Here I will say only this much, that in my feeling this poem can hardly be surpassed in ''pathos'' and ''ethos'', in ravishing force and tenderness of feeling. It is quite made to appeal to old and young, noble and base, the connoisseurs of art and those who merely abandon themselves to their natural senses. The tale is also infinitely popular in India, ... there the heroic loyalty and devotion of Damayantī is as famous as that of Penelope among us; and in Europe, the gathering-place of the products of all parts and ages of the world, it deserves to be so too.<ref>A. W. v. Schlegel: ''Indische Bibliothek I'', p. 98 f., quoted from Winternitz 1908, p. 325.</ref></blockquote>[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], who showed great interest in Indian literature, was also interested in ''Nala and Damayanti'' and wrote about the story in his daily and annual journals in 1821:<blockquote>I also studied Nala with admiration and only regretted that our sensibilities, customs and way of thinking had developed so differently from those of that Eastern nation that such an important work would only attract a few among us, perhaps only specialist readers.<ref>Quoted from Wezler 1965, p. 87.</ref></blockquote>''Nala and Damayanti'' was one of the first works to be discovered by the emerging field of Indology in the early 19th century. In 1819, [[Franz Bopp]] published the first edition in London together with a Latin translation under the title ''Nalus, carmen sanscritum e Mahābhārato, edidit, latine vertit et adnotationibus illustravit Franciscus Bopp''. Since then, it has been translated into German and rewritten several times: The first metrical translation into German by [[Johann Gottfried Ludwig Kosegarten]] appeared as early as 1820. Further German translations were made by [[Friedrich Rückert]] (1828), [[Ernst Heinrich Meier]] (1847), [[Hermann Camillo Kellner]] (1886) and others.

''Nala and Damayanti'' has been translated into at least ten European languages (German, English, French, Italian, Swedish, Czech, Polish, Russian, Modern Greek and Hungarian).<ref>Winternitz (1908) p. 327.</ref> The Italian poet and Orientalist Angelo De Gubernatis created a stage adaptation of the material (''Il re Nala'', 1869).

To this day, ''Nala and Damayanti'' is traditionally the preferred beginning reading for students of Sanskrit at Western universities because of its beauty and the simplicity of the language.

=== Stochastic elements ===
In the second half of the 20th century, historians of mathematics began to look at references to [[stochastic]] ideas in ancient India, especially the game of dice, which appears in many stories. The story of ''Nala and Damayanti'' is special because it mentions two other stochastic themes in addition to [[List of dice games|dice games]]: firstly, the art of rapid counting, a kind of inference from a sample to the whole<ref>Haller, R. ''Zur Geschichte der Stochastik'', In: ''Didaktik der Mathematik'' 16, pp. 262-277</ref> and a connection between dice games and this inference that is unknown to us today.<ref>Hacking, I. (1975). ''The emergence of probability''. London: Cambridge Press. p. 7, {{ISBN|0-521-31803-3}}

Ineichen, R. (1996). ''Würfel und Wahrscheinlichkeit.'' Berlin: Spektrum Verlag. p. 19, ISBN 3-8274-0071-6</ref> It tells of two dice games that Nala plays against his brother Pushkara. In the first, he loses his kingdom and has to flee; in the second, he wins it back. In the first dice game, Nala is portrayed as being obsessed with gambling. According to the story, the reason he wins back his lost kingdom in the second dice game is that he was able to successfully apply the knowledge he learned from King Rituparna.

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
{{Cite book |last= |title=Damayanti and Nala. The Many Lives of a Story |date=2011 |publisher=Chronicle Books |editor-last=Wadley |editor-first=Susan S. |location=New Delhi / Bangalore}}

== Editions (selection) ==

=== English translation ===
''Nala and Damayanti, and other Poems''. Translated from the Sanscrit into English Verse, with Mythological and Critical Notes by Henry Hart Milman. Talboys, Oxford 1835 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=gcXkGm1P0AUC digitized] by Google Books)

=== Sanskrit with English translation ===
Monier Monier-Williams: ''Nalopakhyanam. Story of Nala, an Episode of the Maha-Bharata: the Sanskrit Text, - with a Copious Vocabulary, Grammatical Analysis, and Introduction''. University Press, Oxford 1860 ([[iarchive:NalopakhyanamStoryOfNala|digitized]] version in the Internet Archive)

=== Sanskrit with English dictionary ===
Charles Rockwell Lanman: ''A Sanskrit Reader: with vocabulary and notes''. Boston 1888 ([[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.88371/page/n37/mode/1up|digitized]] version in the Internet Archive; reprint: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1963)

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nala-Damayanti}}
* [http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs/nala-d.pdf Original text in Devanagari script] on sanskritweb.net (PDF)
* [http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs/nala-t.pdf Original text in transliteration] on sanskritweb.net (PDF)
{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Indian mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological lovers]]

Motorsports Association of India

2025-09-23T05:51:49Z

Ab2030:

{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Motorsports Association of India
|image =
|size = 179px
|type = [[List of international sport federations|Sports federation]]
|region = [[India]]
|formation = 2000
|headquarters = 41/42, Liberty Building,
New Marine Lines, [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
|membership = [[FIA]], [[Commission Internationale de Karting|CIK]]
|leader_title = President
|leader_name = [[Nazir Hoosein]]
|website= http://www.mai.co.in/
|}}

The '''Motorsports Association of India''' ('''MAI''') was the national [[Sport governing body|sporting authority]] (ASN) of the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA) in [[India]] for a period between 2000 and 2008. It was the association responsible for the control and promotion of [[motorsport]] in India under the [[International Sporting Code]] of the FIA for a few years. The current ASN is [[Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India|Federation of Motor Sports Clubs in India]] (FMSCI). MAI was a rival body formed by [[Nazir Hoosein]].

The MAI was also a member of the [[Commission Internationale de Karting]] (CIK), the commission of the FIA that deals with world karting and runs the [[Indian National Rally Championship]] ([[INRC]]), and other karting events.

As the sole recognised body of the FIA and CIK, the MAI was the only authority permitted to issue FIA licences for all levels of motorsport in India during that period.

The MAI was formed as a rival body to the [[Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India]], which was also represented at the FIA and regained full control of motorsport after the MAI was disestablished in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |author1=International Court of Appeal of the Federation Internationale De L'Automobile |title=Appeal lodged by the Motorsports Association of India (MAI) against a decision of the FIA General Assembly of 7 November 2008 |url=https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/judgements/ICA-06-02-09-a.pdf |website=Federation Internationale de L'Automobile |publisher=Federation Internationale de L'Automobile |location=Paris |date=6 February 2009}}</ref> In December 2013, FIA removed MAI from its rolls of any membership or association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiainf1.com/fia-recognises-fmsci-as-sole-representative-in-india/|title=FIA recognises FMSCI as sole representative in India|date=2013-12-07|website=INDIA in F1|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian motorsports}}

[[Category:Motorsports clubs in India]]
[[Category:Motorsport governing bodies in India| ]]

Enga Veetu Mapillai

2025-09-10T23:13:23Z

Ab2030: starting a article

{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Enga Veetu Mapillai.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| presenter = [[Sangeetha Krish]]
| director =
| starring = [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 41 
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company = {{ubl|Sol production | Line Producer | Shooting Star Films and Entertainment
Anil Vanvala | Shalendra (Shailu) Suwalka}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| location = [[Jaipur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| camera =
| network = [[Colors Tamil]]
| runtime = 50 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|02|20}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|4|17}}
| related = [[The Bachelor (American TV series)|The Bachelor]]
}}
'''''Enga Veetu Mapillai''''' is a 2018 [[Tamil language]] [[matchmaking]] [[reality television]] show that aired on [[Colors Tamil]] from 20 February 2018 to 17 April 2018 for a total of 41 Episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-aryas-enga-veetu-mapilla-16-contestants-lots-drama-bride-hunt-76895|title=Enga Veetu Mapilla: 16 contestants, lots of drama in this bride hunt|publisher=The News Minute|access-date=23 February 2018|language=en|date=23 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/16-women-fight-it-out-for-arya/articleshow/63080621.cms|title=16 women fight it out for Arya|work=The Times of India|access-date=26 February 2018|language=en|date=26 February 2018}}</ref>
The show ended on 17 April 2018.

==Participants==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="width:20pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |#
! style="width:200pt;background:LightSteelBlue;" |Participants
! style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Place
! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Outcome
|-
| 1
| Malvena, 28 {{sc1|Model}}
| [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| bgcolor="tomato" | Eliminated on 2 March 2018
|-
| 2
| Abarnathi, 22 {{sc1|Fashion Designer}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| bgcolor="tomato" | Eliminated on 10 April 2018
|-
| 3
| Gomathi, 24 {{sc1|IT Professional}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| bgcolor="purple" |Quit show on 9 March 2018
|-
| 4
| Ayesha, 28 {{sc1|Banking Professional}}
| [[Bahrain]]
| bgcolor="tomato" | Eliminated on 16 March 2018
|-
| 5
| Seethalakshmi Hariharan, 25 {{sc1|Banking Professional}}
| [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| Finalist
|-
| 6
| Anu, 20 {{sc1|College Student}}
| [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| bgcolor="tomato" | Eliminated on 7 March 2018
|-
| 7
| Kuhasini, 28 {{sc1|Independent Artiste}}
| [[Singapore]]
|bgcolor="tomato" | Eliminated on 27 March 2018
|-
| 8
| Naveena, 29 {{sc1|Model}}
| [[Telangana]], [[India]]
|bgcolor="tomato" | Eliminated on 2 April 2018
|-
| 9
| Suwetha, 24 {{sc1|Model}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|bgcolor="tomato" |Eliminated on 9 April 2018
|-
| 10
| Devasurya, 27 {{sc1|Singer}}
| [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| bgcolor="hotpink" | Eliminated on 21 March 2018
|-
| 11
| Agatha, 26 {{sc1|Video Editor}}
| [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| Finalist
|-
| 12
| Sriya, 25 {{sc1|Post-Graduate Student}}
| [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| bgcolor="tomato" |Eliminated on 30 March 2018
|-
| 13
| Saathvika, 28 {{sc1|Banking Professional}}
| [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| bgcolor="tomato" | Eliminated on 22 March 2018
|-
| 14
| Ancy, 29 {{sc1|Training Consultant}}
| [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| bgcolor="tomato" | Eliminated on 2 March 2018
|-
| 15
| Janani Rajasingam, 31
| [[Malaysia]]
| bgcolor="tomato" | Eliminated on 7 March 2018
|-
| 16
| Susana, 33 {{sc1|Radiation Therapist}}
| [[Canada]]
| Finalist
|}

==Episode list==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:20pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |#
! style="width:20pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Date
! style="width:800pt; background:LightSteelBlue; " | Episode
|-
|1
|20/2/2018
|In the season premiere, [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] is introduced by the host Sangeetha to 11 girls who brought a gift each to make the first impression and he welcomed them to the palace with a bouquet of flowers. Anu is the youngest while Susana is the oldest of the lot. Sangeetha briefly explained the selection process which processed 70,000 calls worldwide and 8,000 online applications.
|-
|2
|21/2/2018
|[[Arya (actor)|Arya]] is introduced to the remaining 5 girls who brought a gift to impress him and he welcomed them to the palace with a bouquet of flowers. Later he gifted a token of love each to 3 girls - Kuhasini, Susana and Abarnathi - who impressed him the most. Abarnathi calls Arya by the [[Term of endearment|pet name]] ''Barya''.
|-
|3
|22/02/2018
|Tasked to write a [[love letter]], 1 girl - Agatha - gets a reply, token of love and dinner date. Later, she reveals that she has a short temper.
|-
|4
|23/02/2018
|4 girls - Abarnathi, Sriya, Susana and Devasurya - won the cycling task. Later, Susana reveals that she is a divorcee with a son.
|-
|5
|26/02/2018
|3 girls - Seethalakshmi, Suwetha and Kuhasini - won the professional psychological compatibility evaluation task. Arya calls Seethalakshmi by the [[Term of endearment|pet name]] ''Kunju Reloaded''.
|-
|6
|27/02/2018
|4 girls - Agatha, Ancy, Seethalakshmi and Sriya - won the task of picking Arya's favourite book, colour, film, fruit, sport and sweet from a pile. But, a 5th girl - Naveena - is allowed for somehow not picking anything correctly despite clues.
|-
|7
|28/02/2018
|Arya's friend [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar|Varalaxmi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/varalakshmi-on-the-sets-of-enga-veettu-maapillai/articleshow/63136715.cms|title=Varalakshmi on the sets of Enga Veettu Maapillai|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2 March 2018|date=2 March 2018}}</ref> is invited to select 2 girls, based on one-to-one interview with closest matching persona. The episode turns grim with contestants calling out each other's weaknesses in a ''[[Spin the bottle]]'' game.
|-
|8
|01/03/2018
|Varalaxmi selects 3 but reveals 2 girls only - Suwetha and Susana - by sending them on a surprise joint gym date with Arya. Later, Naveena is gifted a token of love for winning the cooking task with her ''Jamaican Kadhali Chicken'' dish. Meanwhile, Arya reveals his prawn allergy. Naveena calls Arya by the [[Term of endearment|pet name]] ''Baby''.
|-
|9
|02/03/2018
|As promised, Arya cooks for Naveena but prefers a dinner date. The episode featured the first elimination round of 2 girls - Ancy and Malvena - in a rose ceremony.
|-
|10
|05/03/2018
|The day begins with a crash course in self-defence by Sreeram, the instructor from International Krav Maga Federation. Later, the girls [[Runway (fashion)|walk the ramp]] for assessment by fashion designer Nazia Syed and fashion choreographer Karun Raman.
|-
|11
|06/03/2018
|The girls walk the ramp again fully decked up, this time, for assessment by Arya. Sriya won the fashion task and is gifted a token of love.
|-
|12
|07/03/2018
|Suwetha emerged as the winner of a multi-level [[objective test]] for compatibility. She goes on a bike ride and is gifted a token of love on a date. The episode featured the second elimination round of 2 girls - Anu and Janani - in a rose ceremony.
|-
|13
|08/03/2018
|Arya's 3 friends from Tamil film industry, [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] and [[Kalaiyarasan]], gatecrashed the palace to conduct an offhand Q&A session. The night ended with a dance party in honour of the 3 guests.
|-
|14
|09/03/2018
|Gomathi exits the show abruptly to attend her grandfather's funeral. The 3 guests suggest a freewheeling talent task which showcases the contestant's strengths. The girls begin romantic song, dance, [[mimicry]] and [[aerobics]] performances to woo Arya.
|-
|15
|12/03/2018
|Sriya won the freewheeling talent task and is gifted a second token of love. The 3 guests discuss their assessment of the girls who are likely to be a good match.
|-
|16
|13/03/2018
|Sriya expressed her love in Malayalam to make her morning date special for Arya. Later, Arya reveals the names of the 3 girls - Agatha, Suwetha and Susana - who are already close to his heart at this stage of the show.

Sangeetha begins a new ''[[Truth or dare?|Truth or Dare]]''-like task. The questions soon turn incisive triggering [[catfight]] and personal attacks. Nevertheless, Sangeetha reveals that the 3 guests had earlier chosen Abarnathi as the best match. She gets a surprise evening date for the first time.
|-
|17
|14/03/2018
|Susana won the ''[[Kolam]]'' task and is gifted a second token of love. Arya too faced the ''Uriyadi'' task successfully.
|-
|18
|15/03/2018
|Susana goes on a morning date in a [[hot air balloon]]. The girls hand over anonymously written personal queries to Sangeetha who passed them on to Arya. He reveals that he suffered a [[workout]]-related [[Anterior cruciate ligament injury|ACL tear]] recently. He also confessed to a 7-year relationship (before entering [[Kollywood]]) that failed despite attempts to register a marriage. Later, a [[confessional]] is arranged for the girls to be discreet in a one-to-one session with Arya. Saathvika breaks down after admitting a [[forced abortion]].
|-
|19
|16/03/2018
|The episode featured the third elimination round of 1 girl - Ayesha - in a rose ceremony.
|-
|20
|19/03/2018
|The remaining 10 girls are divided into 2 teams for 3 outdoor tasks. Kuhasini's ''Team Basmati Rice'' dominated Abarnathi's ''Team Brown Rice'' in [[archery]] and ''prison walk'' tasks but lost the captain's innings of ''bubble bash''. ''Team Brown Rice'' is declared the winner and goes [[camping]].

Suwetha entertains other contestants with mimicry. Meanwhile, Seethalakshmi talks off-camera with Arya.
|-
|21
|20/03/2018
|Arya's friends [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj|Shanthanu]] and his wife ''Kiki'' are invited to help assess the girls based on ''[[Hypotheticals|What If]]'' scenarios. They select Suwetha as the most mature of the lot. She is gifted a second token of love and goes on a double date with Arya and his friends. Arya recites an [[impromptu]] poem for Suwetha.
|-
|22
|21/03/2018
|Arya faced 3 tasks - visual, vocal and tactile - and recognised Kuhasini, Abarnathi and Agatha correctly. Each of the 3 girls gets a [[Speed dating|speed date]]. Kuhasini penned a song and set it in a tune to woo Arya. Abarnathi struggled to express herself and kissed him forcibly. Agatha calls Arya by the [[Term of endearment|pet name]] ''Jammykka''. Later he admits Agatha's charm impressed him the most.

Arya also requested speed date with [[Ambidexterity|ambidextrous]] Devasurya for elimination.
|-
|23
|22/03/2018
|2 girls - Suwetha and Sriya - won the memory task. Suwetha goes on a [[Swimming pool|poolside]] [[Speed dating|speed date]]. Later, Naveena gatecrashed Sriya's dinner date. The episode featured the fourth elimination round of 1 girl - Saathvika - in a rose ceremony.
|-
|24
|23/03/2018
|2 celebrities - Anuradha Krishnamurthy and [[Sujitha]] - are invited to help assess the girls. Susana recognised [[Legume|pulses]] and Kuhasini [[millet]]s in the tactile task. Suwetha won the recipe recital task. Susana won the [[role-playing]] task. Overall, Susana is declared the best match and is gifted a third token of love.
|-
|25
|26/03/2018
|The girls go on stage to perform their favourite [[costumed character]] to be assessed by Arya donning the ''[[James Bond]]'' avatar. Seethalakshmi's [[fusion dance]] as ''[[Radha]]'' emerged as the most impressive of the lot.

Later, the contestants call out each other's strengths and weaknesses in a knife game.
|-
|26
|27/03/2018
|Celebrity still photographer Karthik Srinivasan is invited to set up a [[wedding photography|pre-wedding photoshoot]]. The episode featured the fifth elimination round of 1 girl - Kuhasini - in a rose ceremony.
|-
|27
|28/03/2018
|Celebrity [[Choreography (dance)|choreographer]] [[Sheriff choreographer|Sheriff Moideen]] is invited to assess the girls in [[partner dance]] task. Agatha is gifted the second token of love, beating Susana and Naveena, for perfect [[Chemistry (relationship)|chemistry]].
|-
|28
|29/03/2018
|Rajeswari Jakkamma, a [[palmistry|palmist]], is invited to predict the future of contestants. Later, video recordings of their parents are played.
|-
|29
|30/03/2018
|The episode featured the sixth elimination round of 1 girl - Sriya - in a rose ceremony. [[Stand-up comedy|Stand-up comedian]] [[Robo Shankar]] is invited to entertain the girls.
|-
|30
|02/04/2018
|The girls get a speed date each being the last day in the palace. Arya took Agatha out to see the [[Taj Mahal]]. The episode featured the seventh elimination round of 1 girl - Naveena - in a rose ceremony.
|-
|31
|03/04/2018
|Arya meets Abarnathi's family in Kumbakonam of [[Thanjavur district]].
|-
|32
|04/04/2018
|Arya meets Suwetha's family in Manapparai of [[Tiruchirappalli district]].
|-
|33
|05/04/2018
|Arya visits Kerala to meet Seethalakshmi's family in Aluva of [[Ernakulam district]] and Agatha's family in Kasaragod of [[Kasaragod district]].
|-
|34
|06/04/2018
|Arya meets Susana's family in Jaffna of [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka]].
|-
|35
|09/04/2018
|Videos of home visits are shared with the girls. The episode featured the eighth elimination round of 2 girls - Suwetha and Abarnathi - in a rose ceremony.
|-
|36
|10/04/2018
|Abarnathi eliminated from the show. Other 3 finalists meet Arya's family in Chennai.
|-
|37
|11/04/2018
|The 3 finalists go [[shopping]] with their families for [[ritual]] costume and jewellery.
|-
|38
|12/04/2018
|Arya goes shopping for ritual costume. 3 eliminated girls - Abarnathi, Devasurya and Suwetha - are invited by ''[[News18 Tamil Nadu]]'' to talk about their experiences in the show. Later, Arya meets Susana's son.

''[[Bridal shower]]'' begins with the [[mehndi ceremony]].
|-
|39
|13/04/2018
|3 celebrities - Varalaxmi, ''Kiki'' and [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] - are invited to entertain the girls with [[concert dance]] performances in the ''[[sangeet (music)|sangeet]]'' ceremony. Anuradha Krishnamurthy also makes a guest appearance.
|-
|40
|16/04/2018
|Arya and his friends Sangeetha, Sheriff Moideen, [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] and [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] entertain the girls with [[concert dance]] performances in the ''[[sangeet (music)|sangeet]]'' ceremony.
|-
|41
|17/04/2018
|In the season finale, the 3 finalists woo Arya with [[concert dance]] performances in the ''[[sangeet (music)|sangeet]]'' ceremony. Nevertheless, Arya hesitates to continue with the scheduled ninth and final elimination round of 2 girls in a rose ceremony on stage out of respect for their families.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/aryas-enga-veetu-mapillai-grand-finale-ends-but-the-suspense-continues-as-he-refuses-to-select-his-bride/articleshow/63812469.cms|date=20 April 2018|work=The Times of India|title=Arya's Enga Veetu Mapillai grand finale ends but the suspense continues as he refuses to select his bride |access-date=30 January 2022}}</ref>

The show goes off-camera until a decision is reached.
|}

==Call out order==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:80%"
! style= "background:LightSteelBlue;" |#
! style= "background:LightSteelBlue;" |1 (Ep9)
! style= "background:LightSteelBlue;" |2 (Ep12)
! style= "background:LightSteelBlue;" |3 (Ep19)
! style= "background:LightSteelBlue;" |4 (Ep23)
! style= "background:LightSteelBlue;" |5 (Ep26)
! style= "background:LightSteelBlue;" |6 (Ep29)
! style= "background:LightSteelBlue;" |7 (Ep30)
! style= "background:LightSteelBlue;" |8 (Ep35)
! style= "background:LightSteelBlue;" |9 (Ep41)
|-
!1
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |Abarnathi
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |Sriya
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue"|Sriya
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |Suwetha
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |Susana
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |Agatha
| Seethalakshmi
| Suzana
| rowspan="3" |Susana

Agatha

Seethalakshmi
|-
!2
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |Kuhasini
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |Suwetha
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |Susana
| Abarnathi
| Abarnathi
| Susana
| Agatha
| Agatha
|-
!3
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |Susana
| rowspan="1" |Abarnathi
| rowspan="1" |Suwetha
| Kuhasini
| Naveena
| Suwetha
| Susana
| Seethalakshmi
|-
!4
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |Agatha
| Devasurya
| rowspan="1" |Agatha
| Agatha
| Sriya
| Abarnathi
| Suwetha
| bgcolor="tomato" |Abarnathi
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" bgcolor="darkgray" |
|-
!5
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |Naveena
| rowspan="1" |Seethalakshmi
| rowspan="1" |Kuhasini
| Susana
| Suwetha
| Naveena
| Abarnathi
| bgcolor="tomato" |Suwetha
|-
!6
| Suwetha
| Gomathi
| Seethalakshmi
| Sriya
| Seethalakshmi
| Susana
| bgcolor="tomato" |Naveena
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" bgcolor="darkgray" |
|-
!7
| Janani
| Agatha
| Naveena
| Naveena
| Agatha
| bgcolor="tomato" |Sriya
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" bgcolor="darkgray" |
|-
!8
| Ayesha
| rowspan="1" |Kuhasini
| Devasurya
| Seethalakshmi
| bgcolor="tomato" |Kuhasini
| colspan="4" rowspan="1" bgcolor="darkgray" |
|-
!9
| Anu
| Seethalakshmi
| Saathvika
| bgcolor="tomato" |Saathvika
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" bgcolor="darkgray" |
|-
!10
| Devasurya
| Naveena
| Abarnathi
| bgcolor="hotpink" |Devasurya
|-
!11
| Gomathi
| Ayesha
| bgcolor="tomato" |Ayesha
| colspan="6" rowspan="2" bgcolor="darkgray" |
|-
!12
| Susana
| Saathvika
| bgcolor="purple" |Gomathi
|-
!13
| Sriya
| bgcolor="tomato" |Anu
| colspan="7" rowspan="2" bgcolor="darkgray" |
|-
!14
| Saathvika
| bgcolor="tomato" |Janani
|-
!15
| bgcolor="tomato" |Malvena
| colspan="8" rowspan="2" bgcolor="darkgray" |
|-
!16
| bgcolor="tomato" |Ancy
|-
|}
:{{Color box|skyblue|border=darkgray}} The contestant received the token of love before the rose ceremony
:{{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} The contestant received a rose during the date
:{{Color box|tomato|border=darkgray}} The contestant is eliminated in a rose ceremony
:{{Color box|hotpink|border=darkgray}} The contestant is eliminated during the date
:{{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} The contestant is eliminated outside the rose ceremony
:{{Color box|purple|border=darkgray}} The contestant quit the competition
:{{Color box|limegreen|border=darkgray}} The contestant won the competition

==Dubbed version==
* This show, dubbed in [[Malayalam language]] as '''Aryakku Parinayam''', aired on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] from 26 February 2018 Monday to Friday at 21:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aryaycku-parinayam-a-new-reality-show-on-flowers-tv/articleshow/62998175.cms|title='Aryaycku Parinayam', a new reality show on Flowers TV|access-date=20 February 2018|work=The Times of India|language=en|first=Arya|last=UR|date=20 February 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/ColorsTvTamil/?hc_ref=ARRhCfmo0WdLDxKDoYDiYl1dw7WjjfZeVwPk3DiiidnIre4wEJ3Y0vBItzxfE30r1gc Colors Tamil Official Facebook] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWW46MxidmSoM5WvgGo21lA Colors Tamil Official Youtube Channel] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]

{{Colors Tamil shows}}
{{Bachelor}}

[[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series endings]]