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15th Odisha Legislative Assembly

2026-05-08T01:43:29Z

Aaqibjavaid:

{{Short description|15th state legislature of the Indian state of Odisha}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| background_color = #76CD26
| name = 15th Odisha Legislative Assembly
| before = [[14th Odisha Legislative Assembly|14th Assembly]]
| after = [[Sixteenth Odisha Vidhan Sabha|16th Assembly]]
| image = File:Odisha Vidhan Soudha.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Front view of Odisha Vidhan Saudha, [[Bhubaneshwar]] (2010)
| meeting_place = Odisha Vidhan Saudha, [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| election = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
| website = {{URL|https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/}}
| chamber1 = '''[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]'''
| government = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| opposition = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start = 19 May 2014
| term_end = 25 May 2019
| membership1 = 147
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[S. C. Jamir]] [[Satya Pal Malik]] {{small|(Additional Charge)}} [[Ganeshi Lal]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Niranjan Pujari]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] [[Pradip Kumar Amat]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly#Deputy Speakers|Deputy Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Sananda Marndi]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Leader of the House]] (Chief Minister)
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Naveen Patnaik]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| chamber1_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader5 = [[Narasingha Mishra]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| control1 = [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] (117/147)
| module = 17 Sessions with 226 Sittings
| chamber1_image = File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 2014.svg
| chamber1_image_size = 300px
| chamber1_image_caption = House Composition as assembly begins
}}

The '''Fifteenth [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]''' was convened on after [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]. [[Biju Janata Dal]] led by [[Naveen Patnaik]] formed government for a record 4th time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-05 |title=Lok Sabha elections: Odisha votes on April 10, 17 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-sabha-elections-odisha-votes-on-april-10-17/455964-37-64.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410093101/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-sabha-elections-odisha-votes-on-april-10-17/455964-37-64.html |archive-date=2014-04-10 |access-date=2025-08-27 |work=IBNLive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-21 |title=Naveen Patnaik takes oath as Chief Minister for fourth term in Odisha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/naveen-patnaik-takes-oath-as-chief-minister-for-fourth-term-in-odisha/articleshow/35425204.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-08-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Dr. Sthitaprajna |last2=Panigrahi |first2=Puspalata |date=14 July 2024 |title=A study on the state legislative assembly elections in Odisha (1952-2024) |url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf |journal=International Journal of Political Science and Governance |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=28-33 |via=E-ISSN: 2664-603X, P-ISSN: 2664-6021}}</ref>

== Brief history ==
Following BJD's victory in [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 election]], Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] along with his council of ministers were sworn in by Governor [[S. C. Jamir]] on 21 May 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-21|title=Naveen Patnaik takes oath as Chief Minister for fourth term in Odisha|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/naveen-patnaik-takes-oath-as-chief-minister-for-fourth-term-in-odisha/articleshow/35425204.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|access-date=2024-06-13|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naveen Patnaik Takes Oath as Chief Minister for Fourth Term in Odisha|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/naveen-patnaik-takes-oath-as-chief-minister-for-fourth-term-in-odisha-563086|access-date=2024-06-13|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Cabinet reshuffle took place on 8 May 2017<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive|first=From our online|date=2017-05-08|title=Naveen Patnaik inducts 10 new ministers in biggest ever cabinet reshuffle|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2017/May/07/naveen-patnaik-inducts-10-new-ministers-in-biggest-ever-cabinet-reshuffle-1602087.html|access-date=2025-06-17|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-07|title=Odisha: Naveen Patnaik reshuffles cabinet, brings back senior BJD leaders|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/odisha/story/cabinet-revamp-in-odisha-12-ministers-take-oath-975673-2017-05-07|access-date=2025-06-17|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das|first=Prafulla|date=2017-05-07|title=Patnaik revamps Odisha Cabinet; 12 new Ministers sworn-in|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/patnaik-revamps-odisha-cabinet-12-new-ministers-sworn-in/article18403870.ece|access-date=2025-06-17|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> & 5 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive|first=From our online|date=2018-03-03|title=Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik effects minor reshuffle in the portfolios of ministers|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/Mar/03/odisha-cm-naveen-patnaik-effects-minor-reshuffle-in-the-portfolios-of-ministers-1781592.html|access-date=2025-06-17|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Odisha Ministry Reshuffle 2018: CM Naveen Patnaik leaves Key Portfolios|url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/odisha-ministry-reshuffle-2018-cm-naveen-patnaik-leaves-key-portfolios/|work=[[Kalinga TV]]}}</ref> After securing a historic fifth term by winning [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Assembly election]], Shri Patnaik resigned on 28 May 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Das|first=Dr. Sthitaprajna|last2=Panigrahi|first2=Puspalata|date=14 July 2024|title=A study on the state legislative assembly elections in Odisha (1952-2024)|url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf|journal=International Journal of Political Science and Governance|volume=6|issue=2|pages=28-33|via=E-ISSN: 2664-603X, P-ISSN: 2664-6021}}</ref>

== House composition ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Strength
|-
!'''Assembly Begins'''
!'''Assembly Dissolves'''
|-
![[Biju Janata Dal]]
|117
|112
|-
![[Indian National Congress]]
|16
|11
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|10
|9
|-
![[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1
|1
|-
![[Samata Kranti Dal]]
|1
|0
|-
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|2
|2
|-
!Vacant
| -
|12
|}

== Office bearers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Post
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="2" |Tenure
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''[[List of governors of Odisha|Governor]]'''
|[[File:Governor_S._C._Jamir_with_CM_Naveen_Patnaik_and_President_Kovind_(cropped).jpg|100x100px]]
|'''[[S. C. Jamir]]'''
|Assembly Begins
|20 March 2018
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |N/A
|-
|[[File:The_Governor_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir,_Shri_Satya_Pal_Malik_calling_on_the_Union_Home_Minister,_Shri_Rajnath_Singh,_in_New_Delhi_on_October_10,_2018_(cropped).JPG|100x100px]]
|[[Satya Pal Malik]] {{small|(Additional Charge)}}
|21 March 2018
|28 May 2018
|-
|[[File:Collage_of_Ratha_Jatra_and_Head_of_States_Governor_and_CM_(cropped).jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ganeshi Lal]]
|29 May 2018
|Assembly Dissolves
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]'''
|[[File:Niranjan Pujari.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Niranjan Pujari]] {{Small|MLA from [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur]]}}
|26 May 2014
|6 May 2017
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[File:Pradip Kumar Amat.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Pradip Kumar Amat]] {{Small|MLA from [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]}}
|16 May 2017
|31 May 2019
|-
|'''[[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly#Deputy Speakers|Deputy Speaker]]'''
| [[File:Sananda Marndi.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Sananda Marndi]] {{Small|MLA from [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]]}}
|16 June 2014
|30 May 2019
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Leader of the House]]''' '''{{Small|(Chief Minister) Leader of BJD Legislature Party}}
|[[File:Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik in October 2014.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]] {{Small|MLA from [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]}}
|21 May 2014
|28 May 2019
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|Minister for [https://pa.odisha.gov.in/ Parliamentary Affairs]
|[[File:Bikram_Keshari_Arukha.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bikram Keshari Arukha]] {{small|MLA from [[Bhanjanagar (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhanjanagar]]}}
|20 May 2014
|28 May 2019
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|'''Leader of Opposition''' {{Small|Leader of Congress Legislature Party}}
| [[File:Narasingha Mishra.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Narasingha Mishra]] {{Small|MLA from [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]}}
|11 June 2014
|29 May 2019
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha#Pro tem speaker|Pro tem Speaker]]
|[[File:V. Sugnana Kumari Deo.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]] {{small|MLA from [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]}}
|22 May 2014
|24 May 2014
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

== Council of Ministers ==
{{Transcluded section|source=Fourth Naveen Patnaik ministry}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:Fourth Naveen Patnaik ministry|Council of Ministers}}}}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[https://ceoodisha.nic.in/docs/Election/2014/Candidate%20wise%20votes%20details%20AC.pdf Source]
!District
!A.C. No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2"| Party
!Remarks
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
| 1
| [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
| [[Pradip Purohit]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
| Subal Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Died on 22 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-22 |title=Odisha Congress leader Subal Sahu passes away |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/odisha-congress-leader-subal-sahu-passes-away/819416/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rita Sahu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Won in 2018 Bypoll.<ref>{{Cite web |author=India Today Web Desk |date=2018-02-28 |title=Odisha's Bijepur bypoll 2018: BJD wins by over 40,000 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-s-bijepur-bypoll-2018-bjd-wins-by-over-40-000-votes-1179156-2018-02-28 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
| [[Debesh Acharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 4
| [[Attabira Assembly constituency|Attabira (SC)]]
| [[Snehangini Chhuria]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 5
| [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]
| [[Susanta Singh]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
| 6
| [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
| [[Radharani Panda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" |[[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
|[[Naba Kishore Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Resigned on 28 January 2019
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 28 January 2019)
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
| 8
| [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]]
| Prafulla Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 9
| rowspan="2" | [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh (ST)]]
| [[Jogesh Kumar Singh]]
|Resigned on 22 January 2019
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 22 January 2019)
|-
| rowspan="2" |10
| rowspan="2" |[[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur (ST)]]
| rowspan="2" |George Tirkey
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Kranti Dal}}
|Merged with [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Party on 2 November 2018.
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|11
|[[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathapali (SC)]]
|[[Subrat Tarai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |12
| rowspan="2" |[[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
|[[Dilip Ray]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Resigned on 30 November 2018
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 30 November 2018)
|-
|13
|[[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]]
|[[Mangala Kisan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|14
|[[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
|[[Laxman Munda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|15
|[[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]
|[[Rabi Narayan Naik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|16
|[[Rengali Assembly constituency|Rengali (SC)]]
|Ramesh Patua
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|17
|[[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
|Raseswari Panigrahi
|
|-
|18
|[[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol]]
|[[Rohit Pujari]]
|Deputy Govt. Chief Whip
|-
|[[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
|19
|[[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
|[[Nitesh Ganga Deb]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|20
|[[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]]
|Bedabyasa Nayak
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|21
|[[Ghasipura Assembly constituency|Ghasipura]]
|[[Badri Narayan Patra]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|22
|[[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]
|Mayadhar Jena
|
|-
|23
|[[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna (ST)]]
|[[Hrushikesh Naik]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
|Abhiram Naik
|
|-
|25
|[[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua]]
|[[Sanatan Mahakud]]
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|26
|[[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
|Mangal Singh Mudi
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=13|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|27
|[[Saraskana Assembly constituency|Saraskana (ST)]]
|[[Bhadav Hansdah]]
|
|-
|28
|[[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]]
|Sushil Kumar Hansdah
|
|-
|29
|[[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangiriposi (ST)]]
|[[Sudam Marndi]]
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
|30
|[[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]]
|Bijay Kumar Naik
|
|-
|31
|[[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]]
|Golakabihari Naik
|
|-
|32
|[[Badasahi Assembly constituency|Badasahi (SC)]]
|Ganeswar Patra
|
|-
|33
|[[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada (ST)]]
|[[Sananda Marndi]]
|Deputy Speaker
|-
|34
|[[Morada Assembly constituency|Moroda]]
|Prabin Chandra Bhanjadeo
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|35
|[[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
|[[Aswini Kumar Patra]]
|
|-
|36
|[[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
|Ananta Das
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
|37
|[[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
|[[Nityananda Sahoo]]
|
|-
|38
|[[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
|Jiban Pratap Dash
|
|-
|39
|[[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna]]
|[[Gobinda Chandra Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |40
| rowspan="2" |[[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilagiri]]
|Sukanta Nayak
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Disqualified on 6 April 2019
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 6 April 2019)
|-
|41
|[[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro (SC)]]
|[[Parshu Ram Dhada]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=26|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|42
|[[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
|[[Jyoti Prakash Panigrahi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|43
|[[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]]
|[[Prafulla Samal]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|44
|[[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
|Jugal Kishore Patnaik
|
|-
|45
|[[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
|[[Bijayshree Routray]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|46
|[[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar (SC)]]
|Muktikanta Mandal
|
|-
|47
|[[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali]]
|[[Byomakesh Ray]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
|48
|[[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur (SC)]]
|[[Pramila Mallik]]
|
|-
|49
|[[Bari, Odisha Assembly constituency|Bari]]
|Debasis Nayak
|
|-
|50
|[[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
|Amar Prasad Satpathy
|Govt. Chief Whip
|-
|51
|[[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala]]
|[[Pranab Kumar Balabantaray]]
|
|-
|52
|[[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur]]
|[[Pranab Prakash Das]]
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
|53
|[[Korei Assembly constituency|Korei]]
|[[Akash Dasnayak]]
|
|-
|54
|[[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
|[[Pritiranjan Gharai]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|55
|[[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
|[[Sudhir Kumar Samal]]
|
|-
|56
|[[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol (SC)]]
|[[Simarani Nayak]]
|
|-
|57
|[[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
|[[Prafulla Kumar Mallik]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|58
|[[Parjanga Assembly constituency|Parjanga]]
|[[Nrusingha Charan Sahu]]
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Angul district|Angul]]
|59
|[[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
|[[Mahesh Sahoo]]
|
|-
|60
|[[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher]]
|Brajakishore Pradhan
|
|-
|61
|[[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
|[[Rajanikant Singh]]
|
|-
|62
|[[Chhendipada Assembly constituency|Chhendipada (SC)]]
|Susanta Behera
|
|-
|63
|[[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athamallik]]
|Sanjib Sahoo
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
|64
|[[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur (SC)]]
|[[Padmanabha Behera]]
|
|-
|65
|[[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur]]
|[[Niranjan Pujari]]
|Speaker
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|66
|[[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisinga (SC)]]
|Jogendra Behera
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|67
|[[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patanagarh]]
|[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|68
|[[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
|[[Narasingha Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Leader of Opposition
|-
|69
|[[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh]]
|[[Tukuni Sahu]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|70
|[[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]
|Ayyub Khan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
|71
|[[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nuapada]]
|[[Basanta Kumar Panda]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |72
| rowspan="2" |[[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
|[[Duryodhan Majhi]]
|Resigned on 22 March 2019
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 22 March 2019)
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
|73
|[[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umerkote (ST)]]
|Subhash Gond
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=10|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|74
|[[Jharigam Assembly constituency|Jharigam (ST)]]
|[[Ramesh Chandra Majhi]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|75
|[[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nabarangpur (ST)]]
|[[Manohar Randhari]]
|
|-
|76
|[[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]
|[[Bhujabal Majhi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|77
|[[Lanjigarh Assembly constituency|Lanjigarh (ST)]]
|Balabhadra Majhi
|
|-
|78
|[[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
|[[Dibya Shankar Mishra]]
|
|-
|79
|[[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharmagarh]]
|Puspendra Singh Deo
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|80
|[[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhabanipatana (SC)]]
|[[Anam Naik]]
|
|-
|81
|[[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla]]
|[[Dhaneswar Majhi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|82
|[[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Baliguda]]
|Rajib Patra
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |83
| rowspan="2" |[[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|G. Udayagiri (ST)]]
|[[Jacob Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Resigned on 28 March 2019
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 28 March 2019)
|-
|84
|[[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (ST)]]
|Duguni Kanhar
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=10|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|85
|[[Kantamal Assembly constituency|Kantamal]]
|[[Mahidhar Rana]]
|
|-
|86
|[[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
|[[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
|Speaker
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|87
|[[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
|[[Debiprasad Mishra]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|88
|[[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
|[[Pravat Tripathy|Pravat Kumar Tripathy]]
|
|-
|89
|[[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athagarh]]
|[[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
|
|-
|90
|[[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Barabati-Cuttack]]
|[[Debashish Samantaray]]
|
|-
|91
|[[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar-Cuttack]]
|Pravat Ranjan Biswal
|
|-
|92
|[[Niali Assembly constituency|Niali (SC)]]
|[[Pramod Kumar Mallick]]
|
|-
|93
|[[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar (SC)]]
|[[Chandra Sarathi Behera]]
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| rowspan="2" |94
| rowspan="2" |[[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salipur]]
|Prakash Chandra Behera
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Resigned on 16 March 2019
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 16 March 2019)
|-
|95
|[[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
|[[Pratap Jena]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
|96
|[[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
|[[Bed Prakash Agarwalla]]
|
|-
|97
|[[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara (SC)]]
|Kishore Chandra Tarai
|
|-
|98
|[[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
|[[Devendra Sharma (politician)|Devendra Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|99
|[[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]
|[[Anshuman Mohanty]]
|
|-
|100
|[[Mahakalapada Assembly constituency|Mahakalapada]]
|[[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
|101
|[[Paradeep Assembly constituency|Paradeep]]
|[[Damodar Rout]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|102
|[[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol (SC)]]
|[[Rajashree Mallick]]
|
|-
|103
|[[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda-Erasama]]
|[[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]]
|
|-
|104
|[[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsingpur]]
|[[Chiranjib Biswal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Puri district|Puri]]
|105
|[[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur (SC)]]
|Surendra Sethy
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|106
|[[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]
|[[Samir Ranjan Dash]]
|
|-
|107
|[[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
|[[Maheswar Mohanty]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|108
|[[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Bramhagiri]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Das Burma]]
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
|109
|[[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
|[[Umakanta Samantaray]]
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
|110
|[[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili]]
|[[Pradeep Maharathy]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=8|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Khordha district|Khordha]]
|111
|[[Jayadev Assembly constituency|Jayadev (SC)]]
|[[Shashi Bhusan Behera]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|112
|[[Bhubaneswar Central Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar Central]]
|Bijay Kumar Mohanty
|
|-
|113
|[[Bhubaneswar North Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar North]]
|Priyadarsi Mishra
|
|-
|114
|[[Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Ekamra-Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Ashok Chandra Panda]]
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
|115
|[[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatani]]
|Bhagirathi Badajena
|
|-
|116
|[[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
|[[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]]
|
|-
|117
|[[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
|[[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]]
|
|-
|118
|[[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilika]]
|Bibhutibhusan Harichandran
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|119
|[[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
|[[Rabinarayan Mohapatra]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|120
|[[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapada]]
|[[Anubhav Patnaik]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |121
| rowspan="2" |[[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla (SC)]]
|Purna Chandra Nayak
| Disqualified on 6 April 2019
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 6 April 2019)
|-
|122
|[[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
|[[Arun Kumar Sahoo]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=7|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| rowspan="14" |[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|123
|[[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
|[[Bikram Keshari Arukha]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|124
|[[Polasara Assembly constituency|Polasara]]
|[[Srikanta Sahu]]
|
|-
|125
|[[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]
|[[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]
|
|-
|126
|[[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khalikote (SC)]]
|[[Purna Chandra Sethy]]
|
|-
|127
|[[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chhatrapur (SC)]]
|Priyansu Pradhan
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |128
| rowspan="2" |[[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
|Debaraj Mohanty
|Disqualified on 6 April 2019
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 6 April 2019)
|-
|129
|[[Surada Assembly constituency|Surada]]
|[[Purna Chandra Swain]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=8|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|130
|[[Sanakhemundi Assembly constituency|Sanakhemundi]]
|Nandini Debi
|
|-
|131
|[[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|Chief Minister
|-
|132
|[[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
|133
|[[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
|Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik
|
|-
|134
|[[Digapahandi Assembly constituency|Digapahandi]]
|[[Surjya Narayan Patro]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|135
|[[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]
|[[Usha Devi]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
| rowspan="2" |136
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana (ST)]]
|Basanti Mallick
|Disqualified on 6 April 2019
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 6 April 2019)
|-
|137
|[[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Paralakhemundi]]
|K. Surya Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
| rowspan="2" |138
| rowspan="2" |[[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]
|Trinatha Gomango
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Disqualified on 6 April 2019
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 6 April 2019)
|-
|139
|[[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam Cuttack (ST)]]
|[[Jagannath Saraka]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|140
|[[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]
|[[Lal Bihari Himirika]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|141
|[[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Lakhmipur (ST)]]
|Kailasa Chandra Kulesika
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|142
|[[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]
|Chandra Sekhar Majhi
|
|-
|143
|[[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
|[[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |144
| rowspan="2" |[[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput (SC)]]
|Krushna Chandra Sagaria
|Resigned on 6 November 2018
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant''' (since 6 November 2018)
|-
|145
|[[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi (ST)]]
|Prafulla Pangi
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
|146
|[[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (ST)]]
|Manasa Madkami
|
|-
|147
|[[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda (ST)]]
|[[Dambaru Sisa]]
|
|}

== By-polls ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/DocumentDetails/historicalbackground/historical-background.pdf Source]
!Year
!Constituency
!Reason for by-poll
!Winning candidate
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|February 2018
|[[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
|Death of Subal Sahu
|[[Rita Sahu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha Legislative Assembly}}

[[Category:Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Terms of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|15th]]

Lepcha people

2026-05-05T19:49:50Z

Aaqibjavaid: cleanup

{{Short description|Ethnic group of India, Nepal, and Bhutan}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Lepcha, Róng ᰕᰫ་ᰊᰪᰰ་ᰆᰧᰶ ᰛᰩᰵ་ᰀᰪᰱ ᰛᰪᰮ་ᰀᰪᰱ
| image = An aboriginal man from the Lepcha people of Sikhim.jpg
| caption = A Lepcha man in 1868
| total = 80,316
| total_year = 2011
| region1 = {{flag|India}} ([[Sikkim]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] and [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] districts, [[West Bengal]]
| pop1 = 76,871 (2011 census)
| ref1 = <ref name="Census India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|last=ORGI|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|Nepal}} ([[Ilam District]], [[Panchthar District]] and [[Taplejung District]])
| pop2 = 3,445 (2011 census)
| ref2 = <ref name="Census Nepal">{{Cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011|website=UN Statistical Agency}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Bhutan}} ([[Samtse District|Samtse]] and [[Chukha District|Chukha]] districts)
| pop3 = N/A
| region4 = {{flag|China}} ([[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet region]])
| pop4 = N/A
| langs = [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese (Dranjongke)]], [[Dzongkha]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| rels = '''Majority''': [[Buddhism]] '''Minority''': {{hlist| [[Mun (religion)|Mun]]|[[Christianity]]|[[Islam]]}}<ref name="Christian Lepchas">{{harvnb|Semple|2003|page=233}}</ref>{{sfn|Joshi|2004|page=130}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Rudranand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdYtAAAAMAAJ&q=lepcha+muslim |title=Himalayan Lepchas |date=1988 |publisher=Archives Publishers, Distributors |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref>
| related_groups = [[Bhutia]], [[Limbu people|Limbu]], [[Lhop people|Lhop]], Other [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan people]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Uncommon Unicode}}
The '''Lepcha''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɛ|p|tʃ|ə}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/lepcha "Lepcha"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> also called '''Rongkup''' ([[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]: ᰕᰫ་ᰊᰪᰰ་ᰆᰧᰶ ᰛᰩᰵ་ᰀᰪᰱ ᰛᰪᰮ་ᰀᰪᰱ, ''Mútuncí Róngkup Rumkup'', "beloved children of the Róng and of God") and '''Rongpa''' ([[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]: {{bo-textonly|རོང་པ}})) are among the indigenous people of the [[India]]n state of [[Sikkim]] as well as the bordering [[Darjeeling]] and [[Kalimpong]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], and in the neighbouring country of [[Nepal]]. They number around 80,000.<ref name="Census India" /><ref name="Census Nepal" /> Many Lepcha are also found in western and southwestern [[Bhutan]], [[Darjeeling]], the [[Koshi Province]] of eastern [[Nepal]], and in the hills of [[West Bengal]]. The Lepcha people are composed of four main distinct communities: the Renjóngmú of [[Sikkim]]; the Dámsángmú of [[Kalimpong]], [[Kurseong]], and [[Mirik]]; the ʔilámmú of [[Ilam District]], Nepal; and the Promú of [[Samtse District|Samtse]] and [[Chukha District|Chukha]] in southwestern [[Bhutan]].{{sfn|Plaisier|2007|p=1–2}}{{sfn|SIL 2009}}{{sfn|NIC-Sikkim}}

== Origins ==
[[File:Lepcha women of Sikkim in the 1860s detail, from- Portret van een onbekende Lepcha vrouw uit Sikkim Lepcha female. Aboriginal. Sikhim (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-1122A-49 (cropped).jpg|
thumb|200px|right|A Lepcha woman in the 1860s]]
[[File:A group of Lepcha shingle cutters at Darjeeling in the 1870s.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A group of Lepcha shingle cutters at Darjeeling in the 1870s]]
[[File:A group of Lepchas in Darjeeling (c. 1880).jpg|thumb|200px|right|A group of Lepchas in Darjeeling (''circa'' 1880)]]
Lepchas are said to have migrated from Cambodia and Tibet having a similar culture, dressup, traits and history.<ref name="West 2009 462">{{cite book|last=West|first=Barbara A.|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|year=2009|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=978-0816071098|page=462|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&q=origin+of+the+Lepcha&pg=PA462}}</ref> They speak a [[Tibeto-Burman language]] which some classify as [[Himalayish]]. Others suggest a more complex migration, a migration to [[Cambodia]], then a navigation of the [[Ayeyarwady River]] and [[Chindwin]] rivers, a crossing of the [[Patkoi]] range coming back west, and finally entering ancient India; this idea is supported by [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language]] substrata in their vocabularies. While migrating westward through India, they are surmised to have passed through southern Bhutan before reaching their final destination near [[Kanchenjunga]]. The Lepcha people themselves do not have any tradition of migration, and hence they conclude that they are autochthonous to the region, currently falling under the state of [[Sikkim]], [[Darjeeling District]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Eastern Development Region, Nepal|eastern]] [[Nepal]] and the southwestern parts of Bhutan. In the [[Province No. 1|Koshi Province]] of Nepal, they form 7% of the population of [[Ilam District]], 2% in [[Panchthar District]], and 10% of the population in [[Taplejung District]]. In India's [[Sikkim]] as a whole they are considered to be around 15% of the population of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lepchas of Dzongu, Sikkim |date=19 February 2022 |url=https://ekaxp.in/eka-experiences-blog/dzongu/}}</ref>

The Lepcha people were earlier ruled by Pano (King) [[Gaeboo Achyok]]. Gaeboo Achyok was instrumental in uniting the Lepcha people and to honour him, the Lepcha people celebrate 20 December of every year as Gaeboo Achyok celebrations day. Gaeboo Achyok extended the Lepcha kingdom from [[Bhutan]] in the east to Ilam ([[Nepal]]) in the west and from Sikkim to the northern tips of present-day [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Telegraph India-1">{{cite news |date=18 December 2006|title=B'day bash for Lepcha king|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/b-day-bash-for-lepcha-king/cid/752810|newspaper=Telegraph India-1}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2021|reason=Newspapers are not reliable sourcces for history.}}

== Language ==
{{main|Lepcha language}}

The Lepcha have their own [[Lepcha language|language]], also called Lepcha. It belongs to the [[Bodish–Himalayish languages|Bodish–Himalayish]] group of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]]. The Lepcha write their language in their own script, called ''Róng'' or [[Lepcha script]], which is derived from the [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] script. It was developed between the 17th and 18th centuries, possibly by a Lepcha scholar named [[Thikúng Munsulóng]], during the reign of the third [[Chogyal]] (Tibetan king) of [[Sikkim]].{{sfn|Plaisier|2007|p=34}}

== Clans ==
Lepchas are divided into many clans ([[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]: ''putsho''), each of which reveres its own [[sacred lake]] and mountain peak ([[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]: ''dâ'' and ''cú'') from which the clan derives its name. While most Lepcha can identify their own clan, Lepcha clan names can be quite formidable, and are often shortened for this reason. For example, ''Nāmchumú'',<ref>A.R.Foning, ''Lepcha My Vanishing Tribe'', Sterling Publishers, 1987, pp. 123-136</ref> ''Simíkmú'', and ''Fonyung Rumsóngmú'' may be shortened to ''Namchu'', ''Simik'', and ''Foning'', respectively.{{sfn|Plaisier|2007|p=3}} Some of the name of the clans are "Barphungputso", "Rongong", "Karthakmu", " Zurabu", "Sungutmu", "Phipon", "Brimu", "Lickchingmu ", “Sadamoo”, “Kabomoo”, “Molomoo”, “Lingdamoo” etc.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

== Religion ==
{{main|Mun (religion)}}

[[File:Kinthup.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kinthup]], a noted Lepcha [[Pundit (explorer)|Pundit]], was a Buddhist pilgrim when he surveyed Nepal in the 1870s (photograph 1914).|left]]
Most Lepchas are [[Buddhists]], although a large number of Lepchas have today adopted [[Christianity]].{{sfn|Joshi|2004|pages=130,157}}{{sfn|Semple|2003|p=123,233}} Some Lepchas have not given up their [[shamanism|shamanistic]] religion, which is known as [[Mun (religion)|Mun]]. In practice, rituals from Mun and Buddhism are frequently observed alongside one another among some Lepchas. For example, ancestral mountain peaks are regularly honoured in ceremonies called ''tandong lho rumfát.''{{sfn|Plaisier|2007|p=3}} Many [[rituals]] involve local species. In Sikkim, Lepchas are known to use over 370 species of animals, fungi, and plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |display-authors=etal |date=29 March 2017 |title=Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=13 |issue=21 |article-number=21 |doi=10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9 |pmid=28356115 |pmc=5372287 |doi-access=free }}</ref> According to the Nepal Census of 2001, out of the 3,660 Lepcha in Nepal, 88.80% were Buddhists and 7.62% were Hindus. Many Lepchas in the Hills of [[Darjeeling|Sikkim, Darjeeling]] and [[Kalimpong]] are Christians.{{sfn|Semple|2003|page=233}}{{sfn|Joshi|2004|page=130}}

== Clothing ==
[[File:Lepcha circa 1900.png|thumb|right|250px|Photograph of a Lepcha c. 1900, wearing the traditional cone-shaped hat]]
The traditional clothing for Lepcha women is the ankle-length ''[[dumdyam|dumvun]]'', also called ''dumdyám or gādā'' ("female dress"). It is one large piece of smooth cotton or silk, usually of a solid color. When it is worn, it is folded over one shoulder, pinned at the other shoulder, and held in place by a waistband, or ''tago'', over which excess material drapes. A contrasting long-sleeved blouse may be worn underneath.{{sfn|Plaisier|2007|p=4}}{{sfn|Dubey|1980|p=53, 56}}

The traditional Lepcha clothing for men is the ''[[dumpra|thakraw]]'' ("male dress"). It is a multicolored, hand-woven cloth pinned at one shoulder and held in place by a waistband, usually worn over white shirt and trousers. Men wear a flat round cap called a ''thyáktuk'', with stiff black velvet sides and a multicolored top topped by a knot similar as the Mongol's. Rarely, the traditional cone-shaped [[bamboo]] and [[rattan]] hats are worn.{{sfn|Plaisier|2007|p=4}}{{sfn|Dubey|1980|p=53, 56}}

== Dwellings (place to stay) ==
Traditionally, the Lepcha live in a local house called a ''li''. A traditional home is made out of logs of wood and bamboo and rests around 4 to 5 feet (1.2m to 1.5m) above the ground on stilts. The wooden house with thatched roof is natural air conditioner and eco-friendly. The traditional Lepcha house has no nails used in the construction and it is seismic movement friendly since the weight of the house is rested over a large tablets of stones and not planted on the soil.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Human: The Definitive Visual Guide|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=2004|isbn=0-7566-0520-2|location=New York|pages=437}}</ref>

== Subsistence ==
The Lepchas are mostly agriculturists. They grow oranges, rice, cardamoms, and other foods.<ref name=":0" />

=== Cuisine ===
Lepcha cuisine is mild and not as spicy as [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] or [[Nepalese cuisine]]. Rice is the staple, whole wheat, maize, and buckwheat are also used. Fresh fruit and vegetables are used.<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite web|title=Lepcha|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lepcha|publisher=Encyclopedia|date=1 August 2019}}</ref>
''Khuzom'' is a traditional Lepcha bread made from buckwheat, millet, and corn or wheat flour.
Popular Lepcha dishes include ''ponguzom ''(rice, fish, vegetable grill), ''su zom'' (baked meat dish), ''ihukpa'' (noodle, meat, and vegetable stew), and ''sorongbeetuluk'' (rice and nettle porridge).<ref name="Science Direct">{{cite journal|last1=Tamang |first1=Jyoti Prakash |last2=Thapa |first2=Namrata |title=Some nonfermented ethnic foods of Sikkim in India|journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352618114000092|date=December 2014 |volume=1 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2014.11.008 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

An alcoholic beverage called ''chi ''or ''[[chhaang]]'' is fermented from [[millet]]. ''Chi'' also has religious significance, as it is given as offering to the gods during religious ceremonies.<ref name="Live History-Chi">{{cite web|title=Chhang: The Beer of the Himalayas|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/history-in-a-dish/2017/05/28/chhang-the-beer-of-the-himalayas|publisher=Live History India|date=28 May 2017}}</ref>

== Arts, crafts, and music ==
The Lepchas are known for their unique weaving and basketry skills. They have a rich tradition of dances, songs, and folktales. The popular Lepcha folk dances are ''Zo-Mal-Lok, Chu-Faat, Tendong Lo Rum Faat'', and ''Kinchum-Chu-Bomsa''.<ref name="Lepcha Folk Dances">{{cite web|title=Lepcha Folk Dances|url=http://www.sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/SikkimAtAGlance/LepchaFolkDances.aspx|publisher=Sikkim Tourism}}</ref> Musical instruments used are ''sanga'' (drum), ''yangjey'' (string instrument), ''fungal, yarka,'' flute, and ''tungbuk''.<ref name="Lepcha Folk Dances"/>
One popular instrument used by the Lepchas is a four-string lute that is played with a bow.<ref name=":0" />

== Marriage customs ==
The Lepcha are largely an [[Endogamy|endogamous]] community.<ref name=":0" />

The Lepcha trace their descent [[patrilineal]]ly. The marriage is negotiated between the families of the bride and the groom. If the marriage deal is settled, the ''[[lama]]'' checks the horoscopes of the boy and girl to schedule a favourable date for the wedding. Then the boy's maternal uncle, along with other relatives, approaches the girl's maternal uncle with a ''khada'', a ceremonial scarf, and one rupee, to gain the maternal uncle's formal consent.{{sfn|Gulati|1995|pp=80–81}}

The wedding takes place at noon on the auspicious day. The groom and his entire family leave for the girl's house with some money and other gifts that are handed over to the bride's maternal uncle. Upon reaching the destination, the traditional ''Nyomchok'' ceremony takes place, and the bride's father arranges a feast for relatives and friends. This seals the marriage between the couple.{{sfn|Gulati|1995|pp=80–81}}

==Lepcha people in Nepal==
The [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] of Nepal classifies the Lepcha as a subgroup within the broader social group of Mountain/Hill Janajati.<ref>[https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II]</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]], 3,445 people identified as Lepcha, one in every 7,690 of the total Nepalese population (26,494,504).

== See also ==
* [[Ethnic groups in Bhutan]]
* [[Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
* [[Indigenous peoples of Sikkim]]
* [[Lepcha language]]
* [[Lepcha script]]

== References ==
{{Reflist
| refs =
}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| last = Plaisier
| first = Heleen
| year = 2007
| title = A Grammar of Lepcha
| volume = 5
| series = Tibetan studies library: Languages of the greater Himalayan region
| publisher = [[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]
| location = Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston
| isbn = 978-90-04-15525-1
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DpCXEc_9RWcC
}}
* {{cite web
| editor-last = Lewis
| editor-first = M. Paul
| year = 2009
| title = Lepcha
| work = [[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World
| edition = 16th
| publisher = [[SIL International]]
| location = [[Dallas, Texas]]
| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lep
| access-date = 24 June 2011
| ref = {{harvid|SIL 2009}}
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm
| title = Lepchas and their Tradition
| publisher = National Informatics Centre, Sikkim
| work = Official Portal of NIC Sikkim State Centre
| date = 25 January 2002
| access-date = 24 June 2011
| ref = {{harvid|NIC-Sikkim}}
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203541/http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm
| archive-date = 17 October 2017
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Joshi
| first = H.G.
| year = 2004
| title = Sikkim: Past and Present
| publisher = Mittal Publications
| location = New Delhi, India
| isbn = 81-7099-932-4
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L7gIVNzkN2YC
| access-date = 24 June 2011
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Semple
| first = Rhonda Anne
| year = 2003
| title = Missionary Women: Gender, Professionalism, and the Victorian Idea of Christian Mission
| publisher = Boydell Press
| location = Rochester, NY
| isbn = 1-84383-013-2
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zKhSk_3nCvsC
| access-date = 24 June 2011
}}
* {{cite web
| last = Gulati
| first = Rachna
| year = 1995
| title = Cultural Aspects of Sikkim
| work = Bulletin of Tibetology
| publisher = Namgyal Institute of Tibetology
| location = [[Gangtok]]
| url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1995_01_17.pdf
| access-date = 24 June 2011
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Family, marriage, and social change on the Indian fringe
| first = S. M
| last = Dubey
| editor = S. M. Dubey
| editor2 = P. K. Bordoloi
| editor3 = B. N. Borthakur
| publisher = Cosmo
| year = 1980
}}

{{Commons category|Lepcha people}}
* {{cite web|title=Lepcha script|publisher=Omniglot online|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lepcha.htm|access-date= 17 April 2011}}
* {{cite web|first=Heleen|last=Plaisier|date=13 November 2010|title=Information on Lepcha Language and Culture|url=http://www.lepcha.info/|access-date=16 April 2011|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|year=2001|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim|chapter=The Sikkim Communities|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7099-794-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrr7HPr8NAQC|ref=none}}

;Folktale collections:
* {{Cite book |title=Folk Tales of Sikkim |first=George |last=Kotturan |publisher=Sterling Publishers |date=1976}}
* De Beauvoir Stocks, C. ''Folklore and customs of the Lepchas of Sikkim''. Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 2001 [1925]. {{ISBN|81-206-1559-X}}.
* {{cite book |title=Legends of the Lepchas: Folk Tales From Sikkim |publisher=Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. |first=Yishey |last=Doma |date=2023 |isbn=9780143460671}}
{{refend}}

{{Bhutanese society}}
{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Darjeeling}}
{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bhutan]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples]]
[[Category:Himalayan peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of Nepal]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of India]]
[[Category:Tribes of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Lepcha people| ]]

Maggi noodles safety concerns in India

2026-05-04T08:58:37Z

Aaqibjavaid: Created Some Post More To Come.

{{Short description|2015 food safety controversy}}
In May 2015, the Food and Drug Administration representatives from [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], a district of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] stated that samples of the product [[Maggi]] 2-Minute Noodles had unusually excessive levels of [[lead]]. This finding led to multiple market withdrawals and investigations in India and beyond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/business/maggi-controversy-nestle-india-may-be-in-loss-again-1276240.html|title=Maggi controversy: Nestle India may be in loss again|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Beware! Eating 2 -Minute Maggi Noodles can ruin your Nervous System|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/beware-eating-2-minute-maggi-noodles-can-ruin-your-nervous-system/|access-date=18 May 2015|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=18 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/maggi-noodles-packets-recalled-across-uttar-pradesh-say-food-inspectors-764729|publisher=[[NDTV]]|title=Maggi Noodles Packets Recalled Across Uttar Pradesh, Say Food Inspectors: Report|date= 20 May 2015|access-date= 20 May 2015|location=[[New Delhi]], India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sushmi Dey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maggi-under-regulatory-scanner-for-lead-MSG-beyond-permissible-limit/articleshow/47304615.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|title='Maggi' under regulatory scanner for lead, MSG beyond permissible limit |date= 16 May 2015|access-date= 20 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Najar |first=Nida |date=2015-06-05 |title=Nestlé Pulls Maggi Noodles From Shelves Across India|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/business/nestle-pulls-maggi-noodles-from-shelves-across-india.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
* 3 June 2015 – The [[New Delhi]] Government banned the sale of Maggi in New Delhi stores for 15 days due to these findings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-govt-bans-sales-of-Maggi-from-its-stores/articleshow/47525207.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Delhi govt bans sales of Maggi from its stores: Report|date= 3 June 2015|access-date= 3 June 2015|location=[[New Delhi]], India}}</ref> [[First Information Report]]s (FIRs) against [[Bollywood]] Maggi Brand Ambassadors [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], and [[Preity Zinta]] were lodged by Sudhir Kumar Ojha, a lawyer, at Muzaffarpur district court, asking the authorities to arrest them if required. He complained that he fell sick after eating Maggi, which he had purchased from a shop at Lenin Chowk on 30 May.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maggi-case-bollywood-actors-face-fir/article7276001.ece |title=Maggi case: Bollywood actors face FIR |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2015-06-03 |access-date=2016-01-16|last1=Tewary |first1=Amarnath }}</ref>
* 4 June 2015 – The [[Gujarat]] FDA banned the noodles for 30 days after 27 out of 39 samples were detected with objectionable levels of lead, among other things,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gujarat-bans-Maggi-noodles-for-30-days/articleshow/47541846.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607080312/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gujarat-bans-Maggi-noodles-for-30-days/articleshow/47541846.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2015|title=Gujarat bans Maggi noodles for 30 days|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 June 2015|access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> and [[Assam]] banned sale, distribution, and storage of Maggi's "extra delicious chicken noodles" variety for 30 days after tests carried out at the state public health laboratory concluded that the particular variety contained added an excessively high amount of lead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Assam-bans-Maggi-variety-for-30-days/articleshow/47546109.cms|title=Assam bans Maggi variety for 30 days|work=The Times of India|date=5 June 2015 }}</ref> On 4 June 2015 the government of [[Tamil Nadu]] banned Maggi foods due to an unacceptable amount of lead and other components.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dey |first=Sushmi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Centre-may-ban-Maggi-as-other-brands-fail-test-in-TN/articleshow/47547551.cms |title=Centre may ban Maggi as other brands fail test in TN|work=The Times of India |date=2015-06-05 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>
* 5 June 2015 – The [[Andhra Pradesh]] Government also banned Maggi foods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150606/nation-current-affairs/article/andhra-pradesh-bans-maggi-telangana-awaits-report |title=Andhra Pradesh bans maggi, Telangana awaits report |work=Deccan Chronicle|date= 6 June 2015|access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>
* Also on 5 June 2015, the [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]] (FSSAI)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/did-not-order-maggi-ban-fssai-tells-sc/article7978147.ece|title=Did not order Maggi ban, FSSAI tells SC|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-26}}</ref> ordered a recall of all nine approved variants of Maggi instant noodles and oats masala noodles, suggesting that they were unsafe and hazardous for human consumption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Order_Nestle.pdf|title=FSSAI Order to Nestle India|date=5 June 2015|publisher=FSSAI, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616090435/http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Order_Nestle.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2015}}</ref> On the same day, the [[Food Standards Agency]] of the United Kingdom launched an investigation into the level of lead in Maggi noodles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/uk-launches-maggi-tests-for-lead-content/articleshow/47556524.cms |title=UK launches Maggi tests for lead content |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2015-06-05 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>
* 6 June 2015 – The Central Government of India banned nationwide sales of Maggi noodles for an indefinite period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/miscellenous-india/supreme-court-denies-to-give-clean-chit-to-maggie-orders-to-re-test-1159819/|title=Supreme Court denies to give clean chit to Maggie, orders to re-test|website=patrika.com}}</ref>
* 26 June 2015 – During a press meeting, the Minister for Health and Family Welfare of [[Karnataka]], [[U. T. Khader]], stated that Maggi foods would not be banned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newskarnataka.com/bangalore/maggie-will-not-be-banned-in-karnataka#sthash.wxFsBtki.dpuf |title=Maggi will not be banned in Karnataka |publisher=Newskarnataka.com |date=2015-06-27 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>
* July 2015 – The Bombay High Court allowed the export of Maggi while the ban in India remained.<ref>{{cite news|author=Maulik Vyas|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/hc-allows-nestle-to-export-maggi-though-ban-continues-in-india/articleshow/47878617.cms |title=Bombay HC allows Nestle to export Maggi though ban continues in India – timesofindia-economictimes |newspaper=The Economic Times |date= July 2015|access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>
* August 2015 – Tests performed by the US health regulator FDA showed no dangerous lead levels in the products.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> On 13 August 2015, the nationwide ban was struck down by the Bombay high court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ban-on-maggi-lifted-bombay-hc-orders-fresh-test-of-noodle-samples/|title=Ban on Maggi: High Court lifts ban, orders fresh tests within 6 weeks|date=14 August 2015|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The court stated that proper procedure was not followed in issuing the ban and called into question the test results, as the samples were not tested at authorized laboratories accredited to the [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories]] (NABL).<ref>{{cite news|author=Shibu Thomas |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Relief-for-Nestle-Bombay-HC-sets-aside-food-regulators-ban-on-Maggi/articleshow/48463583.cms |title=Relief for Nestle, Bombay HC sets aside food regulator's ban on Maggi |work=The Times of India |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>

==Additional market bans==
Some of India's biggest retailers (including [[Future Group]]'s [[Big Bazaar]], [[Easyday]], and Nilgiris) imposed a nationwide ban on Maggi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/future-group-bans-maggi-too-the-two-minute-death-of-a-indias-favourite-noodle-brand-2277008.html|publisher=Firstpost|title=Future Group bans Maggi too: The two-minute death of a India's favourite noodle brand|date= 3 June 2015|access-date= 3 June 2015}}</ref> In addition, multiple state authorities in India found an unacceptable amount of lead, leading to bans in more than five other states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maggi-s-twisted-tale-gujarat-jharkhand-decision-on-ban-today/article1-1354696.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605040254/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maggi-s-twisted-tale-gujarat-jharkhand-decision-on-ban-today/article1-1354696.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2015 |title=North to south: 5 states ban two-minute Maggi noodles in a day | india |work=The Hindustan Times|date= 4 June 2015|access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/maggi-noodles-fail-lucknow-lab-test-279852-2015-12-31|title=Maggi noodles fail Lucknow lab test}}</ref>

Nepal indefinitely banned Maggi over concerns about the lead levels in the product.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepal-bans-import--sale-of-nestle-maggi-noodles/article1-1354986.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605021250/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepal-bans-import--sale-of-nestle-maggi-noodles/article1-1354986.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2015 |title=Nepal bans import, sale of Maggi noodles | world |work=The Hindustan Times|date= 4 June 2015|access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> Maggi noodles were subsequently withdrawn from the market of five African nations: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and South Sudan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33053683 |title=Maggi noodles withdrawn in East African supermarket |date= 8 June 2015|access-date=2016-01-16|publisher=BBC News }}</ref>

==Testing controversies==
* [[Monosodium glutamate]] (MSG): Testing found some MSG in Maggi noodles. The packet stated "No added MSG"; however, MSG naturally occurs in hydrolyzed peanut protein, onion powder, and wheat flour (see: {{Section link|Glutamate flavoring|Natural occurrence}}). Maggi offered to remove the words "No added MSG" from the package to overcome the objection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/we-will-remove-no-msg-from-the-maggi-noodle-label-nestles-global-ceo-768951 |title=We Will Remove No MSG from the Maggi Noodles Label: Nestles Global CEO – NDTV Food |publisher=NDTV |date=2015-06-06 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>
* [[Lead]]: Maggi noodles include flavouring packets named Tastemaker, which are intended to dissolve in water during cooking. Maggi insisted that testing should be done on the product as it is eaten; however, the FSSAI insisted that the powder itself should be tested. On 5 June 2015, the FSSAI said that the prescribed standards of 2.5 parts per million would have to apply to all components of the product. Out of the 13 samples tested by Delhi authorities, 10 of them had lead content exceeding this limit. The packets that initiated the investigation from Uttar Pradesh had 17.2 ppm of lead.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rohan Venkataramakrishnan |url=http://scroll.in/article/732356/nestles-defence-its-only-real-lead-free-maggi-when-the-noodles-and-masala-are-boiled-in-water |title=Nestlé's defence: It is only real (lead-free) Maggi when the noodles and masala are boiled in water |publisher=Scroll.in |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> Nestlé also questioned the reliability of the labs used. Results from testing outside of India ([[Singapore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Singapore-resumes-sale-of-India-made-Maggi-noodles/articleshow/47597535.cms |title=Singapore resumes sale of India-made Maggi noodles |work=The Times of India |date=2015-06-09 |access-date=2016-01-16 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> US<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/US-health-regulator-says-lead-in-Maggi-within-acceptable-levels/articleshow/48460940.cms |title=US health regulator says lead in Maggi within acceptable levels |work=The Times of India |date=2015-08-13 |access-date=2016-01-16 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>) reported that Maggi noodles were safe. In the later Bombay High Court judgment, the court agreed that the test results by earlier labs were unreliable. The court mandated testing to be done at three specific laboratories (Punjab, Hyderabad, and Jaipur) where Maggi was found safe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/maggi-clears-bombay-hc-mandated-lab-tests-nestle-india/ |title=Maggi clears Bombay HC mandated lab tests: [Nestle] India |work=The Indian Express|date=2015-10-17 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> The lead may have been naturally occurring in plants and soil<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lead in soils and plants: A literature review|journal=CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control|volume=3|issue = 1–4|page=213|doi=10.1080/10643387309381602|year=2010|last1=Zimdahl|first1=Robert L.|last2=Arvik|first2=Jon H.|last3=Hammond|first3=Paul B.}}</ref> or from Indian spices, although within acceptable limits.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Park |first=Alice |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1971906,00.html |title=Study: Indian Spices, Powders Linked with Lead Poisoning – TIME |magazine=Time |date=2010-03-15 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>

==Company response==
Maggi always insisted that its noodle product is safe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nestle.in/aboutus/ask-nestle/answers/maggi-noodles-india-test-results |title=What testing methodology does Nestlé use? | MAGGI Noodles – Nestlé India | Nestlé India |publisher=Nestle.in |date=2016-01-01 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> Maggi recalled stock worth nearly ₹320 [[crore]] (₹3.2 Billion) from the shelves and paid ₹20 crores (₹200 million) to a cement factory to burn the product. In addition, the Corporate Affairs Ministry of India imposed a ₹640 crore (₹6.4 Billion) fine on Nestle India for the presence of MSG and lead beyond the permissible limit.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ruchika Shah |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-how-much-did-maggi-ban-cost-nestle-india-2140196 |title=How much did Maggi ban cost Nestle India? & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=2015-10-30 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>

==Return to market==
In India, Maggi products were returned to the shelves in November 2015,<ref>Bhusan, Ratna and Malviya, Sagar (17 October 2015): [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/maggi-clears-all-tests-nestle-india-to-restart-production-within-2-3-weeks/articleshow/49423524.cms Maggi clears all tests, Nestle India to restart production within 2-3 weeks]. Accessed on 19 February 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/finance/business/maggi-noodles-return-to-india-after-crisis/story-fnkgdftz-1227602617859 |title=Maggi noodles India ban: Celebrations as Nestle returns to shelves |publisher=News.com.au |date=2015-11-10 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> accompanied by a [[Nestlé]] advertising campaign to win back the trust of members of the Indian community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marketing-interactive.com/look-maggis-latest-ploy-winning-back-consumer-trust-safety-concerns/|title=LOOK Maggi India's latest ploy to win back customers|author=marketing-interactive.com|publisher=marketing-interactive.com|access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> At this time, a satirical song on the incident "Maggi anthem" by [[Vir Das]] and Alien Chutney was released.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Goswami|first1=Shreya|title=Try getting this Maggi song by Vir Das and Alien Chutney out of your head|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/food-drink/food/story/vir-das-alien-chutney-new-maggi-anthem-youtube-video-msg-lead-masala-is-my-king-319425-2016-04-22|access-date=5 August 2016|work=[[India Today]]|date=22 April 2016}}</ref> Nestlé resumed production of Maggi at all five plants in India on 30 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/nestle-brings-back-maggi-to-shelves-in-india/article7860831.ece|title=Maggi noodles is back|last=Bhargava|first=Yuthika|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/business/Industry/nestle-resumes-maggi-noodles-production-at-all-plants-in-india/article7932803.ece |title=Nestle resumes Maggi noodles production at all plants in India : The Hindu – Mobile edition |work=The Hindu |date=2015-11-30 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:2015 in India]]
[[Category:Food safety scandals]]

Kumaoni Rajput

2026-05-03T23:31:38Z

Aaqibjavaid: Starting new stub.

{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Kumaoni Rajput
| regions = [[Uttarakhand]]
| languages = [[Hindi]]{{•}}[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]
| religions = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Kumaoni Rajput''', also referred to Rajputs of [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]] region of [[Uttarakhand|Uttrakhand]] who held considerable power{{According to whom|date=September 2025}} in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, from around the 4th century till the conquest of Kumaon by the [[Kingdom of Nepal|Gorkha]].

== Kumaoni Rajput clans ==
List of Rajput clans in Kumaon:<ref>{{cite book |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer Volume 3 Part 2 |date=1886 |page=432 |url=https://archive.org/details/1882himalayangazetteervol3pt2/page/432/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="Pandey">{{cite book |last1=Pandey |first1=Badri Datt |url=https://kumauniarchives.com/Display?id=ec8db229-a751-47c1-b4eb-2b4a53f71799 |title=History of Kumaun: English Version of "Kumaun Ka Itihas" Volume 2 |date=1993 |publisher=Shyam Prakashan |isbn=9788185865010 |pages=551–553}}</ref>
* Aswal
* [[Bisht (surname)|Bisht]]
* Rajwar
* Chand
* Deopa<ref name="Pandey" />
* Basera
* Pal
* Manral
* Kalakoti
* [[Karki (clan)|Karki]]
* [[Rautela]]
* [[Parmar (clan)|Panwar]]
* [[Mahara (surname)|Mahra]]
* [[Negi (surname)|Negi]]
* [[Adhikari]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajput, Kumaoni}}

[[Category:Rajputs]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]

{{india-ethno-stub}}

Gurdeep Singh Sappal

2026-04-25T00:28:17Z

Aaqibjavaid: made initial biography basic info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gurdeep Singh Sappal
| office = [[All India Congress Committee]] (I/C) Administration
| term_start = 23 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Gurdeep Singh Sappal''' is an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]]. He is a permanent member of the [[Congress Working Committee]] (CWC),<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/congmen-take-6-guarantees-to-doorsteps-of-state-voters/articleshow/103794375.cms?from=mdr Congressmen take 6-guarantees to doorsteps of Telangana voters], The Times of India.</ref> which is the highest decision-making body of the party. He is also the administration in-charge at the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC), heading the party's administrative affairs.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-major-reshuffle-kumari-selja-chhattisgarh-incharge-sukhjinder-randhawa-rajasthan-chief-2305738-2022-12-06 Kumari Selja appointed Chhattisgarh Congress in-charge, Sukhjinder Randhawa replaces Ajay Maken in Rajasthan], India Today.</ref>

He is an advisor to [[Mallikarjun Kharge]], the national president of Congress and is coordinator of office of the Congress president. He also represents the party in media as a spokesperson.<ref>[https://www.outlookindia.com/national/kharge-appoints-4-leaders-as-coordinators-attached-to-congress-chief-s-office-news-237656 Kharge Appoints 4 Leaders As Coordinators Attached To Congress Chief's Office], Outlook.</ref>

He is the member of the campaign committee of I.N.D.I.A.(aka I.N.D.I.A), which is empowered to plan and execute the joint campaign of opposition parties for the national general elections (Lok Sabha Election) scheduled in 2024.<ref>[https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-alliance-expands-leadership-with-seven-new-appointments-across-key-committees-news-315349 INDIA Alliance Expands Leadership With Seven New Appointments Across Key Committees], Outlook.</ref>

He is the former chief executive officer and Editor-in-Chief of [[Rajya Sabha TV]], the [[Public broadcasting|public broadcaster]] owned and operated by Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of The [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RSTV completes 5 years: Letter from Editor-in-Chief - Rajya Sabha TV|url=http://rstv.nic.in/rstv-completes-5-years-letter-editor-chief.html|website=Rajya Sabha TV|accessdate=13 June 2017|date=26 August 2016}}</ref> He was the Officer on Special Duty to the Vice President of India and worked as his aide and political advisor.

Sappal is credited with conceptualizing and establishing Rajya Sabha Television (RSTV). He has also conceptualized and produced a ten-part television series [[Samvidhaan (TV Series)|''Samvidhaan - The Making of the Constitution of India'']], which re-enacts the debates of the Constituent Assembly and recreates the drama of the political and parliamentary process of developing the salient features of the Constitution of India. The series was directed by [[Shyam Benegal]]. He also conceptualised and produced feature film Raagdesh for RSTV, directed by [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]].

Gurdeep Sappal was the Chief Executive Editor and Editor-in-Chief of Swaraj Express, a 24x7 Hindi news satellite channel between 2018 and 2020.<ref>[https://theprint.in/india/insensitivity-to-govt-or-financial-trouble-why-news-channel-swaraj-express-went-off-air/501960/ ‘Insensitivity’ to govt or financial trouble — why news channel Swaraj Express went off air], ThePrint.</ref>

Gurdeep Singh Sappal was appointed as a member of Empowered Action Group of Leaders and Experts (EAGLE) which was constituted by [[Indian National Congress]] to monitor the conduct of free and fair elections by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 2 February 2025.<ref name="Congress forms panel to monitor ‘conduct of free and fair elections’2">{{cite news |date=2 February 2025 |title=Congress forms panel to monitor 'conduct of free and fair elections' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/eagle-congress-sets-up-panel-to-monitor-conduct-of-fair-polls-by-eci/article69172764.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203084447/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/eagle-congress-sets-up-panel-to-monitor-conduct-of-fair-polls-by-eci/article69172764.ece |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Project ==
Sappal's last film project was ''[[Raagdesh]]''. It is a cinematic rendition of the famous Red Fort Trials of the [[Indian National Army]]'s Azad Hind Fauz. The trials were held in 1945 by the British Government, who charged Lt. Col [[Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon]], Major General [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]] and Lt. Col. [[Prem Sahgal]] with charges of acting against the King of Britain and murder. The three were the main associates of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. The film was conceptualized by Sappal, is directed by [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]].

==Career==
Sappal started his career as Senior Research Fellow in Council for Scientific and Technology Research ([[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]), where he worked on Information Systems for Mlti Sectoral Rural Development. He also worked for inconclusive [[PhD in management|Ph.D.]] in Information Systems at IIT, Delhi. Thereafter, he worked on several research projects in rural technology development, District Primary Education Programme, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and child labour. He was also an active participant in adult literacy and post-literacy campaigns.

He has also worked as aide to [[Suresh Pachouri|Suresh Pachauri]], Minister of State for Personnel and Parliamentary Affairs from 2004 - 2007, in the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] 1 government. Thereafter, he was associated with the election of the President of India and Vice President of India in 2007. He was the main coordinator for the election campaign of [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], who went on to become the Vice President of India for two successive terms, i.e. 2007-2012 and 2012–2017. After taking office in August 2007, the Vice President of India Hamid Ansari chose him as his main advisor for political and parliamentary work and appointed him as the Officer on Special Duty. The association lasted for the entire two terms of Sh. Ansari as the [[Vice President of India]]. In 2008, Rajya Sabha decided to start its own 24x7 TV channel. The efforts to begin the channel were frustrated due to various reasons for the next three years. In 2011, the decision was taken to hand over the reins of the proposed channel to Sappal, who was given the additional task of the CEO, [[Rajya Sabha TV|RSTV]]. Within months of taking the charge, he started limited broadcast of the channel on 26 August 2011. Subsequently, it became a 24x7 channel on 26 January 2012.

==Controversies==
Sappal and RSTV faced criticism on [[Twitter]] for declining to telecast Yoga Day in June 2015. It was a false charge and was answered to by Sappal, who was supported by the mainstream media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jantakareporter.com/india/why-did-bjp-supporters-go-ballistic-against-ansari-rajya-sabha-tv-once-again/4482/|title=Why did BJP supporters go ballistic against Ansari, Rajya Sabha TV once again? - Janta Ka Reporter 2.0|last=Reporter|first=Janta Ka|website=www.jantakareporter.com|date=21 June 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/how-bjp-did-the-shoot-yourself-in-the-foot-asana-on-yoga-day-115062200458_1.html|title=How BJP did the shoot-yourself-in-the-foot Asana on Yoga Day|last=Bhardwaj|first=Ankur|date=2015-06-22|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/under-attack-rajya-sabha-tv-says-its-not-government-mouthpiece/article7347640.ece|title=Under attack, Rajya Sabha TV says it's not government mouthpiece|last=Raman|first=Anuradha|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-08|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sappal.net Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sappal, Gurdeep Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian television executives]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Eparchy of Palai

2026-04-17T07:17:00Z

Aaqibjavaid: made basic stub needs work!

{{short description|Syro-Malabar Catholic territory in India}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Diocese of Pala]] in Chad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Eparchy
|name = Palai
|local = ܐܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܦܠܝ
|image = St. Thomas Cathedral, Pala.jpg
|caption =
|country = [[India]]
|province = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery|Metropolitan Province of Changanassery]]
|metropolitan =
|denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
|cathedral = [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Pala|Cathedral of St Thomas]] in [[Pala, Kerala|Palai]]
|cocathedral =
|established = 25 July 1950
|patron = [[Immaculate Conception]] [[Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas the Apostle]] [[St. Alphonsa]]
|parishes =
|area_km2 = 1,166
|population = 695,000
|population_as_of = 2009
|catholics = 326,747
|catholics_percent= 47
|pope = {{incumbent pope}}
|major_archbishop = [[Raphael Thattil|Mar Raphael Thattil]]
|metro_archbishop = [[Thomas Tharayil (archbishop of Changanassery)|Mar Thomas Tharayil]]
|coadjutor =
|bishop = [[Joseph Kallarangatt|Mar Joseph Kallarangatt]]
|auxiliary_bishops=
|emeritus_bishops = Mar Joseph Pallikaparampil Bishop Emeritus (1981-2004) [[Jacob Muricken|Mar Jacob Muricken]] auxiliary bishop emeritus(2012-2022)
|website = {{url|https://www.palaidiocese.com/}}
|headquarters=
|coat=Palai_diocese.png}}
The '''Eparchy of Palai''' is a [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic]] ecclesiastical jurisdiction or [[eparchy]] of the [[Catholic Church]] with an area of 1166 km2<ref>{{cite book|last1=Diocesan Curia|first1=Palai|title=Directory|date=2016|publisher=St. Thomas Press|location=Palai}}</ref> comprising the [[Meenachil]] taluk and a few villages of the neighbouring taluks in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], and [[Idukki district|Idukki]] districts of central [[Kerala]] in [[South India]]. The faithful of this eparchy, numbering 326,742, belong to the ancient [[Saint Thomas Christians|St. Thomas Christian community]]. The seat of the bishop is the St. Thomas Cathedral based in the town of [[Pala, Kerala|Palai]]. The current bishop is Mar [[Joseph Kallarangatt]], serving since March 2004.

[[Pope Pius XII]] established the eparchy bifurcating then [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery|Eparchy of Changanacherry]], and out of the territory covered by the then foranes of Palai, Muttuchira, Kuravilangad, Anakkallu and Ramapuram on 25 July 1950. Initially, the eparchy was erected as a suffragan of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly|Acheparchy of Ernakulam]]. The then apostolic nuncio to India, [[Leo Peter Kierkels|Archbishop Leo P. Kierkels]], installed Sebastian Vayalil as the first bishop of the new eparchy. Eparchy of Changanacherry was elevated to the status of Archeparchy and constituted the new ecclesiastical province of Changanacherry on 22 August 1956. Thus, the eparchy of Palai became one of its suffragans.

[[File:Syro-Malabar_Rite_of_Renewal_of_Malka_by_bishop_Mar_Joseph_Kallarangatt.webm|thumb|Rite of Renewal of [[Holy Leaven]] (Malka) by [[Joseph Kallarangatt]] and Co Celebrant: Malpan Malpane Koonammackal Thoma Kathanar at Beth Aprem Nasrani Dayara at [[Kuravilangad]]]]

== History ==

[[Pope Pius XII]], by the Bull "Quo Ecclesiarum", issued on 25 July 1950, bifurcated the eparchy of Changanacherry and out of the territory covered by the then Foranes of Palai, Muttuchira, Kuravilangad, Anakkallu, and Ramapuram erected the eparchy of Palai as a suffragan of the Archeparchy of Ernakulam. Leo P. Kierkels, the Apostolic Internuncio in India, published the Bull in the St. Thomas Cathedral Palai on 4 January 1951 and installed Sebastian Vayalil as the first bishop of the new eparchy. On 22 August 1956, when the Holy See by the Ap. Const. ‘Regnum Coelorum’ raised the eparchy of Changanacherry to the status of an archeparchy and constituted the new ecclesiastical province of Changanacherry, the eparchy of Palai became one of its suffragans.

[[Jacob Muricken]] was appointed as auxiliary bishop in 2012. In 2022, he received approval from Synod of Syro-Malabar Bishops to leave the position of auxiliary bishop and live as a [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian bishop quits to become a hermit - UCA News |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/indian-bishop-quits-to-become-a-hermit/98500 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=ucanews.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Joseph Kallarangatt]] is the current and third bishop of the eparchy and has held this position since 2004. As the delegate of Syro-Malabar Synod, he attended XIV Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops on Family held at Rome from 4-25 October 2015.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Diocesan Curia|first1=Palai|title=Directory|date=2016|publisher=St. Thomas Press}}</ref>
== Prelates ==
'''Bishops'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Ordinary
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[ Sebastian Vayalil ]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" |1950
| align="center" |1981
|-
| 2
| [[Joseph Pallikaparampil]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 1981
| align="center" | 2004
|-
| 3
| [[Joseph Kallarangatt]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 2004
| align="center" | ''present''
|}
'''Auxilary Bishop'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Ordinary
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[Joseph Pallikaparampil]]
| align="center" | Auxiliary bishop
| align="center" | 1973
| align="center" | 1981
|-
| 2
| [[ Jacob Muricken]]
| align="center" | Auxiliary bishop
| align="center" | 2012
| align="center" | 2022
|}
'''Prelates Hailing from the Eparchy'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Ordinary
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[ Joseph Srampickal ]]
| align="center" | Bishop - Great Britain
| align="center" | 2016
| align="center" | ''Present''
|-
| 2
| [[ Jacob Angadiath ]]
| align="center" | Bishop - Chicago, USA
| align="center" | 2001
| align="center" | 2022
|-
| 3
| [[ Joseph Kollamparambil ]]
| align="center" | Auxiliary bishop - Shamshabad
| align="center" | 2022
| align="center" | ''Present''
|-
| 4
| [[Jose Sebastian Thekkumcherikunnel]]
| align="center" | Bishop - Jullundur
| align="center" | 2025
| align="center" | ''Present''
|}

== Saints and causes for canonisation ==
*St. [[Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception]]
*Blessed [[Thevarparampil Kunjachan]] (born Augustine)
*Venerable [[Mathew Kadalikkattil]]
*Servant of God Sr. Mariam Arampulickal (Mary Collette of the Infant Jesus)<ref>{{Cite web |title=1984 |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1984.htm |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=newsaints.faithweb.com}}</ref>
*[[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] (1736–1799)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.palaidiocese.com/ Pala Eparchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/pala1.htm Eparchy of Palai]
* [http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/pala.htm Profile of the Eparchy of Palai]
* [https://www.palaidiocese.com/forane Foranes]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palai, Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of}}
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1950]]
[[Category:Dioceses established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Pala, Kerala]]

Tiruchirappalli – I Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:37:50Z

Aaqibjavaid: Created New Page

{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{other uses|Tiruchirappalli (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Trichy-I
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1951
| district = [[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirapalli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tiruchirapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirapalli]]
| electors = 117,649
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
}}
'''Tiruchirapalli-I''' is a former state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Ramaswamy (Tiruchy MLA)|Ramaswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[E. P. Madhuram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[M. S. Mani (politician)|M. S. Mani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 1967
| M. S. Mani
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| V. Krishnamoorthy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[C. Manickam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| P. Musiri Buthan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[A. Malarmannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| A. Malarmannan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| S. Aarokiyasamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[B. Baranikumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| B. Baranikumar
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Anbil Periasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|32.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|51.32}}
}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli I]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Anbil Periasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,886 |percentage=49.41% |change=6.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Malarmannan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,435 |percentage=37.37% |change=25.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Uma P. |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,151 |percentage=9.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thirumalai R. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,579 |percentage=1.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanan S. |party=Independent politician |votes=464 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Malarmannan A. |party=Independent politician |votes=369 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rafiq Ahamed M. |party=Independent politician |votes=365 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kaliamoorthy S. |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=191 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shahul Hameed P. M. |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=104 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakthivel R. |party=Independent politician |votes=100 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rengan M. |party= |votes=99 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,451 |percentage=12.04% |change=10.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,797 |percentage=73.78% |change= 16.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,649 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli I]]<ref name=election2001>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3338-tamil-nadu-2001/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2001 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Baranikumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,421 |percentage=42.93% |change=-20.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]|party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=30,497 |percentage=41.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Malarmannan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,003 |percentage=12.30% |change=7.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. K. C. |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=802 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajamani. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=418 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ansari Raja. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=212 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thendapani. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=197 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvaraj. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=145 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Syedbashir Ahamed. S. . G |party=Independent politician |votes=110 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=924 |percentage=1.26% |change=-35.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,192 |percentage=57.08% |change= -7.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,28,234 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.54% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli I]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Baranikumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,045 |percentage=63.47% |change=26.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pa. Krishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,535 |percentage=27.13% |change=-29.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Malarmannan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,932 |percentage=5.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Palaniappan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=895 |percentage=1.18% |change=-0.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nalangkille |party=Independent politician |votes=831 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Samimuthu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=312 |percentage=0.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. James |party=Janata Party |votes=88 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Uma Maheswari |party=Independent politician |votes=83 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Abdul Azeez |party=Independent politician |votes=76 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=62 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Nistar Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=54 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,510 |percentage=36.34% |change=16.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,701 |percentage=64.66% |change= 4.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,155 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli I]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arokiasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,774 |percentage=56.68% |change=31.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Malarmannan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,839 |percentage=36.89% |change=4.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajmohamed |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=2,301 |percentage=3.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Palaniyappan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,389 |percentage=1.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. T. M. Paramasivam |party=Janata Party |votes=333 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Xavier Durairaj |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Allapitchai |party=Independent politician |votes=156 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajarathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. A. Paulraj |party=Independent politician |votes=82 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kulandaivel |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Mohammed Isaq |party=Independent politician |votes=46 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,935 |percentage=19.79% |change=12.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,471 |percentage=59.93% |change= -11.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,29,007 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 24.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli I]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Malarmannan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,688 |percentage=32.19% |change=-18.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shivaraj Ka |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,944 |percentage=24.99% |change=-21.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Ansari A. M |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,763 |percentage=24.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnamurthy V. M |party=Independent politician |votes=7,819 |percentage=9.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Srinivasan T. M |party=Independent politician |votes=5,281 |percentage=6.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugan P. M |party=Independent politician |votes=158 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paul Raj G. A. M |party=Independent politician |votes=141 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sekar P. M |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnamoorthy R. M |party=Independent politician |votes=100 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajarethinam P. M |party=Independent politician |votes=94 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangaraj K. M |party=Independent politician |votes=75 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,744 |percentage=7.20% |change=3.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,797 |percentage=71.39% |change= -2.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,240 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli I]]<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3331-tamil-nadu-1984/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1984 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Malarmannan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,802 |percentage=50.84% |change=4.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumal. R. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,909 |percentage=46.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohanlal Jain. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sundaram. U. |party=Independent politician |votes=250 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paramasivam. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=232 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijayarengan. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=171 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadivelu Pullai. D. |party=Independent politician |votes=132 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramalingam. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramani. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Navaneethan. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvam. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=89 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,893 |percentage=3.89% |change=0.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,357 |percentage=74.09% |change= 5.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,264 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli I]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Musiri Putthan. P. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,361 |percentage=49.68% |change=16.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnamurthi. A. V. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,183 |percentage=46.62% |change=16.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian. N. |party=Janata Party |votes=1,878 |percentage=2.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kathaperumal. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=565 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvanathan. M. J. |party=Independent politician |votes=195 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,178 |percentage=3.06% |change=-0.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,182 |percentage=68.10% |change= 11.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,277 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli I]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3327-tamil-nadu-1977/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Manickam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,908 |percentage=33.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A.V. Krishnamurthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,597 |percentage=29.78% |change=-22.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Subbian |party=Janata Party |votes=14,350 |percentage=21.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palaniyandy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,759 |percentage=14.83% |change=-31.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raja Alias N.A. Waheed |party=Independent politician |votes=191 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,311 |percentage=3.51% |change=-2.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,805 |percentage=56.78% |change= -13.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,787 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli I]]<ref name=election1971>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3326-tamil-nadu-1971/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1971 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnamurthy V. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,099 |percentage=52.65% |change=0.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lourdusamy Pillai A. S. G. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,450 |percentage=46.23% |change=-0.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugyah Pillai S. |party=Independent politician |votes=809 |percentage=1.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,649 |percentage=6.42% |change=1.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,358 |percentage=70.42% |change= -5.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,446 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli I]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. S. Mani (politician)|M. S. Mani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,504 |percentage=52.07% |change=0.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. G. L. Piliai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,199 |percentage=47.08% |change=0.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rengarasan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=562 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,305 |percentage=4.99% |change=0.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,265 |percentage=75.70% |change= -1.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,882 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli I]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. S. Mani (politician)|M. S. Mani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,221 |percentage=51.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. P. Mathuram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,379 |percentage=46.69% |change=-0.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Syed Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=1,180 |percentage=1.94% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,842 |percentage=4.68% |change=0.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,780 |percentage=76.81% |change= 27.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,044 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 0.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchirappalli I<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. P. Mathuram |party=Independent politician |votes=21,022 |percentage=51.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Durairaj Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,413 |percentage=47.40% |change=19.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. M. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=525 |percentage=1.28% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,609 |percentage=3.93% |change=-0.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,960 |percentage=49.66% |change= 3.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,474 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 23.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchirappalli I<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,710 |percentage=27.62% |change=27.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Viyapuri Sholaiyar |party=Independent politician |votes=7,344 |percentage=23.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Duraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=6,527 |percentage=20.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dakshnamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,037 |percentage=15.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Avadhani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,558 |percentage=4.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,506 |percentage=4.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Xavier |party=Independent politician |votes=853 |percentage=2.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,366 |percentage=4.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,535 |percentage=46.60% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,668 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== Post delimitation ==
'''Tiruchirappalli – I''' (State Assembly Constituency) has been renamed as '''[[Tiruchirappalli West (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchirappalli West]]''' after the constituency delimitations 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archivedate=2012-05-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tiruchirappalli}}
{{coord|10.834|78.686|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiruchirappalli - I (State Assembly Constituency)}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government of Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Pranati Phukan

2026-04-13T16:15:18Z

Aaqibjavaid:

{{Short description|21st Deputy Speaker of the Assam Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pranati Phukan
| image = Pranati Phukan ALA portrait.jpg
| caption = Phukan in 2006
| image_size = 150
| office = [[Government of Assam|Cabinet Minister, Assam]]
| term_start = 30 May 2011
| term_end = 26 January 2015
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 2blankname = Departments
| 2namedata = {{bulleted list|Handloom, Textiles and Sericulture|Cultural Affairs}}
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Pranab Gogoi]] {{small|(Handloom)}}|[[Bharat Narah]] {{small|(Cultural Affairs)}}}}
| successor = [[Bismita Gogoi]]
| office1 = [[List of speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]] of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 31 May 2006
| term_end1 = 16 May 2011
| 1blankname1 = Speaker
| 1namedata1 = [[Tanka Bahadur Rai]]
| predecessor1 = Tanka Bahadur Rai
| successor1 = [[Bhimananda Tanti]]
| office2 = [[Government of Assam|Minister of State, Assam]]
| term_start2 = 7 June 2002
| term_end2 = 6 July 2004
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 2blankname2 = Departments
| 2namedata2 = {{bulleted list|Revenue|Cultural Affairs}}
| office3 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member, Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Naharkatia Assembly constituency|Naharkatia]]
| term_start3 = 12 June 1996
| term_end3 = 19 May 2016
| predecessor3 = Sasha Kamal Handique
| successor3 = [[Naren Sonowal]]
| parents = Dhamaswar Chetia (father) Kaushayla Chetia (mother)
| children = 2
| spouse = {{marriage|Hari Phukan|1984|end=died}}
| alma_mater = [[Gargaon College]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1996-present)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|04|24}}
| birth_place = [[Sivasagar]]
}}

'''Pranati Phukan''' ([[née]] '''Chetia'''; born 24 April 1963) is a former minister, deputy speaker and member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=tmp2D.htm |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Assam/dyspeaker.htm |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |archive-date=2010-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114081445/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Assam/dyspeaker.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=Pranati Phukan from Naharkatia: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career – Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/pranati-phukan-from-naharkatia-early-life-controversy-political-career-529932 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428025745/https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/pranati-phukan-from-naharkatia-early-life-controversy-political-career-529932 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-30 |title=Assam Ministers Get Portfoloios |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/assam-ministers-get-portfoloios-3075.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304204825/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/assam-ministers-get-portfoloios-3075.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2016 |title=Cong leader Pranati Phukan eyes fifth win |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/assam-elections-2016/news/cong-leader-pranati-phukan-eyes-fifth-win/articleshow/51668549.cms |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2018-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419194836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/assam-elections-2016/news/Cong-leader-Pranati-Phukan-eyes-fifth-win/articleshow/51668549.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Phukan was born on the 24 April 1963 in [[Sivasagar]]. She is the daughter of the late Dhamaswar Chetia and Kaushyla Chetia. She is from Salibasa, [[Dibrugarh]]. She completed her [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[Political science|Political Science]] from [[Gargaon College]], [[Dibrugarh University]] in 1983. She participated in plays during her student life.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Phukan was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the [[Naharkatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naharkatia]] seat in [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]], the same constituency her late husband had contested but lost to Sashakamal Handique in [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Naharkatia Assembly Constituency Election Result – Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/naharkatia-assam-assembly-constituency#2011 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=resultuniversity.com |archive-date=2022-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227084129/https://resultuniversity.com/election/naharkatia-assam-assembly-constituency#2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> She defeated the [[incumbent]] member Sashakamal Handique. She polled 26333 votes, 44.12% of the constituency, defeating Handique by 30035 votes.<ref name=":2" />

She was again the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the [[Naharkatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naharkatia]] seat in [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]. She polled 42765 votes, 65.94% of the constituency, defeating her nearest opponent by 30035 votes.<ref name=":2" /> She was made Minister of State for Revenue and Cultural Affairs on 7 June 2002 and served until the 6 July 2004.<ref name=":0" />

In the [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006 Assam Legislative Assembly Election]], she was reelected as the Indian National Congress candidate for Naharkatia. She received 40065 votes, defeating her nearest opponent by 19736 votes.<ref name=":2" />[[File:The Minister of Culture and Handloom & Textile, Assam, Smt. Pranati Phukan lighting the lamp to inaugurate the Public Information Campaign on Bharat Nirman, organized by Press Information Bureau, Guwahati, at Duliajan.jpg|thumb|232x232px|Phukan inaugurating the Public Information Campaign on Bharat Nirman in [[Duliajan]] on 26 September 2012]]
On 31 May 2006, she was unanimously elected Deputy Speaker of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]], becoming the first woman to hold the office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-31 |title=Pranati Phukan elected Dy Speaker in Asom Assembly |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/31/pranati-phukan-elected-dy-speaker-in-asom-assembly-1149068196.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website= |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304204824/https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/31/pranati-phukan-elected-dy-speaker-in-asom-assembly-1149068196.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She was led to the chair by [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] [[Tanka Bahadur Rai]], [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]] Tarun Gogoi and [[Leader of the Opposition]] [[Brindaban Goswami|Brindabon Goswami]]. She served until 16 May 2011.

In the [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], she was reelected for Naharkatia. She polled 35373 votes 41.58% of the total vote and she defeated her nearest opponent by 14397 votes.

=== Culture Minister ===
On 30 May 2011 she was made Minister for Sericulture, Handlooms, Textile and Cultural Affairs in the [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Tarun Gogoi cabinet]]. During her time as minister, she oversaw the consideration of the [[Charaideo]] [[Maidam]] as a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World heritage site]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Sep 10, 2014 |title=Charaideo awaits facelift for World Heritage tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/charaideo-awaits-facelift-for-world-heritage-tag/articleshow/42118509.cms |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2016-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210045804/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Charaideo-awaits-facelift-for-World-Heritage-tag/articleshow/42118509.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

She resigned from her post on 19 January 2015, ahead of a [[cabinet reshuffle]] in the [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry#Ministers (22 January 2015 – 24 May 2016)|Tarun Gogoi cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Talukdar |first=Sushanta |date=2015-01-19 |title=14 Congress Ministers resign ahead of Cabinet reshuffle in Assam |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/14-Congress-ministers-resign-ahead-of-Cabinet-reshuffle-in-Assam/article60350203.ece |access-date=2022-03-04 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304204826/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/14-Congress-ministers-resign-ahead-of-Cabinet-reshuffle-in-Assam/article60350203.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She was later succeeded by [[Bismita Gogoi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Portfolios allocated to new Assam ministers |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/portfolios-allocated-to-new-assam-ministers/articleshow/46021304.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-03-04 |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304204825/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/portfolios-allocated-to-new-assam-ministers/articleshow/46021304.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-ministerial career ===
In the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], she again sought reelection for [[Naharkatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naharkatia]]. When asked about her seeking of reelection, she stated "the decision to contest was not an easy one … It was because of the insistence of my supporters that I could gather the courage to contest. " When asked about the likelihood of her reelection, she stated "the biggest achievement of my tenure was the upgradation of Naharkatia as a sub-division."<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Apr 3, 2016 |title=Cong leader Pranati Phukan eyes fifth win |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/assam-elections-2016/news/cong-leader-pranati-phukan-eyes-fifth-win/articleshow/51668549.cms |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She received 42520 votes, losing to [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] candidate [[Naren Sonowal]] by 3531 votes.<ref name=":2" />

In the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assam Legislative Assembly Election]], she was again the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for [[Naharkatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naharkatia]]. She received 32292 votes, placing second to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate [[Taranga Gogoi]].<ref name=":2" />

== Personal life ==
Phukan married the late Hari Phukan in 1984. They had a son and a daughter.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Her hobbies include music and social activities, she also enjoys social work, sports and travel. In her recreation time she likes listening to various types of classical music. She also has worked for Women & Children Welfare as well as Youth Organisations.<ref name=":0" />

Her son, Rituraj Phukan, died in a boating accident in the [[Umngot River|Umgot river]] near [[Dawki]], [[Meghalaya]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=Ex-minister's son dies in boat mishap |url=https://assamtribune.com/ex-ministers-son-dies-in-boat-mishap |access-date=2022-03-04 |website= |language= |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304204831/https://assamtribune.com/ex-ministers-son-dies-in-boat-mishap |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phukan, Pranati}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]

Mundari language

2026-03-29T13:36:59Z

Aaqibjavaid: formatting fix

{{short description|Munda language spoken in eastern India}}
{{About|a Munda language spoken in India|a Nilotic language spoken in Africa|Mandari dialect}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Mundari
| altname ={{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓞𞓐𞓪𞓐 𞓖𞓕𞓦𞓕𞓣}}, ''horo jagar''
| nativename ={{huge|{{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓜𞓕𞓣𞓚}}}} {{lang|unr-Orya|ମୁଣ୍ଡାରୀ}}, {{lang|unr-Deva|मुंडारी}}, {{lang|unr-Beng|মুন্ডারি}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|unr|muɳɖaːriː|}}
| states = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]]
| region = [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] in [[East India|Eastern India]], and parts of [[North Eastern India]]
* [[Jharkhand]]
* [[Odisha]] (significant minority in the northern districts)
* [[West Bengal]] (minority in the south western districts)
* [[Assam]] (minority)
Mainly in [[Rajshahi Division]] and pockets in [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] and [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] Divisions of [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf |script-title=bn:জনশুমারি ও গৃহগণনা ২০২২: প্রাথসিক প্রতিবেদন |trans-title=Census and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |website=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |page=32 |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Naogaon District]] (around 2,500 speakers)
Around 7,700 speakers in [[Kosi Zone|Kosi Zone]] in [[Nepal]]
*[[Morang District]]
*[[Sunsari District]]
| ethnicity = [[Munda people|Munda]]
| speakers = 1.6 million
| date = 2011 census
| map = Munda languages map.svg
| mapcaption = Areas with a significant concentration of Munda language speakers in red.
| ref = {{efn|According to the 2011 Census, 1,128,228 people in India reported Mundari, 505,922 reported Munda as their mother tongue, totalling 1,634,150 individuals, or approximately 1.6 million.<ref name=MTCensus2011>{{cite web|title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306112822/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
| fam2 = [[Munda languages|Munda]]
| fam3 = North
| fam4 = [[Kherwarian languages|Kherwarian]]
| fam5 = Mundaric
| dia1 = Hasada
| dia2 = Naguri
| dia3 = Tamaria
| dia4 = Kera (a [[Creole language|creole]] spoken by [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] speakers)
| dia5 =
| script = [[Mundari Bani]] (''native'') Others:
*[[Odia script|Odia]]
*[[Devanagari]]
*[[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali]]
*[[Latin script|Latin]]
| lc1 = unr
| ld1 = Mundari
| lc2 = unx
| ld2 = Munda
| glotto = mund1320
| glottorefname = Mundari
| ELP =
| ELPname =
| image = Shukla Mundari.svg
| imagescale = 1.0
| imagecaption = ''Muṇḍārī'' in [[Mundari Bani]] script
| nation = {{IND}}
*[[Jharkhand]] (additional)
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapscale = 1.0
| mapcaption2 = Mundari is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
| notice = IPA
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] text
| fix = Help:Multilingual support
| characters = Mundari Bani (script)
| image = Mundari Bani - A.png
}}
'''Mundari''' ([[Mundari Bani]]: {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓜𞓕𞓣𞓚}}, romanised: ''Muṇḍārī'', [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|unr|muɳɖaːriː}}) is a [[Munda languages|Munda language]] of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language family spoken by the [[Munda people|Munda]] tribes native to the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region in [[India]] with over 1.5 million native speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mundari.htm|title=Mundari alphabet, pronunciation and description}}</ref> It is closely related to [[Ho language|Ho]] and [[Santali language|Santali]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm|title=Mundari Bani}}</ref> and along with [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], is one of the four major Munda languages. Mundari is an additional official language in the state of [[Jharkhand]],<ref name="JharkhandOfficialLang2011">{{cite news |last1=Pramanik |first1=S. |title=Jharkhand notifies 11 languages as second official languages |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jharkhand-notifies-11-languages-as-second-official-languages/article2411802.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2011-08-31 |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> and has significant speakers in eastern Indian states of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]] and northern [[Rangpur Division]] of Bangladesh. In India, Mundari is recognised as a significant minority language. However, its speakers are often bilingual in [[Hindi]] or the local state language.

Mundari is an [[agglutinative language]] characterised by its complex [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], where multiple affixes are added to roots to convey grammatical relationships.<ref name="Andersen2008">{{cite book|last=Andersen |first=Gregory D. S.|title=The Munda Languages |publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0415328906|pages=121–150|chapter=Mundari}}</ref> While historically transmitted through oral tradition, Mundari is now written using several scripts, most notably [[Mundari Bani]], invented by [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] specifically to write Mundari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/15/bms-to-intensify-agitation-on-mundari-language-1147760918.html|title=BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language|website=oneindia.com|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183956/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012".] Page 22</ref> It has also been written in the [[Devanagari]], [[Oriya script|Odia]], [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], and [[Latin script|Latin]] writing systems.

Mundari has been classified as a [[vulnerable language]] according to the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moseley|first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|editor-first=Christopher |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|edition=3rd|date=2010|publisher=UNESCO Publishing |location=Paris|isbn=978-92-3-104096-2 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026/PDF/187026eng.pdf.multi|format=PDF|page=205|access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref> It remains a subject of extensive linguistic study due to its unique grammatical structure and its role in understanding the migration patterns of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic speakers]] in [[South Asia]].

==History==
The term ''Muɳɖa'' means "village headman" in Mundari.{{sfn|Osada|2008|p=99}} Neighboring communities of the Mundas referred to their language as ''Muɳɖārī'', and the Mundas themselves call it ''hoɽo dʒagar'' ("human language"; ''hoɽo''–"man", ''dʒagar''–"to speak, speech") or ''muɳɖa dʒagar'' ("Munda language").{{sfn|Osada|2008|p=99}} Studies on Mundari started in the nineteenth century, pioneered by the works of Haldar (1871), Whitley (1873), and Nottrott (1882), though most of them were brief sketches and documentations. Then in 1903, German missionary/linguist [[John-Baptist Hoffmann|John Hoffmann]] initiated two massive and influential projects on Mundari: ''Mundari Grammar'' (1903–1905) and ''[[Encyclopaedia Mundarica]]'' (1903–1978), the latter was completed long after his death and was published posthumously.{{sfn|Osada|2008|p=100}}

==Geographical distribution==
{| style="table-layout:auto; border-collapse:collapse; margin:auto; white-space:nowrap;"
|+ style="background-color:{{Infobox language/family-color|Austro-Asiatic}}; text-align:center; padding:5px;" |Historical speaker of Mundari language [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]]
|- style="border-bottom: 1px solid #d3d3d3;"
! Census
! colspan=" 2" style="width:8em;" |Munda ({{Tooltip|±%|Percent change}})
! colspan=" 2" style="width:8em;" |Mundari ({{Tooltip|±%|Percent change}})
! colspan=" 2" style="width:8em;" |Total ({{Tooltip|±%|Percent change}})
|- style="text-align: center;"
| '''[[1971 census of India|1971]]''' || 309,293 || || 771,253 || || 1,080,546 ||
|- style="text-align: center;"
| '''[[1981 census of India|1981]]''' || 377,492 || (+22) || 742,739 || (-4) || 1,120,231 || (+3.6)
|- style="text-align: center;"
| '''[[1991 census of India|1991]]''' || 413,894 || (+9.6) || 861,378 || (+16) || 1,275,272 || (+13.8)
|- style="text-align: center;"
| '''[[2001 census of India|2001]]''' || 469,357 || (+13.5) || 1,061,352 || (+23) || 1,530,709 || (+20.0)
|- style="text-align: center;"
| '''[[2011 census of India|2011]]''' || 505,922 || (+7.8) || 1,128,228 || (+6) || 1,634,150 || (+6.7)
|- style="border-top: 1px solid #d3d3d3;"
| colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; white-space:normal;" |
|-
| colspan="7" |Source: [[Census of India]]<ref name=Speakers>{{Cite web |title=Statement 8 : Growth of Non-Scheduled Languages - 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-8.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614190143/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-8.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2021 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of Mundari language (incl. Munda) in the state of India (2011)<ref name=MTCensus2011/>
|value1 = 57.62
|label1 = Jharkhand
|value2 = 29.46
|label2 = Odisha
|value3 = 5.7
|label3 = Assam
|value4 = 4.73
|label4 = West Bengal
|other = yes
|other-color = black
}}

Mundari is spoken in the [[Khunti district|Khunti]], [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]] and [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]], [[East Singhbhum district]] of [[Jharkhand]], and in the [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]], [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]], [[Sundargarh district]] of [[Odisha]] by at least 1.1 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/UNR|title=Mundari|website=ethnologue}}</ref> Another 500,000, mainly in Odisha and Assam, are recorded in the census as speaking "Munda," potentially another name for Mundari.

== Status ==
In 2011, Mundari was recognised as an additional official language of [[Jharkhand]] under the ''Jharkhand Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2011''. This status allows for the language to be used in administrative and cultural contexts alongside [[Hindi]], the state's primary official language.<ref name="JharkhandOfficialLang2011" />

==Dialects==
Mundari has the following dialects which are spoken mostly in [[Jharkhand]] state:{{sfn|Osada|2008|p=6}}
*'''Hasada''' ({{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓞𞓕𞓛𞓡𞓕𞓙}}, {{IPA|[hasa-daʔ]}}): east of the Ranchi-[[Chaibasa]] Road
*'''Naguri''' ({{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓨𞓕𞓦𞓟𞓣𞓚}}, {{IPA|[naɡuri]}}): west of the Ranchi-[[Chaibasa]] Road
*'''Tamaria''' ({{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓝𞓕𞓧𞓕𞓪𞓚𞓕}}, {{IPA|[t̪amaɽ-ia]}}) or '''Latar''' ({{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓒𞓕𞓝𞓕𞓫𞓣}}, {{IPA|[lat̪aɾ]}}): [[Kurmali language|Panchpargana]] area (Tamar, Bundu, Rahe, Sonahatu, Silli)
*'''Kera''' ({{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓢𞓤𞓣𞓕𞓙}}, {{IPA|[keraʔ]}}): ethnic [[Oraon language|Oraon]] who live in the [[Ranchi]] city area.

==Phonology==
The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowel [[phonemes]], Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)

===Vowels===
Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalized [[allophones]], but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or {{IPA|/ɟ/}} are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following {{IPA|/ɳ/}} are also nasalized.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e̞|e}} || || {{IPA link|o̞|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| || {{IPA link|ä|a}} ||
|}

===Consonants===
Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n̪}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]
!{{Small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!{{Small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| ({{IPA link|pʰ}})
| ({{IPA link|t̪ʰ}})
| ({{IPA link|ʈʰ}})
| ({{IPA link|t͡ɕʰ}})
| ({{IPA link|kʰ}})
|
|-
!{{Small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s̪}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}}
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|}

== Counting ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No. !! Mundari !! Transliteration !! Translation
|-
| 1 || मियद || ''Miyad''|| One
|-
| 2 || बारिया || ''Baria'' || Two
|-
| 3 || आपिया || ''Apia'' || Three
|-
| 4 || उपनिआ || ''Upnia'' || four
|-
| 5 || मोड़ेया || ''Modea'' || Five
|-
| 6 || तुरिया || ''Turia'' || Six
|-
| 7 || एया || ''Are'' || Seven
|-
| 8 || इरलिया || ''Erlia'' || Eight
|-
| 9 || आरेया || ''Area'' || Nine
|-
| 10 || गेलेया || ''Galea'' || Ten
|-
| 11 || || ''Gel Miyad'' ||Eleven
|-
| 12 || || ''Gel Bariya''||Twelve
|-
| 13 || || ''Apiya'' ||Thirteen
|-
| 14 || || ''Upuna'' ||Fourteen
|-
|15 || || ''Modeya''||Fifteen
|-
|16 || || ''Turiya''||Sixteen
|-
|17 || || ''Eya ''||Seventeen
|-
|18 || || ''Iriliya''||Eighteen
|-
|19 || || ''Areya ''||Nineteen
|-
|20 || || ''Mid Hisi '' ||Twenty
|-
|21 || || ''Hisi Miyad''||Twenty-one
|-
|30 || || ''Mid hisi Gel''||Thirty
|-
|31 || || ''Hisi Gel Miyad''||Thirty-one
|-
|40 || || ''Bar Hisi ''||Forty
|-
|41 || || ''Bar Hisi Miyad''||Forty-one
|-
|50 || || ''Bar Hisi Gel''||Fifty
|-
|60 || || ''Aapi Hisi ''||Sixty
|-
|70 || || ''Aapi Hisi Gel''||Seventy
|-
|80 || || ''Upun Hisi ''||Eighty
|-
|90 || || ''Upun Hisi Gel''||Ninety
|-
|100 || || '' Mid Saaye''||One hundred
|-
|200 || || ''Bar Saaye''||Two hundred
|-
|1000 || || ''Mid Hazar''||One thousand
|-
|1,00,000 || || ''Mid Lak''||One [[lakh]]
|}

==Relations==
The table below shows familial relations in Mundari:<ref>{{cite book|last1= Singh|first1= Birbal|last2= Singh|first2= Pahan Basanta Kumar|title= Mundari Bhasa Shiskha: A Multilingual Education (Mundari-Odia-English-Hindi)|date= 2017|publisher= Academy of Tribal Languages and Culture|language= English, Hindi, Mundari, Odia|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0663/page/n11/mode/2up|access-date= 20 February 2025|pages=18-23}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Mundari !! Transliteration !! Translation !! [[Odia script|Odia]] !! [[Devanagari]] !! [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]]
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓤𞓔𞓦𞓕}} || ''Eṅga''|| Mother || {{lang|unr-Orya|ଏଙ୍ଗା}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|एङ्गा}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|এঙ্গা}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓕𞓭𞓑𞓟}} || ''Apu''|| Father || {{lang|unr-Orya|ଆପୁ}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|आपु}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|আপু}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓞𞓟𞓦𞓕𞓭}} || ''Hagā''|| Brother || {{lang|unr-Orya|ହାଗା}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|हागा}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|হাগা}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓚𞓛𞓚}} || ''Misi''|| Sister || {{lang|unr-Orya|ମିସି}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|मिसि}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|মিসি}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓛𞓕𞓢𞓚𞓔 𞓤𞓔𞓦𞓕}} || ''Sakiṅ Eṅga''|| Paternal Grand Mother || {{lang|unr-Orya|ସାକିଂ ଏଙ୍ଗା}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|साकिं एङ्गा}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|সাকিং এঙ্গা}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓛𞓕𞓢𞓚𞓔 𞓕𞓭𞓑𞓟}} || ''Sakiṅ Apu''|| Paternal Grand Father || {{lang|unr-Orya|ସାକିଂ ଆପୁ}}|| {{lang|unr-Deva|साकिं आपु}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|সাকিং আপু}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓕𞓧𞓟 𞓐𞓪𞓕𞓙 𞓛𞓕𞓢𞓚𞓔 𞓤𞓔𞓦𞓕}} || ''Mamuolaḥ Sakiṅ Eṅga''|| Maternal Grand Mother || {{lang|unr-Orya|ମାମୁଅଲାଃ ସାକିଂ ଏଙ୍ଗା}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|मामुअलाः साकिं एङ्गा}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|মামুঅলাঃ সাকিং এঙ্গা}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓕𞓧𞓟 𞓐𞓪𞓕𞓙 𞓛𞓕𞓢𞓚𞓔 𞓕𞓭𞓑𞓟}} || ''Mamuolaḥ Sakiṅ Apu''|| Maternal Grand Father || {{lang|unr-Orya|ମାମୁଅଲାଃ ସାକିଂ ଆପୁ}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|मामुअलाः साकिं आपु}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|মামুঅলাঃ সাকিং আপু}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓞𞓟𞓜𞓚𞓔 𞓤𞓔𞓦𞓕}} || ''Huḍiṅ Eṅga''|| Aunt || {{lang|unr-Orya|ହୁଡିଂ ଏଙ୍ଗା}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|हुडिं एङ्गा}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|হুডিং এঙ্গা}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓞𞓟𞓜𞓚𞓔 𞓕𞓭𞓑𞓟}} || ''Huḍiṅ Apu''|| Uncle || {{lang|unr-Orya|ହୁଡିଂ ଆପୁ}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|हुडिं आबा}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|হুডিং আপু}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓕𞓣𞓕𞓔 𞓤𞓔𞓦𞓕}} || ''Maraṅ Eṅga''|| Elder Mother || {{lang|unr-Orya|ମାରାଂ ଏଙ୍ଗା}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|मारां एङ्गा}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|মারাং এঙ্গা}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓕𞓣𞓕𞓔 𞓕𞓭𞓑𞓟}} || ''Maraṅ Apu''|| Elder Father || {{lang|unr-Orya|ମାରାଂ ଆପୁ}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|मारां आपु}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|মারাং আপু}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓞𞓐𞓨𞓢𞓟𞓪𞓚}} || ''Hon Kuṛi''|| Daughter || {{lang|unr-Orya|ହୋନକୁଲି}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|होनकुलि}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|হোনকুলি}}
|-
| {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓞𞓐𞓨𞓢𞓟𞓪𞓕}} || ''Hon koṛa''|| Son || {{lang|unr-Orya|ହୋନକୁଲ}} || {{lang|unr-Deva|होनकुल}} || {{lang|unr-Beng|হোনকুল}}
|}

== Verb ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mundari !! Transliteration !! Translation
|-
| रिकाएआ || ''Rikā'ē'ā'' || Does
|-
| ओलेआ || ''Ol'ē'ā'' || Write
|-
| जगरेआ || ''Jagor'ē'ā'' || Talk
|-
| पढ़वएआ || ''Padv'ē'ā'' || Read
|-
| लेलेआ || ''Lel'ē'ā'' || Look / see
|-
| सेनेआ || ''Sen'ē'ā'' || Come along with
|-
| नमेआ || ''Nem'ē'ā'' || Found
|-
| निरेआ ||'' Nir'ē'ā'' || Run
|-
| सबेआ || ''Sab'ē'ā'' || Hold
|-
| लेका एआ || ''Leka'ē'ā'' || Count
|-
| मुकाएआ || ''Muka'ē'ā'' || Measure
|-
| रिका एआ || ''Rika'ē'ā'' || Cut
|-
| হেড়েম || ''Hedem '' ||Sweet
|-
| || ''Kete-e '' ||Hard
|-
| || ''Lebe-e '' ||Soft
|-
| || ''Singi '' ||Sun
|-
| || ''Chandu-u'' ||Moon
|-
| || ''Ipil '' ||Stars
|-
| || ''Sirma '' ||Sky
|-
| || ''Ote Dishum'' ||Earth
|-
| || ''Rimil'' ||cloud
|-
| || ''Hoyo'' ||Air/Wind
|-
| || ''Gitil'' ||Sands
|-
| || ''Dhudi'' ||Dust
|-
| || ''Losod'' ||Muddy
|-
| || ''Hodomo'' ||Body
|-
| || ''Tasad'' ||Grass
|-
| || ''Daru'' ||Tree
|-
| || ''Sakam'' ||Leaf
|-
| || ''Dayir'' ||Branches of Tree
|}

==Grammar==
In 1903, Hoffmann noted something abnormal with the Mundari lexicon: the lack of discrete lexical distinction. Mundari lexemes are not inherently specified for lexical categories. He made several following impressions:{{sfn|Osada|2008|p=106}}

{{quotation|Mundari words have such a great vagueness or functional elasticity that there can be no question of distinct parts of speech in that language|Hoffmann (1903), repeated in ''Encyclopaedia Mundarica'' (1928)}}

{{quotation|[...]Thus the same unchanged form is at the same time a Conjunction, an Adjective, a Pronoun, an Adverb, a Verb, and a Noun, or, to speak more precisely, it may become a Conjunction, an Adjective, and so on, but by itself alone it is none of them. It is simply a vague elastic word, capable of signifying, in a vague manner, several distinct concepts, that is of assuming a variety of functions.|Hoffmann (1903, p. xxi)}}

Similar issues with word class distinction have been also reported in other [[Munda languages]], especially North Munda ([[Santali language|Santali]] (Bodding 1929, Ghosh 1994, Neukom 2001), [[Ho language|Ho]] (Deeney 1978), [[Korku language|Korku]] (Drake 1903, Zide (undated)), [[Kharia language|Kharia]] (Pinnow 1960, Peterson 2003), [[Juang language|Juang]]. [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]] (1906) summarized the issue in his [[Linguistic Survey of India]]:

{{quotation|[...]The various classes of words are not clearly distinguished. The same base can often be used as a noun, an adjective, or a verb. Spoken language, of course, is not composed of words but of sentences, and the meaning of each individual word is only apparent from the context. The Munda words simply denote some being, object, action, or the like, but they do not tell us how they are conceived. It is for instance only after inspection of the context that we can decide whether a word denoting the idea "to give" means "giving" or "given."|Grierson (1906, p. 28)}}

Modern typologist interest in Mundari lexical categories was revitalized by Cook (1965), Langendoen (1967), Sinha (1975), Osada (1992), Bhat (1994), and most famously Evans & Osada (2005). Evans & Osada challenged the flexible analysis, contending instead that Mundari exhibits distinct yet exceptionally fluid grammatical categories (nouns, verbs, and adjectives). Their argument rests upon three specific criteria for assessing flexibility: (i) explicit semantic compositionality across both argument and predicate functions, (ii) bidirectionality, and (iii) exhaustiveness. This research prompted an extensive series of peer reviews and criticism within the same volume of ''[[Linguistic Typology]]''.{{sfn|Osada|2008|p=107}} Notwithstanding these debates, Osada (1992), Badenoch & Osada (2019), and Badenoch et al. (2019) identify ''[[ideophone|expressives]]'' as a further open lexical class in Mundari, encompassing a minimum of 1,500 lemmas. [[Mark Dingemanse]] comments: "yet the status of this considerable lexical stratum in the language has not featured in any word-class debates."{{sfn|Lier|2023|p=469}}

This section will leave out the discussions on Mundari & North Munda flexibility and focus on the morphological differences between two main dialects, Hasadaʔ and Keraʔ, specifically in relation to their respective approaches to lexical flexibility.

In Hasadaʔ Mundari, entity-denoting lexemes and structures or "noun"-like, "noun phrase"-like, and "adjective"-like all can be used as semantic bases of predicates (i.e. "verbs") without derivation. The "verbal" constructions' semantic results are often compositional (predictable), but sometimes they can be idiosyncratic.

{{Interlinear|indent=3|'''buru'''{{=}}ko bai-ke-d-a|'''mountain'''{{=}}3PL.SUBJ make-COMPL-TR-IND|'They made the mountain.'}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|saan{{=}}ko '''buru'''-ke-d-a|firewood{{=}}3PL.SUBJ '''mountain'''-COMPL-TR-IND|'They heaped up the firewood.' (Lit. 'They mountained the firewood.')}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|aɲ hen-saʔ '''ne'''-'''saʔ'''-ken-a{{=}}ɲ|I that-side '''this'''-'''side'''-MID.PST-IND{{=}}1SG.SUBJ|'I moved to this side and that, walked back and forth.' (Lit. 'I that-side this-side-ed')}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=OR:oriented|'''eŋga'''-oʔ-ta-n-a{{=}}eʔ|'''mother'''-PASS-PROG.OR-INTR-IND{{=}}3SG.SUBJ|'She is '''becoming a mother'''.' (Lit. 'She's mothering')}}

In contrast, Keraʔ Mundari does not allow such blatant uses of "zero-derivation" (i.e. [[Conversion (word formation)|conversion]]) like in Hasadaʔ and other dialects. Nouns can only used as verbs with the sense of performing the semantical action with the presence of verbalizing suffix -o/-u.{{sfn|Kobayashi|Murmu|2008|p=182}} For examples:

1. aɽandi "wedding" {{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=VBLZR:verbalizer|aɽandi-'''u'''-a{{=}}le|wedding-'''VBLZR:do'''-IND{{=}}1PL.SUBJ|'We conduct wedding.'}}

1. sindri "vermillion" {{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=VBLZR:verbalizer|sindri-'''u'''-a{{=}}le|vermillion-'''VBLZR:do'''-IND{{=}}1PL.SUBJ|'We put vermillion.'}}

Regarding the limit of flexibility, there is an infix ''-n-'' that can be inserted into certain Mundari lexemes, which "transforms the verb root into an abstract inanimate noun stem, which is no longer capable of verb inflection". Per Hengeveld & Rijkhoff (2005), citing Cook (1965)'s data:{{sfn|Hengeveld|Rijkhoff|2005|p=14}}

''dal'' "strike" → ''da-n-al'' "a blow"

''dub'' "sit" → ''du-n-ub'' "a meeting"

''ol'' "to write" → ''o-n-ol'' "the writing"

==Writing system==
{{main|Mundari Bani}}

[[File:MundariLanguageScript.jpg|thumb|A Primer for Mundari Bani (Mundari Script)]]
Mandari is written in native [[Mundari Bani]] ({{langx|unr|{{Script|Nagm|{{small|𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓜𞓕𞓣𞓚 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚}}}}|Mundari Bani}}), invented in the 1980s by [[Rohidas Singh Nag]], which has since seen limited but increasing use in literature, education, and computing. It is a [[Alphabet|true alphabet]] that consists of 27 distinct letters and 5 diacritical marks, the forms of which are intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is [[Unicase|unicameral]], written from left to right, and consonants do not possess an inherent vowel. They are organised into five clusters, each led by a primary vowel. The first letter of the consonant's name matches the primary vowel. Their names follow traditional naming schemes.<ref>{{cite web|title=L2/21-031: Proposal to Encode the Mundari Bani Script in the Universal Character Set |first1=Lawrence |last1=Wolf-Sonkin |first2=Biswajit |last2=Mandal |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21031-mundari-bani.pdf |date=8 January 2021|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable letters-table"
|-
|+ Mundari consonants<ref name="unicode 2021">{{cite web|title=L2/21-031: Proposal to Encode the Mundari Bani Script in the Universal Character Set |first1=Lawrence |last1=Wolf-Sonkin |first2=Biswajit |last2=Mandal |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21031-mundari-bani.pdf |date=8 January 2021|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> ({{lang|unr|𞓗𞓐𞓖𞓕 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚}} {{transliteration|unr|Boja Bani}})
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓐|iso=o|ipa=/o/|color=blue|}}
| {{letter|top=𞓐𞓑|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓑|iso=p|ipa=/p/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓐𞓒|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓒|iso=l|ipa=/l/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓐𞓓|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓓|iso=y|ipa=/j/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓐𞓔|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓔|iso=ṅ|ipa=/ŋ/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓕|iso=a|ipa=/a/|color=blue|}}
| {{letter|top=𞓕𞓖|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓖|iso=j|ipa=/d͡ʑ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓕𞓗|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓗|iso=b|ipa=/b/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓕𞓘|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓘|iso=ñ|ipa=/ɲ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓕𞓙|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓙|iso=ḥ|ipa=/ʔ/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓚|iso=i|ipa=/i/|color=blue|}}
| {{letter|top=𞓚𞓛|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓛|iso=s|ipa=/s̪/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓚𞓜|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓜|iso=ḍ|ipa=/ɖ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓚𞓝|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓝|iso=t|ipa=/t̪/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓚𞓞|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓞|iso=h|ipa=/h/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓟|iso=u|ipa=/u/|color=blue|}}
| {{letter|top=𞓟𞓠|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓠|iso=ch|ipa=/t͡ʃ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓟𞓡|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓡|iso=d|ipa=/d̪/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓟𞓢|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓢|iso=k|ipa=/k/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓟𞓣|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓣|iso=r|ipa=/ɾ/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓤|iso=e|ipa=/e/|color=blue|}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓥|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓥|iso=ṇ|ipa=/ɳ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓦|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓦|iso=g|ipa=/g/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓧|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓧|iso=m|ipa=/m/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓨|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓨|iso=n|ipa=/ɳ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓩|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓩|iso=ṭ|ipa=/ʈ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓪|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓪|iso=ṛ / ḷ|ipa=/ɽ/,/ɭ/}}
|}
{| class="wikitable letters-table"
|-
|+ Mundari Diacritics ( {{lang|unr|𞓝𞓐𞓔}} {{transliteration|unr|Toṅ/Tong}} )
| {{letter|top=𞓐𞓖𞓐𞓡|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓫|iso=OJOD}}
| {{letter|top=𞓧𞓟𞓬𞓞𞓐𞓣|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=◌𞓬|iso=MUHOR|ipa=/◌̃/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓝𞓐𞓓𞓐𞓣|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=◌𞓭|iso=TOYOR|ipa=/ʷ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓚𞓢𞓚𞓣|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=◌𞓮|iso=IKIR|ipa=/ː/|color=blue|}}
| {{letter|top=𞓛𞓟𞓝𞓟𞓙|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=◌𞓯|iso=SUTUH}}
|}
Mundari is also written in [[Odia script|Odia]], [[Devanagari]] and [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] scripts.

==Sample text==
The following text is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], written in Mundari:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mundari.htm|title=Mundari Alphabet and Language|website=Omniglot.com |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref> 
=== Mundari Script ===
{{Block indent|{{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓝𞓐𞓨𞓐𞓗-𞓱: 𞓛𞓐𞓗𞓤𞓨 𞓞𞓐𞓪𞓐 𞓢𞓐𞓢𞓤𞓮 𞓧𞓕𞓨𞓕𞓣𞓔 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓙 𞓐𞓢𞓝𞓚𞓓𞓕𞓣 𞓢𞓐𞓣𞓤𞓓𞓕𞓦 𞓑𞓕𞓚𞓝𞓚 𞓗𞓕𞓗𞓐𞓝 𞓣𞓤 𞓖𞓐𞓨𞓐𞓧 𞓖𞓐𞓣𞓐𞓔𞓤𞓝𞓤 𞓕𞓡𞓕𞓨𞓕𞓡 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓦 𞓗𞓐𞓣𞓕𞓗𞓐𞓣𞓚 𞓨𞓕𞓧𞓕𞓢𞓕𞓨𞓕. 𞓚𞓨𞓢𞓟𞓦𞓢𞓤 𞓛𞓤𞓥𞓕 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓦 𞓖𞓚𞓮𞓭 𞓑𞓤𞓪𞓤𞓦 𞓖𞓚𞓭𞓟𞓣𞓤𞓓𞓕𞓙 𞓤𞓨𞓤𞓧𞓢𞓐 𞓨𞓕𞓧𞓕𞓢𞓕𞓨𞓕 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓙 𞓚𞓨𞓢𞓟𞓙 𞓒𞓐𞓙𞓝𞓤 𞓞𞓕𞓦𞓤𞓓𞓕 𞓗𞓐𞓓𞓕 𞓒𞓤𞓢𞓕 𞓖𞓕𞓦𞓕𞓣 𞓗𞓕𞓢𞓕𞓝𞓚𞓘𞓕𞓙.}}}}
=== Odia Script ===
{{Block indent|{{lang|unr-Orya|ତୋନୋବ୍ ୧. - ସୋବେନ ହୋଡ଼ୋକୋ କେ ମନରଂଗ ଓଡ଼ୋଃ ଅକ୍ତିୟାର କୋ ରେଅଃ ତଇତି-ବାବତ ରେ ଜନମ ଜୋରୋଂଗ୍ଏତେ ଅହ୍ଡାନଡ ଓଡ଼ୋଃ ବରା ବରୀ ନମା କନା। ଇନକୁ କେ ସେଂଡ଼ାଁ ଓଡ଼ୋଃ-ଜୀ ପେଡେଃ, ଜୀଉ ରେଅଃ ଏନେମକୋ ନମା କନା ଓଡ଼ୋଃ ଇନକୁ ଲୋଓଃତେ ହଗେଆ-ୱୋଆ ଲେକା ଜଗର ବକଡ଼ ଲଗାତିଂଗ୍ଅଃ।}}}}
=== Devanagari Script ===
{{Block indent|{{lang|unr-deva|तोनोब् १. - सोबेन होड़ोको के मनरंग ओडोओ अक्तियार को रेअः पइति-बाबत रे जनम जोरोंग्एते अह्डानड ओड़ोओ बराबरी नमा कना। इनकु के सेंड़ॉ ओड़ोओ-जी पेडेः, जीउ रेअः एनेमको नमा कना ओड़ोओ इनकु लोओःते हगेया-वोया लेका जगर बकर लगातिंग्अः॥}}}}
=== Bengali Script ===
{{Block indent|{{lang|unr-Beng|তোনোব্ ১. - সোবেন হোড়োকো কে মনরংগ ওড়োও অক্তিয়ার কো রেঅঃ পইতি-বাবত রে জনম জোরোংগ্এতে অহ্ডানড ওড়োও বরাবরী নমা কনা। ইনকু কে সেংড়াঁ ওড়োও-জী পেডেঃ, জীউ রেঅঃ এনেমকো নমা কনা ওড়োও ইনকু লোওঃতে হগেয়া-ওয়োয়া লেকা জগর বকড় লগাতিংগ্অঃ।}}}}
=== Romanisation ===
{{Block indent|Tonob'-Mod: Soben hoḷo kokew manarng oḍoḥ oktiyar koreyag paiti babot re jonom jorongete adanad oḍog borabori namakana. Inkugke seṇa oḍog jīw peḷeg jī ureyaḥ enemko namakana oḍoḥ inkuḥ loḥte hageya boya leka jagar bakatiñaḥ.}}
=== IPA transcription ===
{{Block indent|t̪onob-mod̪: soben hoɽoko ke manaraŋɡa oɽoo akt̪iaːra ko reʔ pait̪i-baːbat̪a re d͡ʑanama d͡ʑoroŋɡʔet̪e ahɖaːnaɖa oɽoo baraːbariː namaː kanaː. inku ke seŋɽãː oɽoo-d͡ʑiː peɽeː, d͡ʑiːu reʔ enemako namaː kanaː oɽoo inku looːt̪e haɡeaː-woaː lekaː d͡ʑaɡara bakara laɡaːt̪ŋɡʔ.}}
=== English ===
{{Block indent|'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=Gregory D.S |date=2008 |title=The Munda languages |series=Routledge Language Family Series 3 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-32890-X}}

==Further reading==
*Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp. 442–457
*Newberry, J. (2000). ''North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia''. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. {{ISBN|0-921599-68-4}}
* {{cite journal|surname1=Horo|given1=Luke|surname2=Gogoi|given2=Pamir|surname3=Anderson|given3=Gregory D. S.|title=Phonetic Correlates of Syllable Prominence in Mundari|journal=The Second International Conference on Tone and Intonation|year=2023|pages=78-82|doi=10.21437/TAI.2023-17}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gogoi|first1=Pamir|last2=Anderson|first2=Gregory D. S.|last3=Horo|first3=Luke|chapter=Phonetic and Phonological Analysis of the Mundari Vowel System|title=Austroasiatic Linguistics, in honor of Gérard Diffloth (1939-2023)|editor-first1=Paul|editor-last1=Sidwell|publisher=Chiang Mai University|date=2024|url=https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10618590|isbn=978-616-398-980-2|pages=75-90}}
* {{cite book|last1=Horo|first1=Luke|last2=Anderson|first2=Gregory D. S.|last3=Gogoi|first3=Pamir|chapter=Can Vowel Height and Onset Duration Cue Prominence in Mundari?|title=Papers from the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. JSEALS Special Publications 13|editor-first1=Mark J.|editor-last1=Alves|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|date=2024|pages=137-151}}
* {{cite book|last1=Osada|first1=Toshiki|title=The Munda Languages|chapter=Mundari|place=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2008|isbn=0-415-32890-X|pages=99–164}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kobayashi|first1=Masato|last2=Murmu|first2=Ganesh|title=The Munda Languages|chapter=Keraʔ Mundari|place=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2008|isbn=0-415-32890-X|pages=165–194}}
* {{cite book|last1=Badenoch|first1=Nathan|last2=Choksi|first2=Nishant|last3=Osada|first3=Toshiki|last4=Purti|first4=Madhu|editor-last=Mohan|editor-first=Shailendra|chapter=Performance in Elicitation: Methodological Considerations in the Study of Mundari Expressives|title=Advances in Munda Linguistics|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|date=2021|isbn=1527570479|pages=131–141}}
* {{cite journal|title=Mundari: The myth of a language without word classes|year=2005|last1=Evans|first1=Nicholas|last2=Osada|first2=Toshiki|journal=Linguistic Typology|volume=9|issue=3|page=351-390|hdl=1885/54663|s2cid=121706232|doi=10.1515/lity.2005.9.3.351|hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|surname1=Peterson|given1=John M.|title=There’s a grain of truth in every “myth”, or, Why the discussion of lexical classes in Mundari isn’t quite over yet|journal=Linguistic Typology|year=2005|volume=9|issue=3|pages=391–405}}
* {{cite journal|surname1=Hengeveld|given1=Kees|surname2=Rijkhoff|given2=Jan|title=Mundari as a Flexible Language.|journal=Linguistic Typology|year=2005|volume=9|issue=3|pages=406–431}}
* {{cite journal|surname1=Croft|given1=William|title=Word classes, parts of speech, and syntactic argumentation|journal=Linguistic Typology|year=2005|volume=9|issue=3|pages=431–441}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1= Lier|editor-first1=Eva van|title=The Oxford Handbook of Word Classes|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2023|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198852889.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19188-7-185}}

===Texts===
*{{cite book|author=Johann Hoffmann|title=Mundari grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280908|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1903|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}}
*{{cite book|author=J. C. Whitley|title=A Mundári Primer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrowAQAAMAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1873|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}}
*{{cite book|author=Carl Gustav Rudolph Eduard Alfred Nottrott|title=Grammatik der Kolh-Sprache|url=https://archive.org/details/grammatikderkolh00nottuoft|access-date=25 August 2012|place=Gütersloh|year=1882|publisher=Druck von C. Bertelsmann}}
*{{cite book|title=Four gospels in Mundari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KekpAAAAYAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1881|publisher=Bible Society}}
*{{cite book |title=Mundari Folk Tales |first=P. K. |last=Mitra |translator=P. K. Mitra |publisher=Education Press |date=1956}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030710/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Austroasiatic/Munda/Mundari/mundari.html Mundari Bibliography at Department of Linguistics, University of Osnabrueck, Germany]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=NP&seq=20 Detailed language map of eastern Nepal, see language #68 in green along eastern border]
* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
* [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view]] Mundari language in RWAAI Digital Archive
* https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21031r-mundari.pdf
*https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm
*https://omniglot.com/writing/mundari.htm

{{Languages of Bangladesh}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}
{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}
{{Munda languages|state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Munda languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Languages of Odisha]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

[[ca:Llengües kolàries]]

Mahilpur

2026-03-28T20:09:13Z

Aaqibjavaid: add article based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahilpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.36258|N|76.03758|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = Settled & renamed in the second half of 15th century or early 16th century
| founder = Bains Jatts
| named_for = Chaudhary Mahla Bains
| government_type = Democratic.
| governing_body = Nagar panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.56
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 296
| population_total = 16,098
| population_as_of = 2024 estimate
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 146105
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 1884
| registration_plate = PB-07
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mahilpur''' is a town and [[Nagar Panchayat]] in [[Hoshiarpur district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. <ref>{{Cite web| title=Villages and Category | url=http://www.pbplanning.gov.in/districts/Mahilpur.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502065001/http://www.pbplanning.gov.in/districts/Mahilpur.pdf | archive-date=2012-05-02}}</ref>

==History==
The 1905 Gazetteer mentioned Mahilpur as the seat of [[Bain (surname)|Bains]] [[Jats|Jat]] clan of this area.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPsvytmN3mUC&q=Barah |title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province |date=1997 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-85297-68-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJsIAAAAQAAJ&dq=Bains+jats&pg=RA4-PA66 |title=Gazetteer of the Ambala District: 1883 |date=1883 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30624 |title=Punjab district gazetteers Hoshiarpur district vol.XIIIA; pt.A |date=1905 |language=English}}</ref> Mahilpur was also the seat of Bains Jat Chaudhris/Jagirdars of the area during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montgomery |first=J. A. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H09mQJyn154C&q=Chaudris+mahlpur |title=Final Report of Revised Settlement, Hoshiarpur District, 1879-84 |date=1885 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company |language=en}}</ref>.[[File:Mahilpur Map year 1788.jpg|center|thumb|392x392px|A historical map mentioning Mahilpur from 1 January 1788 by [[James Rennell]] ]]

==Demographics==
Mahilpur had a population of 11,360 according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Punjab - District census handbook - Hoshiarpur | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0304_PART_B_DCHB_HOSHIARPUR.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114005506/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0304_PART_B_DCHB_HOSHIARPUR.pdf | archive-date=2015-11-14}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Mukhomazara]]
*[[Dandiyan]]
*[[Kalewal Fattu]]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hoshiarpur district]]

Teen Murti Bhavan

2026-03-26T09:40:38Z

Aaqibjavaid: added references additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Museum complex in New Delhi, Delhi, India}}
{{for-multi|other places known as Flagstaff House|Flagstaff House (disambiguation)|the Indian bilingual dacoit western action-adventure film|Teen Murti (1984 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Teen Murti Bhavan
| native_name =
| former_names = Flagstaff House
| alternate_names =
| image = Teen murti bhawan 22.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Residence of India's first Prime minister, Pt. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| pushpin_map =
| altitude =
| building_type =
| architectural_style =
| structural_system =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| location = Teen Murti Haifa Road
| address = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]-110011, [[India]]
| client = [[Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya]]
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.602608|N|77.198774|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark_scale:50|display=inline, title}}
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 1930
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date =
| demolished_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| known_for = * [[Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya]]
* [[Prime Ministers' Museum and Library Society]]
* Former [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]]
* [[Nehru Planetarium]]
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect = [[Robert Tor Russell]]
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| ren_architect =
| ren_firm =
| ren_str_engineer =
| ren_serv_engineer =
| ren_civ_engineer =
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| ren_qty_surveyor =
| ren_awards =
| references =
}}

The '''Teen Murti Bhavan''' (''Teen Murti House''; formerly known as '''Flagstaff House''') is a building and former residence in [[New Delhi]]. It was built by the [[British Raj]] and became the residence of the first [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], who stayed there for 16 years until his death on 27 May 1964. It was designed by [[Robert Tor Russell]], the British architect of [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] and of the Eastern and Western Courts on [[Janpath]] during the British Raj.

Teen Murti Bhavan was built in 1930 as part of the new imperial capital of India, New Delhi, as the residence of the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Architectural marvels for the new capital|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Architectural-marvels-for-the-new-capital/Article1-723169.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|date=20 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102085932/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Architectural-marvels-for-the-new-capital/Article1-723169.aspx|archive-date=2 November 2014}}</ref> This imposing structure covers a massive area of 12 hectares and was carved out of white stone and stucco to give it its signature look. The main entrance into the grounds of Teen Murti Bhavan is located on Teen Murti Marg, which was formerly called Roberts Road.

Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] converted the residence into a museum. Today, Teen Murti Bhavan houses various institutions including the [[Prime Ministers' Museum and Library Society]], which runs under the Indian [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], and the [[Pradhan Mantri Sangrahalaya]], a memorial and museum to honour the [[List of prime ministers of India|Prime Ministers of India]]. The complex also houses the offices of the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, established in 1964 under the chairmanship of [[S. Radhakrishnan]], [[President of India]]. Teen Murti Bhavan also contains a number of mementos from various nations including England, Nepal, Somalia, China and others. Each memento represents a notable resource of each nation. The foundation also awards the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fellowship, established in 1968.<ref>[http://www.jnmf.in/history.html History] Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, Official website.</ref>

Also contained within the complex are the Centre for Contemporary Studies and the [[Nehru Planetarium]] which opened in 1984.

==Etymology==
[[File:Teenmurtidelhi.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Teen Murti (''three statues'') Memorial built in 1922, outside Teen Murti Bhavan, which gives the building its name]]
The house is named after the Teen [[Murti]] (literally "three statues") Memorial by British sculptor, Leonard Jennings, which stands on the road junction in front of its extensive grounds. The memorial comprises life-size statues of three soldiers, and was built in 1922 in the memory of the Indian regiments named after the three [[Indian princely states]] from where they were raised, namely the Jodhpur Horse from [[Jodhpur State]], the Hyderabad Horse from [[Hyderabad State]], and the Mysore Horse from [[Mysore State]], who participated in World War I with the British [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]] in [[Haifa]], which was then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]].

While soldiers from Jodhpur and Mysore took field in the actual war, those from Hyderabad were employed in maintaining communication channels and serving the injured. The Jodhpur soldiers led by Major [[Dalpat Singh Shekhawat]] were at the forefront and won the Haifa war with the help of Mysore and Hyderabad forces. Major Shekhawat died fighting at Haifa. He is known as Hero of Haifa.<ref name=ht13>{{cite web | title = Steeped in history, a three-statue salute to erstwhile princely states|work= Hindustan Times | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/steeped-in-history-a-three-statue-salute-to-erstwhile-princely-states/story-sbsI8NvwOdp8aSSsVUjT3M.html |date=13 April 2013| access-date = 24 September 2013}}</ref>

==History==

[[File:Nehru-Planetarium-New-Delhi-6.JPG|thumb|left|[[Nehru Planetarium#Nehru Planetarium.2C New Delhi|Nehru Planetarium, New Delhi]]]]

In 1911, the decision was made to transfer the winter capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi ([[Simla]] remained the summer capital for the remainder of colonial rule). The slow, decades-long process of constructing the imperial complex in New Delhi commenced shortly thereafter.

Inaugurated as 'Flagstaff House' in 1930, the building was the winter headquarters and residence of the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief]] of Forces in India who maintained unified command of the British Indian Army, [[British Army]], and princely states forces. The road on which it stood was named after [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|the 1st Earl Roberts]], the Commander-in-Chief for over seven years between 1885 and 1893.

After independence in August 1947, the house became the year-round [[official residence]] and workplace of the Prime Minister, and [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Claude Auchinleck|Sir Claude Auchinleck]] relocated.

Following Jawarharlal's Nehru's death in office in May 1964, the house was converted into a national memorial to him comprising a library and a museum. Today, in a ground floor room of the Nehru Museum, his [[South Block]] office in the Ministry of External Affairs has been 'recreated' with the same furniture and other articles he used, along with several mementos, objects and manuscripts.

The complex has the headquarters of the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, established in November 1964, Nehru Memorial Library, and also the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]].<ref name=ht13/> The [[Nehru Memorial Museum and Library|Nehru Memorial Library]] is one of the finest ones for information on modern Indian history. Started in 1966, it functioned from the main building itself, till its present building was inaugurated within the complex grounds, in 1974.

Situated in a 12-hectare estate,<ref name=ht13/> the building is constructed of white stone and [[stucco]], and faces the south side of Viceroy's House, known since 1950 as [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (President's House). It has an arched entrance, recessed windows, and the first floor has a pillared [[veranda]] on the back of the building, which overlooks the lawns.
[[File:Teen Murti Bhavan in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|left|''Teen Murti Bhavan'', with pillared [[veranda]] overlooking the back lawn.]]
[[File:Firoze Shah hunting lounge 3.JPG|right|thumb|140px|Sikargah or Kushak Mahal, 14th-century hunting lodge built by [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]].]]

One of the four [[Nehru Planetarium]]s in India, is also situated in Teen Murti House grounds. It was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister (and Nehru's daughter), [[Indira Gandhi]], on 6 February 1984. The planetarium's sky theatre is used for screening shows and as a gallery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nehru Planetarium|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/foct2001/f171020012.html |date=October 2001 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India }}</ref> The planetarium was reopened in September 2010, after renovations worth Rs. 11 crore, ahead of the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] and received Queen's Baton. It now has 'Definiti optical star projector "Megastar" that can show 2 million stars.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tankha |first=Madhur |date=30 September 2010 |title=Nehru Planetarium ready to receive the Queen's Baton |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/30/stories/2010093054610200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012102329/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/30/stories/2010093054610200.htm |archive-date=12 October 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref>

Close to the Nehru Planetarium within the Bhavan complex, stands the ''Shikargah'', also known as Kushak Mahal, the [[Jagdschloss|hunting lodge]] of 14th-century ruler of the [[Sultanate of Delhi]], [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]] (r. 1351–1388 AD). Built on a high platform of [[rubble masonry]] accessed by stairs, the near square structure contains three open bays, containing arches, with each bay further divided into three compartments. Firoz Shah's fort, [[Firoz Shah Kotla]] was situated far away on the banks of Yamuna River. Though, the 1912 map of Delhi shows a stream flowing near it towards the Yamuna.<ref>
{{cite web | title = Maps help relive old Delhi charms|work=Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Maps-help-relive-old-Delhi-charms/Article1-1047850.aspx| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130421064417/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Maps-help-relive-old-Delhi-charms/Article1-1047850.aspx| url-status = dead| archive-date = 21 April 2013|date=21 April 2013| access-date = 24 September 2013}}</ref> The monument is today protected by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), and the nearby Kushak Road is named after it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian cavalry's victorious trysts with India's history |url=http://www.asianage.com/ideas/indian-cavalry-s-victorious-trysts-india-s-history-453 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=6 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119043942/http://www.asianage.com/ideas/indian-cavalry-s-victorious-trysts-india-s-history-453 |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khandekar |first=Nivedita |date=4 August 2012 |title=King's resort in the wild |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/King-s-resort-in-the-wild/Article1-908406.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617092823/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/King-s-resort-in-the-wild/Article1-908406.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2013 |access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jawaharlal Nehru}}
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Museums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]
[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 1930]]
[[Category:Biographical museums in India]]
[[Category:Prime ministerial residences]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

Mahadevshastri Joshi

2026-03-25T20:28:35Z

Aaqibjavaid: reworked citations further and updated info

{{Short description|Indian writer (1906–1992)}}
{{One source|date=April 2025}}
'''Mahadevshastri Joshi''' (January 12, 1906 - December 12, 1992) was an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]] writer.

==Early life==
Joshi was born on January 12, 1906, in the town of Ambede in [[Goa]]. He received the epithets ''shastri'' and ''pandit'' following his education in a Sanskrit ''pathshala'' in [[Sangli]].

In his student days, Joshi also frequented the public library in Sangli, and widely read the works of modern Marathi writers of his time like [[Narayan Sitaram Phadke]] and [[Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar]]. Especially, Khandekar's short stories and novels highly influenced him then to want to be a writer like Khandekar.

==Literary works==

===Encyclopedia===
* Bharatiya Sanskruti Kosh (भारतीय संस्कृतिकोश) (10 volumes). These ten volume contain information of Indian history, geography, various ethnic and lingual group, festivals of these groups and other cultural aspects of their life.

===Cultural informative works===
* Marathi Saraswat(मराठी सारस्वत) (2 volumes) (Co-authored with अनंत जोशी)
* Purush Suktam (पुरूषसूक्तम्) (Co-authored with श्री. शि. धायगुडे)
* Teerthaswarup Maharashtra (तीर्थस्वरूप महाराष्ट्र ) (2 volumes)
* Maharashtrache Kanthamani (महाराष्ट्राचे कंठमणी) (2 volumes)
* Marathi Lekhak(मराठी लेखक) (Co-authored with अनंत जोशी)
* Mulyawan Goshti (मूल्यवान गोष्टी) (Health and Diet)
* Maharashtrachi Dharatirthe (महाराष्ट्राची धारातीर्थे)
* Sanskrutichya Pranganat (संस्कृतीच्या प्रांगणात)
* Tirtha Kshetranchya Goshti (तीर्थक्षेत्रांच्या गोष्टी)
* Dnyaneshwari Praweshika (ज्ञानेश्वरी प्रवेशिका)
* Shri Nawanath Kathasar (श्रीनवनाथ कथासार)
* Kanasat Pikali Motye (कणसांत पिकली मोत्ये)
* Bhimachi Madhukari (भिमाची माधुकरी)
* Bharatiya Murtikala (भारतीय मूर्तीकला)
* Sanskrutichi Pratike (संस्कृतीची प्रतीके)
* Minakshi Kanya (मीनाक्षी कन्या)
* Navanit Bharat (नवनीत भारत)
* Gajati Daiwate ( गाजती दैवते)
* Daso Digambar (दासो दिगंबर)
* Kala Bhandari (काला भंडारी)
* Mani Mekhala(मणिमेखला)
* Ugra Pandya (उग्र पांड्य)
* Nakshatralok (नक्षत्रलोक)
* Satya Dharma (सत्यधर्म)
* Nilamadhav (नीलमाधव)
* Pushpadanta (पुष्पदंत)
* Dindir Wan (दिंडीरवन)
* Satwadhir (सत्वधीर)
* Tyagaraj (त्यागराज)
* Bahubali (बाहुबली)

===Autobiography===
* Aamacha Wanaprastha (आमचा वानप्रस्थ) (1983)
* AtmapuraaN (आत्मपुराण) (1985)

===Collections of short stories===
* Dushyant Shakuntala (दुष्यंत शकुंतला)
* Khadakatale Pajhar (खडकांतले पाझर)
* Kalpit Ani Satya (कल्पित आणि सत्य)
* Katha Sugandha (कथा सुगंध)
* Pangala Arun (पांगळा अरुण)
* Sati Sukanya (सती सुकन्या)
* Manju Mangal (मंजु मंगल)
* Kalpa Wruksha (कल्पवृक्ष)
* Kiriti Arjun (किरिटी अर्जुन)
* Babhruwahan (बभ्रुवाहन)
* Dhumdhumar (धुंधुमार)
* Kanyadan (कन्यादान)
* Mohanwel (मोहनवेल)
* Niladhwaj (नीलध्वज)
* Gunakeshi (गुणकेशी)
* Ghararighi (घररिघी)
* Bhawabal (भावबळ)
* Putrawati (पुत्रवती)
* Pratima (प्रतिमा)
* Wirani (विराणी)
* Lage Bandhe

===Children's literature (बालवाङ्मय)===
* १०० गोष्टी आख्यायिका
* प्राचीन सुरस माला
* जनपदकथामाला
* रक्मानंद मोहिनी
* कथाकल्पकता
* प्रलय घंघाळ
* वत्सलाहरण
* कुंडलाहरण
* गुरूदक्षिणा
* चंद्रवदना

===Travelogues===
* ''Priya Bharat'' (प्रिय भारत)
* Jammu - Kashmir (जम्मू-काश्मीर)
* Punjab - Haryana (पंजाब-हरियाणा)
* Uttar Pradesh : Bharat Darshan (उत्तर प्रदेश)
* Bihar (बिहार)
* Madhya Pradesh (मध्यप्रदेश )
* Rajasthan (राजस्थान)
* Gujarat (गुजरात)
* Maharashtra (महाराष्ट्)
* Karnataka (कर्नाटक)
* Kerala (केरळ)
* Tamil Nadu(तामिळनाडू)
* Andhra (आंध्र)
* Odisha (ओडिसा)
* Bengal (बंगाल)
* Assam - Manipur (आसाम मणिपूर)

==Awards==
[[Pune University]] awarded an honorary D. Lit. degree to Joshi for his ''Bharatiya Sanskruti Kosh'' (भारतीय संस्कृतिकोश), which comprised 10 volumes of 800 pages each.

==Legacy==
Thirteen Marathi movies, including "कन्यादान”, "धर्मकन्या”, "वैशाख वणवा”, "मानिनी”, and ''जिव्हाळा'' were based on Joshi's short stories.

==References==
* "कथाकार पंडित महादेवशास्त्री जोशी" - लेखिका : शुभलक्ष्मी जोशी (Biography)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Mahadevshastri}}
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]

Dorothy Jinarajadasa

2026-03-21T15:15:30Z

Aaqibjavaid: made the article w/ refs

{{Short description|English feminist, suffragette and writer}}
'''Dorothy Jinarajadasa''' (born '''Dorothy May Graham'''; 19 March 1881 - 13 January 1963) was an English feminist, suffragette, and writer based in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theosophy Cardiff's Gallery of Great Theosophists |url=https://www.cardifftheosophy.walestheosophy.org.uk/Jinarajadasa.htm |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=ardifftheosophy.walestheosophy.org.uk }}</ref> Along with [[Margaret Cousins]] and [[Annie Besant]], she established the [[Women's Indian Association]] in 1917, and was active in efforts to end child marriage and female illiteracy in India. She was a [[justice of the peace]] for [[Chennai|Madras]], and an active [[Theosophy|Theosophist]]. She is one of the earliest members of the suffragist movement in India, and is known for her efforts to build transnational networks between suffrage movements.

== Biography ==
She was born as Dorothy May Graham in the United Kingdom, and married Sri Lankan Theosophist, [[Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa]] on 11 November 1916. They had met in Adyar, in meetings of the Theosophical Society, and had traveled back to London to be married.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Forbes|first1=Geraldine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&dq=Dorothy+Jinarajadasa&pg=PA72|title=Women in Modern India|last2=Forbes|first2=Geraldine Hancock|date=1999-04-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65377-0|pages=72|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lutyens|first=Mary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhPFWXgxQCkC|title=Krishnamurti: The Years of Awakening|date=1997|publisher=Shambhala Publications|isbn=978-1-57062-288-5|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jinarajadasa was active in efforts to establish suffrage for women in the United Kingdom as well as in India, and was arrested (but not charged) for her participation in protests for the British suffrage movement.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Sumita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfxdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Dorothy+Jinarajadasa&pg=PT158|title=Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks|date=2018-04-16|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-909370-0|pages=48–54|language=en}}</ref>

In 1917, she established the [[Women's Indian Association]] (WIA) along with [[Margaret Cousins]] and [[Annie Besant]].<ref name=":0" /> The organization was conceived of by Cousins and Jinarajadasa, who met at the [[Theosophical Society Adyar|Theosophical Society]] in [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], where Jinarajadasa and her husband were living, and where she served as a [[justice of the peace]]. The initial purpose of the organization was to encourage women's sports, as well as to promote women's education and craft. Once established, Jinarajadasa reached out to the [[Theosophical Society]] to invite them to establish similar branches of the Women's India Association across India. Through her efforts, forty-three additional branches were established over the following year.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Forbes|first=Geraldine Hancock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClNEJwXLNQIC&dq=dorothy+jinarajadasa&pg=PA181|title=Women in Colonial India: Essays on Politics, Medicine, and Historiography|date=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-8028-017-7|pages=16|language=en}}</ref> Jinarajadasa served as the first secretary of the organization. The WIA was very politically active, advocating against [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]], engaging in philanthropy, and supporting suffragist efforts.<ref name=":0" /> In 1918, Cousins and Jinarajadasa founded ''[[Stri Dharma]]'', a women's magazine that they edited, and which carried articles concerning women's welfare, and Jinarajadasa contributed extensively to the magazine as well as editing it.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Broome|first=Sarah|date=2012-08-01|title=Stri-Dharma: Voice of the Indian Women's Rights Movement 1928-1936|url=https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/57|journal=History Theses|doi=10.57709/3075581 }}</ref> Jinarajadasa had previously established a smaller women's organisation in [[Madanapalle]].<ref name=":1"/> Along with [[Hannah Sen]], Jinarajadasa advocated for the involvement of Indian women in the suffrage movement, and protested against Western misrepresentations of Indian religious and cultural practices.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Woollacott|first=Angela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMzfNbTIRisC&dq=Dorothy+Jinarajadasa&pg=PA130|title=To Try Her Fortune in London: Australian Women, Colonialism, and Modernity|date=2001-08-30|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534905-4|pages=130|language=en}}</ref>

In 1917, Jinarajadasa was part of a delegation of women, including Cousins, [[Sarojini Naidu]], Annie Besant, [[Herabai Tata]] and others, to address Sir [[Edwin Montagu]], the secretary of state for India, on a proposal to extend the vote for women.<ref name=":1" /> Although their efforts were unsuccessful at the time, they received wide attention in the Indian and English press and were soon supported by demands for suffrage from other organizations, including the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":1"/> In 1918, at the Malabar District Conference of the Indian National Congress, Jinarajadasa successfully moved a resolution in support of female suffrage, which was passed unanimously.<ref name=":1"/> Through 1918, she was in regular correspondence with [[Constance Villiers-Stuart]], who was advocating in England for the inclusion of women in the Indian electorate.<ref name=":1"/> In April 1921, when the franchise was extended to women in the [[Madras Presidency]], Jinarajadasa was one of several women who attended the debates.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Nitya|date=2015-03-08|title=When Madras' women won the vote|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-madras-women-won-the-vote/article6969753.ece|access-date=2022-01-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Writing in ''Sri Dharma'', she contrasted the Indian experience of suffrage to her experiences in Britain, where the suffrage movement had been received with violence and arrests.<ref name=":1"/>

As part of her efforts to promote suffrage, Jinarajadasa worked to establish links between women's organisations across the world.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandell|first=Marie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9SLDwAAQBAJ&dq=dorothy+jinarajadasa&pg=PT77|title=The Rise of Women's Transnational Activism: Identity and Sisterhood Between the World Wars|date=2015-01-26|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-85773-730-4|language=en}}</ref> While traveling with her husband between Vienna and Madras, she visited a number of such organizations along the way, and particularly, addressed meetings for women in [[Basra]]h, Iraq. In the 1920s, she also toured Australia, interacting with Australian suffragists, and addressing a number of public gatherings, including the [[National Council of Women of Australia|National Council of Women in Brisbane]] in September 1919; the National Council of Women in Australia in Melbourne in October 1919; and the [[Australian Women's National League]] in October 1919.<ref name=":2" /> Her efforts were matched by suffragist women's organizations reaching out to establish links in India; for instance, in 1921, members of the [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom]] reached out to her about drawing in Indian members.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sluga|first1=Glenda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUneCQAAQBAJ&dq=dorothy+jinarajadasa&pg=PA212|title=Women, Diplomacy and International Politics since 1500|last2=James|first2=Carolyn|date=2015-06-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-49703-5|pages=202|language=en}}</ref> In 1921, Jinarajadasa published a pamphlet with the [[Women's Indian Association]] titled ''Why Women Want the Vote'', in which she advocated for the building of networks between suffrage movements in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. In 1923, she was a delegate for India at the conference of the [[International Alliance of Women|International Alliance for Women]], and addressed the conference on the issue of Indian suffrage in widely reported speech.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siegel|first=Mona L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AlaXDwAAQBAJ&dq=dorothy+jinarajadasa&pg=PT268|title=Peace on Our Terms: The Global Battle for Women's Rights After the First World War|date=2020-01-07|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-55118-2|language=en}}</ref>

In 1934, Jinarajadasa led early efforts to raise the age of marriage and consent for women to 16, in the Madras Presidency. She prepared a letter in support of a bill to raise the age, and circulated it across political leaders in India, drawing letters of support, including one notably from [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Maya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5aYvBs7iGIC&dq=Dorothy+Jinarajadasa&pg=PA40|title=Encyclopaedia of Gender Equality Through Women Empowerment|date=2005|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-548-6|language=en}}</ref>

Along with her husband, [[Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa]], she was an active [[Theosophy|Theosophist]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dixon|first=Joy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noyVx7A3zUMC&dq=Dorothy+Jinarajadasa&pg=PT285|title=Divine Feminine: Theosophy and Feminism in England|date=2003-05-01|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-7530-4|pages=208, 217–8|language=en}}</ref> She died in London, aged 81, in 1963.

== Publications ==
* Dorothy Jinarajadasa, Why Women Want the Vote (Adyar: Women's Indian Association, 1921)
* Dorothy Jinarajadasa, 'The Women's Suffrage Resolution', Stri Dharma (October 1918): 53
* Dorothy Jinarajadasa, 'The Emancipation of Indian Women', Transactions of the Eighth Congress of the Federation of European National Societies of the Theosophical Society held in Vienna July 2 to 26 1923, ed. C. W. Dijkgraaf (Amsterdam: Council of the Federations, 1923), 82–8

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jinarajadasa, Dorothy}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:English suffragists]]
[[Category:English Theosophists]]
[[Category:English feminists]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Siege of Penukonda

2026-03-19T13:43:04Z

Aaqibjavaid: Created New Entry

{{Short description|1590 siege between the Vijayanagara Empire and Golconda Sultanate}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Penukonda
| partof = Deccani–Vijayanagar wars
| image =
[[File:Pennukonda Fort Andhra (1).jpg|250px]]
| caption = Penukonda Fort
| date = 1590
| place = [[Penukonda]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| result = [[Vijayanagar]] victory
| territory =
| combatant1 = [[Vijayanagara Empire]] ''' Supported by''': {{Tree list}} [[Vijayanagara]] vassals
**[[Thanjavur Nayaks]]
**[[Venkatagiri estate]]
**[[Kalahasti Nayaks]]
**[[Matli Chiefs]] {{Tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Venkatapati Raya]] [[Raghunatha Nayaka]] [[Gobburi Jagga Raya]] [[Velugoti Yachama Nayaka]] Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka Velugoti Chenna [[Matla Anantaraju]] Gulrang Setty Papayya Samywar Manupa Raju Venkatapati
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} Aminul-Mulk {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} Murtaza Khan {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} Nur Khan {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} Saujata Khan{{Executed}} {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} Citta Khan{{POW}} {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} Cerna Mulk
| strength1 = 30,000 [[Cavalry]] 4000 [[Musketeers]]
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 =
}}

The '''Siege of Penukonda''' in 1590 was a conflict between the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Golconda Sultanate]]. Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] marched to Penukonda which was then the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and surrounded the city in an attempt to force its surrender. At first the situation looked dangerous for Vijayanagara but [[Venkatapati Raya]] used the short peace in fighting to strengthen the fort and bring in a large army for support. When the battle resumed the forces of Vijayanagara defeated the [[Golconda]] troops. The Sultan was forced to withdraw ending the siege.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zandekar |first=Prof Dr Anant L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNGSEQAAQBAJ&dq=Velugoti+Rangappa+Nayaka+Siege+of+Penukonda&pg=PA119 |title=The Wonderland of India: Vijayanagar Empire 1336–1698 AD |date=2025-04-30 |publisher=Research Beacon Publication |isbn=978-81-985983-1-8 |language=en|page=119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Luther |first=Narendra |url=http://archive.org/details/princepoetloverb00luth |title=Prince, Poet, Lover, Builder: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of Hyderabad |date=1991 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |others=Public Resource|pages=14–15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ఎన్. వెంకటరమణయ్య |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448464 |title=వెలుగోటివారి వంశావళి |date=1939|pages=51–52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kainikara |first=Dr Sanu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3LOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Jagadeva+Raya+Siege+of+Penukonda&pg=PT429 |title=From Indus to Independence – A Trek Through Indian History: Vol VII Named for Victory : The Vijayanagar Empire |date=2020-08-01 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-89620-52-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. Krishna Swami |url=http://archive.org/details/tva-bok-0027340-tva-bok-0027340-the-tamil-country-under-vijayanagar |title=TVA BOK 0027340 TVA BOK 0027340 The Tamil Country Under Vijayanagar |date=2025-01-12|pages=294–296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vriddhagirisan |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD_6ka-aYuQC&dq=Venkatapati+Raya+Siege+of+Penukonda&pg=PA47 |title=The Nayaks of Tanjore |date=1995 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0996-9 |language=en|page=47}}</ref>

==Background==
In 1590 A.D, [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] sent his commander Mir Jumla Aminul-Mulk with a strong army to the south. He had learned that Basawanta Raj the son-in-law of [[Rama Raya]] and Narasimha Raj, his sister’s son, were controlling the forts of Nandyal and Kalagur and he wanted to remove them from power. [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] later joined the main army and crossed the Krishna River at Musalimudugu. The fort was besieged and soon captured. When Narasimha Raj heard the news he realised resistance would be useless and offered to surrender if he and his family were allowed to leave safely. The Sultan agreed and protected both his family and his property. Soon after Basawanta Raj left [[Nandyala]] and the nearby chiefs also submitted willingly agreeing to pay tribute in return for keeping their lands. This campaign led to the occupation of the forts of [[Gooty]], [[Kurnool]], and [[Gandikota]].<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=K A Nilakanta Sastri |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280075 |title=Further Source Of Vijayanagara History Vol I 1946 By K A Nilakanta Sastri |date=1946|pages=312–315}}</ref><ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=H. K. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.46692 |title=Muhammad-Quli Qutb Shah founder of Hydarabad |date=1967|pages=103–105}}</ref><ref name="dps">{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=h k |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142905 |title=History Of Medieval Deccan Vol-i 1295–1724 |date=1973|pages=131–132}}</ref>

==Siege==
After capturing Gandikota, Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] joined his army and prepared to take action against [[Venkatapati Raya]] believing that the emperor had broken certain treaty agreements. To punish him the Sultan marched towards [[Penukonda]] which was then the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. He faced almost no resistance along the way and reached the city quickly. Once there he surrounded [[Penukonda]] and laid siege to it.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=Henry Heras |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282973 |title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagara |date=1927|pages=327–328}}</ref><ref name="dps"/><ref name="eps">{{Cite book |last=South India Under Vijaynagar-1-2 (Rev. H. Heras) |url=http://archive.org/details/vijaynagar-history-rev.-h.-heras |title=South India Under Vijaynagar-1-2 (Rev. H. Heras)|pages=327–328}}</ref>

At this time [[Venkatapati Raya]] was unable to organize a strong defence against the sudden invasion and he could not gather his forces quickly enough to stop the advancing army. To gain time he chose to negotiate and sent his minister Goparaju Timma and his general Papayya Setty to the Sultan’s camp to ask for peace. They spoke with [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] and succeeded in obtaining a temporary truce while discussions for a permanent agreement were arranged. Satisfied with the outcome of his campaign the Sultan withdrew from the area around [[Penukonda]] with his army.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/><ref name="eps"/>

[[Venkatapati Raya]] made full use of the short peace he had gained. In just three days he supplied the citadel with enough food and materials for the garrison to withstand a long siege. On the fourth day a large force entered the fort including thirty thousand cavalry and four thousand musketeers under the leadership of [[Gobburi Jagga Raya]], Gulranga Setti, Manupa Raju, Papiah Samywar, [[Raghunatha Nayaka]], Matla Ananta, Velugoti Kasturi Ranga, Velugoti Chenna, and his son Venkatapati. With the fort fully prepared and his army strengthened [[Venkatapati Raya]] dropped all signs of submission and openly challenged the invading [[Golconda]] army.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/><ref name="eps"/>

Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] realized his mistake only after it was too late. When he tried to renew the siege he found that the fort was now strongly defended and his efforts were useless. The rainy season was also close and the rising waters of the [[Krishna River]] made it risky for him to continue the siege as his army could be cut off from their own territory and he decided to withdraw. Contemporary Hindu records say that a battle was fought with the forces of [[Golconda]] before the retreat and the [[Vijayanagara]] army won the battle.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/><ref name="eps"/>

The Siddhout inscription of Matla Ananta dated 1605–06 states that Ananta defeated the Muhammadan king in the battle of [[Penugonda]] and this is supported by the Raghunathabhyudayam which says that the young Tanjore prince [[Raghunatha Nayaka]] helped Venkatapati Raya and scattered the Golconda forces. Because of this defeat [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] was forced to lift the siege of Penugonda. Although not much detail is known about the battle, it is recorded that [[Gobburi Jagga Raya]] led a sudden attack from the fort and fought with the armies of Murtuza Khan and Nur Khan. In the fighting he defeated their troops captured Citta Khan, killed Saujata Khan, and protected Cerna Mulk.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="eps"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=K.A.Nilakanta Sastry |url=http://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory |title=Further Sources Of Vijayanagara History |date=1946 |pages=262–263|language=English}}</ref>
==Aftermath==
As a result of the defeat Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] gave up the siege and retreated quickly toward his frontier. Before crossing the [[Krishna River]] he made hurried plans to hold the areas he had captured. He placed [[Gandikota]] under the control of Sanjar Khan, [[Nandyala]] under Jagat Row, and Musalimadugu under Asva Row. He also appointed Murtaza Khan as the military commander of the conquered region. After making these arrangements the sultan returned to his capital.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="dps"/>
==See also==
* [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]]
* [[Gobburi Jagga Raya]]
* [[Golconda Sultanate]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving Thanjavur Nayaks]]

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu

2026-03-16T11:18:50Z

Aaqibjavaid:

{{Short description|Union territory of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
| type = Union territory
| image_seal = Seal of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| seal_size = 200
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| align = center
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Vanganga Garden, Silvassa (32345632184).jpg
| alt1 =
| image2 = Diu,Gujarat,India (32).jpg
| alt2 =
| image3 = Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa.jpg
| alt3 =
| image4 = Diu IMG.jpg
| alt4 =
| image5 = Diu,Gujarat,India (26).jpg
| alt5 =
| image6 = Naida caves in diu , india.jpg
| alt6 =
}}
| image_caption = From top, left to right: Vanganga Garden, Silvassa; St. Thomas Church, Diu; [[Damanganga]] river, Silvassa; [[Diu Fort]], Diu; St. Paul's Church, Diu; Naida Caves, Diu
| image_map = IN-DD (2020).svg
| coordinates = {{coord|20.42|N|72.83|E|display=inline,title}}
| region = Western India
| formation_date4 = 26 January 2020<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/214745.pdf|title=Data|publisher=egazette.nic.in |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref>
| capital = Daman, India
| largestcity = Silvassa
| districts = [[List of districts of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|3]]
| Administrator = [[Praful Khoda Patel]]
| Chief_secretary = Amit Singla, IAS
| rajya_sabha_seats = N/A
| lok_sabha_seats = 2 seats
| judiciary = [[Bombay High Court]]
| area_total_km2 = 603
| area_rank = 33rd
| elevation_m = 8
| elevation_max_m = 425
| elevation_min_m = 0
| population_total = 585,764
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density = 970
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages=1–100 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171523/http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>
| literacy = 87.8%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 13th
| iso_code = IN-DH
| registration_plate = DD<ref>{{cite web|url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxAnCvnuRK7v7Ui2?e=cdtfs9|title=DD Vehicle Registration Mark, Amendment in the Notification No. S.O. 444(E) dated 12th June, 1989|publisher=eGazette of India|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>
| website = ddd.gov.in
}}

'''Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu'''{{efn|{{ubl|{{IPA|hi|ˈd̪ɑːd̪ɾɑː ɔːɾ ˈnəɡəɾ ɦəˈʋeːliː ɔːɾ ˈd̪əməɳ ɔːɾ ˈd̪iːʋ}}|{{IPA|gu|ˈd̪ɑd̪ɾɑ ˈəne ˈnəɡəɾ ɦəˈʋeli ˈəne ˈd̪əməɳ ˈəne ˈd̪iʋ}}}}}} is a [[union territory]] in [[India]].<ref name="Dutta">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/|title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu|first=Amrita Nayak|last=Dutta|date=10 July 2019|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="egazette.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/214565.pdf |title=Data |publisher=egazette.nic.in |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> The territory was constituted through the merger of the former territories of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and [[Daman and Diu]]. Plans for the proposed merger were announced by the [[Government of India]] in July 2019; the necessary legislation was passed in the [[Parliament of India]] in December 2019 and came into effect on 26 January 2020.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli |title = Govt plans to merge 2 UTs -- Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf |title=Data |publisher=164.100.47.4 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> The territory is made up of four separate geographical entities: [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra]], [[Nagar Haveli]], [[Daman district, India|Daman]], and the island of [[Diu district|Diu]]. All four areas were formerly part of [[Portuguese India]], with a joint capital at [[Panjim]], Goa. They came under Indian rule in the mid-20th century after the [[Annexation of Goa]] and of the [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] were jointly administered until 1987, when [[Goa]] was granted statehood after the [[Konkani language agitation]]. The current capital is [[Daman, India|Daman]] and [[Silvassa]] is the largest city.

==History==
{{see also|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Annexation of Goa}}

[[File:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.svg|left|500px|Map of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, showing its three districts as well as general location within India.|alt=Map of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, showing its three districts as well as general location within India.|thumb]]

[[Daman and Diu]] were [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonies]] from the 1520s until [[Annexation of Goa|annexed]] by India on 19 December 1961. [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] were Portuguese territories from [[Maratha handover of Nagar Haveli (1783)|1779]] until [[Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|annexed]] by the Indian army on 11 August 1961. Portugal officially recognised Indian sovereignty over the areas in 1974 following the [[Carnation Revolution]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html|title=Indian states since 1947|newspaper=World Statesmen|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>

Daman and Diu were administered as part of the union territory of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] between 1962 and 1987, becoming a separate union territory when [[Goa]] was granted statehood.<ref name="auto1"/>

In July 2019, the [[Government of India]] proposed merging the two territories into a single union territory in order to reduce duplication of services and reduce the cost of administration. Legislation to this effect, the Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union territories) Bill, 2019, was tabled in the [[Parliament of India]] on 26 November 2019 and assented to by the President of India on 9 December 2019.<ref name="egazette.nic.in"/><ref name="auto"/> The two union territories had previously shared a common administrator and government officials. The town of Daman was chosen to be the capital of the new combined union territory.<ref name="Dutta"/> The appointed day for the act to come into effect was notified as 26 January 2020 by the Government of India.<ref name="auto2"/>

==Geography==
[[File:DadraAndNagarHaveliAndDamanAndDiu2024OSM.png|thumb|left|Detailed map of the union territory.]]

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu is composed of four distinct areas located in [[Western India]]. [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra]] is a small [[enclave and exclave|enclave]] within the state of Gujarat. [[Nagar Haveli]] is a C-shaped enclave located between the states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] which contains a counterenclave of Gujarat around the village of [[Maghval]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/4-gujarat-villages-will-no-more-be-dry/articleshow/89004297.cms|title=4 Gujarat villages will no more be dry |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-14 |title=Merger of four Gujarat villages with Dadra deferred |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/merger-of-four-gujarat-villages-with-dadra-deferred/articleshow/92191058.cms |access-date=2023-10-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Daman District, India|Daman]] is an enclave on the southeast coast of Gujarat, while [[Diu district|Diu]] is an island off the southcentral coast of Gujarat.

There are 2 wildlife sanctuaries in the territory- [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli Wildlife Sanctuary|Dadra and Nagar Haveli wildlife sanctuary]] and [[Fudam Bird Sanctuary|Fudam bird sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Holiday in Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu: Here’s all you need to know to plan a vacation there|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/spend/holiday-in-dadra-nagar-haveli-daman-diu-heres-all-you-need-to-know-to-plan-a-vacation-there/articleshow/118798979.cms?from=mdr|work=The Economic Times|date=2025-03-10|access-date=2025-11-27|issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Administration==

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu is administered as a [[union territory]] of India by virtue of [[s:Constitution of India/Part VIII|Article 240 (2)]] of the [[Constitution of India]]. The [[President of India]] appoints an [[List of administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|administrator]] to administer the territory on behalf of the central Government of India. The central government may appoint advisers to assist the administrator with his/her duties.

===Districts===

The union territory is made up of [[List of districts of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|three districts]]:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! District !! Area, km2 !! Population, (2011) !! Density, per/km2
|-
| 1 || [[Daman District, India|Daman]] ||align="right" | 72 ||align="right" | 190,855 ||align="right" | 2,650.76
|-
| 2 || [[Diu District|Diu]] ||align="right" | 40 ||align="right" | 52,056 ||align="right" | 1,301.40
|-
| 3 || [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli district|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] ||align="right" | 491 ||align="right" | 342,853 ||align="right" | 698.27
|- style="background: #CCC;"
| || Total ||align="right" | 603 ||align="right" | 585,764 ||align="right" | 971.42
|}

===Law enforcement and justice===
Law enforcement within the territory is the responsibility of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Police]]. The territory falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Bombay High Court]].

===In the Parliament of India===
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu sends two members (MPs) to the lower house of the [[Indian parliament]] the [[Lok Sabha]]. The territory is divided into the constituencies of [[Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].

==Demographics==
{{Empty section|date=June 2022}}{{Pie chart
| radius = 100
| caption = Religion in Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/26-dadra-and-nagar-haveli.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Daman and Diu Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/25-daman-and-diu.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| value1 = 92.4
| color1 = darkorange
| label2 = [[Islam]]
| value2 = 5.5
| color2 = green
| label3 = [[Christianity]]
| value3 = 1.3
| color3 = blue
| value4 = 0.83
| color4 = grey
| label4 = Others
}}

== See also ==
* [[Goa civil code|Goan Civil Code]]
* [[Goa, Daman and Diu]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
*[[2019 Daman indigenous land clearing protests|2019 Daman Indigenous Land Clearing Protests]]
*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Daman and Diu Lok Sabha constituency]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://ddd.gov.in/ Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Administration]
*[http://www.tourismdddnh.in/ Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Tourism]

{{States and Union Territories of India}}
{{Daman and Diu}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu| ]]
[[Category:Union territories of India]]
[[Category:Former colonies in Asia]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2020]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in India]]
[[Category:India–Portugal relations]]
[[Category:Subnational enclaves and exclaves in India]]

Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran

2026-03-14T15:31:46Z

Aaqibjavaid:

{{Short description|1941 conflict of World War II}}
{{For|the occupation of northern Iran by the Russian Empire during World War I|Persian campaign (World War I)}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
| partof = the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II]]
| image = Soviet tankmen of the 6th Armoured Division drive through the streets of Tabriz (2).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Soviet tankmen of the [[Red Army|6th Tank Division]] driving through [[Tabriz]] on their [[T-26]], 28 August 1941
| date = 25–31 August 1941<ref name="auto">''Immortal : A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces'', Steven R. Ward, Georgetown University Press, 2009, p. 169</ref> ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=8|day1=25|year1=1941|month2=8|day2=31|year2=1941}})
| place = Iran
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|N|53|E|display=INLINE}}
| result = Anglo-Soviet victory{{bulletedlist
| Abdication of Iranian monarch [[Reza Shah]] on 16 September 1941<ref name="auto"/>
| Rise to power of Iranian crown prince [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]<ref name=Milani />
| Opening of the [[Persian Corridor]] by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] to support the Soviets against the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion]]}}
| territory = Military occupation of Iran for the remainder of [[World War II]]{{bulletedlist
| Soviet occupation of northern Iran
| British occupation of southern Iran}}
| combatant1 = {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|British Empire}}
**{{UK}}
**{{flagcountry|British Raj}}
**{{flag|Australia}} (naval only)
{{Tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Pahlavi Iran|1933}}
| commander1 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov|Dmitry Kozlov]] {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Sergei Trofimenko]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Edward Quinan]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]]}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Pahlavi Iran|1933}} [[Reza Shah]] {{flagicon|Pahlavi Iran|1933}} [[Ali Mansur]] {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Pahlavi Iran|1933}} [[Mohammad Ali Foroughi]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Pahlavi Iran|1933}} [[Gholamali Bayandor]]{{KIA}}}} {{flagicon|Pahlavi Iran|1933}} [[Ahmad Nakhjavan]] {{flagdeco|Iran|1925}} [[Mahmud Mir-Djalali]] {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Pahlavi Iran|1933}} {{ill|Mohammad Shahbakhti|lt=M. Shahbakhti|fa|محمد شاه‌بختی}}}}
| strength1 = '''Soviet Union:'''{{unbulletedlist
| 3 armies}}'''British Empire:'''{{unbulletedlist
| 2 divisions, 3 brigades
| 4 sloops
| 1 gunboat
| 1 corvette
| 1 armed merchant cruiser
| 1 armed yacht
| ? auxiliary vessels}}
| strength2 = {{unbulletedlist
| 9 divisions
| 60 aircraft
| 2 sloops
| 4 patrol boats}}
| casualties1 = '''Soviet Union:'''{{unbulletedlist
| 40 killed
| 3 aircraft destroyed}}'''British Empire:'''{{unbulletedlist
| 22 killed<ref name="CM136">Compton Mackenzie, ''Eastern Epic'', p. 136</ref>
| 50 wounded<ref name="CM136" />
| 1 tank destroyed}}
| casualties2 = {{unbulletedlist
| ~850 killed
| 7 aircraft destroyed
| 3 sloops destroyed
| 3 patrol boats captured}}
| casualties3 = '''Civilian casualties:''' ~450 Iranian civilians killed
| campaignbox = {{WWIITheatre}}{{Campaignbox Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre}}
| notes = {{align|center|[[File:Allied Forces Sweep on in Iran.png|300x300px]]Map of Iran, showing British routes from [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] and [[British Raj|India]] as well as Soviet routes from the [[Caucasus]] and [[Soviet Central Asia|Central Asia]]}}
}}
{{Mohammad Reza Pahlavi series}}

The '''Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahlavi dynasty {{!}} Iran, Coups, Revolution, & Founder {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pahlavi-dynasty |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> also known as the '''Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia''' or the '''Allied invasion of Iran''', was the joint invasion of the officially [[neutral country|neutral]] [[Imperial State of Iran]] by the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Soviet Union]] in August 1941. The two powers announced that they would stay until six months after the end of the war with their mutual enemy, [[Nazi Germany]] ([[World War II]]), which turned out to be 2 March 1946. On that date the British began to withdraw, while the [[Soviet Union]] delayed until May, initially citing "threats to Soviet security", followed by the [[Iran crisis of 1946]].<ref name=UN-History/>

The invasion, code named '''Operation Countenance''', was largely unopposed by the numerically and technologically outmatched Iranian forces. The multi-pronged coordinated invasion took place along Iran's borders with the [[Kingdom of Iraq]], [[Azerbaijan SSR]], and [[Turkmen SSR]], with fighting beginning on 25 August and ending on 31 August when the Iranian government, under the rule of [[Reza Shah|Reza Shah Pahlavi]], formally agreed to surrender, having already agreed to a ceasefire on 30 August.<ref name="auto"/>

The invasion took place two months after the [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion of the Soviet Union]] and the Soviet Union's subsequent alliance with the United Kingdom. The attack also took place less than two months after [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victories over pro-Axis forces in neighboring [[Anglo-Iraqi War|Iraq]] and French [[Syria–Lebanon campaign|Syria and Lebanon]]. The invasion's strategic purpose was to ensure the safety of Allied [[supply line]]s to the USSR (see the [[Persian Corridor]]), secure Iranian [[oil field]]s, limit German influence in Iran ([[Reza Shah]] had leveraged Germany to offset the British and Soviet spheres of influence on Iran) and preempt a possible Axis advance from [[Turkey]] through Iran toward the [[Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan|Baku oil fields]] or [[British Raj|British India]]. Following the invasion, on 16 September 1941 Reza Shah abdicated and went into [[exile]], being replaced by his young son [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]. Iran would remain under British and Soviet occupation until 1946.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />

== Background ==
In 1925, after years of civil war, turmoil, and foreign intervention, [[Imperial State of Iran|Persia]] became unified under the rule of Reza Pahlavi, who performed a [[1921 Persian coup d'état|coup d'état]] against the [[Qajar dynasty]]<ref>Pollack, p. 28</ref> (1789–1925) which presided over a divided and isolated Persia. He later crowned himself as Reza Shah that same year. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates to use ''Iran'', the historical name of the country that was also used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Reza Shah commenced an ambitious program of economic, cultural, and military modernization. Reza Shah's regime established schools, built [[infrastructure]], modernized cities, and expanded transportation networks.<ref name="Pollack 05">{{cite book|last= Pollack|first= Kenneth|title= The Persian Puzzle: Deciphering the Twenty-Five Year Conflict..|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VtISTfUL-NAC|isbn= 978-1-58836-434-0|date= 2004|publisher= Random House Publishing}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2022}} The Shah pursued a foreign policy of [[neutral country|neutrality]], but depended on Western financing in order to finance his ambitious modernization projects.<ref name="Farrokh 03">{{cite book |last=Farrokh |first=Kaveh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6yHCwAAQBAJ |title=Iran at War: 1500–1988 |date=2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-78096-221-4 |pages=281 |chapter=Chapter 28: The Second World War and the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2022}}<ref name="Pollack 05" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

In early 1940, as Britain was involved in war with Germany in [[North African campaign|North Africa]], it grew concerned about German access to the [[Persian Gulf]], especially in light of Germany's [[non-aggression pact]] with the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/05/20/85495317.html?pageNumber=4|title=Nazi–Soviet Deal on Iran Reported; Moscow Said to Open German Route to Near East in Return for Indian Ocean Outlet British Caution Turkey London Fears War Materials May Go Through Nation – Close Watch Kept|work=The New York Times }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/05/09/92971206.html?pageNumber=10|title=Iran Reported Shipping Through Soviet to Reich|work=The New York Times }}</ref> The British began to accuse Iran of supporting [[Nazism]] and of being pro-German.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} Although Reza Shah declared neutrality at an early stage of [[World War II]], Iran assumed greater strategic importance to the British government, which feared that the [[Abadan Refinery]] (of the UK-owned [[Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]]) might fall into German hands. Refining eight million tons of oil in 1940, the refinery made a crucial contribution to the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] war effort.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}<ref>{{cite book |title= In Too Deep: BP and the Drilling Race That Took it Down |last1= Reed |first1= Stanley |last2= Fitzgerald |first2= Alison |year= 2010 |publisher= Wiley |isbn= 978-0-470-95090-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/intoodeepbpdrill00reed }}</ref> Relations between Britain and Iran had been strained since 1931 when the Shah unilaterally cancelled the [[D'Arcy Concession]] – a 1901 agreement that had given the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company the exclusive right to prospect for Iranian oil for 60 years, with Iran receiving 16 percent of the net profit. Led by the Shah, the Iranian imperial government accused the Company of undercutting its share of the profit by clandestinely reinvesting new capital into subsidiary companies, and thus excluding a significant sum from the annual capital gain calculation. Though the Shah promptly renegotiated a second concession with the Anglo-Iranian Company – with terms that better protected the Iranians' stake – the diplomatic conflict created an impression that the Shah was hostile to British oil interests.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}<ref name="Pollack 05" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

Following [[Operation Barbarossa]], the [[Axis powers|Axis]] invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became formal Allies, providing further impetus for an Allied invasion.<ref name=Esposito98>Esposito (1998), [https://books.google.com/books?id=SlhxoTHLxeMC&pg=PA127 p. 127]</ref> In a major strategic analysis in the ''New York Times'' on a Sunday following Barbarossa, the famous international correspondent [[C. L. Sulzberger]] stated, in reference to the [[Operation Orient]], "It is considered virtually a certainty by military experts that if the Reich succeeds...an attack on [[Egypt]] will be launched. Should the Germans...occupy the [[Caucasus]] and then push on to Iran and the Persian Gulf they will then outflank the British Middle Eastern positions by a wide sweep and perhaps by Autumn begin to make trouble in Iraq."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/06/29/432207622.html?pageNumber=73|title=Nazis in a Race Against Time to Win the War; Russia Must Be Conquered and a New Transport System Set Up Quickly|work=The New York Times }}</ref> With the [[Wehrmacht]] steadily advancing through the Soviet Union, the Persian Corridor formed by the [[Trans-Iranian Railway]] offered one of the easiest ways to supply the Soviets with [[Lend-Lease]] goods sent by sea from the then technically neutral [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samii |first=Bill |date=6 May 2005 |title=World War II – 60 Years After: The Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran and Washington-Tehran Relations |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1058759.html |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref> British and Soviet planners recognized the importance of that railway and sought to control it. As increasing [[U-boat]] attacks and winter ice{{when|date=November 2019}} made [[Arctic convoys of World War II|convoys]] to [[Arkhangelsk]] (which commenced in August 1941) dangerous, the railway seemed an increasingly attractive strategic route.

The two Allied nations applied pressure on Iran and on the Shah, which led to increased tensions and to anti-British rallies in [[Tehran]]. The British described the protests as "pro-German".<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}<ref name="Pollack 05" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} Iran's strategic location threatened Soviet Caucasian oil and the Soviet armies' rear, and any German advance south-eastwards would threaten British communications between [[British Raj|India]] and the Mediterranean.<ref name="JCH">{{cite journal |last1= Beaumont |first1= Joan |title= Great Britain and the Rights of Neutral Countries: The Case of Iran, 1941 |journal= Journal of Contemporary History |date= January 1981 |volume= 16 |issue= 1 |pages= 213–228 |doi= 10.1177/002200948101600112 |jstor= 260624|s2cid= 159929729 }}</ref>{{rp| 215–216}}

In July and August, the Shah refused demands from the British for the expulsion of German residents from Iran (mostly workers and diplomats). A British embassy report, dated 1940, estimated that there were almost 1,000 German nationals in Iran.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iranian.com/AbbasMilani/2006/February/Black/index.html |title= Abbas Milani, Iran, Jews and the Holocaust: An answer to Mr. Black |publisher= iranian.com |access-date= 2011-09-22}}</ref> According to Iran's ''[[Ettela'at]]'' newspaper, there were 690 German nationals in Iran (out of a total of 4,630 foreigners, including 2,590 British).<ref name="fouman.com">{{cite web
|url= http://www.fouman.com/history/Iranian_History_1941.html
|title= Iranian History (1941)
|access-date= 15 September 2014
|archive-date= 10 July 2013
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130710082148/http://fouman.com/history/Iranian_History_1941.html
|url-status= dead
}}</ref> Joan Beaumont estimates that "probably no more than 3,000 Germans actually lived in Iran, but they were believed to have a disproportionate influence because of their employment in strategic government industries and in Iran's transport and communications network."<ref name=JCH />{{rp|215}}

However, the Iranians began to reduce their trade with the Germans in the face of Allied demands.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}<ref name="Pollack 05" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} Reza Shah sought to remain neutral, not wanting to anger either side. This approach became increasingly difficult in the face of Anglo-Soviet demands. British forces were already present in sizeable numbers in [[Iraq]] as a result of the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] of May 1941.

== Invasion ==

The invasion was a surprise attack described by Allied forces as rapid and conducted with ease.<ref name=Stewart88>{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Richard Anthony |title=Sunrise at Abadan: The British and Soviet invasion of Iran, 1941 |year=1988 |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |isbn=978-0-275-92793-6}}</ref> Prior to the invasion, two [[diplomatic note]]s were delivered to the Iranian government on 19 July and 17 August, requiring the Iranian government to expel German nationals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |last=Foundation |website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> The second of the notes was recognised by the prime minister [[Ali Mansur]] as a disguised ultimatum.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sunrise at Abadan: The British and Soviet Invasion of Iran, 1941 |last=Stewart |first=Richard A. |year=1988 |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |isbn=978-0-275-92793-6 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37685 |date=13 August 1946 |pages=4097–4098 |supp=y}}</ref> General [[Archibald Wavell]] later wrote in his despatch, "it was apparent that the Iranian Government fully expected an early British advance into [[Khuzestan]] and that reinforcements, including light and medium tanks, were being sent to [[Ahvaz]]".<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37685 |date=13 August 1946 |page=4098 |supp=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces |last=Ward |first=Steven R. |year=2009 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-258-5 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eUTLaaVOOQC&pg=PA154}}</ref>

Following the invasion, Sir [[Reader Bullard]] and [[Andrey Andreyevich Smirnov]], the British and Soviet ambassadors to Iran, were summoned. The Shah demanded to know why they were invading his country and why they had not [[declared war]]. Both answered that it was because of "German residents" in Iran. When the Shah asked if the Allies would stop their attack if he expelled the Germans, the ambassadors did not answer. The Shah sent a telegram to US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], pleading with him to stop the invasion. As the neutral United States had nothing to do with the attack, Roosevelt was not able to grant the Shah's plea but stated that he believed that the "territorial integrity" of Iran should be respected.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}<ref name="Pollack 05" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}
In his [[The Second World War (book series)|post-war memoirs]], [[Winston Churchill]] invoked the [[Brocard (law)|brocard]], "[[Inter arma silent leges]]" to justify the "''exercise of overwhelming force against a weak and ancient state.''"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Churchill |first=Winston S. |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Second World War: The Grand Alliance |volume=III |year=1985 |orig-year=1950 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-395-41057-8 |page=80 |url=https://archive.org/details/grandalliancethe0000wins/page/408/mode/1up |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Beginning of the invasion ===
[[File:Soviet and British soldiers in Iran.jpg|thumb|left|Soviet and Indian soldiers meet in late August.]]

The [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Australian Navy]] attacked from the Persian Gulf, while other British Commonwealth forces came by land and air from Iraq. The Soviet Union invaded from the north, mostly from [[Transcaucasia]], with the [[44th Army (Soviet Union)|44th]] and [[47th Army|47th]] Armies of the [[Transcaucasian Front]] (General [[Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov]]), and the [[53rd Army (Soviet Union)|53rd Army]] of the [[Central Asian Military District]], occupying Iran's northern provinces. Air force and naval units also participated in the battle. The Soviets used about 1,000 [[T-26]] tanks for their combat operations.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

Six days after the invasion and the ensuing Allied occupation of southern Iran, the British divisions previously known as "Iraq Command" (also known as [[Iraqforce]]) were renamed "Persia and Iraq Force" ([[Paiforce]]), under the command of [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Edward Quinan]]. Paiforce was made up of [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th]] and [[10th Indian Infantry Division|10th]] Indian Infantry divisions, [[2nd Indian Armoured Brigade]], [[1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)|4th British Cavalry Brigade]] (later renamed [[9th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|9th Armoured Brigade]]), and [[21st Indian Infantry Brigade]].

In response to the invasion, the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army|Imperial Iranian Army]] deployed nine infantry divisions, some of them motorised; two of the divisions also had tanks. The Iranian Army had a standing force of 126,000–200,000 men. While Iran had taken numerous steps through the previous decade to strengthen, standardise, and modernise its army, the army did not have enough training, armour, or air power to fight a multi-front war. Reza Shah's modernisations had not been completed by the time war broke out,<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} and the Iranian Army had been more concerned with civilian repression than invasions.<ref>Kaveh Farrokh, ''Iran at War: 1500–1988'', Osprey. 2011; {{ISBN|978-1-84603-491-6}}.{{page needed|date=August 2022}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

The Iranian army was armed with the [[vz. 24]] rifle, a [[Czechoslovakia|Czech]] version of the Mauser [[Gewehr 98]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parsa |first1=Ali |title=Brno, the Persian Mauser |url=http://www.aliparsa.com/brno/brno.html|access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref> Iranian troops also had other Czech small arms like the [[ZB vz. 30]] and [[ZB-53]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Militaria|url=http://www.militaria.cz/archiv/391/clanky/391-08.html|access-date=2021-12-11|website=www.militaria.cz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-27|title=ZB 53 / Vz.37|url=https://modernfirearms.net/en/machineguns/czech-republic-machineguns/zb-53-vz-37-eng/|access-date=2021-12-11|website=Modern Firearms|language=en}}</ref> Iran had bought 100 [[Renault FT|FT-6]] and [[Panzer 38(t)|ČKD TNH]] [[light tank]]s as well as some [[AH-IV]] [[tankette]]s and additional LaFrance TK-6 [[Armored car (military)|armoured cars]], enough to outfit their 1st and 2nd Divisions.<ref name="Barret 03">{{cite web |last=Barret |first=Dave |title=Iranian Tanks |url=http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/Iran/Iran.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004220144/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/Iran/Iran.html |archive-date=4 October 2012 }}</ref> Further Iranian orders had been delayed by World War II.<ref name="shahyad.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.shahyad.net/iiarmy/ground/Armour/armor.html |title=Armour in Iran Army |access-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222045627/http://www.shahyad.net/iiarmy/ground/Armour/armor.html |archive-date=22 February 2013 }}</ref> While it was a large order and they were excellent tanks, they were not enough to defeat a multi-front invasion by two great powers. The changing nature of tank warfare in the 1930s made all but 50 of them obsolete when the invasion began. The [[Air force history of Iran|Imperial Iranian Air Force]] (IIAF) at the time flew a motley collection of outdated [[biplane]]s, including British [[Hawker Fury]] fighters and [[Hawker Hart]] bombers, and French aircraft such as the [[Bréguet 14]], [[Bréguet 19]], [[Potez VIII]], and [[Blériot-SPAD S.42]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Imperial Iranian Air Force |url=http://www.iiaf.net/history/iiaf.html |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=www.iiaf.net}}</ref> The IIAF also had some Soviet-made aircraft: copies of the British [[Airco DH.4|DH.4]] and [[Airco DH.9A|DH.9A]] made by the [[Polikarpov]] factory, although not modern types such as the original [[Polikarpov R-5]].<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Soviet and British troops rendezvous in the desert near Quazvin.jpg|thumb|Soviet and British soldiers rendezvous near [[Qazvin]].]]
The Iranians had little time to organise a defence, as the Allies achieved a tactical surprise.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} The war began in the early morning of 25 August, when RAF aircraft entered Iranian airspace. They bombed targets in the cities of Tehran and [[Qazvin]] and various other towns and dropped leaflets urging the Iranians to surrender. The Soviets bombed targets in cities such as [[Tabriz]], [[Ardabil]] and [[Rasht]]. Civilian and residential areas were hit, and several hundred people were killed and wounded.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} Reza Shah refused requests by his generals to destroy the road and transportation networks, largely because he did not want to damage the infrastructure that he had painstakingly built during his reign. That contributed to the speedy victory of the Allies.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />

With no allies, Iranian resistance was rapidly overwhelmed and neutralised by Soviet and British tanks and infantry. The British and Soviet forces met at [[Sanandaj]] (called Senna by the British) ({{convert|100|mi|km|order=flip}} west of [[Hamadan]]) and Qazvin (called Kazvin by the British) ({{convert|100|mi|km|order=flip}} west of Tehran and {{convert|200|mi|km|order=flip}} north-east of Hamadan) on 30 and 31 August respectively.<ref name="Farrokh 03" /> Faced with massive defeats, the Shah ordered his military to stop fighting and stand down on 29 August, four days into the invasion.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

=== British theatre ===

==== Invasion of Khuzestan ====
[[File:PersianGulfCommand.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Persian Gulf Command map showing position of posts and stations]]

The British assembled a naval task force under Commodore Cosmo Graham to seize [[Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni|Bandar Shahpur]], [[Abadan, Iran|Abadan]], and [[Khorramshahr]]. It attacked at dawn on 25 August 1941.<ref name= tucker>{{cite book |title= World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia |editor-last1= Tucker |editor-first1= Spencer| last = O'Hara| first = Vincent P.| author-link = Vincent P. O'Hara | publisher = ABC-CLIO| volume = 1| edition = illustrated, reprint| date = 2011| pages = 86–87| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N0nrSWUHx6sC| isbn = 978-1-59884-457-3}}</ref>

The naval attack began at 04:10 at Abadan when {{HMS|Shoreham|L32|6}} opened fire on the Iranian sloop ''Palang'', sinking it in a single salvo.<ref name= tucker /> The Abadan refinery was of vital importance to the British commanders as well as keeping the employees of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company safe from possible [[reprisal]]s. [[Khuzestan Province]] was defended by 27,000 troops from the 1st, 2nd, 6th and 16th infantry divisions, consisting of both light and mechanised infantry. All Iranian tanks were deployed in Khuzestan as part of the 1st and 2nd divisions.<ref name="shahyad.net" /> ''Shoreham'' remained in the area and provided [[naval gunfire support]].<ref name= tucker /> The Iranians managed to put up a resistance, and the refinery and the city were captured that afternoon after hand-to-hand combat resulted in the deaths of several British and Indian troops.

The [[Royal Australian Navy|Australian]]-crewed [[armed merchant cruiser]] [[HMAS Kanimbla (C78)|HMS '' Kanimbla'']] (later HMAS ''Kanimbla'') and her escorts successfully navigated the Khor Musa inlet, arriving at Bandar Shapur at 04:15. '' Kanimbla'' successfully landed two battalions of its troops, facing no resistance from Iranian patrol boats. Seven Axis merchant vessels were seized, while an eighth was scuttled.<ref name= tucker /> The naval base there was secured that evening following heavy fighting. At Khorramshahr, [[HMAS Yarra (U77)|HMAS ''Yarra'']] surprised the Iranian sloop ''Babr'', sinking it at its dock. There had been no time to prepare resistance, as the Iranians had been taken by surprise and the head of the navy, [[Gholamali Bayandor]], was killed.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

The surprise led to virtually no resistance in other areas of Khuzestan. The RAF attacked airbases and communications and rapidly gained [[air superiority]].

The 8th Indian Division (18th Brigade plus the 22nd Brigade under command from the 10th Indian Division) advanced from [[Basra]] towards Qasr Sheikh (which was taken on 25 August) across the [[Shatt al-Arab]] waterway and captured the city of Khorramshahr, which was next to Abadan on the same day. The [[Karun River]] was not secured, as Iranian snipers remained, impeding British advance for a short time. Britain also landed troops at [[Bandar Abbas]], and the Shatt al-Arab was secured.

The British hoped to capture Ahvaz and then drive north into [[Zagros Mountains]] passes to reach Qazvin, where they would link up with British troops in central Iran and Soviet troops from the north. By the early morning of 27 August, the British forces had reached Ahvaz.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} The Iranians, led by General Mohammad Shahbakhti, had prepared a strong defence. Iranian infantry had entrenched themselves around the city, with artillery support and tanks. Although Iranians had taken heavy losses and their morale was decreasing, they were prepared to fight hard. The Indian Army advance came to a halt and they were hesitant to cross the Karun River and attack the city. A British attack on the defences around the city was repelled by Iranian tanks and infantry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morbid |first=Mr |date=2024-04-29 |title=The Illegal Invasion and Occupation of Iran by English and Soviet Forces - Morbid Kuriosity |url=https://morbidkuriosity.com/the-illegal-invasion-and-occupation-of-iran-by-english-and-soviet-forces/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

Whether the Iranian defence could have been successful is debatable and on 29 August, after some more sporadic fighting, word reached the Iranian commanders at Ahvaz that their government had accepted a ceasefire and they were not to fight any longer.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} The British and Iranians agreed as part of the ceasefire that the Iranians would not lay down their arms and remain at their posts but they would be joined by the British troops, who would carry out a parade in the city. In exchange, the Iranians would safely evacuate British residents in the city to British troops.

==== Invasion of Central Iran ====

Farther north, the 10th Indian Infantry Division<ref name="Stone & Stone" /> under Major-General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]] attacked central Iran. Slim engagingly describes this in the 'Persian Pattern' chapter of his book 'Unofficial History'- including his staff car being engaged by an Iranian anti-tank gun on the Pa-i-Tak pass. The Indian Army infantry and armour massed at the Iraqi border town of [[Khanaqin]] ({{convert|100|mi|km|order=flip}} north-east of [[Baghdad]] and {{convert|300|mi|km|order=flip}} from Basra).{{fact|date=October 2025}}

The British force broke through the border at the town of [[Qasr-e Shirin]] and moved into the [[Naft shahr|Naft-e Shah]] oilfield with little opposition. The RAF provided [[close air support]] and was involved in several [[dogfight]]s with Iranian aircraft. Six Iranian fighters were shot down and several others damaged, for no loss, ensuring air superiority. The RAF also bombed several local towns and dropped leaflets urging surrender.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

The main Iranian forces in the region consisted of the [[5th Kurdistan Division|5th]] and 12th Infantry Divisions of 30,000 troops with supporting artillery at Sanandaj and Kermanshah. They were all [[light infantry]] (as the mechanised and armour had been stretched thin fighting on multiple fronts). The British reached the outskirts of Shahabad in the early morning of 28 August after delays. By 29 August, the British had reached the town of [[Kerend-e Gharb|Kerend]] and were within {{convert|2|mi|km|order=flip|0}} of Kermanshah and the Iranian commanders were told of the ceasefire order and stood down. The defenders declared Kermanshah an [[open city]] and the British entered on 1 September.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

=== Soviet theatre ===

==== Invasion of Northwestern Iran ====

[[File:British supply convoy in Iran, headed by Soviet BA-10 armored vehicle.jpg|thumb|British supply convoy with Soviet escorts in Iran, September 1941]]
The Soviet forces attacked on 25 August and Iranian airbases were destroyed by preliminary air attacks. The Soviets attacked using three armoured spearheads, totalling over 1,000 tanks and motorised infantry; the Iranians had no tanks in the area.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} The first force, consisting of the [[47th Army (Soviet Union)|47th Army]]<ref name="Stone & Stone" /> broke through the border and moved from [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Azerbaijan]] and [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Armenia]] into [[Iranian Azerbaijan]]. They moved towards Tabriz and [[Lake Urmia]]. They captured the Iranian city of [[Jolfa, Iran (city)|Jolfa]]. An Iranian reconnaissance aircraft discovered the forces south of Jolfa moving towards [[Marand]]. It was possible for the Iranian 3rd Division under General Matboodi to move [[motorised infantry]] towards [[Shibli, Iran|Shibli]] to halt the breakthrough, but due to being taken by surprise, he failed to make the proper counter-attack. He also failed to destroy the bridges and highways with explosives, allowing the Soviets to rapidly move through the region.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

The 53rd Army crossed the border and moved towards the city of Ardabil, defended by Iran's 15th Division led by Brigadier-General Qaderi.<ref name="Stone & Stone">{{cite web|last=Stone|first=Stone &|title=War Diary Records for Invasion of Iran 1941|url=http://books.stonebooks.com/record/1000223/}}</ref> Two Iranian regiments began to move towards the town of [[Nir, Ardabil|Nir]] to confront the invaders. Despite having a solid force and well-motivated troops, Qaderi jumped into his car and abandoned his troops. He sabotaged the defence even further by ordering the supply trucks delivering food, weapons and artillery to unload their weapons to make way for his personal belongings. General Qaderi's actions, led to the Iranian troops to be left without any reinforcements, which concluded to a fast defeat against the Soviet Army. The Soviets bypassed Nir and moved south.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} On another front, the Soviet Army launched an attack on the village of Alikaran where the Iranian border guards were caught by surprise. The Officer in command, Khalil Alinejad, ordered his troops back to the village to warn the population of the Soviet invasion, while he and a handful of troops gave them covering fire. Officer Alinejad and his troops were killed, and the village of [[Alikaran]] was shortly captured by the Red-Army forces. Ardabil was bombed by the [[Soviet Air Force]] and received minor damage to its barracks. Cut off and bypassed, both the Iranian 15th Division in Ardabil and the 3rd Division in Tabriz began to collapse. Despite that, the regular troops tried to maintain order and began to march towards the enemy without many of their commanders. However, lacking food, supplies and ammunition, the troops were forced to abandon much of their heavy equipment. Heavy pockets of resistance remained, with some desperate fighting until the end. They were unsurprisingly beaten by the Soviets, who by 26 August, occupied all of Iranian Azerbaijan (including Tabriz and Ardabil).<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

[[File:British soldiers on top of a Soviet T-26 in Iran.jpg|thumb|British soldiers inspecting a Soviet [[T-26]], 31 August 1941]]
On 25 August, the Soviet attack against [[Gilan Province]] began with their [[Caspian Sea Flotilla]], led by Rear-Admiral Sedelnikov. The flotilla consisted of more than a dozen [[patrol boats]], [[destroyers]], multiple anti-aircraft barges and landing craft. Facing them were three Iranian [[gunboats]]. Meanwhile, the 44th Army crossed the border and moved into Gilan Province. They moved along the [[Road 49 (Iran)|Astara highway]] and the main [[Road 22 (Iran)|coastal highway]] (Jadeh-e-Shomal). Heavy Iranian forces in the area made the naval landing force secure Iranian cities, which were then joined by the land forces. The flotilla landed troops and rapidly captured the border city of [[Astara, Iran|Astara]]. The landing force boarded their ships and moved towards their next targets.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

The Iranian forces sank barges at the entrance to Pahlavi harbour, and lacking [[coastal artillery]], moved a [[Artillery battery|battery]] of 75&nbsp;mm guns to the area. The Iranians fought desperately, and despite Soviet superiority, the Iranians prevented them from landing. The Iranians were careful to not fire their guns while Soviet aircraft flew overhead to prevent them from disclosing their location. Soviet aircraft were kept at bay by 47&nbsp;mm anti-aircraft artillery on Iranian barges.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

The next day, however, the Soviet Air Force moved into action, using many [[heavy bombers]]. In groups of 4 aircraft each, their bombers attacked military positions and civilian targets throughout Gilan, including Bandar Pahlavi and Rasht. At least 200 civilians were killed during the bombings. The bombings also destroyed many Iranian positions, and resistance was finally crushed by the 44th Army advancing from land, capturing both cities. Fighting was very intense, and the Soviets took their heaviest casualties of the invasion here. However, lacking armour and air power, the Iranians could not stop the enemy.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} On 28 August, they were forced to surrender. Nevertheless, some Iranian forces refused to accept defeat, and retreated to [[Ramsar, Mazandaran|Ramsar]] to continue fighting. Their efforts were undercut when the Iranian government announced a ceasefire the next day.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

==== Soviet advance on Iranian heartland ====

Meanwhile, the Soviet invasion force in Iranian Azerbaijan had moved south. The 47th Army had been delayed in the Jolfa area when three individual Iranian soldiers managed to block an important bridge until they ran out of ammunition and were killed.<ref name="Stone & Stone" /> The Soviets did not use artillery for fear that they would damage the bridge and delay their advance further.<ref name="fouman.com" /> The 47th Army moved south, capturing Dilman ({{convert|80|mi|km|order=flip|sigfig=1}} west of Tabriz) and then [[Urmia]] (Oromiyeh), ostensibly to block the escape of "German agents". The latter was defended by only a few snipers. The Soviets responded by bombing targets in the city, killing over a dozen people and wounding many others, and much of the city's [[bazaar]] was burned.

Meanwhile, the 53rd Army moved south of Ardebil towards the [[Road 32 (Iran)|Tehran-Karaj-Tabriz highway]], capturing the city of [[Mianeh, East Azerbaijan]] and moving southeast towards Qazvin and Tehran by 27–28 August.<ref name="Stone & Stone" /> Iran's 15th and 3rd divisions had already been bypassed and defeated, and there was only sporadic resistance against the Soviets. The Soviet [[armoured spearhead]] drove down the highway and poised to take Qazvin on the 29th ({{convert|94|mi|km|order=flip}} from Tehran), followed by [[Saveh]] and [[Qom]], south of Tehran, cutting the main [[Road 71 (Iran)|Tehran-Saveh-Persian Gulf highway]] and cutting Iran effectively in two. But the Iranians accepted the ceasefire on 29 August, and the Soviets entered the now "open city" on 30 August. At the same time, elements of the 53rd Army captured the city of Hamadan. One civilian (a small child) was killed in a small bombing raid, and the sporadic resistance was defeated.

==== Invasion of Northeastern Iran ====

On 25 August, the Soviet Army invaded northeastern Iran from [[Soviet Turkmenistan]]. Details of this invasion were not nearly as extensive as details of the others.

Defending Mashhad and [[Khorasan Province]] was Iran's 9th Infantry Division, totalling 8,000 troops. They were light infantry, and it was unlikely that they could defend against the more numerous Soviet forces with armour and air power. The Soviet Air Force bombed [[Mashhad Airport]], destroying many Iranian fighter aircraft, along with numerous military barracks. The Soviet forces advanced in three columns across the border.

=== Final phase and outcome ===

[[File:Preparations for the Joint Russo-British military parade in Tehran.jpg|thumb|left|British and Soviet officers inspect troops, in preparations to the Joint Soviet-British military parade in Tehran. Iran, September 1941.]]
By 28–29 August 1941, the Iranian military situation was in complete chaos. The Allies had complete control over the skies of Iran, and large sections of the country were in their hands. Major Iranian cities (such as Tehran) were suffering repeated air raids. In Tehran itself, the casualties had been light, but the Soviet Air Force dropped leaflets over the city, warning the population of an upcoming massive bombing raid and urging them to surrender before they suffered imminent destruction.<ref name=Milani /> Tehran water and food supply had faced shortages, and soldiers fled in fear of the Soviets killing them upon capture. Faced with total collapse, the royal family (except the Shah and the Crown Prince) fled to [[Isfahan]].<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}<ref name=Milani>{{cite book|last=Milani|first=Abbas|title=The Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KzcyArbWMkC&q=Ahmad+Nakhjavan&pg=PA79|isbn=978-1-4039-7193-7|year=2011|publisher=Macmillan }}</ref>

The collapse of the army that Reza Shah had spent so much time and effort creating was humiliating. Many of the military generals had behaved incompetently or secretly sympathised with the British and ended up sabotaging the Iranian resistance.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} The army generals met in secret to discuss surrender options. When the Shah learned of the generals' actions, he beat the head of the armed forces General [[Ahmad Nakhjavan]] with a cane and physically stripped him of his rank. He was nearly shot by the Shah on the spot, but at the insistence of the Crown Prince, he was sent to prison instead.<ref name=Milani />

The Shah ordered the resignation of the pro-British [[Prime Minister of Iran|Prime Minister]] Ali Mansur, whom he blamed for demoralising the military.<ref name=Milani /> He was replaced with [[Mohammad Ali Foroughi]], a former prime minister.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} The Shah ordered the Iranian military to end resistance and order a ceasefire. He entered into negotiations with the British and Soviets.<ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}<ref name=Milani />

[[File:The British Army in the Middle East 1941 E5327.jpg|thumb|Indian troops guarding the [[Abadan Refinery]] in Iran, 4 September 1941]]
Foroughi was an enemy of Reza Shah (he was forced into retirement in earlier years for political reasons, and his son was executed by firing squad). When he entered into negotiations with the British, instead of negotiating a favourable settlement, Foroughi implied that both he and the Iranian people wanted to be "liberated" from the Shah's rule.<ref name=Milani /> The British and Foroughi agreed that for the Allies to withdraw from Iran, the Iranians would have to assure that the German minister and his staff should leave Tehran; the German, Italian, Hungarian and Romanian [[legation]]s should close and all remaining German nationals (including all families) to be handed over to the British and Soviet authorities. The last order would mean almost certain internment or, in the case of those handed to the Soviets, possible death. Reza Shah delayed on the last demand. Instead, he planned the secret evacuation of all German nationals from Iran. By 18 September, most of the German nationals had escaped via the Turkish border.<ref name="fouman.com" />

In response to the Shah's defiance, the Red Army on 16 September moved to occupy Tehran. Fearing execution by the communists, many people (especially the wealthy) fled the city. Reza Shah, in a letter handwritten by Foroughi, announced his [[abdication]], as the Soviets entered the city on 17 September. The British wanted to restore the Qajar dynasty to power because they had served British interests well prior to Reza Shah's reign. However, the heir to the throne, [[Hamid Hassan Mirza]], was a [[British citizen]] who spoke no [[Persian language|Persian]]. Instead, with the help of [[Ardeshir Reporter]], [[Crown Prince]] [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] took the oath to become the Shah of Iran.<ref name=Milani /> Reza Shah was arrested before he was able to leave Tehran, and he was placed into British custody. He was exiled as a British prisoner to [[British Mauritius]] for 7 months, before being sent to [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]], where he died in 1944.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmed Khan |first1=Iqbal |title=Diplomacy: what lies behind the Iran-Mauritius thaw? |date=20 March 2023 |url=https://lexpress.mu/node/420404 |publisher=L'Express |access-date=2023-03-20}}</ref><ref name="Farrokh 03" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}<ref name="Pollack 05" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}} The Allies withdrew from Tehran on 17 October and Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union for the duration of the war, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.

== Occupation ==
[[File:Iran oil concession.png|alt=Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|thumb|Soviet and British sphere of influence, Iran, 1946]]
The [[Persian Corridor]] became the route for a massive flow of supplies (over 5 million tons of [[matériel]]) to the Soviet Union and also the British in the Middle East. At the end of August 1942, German intelligence agents spread leaflets in Tabriz and other cities; an underground fascist organisation called Melnune Iran, was founded. Agents of Melnune Iran instigated anti-government protests in the Lake Urmia region. The [[Bakhtiari people|Bakhtiari]] and [[Qashqai people|Qashqai]] peoples carried out armed resistance against the new government.{{sfn|Гречко/Grechko|1976|p=224}}

The new Shah signed a [[Tripartite Treaty (1942)|Tripartite Treaty]] Alliance with Britain and the Soviet Union on 29 January 1942. This treaty committed the Allies to leaving Iran "not more than six months after the cessation of hostilities". In September 1943, Iran declared war on Germany, which qualified it for membership in the [[Declaration by United Nations|United Nations]] (UN). At the [[Tehran Conference]] in November of that year, Roosevelt, [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Joseph Stalin]] reaffirmed their commitment to Iranian independence and territorial integrity, with a willingness to extend economic assistance to Iran. The treaty ruled that Iran was not considered to be "occupied" by the Allies, but instead a member of the Allies.<ref name="Pollack 05" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

[[File:Abadanairfield.jpg|thumb|[[Lend-Lease]] Program US planes ([[Douglas A-20 Havoc]]) stand ready to be picked up at Abadan Air Field, Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet_media.asp?fsID=1668|title=Abadan Airfield Photo|access-date=15 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928004243/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet_media.asp?fsID=1668|archive-date=28 September 2014}}</ref>]]
The effects of the war were very disruptive for Iran. Much of the [[Soviet bureaucracy|state bureaucracy]] had been damaged by the invasion and food and other essential items were scarce.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/WW2tIMELINE/iran.html |title=Iran in world War II|access-date=12 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016033236/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/ww2Timeline/iran.html |archive-date=16 October 2009 }}</ref> The Soviets appropriated most of the harvest in northern Iran, leading to food shortages for the general public. The British and Soviet occupiers used the delivery of grain as a bargaining chip and the food crisis was exacerbated because foreign troops needed to eat and use the transport network to move military equipment. The British meanwhile pressured the Shah to appoint [[Ahmad Qavam]] to be the prime minister, who proceeded to mismanage the entire food supply and economy. In 1942, bread riots took place in Tehran, [[martial law]] was declared and several rioters were killed by the police. [[Inflation]] increased by 450 percent, imposing great hardship on the lower and middle classes. In some areas there were [[Iranian famine of 1942–1943|famine]] deaths but there was virtually no armed resistance against the occupation.<ref name="Pollack 05" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

[[File:Supply train through the Persian Corridor.jpg|thumb|A [[supply train]] passing through Iran after the invasion]]
In 1943, 30,000 Americans helped to man the Persian Corridor and 26–34 percent of the supplies sent to the Soviet Union under the [[Lend-Lease Act]] were sent through Iran. The Americans also assuaged Iranian fears of colonisation by the two powers by confirming that they would respect the independence of Iran. The US also extended Lend-Lease assistance to Iran and began to train the Iranian army. [[Arthur Millspaugh]] became the finance minister of Iran but ran into much opposition trying to direct Iranian finances.<ref name="Pollack 05" />{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

There were two notable German attempts to undertake operations against the Allies in 1943. In the middle of 1943, [[Abwehr]]'s [[Operation François]] was an attempt to use the dissident Qashqai people in Iran to sabotage British and American supplies bound for the Soviet Union. Also in 1943, [[Operation Long Jump]] was, allegedly, an unsuccessful German plot to assassinate the "Big Three" Allied leaders (Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt) at the Tehran Conference.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Blum|first=Howard|date=2 June 2020|title=The Search for the Truth About the Nazi Plot to Assassinate FDR|url=https://time.com/5846195/wwii-assassination-plot/|access-date=2021-08-25|magazine=Time|language=en}}</ref>

== Withdrawal ==
{{Further|Iran crisis of 1946}}

On 12 December 1945, after weeks of violent clashes, a Soviet-backed separatist [[People's Republic of Azerbaijan]] was founded. The [[Kurdish People's Republic]] was also established in late 1945. Iranian government troops sent to reestablish control were blocked by Red Army units.

When the deadline for withdrawal arrived on 2 March 1946, six months after the end of the war, the British began to withdraw, but Moscow refused, citing "threats to Soviet security". Soviet troops did not withdraw from Iran proper until May 1946, following Iran's official complaint to the newly formed [[United Nations Security Council]], which became the first complaint filed by a country in the UN's history, and a test for the UN's effectiveness in resolving global issues in the aftermath of the war. However, the UN Security Council took no direct steps to pressure the Soviets to withdraw.<ref name=UN-History>{{cite web|url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2055.html|title=UN History|access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==

{{Div col|small=yes}}
* [[List of British military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II]]
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Anglo-Persian Oil Company]]
* [[Anglo-Persian War]] (1856–1857)
* [[Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907]]
* [[Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942]]
* [[Dunsterforce]]
* [[Foreign interventions by the Soviet Union]]
* [[History of Iran]]
*[[Iranian famine of 1942–1943]]
* [[1941 Iranian legislative election]]
* [[Iran-Britain relations]]
* [[Iran-Russia relations]]
* [[Iraqforce]]
* [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persian Campaign in World War One]]
* [[Persian Corridor]]
* [[Russo-Persian Wars]]
* [[Trans-Iranian Railway]]
* [[1953 Iranian coup d'état]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=John |last=Esposito |author-link=John L. Esposito |title=Islam and Politics |edition=4th |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8156-2774-6}}
* {{cite book |first=А. А. |last=Гречко/Grechko |year=1976 |title=Годы Войны/Gody voiny, 1941–1943 |language=ru |trans-title=The War Years, 1941–1943 |publisher=Voenizdat |location=Moskva |oclc=14013882 }}
* {{cite book |first=Compton |last=Mackenzie |author-link=Compton Mackenzie |title=Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943, Defence |volume=I | publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |year=1951 |oclc=53462081}}
* Kozhanov, Nikolay A. "The Pretexts and Reasons for the Allied Invasion of Iran in 1941." ''Iranian Studies'' 45#4 (2012): 479–497.
* {{cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |title=The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict between Iran and America |publisher=Random House |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4000-6315-4 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/persianpuzzlecon00poll }}
* Stewart, Richard A. ''Sunrise at Abadan: the British and Soviet invasion of Iran, 1941'' (Praeger Publishers, 1988), A standard scholarly history.
* {{cite book |first=Archibald |last=Wavell |author-link=Archibald Wavell |year=1942 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/37685.pdf |title=Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria, and Iran From 10th April, 1941 to 12th January 1942 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London}} as published in {{London Gazette |issue=37685 |pages=4093–4101 |supp=y |date=13 August 1946}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1130121.shtml BBC WW2 People's War – Persia Invaded]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071228100005/http://www.regiments.org/formations/uk-cmdarmy/os-paic.htm Persia and Iraq Command]
* [http://www.hicom.net/~oedipus/us_iran.html Strange Menagerie: the US in Iran 1941–1946]
* [https://archive.today/20121209213014/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/RRGP/Vic/index.html%235#5 Pink Elephants on the road to Baghdad – personal account of the invasion by a British soldier]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/37685.pdf |title=Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria, and Iran From 10th April, 1941, to 12th January 1942|website=Supplement to the [[London Gazette]], Number 37685|date=13 August 1946|access-date=26 September 2009}}
* {{London Gazette|issue=37703|pages=4333–4340 |supp=y|date=27 August 1946}} General Sir H. Maitland Wilson's official despatch on the Persia and Iraq Command covering the period 21 August 1942 to 17 February 1943, after the invasion had been completed.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091016033236/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/ww2Timeline/iran.html Persia in World War 2]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060507015106/http://www.lasecondaguerramondiale.it/iran.html History of the campaign (in Italian)]

{{Changes in political power in Iran}}
{{World War II}}
{{BP}}
{{Iran-United Kingdom relations}}
{{Iran–Russia relations}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iran}}
[[Category:British military occupations]]
[[Category:British violations of the rights of neutral nations during World War II]]
[[Category:Soviet military occupations]]
[[Category:Military history of Pahlavi Iran]]
[[Category:Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II]]
[[Category:Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom|A]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Australia]]
[[Category:Soviet involvement in regime change|Anglo-Soviet]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1941]]
[[Category:Wars involving Iran|Anglo-Soviet]]
[[Category:Middle East theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Iran during World War II]]
[[Category:World War II occupied territories]]
[[Category:1941 in Iran]]
[[Category:1941 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Iran–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United Kingdom military relations]]
[[Category:Anglo-Persian Oil Company]]
[[Category:Iran–United Kingdom military relations]]
[[Category:Great Game]]
[[Category:Invasions of Iran]]
[[Category:Invasions by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Invasions by the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Military history of the British Empire and Commonwealth in World War II]]
[[Category:August 1941 in Asia]]
[[Category:September 1941 in Asia]]
[[Category:World War II invasions]]
[[Category:Iraq in World War II]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan in World War II]]

Pogaru

2026-03-03T12:15:54Z

Aaqibjavaid: improve content for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2021 Indian action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pogaru
| image = Pogaru poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nanda Kishore]]
| screenplay = Nanda Kishore
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Prashanth Rajappa
}}
| story = Arun Balaji
| producer = B. K. Gangadhar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
[[Dhruva Sarja]] [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
}}
| music = [[Chandan Shetty]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay Milton]]
| editing = Mahesh S
| studio = Sri Jagadguru Movies
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2021|2|19|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Dhruva Sarja starrer 'Pogaru' to release on the 19th of February |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhruva-sarja-starrer-pogaru-to-release-on-the-19th-of-february/articleshow/80331407.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118133944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhruva-sarja-starrer-pogaru-to-release-on-the-19th-of-february/articleshow/80331407.cms |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=20 January 2021 |publisher=Times Of India}}</ref>|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR|25-30 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2020 |title=Dhruva Sarja's next with director Nanda Kishore will be an entertainer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhruva-sarja-s-next-director-nanda-kishore-will-be-entertainer-135827 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101032647/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhruva-sarja-s-next-director-nanda-kishore-will-be-entertainer-135827 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pogaru: ಇಷ್ಟೆಲ್ಲ ವಿವಾದಗಳ ನಡುವೆ 'ಪೊಗರು' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಬಾಕ್ಸ್ ಆಫೀಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಗಳಿಸಿದ್ದೆಷ್ಟು? |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/dhruva-sarja-talks-about-pogaru-collection-report/articleshow/81211681.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515130001/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/dhruva-sarja-talks-about-pogaru-collection-report/articleshow/81211681.cms |archive-date=15 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|45 crore}} <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2021 |title=Year Ender 2021: Highest-grossing Kannada Movies of the Year |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/year-ender-2021-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-of-the-year-4604252.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130073833/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/year-ender-2021-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-of-the-year-4604252.html |archive-date=30 January 2022 |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
}}
'''''Pogaru''''' ({{translation|Haughtiness}}) is a 2021 Indian Kannada-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Nanda Kishore]] and produced by B. K. Gangadhar. The film stars [[Dhruva Sarja]], alongside [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Chikkanna]], [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Pavitra Lokesh]], [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]], [[Kai Greene]], Morgan Aste and Dharma.

The soundtrack was composed by [[Chandan Shetty]], while the musical score was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by [[Vijay Milton]] and S. Mahesh S respectively. The film was planned to be simultaneously shot in [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu languages|Telugu]] languages, but the idea was dropped and the dubbed versions of Telugu and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages were released, with the Tamil version titled ''Semma Thimiru''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2019 |title=Dhruva Sarja-starrer Pogaru to be Kannada-Telugu bilingual |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/oct/15/dhruva-sarja-starrer-pogaru--to-be-kannada-telugu-bilingual-2047553.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229143259/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/oct/15/dhruva-sarja-starrer-pogaru--to-be-kannada-telugu-bilingual-2047553.html |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-29 |website=The New Indian Express |location=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=Dhruva Sarja's 'Pogaru' to release in Kannada and Telugu |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhruva-sarja-s-pogaru-release-kannada-and-telugu-110653 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229143300/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhruva-sarja-s-pogaru-release-kannada-and-telugu-110653 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-29 |website=thenewsminute.com |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |location=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-04 |title='Pogaru' to be titled 'Semma Thimiru' in Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pogaru-to-titled-semma-thimiru-in-tamil/articleshow/79987947.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010065115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pogaru-to-titled-semma-thimiru-in-tamil/articleshow/79987947.cms |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

''Pogaru'' was released on 19 February 2021 to mixed reviews from critics and became a commercial success.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=May 2025}}
A young Shiva loses his father, who was killed by JB, as his father became a witness to JB's crimes. Shiva is unaware of his father's death and learns about his mother Lakshmi's second marriage with Executive Officer Ramakrishna from his dying grandmother, who makes Shiva promise that he will take care of Lakshmi. He agrees and asks Lakshmi to come with him without Ramakrishna and his daughter (Shiva's sister). Lakshmi disagrees which leads Shiva to become a rogue. Years later, he becomes a notorious rogue, who hates Ramakrishna and his daughter for snatching Lakshmi away from him. Shiva meets a teacher named Geetha and falls for her good nature.

JB decides to grab the colony but is opposed by Ramakrishna. JB's son, Daali, takes Shiva's help. Shiva agrees and gets Ramakrishna arrested. He also takes his sister to Daali's hideout, but thrashes Daali and his henchmen as he realizes his sister's affection. Shiva's sister is injured in the fight and is taken to the hospital. Lakshmi berates Shiva and tells him to never show his face again. Shiva talks about his difficulties to [[Lord Hanuman]], and Geetha also realizes her mistake and reconciles with Shiva. Daali goes into a coma which makes JB enraged and kidnaps the colony's kids to burn them alive. Shiva saves them and defeats JB's bodyguards and burns JB alive. Shiva reunites with his family and changes his ways.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dhruva Sarja]] as Shiva
* [[Rashmika Mandanna]] as Geetha
* [[Sampath Raj]] as JB
* [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] as Daali
* [[Chikkanna]] as Shiva's friend
* [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] as Shiva's Teacher/Guru
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Lakshmi, Shiva's mother
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Ramakrishna, Shiva's step-father
* [[Raj Deepak Shetty]]
* [[Kai Greene]]
* [[Kuri Prathap]]
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Tara Anuradha]]
* Morgan Aste
* Dharma as Inspector Aditya
* [[Mayuri Kyatari]] as Shiva's step-sister
* [[Girija Lokesh]] as Shiva's grandmother
* Kari Subbu
* John Lucas as JB's bodygyard
* Jo Lindner
* Shankar Ashwath as Geetha's father
}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pogaru
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Chandan Shetty]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2021
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:56
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title = 'Digbayam'
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = Dubari
| next_year = 2022
}}

[[Chandan Shetty]] composed the songs for the movie, and the audio was released on 14 February 2021 in Davangere with ex-CM [[Siddaramaiah]] as Chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=Pogaru Audio Launch: ದಾವಣಗೆರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪೊಗರು ಆಡಿಯೋ ಲಾಂಚ್: ಪೊಗರು ಶಿವನಿಗೆ ಜೊತೆಯಾದ ಟಗರು..! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/state/siddaramaiah-participated-in-dhruva-sarja-starrer-pogaru-movie-audio-launch-at-davanagere-vtc-ae-529791.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215040642/https://kannada.news18.com/news/state/siddaramaiah-participated-in-dhruva-sarja-starrer-pogaru-movie-audio-launch-at-davanagere-vtc-ae-529791.html |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=20 February 2021 |publisher=News18.com}}</ref>

'''Kannada (''Pogaru'')'''
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bande Bathale
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| lyrics1 = [[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chethan Kumar]]
| music1 = [[Chandan Shetty]]
| length1 = 3:56
| title2 = Karabuu
| extra2 = Chandan Shetty
| lyrics2 = Chandan Shetty
| music2 = Chandan Shetty
| length2 = 3:39
| title3 = Pogaru Title Track
| extra3 = Chandan Shetty, [[Shashank Sheshagiri]], [[Aniruddha Sastry]]
| music3 = Chandan Shetty
| length3 = 3:51
| lyrics3 = Chandan Shetty
| title4 = Jeeva Kottavalu
| extra4 = Aniruddha Sastry
| lyrics4 = Aniruddha Sastry
| music4 = Gummineni Vijay
| length4 = 4:24
| title5 = Dialogue Trailer
| extra5 = Dhruva Sarja, Rashmika Mandanna
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| length5 = 3:20
| title6 = ''Pogaru'' Entry BGM
| extra6 =
| lyrics6 =
| music6 = Gummineni Vijay
| length6 = 2:06
}}

'''Tamil (''Sema Thimiru'')'''
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vetti Uttale
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| lyrics1 = Viveka
| music1 = [[Chandan Shetty]]
| length1 = 3:56
| title2 = Karabuu
| extra2 = Chandan Shetty
| lyrics2 = Viveka
| music2 = Chandan Shetty
| length2 = 3:39
| title3 = Sema Thimiru Title Track
| extra3 = Ranjith Govind, Chandan Shetty
| music3 = Chandan Shetty
| length3 = 3:51
| lyrics3 = Viveka
| title4 = Aalamaraveyil
| extra4 = Aniruddha Sastry
| lyrics4 = Viveka
| music4 = Gummineni Vijay
| length4 = 4:24
| title5 = Dialogue Trailer
| extra5 = Dhruva Sarja, Rashmika Mandanna
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| length5 = 3:20
| title6 = ''Sema Thimiru'' Entry BGM
| extra6 =
| lyrics6 =
| music6 = Gummineni Vijay
| length6 = 2:06
}}

'''Telugu (''Pogaru'')'''
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kundelu Pilla
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| music1 = [[Chandan Shetty]]
| length1 = 3:56
| title2 = Karabuu
| extra2 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| lyrics2 = Bhaskarabhatla
| music2 = Chandan Shetty
| length2 = 3:39
| title3 = Pogaru Title Track
| extra3 = Chandan Shetty, Aniruddha Sastry
| music3 = Chandan Shetty
| length3 = 3:51
| lyrics3 = Bhaskarabhatla
| title4 = Praanamichinaavu
| extra4 = Aniruddha Sastry
| lyrics4 = Vengi
| music4 = Gummineni Vijay
| length4 = 4:24
| title5 = Dialogue Trailer
| extra5 = Dhruva Sarja, Rashmika Mandanna
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| length5 = 3:20
| title6 = ''Pogaru'' Entry BGM
| extra6 =
| lyrics6 =
| music6 = Gummineni Vijay
| length6 = 2:06
}}

== Release ==
The film was scheduled to be released on 24 March 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2020 |title=Nanda Kishore's Pogaru to be released on April 24 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/05/nanda-kishores-pogaru-to-release-on-april-24-17365.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124112752/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/05/nanda-kishores-pogaru-to-release-on-april-24-17365.html |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=7 May 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> but was postponed amid the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2020 |title=Hitha shares fun lockdown diaries with hubby Kiran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hitha-shares-fun-lockdown-diaries-with-hubby-kiran/articleshow/75550915.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509050951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hitha-shares-fun-lockdown-diaries-with-hubby-kiran/articleshow/75550915.cms |archive-date=9 May 2020 |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> It was released on 19 February 2021, in Kannada, along with dubbed versions in Telugu and Tamil(titled ''Semma Thimiru'').<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2019 |title=Dhruva Sarja-starrer Pogaru to be Kannada-Telugu bilingual |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/oct/15/dhruva-sarja-starrer-pogaru--to-be-kannada-telugu-bilingual-2047553.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229143259/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/oct/15/dhruva-sarja-starrer-pogaru--to-be-kannada-telugu-bilingual-2047553.html |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-16 |title=Dhruva Sarja's 'Pogaru' to release in Kannada and Telugu |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhruva-sarja-s-pogaru-release-kannada-and-telugu-110653 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229143300/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhruva-sarja-s-pogaru-release-kannada-and-telugu-110653 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> It was also dubbed in Hindi by RKD Studios on [[YouTube]] on 25 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-25 |title=POGARU (2021) NEW Released Full Hindi Dubbed Movie - Dhruva Sarja, Rashmika Mandanna, Kai Greene |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BiYMXOMyYo&t=4413s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425115252/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BiYMXOMyYo&t=4413s |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Y. Maheshwara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote that the film is worth a watch for mass audiences and action-movie buffs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=POGARU MOVIE REVIEW: POGARU IS A TREAT FOR DHRUVA SARJA'S FANS |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/pogaru-movie-review-pogaru-is-a-treat-for-dhruva-sarjas-fans/articleshow/81116353.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Pogaru'' is definitely a festival for Dhruva Sarja fans, and for those who like mass entertainers in the old-school style. This will be a good visit to the big screen giving you ample space to scream and shout."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pogaru Movie Review: A Dhruva Sarja fest all the way |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/pogaru/movie-review/81105652.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Pogaru is a treat for Dhruva's fans, who value his hard work and celebrate his onscreen presence."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2021 |title='Pogaru' movie review: A treat for Dhruva Sarja fans |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/Feb/20/pogaru-movie-review-a-treat-for-dhruva-sarja-fans-2266299.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film collected {{INR|45 crore}} in theatrical run at the box office .<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=26 February 2021 |title=ಇದೀಗ ಹೊಸ ಪೊಗರು; 8 ನಿಮಿಷ ಟ್ರಿಮ್, 45 ಕೋಟಿ ಗಳಿಕೆ! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/dhruva-sarja-pogaru-press-meet-45-crore-collection-vcs-qp4shs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226141729/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/dhruva-sarja-pogaru-press-meet-45-crore-collection-vcs-qp4shs |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=26 February 2021 |publisher=Kannada Prabha}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|9592496|Pogaru}}

[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2021 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nanda Kishore]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chandan Shetty]]

DOA: Death of Amar

2026-03-02T09:37:08Z

Aaqibjavaid: expanded article additionally and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = DOA: Death of Amar
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Param Gill]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Director-Param-Gill-makes-history/articleshow/40173196.cms|title=Director Param Gill makes history|work=The Times of India|accessdate=4 April 2016}}</ref>
| producer = [[Remo D'Souza]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/param-gill-wins-best-director-award-at-san-francisco/|date=20 August 2014|publisher=Box Office India|title=Param Gill Wins Best Director Award At San Francisco|accessdate=29 April 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054644/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/param-gill-wins-best-director-award-at-san-francisco/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| writer =
| starring = [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] [[Zareen Khan]] [[Prashant Narayanan]]
| music = Meet Bros, Raga Boys
| cinematography = Rajesh Kata
| studio = Remo D'Souza Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2014|08|16|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross =
}}
'''''DOA: Death of Amar''''' is a 2014 Hindi-language film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2014/08/25/Awards_for_my_Hollywood_Bollywood_films_unique_Param_Gill/|title=Awards for my Hollywood, Bollywood films unique: Param Gill|publisher=|accessdate=4 April 2016}}</ref> Starring [[Rajeev Khandelwal]], [[Zareen Khan]] and [[Prashant Narayanan]]. The film received its world premiere on 16 August 2014 as an official selection at the 22nd San Francisco Global Movie Fest and won the Audience Choice Award. The film was also awarded for Best Original Score. The film is produced by [[Remo D'Souza]] and directed by [[Param Gill]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veooz.com/news/GHR9g4J.html|title=[News] Director Param Gill Creates History - Te ... - Veooz 360|work=Veooz|accessdate=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140921164518/http://www.veooz.com/news/GHR9g4J.html|archive-date=21 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The story revolves around a struggling actor who is poisoned and has few hours to live. He must find out who killed him and why.

== Cast ==
*[[Rajeev Khandelwal]] as Actor
*[[Zareen Khan]] as Journalist
*[[Prashant Narayanan]] as Mafia Don
*[[Murli Sharma]] as Cop

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3219554}}
* [https://www.cinemalytics.com/movie/548a2d7e-DOA-Death-Of-Amar DOA: Death of Amar]{{Dead link|date=August 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at Cinemalytics

[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Longnak

2026-03-01T08:54:53Z

Aaqibjavaid: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas]]

Shrine of Our Lady of Health, Hyderabad

2026-02-20T15:36:51Z

Aaqibjavaid: Created New Page

{{Coord|17.406971|78.456082|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=November 2011}}
{{cleanup|date=August 2011}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}

The '''Shrine of Our Lady of Our Health''', [[Hyderabad]], is the biggest octagonal church in Asia. It is one of the oldest [[Roman Catholic]] churches in Hyderabad and is dedicated to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]]. It is situated near [[Mahaveer Hospital]], [[Masab Tank]], Hyderabad, and is in A.C. Guards, [[Khairtabad]]. In this church the birthday of the Blessed Virgin Mary is celebrated on 8 September every year. On the day of the feast and during the feast, [[lakh]]s of people visit the shrine to pay their respects to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Every year the celebrations start with the Flag Hoisting on 29 August, after which a [[Novena to Our Lady of Health]] is held daily in the evenings, when a parish from Hyderabad or [[Secundrabad]] comes to host the [[Holy Mass]]. After the mass there is a procession with the Statue of Our Lady of Health out in the grounds of the church, after which Benediction takes place. On the first Saturday of every month, a Holy Mass is conducted during which the Statue of Our Lady of Health is taken out in the grounds of the church where Benediction takes place and thousands of people attend the mass.

==History of the Shrine of Our Lady of Health==

The Saifabad Christian community was under the spiritual care of St. Joseph's Cathedral Church, which had been a mother to many parishes in the Hyderabad area. There was a small Christian community here around the year 1890. In 1898, Capt. Fallon, the then O.C. of the 3rd Infantry of the Nizam army, permitted the construction of a chapel (vide Lt. No. A/17-7-/43F/182. of Lieut. Col. Of 3rd Bn., Hyderabad. Infantry, dt. 20 Sept. 1938) to serve the personnel of the A.C. Guards. In 1903, 'the 3rd Infantry returned from Sholapur and was quartered here permanently' (vide letter of Mr. Caesar, Retired Troop Officer, Aug. 1920),{{clarify|reason=yupos and grammar|date=August 2012}} and the Catholic Christian community grew. Fr. Malberti, the then parish priest of St. Joseph's Cathedral, mooted the idea of building a chapel in 1902 to cater to the needs of the Catholic soldiers of the A.C. Guards and the 3rd Bn. of the Infantry and their families.

The construction of the chapel started in May 1903, and it was completed by the end of December of the same year. It was, however, consecrated by Bishop Vigano on 10 January 1904 to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of the declaration of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception.<ref name="Hyderabad’s 114-year-old shrine set for annual fete">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1=Hyderabad |title=Hyderabad's 114-year-old shrine set for annual fete |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabads-114-year-old-shrine-set-for-annual-fete |accessdate=3 April 2019 |publisher=Sunny Baski |date=2 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403164900/https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabads-114-year-old-shrine-set-for-annual-fete |archivedate=3 April 2019}}</ref> The chapel was originally known as the Church of Our Lady of Divine Grace. A sum of Rs. 1028 and 13 Annas was the contribution received from different people (including Rs. 5/- from Bishop Vignao and Rs. 5/- from Fr. Vimara, who later succeeded Bishop Vigano as Bishop of Hyderabad) towards the construction of the chapel, although the actual cost of the construction was Rs. 3,500.00, according to Fr. Passoni, the 1st parish priest of Our Lady of Health Church (Ref. His letter dt. 11 June 1938 to the executive engineer). The Vestry, attached to the church, was built later by late Fr. Cantaluppi during Fr. Pagani's tenure as parish priest of St. Joseph Cathedral. Mass was offered in this chapel only on Sundays.

The Annual Feast of "Our Lady of Health has been celebrated since 1904 with 'much grandeur'. It was during that time 'dumb box' collection was introduced by Mr. Caesar, Retired Troop Officer (Treasurer) and the 1st collection was Rs. 50.00. 'Fr. Malberti' was quite surprised at such a collection as he did not know what a 'dumb box' was'. Fr. Pagani became the Parish Priest of St. Joseph's Cathedral after Fr. Malberti.

In a letter written on 12-10-1938 to the Commanding Officer of the H.E,H the Nizam's A.B.G.S., Fr. Magri, the then Parish Priest of St. Joseph's Cathedral, said that Fr. Pagani started, in 1912 a school 'for the Christian education of children unable to attend a [[Catholic school|Catholic School]]'. It was run in the Chapel till 1938. We do not know what happened to that school, as there is no mention of it later.

'In 1936, Fr. Passoni, an Italian priest who had to come to Hyderabad from China as the climate did not suit him, was asked to be in charge of Saifabad.
In 1938 a residential quarter was built for him and he came to stay at Saifabad and looked after the needs of the community. In 1939, Fr. Passoni was interned during the war out of Hyderabad. In 1944 he was released and he came back to Saifabad but due to certain difficulties with Hyderabad Army, he was transferred towards the end of 1947. Fr. Xavier Roch, who for some time the Vice Principal of All Saints High School and Asst. Parish Priest at St. Joseph’s Cathedral was asked to take charge of Saifabad Parish as its second Parish Priest. He remained Parish Priest of this place for 27 years till his untimely death on 14 August 1974.

There is a little with regard to when the 'New Parish of Our Lady of Health' was started and who the 1st Parish Priest was. Fr. Xavier Roch, in History of Khairtabad Parish, Said that "Fr. Passoni was appointed Parish Priest in 1939 and the Parish returned to the custody of the Cathedral during an internship during the world war. But there is an official letter of erection of the ‘ New Parish of Our Lady of Health' signed by the then bishop of Hyderabad Rt. Rev. Vismara, dated 24 September 1941.

Quote the letter of Bishop Vismara: "The New Parish of Our Lady of Health, Saifabad which has been separated from the Cathedral Parish of St. Joseph, Hyderabad and erected a New and independent on the 24th Sept 1941 has the following boundaries :
1. The Railway Line from Itenagar to Shankarapalli forms the Northern boundary.
2. The line drawn straight from Shankarpalli to Osmansagar forms the Western boundary.
3. The River Musi from Osmansagar to Muslim Jung forms the Southern boundary.
4. On the Eastern side, the new parish is separated from the Cathedral Parish of Hyderabad by the following Roads : Begum Bazar Road – Shah Inayat Gunj Road – Dargha Road – Custom’s Office – Broadguage Railway. Station – Road Crossing the Public Garden from the Western Gate to the Main gate – Mint Road – [[Hussain Sagar]]".
The area of the new Parish was vast indeed. The Parish of Our Lady of Health has been a parent to many parishes after 1972.

(1) st. Anthony's Church, Bazarghat
(2) St. Theresa's, Sanathnagar
(3) St. Ignatius, Gagllapuram
(4) [[Immaculate Heart of Mary]] Church, Basuregadi
(5) St. Agnes Church, Shapurnagar
(6) Immaculate Conception Church, Kukatpally
(7) St. Michael's Church, Salar Jung Colony
(8) St. Don Bosco Church, [[Himayat Sagar]] and
(9) St. Alphonsus Church, [[Banjara Hills]] were all once part of Our Lady of Health Parish.

"Saifabad was not new to Fr. Xavier Roch nor the people here, as he had been coming regularly from St. Joseph’s Cathedral to visit and celebrate Mass on Sundays. He soon found them responding to his activities". A school and a dispensary were started for the poor of the parish. In 1948, the Rev. Sisters of Charity were invited to look after the school and the dispensary. They have now grown into big institutions: Holy Mary High School and Vijay Marie Hospital.

In 1950, as the then existing church was found too small for the congregation, a grotto was built, after obtaining due permission, where Sunday and Feast Masses were offered.

In 1951, Fr. Roch asked for and obtained allotment of two plots of land from Govt, 1 (in front of the present church) measuring 3413.33 Sq. yards (vide Chief Secretary's letter No. 177/GAD-G/202/51 dated 11 May 1951 and the other plot of land (where Vijay Marie Hospital now stands) measuring 2971.44 Sq. yards of Army Land, allotted to the church authorities (Vide letter No. 2731/129-L-51A, dated 12 April 1952) as the church activities, including school and the dispensary needed more space.

In 1951, a hospital with 20 beds was built and was called 'Vijay Marie Hospital'. The Doctor in-charge was Dr. I. De’Souza, later known as Dr. Mrs. Rebello. The hospital was handed over to the Sisters of Charity. Since then additions to the building have sprung up and now is a hospital of 200 beds. (Vide Fr. Roch's History of Khairtabad Parish). Holy Mary School was handed over and shifted to the present spacious premises after being under the 'Trees' in the church premises for some time.

In 1954, foundation stone was laid by late His Exalted Highness, the Nizam of Hyderabad, [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] Fateh Jung, to a novel Octagonal Church on 27 December 1954.<ref name="Khairatabad gears up for Mother Mary feast">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |title=Khairatabad gears up for Mother Mary feast |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070917/khairatabad-gears-up-for-mother-mary-feast.html |accessdate=3 April 2019 |date=7 September 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403172025/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070917/khairatabad-gears-up-for-mother-mary-feast.html |archivedate=3 April 2019}}</ref> It took five years to complete and it was inaugurated by the same Nizam and blessed by the then Archbishop of Hyderabad, Most Rev. Mark Gopu, in the presence of five other bishops, on 15 September 1959. Fund for the construction came from the poor and the savings of the feast. The total cost came to around Rs. 1,50,000.00.

About the same time, Sanathnagar, the industrial area needed help too. The Catholics there were scattered in and near the industrial area. Mass for those who could attend was offered in one of Allwyn Officer's houses. In the meantime, J.M.J Sisters from Guntur were looking for a place in the city for the extension of their medical services and 12 acres of land was bought by them and their provincial was good enough to give permission to build a Church in their land, close to the main road. In two years time it was completed and blessed on 5 February 1968 by Archbishop Most. Rev. Mark Gopu of Happy Memory. The total cost of the construction of the church was about Rs. 1,75,000.00. In 1973, Sanathnagar became a Parish, separated from Our Lady of Health Church, Khairatabad.

There was an old tiled roof chapel, at Bazarghat, which was built on a plot of land measuring 800 yards2 given by the H.E.H. Nizam's army to build a Church for the Catholic men and their families serving 2nd Infantry of Nizam's Army. This Church was marked in the Municipal Survey of 1913. We do not know who built it and when. Municipal Land Tax exemption was given in 1962.

This old church was in a dilapidated condition. It had to be rebuilt. In 1971, rebuilding work was undertaken and on 13 June 1973, the church was blessed and inaugurated by Archbishop S Arulappa. The cost of the chapel was about Rs. 25,000.00. About this time, there was need for a parish hall; a 1st floor building was erected at the cost of Rs. 45,000.00 The pilgrims shed costing Rs. 25,000.00 was also put up in the church premises. All funds came from the church collection.

Fr. Roch, in his 'History of Khairtabad Parish', says in the concluding paragraph "Now with an energetic and active young priest, Fr. Y M Joseph, this year 1974, a Vijay Marie School, in the parish hall, has been started with only one class, the 4th standard, about 50 students are attending. He is now hard at work organizing the youth movement in the parish".

Fr. Roch was not only a builder of buildings, but a builder of people and communities. He was constantly on his feet visiting people. It was when he was returning after such a family visitation, that he met with an accident at about 9.30 P.M. on 12 August 1974. He died on 14 August at 2.30 P.M. in Osmania Hospital.

Now to continue with the rest of the history of the parish: Holy Mary School entertained boys only up to Class III and they were asked to find admission elsewhere for further studies. Girls in the parish had better opportunities than boys. Most of the boys dropped out of the school as 'they could not get admission in Catholic Schools in Gunfoundry area'. In 1974, the then Asst. Parish Priest Fr. Y. M. Joseph was asked by the parents of four students to approach the Catholic schools in Gunfoundry for admission of their children who completed class III in Holy Mary. As admission was refused to them on various grounds, he asked the Parish Priest, Fr. Roch permission to start a school in the parish, Fr. Roch, encouraged him to start 'Vijay Marie School' as it was called and commenced on 13 June 1974 with 53 students in class IV. Later it was renamed Fr. Roch Memorial School during the meeting called to condole the death of Fr. Roch.

Khairtabad Church has been since 1904, a Sacred Shrine of Our Lady of Health. The number of people visiting this Shrine increased. Attempts were made to build a parish hall and to create facilities to receive the pilgrims. One serious attempt was made in 1980, when Fr. Benny was Parish Priest. Foundation for the parish hall was laid by the then Archbishop Most. Rev. S Arullapa. But it just remained a dream. The construction project did not take off.

In 1997, the Parish Pastoral Council members reminded the new Parish Priest Fr. Y M Joseph about the construction of a parish hall and the pilgrim center. The then Archbishop promised to support the project with financial help of 40% of the total cost. Though the financial help was not given, the construction was undertaken with the savings of the Shrine, the generous contribution of the people and a loan from HASSS, which will be paid back in due course of time. The construction of the 'Parish Pilgrim Center' was completed at the cost of Rs. 56,00,000.00.

The history of Khairtabad Parish is entwined with the faithful life history of Fr. Roch, as a person and as priest. He will always remain in the minds of the people of Khairtabad even though many have not seen him but have only heard of him.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shrineofourladyofhealth.com Website]

[[Category:Churches in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Telangana]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic shrines in India]]

Coomi Nariman Wadia

2026-02-13T10:24:26Z

Aaqibjavaid: made basic stub and citations!

{{Short description|Indian music conductor}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1933|08|06}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
[[File:Coomi_Nariman_Wadia_receives_the_Padma_Shri.jpg|thumb|Coomi Nariman Wadia receives the Padma Shri award from President Droupadi Murmu]]
'''Coomi Nariman Wadia''' (born 6 August 1933) is an Indian [[Conducting|music conductor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-28 |title=Coomi Wadia can go from a Goan folk song to a tango to song from the Vedas with equal flair |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/coomi-wadia-can-go-from-a-goan-folk-song-to-a-tango-to-song-from-the-vedas-with-equal-flair-101674930133482.html |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, she was honored with the [[Padma Shri]], a prestigious civilian award presented by the Government of India, in recognition of her contributions to the field of art.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-27 |title=A chorus of celebration |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/a-chorus-of-celebration/article21007211.ece |access-date=2023-08-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Biography ==
After studying at the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]], she obtained two diplomas from [[Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance|Trinity College of Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri - Coomi Nariman Wadia |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/CitationsForTickets/2023/2023104.pdf}}</ref>

Wadia joined the Paranjoti Academy Chorus, which was formed by Victor Paranjoti, as a soprano. She would fill in for the role of conductor when Paranjoti was unavailable. Upon Paranjoti's death in 1964, she became the conductor.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadia, Coomi Nariman}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian conductors (music)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women musicians]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Conductor-stub}}

Sivananda (yoga teacher)

2026-02-10T04:30:05Z

Aaqibjavaid:

{{Short description|Indian yoga teacher (died 2025)}}
{{distinguish|Sivananda Saraswati}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Sivananda
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_date = 8 August 1896 (unconfirmed)
| birth_place = [[Sylhet District]], [[Assam Province|North-East Frontier]], [[British India]] (present day [[Sylhet Division]], Bangladesh)<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Swami Sivananda, the 127-year old Padma Shri awardee whom every Indian must know |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/who-is-swami-sivananda-the-125-year-old-padma-shri-awardee-whom-every-indian-must-know-r94nzs |work=Asianet Newsable |date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| death_date = 3 May 2025 (claimed age 128)
| death_place = [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| founder =
| honours = [[Padma Shri]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| occupation = Yoga teacher
| nationality = Indian
| honorific prefix = [[Swami]]
}}

'''Sivananda''' (died 3 May 2025), also known as '''Swami Sivananda''', was an Indian [[yoga]] teacher, who [[Longevity claims|claimed]] to have been born on 8 August 1896 (not verified) in [[Sylhet District]] of [[Bengal Presidency]] of [[British India]]. On 21 March 2022, he was awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Swami Sivananda receives Padma Shri for his contribution in Yoga |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/watch-swami-sivananda-receives-padma-shri-for-his-contribution-in-yoga/videoshow/90359434.cms |date=21 March 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Sivananda was alleged to have been born on 8 August 1896, although this has not been independently verified.<ref name="Hindu 18 October 2016">{{cite news |title=India's 'oldest man ever' says yoga, celibacy key to long life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India%E2%80%99s-oldest-man-ever-says-yoga-celibacy-key-to-long-life/article14585233.ece |access-date=26 March 2022 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 August 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He was born in [[Sylhet District]] of [[Bengal Presidency]] of [[British India]] (present-day [[Sylhet Division]] of [[Bangladesh]]).

His parents lived in extreme poverty and had to beg for their living. His sister, mother, and father all died within a month of each other when he was just six years old. Then he travelled to [[Varanasi|Kashi]] from [[Bengal]] and began serving there. Swami Sivananda mastered [[yoga]] and meditation after receiving his education from Guru Omkarananda.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2022 |title=The 125-year-old yogi winning hearts: Who is Swami Sivananda, the oldest man ever to receive a Padma Shri? |language=en |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-125-year-old-yogi-winning-hearts-who-is-swami-sivananda-the-oldest-man-ever-to-receive-a-padma-shri-10478111.html |newspaper=[[Firstpost]] }}</ref>

For over three decades, he taught yoga on the banks of the river [[Ganga]] in [[Varanasi]]. Over fifty years he served 400–600 beggars affected by [[leprosy]]. He arranged food, fruits, clothes, winter garments, blankets, mosquito nets, and cooking utensils for their needs. He also promoted Yoga.<ref name="Padma Shri 22 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Watch: Yoga Guru, 125, Bows To PM, President Before Receiving Padma Shri |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/swami-sivananda-125-years-old-receives-padma-shri-for-yoga-2834953 |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=22 March 2022 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

Sivananda was a vegetarian.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/be-brave-be-vegetarian-says-padma-shri-awardee-swami-sivananda-article-90377559 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322130032/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/be-brave-be-vegetarian-says-padma-shri-awardee-swami-sivananda-article-90377559 |title='Be brave, be vegetarian', says Padma Shri awardee Swami Sivananda" |work=[[Times Now]] |first1=Aishvarya |last1=Jain |archive-date=22 March 2022 |date=22 March 2022 }}</ref> He called fruit and milk fancy food and avoided eating them, instead preferring lentils and rice.<ref name="Hindu 18 October 2016" />

Sivananda died on 3 May 2025. ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' gave his age as 128.<ref>{{cite news|title= Yoga guru, Padma Shri awardee Swami Sivananda dies at 128 in Varanasi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/yoga-guru-padma-shri-awardee-swami-sivananda-dies-at-128-in-varanasi-101746338973348.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]] }}</ref>

== Awards ==
Sivananda was the recipient of several awards including the Yoga Ratna Award, the Basundhara Ratan Award (2019). On 21 March 2022, he was awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Shri 22 March 2022" />

==See also==
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivananda}}
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Longevity claims]]
[[Category:Old age]]
[[Category:People from Sylhet District]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]

Dashashwamedh Ghat

2026-02-10T03:05:02Z

Aaqibjavaid:

{{Short description|Ghat in Varanasi, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Dashashwamedh Ghat
| image=Dasaswamedh ghat-varanasi india-andres larin.jpg
| coordinates = {{coord|25|18|25.808|N|83|0|37.211|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|district=[[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
|state= [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
|map_type=India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh#India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
'''Dashashwamedh Ghat''' is a main [[ghat]] in [[Varanasi]] located on the [[Ganga River|Ganges River]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is located close to [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Vishwanath Temple]]. There are two [[Hindu]] legends associated with the ghat: according to one, [[Brahma]] created it to welcome [[Shiva]], and in another, Brahma performed 10 Ashwamedha Yajna, ''Dasa-[[Ashwamedha]] [[yajna]]''.

Initially construction started by the Raja Dushasan Shah, ''raja of Dhaudharh'' (bihar) in 1569 and then by the Maratha kings , the present ghat was built by [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]] in 1748. A few decades later, [[Ahilyabai Holkar|Ahilyabahi Holkar]], the [[Indore State|Queen of Indore]], rebuilt the ghat in 1774.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/dashashwamedh-ghat|title=History of Dashashwamedh Ghat|website=www.varanasiguru.com |date=28 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Ganga aarti==
The Ganga Aarti (ritual of offering prayer to the Ganges river) is held daily at dusk. Several priests perform this ritual by carrying ''deepam'' and moving it up and down in a rhythmic tune of [[bhajan]]s.<ref name="Banavalikar2017">{{cite book|author=Shradha Banavalikar|title=Roots of Moondust: When Struggle Wears a Different Hat, Look at it in the Eye!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-RDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT73|date=20 December 2017|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-948321-29-7|pages=73–}}</ref> Special aartis are held on Tuesdays and on religious festivals.
[[File:Ganga Aarti-Dashashwamedh Ghat Varanasi India-Andres Larin.jpg|thumb|left| Drone shot of Ganga Aarti at Dashashwamedh Ghat.]]
The Ganga Aarti starts soon after sunset and lasts for about 45 minutes. In the summer, the Aarti begins at about 7pm due to late sunsets and in winter it starts at around 6pm. Hundreds of people gather at the ghat every evening to watch the event.<ref name="Triponzy">{{cite news|url=https://triponzy.com/blog/ganga-aarti-at-dashashwamedh-ghat-in-varanasi/|title= Ganga Aarti at Dashashwamedh Ghat in Varanasi |date=22 January 2019|publisher=Triponzy}}</ref>

==2010 terrorist bombing==
{{main|2010 Varanasi bombing}}

On 7 December 2010, a low-intensity blast rocked the southern end of the aarti at the Sitla Ghat. This killed 2 people and injured 37 including 6 foreign tourists, and the [[Indian Mujahideen]] claimed responsibility for it.<ref name="ze">{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news673011.html|title=Terror strikes Varanasi: 1 killed|date=8 December 2010|publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/specials/cwg/Story/122574/varanasi-blast-triggers-a-blame-game.html|title=Varanasi blast triggers a blame game|date=9 December 2010|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=15 December 2010|archive-date=8 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208184458/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/specials/cwg/Story/122574/varanasi-blast-triggers-a-blame-game.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons and category}}

{{Varanasi}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Ghats in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Structures built or renovated by Ahilyabai Holkar]]
[[Category:Ghats of India]]
{{hindu-stub}}

Dharmapuri, Telangana

2026-02-06T15:20:55Z

Aaqibjavaid: made initial article added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dharmapuri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temple, Dharmapuri Telangana - 02.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Lord Narsimha Swamy and Devi Lakshmi
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9475|N|79.094|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Dharmapuri Laxmi Narsimha Swamy
| government_type = Municipal council
| governing_body = Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 4rth in District
| area_total_km2 = 15.23
| area_water_ha =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18882
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="basic">{{cite web|title=Basic information of municipality|url=http://dharmapurimunicipality.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic-information|website=Official Site of Dharmapuri Municipality}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 505 425
| registration_plate = TG
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jagtial]]
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dharmapuri''' is a municipality<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://dharmapurimunicipality.telangana.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523122628/http://dharmapurimunicipality.telangana.gov.in/ |archive-date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=dharmapurimunicipality.telangana.gov.in}}</ref> and the [[Subdivisions of India|mandal]] headquarters of Dharmapuri [[mandal]] in [[Jagtial district]] of [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://jagtial.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/226.Jagityal-.226.pdf |title= District Administration – Formation/Reorganization of District, Revenue Divisions and Mandals in Jagitial District – Final Notification - Orders – Issued |website= Jagtial District |accessdate= 25 July 2017}}</ref>

==Geography==

Dharmapuri is situated at a distance of about 28–30 km from [[Jagityal]] town railway station and 42 km from [[Mancherial]] town on the [[Kazipet]]–[[Balharshah Junction railway station|Balharshah]] section of the [[South Central Railway]] on the Bank of [[River Godavari]]. This river flows West to East except in Dharmapuri where it flows North to South hence the river is termed as Dakshina Vahini (South Flowing).

== Tourism ==
'''Lakshmi Narasimha Temple''' is located in Dharmapuri Town. It is the abode of [[Narasimha|Narsimha Swamy]], the fourth avatar of [[Vishnu]], and his consort [[Lakshmi|Devi Lakshmi]]. The place has garnered considerable crowd over the years. The temple was built during the reign of the [[Chalukyas]], and later expanded by the [[Kakatiyas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Dharmapuri Laxmi Narsimha Swamy temple-Dharmapuri, Jagtial District Telangana |url=https://endowments.ts.nic.in/Temple-content/dharmapuri/content.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmapuri Laxmi Narsimha Swamy temple-Dharmapuri Telangana tourism |url=https://tourism.telangana.gov.in/divine-destinations/DharmapuriLakshmiNarasimhaSwamy}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Jagtial district}}
[[Category:Villages in Jagtial district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Jagtial district]]

Tinai

2026-02-02T11:01:54Z

Aaqibjavaid: Created New Data

{{Short description|Mode or theme in Tamil poetics}}
{{Distinguish|Thinae|Millet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

In Tamil poetics, '''tinai''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: திணை tiṇai "land", "genre", "type") is a type of poetical mode or theme. A thinai consists of a complete poetical landscape - a definite time, place, season in which the poem is set - and background elements characteristic of that landscape - including flora and fauna, inhabitants, deities and social organisation. These collectively provide imagery for extended poetic [[metaphor]]s ("[[ullurai]]", literally "inner meaning"), which set the mood of the poem.<ref>{{Harvnb|Buck|Paramasivam|1997|p=ix}}</ref>

Classical authors recognised two broad categories of tinai. Akam tinai (literally, "the inner genre") consisted of modes used in [[love poetry]], associated with specific aspects of a relationship or specific stages in the development of a relationship. Puram tinai (literally, "the outer genre") consisted of modes that corresponded closely to the akam modes, but were used in [[Heroic poetry|heroic]], [[Wisdom poetry|philosophical and moral poetry]], to describe the stages of a battle or particular patterns of thought.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramanujan|1985|pp=237–269}}</ref> Later commentators added further categories, such as akappuram, which consisted of modes that mixed elements of akam and puram poetry, and purappuram, which consisted of modes used for peripheral puram themes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Takahashi|1995|p=5, fn. 6}}</ref> The five tinais were ''kurinji'' (hilly/mountain region), ''palai'' ( parched/dry lands), ''mullai'' (pastoral tract), ''marutam'' (wet/ agricultural lands) and ''neital'' (coastal area). Recent literary studies on tinai gave birth to tinai poetics, the native Indian theory<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320958189_Tinaipoetics_An_Ecopoetics_of_South_India |title=Tinaipoetics: An Ecopoetics of South India |date=March 2017 |author=Kaviarasu Kanakappan |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> similar to [[ecocriticism]], which is based on the tinai concept of Classical Tamil Literature.

==See also==
* [[Sangam Literature]]
* [[Sangam period|Sangam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}

*{{Citation | last1=Buck | first1=David C. | last2=Paramasivam| first2=K. | title=The Study of Stolen Love: A translation of Kalaviyal enra Iraiyanar Akapporul with Commentary by Nakkiranar | publisher=Scholars Press | place=Atlanta | year=1997 | isbn=0-7885-0331-6}}
*{{Citation | last=Ilakkuvanar | first=S. | title=Tolkappiyam in English with Critical Studies | publisher=Kural Neri Publishing | place=Madurai | year=1963 }}
*{{Citation | last=Mariaselvam | first=Abraham | title=The Song of Songs and Ancient Tamil Love Poems: Poetry and Symbolism | publisher=Pontificium Institutum Biblicum | place=Rome | year=1988 | isbn=88-7653-118-1}}
*{{Citation | last=Marr | first=John Ralston | title=The Eight Anthologies | publisher=Institute of Asian Studies | place=Madras | year=1985}}
*{{Citation | last=Nadarajah | first=Devapoopathy | title=Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature | publisher=Motilal Banarasidass | place=Delhi | year=1994 | isbn=81-208-1215-8}}
*{{Citation |last=Ramanujan |first=A.K. |author-link=A.K. Ramanujan |title=Poems of Love and War from the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil |series=[[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]] |year=1985 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-231-05106-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/poemsoflovewarf00rama }}
*{{Citation | last=Selby | first=Martha Ann | title=Grow Long, Blessed Night: Love Poems from Classical India | publisher=Oxford University Press | place=New York | year=2000 | isbn=0-19-512734-X | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/growlongblessedn00selb }}
*{{Citation | last=Takahashi | first=Takanobu | title=Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics | publisher=E.J. Brill | place=Leiden | year=1995 | isbn=9789004100428}}
*{{Citation | last=Zvelebil | first=Kamil | author-link=Kamil Zvelebil | title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India | publisher=E.J. Brill | place=Leiden | year=1973b | isbn=90-04-03591-5}}
* {{cite web | title= Tinaipoetics: An Ecopoetics of South India | work= K. Kaviarasu, Literary Association of Nepal, Volume 30, March 2017 | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320958189 | access-date=2017-11-09}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Tamil poetics]]

{{Tamil-stub}}

Mary Winchester (Zoluti)

2026-01-29T19:35:39Z

Aaqibjavaid: Created A Data W/ Refs

{{Short description|Political activist and raid victim (1865-1950)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mary Winchester
| image = [[File:Mary Winchester - Cassell's Illustrated History of India.jpg|300px]]
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1865
| birth_place = [[Colonial Assam|Assam, British India]] (''Disputed'') [[Elgin, Moray]] (''Disputed'')
| death_date = 1950 (aged 86)
| death_place = [[London]]
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| nationality =
| other_names = Zolûti (among [[Mizo people]])
| citizenship = [[United Kingdom]]
| education = [[Elgin Academy, Moray]]
| alma_mater = Royal Moray College
| occupation = [[Headmistress]], [[Shopkeeper]]
| known_for = Advent of [[Lushai Expedition]], Activist against the Bawi system
| notable_works =
| spouse = {{marriage|William (Harry) Innes Howie|13 August 1887}}
| children = 3 (Frank, Molly and Peggy)
| parents = James Winchester, Maya Memsab (Speculated)
}}

'''Mary Winchester''', or '''Zolûti''' to [[Mizo people|Mizos]] later Mary Innes Howie, (1865–1950) was a British girl who was captured and held [[hostage]] by the Mizo tribes of [[Mizoram]], [[India]], in 1871, and rescued by the [[Lushai Expedition|British expedition in 1872]]. This historic event marked the beginning of [[British Raj|British rule]] in Mizoram that lasted until [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] in 1947. Indirectly, it also paved the way for [[Christian missionaries]] to introduce [[Christianity]] among the Mizos.<ref>{{cite web |author= Chawngliana C Rev|title=Moderator Reports 2010 |year=2010 |url= http://mizoramsynod.org/index.php?phek=thuthar&nid=803|publisher=Mizoram Presbyterian Church Synod |accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |date=2016 |title=The Uprising: Colonial State, Christian Missionaries, and Anti-Slavery Movement in North-East India (1908-1954)|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10383 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University press|isbn=978-0-19-946089-2}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mary Winchester was born to James Winchester. The identity of her mother is not widely recorded and has been noted as either Scottish or a native woman.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson|editor1-first=W|editor2-last=Manktelow|editor2-first=E.J|last=May |first=Andrew J|date=2015 |title=Subverting Empire |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137465870_4 |location=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137465870_4|chapter=The Starched Boundaries of Civilization: Sympathetic Allegiance and the Subversive Politics of Affect in Colonial India|pages=61–84|isbn=978-1-137-46587-0}}</ref> James Winchester was recorded to live with a local woman, a Manipuri lady known as Maya Memsab from Tarapur village of Silchar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/38831781 |title=Our History without Ourselves: Colonial Constructions, Native Internalization and History through Campaign |last=Nag |first=Sajal |date=2015 |website=Academia.Edu |publisher=Mizo Narratives |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> Mary Winchester possessed a slightly dark complexion, which was explained by her bronzed skin due to staying in the Hills for so long until later reports surfaced the possibility of her mother being Kuki.{{sfn|May|2015|p=79}}

==Kidnapping==
Mary Winchester lived with her father at [[Cachar]], [[Assam]], India. Her father was a manager of the British [[Tea|tea plantation]], and had been there for 12 years. When she turned six years of age in 1871, her father decided it was time for [[Education|formal education]] in [[Great Britain|Britain]]. Her farewell party was arranged on 23 January at Alexandrapur plantation at the place owned by her father's close friend George Seller. While they were strolling in the garden, the workers were suddenly in commotion, and Seller was frantically galloping around on his horse. When Mary accompanied by a [[Nursing|nurse]] headed towards the [[bungalow]], her father met them on the way who ran her to a [[stable]]. But then the Mizo [[Warrior|tribal warriors]] caught up, shot her father down from behind and cut his head.<ref name=mizo>{{cite web|author= Mizo Story|title= Chapter 1. The terrifying tribesmen of the Mizo Hills|date= |url= http://www.mizostory.org/mizostory/Mizo_Story_1.html|work= mizostory.org|publisher= |accessdate= 7 August 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161013111904/http://www.mizostory.org/mizostory/Mizo_Story_1.html|archive-date= 13 October 2016|url-status= dead}}</ref> The warriors snatched her away from the dying clutch of her father, who murmured, "Dear, only [[God in Christianity|God]] knows your fate." They left him to die and carried the girl away.<ref name=cham>{{cite web |author= Champhai|title= ZOLUTI (MARY WINCHESTER) CHANCHIN – Ama Ziak |language=Mizo |trans-title=ZOLUTI (MARY WINCHESTER) CHANCHIN - Her Autobiography|date= 25 September 2009|url= http://chawnchhim.wordpress.com/mizo-history/|publisher=Kan Lungkham Champhai |accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref> A number of people were killed in the clash, some were taken as [[hostage]]s, including Mary Winchester.<ref name=lewin>{{cite book| author= Lewin TH Col. |title= A Fly on the Wheel: Or, How I Helped to Govern India |year = 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_wGAAAAQAAJ |orig-year=1912| pages= 2656–290|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=UK }}</ref> Probably all except the girl, of whom they took special care, died on their journey to Mizoram.<ref name=mizo/><ref name=lloyd>{{cite book|last=J. Meirion Lloyd|title=History of the Church in Mizoram: Harvest in the Hills|year=1991|publisher=Synod Publication Board|location=Aizawl, India|pages=6–9, 236, 355|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkgFAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

==In captivity==
Mary Winchester was the first [[Multiracial people|mixed race]] person most Mizos had ever encountered. Though a [[hostage]], she was most of the time treated with good care. A reason for the good treatment entailed the novelty of her golden hair, which the Lushai tribesmen believed to possibly signal a heavenly body.{{sfn|Nag|2015|}} But some warriors wanted to depose her for fearing the consequences. She was finally lodged in the house of [[Bengkhuaia]], the [[Mizo Chieftainship|chief]] of Sailàm, one of the most formidable [[chiefdoms]]. Her arrival in the village was celebrated with wine and meat, led by the chieftess. Not understanding her language to know her name, the Mizos called her Zolûti (''Zo'' for "Mizo" or "Mizoram", ''lût'' for "enter"). The village chief then entrusted the girl under the ward of his most trusted woman, Pi Tluangi, wife of the village elder Vansuakthanga (grandparents of Vangchhunga, one of the first three Mizo pastors).{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=211}} Pi Tluangi eventually cared for her excellently, sleeping with her, and making garments and toys for her.<ref name="thanglura">{{cite book|last=A. Thanglura|title=Mihrang leh Sahrang|year=1988|publisher=Self|location=Aizawl, India|pages=81–85, 93–96}}</ref><ref name=blue>{{cite web |author=Blueberry |title= MARY WINCHESTER MAN THU: A semi-first person account |language=Mizo |trans-title=CAPTURE OF MARY WINCHESTER: A semi-first person account |year= 2008|url=http://lawrkhawm.com/index.php?page=3872 | work= Lawrkhawm|publisher= |accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
Mary was given sugar cane to suck on and introduced her to their foraged traditional cuisines. Rumours did begin to circulate that white men were searching for the girl. The Mizos had previously believed that only a few white men were in existence in the tea estates, and that there would be less of them with raiding. When reports of a three column punitive expedition emerged, a few warriors wished to kill Mary to hide her from the soldiers. Pi Tluangi protected Mary and discouraged the decision to end Mary's life.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=211}}

==Rescue==
{{Main| Lushai Expedition}}
James Winchester was a native of [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] and belonged to a prominent family in [[Morayshire]]. As a result, the MP for Moray and Nairn raised the matter in the House of Commons and led the issue of Mary Winchester's kidnapping to [[Queen Victoria]] herself. This pressure would lead to decisive action in a punitive expedition.<ref name=NEWS1>{{cite news |date=15 September 1920 |title=Child who caused a War: British Girl of Six years of Age was the innocent center of trouble in Assam. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4FHAAAAIBAJ&dq=Lushai&pg=PA6&article_id=2211,645541 |work=Warsaw Daily Times and the Northern Indianian |location=Warsaw, Indiana |access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref>
The [[British Raj|British colonial government]] launched a [[military campaign]] called the [[Lushai Expedition]] on 8 October 1871. An [[Expeditionary warfare|expeditionary force]] of the [[British Indian Army]] captured and occupied Mizo villages one by one. The column from Burma failed a river crossing, which delayed their arrival to the captive village. The other two columns from the North in Silchar and South in Chittagong did manage to reach the location on time.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=211}} The right column of the campaign reached Sailàm village on 21 January 1872. The [[siege]] started at 08:30 in the morning, and after a few gunshots and shelling, the Mizos found their tribal weaponry no match to such advanced [[artillery]] and soon tendered their submission. After destroying the [[granaries]] and [[crops]], the expeditionary force rescued Mary Winchester.<ref name=lewin/><ref name=lloyd/><ref>{{cite web|author= Lalthangliana B|title= ZOLÛTI LÂK LÊT LEHNA KHUA|language= Mizo|trans-title= THE PLACE OF RESCUE OF ZOLÛTI|date= 24 April 2013|url= http://zoculture.com/zoluti-lak-let-lehna-khua/|work= Zo Culture|publisher= The Department of Art & Culture, Government of Mizoram|accessdate= 7 August 2013|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130807153413/http://zoculture.com/zoluti-lak-let-lehna-khua/|archive-date= 7 August 2013|url-status= dead}}</ref>

The moment of her rescue is told in two different versions:
#according to T.H. Lewin, the expedition leader, Mary Winchester was simply taken from the chief's hut. She was found sitting on the log platform of the hut, wearing a blue rag round her loins, and a [[Smoking pipe (tobacco)|smoking pipe]] in her mouth. She was heard giving commands to small boys who were running around in fear. A few days short of a year in captivity, she had already lost her [[First language|mother tongue]], and the British soldiers had to lure her with [[Candy|sweets]].<ref name=lewin/>
#according to Sailam residents, the popular story is that she was handed over by the queen. Being completely adapted to the Mizo life, other British were strangers to Mary Winchester. She even called them, "Foreigners." Therefore, Pi Tluangi on pretence took her to a forest for gathering firewoods (or for cleaning at the stream, yet in another version). In the forest, her guardian left her to the awaiting soldiers, who had to drag her away against her will.<ref name=blue/>

Upon rescue, later on General Brownlow who participated in the [[Lushai Expedition]], wrote to Lewin stating that he was astonished at her grades knowing that ten years earlier she had little to no command of English. In 1912, Mary Winchester wrote a letter thanking T.H Lewin's command to rescue her in the expedition after missionary [[James Herbert Lorrain]] sent a copy of Lewin's book ''A fly on the wheel''.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=213}}

T.H Lewin met with Mary Winchester on encouragement of his wife. The resulting meeting was negatively received by Lewin who referred to her as "stuck-up, conceited little half-caste woman" in a letter to his son. In a separate letter to Major John Shapespeare he articulates his thoughts on the perception that Mary Winchester was the reason for the advent of Christianity in the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=214}}

==In Britain==
Mary Winchester was immediately transported to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and from there directly to Scotland. She lived with her grandparents in [[Elgin, Moray]] under William Winchester.<ref name=cham/> She was received by the town of Elgin who anticipated her return and was personally visited by Queen Victoria herself.<ref name=NEWS1 /> Her grandparents provided her with a generous education in England, which enabled her to become a dux of the upper class [[Elgin Academy, Moray|Elgin Academy]]. She graduated from Royal Moray College with distinction in 1892. After her education, Mary emerged as a sincere crusader of the civil rights movement in England.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=207}} This is also where she met Harry Innes Howie. They got married after she got a job as [[headmistress]] and moved to [[London]].<ref name=lewin/><ref>{{cite book|last=John Whitehead|title=Thangliena: the life of T.H. Lewin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DRuAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Kiscadale|page=383|isbn=9781870838061}}</ref> In London they maintained a store which did well. She took up membership in a non-government organization which was known to aid the poor, downtrodden and labouring women. The organization also had branches in Indian cities such as [[Calcutta]]. It would aid opium addicts in Assam and reduce alcoholism among tea estate labourers.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=207}}

Mary Winchester eventually met with F.W Savidge in London who made a lecture on the progress of Christianity in the Lushai Hills. After recounting the story of the raid at Alexnadrapur, Mary Winchester made herself known and narrated the story herself. She regularly continued to attend lectures under F.W Savidge and gave her testimony of the headhunting and Bawi system of the Lushai chiefdoms. In 1924, she met a Lushai Christian convert under Sir Herbert Lewis to greet him.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=207}} Her recurring narration of the story and the ways of the Lushai chiefdoms, peeved the head of the [[Lushai Expedition]] that saved her, [[T.H Lewin]], who refused to meet her in London and blamed it on her mixed blood.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=210}} Meanwhile, her reputation in the Lushai Hills, flourished. Missionaries pushed the narrative that without her kidnapping, Christianity would never arrive to the Lushai Hills. Lushai Christian converts also went on sponsored tours to London to meet with Mary Winchester. Reverend Lorraine even quoted Isaish 11:6 as the forecast of Christian arrival stating that "a little child shall lead them".{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=217}}

===Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society===
At some point in the missionary lectures, she met missionary Peter Fraser. Peter Fraser was campaigning against the Bawi system in the Lushai Hills before Mary encouraged him to join the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society. They brought up the matter of pre-existing slavery permitted by the British administration in the Lushai Hills. Fraser published a manuscript titled ''Slavery on British Territory: Assam and Burma'' to collate his experience and information on the Bawi system.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=220}}

In support of Fraser's efforts to abolish the Bawi system, Mary supported him via a letter to the British government while the matter was being discussed in the parliament.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=231}} She took care of Fraser during his travels to London and helped draft the memorandum of the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines's Protection Society to the British government.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=227}} She outlined her experience as a captive and the Bawi system that is practised by the Mizo chiefs. Mary Innes Howie cooperated closely with Fraser and the British government to abolish the Bawi system. Fraser's mission was unsuccessful in the end and Mary's efforts went in vain.{{sfn|Nag|2016}}

==Family==
Mary Innes Howie had three children: Frank, Molly and Peggy. Frank died on 11 March 1917 in a bomb blast while working as a private in France for World War One.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/52352/francis-howie/ |title=Private Francis Howie|date= |website=Commonwealth War Graves |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=207}} Her daughter Molly never married.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=207}}
Mary Winchester died on 18 March 1950.<ref name=blue/> She was 84 and living with her daughter, Peggy Douglas.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=207}}

==See also==
*[[List of kidnappings]]
*[[Lists of solved missing person cases|List of solved missing person cases]]
*[[Lushai Expedition]]
*[[History of Christianity in Mizoram]]
*[[Mizo Chieftainship]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://chawnchhim.wordpress.com/mizo-history/ Brief autobiography]

{{Lushai frontier}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winchester, Mary}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1870s missing person cases]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:Formerly missing British people]]
[[Category:Kidnapped British children]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Harshit Raja

2026-01-20T18:24:10Z

Aaqibjavaid: new

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2001)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Harshit|Raja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess biography
| name = Harshit Raja
| image = Raja Harshit 2019 Karlsruhe.jpg
| caption = Raja Harshit in Grenke Chess Open 2019
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|4|3}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2022)
| rating =
| peakrating = 2522 (August 2023)
| FideID = 5089000
}}
'''Harshit Raja''' (born 2001) is a [[chess grandmaster]] from [[Pune]], [[India]]. He became India's 69th Grandmaster in 2021, at the age of 20.<ref name=CBIndiaGM>{{cite web |title=Breaking News: India gets its 69th GM - Harshit Raja - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/India-gets-its-69th-GM-Harshit-Raja |website=www.chessbase.in |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930122616/https://www.chessbase.in/news/India-gets-its-69th-GM-Harshit-Raja |archive-date=30 September 2023 |date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Chess career ==
In 2014, Harshit finished 2nd in the National Chess Championship U13 taking place in [[Jamshedpur]], and won the School Games Federation of India's National School Games, taking place in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="TimesOfIndia">{{cite web |title=Meet Harshit Raja, India's 69th chess Grandmaster |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/meet-harshit-raja-indias-69th-chess-grandmaster-7440273/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922053351/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/meet-harshit-raja-indias-69th-chess-grandmaster-7440273/ |archive-date=22 September 2021 |language=en |date=5 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2015, he participated in the [[World Youth Chess Championship]] finishing 15th.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - World Youth Ch 2015 - Open under 14 |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr187415.aspx?lan=1&art=1&flag=30 |website=chess-results.com |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
Harshit became an [[chess titles#International Master|International Master]] in 2017. He received the [[Shiv Chhatrapati Award]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Maharashtra players honoured with the Shiv Chhatrapati award - ChessBase India |url=https://chessbase.in/news/Shiv-Chhatrapati-awards-2019 |website=www.chessbase.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608062524/https://chessbase.in/news/Shiv-Chhatrapati-awards-2019 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |date=21 February 2019 |access-date=22 February 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> He met all the requirements for the title of Grandmaster in 2021, becoming India's 69th Grandmaster.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's 69th GM Harshit Raja keen on striking balance between studies and chess |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/indias-69th-gm-harshit-raja-keen-on-striking-balance-between-studies-and-chess/articleshow/85040549.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=22 February 2024 |date=4 August 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Harshit studied at the [[Trulaske College of Business]] of the [[University of Missouri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IM Harshit Raja secures admission in the University of Missouri - ChessBase India |url=https://chessbase.in/news/Harshit-Raja-enrolls-in-the-Missouri-University |website=www.chessbase.in |access-date=22 February 2024 |date=24 September 2020}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Fide|5089000}}
*{{Chessgames player|151626}}
*{{365Chess.com player|Raja_Harshit}}
{{Indian GMs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja, Harshit}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Balhampur

2026-01-14T13:11:51Z

Aaqibjavaid: Done

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Balhampur
| map_alt = Balhampur
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_shield =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
|image1 = Balhampur Village Agriculture.jpg
|caption1 = [[Okra|Ladyfinger]](Bhindi) ki kheti
}}
| image_flag = India flag 300.png
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| mapframe = No
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| mapframe-marker-color = #5E74F3
| coordinates = {{coord|25.7662|86.5741|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<ref name="mithilanchalgroup.com">{{cite web | url=https://mithilanchalgroup.com/blog/index.php/2020/08/22/information-about-maithili-language/ | title=Information About the Maithili Language – MithilanchalGroup }}</ref>
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
| founder =
| government_type = Bihar Government
| governing_body = Mukhiya
| leader_title = Mukhiya
| leader_name = Mati Sabujiya Devi
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 45
| population_total = 3803
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff" />
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<ref name="mithilanchalgroup.com">{{cite web | url=https://mithilanchalgroup.com/blog/index.php/2020/08/22/information-about-maithili-language/ | title=Information About the Maithili Language – MithilanchalGroup }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 852127
| registration_plate = BR 19
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
}}
'''Balhampur''' ({{IPA|hi|bəlʱɑːmpʊr|lang|Balhampur.ogg}}) is a village in the southern part of [[Saharsa district]], Bihar. It lies in the Simri Bakhtiyarpur Block and [[Khagaria Assembly constituency]] at an elevation of 45 meters above MSL.[[Kosi River]] which flows 3 km west from Village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balhampur BO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Balhampur BO locality of Bihar - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/bihar/saharsa/balhampur-bo |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Balhampur Pin Code - 852127, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search saharsa Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/bihar/saharsa/balhampur-pincode-852127.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: 852127, List of Post Offices, SAHARSA, BIHAR Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/852127 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Balhampur Branch Post Office, Saharsa 27, Bihar |url=https://www.postoffices.co.in/bihar-br/balhampur-saharsa-27/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Post Offices |language=en-US}}</ref>

The village is bordered by Simri Bakhtiyarpur (5 km South), Mahkhar, and Bhorha (2 km east), with Saharsa located 15 km to the north. Balhampur's economy is largely [[agricultural]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Budget Analysis 2023-24 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/bihar-budget-analysis-2023-24 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>
The people of Balhampur celebrate [[Chhath Puja]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=Dr Suprita |date=2022 |title=Mithilanchal or the land of Sita: A forgotten rich cultural heritage |url=https://www.educationjournal.info/archives/2022.v2.i1.A.34 |journal=International Journal of Literacy and Education |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=37–43}}</ref>
Key landmarks near Balhampur include the State Bank of India branch in Simri Bakhtiyarpur, located 5 km to the north. [[National Highway 231]] passes nearby, connecting the village to other significant locations in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATE BANK OF INDIA IFSC Code Simri Bakhtiarpur Branch - SBIN0003006 |url=https://groww.in/ifsc-code/state-bank-of-india/bihar/simri/simri-bakhtiarpur |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=Groww |language=en}}</ref>
Balhampur is governed locally by the [[Mukhi]]ya, Sabujiya Devi, who oversees the village's administration and development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2023 |title=Mukhiya's Responsibilities In Rural Governance: Understanding The Key Role - Explore Panchayats, Villages In Indian State. |url=https://www.panchayats.in/mukhiya-of-panchayat/#:~:text=Mukhiyas%20are%20elected%20through%20a%20democratic%20process%20every%20five%20years,functioning%20of%20the%20Gram%20Panchayat. |access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religion in Balhampur|titlebar=#F6F6F6|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|92.0}}
{{bar percent|Muslim|green|6.9}}
{{bar percent|Other religions|grey|1.1}}|caption=*Includes other minority religions}}

Balhampur spans 264 hectares with a population of 3,803 people, including 1,992 males and 1,811 females.<ref name="census2011.co.in">{{Cite web |title=Balhampur Village Population - Simri Bakhtiarpur - Saharsa, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/226631-balhampur-bihar.html |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The village has a literacy rate of 42.44%, with 72.76% male and 27.24% female literacy.<ref name="census2011.co.in"/> The majority of the population 92% practices Hinduism, followed by 6.9% Muslims, and 1.1% belong to other religions. The fertility rate in Balhampur is 2. There are approximately 722 households in the village.<ref name="census2011.co.in"/> [[Maithili language|Maithili]] is the most spoken regional language. [[Hindi]] is the official language, while [[Urdu]] is additional official.<ref name="langoff"/>

== Transportation ==
Balhampur's nearest railway station is [[Baba Raghuni Halt Dwarika railway station|Baba Raghuni Halt Dwarika]] which is 3 km east, Darbhanga Airport 101 km and [[National Highway 231 (India)|National Highway 231]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Raghuni Halt Dwarika (BRHD) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/baba-raghuni-halt-dwarika-brhd |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Saharsa district]]
*[[Barsam, Bihar]]
*[[Baghwa]]
*[[Balutola]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons category|Balhampur}}

{{Saharsa district}}

[[Category:Villages in Saharsa district]]

William Henry Sykes

2026-01-10T14:40:28Z

Aaqibjavaid: edit

{{short description|British politician and naturalist}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
[[File:William Henry Sykes by Whitlock, 1860s.jpg|thumb|right|William Henry Sykes.]]

Colonel '''William Henry Sykes''', [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (25 January 1790 – 16 June 1872) was an English naturalist who served with the British military in India and was specifically known for his work with the [[Indian Army]] as a [[politician]], [[Indologist]] and [[ornithologist]]. One of the pioneers of the Victorian statistical movement, a founder of the [[Royal Statistical Society]], he conducted surveys and examined the efficiency of army operation. Returning from service in India, he became a director of the [[East India Company]] and a member of parliament representing Aberdeen.<ref name=odnb/>

==Life and career==
Sykes was born near [[Bradford]] in [[Yorkshire]]. His father was Samuel Sykes of Friezing Hall, and they belonged to the family of Sykeses of Yorkshire. He joined military service as a cadet in 1803 and obtained a commission on 1 May 1804 with the [[Honourable East India Company]]. Joining the [[Bombay]] Army, he was to lieutenancy on 12 October 1805. He saw action at the [[Battle of Bharatpur|siege of Bhurtpur]] under [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Lord Lake]] in 1805. He commanded a regiment at the battles of Kirkee and Poonah and was involved in the capture of hill forts. By 1810 he could speak Hindi and Marathi languages. He became a captain on 25 January 1819 and travelled for four years across Europe from 1820. He returned to India in October 1824 and was appointed by [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] as a statistical reporter to the Bombay government. He then collected statistical and natural history researches, and completed a census of the population of the Deccan, producing two voluminous statistical reports, and a complete natural history report illustrated with drawings. He married Elizabeth, daughter of William Hay of Renistoun, in 1824. He was promoted to the rank of major on 8 September 1826 and to lieutenant-colonel on 9 April 1831. In December 1829 the post of statistical reporter was abolished, but he took leave from military duty and continued to work on his statistical surveys. He completed this in January 1831 and left for Europe on furlough. He retired from active service with the rank of colonel on 18 June 1833, and in September 1835 he became a Royal [[Commissioners in Lunacy|Commissioner in Lunacy]], a post he held till 1845. On account of his knowledge of Indian matters, he was made a director of the East India Company in 1840.<ref name=odnb/> In 1867 he was elected chairman of the court of directors of the East India Company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Untitled|newspaper=Western Daily Press|date=14 June 1867|page=3|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/18670614/012/0003}}</ref>

[[File:WHSykes.jpg|thumb|left|Sykes in 1857]]
In 1847 he tried to contest for the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] seat for [[Aberdeen (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeen]] but failed. In 1857 he contested again, representing the liberal interest against John Farley Leith, and was elected. He continued to hold the seat for several terms. He was elected president of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]] in 1858.<ref name=anglo>{{cite book|author=Laurie, Col. WFB| year=1887|publisher=W H Allen & Co.|place=London|title= Distinguished Anglo-Indian|url=https://archive.org/stream/sketchesofsomedi00laur#page/104/mode/1up/|pages=104–109}}</ref> He was also a member of the Society of Arts and the Royal British Association.<ref name=news />

Sykes was elected Lord Rector of [[Marischal College]], Aberdeen (whose founder, George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal, was an ancestor of his wife) in 1854.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Aberdeen Journal|date=5 April 1854|page=9|title=Public breakfast to Colonel Sykes|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000031/18540405/239/0009|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> He took a special interest in libraries and information accessibility, seeking university libraries to remain open for longer and supporting the role of public libraries. He noted that England was lagging behind Europe in the size of public libraries noting that the per-capita availability of books in London was 22 books for 100 persons while Paris had 160 for 100, Florence 317 per 100; Dresden 490 per 100; Munich 780; and Copenhagen 467 per 100. He also noted that Munich had 17 public libraries. In his installation talk as Lord Rector, he also claimed that he could help establish a commission in the Indian Army for the best students of mathematics, natural philosophy, natural history, [[Biblical criticism]] and classics if they had expertise in military drawing, and geology apart from good conduct.<ref>{{cite book|title=Address delivered by Colonel W.H. Sykes, at the ceremony of his installation as the Lord Rector of Marischal College and University, Aberdeen, on Thursday 30th March, 1854.|publisher=The Herald Office|year=1854|place=Aberdeen}}</ref> He was a founder member, in 1835, and president of the [[Royal Statistical Society]], 1863–1965; he was the eleventh holder of that post but the first not to be a peer or baronet. He also became an Honorary Metropolitan Commissioner in September 1835. Despite suffering from bronchitis he attended all parliament sessions and died in [[Kensington]], [[London]], aged 82.<ref name=odnb>{{cite book|author= Woodward, BB|title=Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 55|page=258}}</ref><ref name=anglo/><ref name=news>{{cite news|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000031/18720619/192/0008|newspaper=Aberdeen Journal|title=Colonel Sykes, M.P.|date=19 June 1872|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|page=8}}</ref>

==Contributions==
{{see also|:Category:Taxa named by William Henry Sykes}}

As a "Statistical Reporter" he travelled across the Deccan region, collecting data on populations apart from collecting natural history specimens. Some of statistical research contributions included the computations of the cost of maintenance per soldier. He calculated for instance that the French army had a much lower cost than that of the British army, which according to him allowed the French to maintain two soldiers for the cost of one "English" soldier.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Colonel William Henry Sykes: His contribution to statistical accounting |author=Talbot PA|journal= Accounting History |year=2010 |volume=15|issue=2|pages= 253–276 |doi=10.1177/1032373209359332|s2cid=143343493}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sykes, W.H. |year=1864|title=Comparison of the Organisation and Cost in Detail of the English and French Armies|journal=Journal of the Statistical Society|volume=27|pages=1–69|url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-2338590}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| journal=Military History Journal| volume=13| issue=4| year=2005| title=Colonel W H Sykes, Statistician. Statistically costing the British and French armies of 1864| author=Talbot, PA|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol134pt.html}}</ref> He also worked out that native Indian soldiers were healthier than their European counterparts and that it was possible to provide pension and insurance to Indian soldiers with a very low premium although this was never implemented.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Equation of Life in the East India Company Armies: Statistical Arguments for the provision of Private Pensions|author=Talbot, Philip|journal=International Journal of Social Science Studies|volume=1|issue=2| year=2013|doi=10.11114/ijsss.v1i2.208|pages=230–241|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Sykes was a pioneer meteorologist in India, taking regular temperature and atmospheric pressure readings; he noticed regular patterns in diurnal pressure variations and noted that the range was greatest in winter, while the least difference occurred during the monsoons.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/stream/memoirontheindia025502mbp#page/n315/mode/2up/|pages=284–285|title=A memoir on the Indian surveys|edition=2|author=Markham, Clements R.|year=1878|publisher=W.H. Allen & Co.|place=London}}</ref>

Sykes' collections of animals resulted in the publications of catalogues of [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s from the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region, many of which were published in the ''Proceedings of the [[Zoological Society of London|Zoological Society]]''. His discoveries included fifty-six birds new to science, including the [[Indian pond heron]]. Sykes also studied the [[fish]] of the area, and wrote papers on the [[quail]]s and [[hemipode]]s of India. His list of birds of the Deccan contained almost 236 species.<ref name=kinnear>{{cite journal|author=Kinnear, N.B.|year= 1952|title=The history of Indian mammalogy and ornithology. Part II. Birds |journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 51 |issue=1|pages=104–110|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48202138}}</ref> He was an authority on the natural history of the Deccan region and he corresponded with many other naturalists. He used his influence during his position at the East India Company and [[Charles Darwin]] wrote to him to influence decisions in favour of including [[Edward Blyth]] on an expedition to China.<ref>Letter from Darwin to Sykes 20 December 1859 [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2588.html Darwin Correspondence project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624163918/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2588.html |date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> [[Sykes's lark]] (''Galerida deva'') of peninsular India is named after him. In addition, a race of [[western yellow wagtail|blue-headed wagtail]] (''Motacilla flava beema'') was given the common name Sykes's wagtail in ''[[British Birds (magazine)|British Birds]]'' (1907).

Sykes wrote extensively on Buddhism and its antiquity. In an 1842 paper published in the [[Journal of the Asiatic Society]], he contended that the [[Brahmins]] were likely not native to India and that [[Pali]] was older than [[Sanskrit]]. He believed that, rather than [[Brahmanism]], it was Buddhism that had reigned supreme in India's ancient past. Referring to the recently translated travelogue of [[Faxian]], Sykes paid tribute to "the literature of that remarkable people—the Chinese" that thankfully existed to illuminate India's past. He hoped that, "by proper means, applied in a cautious, kindly and forbearing spirit, such farther changes may be effected as will raise the intellectual standard of the Hindus, improve their moral and social condition, and assist to promote their eternal welfare."{{sfn|Singh|2004|p=37}}{{sfn|JAS|1842|p=14}} In 1856, the citizens of Bombay presented Sykes with a medal for his advocacy in favour of a native system of education.<ref name=anglo />

Sykes also wrote on the [[Taiping Rebellion]] holding the British Government guilty of unjustifiable aggression towards China.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Taeping Rebellion in China: Its Origins, Progress, and Present Condition| author=Sykes, WH|year=1863| publisher=Warren Hall & Co. |place=London|url=https://archive.org/details/taepingrebellio00sykegoog}}</ref> He also held the British responsible for precipitating the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]] by being insensitive to local customs, citing the earlier case of the [[Vellore mutiny]]. In a commentary to the British media which had suggested that the mutineers were using greased cartridges, one of the immediate causes of the uprising, against the British he pointed out that they were all using 'Brown Bess' and conventional musket ammunition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colonel Sykes on the mutinies in India|newspaper=Jersey Independent and Daily Telegraph|date=23 September 1857|page=1|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001086/18570923/028/0001|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> He was one of the founding members of the [[Asiatic Society of Bombay]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Anonymous|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli01asiauoft#page/n22/mode/1up/search/|page=xix|title=Editor's preface |journal=Transactions of the Literary Society of Bombay |volume=1|orig-year=1819 |year=1877}}</ref>

==Legacy==
*The [[Sykes' monkey]] ''Cercopithecus albogularis'' was named after him.<ref>Kingdon, J. 1997. ''The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals.'' Academic Press Limited, London. {{ISBN|0-12-408355-2}}</ref>
*The bird [[Sykes's nightjar]] or the Sindh nightjar ''Caprimulgus mahrattensis'' was named after him.
*The bird [[Sykes's warbler]] ''Iduna rama'' was named after him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Beolens|first=Bo|title=Whose Bird? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds|year=2003|publisher=Christopher Helm|location=London|pages=332–333|author2=Watkins, Michael }}</ref>

== Publications ==
* {{Cite journal|title=Statistics of the Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice in British India from 1841 to 1844, both Inclusive|author=Sykes, W.H.|journal=Journal of the Statistical Society of London|volume=9| issue=4| year=1846|pages=310–338 |doi=10.2307/2337677|jstor=2337677}}
* {{cite journal|title=On the Quails and Hemipodii of India|author=Sykes, WH| journal=Transactions of the Zoological Society of London| volume=2| issue=1| pages=1–24| year=1839| doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1839.tb00004.x}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sykes, WH|journal= Transactions of the Zoological Society of London |title=On the Fishes of the Dukhun.| volume=2| issue=5| pages=349–378| year=1839| doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1839.tb00029.x|url= https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofzo02zool#page/n477/mode/2up}}
* {{cite journal|journal=Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London| volume=2| issue=3|pages =181–184| year=1839| title= Some Account of the Land-crabs of the Dukhun| author=Sykes, WH| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2311.1839.tb03206.x| url=https://zenodo.org/record/1447601}}
* {{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland| year=1836|volume= 3| issue=2|pages=350–376| title=Land Tenures of Dukhun| author=Sykes, WH|jstor=44011994 | doi=10.1017/S0035869X00014337| s2cid=162483236| url=https://zenodo.org/record/2250326}}
* Sykes, WH 1834–8. On the Fishes of the Dukhun, and on the Fossils collected at Cutch.
* {{cite journal|author=Sykes, WH |year=1835|title=On the atmospheric tides and meteorology of Dukhun (Deccan), East Indies |doi=10.1098/rstl.1835.0012 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|volume=125|pages=161–220|bibcode=1835RSPT..125..161S|s2cid=186208263|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1432372|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sykes, W.H.|year=1850|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume=140|pages=297–378|doi=10.1098/rstl.1850.0016 |title=Discussion of meteorological observations taken in India, at various heights, embracing those at Dodabetta on the Neelgherry Mountains, at 8640 feet above the level of the sea|s2cid=111239855|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1432398|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|title=On a portion of Dukhun, East Indies|author=Sykes, W.H.|year=1833|pages=409–432 |journal=Transactions of the Geological Society|volume=4 |issue=2|doi=10.1144/transgslb.4.2.409|s2cid=140668005|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448585}}
* Sykes, WH 1837. On the Increase of Wealth and Expenditure in the various classes of Society in the United Kingdom.
* Sykes, WH 1838. Special Reports on the Statistics of the Four Collectorates of Dukhun.
* Sykes, WH 1841. Notes on the Religious, Moral and Political State of Ancient India.
* Sykes, WH 1847. [https://archive.org/stream/jstor-2337813/2337813#page/n0/mode/1up Prices of the Cerelia and other Edibles in India and England compared]. Quarterly Journal of the Statistical Society of London 10(4):289-315.
;Notes in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
* {{cite journal|author=Sykes, W.H.|title=Description of the wild dog of the Western Ghats|pages=405–411|year=1835|volume=3|journal=Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=3 |url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofro03asia#page/404/mode/2up|doi=10.1017/S0950473700001142}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sykes, W.H.|year=1835|title=Some account of the Kolisurra silk-worm of the Deccan|pages=541–547|volume=3|journal=Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=3 |url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofro03asia#page/n597/mode/2up|doi=10.1017/S0950473700001245}}
* Sykes, WH 1833. Ornaments on figures in cave temples at Karli. 451.
* {{cite journal|author=Sykes, WH|year= 1835|title=Land Tenures of the Dekkan|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=2|issue=4|pages=205–233|jstor=25207464 |doi= 10.1017/S0035869X00094363|s2cid= 163125872|url= https://zenodo.org/record/1793549}}
* Sykes, WH 1837. The Upas or Poison-tree of Java. 194.
* Sykes, WH 1837. Inscriptions from the Budh caves near Junar. 287.
* Sykes, WH 1837. Oil and cordage plants of the Dekhan, Addenda 22.
* Sykes, WH 1839. Siva in the cave temples at Elephanta and Ellora. 81.
* Sykes, WH 1839. Inscription at Sanchi re proprietary right in the soil. 246
* Sykes, WH 1839. India before the Mohameddan invasion. 248.
* Sykes, WH 1848. Catalogue of Chinese Buddhistical works. 199
* Sykes, WH 1856. Miniature chaityas and Buddhist inscriptions in Sarnath. 37.
* Sykes, WH 1858. [https://books.google.com/books?id=piZcAAAAQAAJ Traits of Indian character]. 223.
* Sykes, WH 1858. Golden relics discovered in Rangoon. 298

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[:Category:Taxa named by William Henry Sykes|Category:Taxa named by William Henry Sykes]]

==References==
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|authorlink1=Upinder Singh|title=The discovery of ancient India: early archaeologists and the beginnings of archaeology|date=2004|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=9788178240886|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Society|first1=Asiatic|title=Asiatic Journal|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society|date=1842|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSEYAAAAYAAJ|ref={{harvid|JAS|1842}}|publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company|language=en}}

== External links ==
* {{hansard-contribs | mr-william-sykes | William Henry Sykes }}
* {{ODNB|id=26871|title=Sykes, William Henry|author= Woodward, B. B. Woodward (revised by M. G. M. Jones)}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box | title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aberdeen (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeen]] | before=[[George Thompson (shipowner)|George Thompson]] | after=[[John Farley Leith]] | years=1857–1872}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box|title=[[Rector of the University of Aberdeen#Rector of Marischal College, Aberdeen|Rector of Marischal College, Aberdeen]]|years=1854–1855|before=[[George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle|Earl of Carlisle]]|after=[[Austen Henry Layard]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Royal Statistical Society presidents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sykes, William Henry}}
[[Category:1790 births]]
[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:English zoologists]]
[[Category:English naturalists]]
[[Category:English ornithologists]]
[[Category:British taxonomists]]
[[Category:19th-century British zoologists]]
[[Category:Directors of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bradford]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Aberdeen constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1857–1859]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1859–1865]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1865–1868]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1868–1874]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]

Corps of Military Police (India)

2026-01-03T04:45:28Z

Aaqibjavaid: general fixed layout for accuracy further

{{Short description|Military police of the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{infobox military unit

|image=[[File:IA Corps of Military Police.png]]
|caption=Crest of the Corps of Military police
|dates= 1939–present
|country={{IND}}
|allegiance=
|branch={{army|IND}}
|type=
|role=
|size= 9,000 Personnel (approximately)
|command_structure=
|garrison=Bangalore, [[Karnataka]]
|garrison_label=Regimental Centre
|patron=
|motto=''Seva Tatha Sahayata''
|march=
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|anniversaries=18 October (Corps Raising Day)
|nickname=Provost
|decorations=
• [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]]-1 
• [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]]-1 
• [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]]-1 
• [[Sena Medal|SM]]-5 
• [[Military Medal|MMs]]-1 
• [[Mentioned in dispatches|MiD]]-5<ref name="Decorations"/>
|battle_honours=
}}
'''Corps of Military Police''' ('''CMP''') is the [[military police]] of the [[Indian Army]]. In addition, the CMP is trained to handle [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] such as [[telephone]] exchanges. They can be identified by their red [[berets]], white lanyards and belts, and they also wear a black [[brassard]] with the letters '''MP''' imprinted in red.

The term 'red berets' is synonymous with the personnel of the [[elite corps]] of Military Police (CMP), since all ranks of this Corps adorn the exclusive red [[berets]] along with white belts to distinguish themselves from other Corps of the Army. The role of this Corps is primarily to assist Army formations in maintaining a high standard of discipline of its troops, prevent breaches of various rules and regulations, and assist in the preservation of high [[morale]] of all ranks of the formation.

==History==
[[File:Corps of Military Police marching contingent passes through the Rajpath during the 63rd Republic Day Parade-2012, in New Delhi on January 26, 2012.jpg|thumb|305x305px| Corps of Military Police marching contingent passes through the Rajpath during the 63rd Republic Day Parade, 2012|alt=|right]]
The first section of the Indian Corps of Military Police was raised in July 1939, with the name of Force 4 Provost unit<ref name="Decorations"/> and initially was part of the [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]], which was the first Indian formation to be inducted in World War 2. The Provost section was raised by taking soldiers from the 7 and 11th Cavalry Regiment. The recorded date of raising the first Provost Unit is 28 August 1939, and the Unit served in campaigns of North Africa and Burma during the [[World War II|World War 2]]. After successful operations by this newly formed unit during these campaigns, the Government of British India formally sanctioned the formation of the Corps of Indian Military Police on 7 July 1942.

Initially under the British rule, the Corps was known as 'Corps of Indian Military Police (CIMP)' and after the Freedom of India on 18 October 1947, the corps was re-designated and now is known as 'Corps of Military Police (CMP)', which is now celebrated as Corps Raising Day.<ref>[http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=++ll7hEwSCNrNvUrcN3RSA==&ParentID=GTncH0OVAEjsJN6ymtd8nA==&flag=j6JKe+plDtSQtsFCApXCXQ== Corps of Military Police - History], Indian Army</ref>

==Roles and Tasks of the Corps of Military Police==
[[File:Wagahmps (85).JPG|thumb|Military Police at the India Pakistan border]]
* Policing the [[Cantonments]] and army establishments
* Maintenance of Order and Discipline in the cantonments, Army Establishments, and to prevent the breach of Rules and Regulations of the Indian Army by the Soldiers serving in the Regular Army.
* Maintaining the movements of logistics, soldiers, and vehicles in the cantonments during both peace and war both times
* Handling POWs
* Controlling stragglers and refugees in war
* Assistance to other regiments, soldiers, and their families
* Aiding civil law enforcement and is responsible for making liaison with the Naval police, and the Air Force police
* Investigating Cases of the Indian Army
* Providing pilot vehicles to Division Commanders, Corps Commanders, Army Commanders, and COAS
* Providing close protection to the Chief of Army Staff

==Band==
[[File:The Dare Devils of Corps of Military Police popularly known as the “SHWET ASHW” performing astounding feats on its blazing motorcycles, passing through the Rajpath during the 58th Republic Day Parade - 2007, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|305x305px|The Dare Devils of Corps of Military Police performing astounding feats on its blazing motorcycles, passing through the Rajpath during the 58th Republic Day Parade, 2007|alt=|right]]
The CMP Brass Band is the military police's official [[military band]]. It was raised in 1953 in [[Faizabad]]. In 1966, the band was assigned to privileged duties at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. It received official commendation by the [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] in 2003. It was nominated by the army to take part in the tri-services band concert in 1994 at [[Pune]]. This band has performed at Amar Jawan Jyoti during 1977, 1988, and 1993. It has participated in the army and the [[Republic Day parades]] regularly. It also has the distinction of forming part of the largest military band under one conductor, creating a Guinness world record on 16 December 1997 in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=Q44eowIH6T3ch+PJZSQOVQ==&ParentID=6Ic0YHmuz4YxkTVwdo1sXQ==|title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army}}</ref>

==UN Missions==
Soldiers of the Corps served in Different UN Mission contingents at [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Somalia]], [[Rwanda]] and [[Sierra Leone]], and are presently deployed in [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNFIL, Lebanon]] and [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force|UNDOF]] and [[Golan Heights]].<ref>[http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PLargeTC1C.aspx?MnId=TkrngJTvizNfQiFJDJe9rw==&ParentID=FSIuQ7/hvdMD1aH5U3Stiw== Corps of Military Police - UN Mission], Indian Army</ref>

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Decorations">{{cite web|url=http://www.armyquotes.net/cmp-indian-army/|publisher=Army Quotes|title=CMP Indian Army|accessdate=2 April 2016}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
* [http://indianarmy.nic.in Official website of the Indian Army]

{{Indian_Army_Arms_and_Services}}

[[Category:Administrative corps of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Military provosts|India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1939]]

Anand Nagar metro station (Mumbai)

2025-12-20T15:19:53Z

Aaqibjavaid:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Anand Nagar
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|आनंद नगर}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Yellow
| image = Anand Nagar metro station.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = The elevated Anand Nagar metro station above a busy street with varied traffic.
| address = Anand Nagar, Dahisar East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400068
| coordinates = {{coord|19.257217|N|72.8651362|E|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|2A|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|Mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| depth =
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|April|02}}
| accessible =

| code = '''202'''
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|left=Kandarpada|right=Dahisar (East)}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 2}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Anand Nagar''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This metro station is located on New Link Road in [[Dahisar]], Mumbai. This station is managed by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was opened to the public on 2 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Mumbai Metro's 2A & 7 Lines to Cover Andheri to Dahisar in Just 75 Minutes {{!}} Know Fare, Routes as Ops Begin Today |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mumbai-metros-2a-7-lines-to-cover-andheri-to-dahisar-in-just-75-minutes-know-fare-routes-as-ops-begin-today-6877861.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
J Kumar Infraprojects was awarded the contract to construct the station in June 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=Tainted J Kumar Infraporjects bags Dahisar-DN Nagar Metro 2A project |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tainted-j-kumar-infraporjects-bags-dahisar-dn-nagar-metro-2a-project-2242773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015125202/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tainted-j-kumar-infraporjects-bags-dahisar-dn-nagar-metro-2a-project-2242773 |archive-date=15 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=dna}}</ref> The MMRDA announced that electrification of the line had been completed on 26 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2021 |title=MMRDA to conduct test run for two elevated Metro lines next week |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mmrda-to-conduct-test-run-for-two-elevated-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/82979298.cms |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |agency=IANS}}</ref> The station was originally named Upper Dahisar. The MMRDA renamed the station as Anand Nagar in March 2022 based on demands from local residents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Three Metro stations renamed on public demand |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-three-metro-stations-renamed-on-public-demand |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

Anand Nagar was opened to the public on 2 April 2022, along with the first phase of Line 2A.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Mumbai: Phase 1 of Metro Line 2A and 7 opened for public |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-8-pm-today-phase-1-of-metro-line-2a-7-to-be-thrown-open-to-public-7850274/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} {{small|(terminus)}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} {{small|([[Kandarpada metro station|Kandarpada]])}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Anand Nagar station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]

Faiz Ali Khan

2025-11-20T23:37:06Z

Aaqibjavaid: slightly cleaned up information per sources and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{unreferenced|date= February 2017}}
'''Nawab Faiz Ali Khan Bahadur''' (Muhammad Beg Khan Najm-i-Sani), was a ruler of the [[princely state]] of [[Banganapalle]], including the [[Chenchelimala]] territory.

He was the second son of [[Nawab Ali Quli Khan Bahadur]], sometime [[Vizier]] to Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], by his wife, a sister of Imad ul-Mulk, Nawab Khwaja Muhammad Mubariz Khan Bahadur, Hizbar Jang, sometime [[Subedar]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and [[Vizier]]. He is variously described as grandson, son-in-law or adopted son of [[Muhammad Beg Khan-e Rosebahani]], Qiladar of Banganapalle. He entered the service of the [[Adil Shahi]] sultans of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] and was appointed Qiladar in succession to his adoptive father and namesake around 1686. He was confirmed in the [[jagir]] of Banganapalle by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] viceroy of the Deccan sometime before 3 November 1719.

He succeeded to Chenchelimala on the death of his childless elder brother (Fazl Ali Khan Bahadur) sometime before 21 April 1738. He died at Banganapalle Fort sometime before 25 August 1759.

==Trivia==
* Faiz Ali Khan's younger brother was Yusuf Khan Bahadur, [[Nawab Muhammad Taqi Khan Bahadur]] was [[Nawab of Masulipatam]], whose son was '''[[Nawab Hasan Ali Khan Bahadur]]''', a very famous person in the nawabs of Masulipatam.

==See also==
*[[Nawab of the Carnatic]]
*[[Nawab of Masulipatam]]

==References==

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Najm-i-Sani dynasty]]|?||1759|}}

{{s-bef| before = Fazl Ali Khan Bahadur }}
{{s-ttl| title = Qiladar of [[Chenchelimala]] later as [[Jagirdar]]
| years = 21 April 1738 – 1759 }}
{{s-aft| rows = 2 | after = [[Nawab Fazl Ali Khan III Bahadur]] }}
{{s-bef| before = [[Muhammad Beg Khan-e Rosebahani]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Jagirdar of Banganapalle]] Qiladar until 1719
| years = 1686 – 1759 }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Faiz Ali}}
[[Category:1750s deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Banganapalle State]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

2024 Bengaluru Open – Doubles

2025-11-11T13:39:56Z

Aaqibjavaid: Pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Tennis events|2024|Bengaluru Open|s
| champ = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]
| runner = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Constantin Bittoun Kouzmine]]}} {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Maxime Janvier]]
| score = 6–3, 6–4
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
}}

{{main|2024 Bengaluru Open}}

[[Chung Yun-seong]] and [[Hsu Yu-hsiou]] were the defending champions<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru Open 2023: Max Purcell crowned singles champion |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/bengaluru-open-tennis-2023-singles-final-result-winners |website=Olympics |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> but only Chung chose to defend his title, partnering [[Dan Added]]. Chung lost in the first round to [[Tristan Schoolkate]] and [[Adam Walton (tennis)|Adam Walton]].

The Indian pair of [[Saketh Myneni]] and [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]] won the title after defeating the French duo [[Constantin Bittoun Kouzmine]] and [[Maxime Janvier]] 6–3, 6–4 in the final.

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dan Added]] / {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|POL}} [[Piotr Matuszewski]] / {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Romios]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji]] / {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andre Begemann]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]] ''(first round)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dan Added|D Added]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong|Y-s Chung]]
| RD1-score01-1=3
| RD1-score01-2=3
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tristan Schoolkate|T Schoolkate]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adam Walton (tennis)|A Walton]]'''
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2='''6'''
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Hong Seong-chan|S-c Hong]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Coleman Wong|C Wong]]
| RD1-score03-1=1
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''
| RD1-score03-3=[5]
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Francis Alcantara|FC Alcantara]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaichi Uchida|K Uchida]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2=1
| RD1-score04-3='''[10]'''

| RD1-seed05=3
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji|S Balaji]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andre Begemann|A Begemann]]
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2=4
| RD1-score05-3=[10]
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Jakob Schnaitter|J Schnaitter]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Mark Wallner|M Wallner]]'''
| RD1-score06-1=3
| RD1-score06-2='''6'''
| RD1-score06-3='''[12]'''

| RD1-seed07=WC
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddhant Banthia|S Banthia]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[S D Prajwal Dev|SDP Dev]]
| RD1-score07-1=0
| RD1-score07-2=62
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD1-score08-1='''6'''
| RD1-score08-2='''77'''
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=WC
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|IND}} Sai Karteek Reddy Ganta {{flagicon|IND}} Manish Sureshkumar
| RD1-score09-1=2
| RD1-score09-2=68
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=Alt
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Constantin Bittoun Kouzmine|C Bittoun Kouzmine]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Maxime Janvier|M Janvier]]'''
| RD1-score10-1='''6'''
| RD1-score10-2='''710'''
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Moez Echargui|M Echargui]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Oriol Roca Batalla|O Roca Batalla]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2='''6'''
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=4
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli|RC Bollipalli]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]
| RD1-score12-1=4
| RD1-score12-2=4
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Geoffrey Blancaneaux|G Blancaneaux]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benjamin Bonzi|B Bonzi]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Enrico Dalla Valle|E Dalla Valle]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Stefano Napolitano|S Napolitano]]
| RD1-score14-1=4
| RD1-score14-2=2
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ray Ho|R Ho]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Calum Puttergill|C Puttergill]]
| RD1-score15-1=4
| RD1-score15-2=5
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Piotr Matuszewski|P Matuszewski]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Romios|MC Romios]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''7'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tristan Schoolkate|T Schoolkate]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adam Walton (tennis)|A Walton]]
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2=2
| RD2-score01-3=[7]
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Francis Alcantara|FC Alcantara]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaichi Uchida|K Uchida]]'''
| RD2-score02-1=1
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3='''[10]'''

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|GER}} [[Jakob Schnaitter|J Schnaitter]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Mark Wallner|M Wallner]]
| RD2-score03-1=4
| RD2-score03-2=4
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD2-score04-1='''6'''
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=Alt
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Constantin Bittoun Kouzmine|C Bittoun Kouzmine]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Maxime Janvier|M Janvier]]'''
| RD2-score05-1=1
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3='''[10]'''
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|TUN}} [[Moez Echargui|M Echargui]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Oriol Roca Batalla|O Roca Batalla]]
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2=2
| RD2-score06-3=[5]

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Geoffrey Blancaneaux|G Blancaneaux]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benjamin Bonzi|B Bonzi]]
| RD2-score07-1=3
| RD2-score07-2=5
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Piotr Matuszewski|P Matuszewski]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Romios|MC Romios]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2='''7'''
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|PHI}} [[Francis Alcantara|FC Alcantara]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaichi Uchida|K Uchida]]
| RD3-score01-1=2
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=[7]
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2=2
| RD3-score02-3='''[10]'''

| RD3-seed03=Alt
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Constantin Bittoun Kouzmine|C Bittoun Kouzmine]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Maxime Janvier|M Janvier]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2=3
| RD3-score03-3='''[10]'''
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|POL}} [[Piotr Matuszewski|P Matuszewski]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Romios|MC Romios]]
| RD3-score04-1=3
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3=[6]

| RD4-seed01=
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=Alt
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Constantin Bittoun Kouzmine|C Bittoun Kouzmine]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Maxime Janvier|M Janvier]]
| RD4-score02-1=3
| RD4-score02-2=4
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.protennislive.com/posting/2024/7808/mdd.pdf Main draw]

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024 Bengaluru Open - Doubles}}
[[Category:2024 ATP Challenger Tour|Bengaluru Open - Doubles]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2024 Doubles]]

{{Tennis-competition-stub}}
{{India-sport-stub}}

C. G. Krishnadas Nair

2025-11-07T17:42:58Z

Aaqibjavaid: made some post first draft!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{short description|Indian technocrat and scientist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. G. Krishnadas Nair
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1941|09|17}}
| birth_place = Kerala, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Metallurgist, Technocrat
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padmashri]] Scope Award Vaswik Research Award Birla Gold Medal National Aeronautical Prize Dr Ambedkar Bharat Shree Award Rashtriya Ratna Award National Metallurgist Award Omprakash Bhasin Award [[IIMs|IIM]] Platinum Award Swadeshi Science Puraskara Enterprise Excellence Award Gold Cross Award FIE Foundation Award
}}
'''Chandrathil Gouri Krishnadas Nair''' is an Indian technocrat, teacher and metallurgical scientist known for his contributions in the field of aeronautical metallurgy. Dr Nair was given the [[Padma Shri]] Award by the Government of India for his contributions to science and technology in 2001.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

== Early years ==
C. G. Krishnadas Nair was born in kuttipuzha village in Ernakulam district of Kerala on 17 August 1941 as the son of Idaprampalli Manakkal Krishnan Namboothiri and Chandrathil Gouriamma. Krishnadas Nair got his family name, ''Chandrathil'', through [[matrilineal succession]].

In this Indian name, the name Chandrathil Gouri is a [[matronymic]], and the person should be referred to by the given name, Krishnadas Nair.

Sarvadikaryakkar Kunjikutti Pillai is his maternal ancestor. He had his early education in Kerala and continued his studies at IIT Madras to pass graduate degree in Metallurgical Engineering in 1964. He obtained master's degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1966 and earned PhD in 1968 from the [[University of Saskatchewan]], Canada.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=8598685&privcapId=29899664|title=Chandrathil Gouri Krishnadas Nair: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:HAL Dhruv production line.JPG|thumb|left|Production line of the [[HAL Dhruv]] at [[Bangalore]] ]]
C. G. K. Nair started his career as an assistant professor in [[Regional Engineering College, Suratkal]] (present KNIT). Later, he worked as visiting faculty at [[University of Sheffield]], UK when he quit teaching career to join [[Hindustan Aeronautics]] in the design and development department in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mme.iitm.ac.in/node/36 |title=Citation for Dr. C.G.K. Nair {{!}} Metallurgical and Materials Engineering |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230125/http://mme.iitm.ac.in/node/36 |archive-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Slowly he rose through the ranks to become the first professional engineer to become MD & Chairman of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]. Nair's efforts at HAL is said to have transformed the company into a globally competent aerospace industry through long-term strategic plan with strong R&D, diversification, export, industry academy interaction and work culture based on ethics and teamwork.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.siati.org/?q=category/Managing%20Committee/Dr.%20C.G.K.%20Nair|title=SIATI {{!}} Home|website=www.siati.org|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref>

[[File:Cochin International Airport.JPG|thumb|180px]]
Nair is also credited with efforts that led to the design and development of Advanced Light Helicopter, new Jet trainer and Light Armed Helicopter by HAL. He is considered as the influence behind the design of High Altitude Helicopter, Multi Role Transport Aircraft and many advanced aerospace equipments.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In 1991, he founded the Society of Indian Aerospace Technologies and Industries (SIATI)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siati.org/?q=node/1179|title=SIATI {{!}} Home|website=www.siati.org|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aeromag.in/news/aviation/society-of-indian-aerospace-technologies-and-industries |title=Society of Indian Aerospace Technologies and Industries |website= Aeromag |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523231942/http://www.aeromag.in/news/aviation/society-of-indian-aerospace-technologies-and-industries |archive-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> to train and support small and medium enterprises to develop aerospace components indigenously. He served as AICTE-INAE Distinguished Visiting Professor at IIT Chennai for two terms after his retirement from HAL when he was appointed as the Vice Chancellor of [[MATS University]]. In 2008, he was invited by [[Government of Kerala]] to head [[Cochin International Airport Limited]] as the Managing Director.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Flight-to-Jeddah-from-city-launched/article16546448.ece|title=Flight to Jeddah from city launched|date=2009-07-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He served CIAL till 2011.
[[File:NITC AB.jpg|right|thumb|The Administrative Block NITC]]
C. G. K. Nair has presented and published 193 scientific papers at various conferences at national and international levels. He has authored 20 books.<ref name=autogenerated3>[https://www.amazon.com/Non-Destructive-Test-Evaluation-Materials-Prasad/dp/0070077460 Non-Destructive Test and Evaluation of Materials: J Prasad, C G K Nair: 9780070077461: Amazon.com: Books]</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inae.in/contents/awards/C.G.%20Krishnadas%20Nair.pdf |title=Life Time Contribution Award in Engineering 2007 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323202946/http://inae.in/contents/awards/C.G.%20Krishnadas%20Nair.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is the Chairperson of [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]] (NITC) since the end of his tenure at CIAL in 2011{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} and is also an independent Director at [[Global Vectra Helicorp]].{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

== Positions held ==
C. G. K. Nair has held various positions in his career.<ref name=autogenerated4 /><ref name=autogenerated1 />
* Chancellor of [[Jain University]], Bangalore - India (Current)
* Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]].
* Independent Director at [[Global Vectra Helicorp Limited]] since 4 May 2012
* Non-Executive Independent Director at [[Titan Industries|Titan Industries Limited]] since 2 May 2002
* Member - Scientific Advisory Committee to the [[Cabinet of India]]
* Member - Enterprise Reform Committee to the [[Government of Kerala]]
* Chairman of the Society of Defence Technologists (SODET)
* President of the Society of Indian Aerospace Technologies
* Member of Governing Council of [[MVJ College of Engineering]]
* President of [[Aeronautical Society of India]]
* President of [[Indian Institute of Metals]]
* Vice-Chancellor of [[MATS University]]
* Managing Director, [[Cochin International Airport Limited]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/dec/07/operation-smokeout-in-kochi-airport-317769.html|title=Operation Smokeout in Kochi Airport|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref>
* Founder of International Institute for Aerospace Engineering & Management (IIAEM), Bangalore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iiaem.jainuniversity.ac.in/AboutIIAEM.htm|title=Top 5 and Best (Aerospace Engineering) College {{!}} JU-IIAEM|website=iiaem.jainuniversity.ac.in|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref>
* Chairman of [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]]

== Awards and recognition ==
Nair received several awards and recognition during his career.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref name=autogenerated2 />
* Outstanding Aerospace Personality Award (2011) for the decade by Indian Aviation for outstanding contributions to the Indian Aerospace Industry
* Centenary of Aviation Award (2010) by Society of Aerospace Studies
* Rajiv Gandhi 60th Birth Anniversary Rastriya Ekta Samman (2008) for contribution to National prosperity, unity and achievements.
* Life Time Contributions and Achievement Award (2007) from [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (INAE)
* IIM Platinum Award from [[Indian Institute of Metals]] (2004)
* National Metallurgist Award (2003) from the [[Indian Institute of Metals]] and Ministry of Steel and Mines
* Scope Award for Excellence in Public Sector Management for best Managed Public Sector (HAL) (2003)
* Scope Award for Best Chief Executive and PM's Gold Plaque (2002) Department of Public Enterprises and Ministry of Industries by [[Vice-President of India]]
* [[Padmashri]] (2001) by the [[President of India]]
* Dr.Ambedkar Bharath Shree Award (2001) by [[Governor of Karnataka]]
* Gold Cross Award (International) (2001) by COMITE D’HONNEUR du MERITE ET DEVOUEMENT FRANCAIS, France.
* Rashtriya Ratna Award (2001) International Friendship Forum of India
* Swadeshi Science Puraskara (2000)
* National Award for R&D (1998)
* Hon. Fellow & Life Time Achievement Award from [[Aeronautical Society of India]] (1997)
* First Distinguished IIT Alumnus Award from IIT: Chennai (1996)
* Omprakash Bhasin Award in Space & Aerospace Application (1996)
* Hindustan Zinc Gold Medal (1993) by [[Indian Institute of Metals]].
* Vasvik Research Award (1992) by Vibidhlaxi Audyogik Samshodhan Vikas Kendra
* FIE Foundation Award (1991) from [[FIE Foundation]], awarded by the [[Prime Minister of India]]
* National Award for R&D (1991) by Department of Scientific & Industrial Research
* Indira Gandhi Memorial National Award (1990) for Excellent Chief Executive, by Central Public Sector Employees Federation, Hyderabad
* National Award for Best Employer of Physically Handicapped (1990) by President of India.
* National Energy Award (1990) by the Institute of Indian Foundry men
* National Aeronautical Prize (1990) from [[Aeronautical Society of India]]
* National Award for Best Employer of Physically Handicapped (1989) by [[President of India]]
* Birla Gold Medal (1988) from [[Indian Institute of Metals]]
* Ferroguard Award (1979) from Electro-Chemical Society of India
* Best Young Metallurgist Award (1975) from Ministry of Steel & Mines, [[Government of India]].
* Fellow of [[Indian Institute of Metals]]
* Fellow of [[Institution of Engineers (India)]]
* Fellow of [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
| title = Advances in Composites
| author = [[E. S. Dwarakadasa|Eswarahalli Sundararajan Dwarakadasa]], Chandrathil Gouri Krishnadas Nair
| year = 2000
| publisher = Foundation for Advanced Materials Education
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Non-Destructive Test and Evaluation of Materials
| author = J Prasad, C G K Nair
| year = 2008
| publisher = McGraw-Hill Education (India)
| isbn = 978-0070077461
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Men of Metals and Materials: My Memoires
| author = Gopal S. Upadhyaya
| year = 2011
| publisher = iUniverse
| isbn = 9781462018437
}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/Leadership.htm Leadership in Jain University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230442/http://www.globalhelicorp.com/investor-cg.asp Global Vectra HeliCorp site]
* [http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Board-of-Directors/Global-Vectra-Helicorp-Ltd/532773 Profile on India Infoline]
* [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/global-vectra-helicorp-ltd/infocompanymanagement/companyid-14745.cms Global Vectra HeliCorp]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101117114747/http://sify.com/finance/stockpricequote/Global_Vectra_Helicorp_Ltd-16600022/boardofdirectors.html Profile on Sify]
* [http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/08/26/stories/142654df.htm News]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140524023042/http://indianboards.com/pages/companyprofile.aspx?code=C0001317 Profile on Indian Boards]

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, C. G. Krishnadas}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Indian metallurgists]]
[[Category:Engineers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:National Institute of Technology Calicut chairpersons]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi

2025-10-23T15:58:11Z

Aaqibjavaid: add lead for accuracy

{{Short description|none}}
This is a list of songs performed, sung and/or recorded by [[Mohammed Rafi]] between 1942 and 1980. Over 5,000 of his songs are listed here. Most are in Hindi but he also sang in several other languages. The genre of song is first, followed by any other singers and the music director or lyricist, then album name and year released.

== Telugu songs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)!! Writer(s)
!Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan=2|1964
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Ramadasu (1964 Film)|Ramadasu]]''
| "Kahekarona"
| rowspan=2| Aswadhamma
|
|
|-
| "Ram Naam Se Jyaada"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1969
! rowspan="6" | ''[[Bhale Thammudu (1969 film)|Bhale Thammudu]]''
| "Enthavaru Gaani"
| rowspan=6| [[T. V. Raju]]
| rowspan=6|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|
|-
| "Gopala Bala Ninne Kori"
| rowspan=5|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Iddari Manasulu"
|-
| "Gumma Gumma"
|-
| "Nede Ee Nade"
|-
| "Qawali"
|-
| 1970
! ''[[Thalla? Pellama?]]''
| "Nuvvu Navvu Thunnavu"
| [[T. V. Raju]]
| C. Narayana Reddy
| S. Janaki
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1976
! rowspan="5" |''[[Aradhana (1976 film)|Aaradhana]]''
|"Ninnu Pilachindi"
| rowspan="5" |Saluri Hanumantha Rao
| rowspan="4"|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| rowspan="3" |[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|"Nede Thelisindhi"
|-
|"Laila Majunu"
|-
|"O Priyathama"
|
|-
|"Neekela Intha Niraasa"
|[[Dasaradhi Rangacharya|Dasharadi]]
|
|-
|rowspan=5|1979
! Rowspan=5|''[[Akbar Salim Anarkali]]''
| "Sipaayee O Sipaayee"
| rowspan=5|[[C. Ramchandra]]
| rowspan=5|C. Narayana Reddy
| rowspan=4|P. Susheela
|-
| "Kalusukunnaa Gubulaaye"
|-
| "Reyi Aagiponi"
|-
| "Thaane Maeli Musugu"
|-
| "Thaaralenthagaa"
|
|}

== Kannada songs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)
! Writer(s)
! Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1967
! ''[[Onde Balliya Hoogalu]]''
|"Neenelli naḍèvè doora(ನೀನೆಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆವೆ ದೂರ)"
| [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]|| [[Geethapriya]]
|
|}

== Malayalam songs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)!! Writer(s)
!Co-singer(s)
|-
| 1980
! ''[[Thaliritta Kinakkal]]''
| "Shabaab Leke"
| Jithin Shyam
| Aayish Kamal
|
|}
== Punjabi songs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Punjabi Film Songs
|-

!Year !! Song title !! Movie
|-
| 1941 || Sohniye Heeriye Ni Teri Yad Ne|| Gul Baloch
|-
| 1949 || Jag Wala Mela || Lachhi
|-
| 1956 || Main Koi Jhoot Boleya || Jagte Raho
|-
| 1956 || Dhol Vajda Tali Vajdi || Santo Banto
|-
| 1956 || Aaja Sonie || Santo Banto
|-
| 1959 || Rab Na Kare || Bhangra
|-
| 1959 || Jat Kurrian Ton Darda Mara || Bhangra
|-
| 1959 || Chitte Dand Hasno Nahin Rahende || Bhangra
|-
| 1960 || Main Yamla Jatt || Yamla Jatt
|-
| 1960 || Aakh Ladi Ve Ladi || Yamla Jatt
|-
| 1960 || Rang Mastana || Yamla Jatt
|-
| 1961 || Pyar De Pulekhe || Guddi
|-
| 1961 || Dana Pani Khich Ke Ley || Guddi
|-
| 1961 || Pyar De Bhuleke || Guddi
|-
| 1962 || Chunni Apni Nu || Pardesi Dhola
|-
| 1964 || Gora Rang Na || Lajo
|-
| 1969 || Mitter Pyare Noon || Nanak Naam Jahaz Hai
|-
| 1970 || Nanak Dukhia Sab Sansaar || Kaun Bhale Kaun Mande
|-
| 1971 || Rabba Ve Teriyan Be Par Vaahian || Kankan De Ohle
|-
| 1971 || Hambe Diye Dale Ni || Kankan De Ohle
|-
| 1971 || Hai Ne Main Sadke || Kankan De Ohle
|-
| 1971 || Kankan De Ohle || Kankan De Ohle
|-
| 1973 || Jis Ke Sir Upar Tu Swami || Man Jeete Jag Jeet
|-
| 1975 || Ene Zor Di Marori Meri Baan || Teri Meri Ikk Jindri
|-
| 1976 || Rus Ke Tun || Pappi Tare Anek
|-
| 1976 || Sohneyo Makhno || Daaj
|-
| 1976 || Daaj || Daaj
|-
| 1977 || Laggi Wale Te || Sassi Punnu
|-
| 1977 || Das Meriya Dilwarave || Sassi Punnu
|-
| 1978 || Lakk Hille Majajan Jandi Da || Sukhi Perwaar
|-
| 1978 || Tenu Baba Kehnda || Tera Jawab Nahin
|-
| 1978 || Aata Gun Ke Pakade Phulke || Laadlee
|-
| 1978 || Husan Gazab Da Vakhia || Gorakh Dhanda
|-
| 1979 || Ther Jaa Ve Truck De Drivera || Ranjha Ikk Tey Heeran Do
|-
| 1979 || Has Baliye || Kara Ki Shift Tere Ang Ang Di
|-
| 1979 || Aini Gal to Gulabi Galan || Sehti Murad
|-
| 1981 || Aaja Ni Baliye || Walayati Babu
|-
| 1982 || Teri Gut Da Paranda || Channi
|}

===Non-film songs===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !!Album !! Song title !! Music director !! Co-singers
|-
| rowspan=2| 2020
!rowspan=2| ''Punjabi Film Hits (CD 2)''
| "Teri Azadi Di Shamma"
| rowspan=2| Sapan-Jagmohan
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Tera Jism Desh Da"
|-
|}

== Marathi songs ==
=== Non-film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Album
!Song
!Composer(s)
! Writer(s)
|-
|1975
! ''Shoora Mi Vandile''
| "Are He Dukhi Jeeva, Bekarar Hou Nako"
|Shrikant Thackeray
|
|-
|
!''Ajaramar Bhakti Geete''
| Prabhu Tu Dayalu
|
|
|-
|
!
| He Mana Aaj Koni
|
|
|-
|
!
| Hasa Mulanno Hasa
|
|
|-
| 2017
! ''Mazi Marathi Gaani''
| Ha Rusva sod sakhe pura ha bahana
|
|
|-
| 2012
!
| Ha Chhand Jivala Lavi Pise
|
|
|-
|
!
| Aga pori sambhal daryala ayalaya toofan bhari
|
|
|-
|
!
| Majhya viran hridayi
|
|
|-
|
!
| Virale geet kase
|
|
|-
|
!
| Nako arti ki nako pushpamala
|
|
|-
|
!
| Nako bhavya wada
|
|
|-
|
!
| Shodhisi Manava Rauli Mandiri
|
|
|-
|
!
| Khel tujha nyara
|
|
|}

== Odia songs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)!! Writer(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1967
! rowspan="2" |''[[Arundhati (1967 film)|Arundhati]]''
| "Mayuri Go Tuma Aakashe Mun"
| rowspan="2" | [[Shantanu Mahapatra]]
| Jibanananda Pani
|-
| "Tumaku Parunita Bhuli"
|Jibanananda Pani
|}

== Bengali songs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)!! Writer(s) !! Co-singer(s)
|-
| 1958
|''[[Indrani (film)|Indrani]]''
! scope="row"| "Sabhi Kuchh Lutkar"
| [[Nachiketa Ghosh]]
| Gauriprasanna Mazumdar
| solo
|-
| 1976
|''Ajasra Dhanyabad''
! scope="row"| "Nawal Kishore Shyamsundor"
| [[Shyamal Mitra]]
| Gauriprasanna Mazumdar
| Asha Bhosle, Shailendra Singh, Shyamal Mitra
|-
| 1979
|''Prahari''
! scope="row"| "Ore Man Ke Amon"
|
|
| [[Amit Kumar]], [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]], [[Aarti Mukherjee]]
|}

===Non-film songs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Song
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Album
! scope="col"| Composer(s)
! scope="col"| Lyricist(s)
! scope="col"| Note
|-
! scope="row"| "Aajo Modhuro Banshori Baaje"
| rowspan="8"| 1980
| rowspan="8"|''Aajo Modhuro Banshori Baaje''
| colspan="2" rowspan="8"| Kazi Nazrul Islam
| rowspan="8"|
|-
! scope="row"| "Pashaner Bhangaley Ghoom"
|-
! scope="row"| "Uchatano Mon Gharey Rio Na"
|-
! scope="row"| "Tomar Haather Sonar Rakhee"
|-
! scope="row"| "Cheyona Sunoyona"
|-
! scope="row"| "Alga Koro Go Khompar Badhon"
|-
! scope="row"| "Adho Adho Bol"
|-
! scope="row"| "Brajogopi Khele Hori"
|-
! scope="row"| "Tomader Ashirbader"
| rowspan="4"| 1982
| rowspan="4"|''Roj Roj Kata Aar Phool Jogabo''
|
|
| rowspan="4"|<ref name="bo">{{cite web|title=Roj Roj Kata Aar Phool Jogabo – Album by Various Artists|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/roj-roj-kata-aar-phool-jogabo/1532930299|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Tar Chokhe Neme Aasa"
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Gulmohorer Phul Jhore Jay"
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Kono Chalbajer Mukhe"
|
|
|}

== Bhojpuri songs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)!! Writer(s) !! Co-singer(s)
|-
| 1963
|[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]
! scope="row" | "Sonwa Ke Pinjra Mein"
| [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]]
| [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| solo
|-
|1977
|[[Dangal (1977 Film)|Dangal]]
!"Phoot Gaile Kismatiya"
|[[Nadeem–Shravan]]
|Rajpati Rahi
|Solo
|}

== Hindi non-film songs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)!! Writer(s) !! Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan=| 1957
! Rowspan=| ''Vrindavan Ka Krishna Kanhaiya''
| "Vrindavan Ka Krishna Kanhaiya"
| rowspan=| various
| rowspan=| various
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| rowspan=2| 1959
! Rowspan=2| ''Family Planning Songs''
| "Laal Tikon" (version 1)
| Rowspan=2| Prem Dhawan
| Rowspan=2| Prem Dhawan
| Rowspan=2| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Laal Tikon" (version 2)
|-
| 197?
!''Single''
| "Sapna Har Ek Din Toote"
| Madan Mohan
| N/A
| solo
|-
| rowspan=2| 1991
! rowspan=2| ''Ramzan Ki Azmat''
| "Ramzan Ki Azmat"
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Fazilat-e-Ramzan"
|-
| 2019
!''Madhosh Teri Aankhen''
| "Likhe Jo Khat"
|
|
| solo
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Mohammed Rafi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers|Rafi]]

Kaziranga University

2025-09-29T00:02:14Z

Aaqibjavaid: small improve formatting as per guidelines additionally and added references per sources

{{Short description|Indian University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = The Assam Kaziranga University
| native_name = {{Lang|as|কাজিৰঙা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়}}
| image = Kaziranga University Campus.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Kaziranga University
| latin_name =
| motto = Knowledge & Beyond
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2012}}
| closed =
| type = [[State Private University]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| rector =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = M. D. Khetan
| president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = P. K. Mishra
| principal =
| dean =
| director = Rainy Khetan
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = Koraikhowa, [[Jorhat, Assam]]
| province =
| country = India
| campus = Rural
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| colours = {{br separated entries|Maroon and Yellow | {{Color box|#8e192c}} {{color box|#ffbf00}} }}
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot = The Indian One Horned Rhino
| website = {{URL|kzu.ac.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
| image_name =
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.723997|94.075784|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| colors =
| affiliations = {{Ubl
| [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
| [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
}}
}}

'''Kaziranga University''' ('''KU'''), officially established as '''The Assam Kaziranga University''', is a state private university<ref name=Private>{{cite web|title=State -wise List of Private Universities as on 29.06.2017|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Consolidated%20List%20Private%20Universities%20as%20on%2029.06.2017.pdf|website=www.ugc.ac.in|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|access-date=1 September 2017|date=29 June 2017}}</ref> located at Koraikhowa, on the outskirts of city [[Jorhat]] in [[Assam]], India.

It was established in 2012 through ''The Assam Kaziranga University Act, 2012'' created under ''Assam Private Universities Act 2007''.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Kaziranga-University-to-start-session-in-July/articleshow/12320146.cms |title=Kaziranga University to start session in July |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216070017/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-18/guwahati/31206931_1_first-academic-session-assam-assembly-diplomas |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times Of India]] |date=18 March 2012 | url-status=live |location=Jorhat}}</ref>

==About==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
Founded in 2012, The Assam Kaziranga University well known as KU is one of the largest private universities in North-East India. The Assam Kaziranga University has been established under the Assam Private University Act No. XII of 2007, offering state-of-the-art education and research relevant to market needs. The University has been promoted by the Trust under the banner of The North Eastern Knowledge Foundation (NEKF) and founded in the year 2012 by the Khetan Industrial Group.
The social sensitivity and responsible entrepreneurship of both the groups have helped them to imbibe a culture of proedification in their endeavour and give back the knowledge and experience to the society that they have gathered over years of service to the nation.

The TAKU insignia attempts to visualize the guiding mission of the University. The one-horned rhino, available nowhere else in the world but the Kaziranga belt, symbolizes uniqueness. It also stands for steadfast concentration in one's pursuit, overcoming obstacles of all kind.

The one-horned rhino in the logo represents a confident and disciplined lifestyle that is not drifting aimlessly, but is respectfully connected to its roots. The sun on the top right corner, the timeless star of life, symbolizes knowledge as the eternal source of enlightenment. Overall, the shield is supposed to protect us from the invasion of ignorance in our lifelong pursuit of true knowledge and its humanist applications beyond.
The golden border hints at the shining glory that rewards every stellar performance upon completion.

==Campus==
The KU campus is located at Koraikhowa, on the outskirts of [[Jorhat]] city near NH 37. The campus is very conveniently connected with air, rail and road transport.

==Organisation==
The University provides courses in [[Engineering]], [[Management]], [[Computing Sciences]], [[Social Sciences]], [[Health Sciences]], Pharmacy and [[Basic sciences]]. It has seven constituent schools:
* Ku school of [[Basic research|Basic Sciences]]
* KU School of [[Business]]
* KU school of [[Computing Sciences]]
* KU School of [[Engineering]] and [[Technology]]
* KU school of [[Health Sciences]]
* KU School of [[Social Sciences]]
* KU School of [[Pharmacy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Assam}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Assam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2012]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Education in Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Jorhat district]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Assam]]

Chakeri Sawai Madhopur

2025-09-19T21:14:03Z

Aaqibjavaid: made new details from scratch!

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{No footnotes|date=September 2020}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chakeri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1456641|N|76.4505173|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Sarpanch
| leader_name1 = Rama Devi Meena
| leader_title2 = Vice Serpanch
| leader_name2 = Seema Devi
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3441
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = pin code
| postal_code = 322034
| registration_plate = RJ 25
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Chakeri''' is a small village in the [[Sawai Madhopur district]] of [[Rajasthan]], India, located approximately 26 kilometers from the district headquarter of [[Sawai Madhopur]].

==Location==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Chakeri located 20 kilometers from Sawai Madhopur district headquarter and well connected by road and train. Chakeri has a railway station known as Makholi, that is separate village so it made confused the people many times. Chakeri so called Makholi railway station located at Delhi-Mumbai railway track. there many trains are available from here to reach Sawai Madhopur or Gangapur city, generally they are local trains. Transport is also available by Jeep and bus available in fixed slot of time, such as early morning, afternoon and evening.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} Trains are available in Mokholi Chakari Station.

==Demographics==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
The population data according national population register
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center, min-width:100px"
|-
! Serial number !! Element !!Number !! Male !!Female
|-
| 1 || Total Population || 3441 || 1733 ||1708
|-
| 2 || SC Population || 623 || 311 ||312
|-
| 3 || ST Population || 2005 || 1025 ||980
|-
| 4 ||Total Household ||695 || - ||-
|-
| 5|| Literate ||1703 || 1124 ||579
|-
| 6 || illiterate ||1738 || 609 ||1129
|-
|}

==Activities==

===Sports ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
#'''Ranthambhore cricket tournament''' held annually at the end of the year, this was continued from approximately twenty to twenty-five year highly cooperated by the villagers especially youths. Participant teams belong to the surrounding villages and many other remote villages that are linked by family relationship, friendship and on the basis of invitation. This one organized by the spirit of mutual brotherhood.
#'''Wrestling tournament''' an annual event in the village, the entire eastern Rajasthan wrestler come to participate in it with them and see people coming together for people who have made a great brotherhood atmosphere.
#'''Rural sports event''' also was made into a village, in which many sports (kabaddi, volleyball, football, kho-kho etc.) to participate in several villages participated. Since then they have been held on closed. To lead them back to rural villagers and initiatives are required.

===Kanhaiya Geet===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Kanhaiya geet provide a distinct identity to Chakeri in the cultural map of Rajasthan, without any discrimination people gathered and sing together. They are held in the village on many times, many village are participated and introduce the vibrancy of its culture, and strengthen the relationship between the villages. The interest of the people may be assumed by the fact that a separate stadium was built for this purpose. Which allows viewers to see the casual view, which have plain, light, water, shadow, vehicle parking, view for female audiences are wonderful facility. This was Constructed under the MPLADS of Union Minister Namo Narain Meena near the temple. The Reference of song are religious or mythological events, stories and beliefs. some times they refer to the contemporary issues and traditions. the youngster's interest are highly increase inside them. These song were spread by media kamsahay meena,{{which lang|date=August 2020}} devilal meena, ramkaran meena, they give significant contribution for it. The Mandli of Chakeri's artist play an event in Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur of Kanhaiya geet, that was an honored occasion on their achievements. the event of Kanhaiya geet called 'dangal' recognised as a political stage also.

===Religious activities===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
#'''Feri And Hari Kirtan''' is a regular early morning programs of villagers.
#'''Hymns'''(भजन ) are held regularly in the village, they are in the courtyard of the temple of Hanuman In the evening. The special thing is that these kids to participate. By evening the whole village children Hanuman temple incense or lighting a lamp to come in and go after hymn. It shows the children in the village to be learned from childhood that a good customs.
#'''Krishna Janmashtami''' birthday every year are held in the village temples. People are fast. The temples are in the nightly prayers and devotional. And they shall vow offerings Butter open. Tableau of Krishna are made in temples. Sometimes pitcher for the break, children's programs are kept.
#'''Ganesh Chaturthi''' forward an especial atmosphere in the village. [[Trinetra Ganesh Temple, Ranthambore|Trinetra Ganesh Temple]], located in the Ranthambore fort. People from different parts of eastern Rajasthan come for darshan, to serve pedestrians organise camp(भंडारे) in the village, their night rest, drinking water, food and tea and snacks are arranged in collaboration with the villagers. Ganesh Chaturthi day before villagers through the village to retrieve all of the tableau, which are transported Ranthambore and is immersed in ponds are located there. Villagers sing and dance with the tableau foot travel.
#'''Holika Dahan''' village every year in Holy place called Holai Blaya, located at the heart of the village. Several days before Holly Danda buried by the punch-Patel. Then villagers gathered there on the content of combustion and then the day of Holi auspicious time according to the combustion is done. People in the fire earrings eat wheat, are supposed to eat them is not the problem of pain in the gums. There are many people gathered at the Night of the gathered young and play kabaddi. This is the second day of Dhulndi. That day the whole village atmosphere became colourful.
#'''Govardhan Puja''' program which they collectively celebrate. muck is gathered by Women of the village early in the morning at the temple. at late evening Govardhan built and each house has a man comes to worship. Others also gathered there, and run burst.

==Infrastructure==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Many functions have been provided by the village panchayat, as well as good behavior from politicians, MLAs and MPs village so there are too many things, here we can see about them.{{Clarify|date=April 2016}}

===Education===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
There was considerable awareness through education in the village, especially in youth class. The following are available educational institutions -
#'''Government Senior Secondary School''' before the integration of primary school provide higher secondary education
https://govtsrsecschoolchakeri.business.site

'''Kasturba Gandhi Girls School''' provide residential facility for the girls of class 6th to 12th
#'''Nanesh Shikshan Sansthan''' is a private upper primary school
#'''Sunlight Education Academy ''' is a private upper primary school

===Neighboring Villages===
chakeri's neighboring village, connectivity and relationship description are given below
#'''Kundera''' 3 km away, located in the south-east. connected by road but not say well because smoothness is distorted by the trolly of sand. this is the closest town to Chakeri provide the market requirements of the villager, here on Wednesday that it takes Hatbajhar (Htvada), especially is the center of attraction for women of the village. SO villager Need good connectivity.
#'''Shyampura''' 3 km away located in the east, have good road connectivity. The Chakeri has enjoyed clan-brother relationship with the Shyampura on the behalf of a clan which name is Dungarjal.
#'''Badolas''' 5 km away located in the North, have road connectivity .
#'''Rhitha''' 3 km away located in the north-east, have road connectivity .
#'''Khat''' 3 km away located in the west, have road connectivity .
#'''padhana''' 5 km away located in the north-west, have road connectivity .
#'''Ninoni''' 4 km away located in the north, have good road connectivity .
#'''Makholi''' 3 km away located in the south, Required road connectivity .
#'''Hingoni''' 5 km away located in the north-east, have road connectivity .
#'''Selu''' 4 km away located in the south-west, Required road connectivity .

===Government Institution===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
# '''Post Office''' chakeri branch of the Indian post with postal code 322034 cover the chakeri and nearby region like Rahitha, Badolas or Ninoni.
# '''AAyurvedic Health Center'''
# '''Primary Health Center''' or Dispensry
# '''Veterinary Hospital'''

==References==
1. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=87377

{{Sawai Madhopur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Sawai Madhopur district]]

Kurai, Seoni

2025-06-18T03:40:20Z

Aaqibjavaid:

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kurai
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.80|N|79.50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seoni District]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 22]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 480888
}}

'''Kurai''' is a village and tehsil in [[Seoni District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. According to the [[2011 census of India]], it had a population of 1927.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/497170-kurai-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Kurai Village Population - Kurai - Seoni, Madhya Pradesh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://seoni.nic.in/en/tehsil/ | title=Tehsil | District Seoni, Government of MadhyaPradesh | India }}</ref>

==Geography==
Kurai is located on {{coord|21.80|N|79.50|E|}}, in the [[Satpura Range|Satpura mountain range]]. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Kurai2.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kurai, India }}</ref>

==Notable Places==
* Mundara, Mundara is the origin of [[Wainganga River]], it is 17 km from Kurai. <ref>https://www.holidaylandmark.com/india/maharashtra/rivers-in-maharashtra/wainganga-river/wainganga-river.html</ref><ref>https://www.mumbaiorbit.in/rivers-in-maharashtra/wainganga-river/wainganga-river.html</ref>
* Sukhtara, Sukhtara is a major village in Seoni District, with a domestic airstrip. It's 20 km away from Kurai.<ref>https://akhandapp.in/place/suktara-airstrip-70392/</ref>
* Khawasa, is a major place in Seoni District where the main gate of [[Pench Tiger Reserve]] is, and the Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh border. It is 25 km away from Kurai. <ref>https://penchjungle.com/khawasa-gate.aspx</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Seoni district]]
[[Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Legal status of Jainism as a distinct religion in India

2025-05-05T04:04:35Z

Aaqibjavaid: Created A Info More To Come.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Jainism}}
'''[[Jainism]]''' is considered to be a '''legally distinct [[religion]] in India'''. A section of scholars earlier considered it as a [[Hindu denominations|Hindu sect]] or a [[Buddhist]] [[heresy]], but it is one of the three ancient Indian religions.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Jainism|date=14 July 2023 |quote=Along with Hinduism and Buddhism, it is one of the three most ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence. …While often employing concepts shared with Hinduism and Buddhism, the result of a common cultural and linguistic background, the Jain tradition must be regarded as an independent phenomenon. It is an integral part of South Asian religious belief and practice, but it is not a Hindu sect or Buddhist heresy, as earlier scholars believed |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105858/}}</ref> On 27 January 2014, the Government of India explicitly awarded the status of a "[[Ministry of Minority Affairs|minority religion]]" to the Jain community in India, as per Section 2(c) of the [[National Commission for Minorities]] (NCM) Act (NCM), 1992.<ref name=hindu14/>

==History of Jain demand for minority status==
* The Jain demand for minority status is almost a century old, when in British India the Viceroy and Governor General of India, Lord Minto took a decision in principle of giving representation to important minorities in the Central Legislature. Seth Manek Chand Hirachand from Mumbai, an eminent Jain leader from Mumbai and the then Acting President of the Bharatvarshiya Digamber Jain Sabha made an appeal in 1909 to the Governor General for the inclusion of the Jain community for representation in the council.<ref>[[Manabendra Nath Roy]] (June 1999 reprint) ''The Radical Humanist'' vol 63, no. 3, p. 29 [https://books.google.com/books?id=agJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Seth+Manekchand++Hirachand]</ref> Seth Manek Chand's petition was transferred to the Government of Bombay and the Secretary to the Government of Bombay stated in his reply dated 15 October 1909 as follows:
::"I am directed to inform you that a number of seats have been reserved for representation of minorities by nomination and that in allotting them, the claim of the important Jain Community will receive full consideration. "
* In a Memorandum by the Representative of the Jain Community to the Constituent Assembly in March/April 1947 a strong appeal was made for the inclusion of the Jain community as a minority religious community.
* In his speech on 3 September 1949, Jawahar Lal Nehru said: No doubt India has a vast majority of Hindus, but they could not forget in fact there are also minorities Muslims, Christians, Parsis and Jains. If India were understood as Hindu Rashtra it meant that the minorities were not cent per cent citizens of the country:
* Jainism is mentioned as a religion along with Buddhism and Sikhism in explanation II of the Article 25 of the India Constitution relating to Fundamental Right to religions freedom. On this issue Jawahar Lal Nehru, the then prime Minister, in his letter dated 31.01.1950 assured a Jain Deputation that they need not have any misgivings on this clear constitutional position.
* The second stanza of [[Jana Gana Mana]], Indian National Anthem clearly enunciates Jainism as a separate religious denomination in line with Hinduism, Islam and other religions.<ref>Aharaha tava ahvāna prachārita, śuni tava udāra vāni,'''Hindu-Bauddha-Śikha-Jaina-Pārasika-Musalmāna-Khristāni''', Purava-paścima-āse tava singhāsana pāse, Prema-hāra haya gāmthā, Jana gana aikya vidhāyaka jaya he bhārata bhāgya vidhāta, Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, jaya jaya jaya jaya he!</ref>
* The Indian Supreme Court in 2005 ruled that Jains, Sikhs and Buddhist are part of broader Hindu fold, as they are Indic religions and interconnected to each other, although they are distinct religions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050811/nation.htm#1|title=Jains, Sikhs part of broader Hindu religion, says SC S.S. Negi Legal Correspondent}}</ref>

===Recommendation of National Minorities Commission===

In 1993, the National Minorities Commission arrived at their recommendation that the Jain community be declared as a minority religious community.<ref>National Minorities Commission - notification dated 23-10-1993</ref> It was in consideration of the following:
*the relevant constitutional provisions,
*various judicial pronouncements,
*the fundamental differences in philosophy and beliefs (theism vs.atheism principally) vis-a-vis Hinduism, and
*the substantial number of Jain population in the country.
It resolved to recommend to the Government of India that the Jains deserve to be recognised as a distinct religious minority, and that, therefore the Government of India may consider including them in the listing of "Minorities."<ref>{{cite press release | title = Status of Jain Community | work = Ministry of Minority Affairs, Rajya Sabha | publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date = 7 May 2007 | url = http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=27576 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130217231353/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=27576 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 17 February 2013 | accessdate = 2008-09-11 }}</ref>

==The Bal Patil Judgement==
{{See also|Bal Patil}}
In 2005, the [[Supreme Court of India]] declined to issue a [[writ of Mandamus]] towards granting Jains the status of a religious minority throughout India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://googlecrawl.securities.com/googlecrawler/?pc=IN&doc_id=97181108 |title=Are Jains Not in Minority? Think Again |author=KN Goyal|work= Hindustan Times|date=13 February 2006}}</ref> The Court however left it to the respective [[States and territories of India|states]] to decide on the minority status of Jain religion.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051125/edit.htm#4 |title=Minority rights are indivisible|author=Syed Shahabuddin }}</ref>

In one of the observations of the Supreme Court, not forming part of the judgment, the Court said:<ref>Appeal (civil) 4730 of 1999, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100312035713/http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=20276 Bal Patil & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors.]}} [[Indian Supreme Court]] Decided on 08/08/2005</ref>
{{cquote|Thus, '[[Hinduism]]' can be called a general religion and common faith of India whereas '[[Jainism]]' is a special religion formed on the basis of quintessence of Hindu religion. Jainism places greater emphasis on non-violence ('[[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahimsa]]') and compassion ('[[Karuṇā|Karuna]]'). Their only difference from Hindus is that Jains do not believe in any [[creator deity|creator]] like [[God in Jainism|God]] but worship only the perfect human-being whom they called [[Tirthankara|Tirthankar]]. Lord [[Mahavira|Mahavir]] was one in the generation of Thirthankars. The Tirathankars are embodiments of perfect human-beings who have achieved human excellence at mental and physical levels. In philosophical sense, Jainism is a reformist movement amongst Hindus like [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahamsamajis]], [[Arya Samaj|Aryasamajis]] and [[Lingayatism|Lingayats]]. The three main principles of Jainism are Ahimsa, [[Anekantavada|Anekantvad]] and Aparigrah.}}

The Supreme Court also noted: " … that the State Governments of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] have already notified Jains as 'minority' in accordance with the provisions of the respective State Minority Commissions Act."<ref>[para 7 of the Bal Patil Judgment]</ref>

This cast a doubt on the independent standing of Jain religion. Scholars in the Jain tradition, as well as several groups amongst the Jain community protested, and emphasised that Jain religion stands as a religion in its own right. While Hinduism as a mode of living, and as a culture is to be found across various religions in India because of several common customs, traditions and practices, but as religions Hindu religion and Jain religion are distinct.

==2014: National minority status granted==
On 20 January 2014, the [[Government of India]] awarded the minority status to the Jain community in India, as per Section 2(c) of the [[National Commission for Minorities]] (NCM) Act (NCM), 1992. This made the Jain community which makes for 7 million or 0.4 percent of the population as per 2001 census, the sixth community to be designated this status as a "national minority", after Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Parsis. Though Jains already had minority status in 11 states of India including Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan, in 2005 a petition was filed with Supreme Court of India, by community representatives, which was also backed by the National Minorities Commission. In its judgement the court left the decision to the Central government.<ref name=hindu14>{{cite news | title = Jains granted minority status|newspaper=The Hindu| url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jains-granted-minority-status/article5598368.ece |date=21 January 2014| accessdate = 2014-01-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Eye on votes, UPA gives Jain community minority status|publisher= Hindustan Times
| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-long-struggle-jains-get-minority-tag/article1-1174960.aspx| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140120202313/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-long-struggle-jains-get-minority-tag/article1-1174960.aspx| url-status = dead| archive-date = 20 January 2014|date=20 January 2014| accessdate = 2014-01-21}}</ref>

==U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad Judgment==

In 2006, the Supreme Court opined that "Jain Religion is indisputably is not a part of Hindu Religion".<ref name="judis_basic_shiksha">(para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21.08.2006, Supreme Court of India) [http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=27962] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311225548/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=27962 |date=11 March 2007 }}</ref>

===Illustrations noted by the Supreme Court===
Jainism and Other Religions: Illustrations noted by Supreme Court of India in the U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad Judgment<ref name="judis_basic_shiksha"/> (the para numbers refer to the paragraphs in the Judgment):

====Jawaharlal Nehru====
[[File:PMO letter to Jains.jpg|thumb|250px|Prime Ministers letter to Jain delegation]]

On 3 September 1949, while addressing a public meeting at [[Allahabad]], the first Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] said:<ref>Jawaharlal Nehru's speech reported in the English daily newspaper ''The Statesman'' dated 5 September 1949</ref>

:"No doubt India has a vast majority of Hindus, but they could not forget the fact that there were also minorities - Muslims, Parsis, Christians, Sikhs and Jains. If India was understood as a Hindu Rashtra, it meant that the minorities were not cent percent citizens of this country."

The said speech can be considered to be a clarification on Article 25 of the Constitution of India.

10.2 On 31 January 1950, the PPS to the then Prime Minister of India sent a letter to the Jain Deputation on behalf of the then Prime Minister, which reads as under: (See adjoining image for original letter)
:"With reference to the deputation of certain representatives of the Jains, who met the Prime Minister on 25 January 1950, I am desired to say that there is no cause whatever for the Jains to have any apprehensions regarding the future of their religion and community. Your deputation drew attention to Article 25, explanation II of the Constitution. This explanation only lays down a rule of construction for the limited purpose of the provision in the article and as you will notice, it mentions not only of Jains but also Buddhists and the Sikhs. It is clear therefore, there is no reason for thinking that Jains are considered to be Hindus. It is true that Jains in some ways closely linked to Hindus and have many customs in common, but there can be no doubt that they are a distinct religious community and constitution does not in any way affect this well recognized position.
:Yours faithfully,
:Sd.
:A.V. Pai
:Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister"

10.5 Jawaharlal Nehru, in his book ''[[Discovery of India]]'', mentioned as under:
:"Buddhism and Jainism were certainly not Hinduism or even the Vedic Dharma. Yet they arose in India and were integral parts of Indian life, culture and philosophy. A Buddhist or Jain, in India, is a hundred per cent product of Indian thought and culture, yet neither is a Hindu by faith. It is, therefore, entirely misleading to refer to Indian culture as Hindu culture."

====Dr. S. Radhakrishnan====

10.3 Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, the former [[President of India]], in his book "Indian Philosophy Vol I" mentioned as under:
:"The Bhagawat Purana endorses the view that [[Rishbha]]deva was the founder of Jainism. There is evidence to show that so far back as the first century B.C. there were people who were worshipping Rishabhadeva, the first Tirthankara. There is no doubt that Jainism prevailed even before Vardhamana Mahaveera or [[Parsvanatha]]. The Yajurveda mentions the names of three Tirthankaras-Rishabh, Ajitnath & Aristanemi."

15. Dr. Radhakrishnan, who edited the 6th Volume of The Cultural Heritage of India, mentioned as under:
:"The Jains claim a great antiquity for their religion. Their earliest prophet was Rishabhdeva. Who is mentioned even in the Vishnu and Bhagawat Puranas as belonging to a very remote past. In the earliest Brahmanic literature are found traces of the existence of a religious Order."

=="Freedom of Religion Bill" controversy in Gujarat==

The '''Freedom of Religion Bill''' was a controversial bill passed by the [[Gujarat]] state assembly. The bill was passed in 2003. An amendment to the bill was passed on 19 September 2006 which banned the forced conversion from one religion to another.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/2006956.cms
| title = Freedom of Religion Bill passed
| publisher = Times Now
| date = 19 September 2006
| accessdate = 2006-10-16}}
</ref> The Anti-Conversion Act passed earlier was not clear on what forced conversion meant and to whom should it apply. Under the amendment Bill, a person need not seek permission in case he/she is converting from one sect to another of the same religion. It clubbed Jainism and Buddhism as denominations of Hinduism, like Shia and Sunnis are of Islam or Catholicism and Protestantism of Christianity. The move evoked strong protests from the state's [[Jain]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Christians|Christian]] communities.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=203711
| title = Religion Bill stirs up an unholy mess
| work = Ahmedabad Newsline
| publisher = The Indian Express
| date = 3 October 2006
| accessdate = 2006-10-16
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080502163701/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=203711
| archive-date = 2 May 2008
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.ibnlive.com/news/buddhists-slam-gujarat-religion-bill/22146-3.html
| title = Buddhists slam Gujarat religion Bill
| publisher = CNN-IBN
| date = 21 September 2006
| accessdate = 2006-10-16}}
</ref> The [[National Commission for Minorities]] also criticised the Gujarat Assembly's decision to club Jainism and Buddhism with Hinduism terming it to be in contravention of its 23 October 1993, notification classifying Buddhists as a "minority community."<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/21/stories/2006092102951200.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100311202702/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/21/stories/2006092102951200.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =11 March 2010| title =National Commission for Minorities criticises Gujarat decision | date =21 September 2006| work =[[The Hindu]]| accessdate =2008-09-11}}
</ref>

Ultimately on 31 July 2007, finding it not in conformity with the concept of freedom of religion as embodied in Article 25 (1) of the Constitution, Governor [[Nawal Kishore Sharma]] returned the Gujarat Freedom of Religion (Amendment) Bill, 2006.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/207905.html
| title = Religious freedom Bill returned
| publisher = The Indian Express
| date = 31 July 2007
| accessdate = 2007-09-15}}
</ref> The Governor held that Jainism and Buddhism are recognised as religions rather than denominations of Hinduism, something that the Amendment Bill sought to wrongly convey. A press release issued by [[Raj Bhavan (Gujarat)|Raj Bhavan]], said "the proposed amendment would amount to withdrawing the protection against forceful or inappropriate religious conversions, particularly in case of Jains and Buddhists". The release cited large scale protests from different religious and social organisations, especially from the Jain and Christian communities, in indicating toward the unacceptability of the proposed amendment.

==Chronological order of various court judgments on Jainism as a separate religion==

#1927 - In 1927 Madras High Court in Gateppa v. Eramma and others reported in AIR 1927 Madras 228 held that "Jainism as a distinct religion was flourishing several centuries before Christ". Jainism rejects the authority of the Vedas which form the bedrock of Hinduism and denies the efficacy of the various ceremonies which Hindus consider essential.
#1939 - In Hirachand Gangji v. Rowji Sojpal reported in AIR 1939 Bombay 377, it was observed that "Jainism prevailed in this country long before Brahmanism came into existence and held that field, and it is wrong to think that the Jains were originally Hindus and were subsequently converted into Jainism."
#1951 - A Division Bench of the Bombay High Court consisting of Chief Justice Chagla and Justice Gajendragadkar in respect of Bombay Harijan Temple Entry Act, 1947 (C.A. 91 of 1951) held that Jains have an independent religious entity and are different from Hindus.
#1954 - In The Commissioner Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt reported in AIR 1954 SC 282 this Court observed that there are well known religions in India like Buddhism and Jainism which do not believe in God, in any Intelligent First Cause. The Court recognised that Jainism and Buddhism are equally two distinct religions professed in India in contrast with Vedic religion.
#1958 - In well known Kerala Education Bill's case, 1957 reported in AIR 1958 SC 956, this Court held that to claim the minority rights, the Community must be numerically a minority by reference to the entire population of the State or country where the law is applicable. In that way also, the Jain Community is eligible for the claim.
#1968 - In Commissioner of Wealth Tax, West Bengal v. Smt. Champa Kumari Singhi & Others reported in AIR 1968 Calcutta 74, a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court observed that "Jains rejected the authority of the Vedas which forms the bedrock of Hinduism and denied the efficacy of various ceremonies which the Hindus consider essential. It will require too much of boldness to hold that the Jains, dissenters from Hinduism, are Hindus, even though they disown the authority of the Vedas".
#1976 - In Arya Samaj Education Trust, Delhi & Others v. The Director of Education, Delhi Administration, Delhi & Others reported in AIR 1976 Delhi 207, it was held as follows: "Not only the Constitution but also the Hindu Code and the Census Reports have recognised Jains to belong to a separate religion." In the said judgement, the Court referred to the observations of various scholars in this behalf. The Court quoted Heinrich Zimmer in "Philosophies of India" wherein he stated that "Jainism denies the authority of the Vedas and the orthodox traditions of Hinduism. Therefore, it is reckoned as a heterodox Indian religion". The Court also quoted [[J. N. Farquhar]] in ''Modern Religious Movements in India'' wherein he stated that "Jainism has been a rival of Hinduism from the beginning". In the said judgment, in conclusion, the Court held that "for the purpose of Article 30(1), the Jains are a minority based on religion in the Union Territory of Delhi".
#1993 - In A.M. Jain College v. Government of Tamil Nadu (1993) 1 MLJ 140, the Court observed that it is also an admitted fact that the Jain community in Madras, Tamil Nadu is a religious and linguistic minority.
#2005 - [[Supreme Court of India]] gave verdict that Jainism, [[Sikhism]] (and [[Buddhism]]) are distinct religions, but are inter-connected and inter-related to [[Hinduism]], so these three are part of wider broader Hindu religion, based on the historic background on how the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] had come into existence after.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jains, Sikhs part of broader Hindu religion, says SC |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050811/nation.htm#1|author=S.S. Negi|date=11 August 2005|work=The Tribune|accessdate=11 August 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CASE NO.:Appeal (civil) 4730 of 1999 PETITIONER:Bal Patil & Anr. RESPONDENT:Union of India & Ors. DATE OF JUDGMENT: 08/08/2005|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=27098|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234442/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=27098|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#2006 - [[Supreme Court of India]] found that the "Jain Religion is indisputably not a part of the Hindu Religion".<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court of India Committee Of Management Kanya ... vs Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha ... on 21 August, 2006 Author: D Bhandari Bench: S. B.Sinha, Dalveer Bhandari|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1241984/}}</ref><ref>para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, Uttar Pradesh v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21.08.2006, Supreme Court of India</ref>

==List of states in which Jains have been declared as minority==
#[[Maharashtra]] (which has the largest population of Jains in India)
#[[Karnataka]]
#[[Gujarat]]
#[[Madhya Pradesh]]
#[[Uttar Pradesh]]
#[[Jharkhand]]
#[[Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/11jain.htm|title=Jains get minority status in Delhi |work=rediff.com|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref>
#[[Uttarakhand]]
#[[West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=526946| title =Jains declared as minority community in West Bengal| publisher =Outlook| date =13 December 2007| accessdate =2008-09-11}}</ref>
#[[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/jains-declared-religious-minority-783| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110309205723/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/jains-declared-religious-minority-783| url-status =dead| archive-date =9 March 2011| title =Jains declared a religious minority| work =Deccan Chronicle| date =9 March 2011|accessdate =2011-03-09}}</ref>
#[[Haryana]]
#[[Tamil Nadu]]
#[[Punjab]]<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Ludhiana/Jain-community-gets-minority-status-in-Punjab/SP-Article1-1049375.aspx| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130424084530/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Ludhiana/Jain-community-gets-minority-status-in-Punjab/SP-Article1-1049375.aspx| url-status =dead| archive-date =24 April 2013| title =Jain community gets minority status in Punjab - Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://realinfo.tv/index.php?topic=24321.0 | title=Otification by Punjab Government regarding declaration of Jains under Minority - News - 1}}</ref>
#[[Assam]]
#[[Rajasthan]]

== See also ==
*[[History of Jainism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite news | url =http://www.sabrang.com/cc/archive/2005/dec05/judiciary.html| title =Majority rules? By Syed Shahabuddin| work =Year 12 No.113| publisher = Combat Communalism| date =December 2005| accessdate =2008-09-11}}

{{Jainism Topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Legal Status Of Jainism As A Distinct Religion In India}}
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Jainism and other religions]]
[[Category:Jainism in India]]
[[Category:Religion and law]]
[[Category:Human rights in India]]
[[Category:Jain law]]

Purbiya (soldiers)

2025-01-16T22:23:41Z

Aaqibjavaid: starting new post more to come...

{{Short description|Term for mercenaries in early modern India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
'''Purbiya''' (or '''Purabia''') was a common term used in late-medieval and early modern India for mercenaries and soldiers from the eastern [[Gangetic Plain]] - areas corresponding to present-day western [[Bihar]] and eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="ErnstPati2007">{{cite book|author1=Waltraud Ernst|author2=Biswamoy Pati|title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA57|date=18 October 2007|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-11988-2|page=57}}</ref><ref name="Naravane1999">{{cite book|author=M. S. Naravane|title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC&pg=PA23|year=1999|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-118-2|page=23}}</ref>
The Purbiyas played a significant role in the militaries of various principalities in Western India including the [[Marwar]] army as well at the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] and [[Malwa Sultanate]].<ref name=Solanki2016>{{cite journal | author= Deepak Solanki | title= Dr Gynaeshwari Devi Memorial Prize Paper | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 77| year=2016 | pages= 298–305|jstor = 26552655}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRE3n1VwDTIC&pg=PA214 |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |date=2012-10-15 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01736-8 |language=en}}</ref>

The area around Bihar was famous for a high concentration of [[saltpetre]], meaning that many mercenaries from this region were experts in the use of muskets.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750 Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781780938134 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSVnAwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==Recruitment==
The core region for Purbiya recruitment was the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] region of modern-day Western [[Bihar]] and Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=Kolff2013>{{cite journal | jstor=j.ctt6wp6pg.11 | title=Peasants fighting for a living in early modern North India | journal=Fighting for a Living | author= Dirk H.A. Kolff | publisher= Amsterdam University Press | year=2013 | pages= 243–266| isbn=9789089644527 }}</ref> The [[Ujjainiya]] clan of Rajputs were the main territorial lords of this region and they played the role of specialised recruiting agents and commanders of these Purbiya soldiers who were usually young peasant men native to Bhojpur.<ref name=Kolff2013 /> The soldiers gained a great reputation among the lords and kings of Northern and Western India and the Ujjainiyas used this to raise their status among other Rajput clans.<ref name=Kolff2013 />

Many future Purbiya mercenaries would carry out a pilgrimage to [[Buxar]] in modern-day Bihar where they would immerse themselves in a ''tiger tank''. During this process, the young peasant would see themselves as being reborn as a "fearless warrior".<ref name=Kolff2013 />

==History==
[[File:Camel Rider,.jpg|thumb|A Purbiya camel rider in [[Bihar]], [[India]] in 1825.]]

The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] were among the first groups to enter into the military labour market and start recruiting Purbiyas. Mughal sources detail a [[Dewan|diwan]] of Bihar [[subah]] attempting to collect soldiers in [[Buxar]] to serve the emperor.<ref name="Kolff2002">{{cite book|author=Dirk H. A. Kolff|title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&dq=Kolff+Mughal+province&pg=PA169|date=8 August 2002|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-52305-9|page=59}}</ref>

The rulers of [[Malwa]] were also keen recruiters due to Purbiyas' expertise with firearms. This expertise may have been gained due to the easy availability of [[saltpetre]] in their native areas.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Waltraud |last1=Ernst |first2=Biswamoy |last2=Pati |title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA57|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-11988-2|page=57}}</ref> Most Purbiyas were mercenaries and were paid for their services but some were actual kings of smaller principalities.<ref name="Naravane1999"/><ref>Journal of Indian history, Volume 66, Dept. of History, University of Kerala, 1988</ref>{{Page needed|date=October 2016}} This recruitment drive from Malwa saw the large influx of Purbiya soldiers into the region. Many of the local chieftains in Malwa depended heavily on Purbiya soldiers such as [[Silhadi]] who eventually became known as a Purbiya himself.<ref name="Kolff2002" />
The presence of Purbiya mercenaries in [[Gujarat]] are referenced in 16th and 17th century [[Persian language|Persian]] chronicles including many Purbiya gunners serving in the army of Bahadur Shah of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] in 1535.<ref name=Khan1999>{{cite journal | title=Re-examining the origin and group identity of the so-called "Purbias", 1500-1800 | author= Iqtidar Alam Khan | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 60| year=1999 | pages= 363–371|jstor = 44144102}}</ref>

Purbiyas had a long tradition of being recruited as mercenaries for various rulers such as the [[British Raj|British]]<ref name="Hiltebeitel2009">{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA308|date=15 February 2009|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-34055-5|page=308|author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel}}</ref><ref name="Karsten2013">{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Karsten|title=Recruiting, Drafting, and Enlisting: Two Sides of the Raising of Military Forces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fh_fAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|date=31 October 2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-135-66150-2|page=103}}</ref> and the [[Marathas]].<ref name="ErnstPati2007" /> Purbiyas made up the majority of the [[Bengal Army]].<ref name="Karsten2013" /> Prior to 1857, the British [[East India Company]] preferred to recruit Purbiya soldiers, who they designated as "The fighting tribes of the Hindoos and the Musselmen", or simply "Easterners".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |title=Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870 |first1=Kaushik |last1=Roy |first2=Peter |last2=Lorge |page=335|isbn=9781317587101 |date=2014-12-17 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Mason|pages=229 & 573|title=A Matter of Honour|isbn=978-0-333-41837-6|year=1986|publisher=Macmillan }}</ref> The [[Bengal Army]] of the East India Company preferred to recruit its sepoys from the [[Brahmin]]s and Rajputs of Awadh and Bihar, in part because they had an average height of 5'8", an important consideration in an army that valued impressive appearance amongst its soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRE3n1VwDTIC&pg=PA214 |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |first=Kaushik |last=Roy |year=2012 |page=214|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107017368 }}</ref> Despite its name the Bengal army, created first, mostly recruited Brahmins, Rajputs, and Bhumihars from Awadh and Bihar.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0743 | doi=10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0743 | chapter=India, Great Rebellion of 1857 (The Sepoy Revolt) | title=The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest | year=2009 | last1=Chattopadhyay | first1=Kunal | pages=1–9 | isbn=9781405198073 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWlNDwAAQBAJ | chapter=The Hot Wind of an Indian May | title=The Skull of Alum Bheg: The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857 | year=2017 | last1=Wagner | first1=Kim A. | pages=22 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=9789387326293 }}</ref>

===Bengal Army and 1857 mutiny===
[[File:Bengal Troops on the Line of March (6125141926).jpg|thumb|400px|Bengal troops in the 19th century (1840s), the majority of troops in the Bengal Army were Purbiyas]]
Prior to 1857, company military service was most popular in the zamindaris of North and South Bihar with the East India Company signing contracts to raise levies of troops from them.<ref name=Alavi1995>{{cite book |last1=Alavi |first1=Seema |title=The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India, 1770-1830 |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195634846 |pages=51–55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qDeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Sepoys+and+the+Company%C2%A0}}</ref> Recruits from the [[Rajput]] and [[Bhumihar]] caste were common and they would use service in the Bengal Army as an opportunity to raise their wealth and status and for this reason, the Bhumihar zamindaris of Bihar became "prime recruiting grounds" for the Army.<ref name= Alavi1995 />
In the 1780s, the Company maintained a major recruiting station in [[Buxar]] with six companies under a Captain Eaton. These recruiting stations in Bihar were kept as "nurseries" which supplied battalions when drafts were made. Other recruiting centres were located in [[Bhagalpur]], [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]], [[Munger district|Monghyr]], [[Saran district|Saran]] and [[Hajipur]].<ref name= Alavi1995 />

Brigadier Troup, who served as the commander of [[Bareilly]], stated of recruitment that the ‘Bengal native Infantry came chiefly from the province of Awadh, Buxar, Bhojpur and Arrah.’<ref name= Alavi1995 />
In 1810, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] noted in his account of the districts of Bihar, that the number of men absent from [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]] to serve in the Army was 4680. The [[Ujjainiya]] zamindar of Bhojpur also informed him that 12000 recruits from his district had joined the Bengal Army.<ref name= Alavi1995 />

The Purbiya units of the Bengal Army played a major role in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] against the British. [[Mangal Pandey]], a notable figure during the start of the mutiny, was a Purbiya serving in the 34th [[Bengal Native Infantry]]. Following the suppression of the uprising, British authorities decided not to recruit troops from the eastern plains, and the new Bengal Army was to be recruited primarily from the North Western ethnic groups which had [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]] and [[Islam in India|Muslim]] communities of the [[Punjab]] and [[North-west frontier province]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |first=Kaushik |last=Roy |page=6|isbn=9781317321286 |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Mason|page=305|title=A Matter of Honour|isbn=978-0-333-41837-6|year=1986|publisher=Macmillan }}</ref> Purbiya recruitment from the western regions of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] and the [[Delhi]] region continued but on a much smaller scale (two out of sixty-four regiments by 1893).<ref>{{cite book|first=Saul|last=David|page=404|title=The Indian Mutiny|isbn=978-0-141-00554-6|date=2003-09-04|publisher=Penguin Adult }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mercenaries in India]]
*[[Camel cavalry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* M K A Siddiqui (ed.), ''Marginal Muslim Communities in India'', Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi (2004)
* [[Dasharatha Sharma]] ''Rajasthan through the Ages'' a comprehensive and authentic history of Rajasthan, prepared under the orders of the Government of Rajasthan. First published 1966 by Rajasthan Archives.

[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:History of Bihar]]
[[Category:Mercenary units and formations of the early modern period]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]

Valukeshvara

2024-11-07T03:35:02Z

Aaqibjavaid: Created A Stub

{{Short description|Epithet of Shiva}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

'''Valukeshvara''' ({{Langx|sa|वालुकेश्वर|translit=Vālukeśvara}}) is an epithet of the Hindu deity [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-03-31 |title=Valukeshvara, Vālukeśvara: 2 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/valukeshvara |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Worship==
The ancient [[Walkeshwar Temple]] in the [[India]]n city of [[Mumbai]] was built under the supervision of minister [[Lakshman Prabhu]] of the [[Silhara dynasty]] to commemorate and worship Valukeshvara.<ref>[http://etirth.wordpress.com/2008/03/11/ram-temple-walkeshwar-mumbai-maharashtra-india/ Walkeshwar, Mumbai, Maharashtra]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Hindu-theo-stub}}
[[Category:Names of Shiva]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Valukeshvara}}

Aabhaas Mehta

2024-10-24T13:33:12Z

Aaqibjavaid: Starting

{{short description|Indian film and television actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aabhaas Mehta
| image = Abhaas Mehta.jpg
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{Marriage|Zeenia Wadia|1 October 2023}}
}}
'''Aabhaas Mehta''' is an Indian actor. He started his acting career in 2009 with ''[[Bairi Piya (TV series)|Bairi Piya]]'' that aired on [[Colors TV]]. He played the role of Suren. He rose to fame with his performance as Shyam Jha in Star Plus' ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon]]''. He also played Raghvendra Barot in [[Sony Entertainment Television]]'s ''[[Hum Rahein Na Rahein Hum]]'' in 2023.

==Personal life==
Mehta studied law in [[Pune]].<ref name=ai>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-became-an-actor-by-chance-Abhaas-Mehta/articleshow/11671998.cms|title=I became an actor by chance: Abhaas Mehta - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=29 January 2012 |accessdate=27 September 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927222431/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-became-an-actor-by-chance-Abhaas-Mehta/articleshow/11671998.cms|archivedate=27 September 2017}}</ref> He acted in a few short films before he made his debut on TV. Mehta also did an acting course from [[Anupam Kher]]'s The School of Actors<ref name=ai/> before he got his first show in 2009.

Mehta married his long time girlfriend, PR professional Zeenia Wadia on 1 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |date=1 October 2023 |title=Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon actor Abhaas Mehta to tie the knot with his girlfriend of 11 years today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-actor-abhaas-mehta-to-tie-the-knot-with-his-girlfriend-of-11-years-today/articleshow/104080397.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Mehta began his career with ''[[Bairi Piya (TV series)|Bairi Piya]]'' in 2009 on [[Colors TV]]. He went on to perform roles in shows like ''Devi'' (2010 on Imagine), ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]'' (2011 on Colors),<ref name=ad>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Hate-mails-no-longer-bother-me-Abhaas-Mehta/articleshow/11899963.cms|title=Hate mails no longer bother me: Abhaas Mehta - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 February 2012 |accessdate=27 September 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012234044/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Hate-mails-no-longer-bother-me-Abhaas-Mehta/articleshow/11899963.cms|archivedate=12 October 2016}}</ref> as Shyam Jha in ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon]]''<ref name=ac>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanaya-and-I-are-friends-off-screen-says-Abhaas-Mehta/articleshow/15041847.cms|title="Sanaya and I are friends off screen," says Abhaas Mehta - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 July 2012 |accessdate=27 September 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223173631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanaya-and-I-are-friends-off-screen-says-Abhaas-Mehta/articleshow/15041847.cms|archivedate=23 February 2017}}</ref> (2011 on Star Plus), as Agasthya in [[Badalte Rishton Ki Dastaan]] (2013 on Zee TV),<ref name=ae>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Abhaas-Mehta-quits-TV-show/articleshow/20443538.cms|title=Abhaas Mehta quits TV show - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 June 2013 |accessdate=27 September 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927222431/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Abhaas-Mehta-quits-TV-show/articleshow/20443538.cms|archivedate=27 September 2017}}</ref> as Betaal in ''[[Sinhasan Battisi (TV series)|Sinhasan Battisti]]'' (2015),<ref name=ab/> and as Yug Shrivastava in [[Brahmarakshas]] (2016 on Zee TV).<ref name=aa>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/working-in-brahmarakshas-was-a-fruitful-experience-says-abhaas-mehta/1024449|title=Working in Brahmarakshas was a fruitful experience, says Abhaas Mehta - Free Press Journal|website=www.freepressjournal.in|accessdate=27 September 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224174357/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/working-in-brahmarakshas-was-a-fruitful-experience-says-abhaas-mehta/1024449|archivedate=24 February 2017}}</ref> He played the character of Shumbh in ''[[Mahakali– Anth hi Aarambh hai]]'' (on Colors).<ref name=af>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/top-hindi-gecs-launched-nine-shows-in-july/|title=Top Hindi GECs launched nine shows in July - TelevisionPost.com|website=www.televisionpost.com|accessdate=27 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810092340/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/top-hindi-gecs-launched-nine-shows-in-july/|archivedate=10 August 2017}}</ref> Aabhaas, also played the role of Dr. Parag in ''Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh Piyaji'' (Star Plus). Since 2023, Mehta also played Raghvendra Barot in ''[[Hum Rahein Na Rahein Hum]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. Recently, he essayed the character of Hiranyakashyap in ''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan]]'' on [[Colors TV]]. His latest web series ''Flight Attendant'' is also streaming on [[Hungama TV]]

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Bairi Piya (TV series)|Bairi Piya]]''
| Suren
|-
| 2010
| ''Devi''
| Pranay<ref name=ad/>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''
|<ref name=ad/>
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
| Shyam Jha<ref name=ac/>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Badalte Rishton Ki Dastaan]]''
| Agasthya Kailash Asthana<ref name=ae/>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| Adi
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Sinhasan Battisi (TV series)|Sinhasan Battisi]]''
| Betaal<ref name=ab>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/abhaas-mehta-more-than-happy-to-play-betaal/|title=Abhaas Mehta more than happy to play Betaal|date=29 December 2014|website=indianexpress.com|accessdate=27 September 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209171711/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/abhaas-mehta-more-than-happy-to-play-betaal/|archivedate=9 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Brahmarakshas]]''
| Yug Shrivastava<ref name=aa/>
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Mahakali– Anth hi Aarambh hai]]''
| Shumbha
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Tu Sooraj, Main Saanjh Piyaji]]''
| Dr Parag Bansal
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Rishabh
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Tera Chhalaava (web series)|Tera Chhalaava]]''
| Sharan
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Hum Rahein Na Rahein Hum]]''
| Raghvendra Barot
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Mauka Ya Dhokha (web series)|Mauka Ya Dhokha]]''
| Satyajeet Singh
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan]]''
| [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jay]] / [[Hiranyakashyap]]
|-
| 2024
| ''Flight Attendant''<ref>{{cite news |title=Flight Attendant soars to new heights: A resounding success on Hungama Gold |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/flight-attendant-soars-new-heights-resounding-success-hungama-gold/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=23 August 2024 |access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref>
| Mahinder
|-
|}

==Commercial diver==
In 2015, Aabhaas joined a commercial diving course in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/telly-buzz/abhaas-mehta-all-set-for-an-adventure-tour-to-scotland/21731|title=Abhass Mehta All Set For an Adventure Tour to Scotland|work=www.bollywoodhelpline.com|accessdate=27 September 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224024702/http://bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/telly-buzz/abhaas-mehta-all-set-for-an-adventure-tour-to-scotland/21731|archivedate=24 February 2015}}</ref> He is a certified commercial air diver.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5388942}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Aabhaas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]

Palur, Kanchipuram district

2024-10-24T08:05:12Z

Aaqibjavaid: starting initial place from scratch

{{redirect|Palur||Palur (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|45|55|N|79|54|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Chengalpattu Taluk
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Chengalpattu and Kancheepuram
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Palur''' is a small village in [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. Suburban trains running between [[Chennai Beach]] - [[Chengalpattu]] - Tirumalpur section and Chengalpattu - [[Arakkonam]] section will stop here at Palur railway station. A [[Shiva|Sivan]] Koil is located in this small village and this temple is known as Tirukaleeswarar temple.

IRCTC (Indian Railways) had set-up a packaged drinking water plant named Railneer at Palur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IRCTC Corporate Portal |url=https://www.irctc.com/rail-neer-introduction.html |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.irctc.com |language=en}}</ref> Water bottles of Railneer (Palur) are sold in major railway stations and trains of southern railways.

It connects Industrial area of Oragadam - Sriperumbudur where MSME industries operate and Nissan, Royal Enfield, Apollo Tyres, etc.

Palur railway station code is "PALR".

'''Chengalpattu to Palur Train Schedule''' 
 '''CGL   PALR  Train No.  Train Name'''
 
08:20  08:32  156SR     Chengalpattu-Arakkonam passenger
 
08:35  08:57   BTL1      Chengalpattu–Tirumalpur EMU
 
18:15  18:31  196SR     Pondicherry–Tirupati passenger
 
19:20  19:35   BTL3      Chengalpattu–Tirumalpur EMU
 
20:20  20:30  152SR     Chengalpattu–Arakkonam passenger
 
20:45  21:07   BTL5      Chengalpattu–Tirumalpur EMU

'''Palur to Chengalpattu Train Schedule'''
 
 '''PALR   CGL   Train No.  Train Name'''
 
05:55    06:15  TLB2         Tirumalpur–Chengalpattu EMU
 
06:51    07:15  151SR       Arakkonam–Chengalpattu Passenger
 
07:42    07:55  TLB4         Tirumalpur–Chengalpattu EMU
 
08:51    09:13  195SC       Tirupati–Pondicherry Passenger
 
10:50    11:10  TLB6         Tirumalpur–Chengalpattu
 
18:31    19:10  TLB6         Arakkonam-Chengalpattu Passenger

For updated train timings please refer http://www.srailway.com/sutt/cgl-tmpl-cgl.php

Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) is planning to set up its mineral water manufacturing plant (which is called as Rail Neer plant) at Palur.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/05/02/stories/2008050251191300.htm | title=Business News Today, Latest Market News, Finance News }}</ref>

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South West|Palur|Villambakkam|Palayasivaram|31|71.33}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kanchipuram district]]

Lahr City Museum

2024-10-07T15:38:50Z

Aaqibjavaid: Starting new place.

{{Short description|Municipal historical museum of Lahr, Germany}}
{{orphan|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Stadtmuseum Tonofenfabrik Lahr.jpg|250px|thumb|The Stadtmuseum Lahr ''Tonofenfabrik'' (2020)]]
The '''Lahr City Museum''' ('''Stadtmuseum Lahr''') in [[Lahr/Schwarzwald]] was established in a former brick oven factory of the ''Ofen- und Tonwarenfabrik C.H. Liermann''.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2022-03-01 |publisher=Stadtmuseum Lahr |title=The History of the Brick Oven Factory |url=https://stadtmuseum.lahr.de/wissenswertes.50793.htm}}</ref> It was officially inaugurated in 2018.

== History ==
The origins of the museum building date back to the late 19th century: Architect Carl Meurer commissioned the construction of the buildings in 1896 for Carl Friedrich Liermann. Earlier, in 1854, Christian Heinrich Liermann had founded the Ofen- und Tonwarenfabrik C.H. Liermann. For more than a hundred years, the factory produced around 3,000 tiled stoves annually until production ceased in 1957. In the early 2000s, the building's spaces were used as offices and storage. Plans for the establishment of the Stadtmuseum began in 2014. The museum was officially opened by the city in February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2022-03-01 |publisher=Stadtmuseum Lahr |title=Stadtmuseum Tonofenfabrik |url=https://kultur.lahr.de/stadtmuseum-tonofenfabrik.8941.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2022-03-01 |publisher=Schwarzwald-Tourismus |title=Stadtmuseum Lahr |url=https://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/attraktionen/stadtmuseum-lahr}}</ref>

== Locations ==
=== Brick Oven Factory ===
The Brick Oven Museum is divided into three floors representing several epochs.
*Basement: This level showcases the city's prehistory, including the [[Roman period]] and the [[Early Middle Ages]] as well as the [[High Middle Ages]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2022-03-01 |publisher=Stadtmuseum Lahr |title=Three Floors Full of History and Stories |url=https://stadtmuseum.lahr.de/dauerausstellung.50859.htm}}</ref>
*Ground Floor: This level exhibits city artifacts from the [[Late Middle Ages]] to the 20th century.
*First Floor: This exhibition, titled "Lahr and Industry," covers the city's approximately hundred-year industrial history up to the present.

=== Roman Facility ===
The ''Lahrer Streifenhaus'' is a [[replica]] of a Roman house, which was opened in 2018 as part of the Landesgartenschau Lahr/Schwarzwald 2018. During archaeological excavations in the 1990s, up to 200,000 artifacts were discovered. The excavations were carried out by a team from the University of Freiburg im Breisgau.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2022-03-01 |publisher=Stadtmuseum Lahr |title=Row House Charm from Roman Times |url=https://stadtmuseum.lahr.de/das-streifenhaus.50971.htm}}</ref>

== Events ==
The museum is also known for its event series ''Kulturstammtisch'' and ''Museumsbar''.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2022-03-01 |publisher=Stadtmuseum Lahr |title=Cultural Round Table and Museum Bar |url=https://stadtmuseum.lahr.de/kulturstammtisch-museumsbar.140102.htm}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://stadtmuseum.lahr.de/museum.49485.htm}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|display=title|48.339153|7.871461}}

[[Category:Museums established in 2018]]
[[Category:Museums in Baden-Württemberg]]

Bandipotu

2022-10-14T21:57:42Z

Aaqibjavaid: rework formatting based on references

'''Bandipotu''' may refer to:
* [[Bandipotu (2015 film)]], an Indian Telugu-language heist comedy film
* [[Bandipotu (1963 film)]], an Indian Telugu-language swashbuckler film

{{dab}}