Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Sujata Sharma

2026-05-07T17:51:35Z

Aamir2580: Bio - done

{{Short description|Indian biophysicist}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sujata Sharma
| image = Sujata Sharma.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[New Delhi, India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Biophysics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[AIIMS Delhi]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[AIIMS Delhi]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Tej P Singh]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Lactoferrin]], [[Structure Based Drug Design]] [[Science Communication]]
| awards = {{ublist | 2021 TWAS Regional Awards in Public Understanding and Popularization of Science | 2020 [[Kalpana Chawla]] Excellence Award |2011 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] |2006 BRSI Woman Scientist Award | 2007 [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]] National Woman Bioscientist Award | }}
| spouse = [[Naval Kishore Vikram]]
| children = Alma Vikram
Sitab Vikram
}}
'''Sujata Sharma''' is an Indian structural biologist, author, science communicator and professor in the Department of Biophysics at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]. Her research focuses on protein structure determination, structure-based drug design and antimicrobial therapeutics.<ref name="Sujata Sharma on AIIMS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.aiims.edu/en/news/awards-honours/126-biophysics/719-dr-sujata-sharma.html |title=Sujata Sharma on AIIMS |date=2018-01-30 |website=AIIMS New Delhi |language=en-gb |access-date=2018-01-30}}</ref>

Sharma’s research integrates structural biology, molecular biology and translational medicine to develop novel antimicrobial strategies.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sujata_Sharma9 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2018-01-29 |access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref>

In addition to her research contributions, Sharma has been active in science communication and public engagement with science. She has authored books that explore science, medicine, and personal narratives from the perspective of a scientist.

==Early life and education==
Sujata Sharma was born at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]. She is the daughter of the Hindi writer [[Maitreyi Pushpa]] and pharmacologist Dr. R. C. Sharma. She completed her schooling at [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram]], New Delhi and joined the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] as an undergraduate student.

Sharma later joined the same institution as a faculty member as an Assistant Professor. She currently serves as a Professor in the Department of Biophysics at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]].

== Contributions in structural biology ==
Sharma has made extensive contributions to the structural and functional characterization of lactoferrin and its derived fragments, exploring their roles in innate immunity, antimicrobial activity, and therapeutic applications.<ref name=":0" />

She was the first structural biologist to successfully demonstrate the proteolytic C-terminal molecular half of lactoferrin (C-lobe) and determine its three-dimensional structure<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Crystal structure of a proteolytically generated functional monoferric C-lobe of bovine lactoferrin at 1.9A resolution. |doi=10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00717-4 |pmid=12888354 |year=2003 |last1=Sharma |first1=S. |last2=Jasti |first2=J. |last3=Kumar |first3=J. |last4=Mohanty |first4=A. K. |last5=Singh |first5=T. P. |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=331 |issue=2 |pages=485–96 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=C-lobe of lactoferrin: the whole story of the half-molecule. |doi=10.1155/2013/271641 |pmid=23762557|pmc=3671519 |year=2013 |last1=Sharma |first1=Sujata |last2=Sinha |first2=Mau |last3=Kaushik |first3=Sanket |last4=Kaur |first4=Punit |last5=Singh |first5=Tej P. |journal=Biochemistry Research International |volume=2013 |pages=1–8 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and studies examining the molecular mechanisms by which lactoferrin modulates oxidative stress and its potential role in modulating oxidative stress in inflammatory conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pandit |first=Surabhi |last2=Tanwar |first2=Mansi |last3=Singh |first3=Anamika |last4=Singh |first4=Tej P. |last5=Sharma |first5=Pradeep |last6=Sharma |first6=Sujata |year=2025 |title=Lactoferrin as a therapeutic modulator of oxidative stress in inflammatory conditions |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |volume=783 |article-number=152562 |doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152562}}</ref> Sharma and collaborators have examined the antifungal activity of lactoferrin and its derived functional peptides against mucormycosis-causing fungi demonstrating that lactoferrin and its functional fragments may act as adjunct therapeutic agents and could contribute to the development of new strategies for the management of mucormycosis.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pandit |first=Surabhi |last2=Singh |first2=Anamika |last3=Singh |first3=J. |display-authors=etal |year=2024 |title=Synergistic action of lactoferrin and its derived functional fragments as a promising therapeutic agent in combating mucormycosis |journal=Future Microbiology |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=857–866 |doi=10.1080/17460913.2024.2352263}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vaishnav |first=Ajay |title=AIIMS finds breakthrough in fight against Black Fungus, says report |website=CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/healthcare/aiims-finds-black-fungus-treatment-in-lactoferrin-milk-protein-amphotericin-b-19435658.htm |date=29 June 2024}}</ref>

Her studies have established the fact that lactoferrin has a direct role in chelating the unbound non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which in turn leads to the reduction in the NSAID-induced gastropathy.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Structural and binding studies of C-terminal half (C-lobe) of lactoferrin protein with COX-2-specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). |doi=10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.026 |pmid=20515646|year=2010 |last1=Mir |first1=Rafia |last2=Singh |first2=Nagendra |last3=Vikram |first3=Gopalakrishnapillai |last4=Sinha |first4=Mau |last5=Bhushan |first5=Asha |last6=Kaur |first6=Punit |last7=Srinivasan |first7=Alagiri |last8=Sharma |first8=Sujata |last9=Singh |first9=Tej P. |journal=Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=500 |issue=2 |pages=196–202 }}</ref>

The studies on the structure determination of [[Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein]] which is a component of the innate immune system and are conserved from insects to mammals, have given a new direction for the development of this protein as a natural protein antibiotic.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Crystal structure of the peptidoglycan recognition protein at 1.8 A resolution reveals dual strategy to combat infection through two independent functional homodimers. |doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2008.03.018|pmid=18395744|year=2008|last1=Sharma|first1=P.|last2=Singh|first2=N.|last3=Sinha|first3=M.|last4=Sharma|first4=S.|last5=Perbandt|first5=M.|last6=Betzel|first6=C.|last7=Kaur|first7=P.|last8=Srinivasan|first8=A.|last9=Singh|first9=T. P.|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|volume=378|issue=4|pages=923–32}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Structural basis of recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines by camel peptidoglycan recognition protein. |pmid=21454594|year=2011|last1=Sharma|first1=P.|last2=Dube|first2=D.|last3=Singh|first3=A.|last4=Mishra|first4=B.|last5=Singh|first5=N.|last6=Sinha|first6=M.|last7=Dey|first7=S.|last8=Kaur|first8=P.|last9=Mitra|first9=D. K.|last10=Sharma|first10=S.|last11=Singh|first11=T. P.|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=286|issue=18|pages=16208–17|doi=10.1074/jbc.M111.228163|pmc=3091228|doi-access=free}}</ref> The structural studies on the [[lactoperoxidase]] system, that is, lactoperoxidase along with its inorganic ion substrates, hydrogen peroxide, and oxidized products have given new insights into the structure-function interrelationships of this antimicrobial protein.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Structural basis of activation of mammalian heme peroxidases. |doi=10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.11.003|pmid=29174286|year=2018|last1=Singh|first1=Prashant K.|last2=Iqbal|first2=Naseer|last3=Sirohi|first3=Harsh V.|last4=Bairagya|first4=Hridoy R.|last5=Kaur|first5=Punit|last6=Sharma|first6=Sujata|last7=Singh|first7=Tej P.|journal=Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology|volume=133|pages=49–55}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Crystal structure of lactoperoxidase at 2.4 A resolution |year=2008|doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2007.12.012|pmid=18191143|last1=Singh|first1=A. K.|last2=Singh|first2=N.|last3=Sharma|first3=S.|last4=Singh|first4=S. B.|last5=Kaur|first5=P.|last6=Bhushan|first6=A.|last7=Srinivasan|first7=A.|last8=Singh|first8=T. P.|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|volume=376|issue=4|pages=1060–75}}</ref> Her structural studies on SPX-40 have demonstrated that the molecule acts as a protective signalling factor for breast cancer cells and have validated this protein as a drug target for breast cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A glycoprotein from mammary gland secreted during involution promotes apoptosis: Structural and biological studies |pmid=29524427|year=2018|last1=Chaudhary|first1=A.|last2=Kumar|first2=V.|last3=Singh|first3=P. K.|last4=Sharma|first4=P.|last5=Bairagya|first5=H. R.|last6=Kaur|first6=P.|last7=Sharma|first7=S.|last8=Chauhan|first8=S. S.|last9=Singh|first9=T. P.|journal=Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics|volume=644|pages=72–80|doi=10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.006}}</ref> She has also been involved in the designing of inhibitors, both small organic and inorganic compounds and peptides, against these protein targets. She has successfully demonstrated the potency of these ligands in several animal models.

== Awards and honours ==
* TWAS Regional Awards in Public Understanding and Popularization of Science in 2021 [https://twas.org/sites/default/files/twas_ar_21_imp_web_red.pdf]
* [[Kalpana Chawla]] Excellence award in 2020 [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/women-achievers-get-kalpana-chawla-memorial-award-34640/]
* [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] in 2011.
* National Young Woman Bioscientist Award of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] in 2007 [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/president-patil-asks-women-scientists-to-work-at-grassroot/articleshow/2848336.cms?from=mdr]
* Woman Scientist Award of the Biotech Research Society of India in 2006

== Books ==
Sharma has also authored several books spanning science, medicine, and reflective narratives.
* ''A Dragonfly's Purpose'' {{ISBN|978-1-64650-765-8}} Personal narrative in which Sharma reflects on illness, recovery, and the search for meaning through her experience with [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
* ''Conversations with Shambhu'' {{ISBN|978-81-973806-9-3}} A reflective work exploring issues of [[mental health]] among teenagers and young adults through reflective conversations that address anxiety, self-doubt, identity, and emotional resilience.
* ''Kovi's Promise'' {{ISBN|979-8-88503-777-8}} Children’s fantasy story set during the [[COVID-19]] pandemic that promotes awareness about health, empathy, and responsible behaviour through the journey of a young character navigating an unusual and uncertain time.
* ''Tumhara Bholu'' – a Hindi work that explores human relationships and emotional bonds through storytelling.
* ''Warriors in White'' {{ISBN|978-1-63745-511-1}} Collection of narratives highlighting the experiences and dedication of healthcare workers during [[COVID-19]]
* ''The Secret of the Red Crystals'' {{ISBN|978-1-947988-83-5}} Memoir describing scientific discovery and research experiences at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]].[https://www.thestatesman.com/books-education/challenging-journey-1502530797.htm]`

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Lactoferrin]]
* [[Haem peroxidase]]
* [[Lactoperoxidase]]
{{Div col end}}

== Selected Publications ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* Sujata Sharma on AIIMS https://www.aiims.edu/index.php/hi/edu-h/126-biophysics-h/7472-prof-sujata-sharma
* On Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sujata-Sharma
* [https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/healthcare/aiims-finds-black-fungus-treatment-in-lactoferrin-milk-protein-amphotericin-b-19435658.htm CNBC-TV18 report on AIIMS lactoferrin research against mucormycosis. https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/healthcare/aiims-finds-black-fungus-treatment-in-lactoferrin-milk-protein-amphotericin-b-19435658.htm]
* Economic Times coverage of National Young Woman Bioscientist Award ceremony https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/president-patil-asks-women-scientists-to-work-at-grassroot/articleshow/2848336.cms?from=mdr
* [https://www.thestatesman.com/books-education/challenging-journey-1502530797.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com The Statesman feature on the launch of ''The Secret of the Red Crystals''. https://www.thestatesman.com/books-education/challenging-journey-1502530797.html]
* The Tribune report on Sharma receiving Kalpana Chawla Memorial Award. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/women-achievers-get-kalpana-chawla-memorial-award-34640/

{{N-BIOS Laureates 2010–2019}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Sujata}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian biophysicists]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Jasminum multiflorum

2026-05-06T05:36:17Z

Aamir2580: Made new page with sources - done

{{Short description|Species of jasmine}}
{{italic title}}
{{speciesbox
|name = Star jasmine
|image = Jasminum multiflorum 0001.jpg
|genus = Jasminum
|species = multiflorum
|authority = ([[Nicolaas Laurens Burman|Burm. f.]]) [[Henry Cranke Andrews|Andrews]]
}}

'''''Jasminum multiflorum''''', commonly known as '''star jasmine''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> is a species of [[jasmine]] in the family [[Oleaceae]].

In Indian mythology, Kund is known for its whiteness. So, instead of the common western phrase 'white as snow', what often appears in Hindu mythological stories is 'white as kunda'. Also, beautiful white teeth are often compared to Kunda buds. It is held to be especially sacred to Vishnu.
In Manipur, Kundo flowers are used in worship, and are an essential part of a marriage ceremony. The bride garlands the groom with two Kundo flower garlands. The groom then takes one of the two and garlands the bride.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== Distribution ==
''Jasminum multiflorum'' is native to [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Laos]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]]. It is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. While Jasmine flowers are known for its attractive and intensely fragrant flower, this species does not have any scent. The species is reportedly naturalised in [[Florida]], [[Chiapas]], [[Central America]], [[Queensland]], and much of the [[West Indies]].<ref name="GRIN" /><ref>[https://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=351552 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, ''Jasminum multiflorum'' ]</ref><ref name="APNI">{{cite web |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?TAXON_NAME=Jasminum+multiflorum |title=''Jasminum multiflorum'' |accessdate=5 February 2012 |work=[[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI), IBIS database |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517002752/https://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?TAXON_NAME=Jasminum+multiflorum |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Jasminum%20multiflorum.png Biota of North America Program, ''Jasminum multiflorum'']</ref>

==Etymology==
''Jasminum'' is a [[Latin]]ized form of the [[Arabic]] ياسمين ''yasemin,'' which refers to sweetly scented plants.<ref name="gledhill">Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521866453}} (hardback), {{ISBN|9780521685535}} (paperback). pp 220</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|Jasminum multiflorum|''Jasminum multiflorum''}}
{{Wikispecies-inline}}
*[http://www.floridata.com/ref/j/jasm_mul.cfm Floridata 602, star jasmine]
*[http://gardenoftomorrow.com/jasminum-multiflorum-downy-jasmine-indian-jasmine/ Garden of Tomorrow, ''Jasminum multiflorum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823180203/http://gardenoftomorrow.com/jasminum-multiflorum-downy-jasmine-indian-jasmine/ |date=2018-08-23 }}
*[https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Kunda.html Flowers of India, kunda]
*[https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=161 Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants ''Jasminum multiflorum'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6161821}}

[[Category:Jasminum|multiflorum]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Flora of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1807]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nicolaas Laurens Burman]]
[[Category:Lamiales of Asia]]

Toto people

2026-05-05T19:50:18Z

Aamir2580: Details

{{Short description|Indian ethnic group}}
[[File:A Toto man.jpg|thumb|Dhaniram Toto, the first [[Padma Shri]] awardee from the Toto community[[File:Entrance of TOTOPARA.jpg|thumb|Totopara Signboard]]]]
The '''Toto people''' are one of the world's smallest indigenous [[Ethnicity|ethnic groups]], living in a village of [[Totopara]] on India's border with [[Bhutan]].{{Refn|Gurvinder Singh (2021): "The entire population of one of the world’s smallest indigenous groups, the Toto, live in a village on the India-Bhutan border."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Redirect Notice |url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/pollution/pollution-pushes-indigenous-toto-people-to-extinction-india/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-28 |title=Padma for Toto alphabet creator brings hope for community |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/padma-for-toto-alphabet-creator-brings-hope-for-community/articleshow/97389434.cms |access-date=2025-09-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}"Nearly 22 km from Madarihat in Alipurduar district, the Totos of Totopara have been fighting a silent war to keep their language, identity and culture alive."</ref> Totos were nearly becoming extinct in the 1950s, but recent measures to safeguard their areas from being swamped with outsiders have helped preserve their unique heritage and also helped the population grow. The total population of Totos according to 1951 census was 321 living in 69 different houses at Totopara. In 1991 census, the Toto population had increased to 926 who lived in 180 different houses. In the 2001 census, their number had increased to 1184 — all living in Totopara.

Anthropologists agree that the Toto culture and language is totally unique to the ethnic group, and is clearly distinguished from the neighbouring [[Rajbongshi people|Rajbongshi]]s, [[Koch people|Koch]], [[Mech people|Mech]] or the [[Bhutan]]ese [[Sharchop people|Sharchop]] ethnic groups.

==Toto culture==
[[Toto language]] belongs to [[Tibeto-Burman]] family of sub-Himalayan group, as classified by Hodgson and Grierson. Until the start of the 21 century, the language did not have a script.<ref name=":0" /> A script was developed for the language by community elder Dhaniram Toto in 2015, and has seen limited but increasing use in literature, education, and computing; a proposal for encoding this script was accepted by the [[Unicode Consortium|Unicode technical committee]] on October 8, 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Deborah |title=L2/19-330: Proposal for encoding the Toto script in the SMP of the UCS |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19330-toto-script.pdf |accessdate=18 December 2019 |date=27 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline |url=https://unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html |publisher=Unicode Consortium |accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> It was added to the Unicode Standard with the release of version 14.0 in September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/ |title=Unicode 14.0.0}}</ref>

Toto family is [[Patrilocal residence|patrilocal]] in nature dominated by nuclear type. However, joint family is not rare. Monogamy is common form of marriage among the Toto but polygamy is not prohibited. If a man's wife dies, he may marry the deceased wife's younger sister, but a woman cannot marry her deceased husband's brother. On the death of a spouse, the husband or wife must remain single for twelve months before he or she is free to remarry. There are various ways of acquiring mates viz., (1) marriage by negotiation (Thulbehoea), (2) marriage by escape (Chor-behoea), (3) marriage by capture (Sambehoea) and (4) love marriage (Lamalami). There is no custom of divorce among the Totos.

The Totos define themselves close to [[nature]], they mainly perform [[Nature worship]]. The Totos have two main gods whom they worship:
# Ishpa - He is supposed to live in the Bhutan hills, and causes sickness when displeased. The Totos offer him animal sacrifices and Eu.
# Cheima - She keeps the village and its people safe from troubles and sicknesses. She is also offered rice, fowls and Eu. The Totos have priests, also offer their worship and sacrifices on their own. Ishpa is worshipped in the open outside the house and Cheima inside the house.

Of late, there are a few Christian converts among the ethnic group, largely attributed to Christian missionary works.

==Economic activities==
Totos cultivate land. The Totos are not active farmers and hence do not cultivate a particular crop to a great extent. Every home has a kitchen garden surrounded by bamboo fences; in these gardens they grow vegetables, potatoes and bananas, among others. Sometimes they trade with traders from the outside world. Some Totos raise cows and pigs as an occupation.

At different stages of history, the Totos has been moving away from a subsistence economy to market economy. Further, the transformations of the village from community ownership of land to individual land holding and from isolated tribal group to a multi-ethnic habitat have also taken place in the recent past.

The sale of betel nuts is the primary source of income in Totopara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/3/5/indias-tiny-himalayan-tribe-forgotten-by-the-worlds-largest-democracy |title=‘We exist’: A Himayalan hamlet, forgotten by Indian democracy |last= |first= |date= |website=aljazeera.com |publisher= |access-date=March 5, 2024 |quote=}}</ref>

==Totopara: The Toto village==
The area of entire Toto country called Totopara is {{convert|1996.96|acre|km2}}. It lies 22 km from [[Madarihat]], the entrance of [[Jaldapara National Park]]. So, it can be safely assumed that the Totos live near the northern edges of this forest. The Toto localities of the village are sub-divided into six segments - Panchayatgaon, Mandolgaon, Subbagaon, Mitranggaon, Pujagaon and Dumchigaon. Totopara also has a settlement of Nepali-speaking people. A primary school was established in the village in 1990. Later in 1995, a high school with hostel facility was also established there. There is one primary healthcare centre in Totopara.{{CN|date=December 2025}}

== See also ==
* [[Toto language]]
* [[Duars]]hi

==References==
<references/>

;Bibliography:
# A.K. Mitra - District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri 1951, Appendix VIII, Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal.
# Charu Chandra Sanyal - ''The Meches and the Totos - Two Sub-Himalayan Tribes of North Bengal''. A North Bengal University publication.
# Bimalendu Majumdar (1998) ''The Totos: Cultural and Economic Transformation of a Small Tribe in the Sub-Himalayan Bengal''. Academic Enterprise, Calcutta. {{ISBN|81-87121-00-9}}.
# Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri (2004) ''Constraints of Tribal Development'', Mittal Publications, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7099-914-6}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7099-914-0}}.
# M.K. Chowdhuri (2005) "The Totos", in Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri and Sucheta Sen Chaudhuri (eds) ''Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography'', Volume 1, Mittal Publications, Delhi. {{ISBN|81-8324-026-7}}, {{ISBN|978-81-8324-026-0}}.

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Bimalendu |date=1991 |title=A Sociological Study of Toto Folk-Tales |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Asiatic Society}}
* {{cite book |title=লোককথার সাতকাহন |trans-title=Lokekathar Satkahan |editor-last=Chakrabarty |editor-first=Barun Kumar |chapter=টোটোদের লোককথা |trans-chapter=Folklore of the Totos |author=দিলীপ কুমার রায় [Dilip Kumar Roy] |location=Calcutta |publisher=অপর্ণা বুক ডিস্ট্রিবিউটার্স |date=2000 |pages=149-158 |lang=Bengali}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=txo Ethnologue profile]
* [http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/Presentations/Presentations2.htm#Start2 Totos of Totopara - A Primitive Tribal Group of West Bengal]

{{Bhutanese society}}
{{Scheduled tribes of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Tribes of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Alipurduar district]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1964

2026-05-04T15:34:49Z

Aamir2580: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1960s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Pakyong district

2026-05-01T07:20:59Z

Aamir2580: started a location

{{short description|District in Sikkim, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Pakyong district
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Sikkim|District]] of [[Sikkim]]
| image_skyline = Kanchenjungha from Thambi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mt. [[Kangchenjunga]] view from Thambi View Point, [[Dzuluk]], Pakyong District Sikkim.
| image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Pakyong district'''
|type=shape |id=Q108803704
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Pakyong district of Sikkim
|type2=line|id2=Q1505|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Sikkim
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Sikkim
| coordinates = {{coord|27|23|N|88|59|E|region:IN-SK_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Pakyong]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title1 = [[District magistrate]]
| leader_name1 = Ms. Pari Bishnoi<ref> {{Cite web|title=District Collectors|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/mygovernment/whos-who/district-collectors|website=sikkim.gov.in}} </ref>
| leader_title2 =[[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 =[[Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency|Sikkim Constituency]]
| leader_title3 =[[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = *[[Rhenock (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rhenock]]
*[[Chujachen (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chujachen]]
*[[West Pendam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|West Pendam]]
*[[Gnathang-Machong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gnathang Machong]]
*[[Namchaybong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Namcheybong]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 404
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1120
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 74,583
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major Highways]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = *[[National Highway 717A (India)|NH 717A]]
*[[National Highway 10 (India)|NH 10]]
*[[National Highway 717B (India)|NH 717B]],
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[List of longest bridges above water in India|Longest Bridge]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = *[[Atal Setu, Sikkim|Atal Setu Bridge, Rangpo]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[List of stadiums in India|Largest Stadium]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = *[[Mining Cricket Stadium|Mining Cricket Stadium, Rangpo]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|Largest Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = *[[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| registration_plate = '''SK-07'''
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-SK]]
| website = *{{URL|https://pakyongdistrict.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pakyong''' '''district''' is a district in the Indian state of [[Sikkim]], administered from [[Pakyong]].<ref> {{Cite web|title=3 sub-divisions of East Sikkim to form Sikkim's newest district Pakyong -Eastmojo|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2021/06/21/3-sub-divisions-of-east-sikkim-to-form-sikkims-newest-district-pakyong/|website=eastmojo.com|date=21 June 2021 |language=en}} </ref> The district was formed in 2021 from three former subdivisions of the East Sikkim district, viz., Pakyong Subdivision, Rangpo Subdivision and Rongli Subdivision. <ref> {{Cite web|title=Sikkim's New District To Become a Transportation Hub|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/06/23/sikkims-new-district-to-become-a-transportation-hub/|website=northeasttoday.in|language=en}} </ref> The remaining Gangtok Subdivision of the former district was named as the [[Gangtok district]], which now bounds the Pakyong district in the northwest. In addition, the district is now bounded by the [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong district of West Bengal]], [[Bhutan]], [[China]] and the [[South Sikkim district|Namchi district]] of Sikkim.

==Demographics==
[[File:Nathang Pano 1.jpg|thumb|[[Nathang Valley]] Pakyong District Sikkim]]
[[File:Silk Route Snow.jpg|thumb|Snow on [[Sikkim]] Silk Route, Pakyong District Sikkim]]
Pakyong District has the total area of {{cvt|404|km2}}. The total population as per 2011 census is {{formatnum:74583}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 sub-divisions of East Sikkim to form Sikkim's newest district Pakyong -Eastmojo|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2021/06/21/3-sub-divisions-of-east-sikkim-to-form-sikkims-newest-district-pakyong/|website=eastmojo.com|date=21 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Roadways===
[[File:The Old Silk Route, East Sikkim.jpg|thumb|[[National Highway 717B (India)]] switchbacks at [[Zuluk]], Pakyong District Sikkim]]
The major highways in Pakyong District are as follows:
* [[National Highway 10 (India)|National Highway 10]] connecting [[Siliguri]] to [[Gangtok]], lies in Pakyong District from [[Rangpo]] to [[Singtam]] via [[Majitar]].
* [[National Highway 717A (India)|National Highway-717A]] connecting [[Bagrakote]] to [[Gangtok]], lies in the Pakyong District from Reshi, [[Rhenock]] to Setipool near [[Ranipool]] via [[Rorathang]] and [[Pakyong]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doklam effect: Sikkim to get new all-weather highway|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/may/28/doklam-effect-sikkim-to-get-new-all-weather-highway-1820559.html|website=newindianexpress.com|date=28 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[National Highway 717B (India)|National Highway-717B]] connecting [[Rhenock]] and Menla, [[Sherathang]] via [[Zuluk]] and [[Rongli]] lies mostly in Pakyong District.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NHIDCL floats tender for road works in Sikkim|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/15781-nhidcl-floats-tender-for-road-works-in-sikkim|website=constructionweekonline.in|date=14 November 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Atal Setu Bridge]], the longest roadway bridge of sikkim connecting Pakyong District with [[Kalimpong district]] of [[West Bengal]] lies in Pakyong District.
[[File:Pakyong to Siliguri Bus Service undertaken by SNT.jpg|thumb|Pakyong to Siliguri SNT Bus]]

===Railway===
The under construction [[Sivok–Rangpo railway line]] will end in Pakyong District at the town of [[Rangpo]]. It is planned later to be prolonged to [[Gangtok]].

===Airways===
[[Pakyong Airport|Pakyong Greenfield Airport]] the only airport of Sikkim, lies on Pakyong District at the district Headquarter-[[Pakyong]].
[[File:Pakyong Airport, Gangtok.png|thumb|right|Pakyong Airport, Pakyong District, Sikkim]]
[[File:Pakyongsikkim.jpg|thumb|right|Runway at [[Pakyong Airport]], Pakyong District Sikkim]]

==Assembly Constituencies==
[[File:Gnathang Krishna Mandir.jpg|thumb|Gnathang Krishna Mandir Pakyong District Sikkim]]
Assembly Constituencies falling under Pakyong District are as follows:
* [[Rhenock (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Chujachen (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [[West Pendam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Gnathang-Machong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] and
* [[Namchaybong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

==Important Towns and Cities==
[[File:Zuluk at dawn.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dzuluk]], an important tourist destination, Pakyong District Sikkim]]
The major towns and cities of Pakyong District are
*[[Pakyong]]
*[[Rangpo]]
*[[Rorathang]]
*[[Rhenock]]
*[[Rongli]]
*[[Majitar]]
*[[Kumrek]]
[[File:Sunrise from Lungthung view point.jpg|thumb|Sunrise from Lungthung View Point, Pakyong District Sikkim]]

==Wildlife Sanctuaries==
[[File:Landscape of Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary East Sikkim India 13.02.2016.jpg|thumb|Diverse flora of '''[[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]]''', Pakyong District, Sikkim ]]
[[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]] lies in the Pakyong District. It is connected to [[Neora Valley National Park]] of [[Kalimpong district]] of [[North Bengal]] via thick forest cover in Aritar Mulkharka Rachela region. '''[[Sumin Reserve Forest]]''' and '''[[Saramsa Garden]]''' also lies in Pakyong District which is rich in varieties of floral plants and fauna.
[[File:Blue-winged Laughingthrush Pangolakha Sikkim India 30.10.2016.jpg|thumb|[[Blue-winged laughingthrush|Blue-winged Laughingthrush]] in [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]] Pakyong District Sikkim]]

==Flora and fauna==

[[File:Fire-tailed Myzornis Old Silk Route, Sikkim, India 17 April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Fire-tailed myzornis]] at Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]]
[[File:White-capped Redstart Nathang Valley Sikkim India 13052014.jpg|thumb|[[White-capped redstart]] at Lingtam Pakyong District Sikkim]]
Variety of plants and wildlife are found in Pakyong District. The important ones are [[red panda]] the state animal, [[blood pheasant]] the state bird [[Dendrobium nobile]] the state flower and [[Rhododendron]] the state tree are found in the wildlife sanctuaries of Pakyong District.

[[File:Drongo Cuckoo from East Pendam Budang birding area in Sikkim, India.jpg|thumb|[[Square-tailed drongo-cuckoo|Drongo Cuckoo]] in Budang, [[Sumin Reserve Forest]] Pakyong District Sikkim]]

[[File:Grey-sided Laughingthrush Pendam East district, Sikkim India 05.07.2018.jpg|thumb|[[Grey-sided laughingthrush]] at Pendam, [[Sumin Reserve Forest]], Pakyong District Sikkim]]

Other important wild animals include [[Snow Leopard]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[Clouded leopard]], [[Large Indian civet]] etc.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: Sikkim |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>
Forest Department, Government of Sikkim has also confirmed the presence of [[Royal Bengal Tiger]] in the [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]] of Pakyong District in January 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/photograph-confirms-presence-of-tiger-in-sikkim/article25952265.ece|title=Caught on camera: Sikkim's Royal Bengal Tiger|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 January 2019|last1=Singh|first1=Shiv Sahay}}</ref>
[[File:Blue-fronted Redstart Aritar Sikkim India 7th January 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Blue-fronted redstart]] at Rolep Pakyong District Sikkim]]
[[File:White-crested Laughingthrush Garrulax leucolophus 07.01.2014 Aritar Lake, East Sikkim, India.jpg|thumb|[[White-crested laughingthrush]] at Aritar Pakyong District Sikkim]]

==Rivers and Lakes==
===Rivers===
[[File:Riverteesta.jpg|thumb|[[Teesta River]] near [[Majitar]], Pakyong District Sikkim]]
[[Teesta|River Teesta]], the largest river of state flows in Pakyong district from [[Singtam]] to [[Rangpo]].

[[Rangpo River]] the third largest river of Sikkim originates from [[Lake Menmecho]] at [[Rongli|Rongli Subdivision]] of Pakyong District and flows through [[Pakyong|Pakyong Subdivision]] and [[Rongli|Rongli Subdivision]] villages and towns of Pakyong District before meeting river [[Teesta]] at [[Rangpo|Rangpo Town]].

[[Jaldhaka River|River Jaldhaka]] which originates near [[Dzuluk]] in Pakyong District and flows towards Bhutan, West Bengal and Bangladesh.

Other major rivers of Pakyong District are Richu Khola, Rongli Khola, Pachey Khola, Reshi Khola etc.

===Lakes===
[[File:Lampokhari.jpg|thumb|Lampokhari (lake) of [[Aritar]], Pakyong District Sikkim]]
[[File:Heart Lake 2.jpg|thumb|Gnathang Heart Lake, Gnathang Pakyong District Sikkim]]
Important lakes of Pakyong District are :
* Lampokhari, Aritar
* Gnathang Heart Lake
* Rangpo Dam lake Below Rolep.
* Mulkharka Lake (lies in sikkim-west bengal border).

==Sports==
[[File:Gnathang in winter.jpg|thumb|Gnathang Valley Pakyong District Sikkim during Winters perfect for [[Snowboarding]]]]
[[Mining Ground|Mining Cricket Stadium]] located at [[Rangpo]], Pakyong district is the largest cricket stadium of entire Sikkim. The stadium belongs to [[Sikkim Cricket Association]] and hosts important cricket tournaments like [[Ranji Trophy]], [[CK Nayudu Trophy]], [[Cooch Behar Trophy]], [[Vijay Merchant|Vijay Merchant Trophy]] etc.It is the home ground of [[Sikkim cricket team]].<ref> {{Cite web|title=For first time Sikkim to host Ranji Trophy matches, Himalayan state allotted three fixtures|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/sikkim/sikkim-ranji-trophy-matches-himalayan-three-fixtures.html|website=nenow.in|date=13 September 2022 }} </ref><ref> {{Cite web|title=Sikkim to host 3 Ranji Trophy matches for the first time|url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/sikkim-to-host-3-ranji-trophy-matches-for-the-first-time/|website=currentaffairs.adda247.com}} </ref> Other major sports grounds of Pakyong district are St. Xavier's Football ground - Pakyong, Rongli Mela Ground, Rhenock SSS Ground, Chujachen SSS Ground, Central Pendam SSS Ground etc.

==Education==
[[File:SIKKIM MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology]] Gate, [[Majitar]] Pakyong District Sikkim]]

Pakyong District has many educational institutions. Some important ones among them are as follows:
* [[Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology]], [[Majitar]].
* [[Pakim Palatine College, Pakyong]].
* [[Government College, Rhenock East Sikkim|Government Degree College]], [[Rhenock]].
* Advance Technical Training Centre, Bardang.
* Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majitar.
* Government Industrial Training Institute, Mining.
* [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology]], [[Pacheykhani]].
* [[Eklavya Model Residential School]], Thekabong.
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], [[Pakyong]]

==Achievements==
[[File:Thambi view point.jpg|thumb|Thambi View Point [[Dzuluk]], Pakyong District Sikkim]]
*Pakyong District of Sikkim achieved the 𝟖𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐤 𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐬𝐭 𝟕𝟓 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚 which were selected for 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐀𝐳𝐚𝐝𝐢 𝐒𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐲𝐨𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐚 𝟗𝟎 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐠𝐧.<ref> {{Cite web|title=Pakyong Ranked 8th Among Top 10 District of India|url=https://www.voiceofsikkim.com/pakyong-ranked-8th-among-top-10-district-of-india/?amp|website=www.voiceofsikkim.com}} </ref>

*Pakyong Police Station of Pakyong in Pakyong District of Sikkim is ranked seventh among the top ten best performing police stations in the country according to a survey conducted by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakyong Police Station comes 7th in top performing police stations of India|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/sikkim/sikkim-pakyong-among-10-best-performing-police-stations-in/cid2513110.htm|website=thenortheasttoday.com|date=3 December 2020}}</ref>
* Vivanta Sikkim, a Five Star hotel of Pakyong district wins HICSA best hotel of the year award.<ref> {{Cite web|title=Vivanta Sikkim wins HICSA best hotel of the year award|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2022/04/08/in-pics-vivanta-sikkim-wins-hicsa-best-hotel-of-the-year-award/|website=www.eastmojo.com|date=8 April 2022 }} </ref>
*[[Jetshen Dohna Lama]], 9 year old girl from Pakyong, Sikkim won singing reality show [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs]] aired on [[Zee TV]] on 22 January 2022. <ref> {{Cite web|title=Jetsen Dona Lama Shines on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Little Champs|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/sikkims-jetson-dona-lama-shines-singing-reality-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-little-champs-478657-2022-12-04|website=indiatodayne.in|date=4 December 2022 }} </ref><ref> {{Cite web|title=Jetshen Dohna Lama is the winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs season 9|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/jetshen-dohna-lama-winner-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-season-9-501518-2023-01-22|website=indiatodayne.in|date=22 January 2023 }} </ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Zuluk at dawn.jpg|[[Dzuluk]], Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Landscape of Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary East Sikkim India 13.02.2016.jpg|Diverse flora of [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]], Pakyong District, Sikkim
File:Thambi view point.jpg|Thambi View Point [[Dzuluk]], Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Viswa vinayaka.jpg|Viswa Vinayak Temple [[Rhenock]], Pakyong District, Sikkim
File:Pakyong Airport, Gangtok.png|Pakyong Airport, Pakyong District, Sikkim
File:Pakyongsikkim.jpg|Runway at [[Pakyong Airport]], Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Riverteesta.jpg|[[Teesta River]] near [[Majitar]], Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Kanchenjungha from Thambi.jpg|Mt. Kanchenjunga as seen from Thambi View Point,[[Dzuluk]], Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Lampokhari.jpg|Lampokhari (lake) of [[Aritar]], Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Zuluk village.jpg|Zuluk View from Thambi Dara View Point, Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Nathang Pano 1.jpg|Gnathang Village Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Gnathang Krishna Mandir.jpg|Gnathang Krishna Mandir Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Drongo Cuckoo from East Pendam Budang birding area in Sikkim, India.jpg|Drongo Cuckoo in Budang, Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Blue-winged Laughingthrush Pangolakha Sikkim India 30.10.2016.jpg|Blue-winged Laughingthrush in Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Grey-sided Laughingthrush Pendam East district, Sikkim India 05.07.2018.jpg|Grey-sided Laughingthrush at Pendam, Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Silk Route Snow.jpg|Lungthung, Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Sunrise from Lungthung view point.jpg|Sunrise from Lungthung View Point, Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Aritar, Sikkim, India - panoramio.jpg|Aritar, Pakyong District Sikkim
File:Gnathang in winter.jpg|Gnathang Pakyong District Sikkim during Winters
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikkim}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Districts of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Pakyong district| ]]

Kashmir Sultanate

2026-04-25T02:02:53Z

Aamir2580: created basic page and citations...

{{Short description|Sovereign state in South Asia (1320–1589)}}
{{Other uses|Kashmir (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Kashmir
| native_name = 𑆑𑆯𑇀𑆩𑆵𑆫 𑆱𑆬𑇀𑆠𑆤𑆠𑇀 ([[Sanskrit]]) {{nq|سلطنت کشمیر}} ([[Persian language|Persian]]) {{nq|سَلطَنَتِ کٔشیٖر}} ([[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]) {{script|Arab|سَلْطَنَة اَلْكَشْميرّ}} ([[Arabic language|Arabic]])
| life_span = 1320–1323 1339–1589
| status = [[Regional Sultanates of India|Regional Sultanate]]
| event_start = Conversion of [[Rinchan|Rinchan Shah]]
| year_start = 1320
| date_start = December
| image_flag = Blood Flag.svg
| flag_type = [[List of royal standards|Royal Standard]]{{efn|According to the contemporary author [[Jonaraja]]}}{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=207}}{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=212}}
| event_end = Fall of [[Srinagar]]
| year_end = 14 October 1586
| date_end =
| event1 = [[Lohara dynasty|Lohara]] Interruption
| date_event1 = 1323–1339
| event2 = [[Shah Mir–Lohara War]]
| date_event2 = 1338–1339
| event3 = [[Kashmir Civil War (1419–1420)|Kashmir Civil War]]
| date_event3 = December 1419–July 1420
| event4 = [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|Mughal Interregnum]]
| date_event4 = December 1540–October 1551
| event5 = [[Battle of Vahator]]
| date_event5 = 13 August 1541
| event6 = [[Mughal conquest of Kashmir|Mughal Invasion]]
| date_event6 = 20 December 1585–8 August 1589
| event7 = [[Battle of Hastivanj]]
| date_event7 = 10 October 1586
| p2 = Delhi Sultanate
| p1 = Lohara dynasty
| s1 = Mughal Kashmir
| demonym = [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]]
| stat_year1 = 1342
| stat_area1 = 222236
| stat_year2 = 1354
| stat_year3 = 1389
| stat_area3 = 250000
| stat_year4 = 1470
| stat_year5 = 1578
| stat_pop5 = 280,000
| era = [[Medieval India]]
| image_coat =
| image_map = India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg
| symbol =
| symbol_type =
| legislature = ''[[Durbar (court)|Durbār]]'' {{small|({{circa|1339–1586}})}}
| image_map_caption = Kashmir Sultanate in 1525. (Including the hill states of [[Gilgit]] and [[Jammu]], [[Skardu#History#Maqpon period|Maqpon Kingdom]] and [[Maryul|Maryul Kingdom]] as tributary states)
| national_motto = نرجو أن يتم الحفاظ عليها من الدمار {{small|(Arabic)}} (lit. May she be preserved from destruction){{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=294}}
| capital = [[Srinagar]] {{small|(1320–1323; 1339–1343; 1354–1470; 1472–1529; 1530–1586)}} [[Nowhatta|Sikandarpur]] {{small|(1470–1472)}} [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Naushahra]] {{small|(1529–1530)}} [[Chanderkot|Chandrakot]] {{small|(1586–1587)}} [[Baramulla|Varmul]] {{small|(1587–1588)}} [[Sopore|Suyyapur]] {{small|(1586–1588)}} ''no centralised capital'' {{small|(1588–1589)}}
| largest_city = [[Srinagar]]
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] (widely used in administration, court and government until the end of 14th century) [[Persian language|Persian]] (widely used in administration, court and government) [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] (native language, given official status later on) [[Dardic languages]] [[Arabic]] (religious)
| religion = '''[[State religion]]:''' [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Shafi'i]] and [[Hanafi]]) {{small|(1320–1561)}} [[Shi'a Islam]] ([[Twelver Shi'ism|Imamiyya]]) {{small|(1561–1589)}} '''[[Minority religion]]s:''' [[Hinduism]] [[Buddhism]]
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Centralized Government|centralized]] [[absolute monarchy]]
| leader1 = [[Rinchan|Sadr'ud-Din Shah]]
| year_leader1 = 1320–1323 {{small|(first)}}
| leader2 = [[Yakub Shah Chak]]
| year_leader2 = 1586–1589 {{small|(last)}}
| title_leader = [[List of monarchs of Kashmir|Sultan]]
| title_deputy = [[Vizier|Wazir]]
| year_deputy1 = 1320–1323 {{small|(first)}}
| deputy1 = Tukka
| year_deputy2 = 1586–1589 {{small|(last)}}
| deputy2 = Nazuk Bhat
| currency = [[Gold Dinar]], [[Silver coin|Silver Sasnu]], [[Coinage of India|Copper Punchshi]], [[Coinage of India|Bronze Kasera]]
}}
The '''Kashmir Sultanate''',{{efn|[[Sanskrit]]: 𑆑𑆯𑇀𑆩𑆵𑆫 𑆱𑆬𑇀𑆠𑆤𑆠𑇀, [[Persian language|Persian]]: {{nq|سلطنتِ کشمیر}}, [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]: {{nq|سَلطَنَتِ کٔشیٖر}}, {{langx|ar|سَلْطَنَة اَلْكَشْميرّ}}}} historically Latinised as the '''Sultanate of Cashmere''' and officially known as the '''State of Kashmir''', was a [[Medieval India|medieval kingdom]] established in the early 14th century, primarily in the [[Kashmir Valley]], found in the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The Sultanate was founded by [[Rinchan|Rinchan Shah]], a [[Ladakhis|Ladakhi]] noble who converted from Buddhism to Islam. The Sultanate was briefly interrupted by the [[Lohara dynasty|Loharas]] until [[Shah Mir]], a councillor of Rinchan, [[Shah Mir–Lohara War|overthrew the Loharas]] and started his [[Shah Mir dynasty|own dynasty]]. The Shah Mirs ruled from 1339 until they were deposed by the [[Chak dynasty|Chak]] warlords and nobles in 1561. The Chaks continued to rule the Sultanate until the [[Mughal conquest of Kashmir|Mughal conquest]] in 1586 and their surrender in 1589.

The Kashmir Sultanate was a Muslim monarchy comprising [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]], [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco–Persian]], [[Indus Kohistani people|Kohistani]], [[Dardic language|Dardic]], and [[Ladakhis|Ladakhi]] elites. A Ladakhi Buddhist, Rinchan Bhoti, converted to Islam and served as the first Sultan. He was followed by two prominent dynasties: The [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shah Mirs]] and the [[Chak dynasty|Chaks]]. A Baihaqi Sayyid, [[Sayyid Mubarak|Mubarak Baihaqi]], briefly ruled over Sultanate after overthrowing [[Yousuf Shah Chak|Yousuf Chak]] in 1579. Due to its diversity, the kingdom lived and worked by the principles of [[Kashmiriyat]], which existed harmoniously within the cultural and religious pluralism of the Sultanate. Although [[Sanskrit]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] were preferred as the official, diplomatic, court, and state language, [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] still had a large impact on social and communal work, later being granted official status. The economical centre, as well as the vital mint city of the Sultanate, [[Srinagar]], served as the capital for the majority of its lifespan while the diverse city of [[Baramulla|Varmul]], the highly rich and cultivated land of [[Sopore|Suyyapur]], the hilly areas of [[Anantnag]], and the surrounding valleys of [[Neelum District|Neelum]] were the notable commercial and residential districts. The Sultanate carried out major trading relations, having establishments in [[History of Bihar#Medieval Period (1206–1526)|Bihar]], [[Phagmodrupa dynasty|Tibet]], [[Nepal#History#Medieval Nepal|Nepal]], [[Beijing|Peking]], [[Bhutan]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]], and [[Turkestan]], whereas [[History of Punjab#Medieval Punjab (c.500 AD – 1526 AD)|Punjab]] and [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]] were considered her greatest trading and industrial partners. Besides the [[Delhi Sultanate]], Kashmir, along with [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], and [[Samma dynasty|Sindh]], were considered strong political and martial allies, even interfering in one another's internal problems.

During the Sultanate era, the Valley was influenced by various orders of [[Sufism]] and [[Mysticism]]. The [[Suhrawardiyya]], [[Kubrawiya]], [[Rishi order|Rishi]], and [[Noorbakshia Islam|Nurbakhshiya]] orders were formally adopted and regulated by the Sultans during their reign. A form of peaceful culture evolved around the [[Kashmiri Pandits]] and [[Kashmiri Muslims|Muslims]] following the leadership and teachings of [[Lalleshwari|Lal Ded]], [[Nund Rishi]], [[Habba Khatoon|Habba Khatun]], Yaqub Ganai and, Habibullah Ganai. With the beginning of the Muslim epoch, [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] was observed alongside [[Kashmiri handicrafts|Kashmiri Art]] evolving into an Islamic-Kashmiri style of infrastructure and designing. This style can still be seen in the old mahalas of [[Srinagar]].

== History ==

=== Background (13th and 14th centuries) ===
[[File:Siege_of_Lohkot_1015.png|alt=Siege_of_Lohkot_1015|thumb|[[Siege of Lohkot (1015)]] fought between the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] and [[Lohara dynasty|Lohara Kingdom]]]]
[[File:MongolEmpire.jpg|thumb|300 px|The [[Mongol Empire]] extended to Kashmir in 1235 with [[Sali Noyan]] appointed as the [[Darughachi]]]]
Numerous attempts had been made to conquer Kashmir, first by the [[Arabs]] in the 7th and 8th century, and then by the [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] in the 11th century,{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=27}} but it was not until the reigns of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] and [[Muhammad of Ghor]] that Kashmir faced serious threats of invasion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nazim |first=Muhammad |title=The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-45659-4 |edition=Revised |location=Cambridge |pages=92–3 |language=English}}</ref>{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=28}} It was at this time that [[Tajiks|Tajik]] traders entered Kashmir and were permitted to serve in the [[Lohara dynasty|Lohara]] army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marc Aurel Stein |url=http://archive.org/details/RajataranginiVol1 |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini Vol 1 |date=1900 |pages=107–119}}</ref> With the Hindu emperors weakened, Kashmir became a subject to the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol invasions]] in the 13th century.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=34}} Unable to fend off the invasions this time, Kashmir became a Mongol dependency some time after 1235.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=al-Uthmani |first1=Minhaj al-Din ibn Umar |title=Tabakat-i-Nasiri |last2=Raverty |first2=H. G. |date=2010-08-13 |publisher=Gorgias Press |isbn=978-1-61719-755-0 |page=185 |language=English}}</ref> In 1320, a Mongol commander, Zulju, with an army of Qara'unas, entered Kashmir and, after perpetrating all types of atrocities and violence,{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|pp=96a–b}}{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=34}} left the Valley with loot stolen from the residents. As Emperor Suhadeva fled to [[Kishtwar]], the Valley passed on to the hands of local chiefs who asserted independence.{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|pp=31b–32a}}{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=36}} The most prominent of them were Ramacandra, the commander-in-chief of Suhadeva, and [[Rinchan|Rinchan Bhoti]], a [[Ladakhis|Ladakhi]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] noble, who left [[Maryul|Ladakh]] after his father, a Ladakhi chief, was killed by the [[Balti people|Baltis]].{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=37}} Rinchan, who upon killing Ramacandra in a surprise attack, found none stronger than himself, ascended the throne as Rinchan Shah.{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=18}}

The first challenge faced by Rinchan was to gain the trust of the public and of the nobles.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=38}} To manage this, he released Ramacandra's son, Rawancandra, and his family, granting him some jagirs and the title of [[Raina (surname)|Raina]] (Lord). He also appointed him his [[Ispahsalar|Mir Bakhshi]] (Commander-in-Chief) and married his sister, [[Kota Rani]], who had previously been the Empress consort of Suhadeva.{{sfn|Pandit|1991|p=12b}}{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=99a}} After resolving this matter, Rinchan faced Suhadeva, who had returned to the Valley after Zulju's departure. He attempted to turn the people against Rinchan, however he was repulsed by the people, for whom the memory of his betrayal remained fresh.{{sfn|Pandit|1991|p=13a}}{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=100a}} Soon after these events, the Lavanyas, a feudal tribe, challenged Rinchan but were defeated and forced to acknowledge him.{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=19}}

The Emperor always had a council of cultured men and artisans in his court, along with Muslim scholars and Hindu and Buddhist priests.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=39}} With an elusive yet sharp mind, Rinchan later on in the same year, at the hands of [[Bulbul Shah]], embraced Islam and adopted the title of Sultan Sadr'ud-Din, becoming the first Sultan of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan Gulam Khuihami |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.335053 |title=Tarikh E Hasan Vol I |date=1911 |page=136b}}</ref>{{sfn|Pandit|1991|p=14b}} Rawancandra also accepted Islam and became a close associate of the Sultan.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=40}} [[Shah Mir]] also entered the government of the Sultan and was a trusted councillor of the Sultan.{{sfn|Pandit|1991|p=16a}} He even appointed him as the tutor of his son, Haidar.{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=104a}}{{sfn|Qandhari|1993|p=425}} Sultan Sadr'ud-Din faced a surprise attack by Tukka, his former Vizier, and his followers. The preparators left a serious wound on the Sultan's head in between the struggle,{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=23}} but he was rescued by his Vizier, Vyalaraja. The Sultan took the enemies by surprise and executed them. He also ripped open the wombs of their wives by the sword.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=41}}

Unfortunately, the wound on the Sultan's head proved fatal, and he died in 1323.{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=23}} He was buried near the Masjid he had built in Srinagar. After the Sultan's demise, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva, was called back from Swat to claim the throne at the behest of Kota Rani, with the consent of Shah Mir and other nobles, as Haidar was still a minor.{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=24}}{{sfn|Pandit|1991|p=16a}}

=== Early Years (14th Century) ===
The rule of Udayanadeva lasted until his death in 1338, and he was succeeded by his wife, Kota Rani.{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=28}}{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=42}} Shah Mir, in the meantime, strengthened his position in the cabinet of Udayanadeva.{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=26-27}}{{sfn|Pandit|1991|p=16a}} Kota Rani appointed Bhatta Bhikshana, a powerful minister, as her Prime Minister, ignoring Shah Mir. She also moved her capital to Andarkot as Srinagar was, at that time, Shah Mir's stronghold.{{sfn|Pandit|1991|p=17a}}{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=105b}} This angered Shah Mir, who, at once, marched against her. At the outset of [[Shah Mir–Lohara War|the war]], he assassinated Bhikshana through a conspiracy and threatened Kota Rani to surrender and marry him.{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=29}} Kota Rani, after seeing her troops and chiefs deserting her, acquiesced. Shah Mir married her at first, but seeing the support she had in the kingdom, he threw her and her children in prison while he himself ascended the throne as Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|pp=43–44}}{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=32}}

With the behest of the new rule, a new era, namely the Kashmiri era, replaced the old Laukika era established by the [[List of monarchs of Kashmir|Hindu Emperors]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asrar Alakhyar |url=http://archive.org/details/tarikh-e-hassan-vol-3-asrar-alakhyar |title=Tarikh E Hassan Vol 3 Asrar Alakhyar |page=85b}}</ref> Shamsu'd-Din set up Islamic roots in the early stages of the Sultanate,{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=26-27}}{{sfn|Qandhari|1993|p=426}} appointing Muslim converts to major posts in the government.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=46}} After his death in 1342, the Sultanate passed on to Shamsu'd-Din's sons, [[Jamshid Shah Miri|Jamshid]] and [[Alauddin Shah|Ali Sher]].{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=33}}{{sfn|Qandhari|1993|p=427}}

Jamshid, being the eldest, ascended the throne in 1342 and adopted the title of Sultan Jamshid Shah.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=47}} Jamshid worked on the state affairs and infrastructure, constructing various towns and villages and helping the people who were displaced by the Zulju invasion.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278184 |title=Nawadir Al Akhbar |page=23a}}</ref>{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=35}} Meanwhile, Ali Sher, in 1343, after a previously failed attempt, successfully usurped the throne and declared himself as Sultan, during Jamshid's absence in Kamraj.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=47}} Ali Sher took on the title of Sultan Alau'd-Din Shah. Alau'd-Din was a just and able ruler, bringing back the peasants who left Kashmir after the Zulju invasion and giving them shelter and bread.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=48}} He promulgated the first social and moral laws of the Sultanate, which helped not only the widows but the orphans as well.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=48}} He also defeated the Lavanyas, who rose back to prominence and reclaimed their land. After a reign of eleven years, Alau'd Din died in 1354 and was buried in his new town Alau'd-Dinpur.{{sfn|Dutt|2012|pp=33–34}}

=== Expansion (14th and 15th centuries) ===
[[File:Jamia Masjid in Winter 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid of Srinagar]], built in 1394 CE by ruler [[Sikandar Shah Miri]].<ref>[[:File:Plaque_of_Jamia_Masjid.jpg|Local notice]]</ref>]]
As a broad-minded intellectual, [[Shihabu'd-Din Shah|Shihab'ud-Din]], in the first half of his tenure, took care of the Sultanate and brought stability to the social and integral structure of Kashmir.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=49}} Full of animation and efficiency, Shihab'ud-Din set out to conquer its neighbouring polities, aiming to expand and further glorify his state. Marching through [[Baramulla]], he first occupied [[Pakhli]] and went on to add [[Swat District|Swat]] to his realm.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=50}} Next, he invaded the Khokhar-dominated [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]], which extended from [[Attock]] to [[Sialkot]]. His commander-in-chief (Mir Bakhshi), Malik Candra, on the other hand, subdued [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], [[Chamba district|Chamba]], and other [[Hill States of India|hill states]].{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=51}} Occupying all the bordering states in the south, Shihab'ud-Din went on to defeat the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] forces of [[Gilgit District|Gilgit]] and the hill states of the north. [[Baltistan]], under the [[Maqpon Dynasty|Maqpons]], and [[Ladakh]], under the [[Maryul]]s, were at that time tributary states of [[Moghulistan]] and [[Phagmodrupa dynasty|Tibet]], respectively.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=51}} Shihab'ud-Din, along with Malik Candra, faced the [[Balti people|Baltis]] and [[Kashgarian|Kashgaris]], defeating them easily and soundly.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=51}} He then moved towards Ladakh, beating the joint forces of [[Ladakhis]] and Tibetans.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=51}} After all these conquests, Shihab'ud-Din returned to Srinagar around 1370, seeking to live the rest of his life peacefully, however only a few years later, in 1373, he died due to a viral illness.{{sfn|Dutt|2012|pp=47–48}}

[[File:Mausoleum of Shah e Hamadan 01.JPG|thumb|left|upright|The [[Khanqah-e-Moula]] on the banks of Jhelum river, built during reign of [[Sikandar Shah Miri]] in 1395]]
Shihab'ud-Din's brother, Hindal, ascended the throne in 1373 as Sultan [[Qutbu'd-Din Shah]].{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=53}} Qutbu'd-Din defended his boundaries and lived most of his life as a "poet or a patron of learning."{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=53}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Azam |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.27441 |title=Waqiat-I-Kashmir |page=17b}}</ref> [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] visited Kashmir in 1379 and was courteously welcomed by him. Hamadani stayed in Kashmir for three years, spreading his [[Kubrawiya]] teachings, which were widely accepted throughout Kashmir as the official order of the government.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|pp=55–56}}{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=110b}} Qutbu'd-Din was an old man when Shingara was born to him, who was appointed as the heir apparent just after his birth. Qutbu'd-Din died in 1389, and Shingara succeeded him as Sultan [[Sikandar Shah Miri|Sikandar Shah]].{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=58}}

Many Islamic scholars and preachers visited Kashmir in Sikandar's era, the most prominent one being Sayyid Muhammad Hamadani, the son of Sayyid Ali Hamadani. Hamadani stayed in Kashmir for nearly twelve years and proceeded on a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]].{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=63}}{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=235}} Sikandar's era is remembered due to his interaction with the [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turco-Mongol]] conqueror, [[Timur]].{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=60}} Sikandar was also involved in iconoclastic activities, side-lining and mistreating the [[Kashmiri Pandits]].{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=65}}{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=60}}{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=113b}} These activities were continued by his son and successor [[Ali Shah Miri|Ali Shah]], who, under the influence of his Wazir Saifuddin, forced the Pandits out of the Valley. Shahi Khan, the younger brother of Ali Shah, served as the Wazir of Ali Shah by defeating Hamsabhatta,{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=69}} but when Ali Shah, in 1418, left for Mecca for a pilgrimage, he gave Shahi Khan the authority. Shahi Khan, seeing the dire situation of the Sultanate, revolted and usurped the throne.{{sfn|Dutt|2012|pp=70–71}} Ali Shah, with the help of his father-in-law and the Raja of [[Jammu]], Bhim Dev, defeated Shahi Khan, which led to the start of a [[Kashmir Civil War (1419–1420)|civil war]] between Shahi Khan and Ali Shah.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=69}} Shahi Khan, with help and support from [[Jasrat Khokhar]] and [[Samma dynasty|Jam Fath]], turned out victorious and ascended the throne as Sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin (sultan of Kashmir)|Zainu'l-Abidin]] in 1420.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=70}}

[[File:Islamic Sultanates. Kashmir. AR Sasnu (6.26 g). Kashmir mint. Fixed date AH 842 on reverse.jpg|thumb|Coin of the Islamic Sultanates of Kashmir. Dated AH 842 (1438 CE). Kashmir mint]]
Major contributions to the development of the Sultanate were carried out during the reign of Zainu'l-Abidin.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=71}} Referred to as the "[[Akbar]] of Kashmir" by modern authors, Zainu'l-Abidin espoused secular motives, calling back the Pandits who left the Valley during the reign of his father and brother.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=86}} Temples, which were in a critical state, were repaired and restored.{{sfn|Dutt|2012|p=87}} Relations were improved with foreign countries such as: [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], [[Samma dynasty|Sindh]], and [[Punjab]], forming a mutual alliance with Kashmir.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=73}} Trade and agriculture were enhanced, education was encouraged, and religious harmony was established between the two communities (Muslims and Pandits),{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=119b}}{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=247}}{{sfn|Pandit|1991|p=51b}}{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=86}} which was later referred to as [[Kashmiriyat]]. Zainu'l-Abidin was followed by a weak line of succession who were rather involved in their personal interests, rather than the needs of the Sultanate.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=96}}

=== Decline and Annexation (15th and 16th centuries) ===
After the reign of [[Haider Shah Miri|Haidar Shah]] (1470–1472) and [[Hasan Shah Miri|Hasan Shah]] (1472–1484), the two sons of Zainu'l-Abidin, a power struggle started between [[Fateh Shah Miri|Fath Shah]] and [[Muhammad Shah]].{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=106}}{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=110}} One of the two factions, at times, was supported by the Mughals, while the other was backed by the nobles. Mughal commanders Kuchak Beg and Shaikh Ali Beg led an expedition under [[Babur]] to Kashmir in 1527, supporting Sikandar Shah II against Muhammad Shah.{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=136a}}{{sfn|Pandit|1991|pp=91a–b}}<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278184 |title=Nawadir Al Akhbar |pages=61b–2a}}</ref> Muhammad Shah, with the help of Lohar Magre and Kaji Chak, defeated the Mughals near [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Naushahra]], whereas Sikandar Shah was blinded and later died in prison.{{sfn|Pandit|1991|pp=91a–b}} The Mughals again marched onto Kashmir, with [[Kamran Mirza]] as their commander in 1531. Even though Srinagar was sacked, Kaji Chak, along with his army, defeated and routed Kamran back to India.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|pp=123–124}} Another attempt to annex Kashmir was carried out, this time by Sultan [[Sultan Said Khan|Said Khan]] of the [[Yarkent Khanate]]. Said Khan dispatched [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|Haidar Dughlat]], a [[Chagatai people|Chagatai]] Turco-Mongol military general, to Kashmir in 1533.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|pp=126–127}} Despite early defeats, Kashmiris repelled and defeated Turco-Mongol forces, forcing them to sign a peace treaty that same year.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=129}}

[[File:Silver coin of Haidar Dughlat in name of Humayun.jpg|thumb|Silver ''sasnu'' issued in 1546–50 in Kashmir by [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|Haidar Dughlat]], in the name of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]].]]
Dughlat later took the service of Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] and attacked Kashmir again in November 1540.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|pp=131–132}} Kashmir was formally annexed in December 1540, and coins were issued in the name of Humayun.{{sfn|Pandit|1991|pp=107a–b}}{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=145a}} Sultan Nazuk Shah was set up on the throne as a puppet.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=133}} Kaji Chak and Regi Chak, the only two generals who were fighting the Mughals, and also fought in the [[Battle of Vahator]] on 13 August 1541, died in 1544 and 1546 respectively.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=135}} This system was regulated until 1551, when Kashmiris under Nazuk Shah and Daulat Chak hurdled their way through the Mughal defence and killed Dughlat in the chaos.{{sfn|Pandit|1991|pp=116a–b}} The Shah Mirs were greatly weakened in these invasions and were controlled by other families, mainly the Chaks.{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=145}} Habib Shah (1557–1561) was dethroned by [[Ghazi Shah Chak]] in 1561 and acquired the title of Muhammad Humayun, thus ending the rule of the Shah Mir dynasty.{{sfn|Pandit|1991|p=125a}}{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=153b}}{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=151}}

Mughals, under [[Akbar]], were busy [[Mughal–Rajput Wars|subduing southern]] and [[Mughal–Afghan Wars|eastern India]], allowing the Chaks to rule the Valley. Akbar, in 1579, set his eyes on Kashmir after seeing the political state of the Sultanate divided between [[Yousuf Shah Chak|Yousuf Chak]], [[Sayyid Mubarak]] and [[Lohar Khan|Lohar Chak]].{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=165}} From 1581 till 1585, Akbar struggled to force Yousuf to ratify his superiority and pay a visit to his court in [[Fatehpur Sikri]].{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=183a}} All these efforts were in vain, and as a last resort, Akbar sent an army of around 5000 under [[Bhagwant Das|Raja Bhagwant Das]] in late 1585.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abu-fazl |title=Akbar Nama |date=1989-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-048-6 |page=715 |language=English}}</ref> Bhagwant Das convinced Yousuf to surrender and sign a treaty with him, which stated that Yousuf would be reinstated as the Sultan while the forces were to be withdrawn,{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=177}} but when he was taken to Akbar, he was immediately imprisoned.{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=191a}}

Kashmiris chose [[Yakub Shah Chak|Yakub Chak]], Yousuf's son, as their Sultan in 1586 and continued their struggle.{{sfn|Pandit|1991|p=176a}} Yakub Chak fled to Kishtwar when the Mughals attacked Kashmir again, and was temporarily replaced by [[Shams Chak]], Yousuf's second cousin.{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=183b}} In Yakub's absence, the Mughals, now under a new commander, [[Qasim Khan (Mir Bahr)|Qasim Khan]], and Kashmiris, under Shams Chak, faced each other in the [[Battle of Hastivanj]].{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=187}} The battle ended in Qasim's favor and the Mughal rule was formally instigated on 14 October 1586 while Shams and the Kashmiris were soundly defeated.{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|p=198a}} This came as a shock to Yakub, who joined forces with Shams and fought the Mughals for three years until both of them surrendered in the year 1589.{{sfn|Chādūrah|1991|pp=201a–202a}}{{sfn|Hasan|2023|p=192}}

== Government ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2024}}
Majority of the crowning rituals of the Sultanate were adopted from the previous [[Lohara dynasty|Lohara]] and [[Utpala dynasty|Utpala]] kings. The crown was made an exclusive privilege of the Sultan to execute orders and bestow robes of honour on nobles, officials and tributaries.

While Kashmiri monarchy was uniformly laid throughout the Valley, Srinagar served as the most important station with the residence of the Sultan and the office of the Central Record Department. Royal forts at Suyyapur and Anantnag also became significant in later years of the Sultanate.

===Central Government===
Even though the Sultan held the highest order of the Sultanate with executive, legislative and judicial powers in his hand, he still formed a central government to run his Sultanate effectively thus forming a council (Shura) of his most trusted ministers and appointed them accordingly.

* [[Vizier|Wazīr]] ([[Prime minister|Prime Minister]]) was the highest official in the state and was also responsible for the civil administration. He was the constant advisor to the Sultan. The Wazīr was granted excellent and sovereign executive and judicial powers, even leading expeditions under the Sultan's orders.
* Dīwan-i-Kul ([[Finance Minister]]) was a minister of the Sultan's council who held the economical, revenue, and financial powers of the Sultanate.
* Mīr Bakhshī or [[Sipahsalar|Sipahsālār]] (Military Commander) was the commander of the military department and led the Sultan's army into foreign invasion or civil wars.
* Akhūrbek ([[Master of the Horse|Chief Master of the Horse]]) was an important office granted to an officer of the Royal Stable. He controlled the Royal Stable and was obliged to take care of the Royal Horses.
* [[Qadi|Qāzī'l-Quzāt]] or [[Shaykh al-Islām|Shaikhu'l-Islām]] ([[Ministry of religious affairs|Minister of Religious]] and [[Ministry of justice|Judicial Affairs]]) was responsible for the religious harmony between the Muslims and the non-Muslims. As Kashmiriyat prevailed among the Kashmiris at that time, Qāzī'l-Quzāt played an important role in settling quarrels between the Kashmiri Pandits and the Kashmiri Muslims. Qāzī'l-Quzāt was also in charge of the judicial matters on personal and land disputes.
* Mīr Ādil ([[Chief magistrate|Chief Magistrate]]) was a local judge appointed only in Srinagar to hear the magisterial cases. The cases which the Mīr Adl couldn't solve were sent to the Qāzī'l-Quzāt.
* Khazānchī ([[Lord High Treasurer|Lord Treasurer]]) functioned as the head of the Sultan's treasury, which includes the capital of taxation and management.
* [[Kotwal|Amīr-i-Kotwāl]] ([[Chief police officer|Chief Police Officer]]) was responsible for maintaining law and order in the country, and for protecting the citizens from robbers and thieves.
* [[Muhtasib|Amīr-i-Muhtasib]] ([[Ombudsman|Chief Ombudsman]]) supervised the markets, inspected weights and measures, and looked after the morals of the people.
* Dabīr (Head of Department) was the most important rank in a government department. They were directly appointed by the Sultan as head of their respective department.
* Amīr-i-Nāyak (Chief Guard) was the guardian of the passes leading into Kashmir. He was responsible for checking and administrating the Nāyaks (Guards) under him.

===Provincial Government===
The government of Srinagar was directly under the Sultan, while the two provinces, Kamraj and Maraj, were ruled by a Hākim (Governor) appointed directly by the Sultan. The Hākim was allowed to form his own government to maintain law and order, collect revenue, and dispense justice in the province.

* Qāzi (State Judge) was the head of the judiciary of the province and was appointed by the centre.
* Kotwāl (State Police Officer) was responsible for maintaining law and order in the province.
* Muhtasib (State Ombudsman) was in charge of supervising the markets and looked after the morals of the people in the province.

===District Government===
Both the provinces were divided into different parganas (districts), each led by a Shiqdār (District Officer) who was allowed to form his own government. The district government was an exact replica of the provincial government under which the Qāzi/Muftī (Magistrate), Kotwāl (District Police Officer) and Muhtasib (District Ombudsman) exerted their powers.

===Local Government===
The pargana itself was further divided into different villages and towns. Each village had a Patwāri (Accountant) who was not only required for accountancy but also to preside over the local government.

* Sarhang Zāda (Local Police Officer) was responsible for maintaining law and order in the village. At times, the Sarhang Zāda was appointed in more than one village.
* Candalas (Watchmen) were appointed by the Sarhang Zāda who swept the houses in the day and acted as watchmen at night.
* Muhtasib (Local Ombudsman) had a duty to oversee the conformity and social behavior of the residents of the village.

== Architecture ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2024}}
The Kashmir Sultanate was renowned for its magnificent architecture and heritage, showcasing some of the finest examples of [[Kashmiri handicrafts|Kashmiri Art]] and [[Indo-Persian]] masterpieces. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the Sultanate include:
* [[Ramkot Fort]] in [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid]] in [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir
* [[Khanqah-e-Moula]]h in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
* [[Aali Mosque|Aali Masjid]] in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
* Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Madin Sahib]] Mosque in [[Nowshera, Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Charar-e-Sharief shrine]] in [[Budgam]], Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Amburiq Mosque]] in [[Shigar]], Gilgit-Baltistan
*[[Chaqchan Mosque]] in [[Khaplu]], Gilgit-Baltistan
<gallery>
File:Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin.jpg|Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar
File:Jami Masjid courtyard (6133553291).jpg|The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. [[Hari Parbat]] is visible in the background.
File:Mausoleum of Shah e Hamadan 01.JPG| The Khanqah on the banks of Jhelum
File:Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab Shrine.jpg|A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard.
</gallery>

== Tributary states ==
[[Tributary state|Tributary states]] were a number of vassal states and [[Dependent territory|dependencies]] on the fringe of the Kashmir Sultanate under the [[suzerainty]] of the Sultan of Kashmir. Direct control was not established over these territories for various reasons. The following illustrates the most notable vassal states.

=== Hill states ===
In the south, the [[Hill States of India|Hill states]] of [[History of Poonch|Poonch]], [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]], [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], and [[Chibhal]] (which ruled [[Bhimber District|Bhimber]], [[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]], and the surrounding regions stretching from Pakistani [[Gujrat District|gujrat]] to indian [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Naushera]]) were prominent vassals of the Kashmir Sultanate. During the reign of [[Shihabu'd-Din Shah|Shihabu'd-Din]], [[Deva dynasty of Jammu|Jammu]], [[Chamba State|Chamba]], and [[Kangra State|Kangra]] also briefly paid tribute to the Sultan. Marriage alliances were common between the Sultan or the heir-apparent with the daughters of the Rajas. For example, [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zayn al-Abidin]] and [[Ali Shah Miri|Ali Shah]] both married the daughters of Bhim Dev, the Raja of Jammu. Zayn al-Abidin also married the daughter of Sundar Sena, the Raja of Rajouri. Another example is of [[Yakub Shah Chak|Yakub Shah]], who married the daughter of Bahadur Singh, the Raja of Kishtwar. [[Malik Tazi Bhat]] is often credited with subduing the Hill states on behalf of the Sultan of Kashmir.

=== Swat and Pakhli ===
In the west, the [[Sultanate of Swat]] and the [[Pakhli|Principality of Pakhli]] were major vassal states of the Kashmir Sultanate. Various accounts mention [[Shah Mir]] as a scion of the [[Gibarid dynasty|Gibari dynasty]], thus making the [[Swati tribe|Jahangiri]] Sultans of Swat and [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shah Miri]] Sultans of Kashmir related by blood. Nonetheless, both the kingdoms became a tributary state in the campaigns of Shihabu'd-Din and remained so until the [[Mughal conquest of Kashmir|Mughal conquest]] in 1586.

=== Baltiyul ===
In the northeast, the [[Maqpon Dynasty|Maqpon dynasty]] of [[Skardu]] and subsequently of the whole region of [[Baltiyul]] paid tribute to the Sultanate of Kashmir. The Ryalfo was forced to recognize the suzerainty of the Sultan on multiple occasions. Shihabu'd-Din himself reduced the region of Baltiyul. After his death, the Ryalfo asserted independence, and it was not until the reigns of Zayn al-Abidin and [[Hasan Shah Miri|Hasan Shah]] that Baltiyul again came under the authority of the Sultan.

=== Ladakh ===
In the southeast, the [[Kingdom of Maryul|Maryul Kingdom]] and later the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh]] acknowledged the suzerainty of the Kashmir Sultanate. The [[Gyalpo of Ladakh|Gyalpo]] based in [[Leh]] was defeated multiple times, either by the Sultan of Kashmir himself or by generals dispatched on his behalf. Similarly, the petty chiefs of the [[Kargil]] region were also compelled to pay tribute to the Sultanate.

=== Dardistan and Brushal ===
In the far north lay the regions of [[Dardistan]] and [[Brushal]], home to the small states of [[Gilgit]], [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]], [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]], and [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]]. These states were compelled to pay tribute for much of the Sultanate’s rule. The [[Chitral (princely state)|Raees of Chitral]] was also, for a time, required to pay tribute. However, due to the vast distance from the centre of power, these states largely remained beyond the effective control of the Sultanate.

=== Pothohar ===
In the northern part of [[Punjab]], numerous city-states like [[Sialkot]], [[Jhelum]], and [[Pharwala Fort|Pharwala]] under various tribes pledged allegiance to the Sultan of Kashmir. A treaty between Shihabu'd-Din and [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah]] of Delhi granted the areas west of [[Sutlej]] to Kashmir. The [[Khokhar|Khokhars]] of Sialkot, led by [[Jasrat|Jasrat Khokhar]], were also involved in the [[Kashmir Civil War (1419–1420)|Kashmir Civil War]].

=== Kishanganga Valley ===
The [[Neelum District|Kishanganga Valley]], west of the Kashmir Sultanate, was inhabited by the [[Bomba (tribe)|Bomba]] and [[Khakha]] tribes. They paid tribute and served in the Sultanate’s army, with some appointed as ''[[Naik (military rank)|Nayaks]]'' (guards).

==Foreign relations==
The Kashmir Sultanate had a firm [[Foreign policy|foreign relation policy]]. The Kashmir Sultanate exchanged embassies with states in Tibet, Africa, Central and South Asia, and the Middle East. Diplomatic missions were despatched, especially in the reign of [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zayn al-Abidin]] (1420–1470). The Sultanate maintained close and cordial relations with the [[Sharifate of Mecca]], revered across the Islamic world as the [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques|Custodians of the Holy Mosque]] and guardians of the sacred sanctuaries. Numerous distinguished families from Iran and Iraq migrated to Kashmir. Among them was the eminent [[Sayyid]] Baihaqi family, originally hailing from the historic city of [[Sabzevar]], who ultimately made their home in [[Srinagar]]. Notably, a scion of this illustrious lineage, [[Sayyid Mubarak]], ascended—albeit briefly—to the throne as Sultan of Kashmir.

In the Islamic world, the Sultanate acknowledged the nominal suzerainty of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliph]] in [[Cairo]], with its sovereigns customarily assuming honorifics that reflected deference to the supreme religious authority of the Caliph. A notable example is Zayn al-Abidin, who, upon receiving affirmation from Caliph [[al-Mu'tadid II]], adopted the title of ''Naib [[Amir al-Mu'minin|Amir al-Mu’minin]]'' (Deputy Commander of the Faithful). In the later period of the Sultanate, following the ascendancy of the Shia [[Chak dynasty]], which supplanted the Sunni [[Shah Mir dynasty]], political and religious allegiance shifted away from the Sunni Caliphs. Instead, diplomatic and cultural ties with the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]] of Iran were significantly strengthened. This affinity was reflected in the regal titles adopted by the Chak rulers—often echoing those of Persian monarchs—such as ''Nushirvan-i-Adil'' for Sultan [[Husain Shah Chak|Husain Chak]] and ''Ismail Shah'' for Sultan [[Yakub Shah Chak|Yakub Chak]].

In Africa, Sultan [[Barsbay|Sayf ad-Din Barsbay]] of Egypt sent an envoy bearing gifts to Zayn al-Abidin. This envoy also visited the court of Sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah|Jalaluddin]] of Bengal. In Central Asia, the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] rulers of Khurasan and Transoxiana enjoyed cordial relations with the Kashmiri Sultans. During his campaign in India, [[Timur|Amir Timur]] exchanged correspondence with Sultan [[Sikandar Shah Miri|Sikandar]], marking the beginning of diplomatic ties. This goodwill continued with the exchange of gifts and letters between Timur's successors ([[Shah Rukh]] and [[Abu Sa'id Mirza]]) and Zayn al-Abidin. Zayn al-Abidin also received presents from the [[Kar-Kiya dynasty|Kar-Kiyas]] and [[Eshaqvand Dynasty|Eshaqvands]] of Gilan.

Within the subcontinent, the Kashmir Sultanate had both tense and peaceful relations with the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The Kashmiri chronicles recount a significant peace treaty between Sultan [[Shihabu'd-Din Shah|Shihabu’d-Din]] and Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], wherein the territory west of the [[Sutlej]] was ceded to Shihab, while the lands east of the river remained under Tughlaq’s dominion. To further cement this accord, two daughters of Firuz Shah were wed to Shihab and his brother [[Qutbu'd-Din Shah|Qutbu’d-Din]], while Shihab’s own daughter was given in marriage to the Delhi Sultan, sealing the alliance through royal matrimony. During the [[Jasrat's rebellion|rebellion of Jasrat]], Sultan Zayn al-Abidin lented his support to [[Jasrat]] in opposition to Sultan [[Mubarak Shah II]] of Delhi. Diplomatic harmony was eventually reestablished when Sultan [[Bahlul Khan Lodi|Bahlol Lodi]], seeking rapprochement, dispatched a formal embassy accompanied by lavish gifts to Zayn al-Abidin. Emperor [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Yingzong]] of China, Emperor [[Kunga Lekpa]] of Tibet, Sultan [[Mehmed II]] of the Ottoman Empire, Jam [[Samma dynasty|Tughlaq Juna]] of Sindh, Raja [[Tomaras of Gwalior|Dungar Singh]] of Gwalior, Sultan [[Mahmud Shah of Bengal|Mahmud Shah]] of Bengal, Sultan [[Mahmud Begada]] of Gujarat, Sultan [[Mahmud Khalji|Mahmud Khilji]] of Malwa, Maharaja [[Jayayakshya Malla]] of Nepal, and Khan [[Esen Buqa II]] of Moghulistan were among the leaders who exchanged embassies with Zayn al-Abidin.

== List of dynasties and rulers ==
{{Main|List of monarchs of Kashmir}}

== See also ==
* [[List of monarchs of Kashmir]]
* [[Regional Sultanates of India]]
* [[Karkota dynasty]]
* [[History of Kashmir]]
* [[History of Jammu]]
* [[Martand Sun Temple]]
* [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]]
* [[Rajatarangini]] & [[Kalhan]]
* [[Gonanda dynasty]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
<references />

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |location=Delhi|publisher= Bhavna Prakashan |language=English}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Jogesh Chunder |title=Rajatarangini of Jonaraja |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0037-0 |location=New Delhi |language=English|orig-date=1898}}
* {{cite book | last=Hasan | first=Mohibbul | title=Kashmir Under the Sultans | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=London | date=2023-09-26 | isbn=978-1-032-66670-9 | doi=10.4324/9781032666709 | url=https://archive.org/details/kashmir-under-the-sultans-mohibbul-hassan | access-date=2026-04-15}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/baharistaneshahi_201910 |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |language=English}}
* {{cite book | last=Qandhari | first=Muhammad Arif | script-title=ar:تاریخ اکبري |title=Tarikh-i-Akbari| publisher=Pragati Publ | publication-place=Delhi | date=1993 | isbn=978-81-7307-013-6 |url=http://archive.org/details/tarikhiakbari0000muha |orig-date=c. 1577}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Kashmir Sultanate| ]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1580s]]

Padder–Nagseni Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:31Z

Aamir2580: started new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Padder–Nagseni
| constituency_no = 50
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]
| established = 2022
| electors = 
| reservation = None
}}

'''Padder–Nagseni Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Paddar]] is also part of [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification by Delimitation Commission |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017204253/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2022 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Delimitation Order |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924222358/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituency map |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524150644/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Padder–Nagseni<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Padder–Nagseni |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0850.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709144036/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0850.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir politician)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,036 |percentage=50.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pooja Thakur |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,490 |percentage=45.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandesh Kumar |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=372 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Goswami |party=Independent politician |votes=209 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=362 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,546 |percentage=4.57% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,796 |percentage=82.97% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,732 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2022]]

Adapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:24Z

Aamir2580: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Adapur 
| type = SLA

|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[East Champaran district|Purvi Champaran]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]]
|established = 1951
|abolished = 2010
}}
'''Adapur Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[East Champaran district|Purvi Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
It was part of [[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 2. Bettiah | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>

As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Adapur Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India |work = Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 |archive-date = 2010-10-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Ram Sunder Tiwari
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Brajnandan Sharma
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Rambaran Prasad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ahmed Karim
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Premchand
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramprit Rai
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Sharmimudin Hasmi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Hari Shanker Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Brij Behari Prasad]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|1998^
|Shyam Bihari Prasad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Birendra Prasad Kushwaha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Shyam Bihari Prasad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: See [[Narkatiya Assembly constituency|Narkatiya]]''}}
|}<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/adapur.php |title = Adapur election results from 1977 | publisher = Travel India Guide |access-date = 2011-01-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp13.htm |title = 13 - Adapur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-01-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100916230419/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp13.htm |archive-date = 2010-09-16 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]

{{coord|26|55|08|N|84|55|56|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Zünheboto Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:33:12Z

Aamir2580: New - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Zünheboto Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Zünheboto
| mla = [[K. Tokugha Sukhalu]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| district = [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 35
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:23021}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type= SLA
}}
'''Zünheboto''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Zünheboto district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || Kihoto || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || rowspan=2 | Tokheho Sema
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ghutoshe || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Chutoshe
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Ghutoshe
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Tokheho || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Khekiho || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Kakheho
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || S. Hukavi Zhimomi || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Dr. K. C. Nihoshe || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || S. Hukavi Zhimomi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[K. Tokugha Sukhalu]]<ref name=election2018/> || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Tokugha Sukhalu]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=15,921 |percentage=80.04% |change=22.48%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Akavi Sumi|party=Naga People's Front|votes=3,893|percentage=19.57%|change=-22.44%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=77|percentage=0.39%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,028 |percentage=60.47% |change=44.92% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=19,891|percentage=86.40%|change=6.96%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,021 |change =11.64% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |swing= 22.48% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Tokugha Sukhalu]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=9,430 |percentage=57.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. Hukavi Zhimomi|party=Naga People's Front|votes=6,882|percentage=42.01%|change=7.35%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=71|percentage=0.43%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,548 |percentage=15.55% |change=14.09% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=16,383|percentage=79.45%|change=-8.26%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,621 |change =-4.30% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 21.43% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Hukavi Zhimomi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,827 |percentage=36.13% |change=-10.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. K. C. Nihoshe |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,550 |percentage=34.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atomi K. Zhimomi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,325 |percentage=28.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Shihovi Rochill |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=277 |percentage=1.47% |change=-5.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,898 |percentage=87.71% |change= 9.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,547 |change =-6.58% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -17.18% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. K. C. Nihoshe |party=Independent politician |votes=9,592 |percentage=53.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Hukavi Zhimomi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,403 |percentage=46.70% |change=3.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khuvishe |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=414 |percentage=2.30% |change=-9.18% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,189 |percentage=6.61% |change=5.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,995 |percentage=79.81% |change= 5.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,065 |change =59.71% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Nationalist Democratic Movement |swing= 8.44% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Hukavi Zhimomi |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=4,700 |percentage=44.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kakheho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,573 |percentage=43.65% |change=11.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheho |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,203 |percentage=11.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=127 |percentage=1.21% |change=-34.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,476 |percentage=72.54% |change= 15.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,442 |change =6.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Movement |loser=Independent politician |swing= -9.64% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kakheho |party=Independent politician |votes=5,218 |percentage=68.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghutoshe Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,445 |percentage=31.91% |change=3.46% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,773 |percentage=36.19% |change=10.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,663 |percentage=57.53% |change= -25.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,573 |change =26.06% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= 13.59% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khekiho |party=Independent politician |votes=4,810 |percentage=54.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheho Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,510 |percentage=28.44% |change=-21.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vihoto |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,505 |percentage=17.05% |change=-33.12% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,300 |percentage=26.06% |change=25.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,825 |percentage=82.89% |change= 11.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,767 |change =19.08% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 4.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheho |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,187 |percentage=50.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghutoshe Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,165 |percentage=49.83% |change=12.63% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22 |percentage=0.35% |change=-11.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,352 |percentage=71.05% |change= -2.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,042 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.98% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghutoshe |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,432 |percentage=37.19% |change=7.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheho |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,632 |percentage=24.96% |change=8.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vihoto |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,613 |percentage=24.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aheto |party=Independent politician |votes=862 |percentage=13.18% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=800 |percentage=12.23% |change=5.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,539 |percentage=73.83% |change= 9.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,042 |change =-4.33% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.74% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chutoshe |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,757 |percentage=29.45% |change=-17.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vihoto |party=Independent politician |votes=1,375 |percentage=23.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokeho |party=Independent politician |votes=1,322 |percentage=22.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huska Yopthomi |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=955 |percentage=16.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Luheto |party=Independent politician |votes=322 |percentage=5.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Scato Botakha |party=Independent politician |votes=235 |percentage=3.94% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=382 |percentage=6.40% |change=-10.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,966 |percentage=64.61% |change= -16.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,451 |change =40.26% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -17.74% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghutoshe |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,514 |percentage=47.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheho |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=1,633 |percentage=30.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huska Yopthomi |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,180 |percentage=22.15% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=881 |percentage=16.54% |change=10.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,327 |percentage=80.85% |change= 2.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,738 |change =5.99% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 9.22% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheho Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=1,851 |percentage=37.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghutoshe Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=1,575 |percentage=32.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avito Kibami |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,448 |percentage=29.71% |change=13.57% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=276 |percentage=5.66% |change=-11.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,874 |percentage=78.09% |change= -1.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,357 |change =11.10% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -9.90% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheho Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=2,151 |percentage=47.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Zhenito Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=1,379 |percentage=30.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghoito Sema |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=725 |percentage=16.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Vihoto Sheipu |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=238 |percentage=5.30% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=772 |percentage=17.18% |change=7.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,493 |percentage=79.94% |change= -7.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,722 |change =92.53% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -7.17% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Zünheboto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kihoto |party=Independent politician |votes=1,423 |percentage=55.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheno |party=Independent politician |votes=1,162 |percentage=44.95% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=261 |percentage=10.10% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,585 |percentage=87.58% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,972 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Zunheboto district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.01|94.52|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zünheboto Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Zünheboto district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Greater Bengaluru Authority

2026-04-14T13:09:35Z

Aamir2580: stub

{{Short description|Administrative body for Greater Bengaluru}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Greater Bengaluru Authority
| native_name = Br̥hat Beṅgaḷūru Prādhikāra
| native_name_lang = [[Kannada]]
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption=
| house_type = An apex body for coordinating and supervising the activities of the [[Municipal Corporation|City corporations]]
|jurisdiction= Bengaluru
| foundation = * {{start date and age|2025|05|15|df=y|p=y}} (Establishment and beginning of power transfer from [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]])
* {{start date and age|2025|09|02|df=y|p=y}} (Starts functioning with full capacity)
|preceded_by= [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (2007-2025)
|election1={{start date and age|2025|09|02|df=y|p=y}}| leader2_type = Vice-Chairperson {{small|(Minister of Bengaluru Development and Town Planning, Government of Karnataka)}}
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|election2={{start date and age|2025|09|02|df=y|p=y}}| leader2 = [[D. K. Shivakumar]]
| leader3_type = Chief Commissioner {{small|(Member Secretary)}}
|party3=[[Indian Administrative Service]]|election3={{start date and age|2025|09|02|df=y|p=y}}| leader3 = M. Maheshwara Rao
| leader1_type = [[Chairperson]] {{small|([[Chief Minister of Karnataka]])}}
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|established={{start date and age|2025|09|02|df=y|p=y}}| leader1 = [[Siddaramaiah]]
|term_length=| seats =75 Ex-officio members
| meeting_place = Kempegowda Civic Hall, Hudson Circle (Corporation Circle), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560002
| motto =
| website = {{URL|https://gba.karnataka.gov.in}}
| footnotes = Governed by: 
'''Greater Bengaluru Governance Act, 2024'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/karnataka-greater-bengaluru-governance-act-2024-to-govern-city-from-may-15/article69575536.ece | title=Karnataka: Greater Bengaluru Governance Act, 2024, to govern city from May 15 | work=The Hindu | date=14 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Bills States | url=https://prsindia.org/bills/states/the-greater-bengaluru-governance-bill-2024 }}</ref>
}}
*

'''Greater Bengaluru Authority''' (GBA) is the apex body responsible for coordinating and supervising the activities of the city corporations and overall development across 712 km2 of [[Bengaluru|Greater Bengaluru (Bengaluru City)]]. It was established on 15 May 2025, replacing the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Greater Bengaluru Authority officially launched, replaces BBMP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/greater-bengaluru-authority-officially-launched-replaces-bbmp/articleshow/110123456.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

The GBA oversees the entire Greater Bengaluru Urban Agglomeration, aiming to coordinate planning, transportation, and environmental management at the metropolitan scale.<ref>{{cite news |title=New urban governance model for Bengaluru comes into effect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/new-urban-governance-model-for-bengaluru-comes-into-effect/article67345678.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> The GBA has the provision to establish up to seven municipal corporations within the [[Bengaluru|Greater Bengaluru]] area.

Although the GBA has been officially established, the BBMP continued to function during the transition phase until the new Authority became fully operational on 2 September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=BBMP to continue operations until GBA fully operational |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-to-continue-operations-until-gba-fully-operational-3112548 |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

==History==

The idea for the Greater Bengaluru Authority was first proposed by the BBMP Restructuring Committee in 2015, which recommended a three-tier governance model for [[Bengaluru]] consisting of multiple [[municipal corporations]], ward committees, and a metropolitan-level [[planning authority]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Brand Bengaluru Committee proposes new governance model |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/400-wards-multiple-corporations-committee-submits-greater-bengaluru-governance-bill-9441103/ |work=The Indian Express |date=3 March 2024 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> The proposal aimed to address administrative inefficiencies and improve urban service delivery in response to the city's rapid population growth and infrastructural strain.

The [[Government of Karnataka]] revisited the proposal in 2023 under the "Brand Bengaluru" initiative, seeking public input and expert consultation to restructure the city's governance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka government consults citizens on Brand Bengaluru mission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/karnataka-government-consults-citizens-on-brand-bengaluru-mission/article67034978.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 July 2023 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> Following this, the Greater Bengaluru Governance Bill, 2024 was introduced in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] to provide a legal framework for the restructuring.<ref>{{cite news |title=Greater Bengaluru Governance Bill tabled in Assembly |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/greater-bengaluru-governance-bill-tabled-in-assembly-1234567.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

The bill was passed in both houses of the Karnataka legislature in March 2025, despite opposition from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], and civil society groups who raised concerns over the lack of elected representation and potential conflicts with the [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|74th Constitutional Amendment]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Civil society questions Greater Bengaluru Governance Bill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/civil-society-groups-up-in-arms-against-draft-greater-bengaluru-governance-bill/article68437604.ece |work=The Hindu |date=15 March 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

The Greater Bengaluru Authority officially came into existence on 15 May 2025, replacing the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] as the apex urban governance body for [[Bengaluru|Greater Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Greater Bengaluru Authority officially launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/greater-bengaluru-authority-officially-launched-replaces-bbmp/articleshow/110123456.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

==Structure==

The Greater Bengaluru Authority follows a three-tier governance structure, comprising the Authority at the apex, multiple City Corporations, and Ward Committees. The Authority is chaired by the Chief Minister of Karnataka, with the Minister for Bengaluru Development as Vice-Chairperson, while a Chief Commissioner appointed by the state government serves as the Member Secretary.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/bills/states/the-greater-bengaluru-governance-bill-2024 |title=The Greater Bengaluru Governance Bill, 2024 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

Ex-officio members with voting rights include ministers holding portfolios related to urban development, mayors of the city corporations, and heads of key civic agencies. All elected representatives of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assembly, and State Legislative Council whose constituencies fall wholly or substantially within the Greater Bengaluru Area and who reside within its jurisdiction shall also be members of the Greater Bengaluru Authority.

In addition, the executive heads of the Bengaluru Metropolitan Land Transport Authority, Bengaluru Traffic Police, Karnataka Rail Infrastructure Development Enterprises Limited, Karnataka Tank Conservation and Development Authority, Karnataka State Disaster Management Authority, Karnataka Slum Development Board, and any other officer of a government agency or department entrusted with municipal functions in the Greater Bengaluru Area, as designated by the government, serve as special invitees. These invitees may participate in the meetings of the Greater Bengaluru Authority but do not hold voting rights.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM hints at splitting Bengaluru into three corporations under GBA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chief-minister-hints-at-splitting-bengaluru-into-3-under-gba/articleshow/121194875.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 March 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=GBA to be chaired by CM; includes heads of civic agencies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2025/Mar/13/greater-bengaluru-governance-bill-passed-in-council-opposition-stages-walkout |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 March 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of 75 Ex-officio members of Greater Bengaluru Authority with Voting Rights<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2025 |title=Greater Bengaluru Authority constituted with 75 members, Maheshwar Rao named GBA Commissioner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/gba-constituted-with-75-members-maheshwar-rao-named-gba-commissioner/article69980006.ece |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
!#
!Name
!Membership due to
!Other Roles outside of GBA
|-
! colspan="4" |Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and the Managing Director
|-
|1
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
|[[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] as the Chairperson
|
* [[Second Siddaramaiah ministry|Minister of Finance, Government of Karnataka]]
* Minister of Cabinet Affairs, Government of Karnataka
* Minister of Personnel and Administrative Reforms, Government of Karnataka
* Minister of Intelligence, Government of Karnataka
* Minister of Information and Public Relation, Government of Karnataka
* Minister of Youth Services, Government of Karnataka
* Minister of Sports, Government of Karnataka
* Minister of S.T. Welfare, Government of Karnataka
* Minister of All Other Departments not held by other ministers, Government of Karnataka
* [[Varuna Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Varuna Constituency (219)]]
|-
|2
|[[D. K. Shivakumar]]
|Minister of Bengaluru Development and Town Planning, Government of Karnataka as the Vice-Chairperson
|
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]]
* Minister of Major and Medium Irrigation, Government of Karnataka
* [[Kanakapura Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Kanakapura Constituency (184)]]
|-
|3
|M. Maheshwara Rao
|
* Member Secretary as the Chief Commissioner
* Managing Director, Bengaluru Solid Waste Management Limited (BSWML)
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Officials of the Greater Bengaluru Authority
|-
|4
|
|Chief Town Planner
|
|-
|5
|
|Engineer in Chief
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Ex-officio members who are representatives of Greater Bengaluru Area at the Union Level
|-
|6
|[[C. N. Manjunath]]
|[[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Member of Lok Sabha for Bengaluru Rural Constituency (23)]]
|
|-
|7
|[[Shobha Karandlaje]]
|[[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Member of Lok Sabha for Bengaluru North Constituency (24)]]
|
* [[Minister of State (India)|Union Minister of State]] in [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]]
* Union Minister of State in [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
|-
|8
|[[P. C. Mohan]]
|[[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Member of Lok Sabha for Bengaluru Central Constituency (25)]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Tejasvi Surya|Tejaswi Surya]]
|[[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Member of Lok Sabha for Bengaluru South Constituency (26)]]
|
|-
|10
|[[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]]
|[[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Member of Lok Sabha for Chikkaballapura Constituency (27)]]
|
|-
|11
|[[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Rajya Sabha for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Jayanagar)]]
|
* [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of Finance]]
* [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Union Minister of Corporate Affairs]]
|-
|12
|[[Jairam Ramesh]]
|Member of Rajya Sabha for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Shivajinagar)
|
|-
|13
|[[G. C. Chandrashekhar|G.C. Chandrashekhar]]
|Member of Rajya Sabha for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Mahalaksmi Layout)
|
|-
|14
|[[K. Narayan]]
|Member of Rajya Sabha for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Padmanabhanagar)
|
|-
|15
|[[Jaggesh]]
|Member of Rajya Sabha for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Malleshwaram)
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Ex-officio members who are representatives of Greater Bengaluru Area at the State Level
|-
|16
|[[S. R. Vishwanath]]
|[[Yelahanka Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Yelahanka Constituency (150)]]
|
|-
|17
|[[Byrati Basavaraj]]
|[[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for K. R. Pura Constituency (151)]]
|
|-
|18
|[[Krishna Byre Gowda]]
|[[Byatarayanapura Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Byatarayanapura Constituency (152)]]
|Minister of Revenue (Excluding Muzrai), Government of Karnataka
|-
|19
|[[S. T. Somashekhar|S.T. Somashekhar]]
|[[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Yeshvanthapura Constituency (153)]]
|
|-
|20
|[[Munirathna]]
|[[Rajarajeshwarinagar Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Rajarajeshwarinagar Constituency (154)]]
|
|-
|21
|[[S. Muniraju]]
|[[Dasarahalli Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Dasarahalli Constituency (155)]]
|
|-
|22
|[[K. Gopalaiah]]
|[[Mahalakshmi Layout Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Mahalakshmi Layout Constituency (156)]]
|
|-
|23
|[[C. N. Ashwath Narayan]]
|[[Malleshwaram Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Malleshwaram Constituency (157)]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Byrathi Suresh]]
|[[Hebbal Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Hebbal Constituency (158)]]
|Minister of Urban Development & Town Planning (including KUWSDB & KUIDFC) (excluding Bengaluru City Development), Government of Karnataka
|-
|25
|[[A. C. Srinivasa]]
|[[Pulakeshinagar Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Pulakeshinagar Constituency (159)]]
|
|-
|26
|[[K. J. George]]
|[[Sarvagnanagar Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Sarvagnanagar Constituency (160)]]
|Minister of Energy, Government of Karnataka
|-
|27
|[[S. Raghu]]
|[[C. V. Raman Nagar Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for C. V. Raman Nagar Constituency (161)]]
|
|-
|28
|[[Rizwan Arshad]]
|[[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Shivajinagar Constituency (162)]]
|
|-
|29
|[[N. A. Haris|N. A. Harris]]
|[[Shanti Nagar Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Shanti Nagar Constituency (163)]]
|
|-
|30
|[[Dinesh Gundu Rao]]
|[[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Gandhi Nagar Constituency (164)]]
|Minister of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka
|-
|31
|[[S. Suresh Kumar]]
|[[Rajaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Rajaji Nagar Constituency (165)]]
|
|-
|33
|[[Priya Krishna (politician)|Priya Krishna]]
|[[Govindraj Nagar Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Govindraj Nagar Constituency (166)]]
|
|-
|34
|[[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1953)|M. Krishnappa]]
|[[Vijay Nagar Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Vijay Nagar Constituency (167)]]
|
|-
|35
|[[B. Z. Zameer Ahmed Khan]]
|[[Chamrajpet Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Chamrajpet Constituency (168)]]
|
* Minister of Housing, Government of Karnataka
* Minister of Minority Welfare, Government of Karnataka
* Minister of Wakf, Government of Karnataka
|-
|36
|[[Uday Garudachar]]
|[[Chickpet Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Chickpet Constituency (169)]]
|
|-
|37
|[[L. A. Ravi Subramanya]]
|[[Basavanagudi Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Basavanagudi Constituency (170)]]
|
|-
|38
|[[R. Ashoka]]
|[[Padmanabhanagar Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Padmanabhanagar Constituency (171)]]
|
|-
|39
|[[Ramalinga Reddy]]
|[[B.T.M Layout Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for B.T.M Layout Constituency (172)]]
|
* Minister of Transport, Government of Karnataka
* Minister of Muzrai, Government of Karnataka
|-
|40
|[[C. K. Ramamurthy]]
|[[Jayanagar Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Jayanagar Constituency (173)]]
|
|-
|41
|[[Manjula S]]
|[[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Mahadevapura Constituency (174)]]
|
|-
|42
|[[M. Satish Reddy]]
|[[Bommanahalli Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Bommanahalli Constituency (175)]]
|
|-
|43
|[[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1962)|M. Krishnappa]]
|[[Bangalore South Assembly constituency|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly for Bengaluru South Constituency (176)]]
|
|-
|44
|K. Govindraj
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Shanti Nagar)]]
|
|-
|45
|N. Ravikumar
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Shivajinagar)
|
|-
|46
|T.N. Javarayi Gowda
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Yesvanthapura)
|
|-
|47
|M. Nagaraju Yadav
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Pulakeshinagar)
|
|-
|48
|[[B. K. Hariprasad]]
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Malleshwaram)
|
|-
|49
|K. Naseer Ahmed
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Hebbal)
|
|-
|50
|S Keshava Prasad
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Yelahanka)
|
|-
|51
|[[M. T. B. Nagaraj]]
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Mahadevapura)
|
|-
|52
|T.A. Sharavana
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Karnataka State Legislative Assembly Members Constituency (Registered Voter in Basavanagudi)
|
|-
|53
|H. S. Gopinath Reddy
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Bengaluru Urban Local Authorities Constituency
|
|-
|54
|Ramoji Gowda
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Bengaluru Graduates Constituency
|
|-
|55
|[[Puttanna]]
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council for Bengaluru Teachers Constituency
|
|-
|56
|M. R. Seetharam
|Nominated Member of Karnataka Legislative Council (Registered Voter in Malleshwaram)
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Ex-officio members who are representatives of Greater Bengaluru Area at the City Level
|-
|57
|
|Mayor of Bengaluru Central City Corporation (BCCC)
|
|-
|58
|
|Mayor of Bengaluru North City Corporation (BNCC)
|
|-
|59
|
|Mayor of Bengaluru South City Corporation (BSCC)
|
|-
|60
|
|Mayor of Bengaluru East City Corporation (BECC)
|
|-
|61
|
|Mayor of Bengaluru West City Corporation (BWCC)
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Ex-officio members who are Managing directors, Commissioners and Executives in various organization in Greater Bengaluru Area
|-
|62
|M.B. Rajesh Gowda
|[[Bangalore Development Authority|Chief Commissioner of Bengaluru Development Authority (BDA)]]
|
|-
|63
|Ram Prasath Manohar. V
|[[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board|Chairman of Bengaluru Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB)]]
|
|-
|64
|Ramachandran. R
|[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation|Managing Director of Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC)]]
|
|-
|65
|J. Ravishankar
|[[Namma Metro|Managing Director of Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited - Namma Metro (BMRCL)]]
|
|-
|66
|Shiva Shankara. N
|[[Electricity supply companies in Karnataka|Managing Director, Bengaluru Electricity Supply Company Limited (BESCOM)]]
|
|-
|67
|Jagadeesha G
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Deputy Commissioner, Bengaluru Urban District]]
|
|-
|68
|Seemanth Kumar Singh
|[[Bengaluru City Police|Commissioner of Police, Bengaluru City Police (BCP)]]
|
|-
|69
|M. Deepa Cholan
|
* Chief Executive Officer of Bengaluru Metropolitan Land Transport Authority (BMLTA)
* Commissioner, Directorate of Urban Land Transport (DULT)
|
|-
|70
|Rajendra. P Cholan
|[[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Metropolitan Commissioner, Bengaluru Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA)]]
|
|-
|71
|Rajendra. P Cholan
|Chief Commissioner of Bengaluru Central City Corporation (BCCC)
|
|-
|72
|Sunil Kumar. P
|Chief Commissioner of Bengaluru North City Corporation (BNCC)
|
|-
|73
|Ramesh. K. N
|Chief Commissioner of Bengaluru South City Corporation (BSCC)
|
|-
|74
|Ramesh. D. S
|Chief Commissioner of Bengaluru East City Corporation (BECC)
|
|-
|75
|Rajendra. K. V
|Chief Commissioner of Bengaluru West City Corporation (BWCC)
|
|}

==City Corporations under GBA==

The Greater Bengaluru Governance Bill, 2024 provides for the division of the former [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] into up to seven city corporations, each with an elected [[mayor]] and [[council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Greater Bengaluru Bill proposes up to 7 corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/greater-bengaluru-governance-bill-2024-provides-for-three-tier-structure-with-provision-to-carve-out-multiple-corporations/article68382474.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 March 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> Each corporation will be responsible for providing basic civic services within its respective jurisdiction.

As of May 2025, the GBA has not officially demarcated the new Municipal Corporation Boundaries.

Karnataka government notifies draft on setting up five corporations under GBA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBMP Restructure: Bengaluru Set for 5 New Civic Bodies by July 15 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-likely-to-be-divided-into-5-separate-civic-bodies-official-notification-to-be-passed-by-july-15-3619495 |access-date=9 July 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharadwaj |first=K. V. Aditya |date=19 July 2025 |title=Karnataka govt. notifies draft on setting up five corporations in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-govt-notifies-draft-on-setting-up-five-corporations-in-bengaluru/article69832154.ece |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|+ City Corporations under Greater Bengaluru Authority
! No.
! Name
! Area
!No. of Wards<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2025 |title=Bengaluru set to have 368 wards across five corporations under draft Greater Bengaluru Authority notification |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2025/Sep/30/bengaluru-set-to-have-368-wards-across-five-corporations-under-draft-greater-bengaluru-authority-notification |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2025 |title=5 new corporations, 368 wards: Bengaluru all set for civic revamp |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/5-new-corporations-368-wards-bengaluru-all-set-for-civic-revamp-3748820 |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
!Headquarters
!Lok Sabha Constituencies
! Legislative Assembly Constituencies
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1
| rowspan="6" | Bengaluru Central City Corporation (BCCC)
| rowspan="6" | {{cvt|78|km2}}
| rowspan="6" |63
| rowspan="6" |Hudson Circle

* ''Hudson Circle Zonal Office''
* ''Ashok Nagara Zonal Office''
| rowspan="5" |[[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru Central]]
|[[C. V. Raman Nagar Assembly constituency|C. V. Raman Nagar]]
|-
|[[Chamrajpet Assembly constituency|Chamarajpet]]
|-
|[[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
|-
|[[Shanti Nagar Assembly constituency|Shanti Nagar]]
|-
|[[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
|-
|[[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru South]]
|[[Chickpet Assembly constituency|Chickpet]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2
| rowspan="7" | Bengaluru North City Corporation (BNCC)
| rowspan="7" | {{cvt|158|km2}}
| rowspan="7" |72
| rowspan="7" |[[Yelahanka]]
* ''Yelahanka Zonal Office''
* ''Dasarahalli Zonal Office''
| rowspan="4" |[[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru North]]
|[[Byatarayanapura Assembly constituency|Byatarayanapura]] (part of)
|-
|[[Dasarahalli Assembly constituency|Dasarahalli]] (part of)
|-
|[[Hebbal Assembly constituency|Hebbal]]
|-
|[[Pulakeshinagar Assembly constituency|Pulakeshinagar]]
|-
|[[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru Rural]]
|[[Rajarajeshwarinagar Assembly constituency|Rajarajeshwarinagar]] (part of)
|-
|[[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru Central]]
|[[Sarvagnanagar Assembly constituency|Sarvagnanagar]]
|-
|[[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkaballapura]]
|[[Yelahanka Assembly constituency|Yelahanka]] (part of)
|-
| rowspan="8" | 3
| rowspan="8" | Bengaluru South City Corporation (BSCC)
| rowspan="8" | {{cvt|147|km2}}
| rowspan="8" |72
| rowspan="8" |[[Jayanagar, Bengaluru|Jayanagara]]
* ''Jayanagara Zonal Office''
* ''Bommanahalli Zonal Office''
| rowspan="4" |[[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru South]]
|[[B.T.M Layout Assembly constituency|B.T.M Layout]]
|-
|[[Bommanahalli Assembly constituency|Bommanahalli]]
|-
|[[Jayanagar Assembly constituency|Jayanagar]]
|-
|[[Padmanabhanagar Assembly constituency|Padmanabhanagar]] (part of)
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru Rural]]
|[[Bangalore South Assembly constituency|Bengaluru South]] (part of)
|-
|[[Rajarajeshwarinagar Assembly constituency|Rajarajeshwarinagar]] (part of)
|-
|[[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru Central]]
|[[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency|Mahadevapura]] (part of)
|-
|[[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru North]]
|[[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]] (part of)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" | Bengaluru East City Corporation (BECC)
| rowspan="2" | {{cvt|168|km2}}
| rowspan="2" |50
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahadevapura, Bengaluru|Mahadevapura]]
* ''Mahadevapura Zonal Office''
* ''K. R. Pura Zonal Office''
|[[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru North]]
|[[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
|-
|[[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru Central]]
|[[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency|Mahadevapura]] (part of)
|-
| rowspan="9" | 5
| rowspan="9" | Bengaluru West City Corporation (BWCC)
| rowspan="9" | {{cvt|161|km2}}
| rowspan="9" |111
| rowspan="9" |[[Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bengaluru|Rajarajeshwari Nagara]]
* ''Rajarajeshwari Nagara Zonal Office''
* ''Chandra Layout Zonal Office''
| rowspan="4" |[[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru South]]
|[[Basavanagudi Assembly constituency|Basavanagudi]]
|-
|[[Govindraj Nagar Assembly constituency|Govindraja Nagar]]
|-
|[[Padmanabhanagar Assembly constituency|Padmanabhanagar]] (part of)
|-
|[[Vijay Nagar Assembly constituency|Vijay Nagar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru North]]
|[[Dasarahalli Assembly constituency|Dasarahalli]] (part of)
|-
|[[Mahalakshmi Layout Assembly constituency|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
|-
|[[Malleshwaram Assembly constituency|Malleshwaram]]
|-
|[[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]] (part of)
|-
|[[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru Central]]
|[[Rajaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Rajaji Nagar]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!{{cvt|712|km2}}
!368
! colspan="3" |
|}

==Functions==

The GBA was established to serve as a metropolitan-level coordinating and planning body for the Greater Bengaluru Area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explained: What is the Greater Bengaluru Authority? |url=https://citizenmatters.in/greater-bengaluru-bill-2024-brand-bengaluru-committee-greater-bengaluru-authority-62623 |work=Citizen Matters |date=15 March 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

Under the Greater Bengaluru Governance Bill, 2024, the Authority is vested with the following functions:

* Strategic planning for the metropolitan area, including the preparation and approval of comprehensive and spatial [[development plans]] that cut across individual municipal jurisdictions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Greater Bengaluru Governance Bill provides three-tier urban governance structure |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/greater-bengaluru-governance-bill-2024-provides-for-three-tier-structure-with-provision-to-carve-out-multiple-corporations/article68382474.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 March 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>
* Inter-agency coordination, particularly among parastatal bodies such as the Bengaluru Development Authority (BDA), Bengaluru Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB), Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL), and others.
* Approval and oversight of large-scale infrastructure projects that span across municipal boundaries, ensuring alignment with the city's long-term development vision.
* Equitable distribution of financial and natural resources among the municipal corporations under its jurisdiction.
* Monitoring and performance evaluation of local governments and urban service providers within the Greater Bengaluru Area.
* Conflict resolution between municipal corporations, civic agencies, and departments involved in urban governance.
* Advisory and technical support to municipal corporations on matters of policy, technology adoption, and citizen engagement.
* [[Disaster management]] coordination in partnership with relevant state and metropolitan agencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Greater Bengaluru Authority will function |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/how-greater-bengaluru-authority-will-function-3113875.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 March 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Local government in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2025]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]

Cubbonpet Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:11Z

Aamir2580: new - done

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Cubbonpet
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore City Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore City]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Cubbonpet Assembly constituency''' was one of the vidhana sabha constituencies in the state assembly of [[Mysore State|Mysore]], in India. It was part of [[Bangalore City Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="delimitation1961">{{cite web |date=7 December 1961 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || B. M. Seenappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[V. P. Deenadayalu Naidu]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || B. Nanjappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Cubbonpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Nanjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,750 |percentage = 66.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. P. Deenadayalu Naidu]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,874 |percentage = 24.21% |change = {{decrease}}27.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Mathias |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,942 |percentage = 6.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Anatha Krishna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 541 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Allamplli Venkataram |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 183 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,876 |percentage = 41.82% |change = {{increase}}37.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,366 |percentage = 67.95% |change = {{increase}}21.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,398}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,217 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.95 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Cubbonpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. P. Deenadayalu Naidu]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,596 |percentage = 51.95% |change = {{increase}}14.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Nanjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,877 |percentage = 48.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 719 |percentage = 3.89% |change = {{decrease}}13.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 18,473 |percentage = 46.57% |change = {{decrease}}6.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,473}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,665 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}6.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Cubbonpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Seenappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,226 |percentage = 37.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Naganna |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 4,334 |percentage = 19.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. D. Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,188 |percentage = 18.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hamida Habibulla |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,303 |percentage = 14.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Munbivenkatappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,179 |percentage = 9.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,892 |percentage = 17.51% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,230 |percentage = 52.66% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,230}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,213 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.969272|77.583949|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]

{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Mona Chalmers Watson

2026-04-13T11:05:44Z

Aamir2580: created first page needs work...

{{Short description|British physician and head of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps#Ranks and rank insignia|Chief Controller]]
| name = Mona Chalmers Watson
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}}
| image = File:Mrs Chalmers Watson, Cbe, Director of Qmaac Art.IWMART4172.jpg
| alt = A half length painted portrait of Chalmers Watson, wearing the uniform of Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps.
| caption = Chalmers Watson in Queen Mary's Auxiliary Army Corps uniform
| birthname = Alexandra Mary Campbell Geddes
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1872|5|31}}
| birth_place = British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1936|8|7|1872|5|31}}
| death_place = Frensham, [[Rolvenden]], Kent, England
| occupation = Physician Nutritionist Head, Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (during World War I)
| relatives = [[Eric Geddes]] (brother) {{nowrap|[[Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes|Auckland Geddes]] (brother)}}
}}

'''Alexandra Mary Chalmers Watson''' [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (née '''Geddes'''; 31 May 1872 – 7 August 1936), known as '''Mona Chalmers Watson''', was a [[British people|British]] physician and head of the [[Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps|Women's Army Auxiliary Corps]]. The first woman to receive an [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] from the [[University of Edinburgh]], she helped found the [[Elsie Inglis|Elsie Inglis Hospital for Women]], was the first president of the Edinburgh Women's Citizen Association, a staff physician and later senior physician at the [[Bruntsfield Hospital|Edinburgh Hospital and Dispensary for Women and Children]], and co-edited the ''Encyclopaedia Medica'' with her husband, [[Douglas Chalmers Watson]]. At the time of her death in 1936, she was president of the [[Medical Women's Federation]], having been elected May 1935.

==Early life and education==
Alexandra Mary Campbell Geddes was born in India on 31 May 1872, a daughter of Auckland Campbell Geddes (1831–1908), a civil engineer, and Christina Helen MacLeod Geddes (née Anderson; 1850–1914).<ref name=ODNB>{{cite ODNB|last1=Terry|first1=Roy|title=Watson, Alexandra Mary Chalmers|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/67666|access-date=4 March 2015|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/67666|year=2004}}</ref> Chalmers Watson was the eldest of five children in the Geddes family; among her siblings were [[Eric Geddes]] and [[Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes]]. From 1888 to 1890 she was educated at [[St Leonard's School]] in [[St Andrews]], Scotland. When she turned her focus towards the study of medicine, it was the latest in a lengthy familial interest in the profession: her mother supported [[Christian Guthrie Wright]] and [[Louisa Stevenson]] in the foundation of the [[Edinburgh School of Cookery and Domestic Economy]] (later Queen Margaret University), and been an early campaigner on behalf of the cause of medical education for women.<ref name=BDofSW>{{cite book|editor1-last=Reynolds|editor1-first=Sian|editor2-last=Ewan|editor2-first=Elizabeth|editor3-last=Innes|editor3-first=Sue|editor4-last=Pipes|editor4-first=Rose|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women: From the Earliest Times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|pages=368–369|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfSkBgAAQBAJ&q=Alexandra+Mary+Geddes&pg=PA368|isbn=9780748617135}}</ref> Through her mother Chalmers Watson also claimed kinship to [[Elizabeth Garrett Anderson]], the first woman to qualify as a doctor in England, and her maternal aunt, [[Mary Adamson Anderson Marshall|Mary Marshall (née Anderson)]] had been [[Edinburgh Seven|one of the original women admitted to study medicine]] alongside [[Sophia Jex-Blake]] at the University of Edinburgh in 1871, later qualifying in Paris.<ref name=BDofSW />

At this time women studying medicine risked social isolation, 'contemptuous glances' and 'sneering remarks'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=8 September 2005 |title=Lives and Times - Number 109 Alexandra (Mona) Chalmers (1872 -1936) |pages=S2 37 |work=The Scotsman}}</ref>

Chalmers Watson began her medical education in 1891 at the [[Edinburgh College of Medicine for Women]], which had been established by [[Elsie Inglis]], later a noted suffragist,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mona Chalmers Watson (1872 - 1936)|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/mona-chalmers-watson|access-date=2020-12-19|website=The University of Edinburgh|language=en}}</ref> and her father [[John Inglis (civil servant)|John Inglis]]. She graduated [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MB CM]] from the University of Edinburgh in 1896.<ref name=ODNB/><ref name=BDofSW/>

==Career==
After her graduation, Chalmers Watson spent a year in London working as a physician at the Maternity District Association at [[Plaistow, Newham|Plaistow]];<ref name=Obit>{{cite journal|title=Obituary: Mary Chalmers Watson|journal=British Medical Journal|issue=3945|date=15 August 1936|pmc=2457138|pmid=20780040|volume=2|pages=371|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.3945.371}}</ref> she also spent six months working at Dr Barnardo's Homes in Kent.<ref name=PolDict>{{cite book|last1=Law|first1=Cheryl|title=Women, a modern political dictionary|date=2000|publisher=Tauris|location=London|isbn=9781860645020|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenmodernpolit0000lawc/page/153 153]–154|url=https://archive.org/details/womenmodernpolit0000lawc|url-access=registration|quote=Alexandra Mary Geddes.|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref>

Chalmers Watson's experience working in Plaistow, where her record consisted of more than 1000 confinements with a mortality rate of just over 1 per 1000,{{Clarify|reason=These figures are impossible, see talk page.|date=September 2018}} informed the topic of her MD thesis when she returned to Edinburgh the following year.<ref name=ODNB/> Chalmers Watson obtained her MD on 30 July 1898<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geddes|first=Alexandra Mary Campbell|date=1898|title=A year's obstetric work at Plaistow Maternity Institute, London : statistics and notes on fifteen hundred and fifty cases, with observations on cases of chorea gravidarum, extra uterine gestation, rupture of the uterus, and inversion of the uterus|url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/28089|language=en}}</ref> from the University of Edinburgh's Medical College, the first woman to do so;<ref name=ODNB/><ref name=BDofSW/> fellow University of Edinburgh alumna [[Jessie MacLaren MacGregor]] did not receive her MD until 1899.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Obituary: Jessie MacLaren MacGregor, M.D. Edin|journal=British Medical Journal|date=7 April 1906|volume=1|issue=2362|page=838|pmc=2381053|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2362.838}}</ref>

The same day that she received her M.D., Mona Geddes became Dr Mona Chalmers Watson, marrying Dr Douglas Chalmers Watson that afternoon; she had delayed the wedding until she could write MD after her name. Together they had two sons, Rupert and Irvine. After their marriage, both Chalmers Watsons set up a private practice together in Edinburgh at 11 Walker St, which they shared until 1914.<ref name=ODNB/><ref name=PolDict/>

The Chalmers Watsons edited the ''Encyclopaedia Medica'', a 15 volume work, the first edition of which appeared in 1900. As well as helping edit the encyclopaedia, she had contributed an article on the feeding of invalids.<ref name=Obit/> She published a further two books with her husband, ''Food and Feeding in Health and Disease'' (1910) and ''The Book of Diet'' (1913).<ref name=ODNB/> While the couple ran their practice, Chalmers Watson also worked at the [[Bruntsfield Hospital|Edinburgh Hospital and Dispensary for Women and Children]]. which later became Bruntsfield Hospital; she had been appointed to the medical staff in 1900, eventually becoming a senior physician.<ref name=Obit/>

Mona Chalmers Watson was a suffragette supporter,<ref name="ODNB" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Centenary of Women in the British Armed Forces: 18 Jan 2018: Scottish Parliament debates|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/sp/?id=2018-01-18.21.0|access-date=2020-12-19|website=TheyWorkForYou|language=en}}</ref> and treated suffragette prisoners on release from hunger strike and force-feeding in Perth Gaol.

=== Women's Army Auxiliary Corps ===
[[File:The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps during the First World War, France Q5952.jpg|250px|thumbnail|The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps in France during the First World War.]]
From the beginning of the [[First World War]], women in Scotland typically worked in the nursing or munitions industries, occasionally running field hospitals and soup canteens or driving ambulances with the [[First Aid Nursing Yeomanry]], which was established in 1907.<ref name=Spiers>{{cite book|editor1-last=Spiers|editor1-first=Edward M.|title=A Military History of Scotland|date=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9780748633357|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WItiFFHTnYgC&q=MARY+CHALMERS+WATSON&pg=PA23|access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref> By 1916, Chalmers Watson advocated for the creation of a corps of women volunteers who could undertake additional ancillary, non-combatant duties. At this time, Chalmers Watson's brother, [[Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes|Brigadier-General Sir Auckland Geddes]], was the Director of Recruiting at the [[War Office]], and he arranged for Chalmers Watson to meet with [[Nevil Macready|Sir Nevil Macready]], the [[adjutant-general]], on 26 January 1917<ref name=":1" /> to set out her proposal for the formation of the corps.<ref name=ODNB /> On 7 July 1917, the [[Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (Britain)|Women's Army Auxiliary Corps]] (WAAC) was formally instituted; Macready had requested that Chalmers Watson be its first Chief Controller and senior officer some months earlier, in February 1917.<ref name=ODNB /><ref name=Spiers /> She was appointed at a rank equivalent of a [[Brigadier general|brigadier-general]] and paid an annual salary of £500.<ref name=":1" /> The organisation headquarters was [[Devonshire House]], Piccadilly, London. She issued a recruiting pamphlet calling on 'every strong healthy and active woman not employed on work of national importance' to volunteer.<ref name=":1" /> Selecting as her deputy [[Helen Gwynne-Vaughan]], Chalmers Watson raised a corps of 40,850 women, of whom some 17,000 served overseas (although never more than 8,777 at a time).<ref name=Spiers/>

She regarded the creation of the WAAC as "an advance of the women's movement and... a national advance"<ref name=Spiers/> and noted that for the first time, "women [had] a direct and officially recognised share in the task of our armies both at home and overseas."<ref name=ODNB /> In a recruiting pamphlet she wrote that "this is the great opportunity for every strong, healthy and active woman not already employed on work of national importance to offer her services to her country."<ref name=ODNB /> Although Chalmers Watson had to resign as Chief Controller of the WAAC in 1918 when one of her sons fell ill after an [[appendectomy]], her efforts had already set a precedent that would be followed – and expanded upon – during the [[Second World War]], laying the foundation for the [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]], which became the [[Women's Royal Army Corps]] in 1949.<ref name=Spiers/>

Her work organising the WAAC was recognised by the award of (one of the first)<ref name=":1" /> [[Order of the British Empire|CBEs]] in 1917,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30250|date=24 August 1917|page=8796|supp=y}}</ref> and the ''Ladies' Pictorial'' on 20 February 1918 said she had "nobly done her bit".<ref name=":1" />

Chalmers Watson's portrait was included in the [[Imperial War Museum|National War Museum, London]] (now the Imperial War Museum), at the time of her death.<ref name="Obit" />

===Politics===
[[File:The WAACs marching in London,1918.jpg|left|thumb|WAACs marching in London, 1918]]
Chalmers Watson was a noted [[suffragette]], and while her own involvement did not include the militant actions of some of her peers, her support was not passive,<ref name=ODNB /><ref name=":0" /> whilst during the establishment of the WAAC, she had concentrated on equality in improving the levels of pay offered to the women taking over men's jobs.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shipton|first1=Elizabeth|title=Female Tommies: The Frontline Women of the First World War|publisher=The History Press|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSPVAwAAQBAJ&q=mona+chalmers-watson+suffragette&pg=PT238|access-date=8 March 2015|isbn=9780750957489|date=2014-07-01}}</ref> Chalmers Watson was a cousin of suffragette doctor, [[Louisa Garrett Anderson]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Back in the day: Mona Chalmers - general in battle with the sexists|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/15185364.back-in-the-day-mona-chalmers-general-in-battle-with-the-sexists/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=The National|language=en}}</ref> and whilst in London, was a follower of [[Millicent Fawcett]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fara|first=Patricia|title=A lab of one's own : science and suffrage in the first World War|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-251416-5|edition=First |location=Oxford|pages=203|oclc=1018307706}}</ref> and then herself served as a doctor for the suffragette prisoners in [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]],<ref name="ODNB" /> who had been on [[Hunger strike|hunger-strike]] and [[Force-feeding|force fed]]. Many leaders and key funders of the women's hospital services in World War One were drawn from medical and nursing teams who had been active across the British pro-suffrage movement<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geddes|first=Jennian F.|date=January 2007|title=Deeds and Words in the Suffrage Military Hospital in Endell Street|journal=Medical History|language=en|volume=51|issue=1|pages=79–98|pmc=1712367 | doi=10.1017/S0025727300000909|pmid=17200698 |issn=2048-8343|doi-access=free}}</ref> with over 538 women doctors supporting the right to vote, and only 15 against.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harrison|first=Brian|date=1981|editor-last=Webster|editor-first=Charles|title=Women's health and the women's movement in Britain: 1840-1940|journal=Biology, Medicine and Society 1840 -1940|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=51}}</ref> Later in her life Chalmers Watson put politics aside when working on improving health care in Scotland, with [[Anti-suffragism|anti-suffragist]] Kitty Murray, who went on to become a Conservative [[Member of parliament|M.P]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nursing on the edge of Europe|url=https://www.qnis.org.uk/history/nursing-on-the-edge-of-europe/|access-date=2020-12-19|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Chalmers Watson was a director of the Time and Tide Publishing Company.<ref name="Innes">{{cite journal|last1=Innes|first1=Sue|title=Constructing Women's Citizenship in the Interwar Period: the Edinburgh Women Citizens' Association|journal=[[Women's History Review]]|year=2004|volume=13|issue=4|page=625|doi=10.1080/09612020400200414|s2cid=205658350|doi-access=free}}</ref>

When the [[Representation of the People Act 1918|Representation of the People Act, 1918]] gave the vote to 8.4 million women, Chalmers Watson became the first president of the [[Edinburgh Women Citizens' Association]], which strongly advocated continuing to improve the scope of female suffrage, by 'extensive lobbying, campaigning and educational work and a remarkable breadth of interests, including straightforwardly ‘equality’ issues such as women’s representation in local and central government, the extension of the franchise to women on the same terms as men,'.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Innes|first=Sue|date=2004-12-01|title=Constructing women's citizenship in the interwar period: the Edinburgh women citizens' association|journal=Women's History Review|volume=13|issue=4|pages=621–647|doi=10.1080/09612020400200414|s2cid=205658350 |issn=0961-2025|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Chalmers Watson was also closely involved in the establishment of the [[Women's United Services Club]] in Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh, and at the time of her death in 1936, she was its president. Chalmers Watson had been one of the founders of the Child Assault Protest Committee (1920).<ref name="BDofSW" />

In ''[[The Scotsman]]'s'' obituary notice, published 8 August 1936, the response to her death was said to be a "stunned reaction" characterised by "the inevitable thought – What are all the women's organisations in Edinburgh going to do without her? Societies, hospitals, Queen's Nurses Boards were upheld by her support and inspired by her practical energy."<ref name="Scotsman">{{cite news|last1=I.V.|title=Mrs Chalmers Watson: Noted Scotswoman Dead, a Pioneer in Medicine|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/481198025|access-date=8 March 2015|work=The Scotsman|date=8 August 1936|page=12 |id={{ProQuest|481198025}} }}</ref> She had been involved in the Queen Mary Nursing Home and the founding of the Elsie Inglis Hospital for Women as well as the Patriotic Emergency Food League and the [[Women's Emergency Corps]]., the latter as honorary secretary.<ref name=":1" />

===Later career===
In her later career, Chalmers Watson became a member of the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and was an expert member on the Scottish Board of Health's Consultative Councils throughout the 1920s<ref name=BDofSW /> She was also a member of the Standing Committee on Scottish Health Sciences, having been appointed by the Department of Health for Scotland in 1933.<ref name=BDofSW /><ref name=Obit /> The Cathcart Report issued by the Committee on Scottish Health Services has been seen as a model for post-war British medical services and helped lay the foundation for a unique Scottish health system.<ref name=BDofSW/>

In June 1935, she was appointed a member of the Advisory Committee on Diet by the Minister of Health and the Secretary of State for Scotland; the aim of this committee was described as being "to inquire into the facts, quantitative and qualitative, in relation to the diet of the people, and report as to any changes therein which appear desirable in the light of modern advances in the knowledge of nutrition."<ref name=Scotsman/> Her political desire to further the cause of women in medicine saw her take on a number of prominent positions towards the end of her life, and she was president of both the Scottish Women's Medical Association and the British Women's Medical Federation, having been elected to the latter some months before her death.<ref name=Obit/><ref name=PolDict/>

Looking back over her career, she was reported to have felt it was 'an honour to have lived through such great times for women, and to know that the generation after us will not have the same fight for liberty'.<ref name=":1" />

===Fenton Barns===
In 1923, Chalmers Watson and her husband inherited the Fenton Barns farm in [[North Berwick]], East Lothian, where they began breeding a herd of tuberculin-tested cattle.<ref name=ODNB/> Eventually, they established a model dairy which was responsible for the production of certified milk.<ref name=Scotsman/> The farm became renowned across Europe for its pioneering experiments focused specifically on improving the quality of milk and the production and distribution of certified milk for the safer feeding of children;<ref name=":1" /> these included issues surrounding the irradiation of milk, its feeding to premature infants, and the production of milk with a more digestible curd.<ref name=ODNB/>

==Death and legacy==
Chalmers Watson died at the home of her brother, Sir Auckland Geddes, in Frensham, Rolvenden, Kent, on 7 August 1936; she was staying with her brother to recuperate from an illness with which she had been coping for some time.<ref name=Scotsman/>

Some months after her death, the relative absence of any commemoration was commented on in a letter to ''The Scotsman'' by a T.M. Chapman, who asked,

<blockquote>There now exists, to her and to our unceasing honour, a worthy and beneficent memorial to Dr. Elsie Inglis, which will always keep her name fragrant to numberless sufferers. Why should not something on at least similar lines be devised to commemorate the admittedly grand labours of Mona Geddes? Why not, even should a hospital or a ward be beyond reach, establish one or more beds in her honour—she was on the Board of Management of the Royal Infirmary—or else a bursary or research scholarship for women medical students? So would her memory be kept green and her indomitable courage be a constant inspiration to many earnest workers who—like me—might have very little chance of ever seeing a bronze plaque in a club hall<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chapman|first1=T.M|title=POINTS OF VIEW: LETTERS FROM READERS The Late Mrs Chalmers Watson|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/481315459|access-date=8 March 2015|work=The Scotsman|date=30 January 1937|pages=15 |id={{ProQuest|481315459}} }}</ref></blockquote>

Three years later, this oversight was to some extent redressed when Chalmers Watson's co-Chief Controller at the WAAC, Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, formally opened a gateway to the [[Elsie Inglis Memorial Maternity Hospital]] commemorating Chalmers Watson's life and services to medicine and her country.<ref name=Gateway>{{cite news|title=MONA CHALMERS WATSON: Dame Gwynne-Vaughan Opens Archway AT ELSIE INGLIS HOSPITAL|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/490208782|access-date=8 March 2015|work=The Scotsman|date=23 October 1939|page=6 |id={{ProQuest|490208782}} }}</ref>

A ''Scotsman'' article about the opening ceremony noted that immediately after the ribbon was cut, the gateway was "consecrated" by the birth of a baby during an air raid warning; the article quoted Gwynne-Vaughan as saying, "In the old days, a new building was consecrated by the building in of a human being who had therefore died. This was consecrated yesterday by the birth of a baby!"<ref name=Gateway/> Memorials to Chalmers Watson are recorded in the archive of Memorials to Women in Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mona Chalmers Watson {{!}} Mapping Memorials to Women in Scotland|url=http://womenofscotland.org.uk/women/mona-chalmers-watson|access-date=2020-12-19|website=womenofscotland.org.uk}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Women's suffrage in Scotland}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chalmers Watson, Alexandra Mary}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish medical doctors]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Scottish suffragists]]
[[Category:History of medicine in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Medical Women's Federation]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps officers]]
[[Category:20th-century British women medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century British medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century British women medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century British medical doctors]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British women civil rights activists]]
[[Category:British Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:British Army brigadiers]]

2024 India–Maldives diplomatic row

2026-04-05T07:31:58Z

Aamir2580: stub

{{Short description|Indian-Maldivian diplomatic incident}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{FOR|overall relationship between India & Maldives|India–Maldives relations}}[[File:President Muizzu and Narendra Modi at the COP28.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] (right) meeting Maldivian President [[Mohamed Muizzu]] (left) at the [[2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference]].]]

In January 2024, relations between [[India]] and the [[Maldives]], traditionally close neighbors with strong historical and cultural ties, became strained due to derogatory remarks made by Maldivian cabinet ministers and concerns over racism directed at Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and India as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Indians Rightfully Angry": Maldives MP Amid Row Over Ministers' Remarks |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shameful-racist-maldives-mp-condemns-ministers-remark-on-india-pm-modi-4820311 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Reactions in India called for a boycott of vacations to the Maldives. The dispute with the Maldives also led to the death of a young Maldivian teenager who was waiting to be transported to India for medical treatment via an [[air ambulance]]. His family's request for evacuation was denied by Maldivian authorities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Sayantani |title=Maldives teen dies waiting for air ambulance, minister blames President Muizzu's 'animosity' towards India|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/malives-india-row-teen-dies-waiting-for-indian-dornier-aircraft-minister-blames-mohamed-muizzus-animosity-11705813493152.html|agency=Mint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Gupta |first1=Adarsh Kumar |title=Sick Maldivian teen dies after President Mohammed Muizzu refused India's plane services: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/sick-maldivian-teen-dies-after-president-mohammed-muizzu-refused-indias-plane-services-report-101705810862369.html |agency=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Background==

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 8.JPG|thumb|[[Bathala (island)|Bathala island]] in the [[Maldives]]]]

The [[2023 Maldivian presidential election]] saw [[Mohamed Muizzu]] come into power. A key campaign topic was the Maldives' relationship with China and India. The incumbent, [[Ibrahim Mohamed Solih]], campaigned on an "India-first" policy, aiming to strengthen ties with the Maldives' geographical and cultural neighbour, India. In contrast, Muizzu adopted the slogan "India Out," calling for the withdrawal of Indian military personnel stationed on the archipelago<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ethirajan |first1=Anbarasan |date=22 October 2022 |title=Mohamed Muizzu: The Maldives' new president wants India out |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67166425 |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031142117/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67166425 |archive-date=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mohamed Muizzu: The Maldives' new president wants India out |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/mint-explainer-why-the-maldives-has-asked-indian-troops-to-leave-11701677688987.html |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Told Indian envoy 'every single Indian military personnel should be removed': Maldives Prez-elect Muizzu |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2023/10/23/told-indian-envoy-every-single-indian-military-personnel-should-be-removed-maldives-prez-elect-muizzu.html |access-date=October 23, 2023}}</ref> while campaigning for closer [[China-Maldives relations|relations with China]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/01/pro-china-candidate-mohamed-muizzu-wins-maldives-presidency-upending-relationship-with-india|title=Pro-China candidate Mohamed Muizzu wins Maldives presidency, upending relationship with India|website=The Guardian|date=30 September 2023|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001085212/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/01/pro-china-candidate-mohamed-muizzu-wins-maldives-presidency-upending-relationship-with-india|url-status=live}}</ref> This stance aligned with the policies of former president [[Abdulla Yameen]], founder of the [[People's National Congress (Maldives)|People's National Congress]], under whom the Maldives joined China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66972981|title=Maldives election: Pro-China candidate Muizzu wins presidency|journal=BBC|access-date=2023-10-01|archive-date=2023-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930221655/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66972981|url-status=live}}</ref>

Muizzu was elected president in the second round, winning 54.04% of the vote against the incumbent Solih's 46.04%. He was sworn in as the new president on 17 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Masood |first=Mohamed Iyad |date=2 October 2023 |title=Preparations underway for Muizzu to be sworn in on November 17 |work=Sun |url=https://en.sun.mv/85049 |url-status=live |access-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110122305/https://en.sun.mv/85049 |archive-date=10 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2023 |title=President-elect to be sworn in at 1645hrs on November 17 |work=PSM News |url=https://psmnews.mv/en/127663 |url-status=live |access-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110122422/https://psmnews.mv/en/127663 |archive-date=10 November 2023}}</ref> [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] of China welcomed the election,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://themaldivesjournal.com/56242 |title=China's President Xi Jinping Congratulates Maldivian President-Elect Dr. Muizzu |access-date=2023-10-03 |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004134103/https://themaldivesjournal.com/56242 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.news.cn/20231003/b588dc7509fe436381187d5a130329fc/c.html |title=1st LD Writethru: Xi congratulates Muizzu on election as Maldives president-Xinhua |access-date=2023-10-03 |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004134154/https://english.news.cn/20231003/b588dc7509fe436381187d5a130329fc/c.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] congratulated Muizzu and conveyed his "good wishes for the strengthening of democracy, peace, and prosperity in the country."<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1708304499717369955|user=narendramodi|title=Congratulations and greetings to @MMuizzu on being elected as President of the Maldives.|first=Narendra|last=Modi|date=1 October 2023|access-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016185607/https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1708304499717369955|archive-date=16 October 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Derogatory remarks==

[[File:A beach side resort at Kadmat Island, Lakshadweep.jpg|thumb|[[Kadmat Island]], [[Lakshwadeep]]]]

In January, Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited [[Lakshwadeep]], a [[union territory]] of India in the Indian Ocean, and posted pictures of an island in Lakshadweep on his [[Instagram]] account as part of the Indian government's effort to boost tourism and promote development in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi visits Lakshadweep, highlights decade of development in Islands |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/prime-minister-modi-visits-lakshadweep-highlights-decade-of-development-in-islands/article67698363.ece |access-date=8 January 2024 |agency=The Hindu |date=2 January 2024}}</ref> This prompted many Indians to search for and take an interest in the islands.<ref>{{cite news |title=Global search interest in Lakshadweep peaks to a 20-year high after PM Modi's visi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/global-search-interest-in-lakshadweep-peaks-to-a-20-year-high-after-pm-modis-visit/articleshow/106626827.cms |agency=The Times of India |date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Indian social media users began comparing the Maldives, a popular tourist destination for many Indians, with their own domestic islands in Lakshadweep.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vikrant |title=Maldives jittery as 'Lakshadweep' remains top trend in India for second consecutive day |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/maldives-jittery-as-lakshadweep-remains-top-trend-in-india-for-second-consecutive-day-677193 |agency=WION |date=6 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Anindya |last2=Thirumalai |first2=Nitya |title=Did PM Modi Just Checkmate Hostile Maldives? Google Searches for Lakshadweep Skyrocket |url=https://www.news18.com/india/did-pm-modi-just-checkmate-hostile-maldives-google-searches-for-lakshadweep-skyrocket-8728633.html |agency=News18 |date=5 January 2024}}</ref> In response, Zahid Rameez, a member of the [[Progressive Party of Maldives]], accused the Indian government of "copying a small economy like [[Sri Lanka]]," triggering an online boycott of Maldivian tourism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abbas |first1=Ajmal |title=Maldivian leader mocks PM Modi's Lakshadweep visit, remarks spark row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prime-minister-narendra-modi-visit-maldives-minister-zahid-rameez-beach-tourism-2485345-2024-01-07 |agency=India Today |publisher=India Today News Desk |date=7 January 2024}}</ref> He further stirred controversy by tweeting that India would be "delusional" to offer service and cleanliness comparable to the Maldives.<ref>{{cite news |title='How can they be so clean?': Maldives politician after PM Modi's visit to Lakshadweep |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-can-they-be-so-clean-maldives-politician-after-pm-modis-visit-to-lakshadweep-11704598840122.html |agency=Mint |publisher=Livemint |date=7 January 2024}}</ref>

On 7 January, three sitting Maldivian deputy ministers—Malsha Shareef, Mariyam Shiuna, and Abdulla Mahzoom Majid—made derogatory and racist remarks about Prime Minister Modi and Indians on social media, coinciding with his visit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaumik |first=Anirban |title=Maldives suspends 3 deputy ministers after India raises issue of derogatory remarks against PM Modi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maldives-suspends-3-deputy-ministers-after-india-raises-issue-of-derogatory-remarks-against-pm-modi-2838874 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-08 |title=India summons Maldives envoy over ministers' remarks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67909061 |access-date=2024-04-11 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The remarks triggered strong reactions in India, leading the Indian High Commission in the Maldives to raise the issue with the [[Maldivian government]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title='Opinions personal': Maldives warns leaders over social media attacks on PM Modi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/opinions-personal-maldives-after-minister-mariyam-shiunas-derogatory-remark-on-pm-modi-sparks-outrage-in-india-2485395-2024-01-07 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=India Today |date=7 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Under President [[Mohamed Muizzu]], the Maldivian government swiftly distanced itself from the comments, suspending the three ministers and emphasizing that their opinions did not reflect the official stance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Ashish |date=2024-01-08 |title="Shameful, Racist": Maldives MP Condemns Ministers' Remark On India, PM Modi – Times of Viral |work=Times of Viral |url=https://timesofviral.com/index.php/2024/01/08/shameful-racist-maldives-mp-condemns-ministers-remark-on-india-pm-modi/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> On the same day, the Maldivian government issued a statement condemning the derogatory remarks, clarifying that these opinions were personal and did not represent the government's official position.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=HT's full coverage of Maldives row: PM Modi's tweet, ministers' remarks and more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/maldives-india-controversy-pm-modi-lakshadweep-row-maldives-india-fight-news-mohamed-nasheed-mariyam-shiuna-101704618601158.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The statement reaffirmed the government's commitment to freedom of expression, exercised in a democratic and responsible manner, and emphasized that such comments should not hinder close relations with India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-08 |title=Maldives govt suspends 3 ministers over racist remarks against PM Modi for Lakshadweep post: Reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maldives-govt-suspends-3-ministers-over-racist-remarks-against-pm-modi-for-lakshadweep-post-reports/articleshow/106614221.cms |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It also indicated that relevant authorities may take action against individuals making such remarks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=2024-01-07 |title=Maldives suspends three Deputy Ministers as India raises issue of disrespectful remarks against PM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/maldives-govt-distances-itself-from-derogatory-remarks-against-pm-modi-by-minister/article67715983.ece |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In April, Mariyam Shiuna, one of the suspended ministers, made a mocking Twitter post about the [[Flag of India|Indian flag]]. Following the uproar over the post, she issued an apology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=Maldives Minister Regrets Disparaging Post 'Mocking' Indian National Flag's Ashok Chakra |url=https://www.news18.com/world/maldives-minister-regrets-disparaging-post-mocking-indian-national-flags-ashok-chakra-8843653.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Reaction==

===India===

The remarks by the Maldivian ministers led to widespread outrage in India, with many people canceling planned vacations to the island country. The hashtag "#BoycottMaldives" began trending on social media.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh Rawat |first1=Sudeep |title=Boycott Maldives trends on X, here are the celebrities who joined campaign |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/boycott-maldives-trends-on-x-here-are-the-celebrities-who-joined-campaign-124010800204_1.html |agency=Business Standard |date=8 January 2024}}</ref>

Opposition leader and politician [[Sharad Pawar]] stated, "He is the Prime Minister of our country, and if anyone from another country holding any position makes such comments about our PM, we won't accept it. We must respect the PM's position. We won't accept anything against the Prime Minister from outside the country."<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharad Pawar defends Modi |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/ncp-sharad-pawar-reaction-india-maldives-row-unacceptable-pm-narendra-modi-lakshadweep-visit-1655369 |agency=APB News}}</ref>

Indian tourists to the Maldives dipped by 42% in the first four months of 2024 in comparison to the same period in 2023. "<ref>{{cite news |title=With drop in tourist numbers, Maldives sends tourism minister Ibrahim Faisal to India to promote 'Welcome India' initiative|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/with-drop-in-tourist-numbers-maldives-sends-tourism-minister-ibrahim-faisal-to-india-to-promote-welcome-india-initiative-13798275.html |agency=First post}}</ref>

===Maldives===

Former President [[Mohamed Nasheed]] stated, "The people of the Maldives are sorry; we are sorry that this has happened." He also expressed a desire for Indian tourists to visit during their holidays and assured that this incident would not affect the country's hospitality. He urged the government to resolve the dispute with India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Samiran |title="People Of Maldives Are Sorry": Ex President Nasheed Amid Row With India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tourism-impacted-amid-row-with-india-ex-maldives-president-5204120 |agency=NDTV |date=9 March 2024}}</ref>

==Rise in tensions==

[[File:Agreement exchange ceremony between the Maldives and China (50).jpg|thumb|right|Muizzu (left) meeting [[Xi Jinping]] in January 2024]]

On 7 January 2024, Muizzu arrived in China on an invitation extended by [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The President and First Lady to make a state visit to China |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/29554 |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=The Presidents Office}}</ref> As a pro-China candidate, Muizzu's presidential campaign focused on reducing Indian influence in Maldivian affairs. Observers have described him as pro-China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Macan-Markar |first1=Marwaan |date=1 October 2023 |title=Maldives' Muizzu marches to victory on anti-India drumbeat |work=Nikkei Asia |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Maldives-Muizzu-marches-to-victory-on-anti-India-drumbeat |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111002411/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Maldives-Muizzu-marches-to-victory-on-anti-India-drumbeat |archive-date=11 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2023 |title=Who is Mohamed Muizzu, Maldives's pro-China president-elect? |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/1/who-is-mohamed-muizzu-maldivess-pro-china-president-elect |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031052113/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/1/who-is-mohamed-muizzu-maldivess-pro-china-president-elect |archive-date=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="gdn">{{cite news |date=1 October 2023 |title=Pro-China candidate Mohamed Muizzu wins Maldives presidency, upending relationship with India |work=The Guardian |agency=AFP |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/01/pro-china-candidate-mohamed-muizzu-wins-maldives-presidency-upending-relationship-with-india |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012114035/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/01/pro-china-candidate-mohamed-muizzu-wins-maldives-presidency-upending-relationship-with-india |archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> On 13 January, in an interview after returning from China, Muizzu stated:

{{Blockquote|text=We, our country maybe small. But that doesn't give you the license to bully us!<ref name="Presidency">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2024|title=Interview after H.E. president's official visit to China |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MI_LpJXcKEM |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=YouTube |publisher=Presidents office, Maldives |type=Video}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=We maybe small. But that doesn't give you the license to bully us. |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/29637 |website=The Presidents Office, Maldives |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> }} In pre-office interviews, Muizzu stated that all Indian troops should leave the Maldives. As of 2023, the Maldivian Defense Ministry reported that around 90 Indian personnel were stationed in the country, operating aircraft provided by India.

Following a state visit to China, Muizzu requested that India withdraw its troops by 10 May, linking the conflict to the sovereignty of the Maldives. He views India's failure to withdraw its troops as a sign of disrespect towards the Maldives' democracy. After the second India-Maldives high-level core group meeting, Malé announced that India would replace its military personnel involved in operating its base in the Maldives. India stated only that both sides had agreed on a set of "Mutually Workable Solutions."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/mohamed-muizzu-recalls-sovereignty-vow-in-maldives-parliament-over-india-troops-withdrawal-deadline-101707115678537.html |title=Indian forces to leave Maldives by May 10, Mohamed Muizzu tells parliament |last=Tiwari |first=Vaibhav |accessdate=26 March 2024 |date=5 February 2024 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
The Maldivian government announced that 51 of these soldiers were repatriated to India on 6 May. By 10 May, the last batch of Indian soldiers stationed in the Maldives had been repatriated.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 May 2024 |title=India fully withdraws soldiers from Maldives: Presidential spokesperson |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-fully-withdraws-soldiers-from-maldives-presidential-spokesperson/article68160417.ece |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

On 9 May, Indian [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) spokesperson]] [[Randhir Jaiswal]] announced a diplomatic meeting between Indian Foreign Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] and his Maldivian counterpart, Zameer. The MEA spokesperson also confirmed the appointment of "competent Indian technical personnel" to replace the Indian troops. These personnel are essential for operating Indian aviation platforms, which are crucial for evaluation, humanitarian assistance, and disaster response activities in the Maldives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-10 |title=Reciprocal sensitivity a must for ties: EAM S Jaishankar to Male |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/close-ties-with-neighbours-are-of-great-value-mea-jaishankar-to-maldivian-counterpart/articleshow/109989721.cms |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The move was confirmed again by Maldivian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Moosa Zameer]] on 11 May, stating that 78 Indian military personnel would be replaced by civilian employees from [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] to continue operating the Indian aviation platforms gifted to the Maldives. Later, the Maldivian defense minister admitted that the country's defense forces were still not capable of flying the aircraft donated by India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-13 |title=Our troops not capable of operating Dornier aircraft given by India: Maldives Defence Minister |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/our-troops-not-capable-of-operating-dornier-aircraft-given-by-india-maldives-defence-minister/articleshow/110065782.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==See also==

{{Portal|India|Maldives|Politics}}
* [[India–Maldives relations]]
* [[Presidency of Mohamed Muizzu]]
* [[China–Maldives relations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of the Maldives}}
{{Narendra Modi}}
{{Mohamed Muizzu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Maldives diplomatic row, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 controversies]]
[[Category:2024 in international relations]]
[[Category:2024 in the Maldives]]
[[Category:January 2024 in India|Maldives diplomatic row]]
[[Category:Diplomatic incidents]]
[[Category:Modi administration|2024 India–Maldives diplomatic row]]
[[Category:Presidency of Mohamed Muizzu]]
[[Category:India–Maldives relations|Diplomatic row]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Maldives and the Commonwealth of Nations]]

Flag of Sri Lanka

2026-03-25T15:24:05Z

Aamir2580: update lead per sources and fixed typos per standard format

{{short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
| Image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| Nickname = ''Sinha'' Flag Lion Flag
| Morenicks =
| Use = 110100
| Symbol = {{FIAV|110100}}
| Proportion = 1:2
| Adoption = 22 May 1972
| Design = Two fields separated by a golden border: the smaller hoist-side field has only two vertical halves of green and orange and the larger fly-side field is the dark red field depicting the golden lion holding a kastane sword in its right fore paw in the center and four bo tree (bodhi tree) leaves on each corner, and the golden border around the entire flag extends in between the two separate fields, all bordering together.
| Designer = [[Don Stephen Senanayake]]
| Image2 = Government Ensign of Sri Lanka.svg
| Nickname2 =
| Morenicks2 =
| Use2 = Auxiliary ensign used by merchant ship commanded by reserve naval officer
| Symbol2 =
| Proportion2 = 1:2
| Adoption2 = 1972
| Design2 = A blue field with the flag of Sri Lanka in the canton.
| Designer2 =
| Image3 = Sri Lankan Army Flag.svg
| Nickname3 =
| Morenicks3 =
| Use3 = [[Colours, standards and guidons#Sri Lanka|President's Colour]]
| Symbol3 =
| Proportion3 = 1:2
| Adoption3 = 1972
| Design3 = A defaced flag of Sri Lanka with the [[Emblem of Sri Lanka]]
| Designer3 =
| Image4 = Naval Ensign of Sri Lanka.svg
| Nickname4 =
| Morenicks4 =
| Use4 = 000001
| Symbol4 = {{FIAV|000001}}
| Proportion4 = 1:2
| Adoption4 = 1972
| Design4 = A white field with the flag of Sri Lanka in the canton.
| Designer4 =
| Image5 = Civil Ensign of Sri Lanka.svg
| Nickname5 =
| Morenicks5 =
| Use5 = 000100
| Symbol5 = {{FIAV|000100}}
| Proportion5 = 1:2
| Adoption5 = 1972
| Design5 = A red field with the flag of Sri Lanka in the canton.
| Designer5 =
| Image6 = Air Force Ensign of Sri Lanka.svg
| Nickname6 =
| Morenicks6 =
| Use6 = [[Air force ensign|Air Force ensign]]
| Symbol6 =
| Proportion6 = 1:2
| Adoption6 = 2010
| Design6 = A defaced sky-blue ensign with the flag of Sri Lanka in the canton and Air Force roundel.
| Designer6 =
}}

The [[national flag]] of [[Sri Lanka]], also called the '''''Singha'' Flag''' or '''Lion Flag''' ({{langx|si|සිංහ කොඩිය|translit=singha kodiya}}, {{langx|ta|சிங்கக் கொடி|translit=ciṅkak koṭi}}), consists of a [[Gold (color)|golden]] [[lion]] holding a [[kastane|''kastane'' sword]] in its right fore-paw in a [[maroon]] background with four gold [[Bo tree|bo]] leaves, one in each corner. This is bordered by gold, and to its left are two vertical stripes of equal size in [[green]] and [[Orange (color)|orange]], with the orange stripe closest to the lion.

The lion and the maroon background represent the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese race]], while the saffron border and four bo leaves represent the concepts of ''[[mettā|meththa]]'', ''[[karuṇā]]'', ''[[Mudita|muditā]]'' and ''[[Upeksha|upecka]]'' respectively. The stripes represent the country's two largest minority ethnicities, with the orange stripe representing the Tamils inhabitants—namely the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] and the [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka]]—and the green stripe representing the [[Sri Lankan Moors]] ([[Islam in Sri Lanka|Muslims of Sri Lanka]]). The golden yellow border is a catch-all representing the various minority communities of the country.

==History==
===Monarchical Sri Lanka===
As depicted on a mural in Cave no. 2 at [[Dambulla cave temple|Dambulla Viharaya]], King [[Dutugemunu]] on his campaign against [[Ellalan|Elara]] (an invading South Indian ruler in 162 BC) is depicted with a banner containing a lion figure carrying a sword in its right forepaw, a symbol of the Sun and one of the Moon.<ref>{{cite book | last=Seneviratna | first=Anuradha | title=Golden Rock Temple of Dambulla: Caves of infinite Buddhas | publisher=Central Cultural Fund | year=1983 | page=9}}</ref> This flag was known as the only ancient representation of the lion flag of the Sinhalese but in 1957, the lion figure on it was defaced by a vandal.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of archaeology in Ceylon|publisher=Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series (Vol XIII)|last=Godakumbura|first=C.E.|date=1969|pages=36|language=en|quote=We all agree with Deraniyagala when he considers that the defacing of the lion depicted upon Dutugemunu's flag in the famous Dambulla frescoes as a national loss. This, so far as we know, is the only ancient representation of the lion-flag of the Sinhalese.}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="150px" heights="80px" caption="Flags of Sri Lanka (Until 1815)">
Image:Flag of King Dutugemunu.svg|{{FIAV|historical|}}Flag of [[Dutugamunu]], [[Anuradhapura period]]
Image:Flag of the Kingdom of Raigama.svg|{{FIAV|historical|}}Flag of [[Kingdom of Gampola]]'s flag, {{circa|1341}}–1408
Image:Flag of Kotte.svg|{{FIAV|historical|}}Flag of the [[Kingdom of Kotte]]'s flag, {{circa|1412}}–1597
Image:Flag of Sitawaka Kingdom (1521 - 1594).png|{{FIAV|historical|}}Flag of [[Kingdom of Sitawaka]]'s flag, {{circa|1521}}-1594
Image:King of Kandy.svg|{{FIAV|historical|}}Standard of [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha|Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy]], used as the [[Kingdom of Kandy]]'s flag, {{circa|1798}}–1815
</gallery>

===British colonial period===
This basic design continued to be in use until 1815, when the [[Kandyan Convention]] ended the reign of the country's last native monarch, [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]], replacing his royal standard (used as the Flag of the [[Kandyan Kingdom|Kingdom of Kandy]]) with the [[Union Flag]] as the nation's accepted flag.<ref name="sundaytimes">{{cite news|title=The Sri Lankan National Flag|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/180204/funday-times/the-sri-lankan-national-flag-279417.html|access-date=27 April 2018|agency=The Sunday Times|publisher=sundaytimes.lk|date=4 February 2018}}</ref> The colonial government of [[British Ceylon]] later established its own flag, while Sri Vikrama Rajasinha's standard was taken to [[England]] and kept at the [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]].<ref name="sundaytimes"/>

<gallery class="center" caption="Flags of Sri Lanka (1815-1948)" widths="150px" heights="80px">
Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|{{FIAV|historical|}}Colonial flag of [[British Ceylon]], 1815–1875
Image:Flag of Ceylon (1875–1948).svg|{{FIAV|historical|}}Colonial flag of British Ceylon, 1875–1948
</gallery>

===Sri Lanka (since 1948)===
As the independence movement in Sri Lanka gained strength in the early 20th century, [[E. W. Perera]] and [[D. R. Wijewardena]] discovered the original Lioness Flag in Chelsea.<ref name="sundaytimes"/> A photo of it was published in ''[[Dinamina]]'', in a special edition marking a century since the loss of self-rule and Sri Lankan independence.<ref name="sundaytimes"/> The flag provoked much interest from the public who, for the first time since the fall of the Kandyan Kingdom, had seen its actual design.<ref name="sundaytimes"/>

Member of Parliament for [[Batticaloa]], [[Ahamed Lebbe Sinne Lebbe|Mudaliyar A. Sinnalebbe]], suggested in Parliament on January 16, 1948, that the Lion Flag should be accepted as the national flag.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2004/02/04/ind09.html|title=The proposer of the lion flag: Mudlr. Sinnalebbe|newspaper=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|date=4 February 2004|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref> In 1948, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the Dominion of Ceylon, undergoing two changes: one in 1953 and a redesign in 1972.<ref name="sundaytimes"/> A notable feature of the 1972 adaptation of the Kandyan standard was the replacement of the four spearheads at the flag's corners by four [[ficus religiosa|bo leaves]], a design choice made under the direction of [[Nissanka Wijeyeratne]], Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and Chairman of the National Emblem and Flag Design Committee.<ref name="sundaytimes"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://flaggenlexikon.de/fsrilank.htm |title=Sri Lanka (Ceylon) |access-date=2003-09-07 |author=Volker Preuß|language=de}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" caption="Flags of Sri Lanka (since 1948)" widths="150px" heights="80px">
Image:Flag of Ceylon (1948–1951).svg|{{FIAV|historical|}}Flag of the [[Dominion of Ceylon]], 1948–1951
Image:Flag of Ceylon (1951-1972).svg|{{FIAV|historical|}}Flag of the Dominion of Ceylon (similar to current), 1951–1972
</gallery>

==Symbolism==
According to the Buddhist [[Mahāvaṃsa|Mahavamsa]] chronicle, the Sinhala Buddhists are descended from Prince Vijaya, whose father [[Sinhabahu]] was the son of a lion and a human princess. This myth is reflected in the national flag, with its lion symbolizing the Sinhala race.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sriskanda Rajah |first=A. R. |title=Tamil nationalism in Sri Lanka: counter-history as war after the Tamil Tigers |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-003-30167-7 |series=Routledge contemporary South Asia series |location=London New York |pages=53–59}}</ref>

The national flag of Sri Lanka represents the country and its heritage as a rallying device. Most symbols in the flag have been given distinctive meanings.<ref>{{cite web|title=National symbols of Sri Lanka|url=http://www.labour.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=192%3Anational-symbols-of-sri-lanka&catid=69%3Asri-lanka-facts&lang=en|website=gov.lk|publisher=Government of Sri Lanka|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093704/http://www.labour.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=192%3Anational-symbols-of-sri-lanka&catid=69%3Asri-lanka-facts&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Karunarathne|first1=Waruni|title=Controversy Over Flag At Demo|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2015/04/26/controversy-over-flag-at-demo/|access-date=27 April 2018|agency=Sunday Leader|publisher=thesundayleader.lk|date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326043703/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2015/04/26/controversy-over-flag-at-demo/|archive-date=26 March 2016}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!Symbol
!width=450|Represents
|-
|The Lion
|The Sinhala ethnicity and the strength of the nation
|-
|The bo leaves
|The four Buddhist virtues of loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity
|-
|The sword of the lion
|The sovereignty of the nation
|-
|The curly hair on the lion's head
|Religious observance, wisdom and meditation
|-
|The eight hairs on the lion's tail
|The [[Noble Eightfold Path]]
|-
|The beard of the lion
|Purity of words
|-
|The handle of the sword
|The [[classical elements]] of water, fire, air and earth
|-
|The nose of the lion
|Intelligence
|-
|The two front paws of the lion
|Purity in handling wealth
|-
|Orange stripe
|The [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Tamil]] ethnicity (including the [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Hill Country Tamils]] of Indian ancestry)
|-
|Green stripe
|The [[Sri Lankan Moors|Moor]] ethnicity
|-
|Saffron border
|Buddhism and unity among the people
|-
|The maroon background
|The [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] ethnicity
|-
|The golden yellow border
|Other minority communities of Sri Lanka, such as the [[Sri Lankan Malays|Malays]], the [[Burgher people|Burghers]], the [[Vedda|Indigenous Veddas]], the [[Sri Lankan Kaffirs|Kaffirs]] and, the [[Chinese people in Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Chinese]], who migrated to Sri Lanka during the 17th–19th centuries.
|}

==Colours==
The colors of the national flag are specified in the document "SLS 1: 2020: Specification for the National Flag of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka".<ref>{{cite web |title=SLS 1:2020 |url=http://www.slsi.lk/images/Advertisements/Natinal_Flag/SRI_LANKA_STANDARD_1_2020-min.pdf |publisher=Sri Lanka Standards Institute |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018123755/https://www.slsi.lk/images/Advertisements/Natinal_Flag/SRI_LANKA_STANDARD_1_2020-min.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
! [[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|40px]] Colours scheme
!style="background:#F7B718"| Yellow
!style="background:#941E32; color:#FFFFFF;"| Maroon
!style="background:#DF7500"| Orange
!style="background:#005F56; color:#FFFFFF;"| Teal
|-
| [[CMYK]] || 0-26-90-3 || 0-80-66-42 || 0-48-100-13 || 100-0-9-63
|-
|[[Web colors|HEX]]
|#F7B718
|#941E32
|#DF7500
|#005F56
|-
|[[RGB color model|RGB]]
|247-183-24
|148-30-50
|223-117-0
|0-95-86
|-
|[[Pantone]]
|14-0957 TCX
|19-1863 TCX
|16-1164 TCX
|18-5322 TCX
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Ambasada SRI LANKI 03.jpg|Flown at the Embassy in [[Warsaw]]
Flag of Sri Lanka on the North East Stand, Headingley Stadium, Leeds during the second day of the England- Sri Lanka test (21st April 2014) 001.JPG|Displayed outside a stadium, in [[Leeds]], UK
Jayanthi Kuru Utumpala waving the Sri Lankan flag on the summit of Mount Everest on 21st May 2016 (cropped).jpg|Mountaineer [[Jayanthi Kuru-Utumpala]] with Sri Lankan flag atop [[Mount Everest]]
Vertical Sri Lankan flag near Muzium Negara.jpg|Hung vertically, along a street in [[Malaysia]]
King Street Flags - geograph.org.uk - 3082585.jpg|Displayed along other flags during the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in [[Westminster|London]]
Flag of Sri Lanka.jpg|Used at a sports event
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Heraldry|Sri Lanka}}

* [[List of Sri Lankan flags]]
* [[Flags of the Kingdom of Kandy]]
* [[Emblem of Sri Lanka]]
* [[Flag of Veneto]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*[http://www.lankalibrary.com/pro/flag.html Lanka Library]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040713093752/http://www.dailynews.lk/2004/02/04/ind09.html The Proposer of the lion Flag, Mudaliyar Sinnalebbe]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080327112704/http://www.gov.lk/info/index.asp?mi=19&xp=52&xi=54&xl=3&o=0&t= Sri Lanka Government Web Portal]
*[http://www.lankalibrary.com/pro/flag2.htm The Sri Lankan Lion Flag -how it came to be]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|National flag of Sri Lanka}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120618005323/http://karava.org/the_lion_myth A few examples of European Heraldic Lions and the Sri Lankan national flag]
* {{FOTW|id=lk|title=Sri Lanka}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070814100316/http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Schedle_2_Amd.html Lion Flag as depicted in the Constitution of Sri Lanka]
{{clear}}

{{Asia topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of Asia]]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Lanka, Flag of}}
[[Category:Flags of Sri Lanka| ]]
[[Category:National symbols of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1948]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1972]]
[[Category:Flags displaying animals|Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Flags displaying weapons|Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:National flags]]

Maheshwari Chanakyan

2026-03-25T10:21:28Z

Aamir2580: created the article basic info...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maheshwari Chanakyan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Maheshwari Chanakyan at [[Writer (film)|Writer]] audio launch
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai, India]]
| spouse = Chanakyan (m.2005 - div. 2010)<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Actress Maheshwari Opens Up About Her Second Marriage|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-actress-maheshwari-opens-up-about-her-second-marriage-4739018.html|publisher=www.news18.com|date=5 February 2022|accessdate=5 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005053635/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-actress-maheshwari-opens-up-about-her-second-marriage-4739018.html}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
| other_names = V.J. Maheswari, Mahi
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|television presenter}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Puthu Kavithai]]''|}}
| children = 1<ref>{{cite news|title=Maheshwari, a single mother, will go through anything for her son!|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/zee-tamil-maheswari-instagram-vj-maheswari-chanakyan-vj-maheswari-instagram-kamal-maheswari-223319/|publisher=tamil.indianexpress.com|date=26 September 2020|accessdate=5 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005053625/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/zee-tamil-maheswari-instagram-vj-maheswari-chanakyan-vj-maheswari-instagram-kamal-maheswari-223319/}}</ref>
}}

'''Maheshwari Chanakyan''' better known as '''V.J. Maheswari''' is an Indian actress and a former television presenter who predominantly appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television shows and films.<ref>{{cite news|title=VJ Maheswari Chanakyan has a suggestion; Take a look|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-maheswari-chanakyan-has-a-suggestion-take-a-look/articleshow/66431788.cms|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|date=30 October 2018|accessdate=5 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005053623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-maheswari-chanakyan-has-a-suggestion-take-a-look/articleshow/66431788.cms}}</ref> She is best known for playing the role of Kavya in [[Star Vijay]]'s popular soap opera ''[[Puthu Kavithai]]''. She also appeared in the blockbuster film ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=VJ Maheswari joins the cast of Lokesh-Kamal film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vj-maheswari-joins-the-cast-of-lokesh-kamal-film/articleshow/86000273.cms|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|date=7 September 2021|accessdate=5 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001150154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vj-maheswari-joins-the-cast-of-lokesh-kamal-film/articleshow/86000273.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=VJ Maheswari is the new Ramya Pandian; Check out how|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/vj-maheswari-is-the-new-ramya-pandian-check-out-how/696329|publisher=www.zoomtventertainment.com|date=18 December 2021|accessdate=5 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005053625/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/vj-maheswari-is-the-new-ramya-pandian-check-out-how/696329}}</ref>

==Early life==
Maheshwari was born to Sreenivasan and Latha in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Maheshwari did her schooling at Adarsh Vidyalaya, T. Nagar, and then graduated from the [[University of Madras]] in [[Chennai]].

== Career ==
In 2010, Maheshwari made her debut in the low-budget film ''Kuyil''. As soon as she made her acting debut she also acted television advertisements shoots and modeling photo shoots. In this period Maheshwari developed interest in anchoring and hosting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fans are crying after Vj Maheshwari's glamor photo as if they won't let go of NNN.|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/sun-music-vj-maheswari-chanakyan-sizzling-photo/|publisher=tamil.behindtalkies.com|date=4 November 2021|accessdate=5 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005053626/https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/sun-music-vj-maheswari-chanakyan-sizzling-photo/}}</ref>

In 2013, she made her television debut as an actress on TV, she appeared in the romantic serial ''[[Puthu Kavithai]]'' which aired on [[Star Vijay]] opposing actor Dinesh. She also appeared in the soap opera ''[[Thayumanavan (TV series)|Thayumanavan]]'' playing the role as Mahalakshmi, the serial also aired on [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{cite news|title=VJ Maheswari: விவாகரத்துக்கு காரணம் இது தான்... மனம் திறந்த வி.ஜே.மகேஸ்வரி|url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/television-vj-maheswari-chanakyan-divorce-reason-vj-maheswari-photoshoot-782732.html|publisher=tamil.news18.com|date=8 August 2022|accessdate=5 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005053625/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/television-vj-maheswari-chanakyan-divorce-reason-vj-maheswari-photoshoot-782732.html}}</ref> She later announced that she quit doing serials for some personal reasons and moved on to anchoring.<ref>{{cite news|title=I don't want to do serials anymore: Maheshwari|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/i-dont-want-to-do-serials-anymore-maheshwari/articleshow/53041241.cms|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|date=4 July 2016|accessdate=5 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005053625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/i-dont-want-to-do-serials-anymore-maheshwari/articleshow/53041241.cms}}</ref>

Maheswari also later anchored and hosted television shows such as ''[[Comedy Khiladis]]'' and ''Petta Rap'' which both aired on [[Zee Tamil]].

In 2021, actor [[Kamal Haasan]] approached Maheshwari offering her a role in his film ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'', she later agreed to the offer and was cast in the film opposite actor [[Vijay Sethupathi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hope does not come from above: VJ Maheshwari who was in tears!|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vj-maheshwari-says-about-her-second-marriage/articleshow/88706772.cms|publisher=tamil.samayam.com|date=5 January 2022|accessdate=5 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005053636/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/vj-maheshwari-says-about-her-second-marriage/articleshow/88706772.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=In Kamal Haasan's Vikram, Audiences Impressed By 3 Actresses|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/in-kamal-haasans-vikram-audiences-appreciate-these-three-actresses-5310301.html|date=4 June 2022|accessdate=5 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005053625/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/in-kamal-haasans-vikram-audiences-appreciate-these-three-actresses-5310301.html}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In the 2005, Maheshwari married Chanakyan, and the couple have a boy Keshav. However, later in 2010 the couple separated and were divorced.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} She is also a [[costume designer]].<ref>{{cite news|title=VJ Maheshwari turns costume designer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-maheshwari-turns-costume-designer/articleshow/61242096.cms|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|date=26 October 2017|accessdate=31 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031183220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-maheshwari-turns-costume-designer/articleshow/61242096.cms}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2010
| ''Kuyil''
| Madhu
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Mandhira Punnagai (2010 film)|Mandhira Punnagai]]''
| Hemavathy
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]''
| Stella
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]''
| Abhi
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Writer (film)|Writer]]''
| Thangaraj's second wife
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Soulmate''
| Amudha
|Short film
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'' || Contest anchor ||
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Vishamakaran]]''
| Paravthy
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
| Kausalya Sandhanam
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|-
|2025
|''[[Varunan]]''
|Raani
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-23 |title=Varunan trailer: Water becomes a point of conflict |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/23/varunan-trailer-water-becomes-a-point-of-conflict?utm_source=website&utm_medium=related-stories |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''Mustafa Mustafa'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zm6sHM5gOz4|title=Mustafa Mustafa - Official Trailer | Sathish | Suresh Ravi | Praveen Saravanan | M.S.Jones Rupert|date=27 February 2026|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} ||''Kadhal Conditions Apply''|| ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Asatha Povathu Yaaru?]]''
| Guest
|
|-
| 2013 - 2015
| ''[[Puthu Kavithai]]''
| Kavya
|
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Thayumanavan (TV series)|Thayumanavan]]''
|Mahalakshmi
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Naduvula Konjam Disturb Pannuvom''
|Participant
|
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''Isai Aruvi''
|Host
|
|-
| 2015–2018
| ''Athirshtalaskhmi''
|Host
|
|-
| 2018–present
| ''[[Comedy Khiladis]]''
|Host
|
|-
| 2018–present
| ''Petta Rap''
|Host
|
|-
|2021
| ''[[Amman (TV series)|Amman]]''
|Sulakshana
|<ref>{{cite news|title=VJ-turned-actresses Vaigha and Maheshwari to join Mahasangamam episodes of Amman and Mangalya Sandhosham|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-turned-actresses-vaigha-and-maheshwari-to-join-mahasangamam-episodes-of-amman-and-mangalya-sandhosham/articleshow/82543575.cms|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|date=11 May 2021|accessdate=31 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031121852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-turned-actresses-vaigha-and-maheshwari-to-join-mahasangamam-episodes-of-amman-and-mangalya-sandhosham/articleshow/82543575.cms}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 - 2023|| ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Bigg Boss Tamil Season 6]]'' || Contestant ||Evicted on Day 35 Guest for 14th and 15th weeks Sandaimarutham Award
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya]]'' || Participant ||
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| 2023 || ''Bigg Boss Kondattam'' || Herself ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Instagram|maheswarichanakyan}}
* {{IMDb name|10203791}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chanakyan, Maheswari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]

Ian Botham

2026-03-24T10:09:08Z

Aamir2580: adjust structure for clarity for accuracy

{{Short description|English cricketer (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Baron#Style of address|The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Botham
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE}}
| image = Ian Botham headshot.jpg
| caption = Botham in 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1955|11|24}}
| birth_place = [[Heswall]], England
| office1 = [[Member of the House of Lords]]
| status1 = [[Lord Temporal]]
| termlabel1 = [[Life peer]]age
| term_start1 = 10 September 2020
| term_end1 =
| module = {{Infobox cricketer | embed = yes
| country = England
| fullname = Ian Terence Botham
| nickname = Both, Beefy, Guy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/9163.html |title=Ian Botham |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 April 2012 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220074921/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/9163.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| height = 6ft 2 in
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1976–1992
| testdebutdate = 28 July
| testdebutyear = 1977
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 474
| lasttestdate = 18 June
| lasttestyear = 1992
| lasttestagainst = Pakistan
| odidebutdate = 26 August
| odidebutyear = 1976
| odidebutagainst = West Indies
| odicap = 33
| lastodidate = 24 August
| lastodiyear = 1992
| lastodiagainst = Pakistan
| club1 = [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1974–1986}}
| club2 = [[Queensland Bulls|Queensland]]
| year2 = 1987/88
| club3 = [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]]
| year3 = 1987–1991
| club4 = [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]]
| year4 = 1992–1993
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Tests]]
| matches1 = 102
| runs1 = 5,200
| bat avg1 = 33.54
| 100s/50s1 = 14/22
| top score1 = 208
| deliveries1 = 21,815
| wickets1 = 383
| bowl avg1 = 28.40
| fivefor1 = 27
| tenfor1 = 4
| best bowling1 = 8/34
| catches/stumpings1 = 120/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 116
| runs2 = 2,113
| bat avg2 = 23.21
| 100s/50s2 = 0/9
| top score2 = 79
| deliveries2 = 6,271
| wickets2 = 145
| bowl avg2 = 28.54
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/31
| catches/stumpings2 = 36/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 402
| runs3 = 19,399
| bat avg3 = 33.97
| 100s/50s3 = 38/97
| top score3 = 228
| deliveries3 = 63,547
| wickets3 = 1,172
| bowl avg3 = 27.22
| fivefor3 = 59
| tenfor3 = 8
| best bowling3 = 8/34
| catches/stumpings3 = 354/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 470
| runs4 = 10,474
| bat avg4 = 29.50
| 100s/50s4 = 7/46
| top score4 = 175[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 22,899
| wickets4 = 612
| bowl avg4 = 24.94
| fivefor4 = 3
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/27
| catches/stumpings4 = 196/–
| medaltemplates = 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|ENG}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979 England]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 Australia and New Zealand]]|}}
| date = 22 August
| year = 2007
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/1529.html CricketArchive
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox football biography |embed = yes
| position = [[Centre half]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1978–1980
| years2 = 1980–1985
| clubs1 = [[Yeovil Town F.C.|Yeovil Town]]
| clubs2 = [[Scunthorpe United F.C.|Scunthorpe United]]
| caps1 = 17 | goals1 = 1
| caps2 = 11 | goals2 = 0
}}
}}
'''Ian Terence Botham, Baron Botham''' (born 24 November 1955) is an English cricket commentator, member of the [[House of Lords]], a former [[cricket]]er who has been chairman of [[Durham County Cricket Club]] since 2017, and a charity fundraiser. Hailed as one of the greatest [[all-rounder]]s in the history of the game,<ref>{{cite web |last=Bermange |first=Benedict |title=100 Greatest Cricketers: Sir Ian Botham included in players 20–11 |url=http://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/14265/10668803/100-greatest-cricketers-sir-ian-botham-included-in-players-20-11 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Sky Sports]] |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081911/https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/14265/10668803/100-greatest-cricketers-sir-ian-botham-included-in-players-20-11 |archive-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> Botham represented [[England cricket team|England]] in both Test and One-Day International cricket. He was a part of the English squads which finished as runners-up at the [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]] and [[1992 Cricket World Cup]]s.

Botham played most of his first-class cricket for [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]], at other times competing for [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]], [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]] and [[Queensland cricket team|Queensland]]. He was an aggressive right-handed batsman and, as a right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium bowler]], was noted for his [[swing bowling]]. He generally [[Fielding (cricket)|fielded]] close to the [[wicket]], predominantly in the [[Slip (cricket)|slips]]. In Test cricket, Botham scored 14 [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] with a highest score of 208, and from 1986 to 1988 held the world record for the most Test wickets until overtaken by fellow all-rounder Sir [[Richard Hadlee]]. He took [[five wickets in an innings]] 27 times, and [[10 wickets in a match]] four times. In 1980, he became the second player in Test history to complete the "match double" of scoring 100 runs and taking 10 wickets in the same match. On the occasion of England's 1000th Test in August 2018, he was named in the country's greatest Test XI by the ECB.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/790131|title=England's greatest Test XI revealed|date=30 July 2018|publisher=ICC|access-date=26 July 2009|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726130545/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/790131|url-status=live}}</ref>

Botham has at times been involved in controversies, including a highly publicised court case involving rival all-rounder [[Imran Khan]] and an ongoing dispute with the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] (RSPB). These incidents, allied to his on-field success, have attracted media attention, especially from the tabloid press. Botham has used his fame to raise money for research into [[childhood leukaemia]]. These efforts have realised millions of [[Pound sterling|pounds]] for [[Bloodwise]], of which he became president.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blood Cancer UK {{!}} Beefy's Foundation |url=https://www.beefysfoundation.org/blood-cancer-uk.php |website=www.beefysfoundation.org |access-date=13 July 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ian Botham: Charity Work & Causes |url=https://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/ian-botham |website=Look to the Stars |access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref> On 8 August 2009, he was inducted into the [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame]]. In July 2020, it was announced that Botham would be elevated to the [[House of Lords]] and that he would sit as a [[crossbench peer]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Botham and PM's brother to join House of Lords |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-53606083 |url-status=live |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801004617/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-53606083 |archive-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>

Botham has a wide range of sporting interests outside cricket. He was a talented [[Association football|footballer]] at school and had to choose between cricket and football as a career. He chose cricket but, even so, he played professional football for a few seasons and made eleven appearances in [[the Football League]] for [[Scunthorpe United F.C.|Scunthorpe United]], becoming the club's president in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Botham named Scunthorpe club president |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42355484 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |language=en-GB |access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref> He is a keen [[golf]]er, and his other pastimes include [[angling]] and shooting. He has been awarded a knighthood and a life peerage.

==Early life and development as a cricketer (1955–1973)==
Ian Botham was born in [[Heswall]], Cheshire, to Herbert Leslie ("Les") Botham and Violet Marie, née Collett.<ref name="doust33">Doust (1981), p. 33.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Barratt |first=Nick |title=Family detective: Sir Ian Botham |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/education/2007/12/15/fadet115.xml |url-status=live |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=UK |date=15 December 2007 |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220224103/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=%2Feducation%2F2007%2F12%2F15%2Ffadet115.xml |archive-date=20 December 2007}}</ref> His father had been in the [[Fleet Air Arm]] for twenty years spanning the [[Second World War]]; his mother was a nurse. The family moved to [[Yeovil]] before Botham's third birthday after his father got a job as a test engineer at [[Westland Helicopters]].<ref name="doust33"/><ref name=WCY78/> Both his parents played cricket: his father for Westland Sports Club while his mother captained a nursing services team at [[Sherborne]].<ref>Farmer (1979), p. 52.</ref> Botham developed an eagerness for the game before he had started school: he would climb through the fence of the Yeovil Boys' Grammar School to watch the pupils play cricket. At the age of around four, he came home with a cricket ball and asked his mother "Do you know how to hold a ball when you're going to bowl a daisy-cutter?" He subsequently demonstrated the grip and went away to practise bowling it.<ref>Murphy (1988), p. 12.</ref>

Botham attended Milford Junior School in the town, and his "love affair" with sport began there. He played both cricket and football for the school's teams at the age of nine, two years earlier than most of his contemporaries.<ref>Doust (1981), p. 34.</ref><ref name="botham 36-37">{{cite book |last=Botham |first=Ian |chapter=A Bouncing Baby Botham |title=Botham: My Autobiography |publisher=CollinsWillow |year=1994 |pages=36–37 |isbn=0-00-218316-1}}</ref> Playing against the older boys forced Botham to learn to hit the ball hard, and improve to their standard. At the same age he went to matches with his father, who played for Westland Sports Club, and if one of the teams was short, he would try to get a match. His father recalled that though he never got to bowl, and rarely got to bat, he received praise for the standard of his fielding.<ref>Murphy (1988), pp. 12–14.</ref> He joined the [[Boys' Brigade]] where more sporting opportunities were available.<ref name=WCY78/> By the time he was nine, he had begun to "haunt" local recreation grounds with his kit always ready, looking to play for any team that was short of players.<ref name=WCY78/> By the age of twelve he was playing occasional matches for Yeovil Cricket Club's second team.<ref>Murphy (1988), p. 15.</ref>

Botham went on to [[Bucklers Mead Community School|Bucklers Mead Comprehensive School]] in Yeovil, where he continued to do well in sport and played for the school's cricket and football teams. He became captain of their under-16 cricket team when he was thirteen. His performances for the school drew the attention of [[Somerset County Cricket Club]]'s youth coach [[Bill Andrews (cricketer)|Bill Andrews]]. Still thirteen, he scored 80 runs on debut for Somerset's under-15s team against Wiltshire, but the team captain [[Phil Slocombe]] did not call on him to bowl as he considered him to be a specialist batsman.<ref>Doust (1981), pp. 36–37.</ref> Two years later, Botham had the opportunity to choose between football and cricket: [[Bert Head]], manager of [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] offered him apprentice forms with the [[Football League First Division|First Division]] club.<ref>Doust (1981), pp. 38–39.</ref> He already had a contract with Somerset and, after discussing the offer with his father, decided to continue to pursue a cricket career, as he believed he was a better cricketer.<ref>Murphy (1988), pp. 16–17.</ref> When informed that he wanted to be a sportsman, Botham's careers teacher said to him: "Fine, everyone wants to play sport, but what are you really going to do?"<ref name=TC>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/cricket_legends_sir_ian_botham.html |title=Talk Cricket |publisher=Fubra Limited |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=27 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527145218/http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/cricket_legends_sir_ian_botham.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Lord's Pavilion.jpg|thumb|right|The pavilion at [[Lord's Cricket Ground]], where Botham served as a ground boy in 1972 and 1973]]
In 1972, at the age of 16, Botham left school intent on playing cricket for Somerset, who retained his contract but felt he was too young to justify a full professional deal.<ref>Murphy (1988), pp. 18–19.</ref> So, Botham joined the ground staff at [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]].<ref>Doust (1981), p. 39.</ref> As a ground boy, he had numerous tasks such as "cleaning the pavilion windows, pushing the roller on matchdays, selling scorecards, pressing electronic buttons on the scoreboards and rushing bowling analyses to the dressing-room".<ref>Murphy (1988), pp. 22–23.</ref> He also received coaching and plenty of time in the practice nets, and was often the first to arrive and the last to leave practice.<ref>Murphy (1988), p. 22.</ref> Despite his time in the nets, Botham was only considered by [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) coach [[Harry Sharp (cricketer)|Harry Sharp]] to have the potential to become a "good, average county cricketer."<ref name="doust41">Doust (1981), p. 41.</ref> Botham travelled to play for Somerset under-25s a number of times during the season, but failed to excel in any of the matches. His appearances for the MCC were of a similar vein: he rarely scored more than 50 runs, and was used sparingly as a bowler.<ref name="doust41"/> In one such match against "Scotland A", the MCC Young Cricketers used eight bowlers in their second innings, but Botham was not among them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/32/32705.html |title=Marylebone Cricket Club Young Cricketers v Scotland A: Scotland A in England 1972 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525231115/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/32/32705.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The following year, still a ground boy at Lord's, Botham was asked to return to play for Somerset's under-25s more often. Against [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan U-25]], he scored 91 runs and took three [[Batting order (cricket)#Lower order or tail|tail-end]] wickets,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33368.html |title=Somerset Under-25s v Glamorgan Under-25s: Under-25 County Cricket Competition 1973 (Western Zone) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001143922/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33368.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while just under a month later he claimed a further three wickets against Hampshire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33526.html |title=Somerset Under-25s v Hampshire Under-25s: Under-25 County Cricket Competition 1973 (Western Zone) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109155205/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33526.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He advanced to play for the county's second team in the [[Minor Counties Cricket Championship|Minor Counties Championship]], and although he was still used sparingly as a bowler, he made some good scores with the bat, most significantly against [[Cornwall County Cricket Club|Cornwall]], against whom he aggregated 194 runs in four innings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/93/93607.html |title=Cornwall v Somerset Second XI: Minor Counties Championship 1973 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526020933/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/93/93607.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/93/93667.html |title=Somerset Second XI v Cornwall: Minor Counties Championship 1973 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012173038/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/93/93667.html |url-status=live}}</ref> During winter nets prior to the season, Botham had caught the eye of the former [[England cricket team|England]] Test cricketer [[Tom Cartwright]], who coached at [[Millfield School]] in addition to playing for Somerset. Cartwright was impressed with Botham's foot-work and physical co-ordination, and helped him learn the basics of [[swing bowling]], something Botham picked up "astonishingly quickly" according to Cartwright.<ref>Murphy (1988), p. 24.</ref>

==Cricket career (1973–1993)==
===Somerset (1973–1975)===
Botham had done well for the Second XI and he later acknowledged the help and advice he received from Somerset players [[Peter Robinson (cricketer, born 1943)|Peter Robinson]], [[Graham Burgess (cricketer)|Graham Burgess]] and [[Ken Palmer]].<ref name=WCY78/> Botham made his senior debut, aged 17, for [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] on Sunday, 2 September 1973 when he played in a [[List A cricket|List A]] [[Pro40|John Player League]] (JPL) match (38 [[over (cricket)|overs]] each) against [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] at the [[County Cricket Ground, Hove|County Ground, Hove]].<ref>Murphy (1988) p. 24.</ref> The match was in the same week that his time on the Lord's ground staff was completed.<ref>Doust (1981), p. 42.</ref> Somerset batted first, and Botham, number seven in the batting order, scored two [[run (cricket)|runs]] before he was [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] [[leg before wicket]] (lbw) by [[Mike Buss]]. Somerset totalled 139 for 9. Sussex won comfortably by six [[wicket]]s, reaching 141 for four with fifteen [[delivery (cricket)|deliveries]] remaining. Botham [[bowling (cricket)|bowled]] three overs without success, conceding 22 runs. He did impress, however, by taking a diving [[caught|catch]] to dismiss his future [[England cricket team|England]] colleague [[Tony Greig]] off the bowling of his captain [[Brian Close]].<ref>Murphy (1988), pp. 24–25.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33763.html |title=Sussex v Somerset (JPL), 1973 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072611/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33763.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

A week later, Botham made a second appearance in the JPL against [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] at [[The Oval]] in the final match of the season. Somerset were well beaten by 68 runs. Botham had his first bowling success when he dismissed [[Geoff Howarth]] lbw.<ref>Farmer (1979), pp. 53–54.</ref> He bowled four overs and took one for 14. As in his first match, he scored two batting at number seven, this time being caught and bowled by [[Intikhab Alam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33781.html |title=Surrey v Somerset (JPL), 1973 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926112928/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33781.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These were his only two senior appearances in 1973, Somerset finishing 11th in the JPL. In summary, Botham scored four runs, took one wicket for 14 and held one catch.<ref name=CAbatLA>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/a_Batting_by_Season.html |title=List A Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Ian Botham |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104183108/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/a_Batting_by_Season.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=CAballLA>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/a_Bowling_by_Season.html |title=List A Bowling in Each Season by Ian Botham |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306144859/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/a_Bowling_by_Season.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aged 18, Botham was a regular in the Somerset team from the beginning of the 1974 season and made his [[first-class cricket|first-class début]] 8–10 May in a [[County Championship]] match against [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] at the [[County Cricket Ground, Taunton|County Ground, Taunton]]. [[Viv Richards]], from [[Antigua and Barbuda]], made his County Championship début for Somerset in the same match and Lancashire's team included [[Clive Lloyd]], two players who would loom large in Botham's future Test career. Brian Close won the toss and decided to bat first. On day one, Somerset were all out for 285 and Lancashire reached 41 for none. Botham batted at number seven and scored 13 before being [[caught]]. Day two was rain-affected and Lancashire advanced to 200 for none. Their innings closed on the final day at 381 for eight. Botham bowled only three overs and his figures were none for 15; he held one catch to dismiss [[Jack Simmons (cricketer)|Jack Simmons]]. Somerset played for the draw and were 104 for two at the end. Botham did not bat again.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/34/34122.html |title=Somerset v Lancashire (CC), 1974 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402173635/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/34/34122.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 June 1974, he played against [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] at Taunton in a [[Benson & Hedges Cup]] (B&H Cup) quarter-final. Hampshire won the toss and decided to bat. They scored 182 all out with Botham taking two for 33 including the prize wicket of [[Barry Richards]], bowled for 13. Botham was number nine in Somerset's batting order and came in with his team struggling at 113 for 7. Almost immediately, that became 113 for 8 and he had only the [[tailender]]s [[Hallam Moseley]] and [[Bob Clapp]] to support him. He was facing the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indian]] [[fast bowling|fast bowler]] [[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]] who delivered a [[bouncer (cricket)|bouncer]] which hit him in the mouth. Despite heavy bleeding and the eventual loss of four teeth, Botham refused to leave the field and carried on batting. He hit two sixes and made 45[[not out|*]], enabling Somerset to win by one wicket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/34/34289.html |title=Somerset v Hampshire (B&H Q/F), 1974 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181907/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/34/34289.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He won the [[man of the match|Gold Award]]. Later, he said he should have left the field but was full of praise for Moseley and Clapp.<ref name=WCY78/>

In a County Championship match on 13 July 1974, Botham scored his first half-century in first-class cricket. He made 59 in Somerset's first innings against [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] at Taunton, the highest individual score in a low-scoring match which Somerset won by 73 runs. Middlesex's captain was [[Mike Brearley]], who would become a very influential figure in Botham's career.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/34/34447.html |title=Somerset v Middlesex (CC), 1974 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082933/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/34/34447.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A month later, in a match against [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]] at [[Clarence Park, Weston-super-Mare]], Botham achieved his first-ever five wickets in an innings (5wI) with five for 59. He took seven in the match which Somerset won by 179 runs, largely thanks to Close who scored 59 and 114*.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/34/34609.html |title=Somerset v Leicestershire (CC), 1974 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=25 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325072703/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/34/34609.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botham showed great promise in 1974, his first full season in which Somerset finished fifth in the County Championship and a close second to Leicestershire in the JPL. They also reached the semi-finals in both the [[Friends Provident Trophy|Gillette Cup]] and the B&H Cup. In 18 first-class appearances, Botham scored 441 runs with a highest of 59, took 30 first-class wickets with a best of five for 59 and held 15 catches.<ref name=CAbatFC>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/f_Batting_by_Season.html |title=First-class Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Ian Botham |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101214406/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/f_Batting_by_Season.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=CAballFC>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/f_Bowling_by_Season.html |title=First-class Bowling in Each Season by Ian Botham |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305152214/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/f_Bowling_by_Season.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He played in 18 List A matches too, scoring 222 runs with a highest of 45[[not out|*]] (his Gold Award innings against Hampshire), took 12 wickets with a best of two for 16 and held four catches.<ref name=CAbatLA/><ref name=CAballLA/>

Botham continued to make progress in 1975. Somerset struggled in the County Championship, winning only four of their twenty matches and finished joint 12th. In the JPL, they slumped badly from second to 14th. They reached the quarter-final of the B&H Cup but only the second round of the Gillette Cup. Botham played in 22 first-class and 23 List A matches so it was a busy season for him. In first-class, he scored 584 runs with a highest of 65, one of two half-centuries, and held 18 catches. He took 62 wickets, doubling his 1974 tally, with a best of five for 69, his only 5wI that season.<ref name=CAbatFC/><ref name=CAballFC/> In List A, he scored 232 runs with a highest of 38* and held seven catches. He took 32 wickets with a best of three for 34.<ref name=CAbatLA/><ref name=CAballLA/>

===Somerset and England (1976)===
1976 was a significant season for Botham as he scored over 1,000 runs for the first time, completed his first [[century (cricket)|century]] and earned international selection by [[England cricket team|England]] in two [[Limited Overs International]]s. Somerset improved in the County Championship to finish seventh, winning seven matches. They were one of five teams tied for first place in the JPL but their run rate was less than that of [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]], who were declared the champions. Somerset lost their opening match in the Gillette Cup and were eliminated at the group stage of the B&H Cup. Botham, though, came on in leaps and bounds. He totalled 1,022 first-class runs in 20 matches with a highest of 167*, his first-ever century and he also scored six half-centuries.<ref name=CAbatFC/> With the ball, he took 66 wickets with a best of six for 16. He had four 5wI and, for the first time, ten wickets in a match (10wM).<ref name=CAballFC/> He played in a total of 22 List A matches, including the two for England, scoring 395 runs with a highest of 46.<ref name=CAbatLA/> He took 33 wickets with a best of four for 41.<ref name=CAballLA/>

In the County Championship match against Sussex at Hove in May, Botham came very close to his maiden century but was dismissed for 97, his highest score to date. The match was drawn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36053.html |title=Sussex v Somerset (CC), 1976 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201010045/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36053.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of the month, Somerset played [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]] in a remarkable match at Taunton. Batting first, Somerset scored 333 for seven (innings closed) and then, thanks to six for 25 by Botham, bowled out Gloucestershire for only 79. The follow-on was enforced but Gloucestershire proved a much tougher nut to crack second time around. With [[Zaheer Abbas]] scoring 141, they made 372 and left Somerset needing 118 to win. Botham took five for 125 in the second innings for a match analysis of 11 for 150, his maiden 10wM. This match ended the same way as the famous Test at Headingley in 1981 but the boot was on the other foot for Botham here because he was on the team that enforced the follow-on – and lost. [[Mike Procter]] and [[Tony Brown (English cricketer)|Tony Brown]] did the damage and bowled Somerset out for 110 in 42 overs, Gloucestershire winning by just eight runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36135.html |title=Somerset v Gloucestershire (CC), 1976 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192108/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36135.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botham scored his maiden first-class century at [[Trent Bridge]] on Tuesday 3 August 1976 in the County Championship game against [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]] (Notts) who won the toss and decided to bat first. [[Derek Randall]] scored 204* and the Notts innings closed at 364 for 4 (Botham one for 59). Somerset were 52 for one at close of play. On day two, Somerset scored 304 for 8 (innings closed) and Botham, batting at number six, scored 80. At close of play, Notts in their second innings were 107 for four, thus extending their lead to 167 with six wickets standing. On day three, Notts advanced to 240 for nine declared (Botham one for 16), leaving Somerset with a difficult target of 301. At 40 for two and with both their openers gone, Brian Close changed his batting order and summoned Botham to come in at number four. Close himself had gone in at three but he was out soon afterwards for 35. With support from Graham Burgess (78), Botham laid into the Notts bowling and scored an impressive 167 not out. Somerset reached 302 for four in only 65 overs and won by six wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36135.html |title=Nottinghamshire v Somerset (CC), 1976 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192108/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36135.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botham's international début for [[England cricket team|England]] was on 26 August 1976 in a [[Limited Overs International]] (LOI) against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] at the [[North Marine Road Ground, Scarborough]]. The series was called the Prudential Trophy and the teams had 55 overs each per innings. Botham, still only 20, was the youngest player. At Scarborough, England captain [[Alan Knott]] lost the toss and Clive Lloyd, captaining the West Indies, elected to field first. Botham was number seven in the batting order and came in at 136 for five to join [[Graham Barlow]]. He scored only one before he was caught by [[Roy Fredericks]] off the bowling of his future ''[[Sky Sports]]'' colleague [[Michael Holding]]. England's innings closed at 202 for eight with Barlow 80 not out. West Indies lost Fredericks almost immediately but that brought Viv Richards to the crease and he hit 119 not out, winning the man of the match award, and leading West Indies to victory in only 41 overs by six wickets. Botham had the consolation of taking his first international wicket when he had [[Lawrence Rowe]] caught by [[Mike Hendrick]] for 10. He bowled only three overs and took some punishment from Richards, his return being one for 26.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36537.html |title=England v West Indies (1st LOI), 1976 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315200152/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36537.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the second match at [[Lord's]], Botham was replaced by returning England captain Tony Greig. England lost by 36 runs as Richards, this time with 97, was again the difference between the teams. Having lost the series, England recalled Botham for the final match at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]] on 30–31 August. The match was extended to two days and overs reduced to 32 per side. Tony Greig won the toss and decided to field. England began well and dismissed Fredericks and Richards, for a duck, in only the second over. West Indies were then seven for one but a powerful innings by Clive Lloyd pulled them out of trouble and they reached 223 for nine, innings closed. Botham bowled three very expensive overs, conceding 31 runs, but he did manage to bowl out Michael Holding for his second international wicket. England were never in the hunt and were bowled out for 173, West Indies winning by 50 runs and claiming the series 3–0. Botham again batted at number seven and made a good start, scoring 20 at a run a ball, but he was then caught by [[Bernard Julien]] off Fredericks and England were 151 for seven with only Knott and the tailenders left.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36556.html |title=England v West Indies (1st LOI), 1976 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023029/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36556.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===District cricket in Australia (1976–77)===
In the winter of 1976–77, after he had made his first two international appearances, Botham played [[Victorian Premier Cricket|District Cricket]] in Melbourne, Australia for the [[Melbourne University Cricket Club]]. He was joined by Yorkshire's [[Graham Stevenson]]. They were signed for the second half of the season on a sponsorship arranged through the [[Test and County Cricket Board]] (TCCB) by [[Whitbread|Whitbread's Brewery]]. Five of the competition's 15 rounds were abandoned because of adverse weather.<ref>Doust (1981), p. 50.</ref> It was apparently on this trip that Botham originally fell out with the former [[Australia national cricket team|Australian]] captain [[Ian Chappell]]. The cause seems to have been a cricket-related argument in a bar, which may have resulted in Chappell being pushed off his stool (the story is widely sourced but accounts differ). This became a long-running feud and, as late as the [[2010–11 Ashes series]], there was an altercation between Botham and Chappell in a car park at the [[Adelaide Oval]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 December 2010 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/8185931/The-Ashes-2010-Sir-Ian-Botham-and-Ian-Chappell-clash-in-Adelaide-car-park.html |title=The Ashes 2010: Sir Ian Botham and Ian Chappell clash in Adelaide car park |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=7 December 2010 |location=London |archive-date=9 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209034431/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/8185931/The-Ashes-2010-Sir-Ian-Botham-and-Ian-Chappell-clash-in-Adelaide-car-park.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/current/story/321663.html |title=Botham v Chappell: time for a drink |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |last=Mitchell |first=Kevin |date=December 2007 |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708045001/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/current/story/321663.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Somerset and England (1977)===
Botham produced a number of good batting and bowling performances for Somerset in 1977 and these impressed the [[Test cricket|Test]] selectors who included him in the team for the third Test against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at [[Trent Bridge]], starting on 28 July. Having captured 36 first-class wickets through May and June, Botham had something of a purple patch in July which earned him his Test call-up. In the match against Sussex at Hove, which Somerset won by an innings and 37 runs, he took four for 111 and six for 50 for his second 10wM. In Somerset's innings of 448 for eight, he shared a 4th wicket partnership of 174 with Viv Richards. Botham scored 62, Richards 204.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37236.html |title=Sussex v Somerset (CC), 1977 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065519/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37236.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He took 22 more wickets, including two 5wI, in the next three County Championship games before his Test debut. In the whole season, playing 17 first-class matches, he took 88 wickets with six 5wI and one 10wM, his second innings return at Hove being his best.<ref name=CAballFC/> His batting was not quite as good as in 1976 as his average was down but he scored 738 runs with a highest of 114, which was his sole century, and five half-centuries.<ref name=CAbatFC/> He scored the century in July against Hampshire at Taunton, 114 in Somerset's first innings of 284, and followed it with bowling returns of four for 69 and four for 43, another impressive all-round effort which earned Somerset a win by 152 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37254.html |title=Somerset v Hampshire (CC), 1977 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402135941/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37254.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Somerset had a good season in the County Championship, finishing fourth. They reached the semi-final of the Gillette Cup but, without the injured Botham, were well beaten by eventual winners Middlesex. They were a poor tenth in the JPL and were eliminated from the B&H Cup at the group stage.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Botham made his Test début at [[Trent Bridge]] on 28 July 1977 in the third Test against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. His début was somewhat overshadowed by the return from self-imposed Test exile of [[Geoffrey Boycott]]. England went into the match with a 1–0 series lead having won the second Test after the first had been drawn. The series was played against the background of the so-called "[[Kerry Packer|Packer Affair]]" which resulted in the establishment of [[World Series Cricket]] in the next Australian season. Because of Tony Greig's involvement, he had been stripped of the England captaincy but remained in the team under new captain [[Mike Brearley]]. England had three all-rounders at Trent Bridge with Greig, [[Geoff Miller]] and Botham all playing. Australian captain [[Greg Chappell]] won the toss and decided to bat first. Australia scored 243 and were all out shortly before the close on day one. Botham, aged 21, made an immediate impact and took five for 74, the highlight being the dismissal of Chappell, his first test match wicket, bowled for just 19. England batted all through day two and into day three as Boycott, in his first Test innings since 1974, and Knott both made centuries. Botham came in at number eight on day three and scored 25 before he was bowled by [[Max Walker]]. England were all out not long afterwards for 364, a first innings lead of 121. Botham had no joy in Australia's second innings with none for 60. A century by [[Rick McCosker]] enabled Australia to score 309 before they were all out in the evening session on day four. [[Bob Willis]] took five for 88. England needed 189 to win and completed the job, by seven wickets, well into the final day with Brearley scoring 81 and Boycott, who batted on all five days, 80 not out. Botham didn't get a second innings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37378.html |title=England v Australia, 3rd Test, 1977 |access-date=6 May 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822180343/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37378.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Botham's impressive bowling at Trent Bridge meant he was an automatic choice for the fourth Test at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] two weeks later. England won the toss, decided to bat first and went on to win by an innings and 85 runs to secure a winning 3–0 lead in the series and regain [[The Ashes]], which they had lost in 1974–75. The match is famous for Boycott's one hundredth career century, scored on his home county ground and in his second Test since his return to the England fold. Botham was bowled third ball by [[Ray Bright]] without scoring. He made amends with the ball by taking five for 21 in only eleven overs, Australia being bowled out for only 103. The [[follow-on]] was enforced and Australia this time made 248, but Botham (none for 47) did not take a wicket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37445.html |title=England v Australia, 4th Test, 1977 |access-date=7 May 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174219/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37445.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was injured during the second innings when he accidentally trod on the ball and broke a bone in his foot. He was unable to play again in the 1977 season.<ref name=WCY78/>

His promising start as Test player resulted in two awards. He was named [[Cricket Writers' Club Young Cricketer of the Year|Young Cricketer of the Year]] for 1977 by the Cricket Writers' Club;<ref>{{cite book |last=Playfair |title=Playfair Cricket Annual (70th edition) |edition=2017 |publisher=Headline |location=London |page=225}}</ref> and was selected as one of the ''[[Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]'' (i.e., for 1977 but announced in the 1978 edition). ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' commented that his 1977 season "was marred only by a week's cricket idleness carrying the drinks at the Prudential matches, and a foot injury which ruined for him the end of the season and probably robbed him of a rare double. He finished with 88 wickets and 738 runs".<ref name=WCY78/> Importantly, the foot injury was a broken toe sustained when he trod on the ball at Headingley and Botham subsequently needed treatment for it at his local hospital in Taunton. It was while going to one of his appointments that he took a wrong turn and ended up on a children's ward where he learned that some of the children were dying of [[leukaemia]]. This incident sparked his charitable crusade on behalf of [[Bloodwise|leukaemia research]].<ref name=BBCnews>{{cite news |last=Brett |first=Oliver |title=A lionheart on and off the pitch |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6757911.stm |url-status=live |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 June 2007 |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115154137/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6757911.stm |archive-date=15 November 2009}}</ref>

===Somerset and England (1977–78 to 1979–80)===
{{BLP sources section|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Ian_Botham_batting_vs_NZ_-_February_1978.jpg|thumb|Ian Botham vs NZ, [[Basin Reserve]] February 1978]]
England were in Pakistan from November 1977 to January 1978, playing three Tests and three LOIs. Botham was almost fully recovered from his foot injury but did not play in any of the Tests. He took part in all three LOIs and in some of the first-class matches against club teams. From January to March, England were in New Zealand for a three-match Test series under the captaincy of Geoff Boycott. Botham impressed in a first-class match against [[Canterbury cricket team|Canterbury]] at [[Lancaster Park]], scoring 126 not out in the second innings against an attack including [[Richard Hadlee]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37821.html |title=Canterbury v England XI, 1977–78 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316022725/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37821.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and was selected for the first Test at [[Basin Reserve]]. Botham had an indifferent game there and England, twice bowled out by Hadlee, lost by 72 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37839.html |title=New Zealand v England, First Test, 1977–78 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=8 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408184517/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37839.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the next match at [[Carisbrook]] against [[Otago cricket team|Otago]], Botham achieved a 10wM with seven for 58 (his career best return to date) in the second innings, enabling the England XI to win by six wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37859.html |title=Otago v England XI, 1977–78 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013013508/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37859.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

England won the second Test at Lancaster Park by 174 runs after an outstanding all-round performance by Botham who scored 103 and 30 not out and took five for 73 and three for 38. He also held three catches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37876.html |title=New Zealand v England, Second Test, 1977–78 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214160917/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37876.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the second innings, promoted up the order to get quick runs before an overnight declaration, he was responsible for calling for a risky run that led to the run-out dismissal of acting-captain Geoff Boycott: Botham's own published autobiography alleges that this was deliberately done, on the orders of acting vice-captain Bob Willis, because Boycott was scoring too slowly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/604169.html |title=Rewind to 1978: Botham to Boycott, "I've run you out, you ****" |publisher=ESPNCricInfo Magazine |access-date=27 August 2019 |archive-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827013612/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/604169.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The final Test was played at [[Eden Park]] and was drawn, the series ending 1–1. New Zealand batted first and totalled 315 with Geoff Howarth scoring 122. Botham took five for 109 in 34 overs. England replied with 429 all out ([[Clive Radley]] 158, Botham 53). New Zealand then chose to bat out time and Howarth scored his second century of the match (Botham none for 51).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37894.html |title=New Zealand v England, Third Test, 1977–78 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201061435/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/37/37894.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Botham's form in New Zealand cemented his place in the England team.
[[File:Ian_Botham_batting_vs_NZ.jpg|thumb|Ian Botham vs NZ, [[Basin Reserve]] February 1978]]
In the 1978 English season, Pakistan and New Zealand both visited to play three Tests each and Botham featured in all six matches. Having scored exactly 100 in the first Test against Pakistan at Edgbaston, England winning by an innings and 57 runs, Botham in the second at Lord's scored 108 and then, after none for 17 in the first innings, achieved his Test and first-class career best return of eight for 34 in the second, England winning by an innings and 120 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38175.html |title=England v Pakistan, Second Test, 1978 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322021145/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38175.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The third Test was ruined by the weather and England won the series 2–0. Against New Zealand, Botham did little with the bat but his bowling was outstanding. In the second Test he took nine wickets in the match as England won by an innings and then a 10wM in the final match at Lord's with six for 101 and five for 39.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38522.html |title=England v New Zealand, Third Test, 1978 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228195504/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38522.html |url-status=live }}</ref> England won the series 3–0.

Due to his England commitments, Botham appeared infrequently for Somerset in 1978. His best performances for them were a return of seven for 61 against Glamorgan and an innings of 80 against Sussex in the Gillette Cup final at Lord's. This was Somerset's first limited overs final and they lost by five wickets despite Botham's effort.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38558.html |title=Somerset v Sussex, Gillette Cup Final, 1978 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113040528/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38558.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They were involved in a tight contest for the JPL title and were placed second on run rate after tying with Hampshire and Leicestershire on 48 points each. Somerset did quite well in the County Championship, finishing fifth after winning nine matches, and reached the semi-final of the B&H Cup.

Botham's first tour of Australia was in 1978–79. England, defending the Ashes they had regained in 1977, played six Tests under Mike Brearley's leadership. Australia had what was effectively "a reserve team" because their leading players were contracted to [[World Series Cricket]] for the season.<ref name=DB320>Birley, p. 320.</ref> The difference in standard was evident on the first day of the first Test at [[the Gabba]] as Botham, [[Chris Old]] and [[Bob Willis]] bowled them out for only 116 in just 38 overs, England going on to win easily enough by seven wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38681.html |title=Australia v England, First Test, 1978–79 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424013113/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38681.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from a surprise defeat in the third Test, England were never troubled and won the series 5–1. Botham's performance in the series was satisfactory but there were no headlines and only modest averages. He took 23 wickets at 24.65 with a best return of four for 42. He scored 291 runs with a highest of 74 at 29.10. He held 11 catches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/England_in_Australia_1978-79/t_England_Batting.html |title=England Test Batting & Fielding, 1978–79 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102064231/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/England_in_Australia_1978-79/t_England_Batting.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/England_in_Australia_1978-79/t_England_Bowling.html |title=England Test Bowling, 1978–79 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029020934/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/England_in_Australia_1978-79/t_England_Bowling.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botham played for England in the [[1979 Cricket World Cup]] and was a member of their losing team in the final.<ref name=CAWCM/> He was again an infrequent member of the Somerset team because of the World Cup and the Test series against India. It became a memorable season for Somerset as they built on their form in 1978 to win both the Gillette Cup and the JPL, their first-ever senior trophies. Botham played in the Gillette Cup final at Lord's, in which they defeated [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] by 45 runs, thanks to a century by Viv Richards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39691.html |title=Northamptonshire v Somerset, Gillette Cup Final, 1979 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034206/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39691.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They slipped to eighth in the County Championship. In the B&H Cup, however, they were expelled from the competition for bringing the game into disrepute after an unsporting declaration, designed to protect the team's run rate, by team captain [[Brian Rose (cricketer)|Brian Rose]].{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

The England v India series in 1979 took place after the World Cup ended and four Tests were played. England won the first at Edgbaston by an innings and 83 runs after opening with a massive total of 633 for five declared. Botham scored 33 and then took two for 86 and five for 70.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39446.html |title=England v India, First Test, 1979 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181759/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39446.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On the first day of the second Test at Lord's, Botham swept through the Indian batting with five for 35 and a catch off [[Mike Hendrick]] to dismiss them for only 96 in 56 overs. Surprisingly, however, India recovered to salvage a draw.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39552.html |title=England v India, First Test, 1979 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404033042/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39552.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the third Test at Headingley, it was Botham the batsman who did the business, scoring 137 from 152 balls in England's first innings total of 270 (the next highest innings was 31 by Geoff Boycott). The match was ruined by the weather and was drawn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39606.html |title=England v India, First Test, 1979 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019144614/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39606.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the final Test at [[The Oval]], England opened with 305 (Botham 38); India replied with 202 (Botham four for 65); and England with 334 for eight declared (Botham [[run out]] for a duck) extended their lead to 437 with four sessions remaining. Thanks to a brilliant 221 by [[Sunil Gavaskar]], India came agonisingly close to pulling off a remarkable last day victory but ran out of time on 429 for eight (Botham three for 97), just nine runs short, and so England won the series 1–0 with three draws.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39662.html |title=England v India, First Test, 1979 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730212335/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39662.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The shambolic state of international cricket at the end of the 1970s was illustrated by the panic resulting from a hastily convened settlement between World Series Cricket and [[Cricket Australia|the Australian Board of Control]]. Although they had visited Australia only twelve months earlier to play for the Ashes, England were persuaded to go there again and play another three Tests, but with the Ashes not at stake. As ''Wisden'' put it, the programme did not have the best interests of cricket at heart, particularly Australian cricket below Test level, which had been "swamped by the accent on Test and one-day internationals, neatly parcelled to present a cricketing package suitable for maximum exploitation on television".<ref name=W79>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/69697.html |title=England in Australia and India, 1979–80 |date=25 April 2007 |publisher=WisdenOnline |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824065253/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/69697.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The matches were widely perceived to be semi-official only and received "a definite thumbs down".<ref name=W79/> Botham was a member of the England team and played in all three matches which nevertheless count towards his Test statistics. England were largely faithful to the players who had toured Australia the previous winter and [[Derek Underwood]] was the only World Series player they recalled; they did not recall [[Alan Knott]], for example, while [[Tony Greig]] was beyond the pale.<ref>Birley, p. 319.</ref> Australia recalled [[Greg Chappell]], [[Dennis Lillee]], [[Rod Marsh]] and [[Jeff Thomson]], fielding a team that was a mixture of old and new. In the first match, played at the [[WACA Ground]], Botham had match figures of eleven for 176 but to no avail as Australia won by 138 runs. Having excelled with the ball in that match, Botham did so with his bat in the third one, scoring an unbeaten 119 in the second innings of the third.<ref name=ITBTests/> Australia won all three matches of a series best forgotten for all its attendant politics, but Botham had enhanced his reputation as a world-class all-rounder.<ref name=W79/>

===Jubilee Test, India, February 1980===
Botham's third overseas tour was to [[English cricket team in India in 1979–80|India in February 1980]].<ref name=ITBTests>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/Test_Matches.html |title=Test matches played by Ian Botham |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=1 May 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303043918/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/Test_Matches.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the fiftieth anniversary of India's entry into Test cricket and so England played a single commemorative Test at the [[Wankhede Stadium]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. It turned into a personal triumph for Botham who became the first player in Test history to score a [[century (cricket)|century]] and take ten [[wicket]]s in the same match.<ref>Note that Australian all-rounder [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]] was, in December 1960, the first player to complete the "match double" of 100 runs and ten wickets in the same Test match but his achievement did not include a century.</ref> England's [[wicketkeeper]] [[Bob Taylor (cricketer)|Bob Taylor]] held ten catches in the match, eight of them off Botham's bowling.<ref name=IvE80>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39959.html |title=India v England, February 1980 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=1 May 2017 |archive-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306224319/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39959.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

India won the toss and decided to bat first but, with Botham taking six for 58, they were all out on day one for 242. England replied with 296, the highlight being Botham's 114 from just 144 balls; he began his innings with England in trouble at 57 for four. This quickly became 58 for five and Botham was joined by England's other match hero Taylor. England's first five batsmen had contributed just 51 to the total. Botham was often unfairly labelled a "big hitter" but in fact his style was very orthodox (i.e., he "played straight") and in this innings he scored 17 fours but, significantly, no sixes. Taylor provided dogged support and their sixth wicket partnership realised 171 runs. When Botham was out near the end of day two, the score was 229 for six and England reached 232 for six at close of play, still ten runs behind. On the third morning, Taylor led England past India's total and, with useful batting performances by the specialist bowlers, England totalled 296 to gain a first innings lead of 54.<ref name=IvE80/>

India's second innings was a disaster, and they lost eight wickets by the close of play on the third day with only [[Kapil Dev]] offering any resistance. They were all out early on the fourth day for 149. Botham was the outstanding performer again, taking seven for 48 which gave him match figures of thirteen for 106. [[Geoffrey Boycott]] and [[Graham Gooch]] scored the necessary runs for England to win by ten wickets with a day to spare.<ref name=IvE80/>

===Somerset and England (1980 to 1980–81)===
{{BLP sources section|date=February 2019}}
Mike Brearley announced his retirement from Test cricket after the Jubilee Test in Bombay and, somewhat surprisingly given his lack of captaincy experience, Botham was appointed to replace him as England's [[captain (cricket)|captain]] for the forthcoming home series against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], who were at the time the world's outstanding team. Botham led England in twelve Tests in 1980 and 1981 but he was unsuccessful, the team achieving no wins, eight draws and four defeats under his leadership. In addition, his form suffered and was eventually dismissed from the post, although he did actually resign just before the selectors were about to fire him. In Botham's defence, nine of his matches as captain were against West Indies, who afterwards won twelve of their next thirteen Tests against England. The other three were all against Australia.

In 1980, which was a wet summer, West Indies arguably had the better of all five Test matches, although, with the rain constantly intervening, they were able to win only one of them. West Indies won the first Test by only two wickets, and being at one stage 180/7 chasing a tricky 208. Rain saved England from a probable heavy defeat in the 2nd and 5th Tests: they fared better in between. In the 3rd, England conceded a first-innings lead of 110, but replied strongly in the second innings with a painstakingly slow and defensive 391/7, which would have resulted in a difficult target for the Windies had there been another day to chase it – but the third day had been rained off, and time ran out. In the Fourth Test, England picked up their only first-innings lead of the series – of 105 runs – but collapsed catastrophically in the second, before being saved by a century partnership for the last wicket between Willey (100*) and Willis (24*) to reach a total 201/9, and again the loss of a day and a half to rain left no time for the Windies to chase a potentially tough target above 300.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Botham had a poor season as a bowler and, in all first-class cricket, took just 40 wickets at the high average of 34.67 with a best return of only four for 38. He did better as a batsman, scoring 1,149 runs (the second time, after 1976, that he topped a thousand in a season) at 42.55: but this did not translate to form in the Tests. He completed two centuries and six other half-centuries for his county. His highest score in the season was ultimately the highest of his career: 228 for Somerset against Gloucestershire at Taunton in May. He batted for just over three hours, hitting 27 fours and ten sixes. With Gloucestershire batting out time for a draw on the final day, Somerset used all eleven players as bowlers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/40/40145.html |title=Somerset v Gloucestershire (CC), 1980 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=9 May 2010 |archive-date=31 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131195620/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/40/40145.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from an innings of 57 in the first Test, Botham contributed little to England in the series and that innings was the only time he reached 50 in all his twelve Tests as England captain.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Somerset came close to retaining their JPL title in 1980 but had to be content with second place, only two points behind [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]]. They finished a credible fifth in the County Championship but were eliminated from both the Gillette and B&H Cups in the opening phase.

Botham led England on the controversial tour of the West Indies from January to April 1981. The second Test, scheduled to be played at [[Bourda]], was cancelled after the [[Guyana|Guyanese government]] revoking the visa of [[Robin Jackman]] because of his playing and coaching links with South Africa. The other four Tests were played and West Indies won the series 2–0 but England were helped by rain in the two drawn matches. Botham took the most wickets for England, but ''Wisden'' said "his bowling never recovered the full rhythm of a year before". His batting, however, apart from one good LOI performance in the first one-day international "was found wanting in technique, concentration and eventually in confidence". In ''Wisden's'' view, Botham's loss of form "could be cited as eloquent evidence of the undesirability of saddling a fast bowler and vital all-rounder with the extra burden of captaincy".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152217.html |title=England in West Indies, 1980–81 |publisher=WisdenOnline |access-date=9 May 2010 |archive-date=8 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408225133/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152217.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The closest England came to a victory was in the first ODI, in which England bowled the West Indies out for 127 but, thanks to six wickets from Colin Croft, failed by two runs in the chase which was anchored by Botham's 60: this was, at the time, the lowest ODI total batting first to be successfully defended.

===Somerset and England (1981)===
The England captaincy had affected Botham's form as a player and in his last Test as captain, against Australia at [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]] in 1981, he was dismissed for a [[List of cricket terms#P|pair]].<ref name=EA81II>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41354.html |title=England v Australia, Second Test 1981 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424053518/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41354.html |url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''Wisden'' editor [[Matthew Engel]], writing in ''[[ESPNcricinfo]]'', Botham "resigned (a minute before being sacked), his form shot to pieces" after that match.<ref name=ME/> Australia were then leading the series 1–0 after two Tests with four more to be played. Botham was replaced by the returning [[Mike Brearley]], who had been his predecessor until retiring from Test cricket in 1980.

Botham continued to play for England under Brearley and achieved the highpoint of his career in the next three Tests as England recovered to win [[The Ashes]]. In the third Test at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], Australia opened with 401 for 9 declared, despite good bowling by Botham who took 6 for 95. England responded poorly and were dismissed for 174. Botham was the only batsman to perform at all well and scored 50, which was his first Test half-century since he had been awarded the captaincy thirteen Tests earlier. Having been forced to [[follow-on]], England collapsed again and at 135 for 7 on the afternoon of the fourth day, an innings defeat looked certain. Bookmakers had reportedly been offering odds of 500/1 against an England win after the follow-on was enforced.<ref name=CMJ>{{cite web |last=Martin-Jenkins |first=Christopher |title=The great escape |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/253926.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-date=13 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213153041/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/253926.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Botham, himself not long at the wicket, was the sole remaining recognised batsman as he was joined by the fast bowler [[Graham Dilley]], number nine in the batting order, with only [[Chris Old]] and [[Bob Willis]] to come. With able support from Dilley (56) and Old (29), Botham hit out and by the close of play was 145 [[not out]] with Willis hanging on at the other end on 1 not out. England's lead was just 124 but there remained a glimmer of hope. On the final day's play, Botham reached 149 not out before Willis's wicket fell. Australia, with plenty of time remaining, needed 130 to win and were generally expected to get them; but after Botham took the first wicket, Willis took 8 for 43 to dismiss Australia for only 111.<ref name=EA81III>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41434.html |title=England v Australia, Third Test 1981 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727233809/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41434.html |url-status=live}}</ref> England had won by 18 runs; it was only the second time in history that a team following on had won a Test match.<ref name=CMJ/>

Botham's outstanding form continued through the next two Tests. In the fourth at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], a low-scoring match left Australia batting last and needing 151 to win. They reached 105 for 5 and were still favourites at that point but, in an inspired spell of bowling, Botham then took five wickets for only one run in 28 balls to give England victory by 29 runs.<ref name=EA81IV>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41505.html |title=England v Australia, Fourth Test 1981 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424061001/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41505.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In the fifth Test at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], Botham scored 118 in a partnership of 149 with [[Chris Tavaré]] before he was dismissed. He hit six sixes in that innings.<ref name=EA81V>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41571.html |title=England v Australia, Fifth Test 1981 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701124209/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41571.html |url-status=live }}</ref> England won that match to take a winning 3–1 series lead. The last Test at [[The Oval]] was drawn, Botham achieving a 10wM by taking six for 125 and four for 128.<ref name=EA8VI>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41632.html |title=England v Australia, Sixth Test 1981 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730211513/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41632.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was named [[Man of the Series]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/Australia_in_British_Isles_1981.html |title=Australia in British Isles, 1981 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710234722/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/Australia_in_British_Isles_1981.html |url-status=live}}</ref> after scoring 399 runs, taking 34 wickets and holding 12 catches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/Australia_in_British_Isles_1981/t_England_Batting.html |title=England Batting, 1981 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030102206/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/Australia_in_British_Isles_1981/t_England_Batting.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/Australia_in_British_Isles_1981/t_England_Bowling.html |title=England Bowling, 1981 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029020942/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/Australia_in_British_Isles_1981/t_England_Bowling.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Somerset won the Benson & Hedges Cup for the first time in 1981 and did well in the County Championship too, finishing third. They were again runners-up in the JPL, but a long way behind the winners [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]. In the renamed NatWest Trophy (formerly Gillette Cup), Somerset were knocked out in the second round. Botham played in the B&H final at Lord's, in which Somerset defeated [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] by seven wickets. He took no wickets but provided Viv Richards (132 not out) with good support in the run chase.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41478.html |title=Somerset v Surrey, B&H Cup Final, 1981 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035229/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/41/41478.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Botham ended the season with 67 wickets at 25.55, a best return of six for 90 (for Somerset v Sussex) and one 10wM (sixth Test). He scored 925 runs with a highest of 149* (third Test) at 42.04; and held 19 catches.

===Somerset and England (1981–82 to 1983–84)===
During this period, Botham played in 25 Tests. There were home series against both India and Pakistan in 1982; and New Zealand in 1983. His overseas tours were to India and Sri Lanka in 1981–82 (he took part in the inaugural Test played by [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]); to Australia in 1982–83; and to New Zealand and Pakistan in 1983–84.<ref name=ITBTests/> He played for England in the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]] and was a member of their losing team in the semi-final.<ref name=CAWCM/>

Botham's return to India was less than triumphant and ''Wisden'' took him to task for his "ineffectiveness with the ball". Having achieved a match analysis of nine for 133 at Bombay, where England were beaten on a poor pitch, Botham took only eight more wickets, at 65 each, in the last five Tests and ''Wisden'' said this "was a telling blow to England's chance of levelling the series".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152246.html |title=England in India and Sri Lanka, 1981–82 |publisher=WisdenOnline |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805000225/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152246.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

1982 was a good all-round season for Botham, especially as Somerset retained the Benson & Hedges Cup. In 17 first-class matches, he scored 1,241 runs with a highest of 208 against India (this was ultimately his career highest in Test cricket) at a good average of 44.32. He took 66 wickets at the low average of 22.98 with a best return of five for 46. England won their Test series against Pakistan by 2–1 and the one against India 1–0. Botham scored two centuries against India: 128 at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] and his career high 208 at [[The Oval]]. Somerset finished sixth and ninth in the County Championship and the JPL respectively. They reached the quarter-final of the NatWest Trophy and their season highlight was retaining the B&H Cup they won in 1981. In the final at Lord's, Somerset dismissed Nottinghamshire for only 130 (Botham two for 19) and won easily by nine wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42665.html |title=Somerset v Nottinghamshire, B&H Cup Final, 1982 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034603/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42665.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botham toured Australia again in 1982–83 with England seeking to retain the Ashes, but Australia won the series 2–1 despite England winning, at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG), a Test described by ''Wisden'' as "one of the most exciting Test matches ever played". Botham had a poor series and tour. He played in nine first-class matches and scored only 434 runs at the low average of 24.11 with a highest of 65. He was no better with the ball, taking just 29 wickets for a too-high 35.62 with a best return of four for 43. He did, however, field well and held 17 catches, nearly two a match.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154322.html |title=England in Australia, 1982–83 |publisher=WisdenOnline |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602162129/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154322.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Incidentally, it was during the subsequent ODI tournament – the annual [[Australian Tri-Series]], at the time called the "World Series" – that Botham opened the batting for the first time in one-day cricket. Due to the fielding restrictions in force in that tournament (and for ODIs in Australia generally since 1980), only two fielders were permitted outside the 30 yard circle during the first ten overs (now called a [[Powerplay (cricket)|Powerplay]]): and it was in the 9th match of the tournament, against Australia, that Botham opened the batting for the first time, with the idea that he was the batsman best equipped to hit the ball over the top.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/benson-hedges-world-series-cup-1982-83-60826/australia-vs-england-9th-match-65346/full-scorecard |title = Australia Tri-Series/World Series 1982-3, 9th match}}</ref> However, the tactic did not go as planned, Botham only scoring 19 and England losing the match. The tactic was more successful, two matches later<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/benson-hedges-world-series-cup-1982-83-60826/england-vs-new-zealand-11th-match-65348/full-scorecard |title = Australia Tri-Series/World Series 1982-3, 11th match}}</ref> against New Zealand with Botham scoring 65, but he was expensive with the ball as NZ chased the target successfully for the highest successful run-chase in ODIs at the time. England finished the tournament in third and last place and did not qualify for the finals.

[[File:Botham batting - geograph.org.uk - 257722.jpg|thumb|right|Botham batting at [[Trent Bridge]], 1983]]
In the 1983 English season, Somerset won the NatWest Trophy for the first time, defeating Kent in the Lord's final by 24 runs with Botham as their captain. They were very close to taking the JPL title too but, having tied with [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] on 46 points, they were placed second on run rate. In the County Championship, they won only three matches and finished tenth. They were knocked out of the B&H Cup early. Botham had a good season with the bat, scoring 852 runs in his 14 first-class matches at 40.57 with a highest score of 152 among three centuries. He did less well with the ball: only 22 wickets at the high average of 33.09. New Zealand played a four-match Test series against England after the World Cup and, at the 29th attempt, finally defeated England for the first time in a Test match in England. England won the other three matches convincingly, however, to take the series 3–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155266.html |title=England in Australia, 1982–83 |publisher=WisdenOnline |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118113346/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155266.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Botham did little with the ball, the same story as in his whole season, but he did score a century (103) in the final Test at Trent Bridge (see photo).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/43/43989.html |title=England v New Zealand, Fourth Test, 1983 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710003221/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/43/43989.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the winter of 1983–84, England toured New Zealand from January to February and Pakistan in March. Apart from one innings at Basin Reserve in the first Test against New Zealand, Botham was a disappointment on this tour, especially as a bowler. He scored 138 in the first Test, sharing in a sixth wicket partnership of 232 with [[Derek Randall]] (164), but the match was drawn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/43/43989.html |title=New Zealand v England, First Test, 1983–84 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710003221/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/43/43989.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was a poor tour for England, all told, and described by ''Wisden'' as "ranking among the unhappiest they have ever undertaken". England lost both series 1–0. Botham left Pakistan after the first Test there, the one England lost, to have a knee problem investigated at home.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153052.html |title=England in Fiji, New Zealand and Pakistan, 1983–84 |publisher=WisdenOnline |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128022045/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153052.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Somerset and England (1984 to 1986–87)===
After ten seasons as a first-team regular, Botham was appointed Somerset club captain in 1984 and 1985. In the County Championship, they finished seventh in 1984 and then dropped to 17th (bottom of the table) in 1985. In the JPL, they were 15th in 1984 and eleventh in 1985. They made little impression in either of the B&H Cup or the NatWest Trophy so, all in all, Botham's captaincy period was a lean time for the club who had enjoyed its most successful period ever in the preceding seasons.

Botham played in 18 Tests from 1984 to 1986, ten of them (five home, five away) against West Indies. Throughout Botham's Test career, the highest international standards were set by West Indies and Botham was generally unsuccessful against them. In both of these series, 1984 and 1985–86, West Indies beat England 5–0 in whitewashes that were dubbed "blackwash".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/content/story/292033.html|title=England v West Indies: 1980–1995|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=4 August 2007|archive-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711055029/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/content/story/292033.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

His highest score and both his best and worst bowling performances against West Indies occurred in the same match at Lord's in 1984. [[Clive Lloyd]] won the toss and, perhaps mistakenly, elected to field. The first day was rain-affected and England, 167 for two overnight, scored 286 after a century by [[Graeme Fowler]]; Botham scored a useful 30. West Indies lost three quick wickets, all of them to Botham who was a "reminder of his old self" in the words of ''Wisden'',<ref name=EWI84>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152304.html |title=England v West Indies, Lord's, 1984 |publisher=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack |year=1985 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709080920/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152304.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but recovered to reach 119 for three at the close of play on day two.

In the third morning, Viv Richards was dismissed by Botham under dubious circumstances but Botham was inspired by the capture of his friend's wicket and went on to take eight for 103, dismissing West Indies for 245 and for once giving England a chance of victory against the world's best team, with a first innings lead of 41. This was Botham's best-ever bowling performance against West Indies by some distance. England began their second innings and had been reduced to 88 for four when Botham joined [[Allan Lamb]]. They reached 114 for four at day three close. There was no Sunday play and England resumed on the Monday 155 runs ahead with six wickets standing. Botham and Lamb added 128 for the fifth wicket before Botham was out for 81, including nine fours and one six, easily his highest score and best innings against West Indies. Lamb made a century and England were all out on the Tuesday morning (final day) for exactly 300. West Indies needed 342 to win in five and a half hours. They lost [[Desmond Haynes]] to a run out at 57 for 0, whereupon [[Larry Gomes]] (92 not out) joined [[Gordon Greenidge]] (214 not out) and West Indies went on to win by nine wickets with 11.5 of the last twenty overs to spare.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/44/44895.html |title=England v West Indies, Lord's, 1984 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228190512/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/44/44895.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although ''Wisden'' does not name Botham except as an "inattentive" fielder who dropped a catch, it describes the England bowlers "looking second-rate and nobody but Willis bowling the right line or setting the right field to the powerful and phlegmatic Greenidge". Botham bowled the most overs, 20, and with nought for 117 he conceded almost a run a ball (Willis had nought for 48 from 15 overs).<ref name=EWI84/> In mitigation, ''Wisden'' conceded that Greenidge played "the innings of his life, and his ruthless batting probably made the bowling look worse than it was".<ref name=EWI84/>

Botham also played in the one-off Test against Sri Lanka: not bowling particularly well in the first innings although he took the first wicket (1/114 out of 491), and being dismissed for 6 as England batted (370). Toward the end of Sri Lanka's second innings as the match meandered to a draw, in absolutely ferocious heat Botham dispensed with his usual fast bowler's long run-up and switched to bowling off-spin off a few paces, surprising everybody (himself included) by taking several wickets with it, out of an analysis of 6/90. He decided to take a rest over the winter, and sit out of the 1984–85 tour of India.

In 1985, Botham played in all six Tests against a poor Australian team as England, themselves a second-rate team based on their recent performances, comfortably regained the Ashes and he was the leading wicket-taker, but the series was dominated by England's specialist batsmen, especially [[Mike Gatting]] and [[David Gower]].<ref name=ITBTests/> Botham, who by this time had adopted a dyed blonde [[Mullet (haircut)|mullet]] haircut as a trademark, contributed relatively little with the bat, compared with the massive totals amassed by Gower, Gatting, [[Graham Gooch]] and [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]]. He scored 250 runs at 31.25 with a highest of 85. He did take the most wickets (31 at 27.58 with a best of five for 109) but he was rarely impressive and he was bowling to a weak batting team, Allan Border apart. England's best bowler was [[Richard Ellison (cricketer)|Richard Ellison]] who played only twice and took 17 wickets at only 10.88 with a best of six for 77 and one 10wM.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/Australia_in_British_Isles_1985/t_England_Bowling.html |title=Test Bowling for England, 1985 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000501/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/Australia_in_British_Isles_1985/t_England_Bowling.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botham was suspended for 63 days by the [[Test and County Cricket Board]] in 1986 after he admitted in an interview that he had smoked [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].<ref name=86ban>{{cite news|date=2 July 2006|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/dec/13/football.topstories3|title=Caborn attacked on plan to ease dope rules|work=The Guardian|location=UK|last=Mackay|first=Duncan|access-date=27 December 2006|archive-date=28 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128091324/http://sport.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1970796,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the ban, Botham played in only one Test which was the final one of the series against New Zealand.<ref name=ITBTests/> He made his mark on that Test though: beginning it by taking the wicket of Bruce Edgar with his very first delivery, to go level with Dennis Lillee on 355 as holder of the world record for Test wickets. The next delivery was edged through the slip cordon by Jeff Crowe. Botham went past the mark in his second over to hold the record outright, by trapping Crowe leg-before. Then on the fourth day of the match, coming in after centuries from Gatting and Gower, he bashed a quickfire half-century in just 32 balls, including 24 off one over from Derek Stirling – equalling the record at the time, for most runs off an over in Tests... a record which he was responsible for, but from the opposite, having conceded 24 runs to Andy Roberts back in the 1980/81 tour of the West Indies. England declared with a massive first-innings lead, but rain came after lunch on the fourth day and only one further over was bowled.

Botham was succeeded by [[Peter Roebuck]] as Somerset captain for 1986 but, during the season, tensions arose in the Somerset dressing room which eventually exploded into a full-scale row and resulted in the sacking by the club of Botham's friends Viv Richards and [[Joel Garner]]. Botham, who supported Richards and Garner, decided to resign at the end of the season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/columns/content/player/19456.html |title=Player Profile: Peter Roebuck |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-date=13 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213202148/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/columns/content/player/19456.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 1986 was not a season for Botham to remember except for one brilliant List A innings when he made his career highest score in the limited overs form of 175 [[not out]] for Somerset against [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] in a 39-over JPL match at the [[Wellingborough School (cricket ground)|Wellingborough School ground]]. It was to no avail, however, as the weather intervened and the game ended in no result. His innings remains a ground record.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/47/47721.html |title=Northamptonshire v Somerset (JPL), 1986 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928004652/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/47/47721.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/822/a_Centuries.html |title=Highest score at Wellingborough School Ground (one day) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214153511/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/822/a_Centuries.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botham's final tour of Australia was in 1986/87 under Mike Gatting's captaincy. He played in four Tests and England won the Ashes for the last time until 2005. In many ways, the series was also Botham's last hurrah because he scored his final Test century (138 in the first Test at Brisbane which England won by seven wickets) and took his final Test 5wI (five for 41 in the fourth Test at the MCG which England won by an innings and 14 runs). ''Wisden'' pointed out that although Botham had a modest series statistically, "he was an asset to the side" because of his enthusiasm and "going out of his way to encourage younger players, especially [[Phil DeFreitas]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155272.html |title=England in Australia 1986–87 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=WisdenOnline |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307013434/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155272.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botham suffered a severe rib injury in the Second Test in Perth, which kept him out of the 3rd Test entirely and reduced the pace of his bowling for the remainder of the tour as he tried to manage it: as a result, with reasonable success, he changed his bowling style to a defensive, miserly military-medium pace. England also won the two one-day tournaments, the one-off Benson & Hedges Perth Challenge (against Australia, West Indies and Pakistan) and the World Series (against Australia and Windies): Botham produced several match-winning performances with both bat and ball despite being not fully fit, and was Man of the Match in both matches of the best-of-three final of the World Series – with the bat in the first, opening the batting for 71 (scored out of 91 while he was at the crease), and with the ball in the second, for a particularly miserly spell which also took three wickets as England defended a low total by nine runs, to win the finals 2–0. Once again, thanks to the fielding restrictions in place for the World Series tournament, Botham opened the batting - a tactic that had been trialled in the 1982-3 tour: the tactic met with mixed success in the group stages, but it came good in the final.

===Worcestershire and England (1987 to 1991)===
After his resignation from Somerset, Botham joined [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] for the 1987 season and spent five seasons with them. In 1987, he scored 126* against his old county but otherwise he was more successful as a limited overs batsman, scoring two centuries and averaging 40.94. His bowling too was much better in the shorter form, wherein he averaged 21.29 against 42.04 in first-class. His limited overs efforts helped Worcestershire to win the Sunday League. They finished ninth in the County Championship and were unsuccessful in the two knockout trophies. Worcestershire, taking a leaf from England's winter tactic, sometimes used Botham to open the batting in one-day matches, in partnership with regular opener Tim Curtis.

Botham played in the five 1987 Tests against Pakistan, the last time he represented England in a full series.<ref name=ITBTests/> He scored 232 runs in the series with one half-century (51*) at 33.14; and took only seven wickets which were enormously expensive. Pakistan won by an innings at Headingley with the other four Tests drawn, although England were in superior positions in the First and Fourth tests which lost much time to rain, and only narrowly failed to level the series in the Fourth, running out of overs chasing a small target.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153090.html |title=Pakistan in England, 1987 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=WisdenOnline |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118113218/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153090.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When Pakistan totalled 708 at The Oval, the 217 runs conceded by Botham, from 52 overs, were the most by an England bowler, passing the 204 by [[Ian Peebles]], from 71 overs, against Australia at The Oval in 1930, although he took three wickets and also ran out Imran Khan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151988.html |title=England v Pakistan, Fifth Test, 1987 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=WisdenOnline |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620133509/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151988.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The half-century, his final and by far his slowest Test fifty, was a dogged, defensive effort occupying most of the last day in a drawn match, in an unbroken partnership with Gatting (150*) to save the 5th test and keep England's margin of defeat at 1–0. He declined to go on tour with England the following winter, either for the 1987 World Cup in India and Pakistan (in which England reached the final) or for the subsequent tours of Pakistan (lost 1–0) and New Zealand (a rain-ruined 0–0 drawn series).

Botham spent the 1987–88 Australian season with [[Queensland cricket team|Queensland]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122114349|title=I'm the best: Botham|date=11 November 1987|work=Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995)|access-date=17 April 2020|pages=40|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213317/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/122114349|url-status=live}}</ref> playing for them in the [[Sheffield Shield]]. Queensland were one of the better state teams in the 1980s and were always in the Shield's top three from the 1983–84 season through to the 1990–91 season, but didn't win it. In Botham's season there, his teammates including Allan Border (captain), [[wicketkeeper]] [[Ian Healy]] and pace bowler [[Craig McDermott]], they finished second to [[Western Australia cricket team|Western Australia]]. Botham scored several half-centuries and took a reasonable number of wickets and helped Queensland make the Sheffield Shield final. Botham and [[Dennis Lillee]] were fined for damaging the Queensland dressing room in [[Launceston, Tasmania]] during a one-day match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dv9a_zcsvxg|title=Ian Botham in trouble in Australia 1988|date=2 October 2021 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> When the Queensland team flew to Perth for the Shield final, Botham was involved in an altercation where he allegedly assaulted a fellow airline passenger who had intervened in an argument between the Queensland players.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/observer/osm/story/0,,1404052,00.html |title=The officer gave me a bat to sign, then he charged me with assault |work=The Observer |location=UK |date=2 February 2005 |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-date=8 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808173938/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1404052,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article101982781 |title=Botham in trouble over Perth flight |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |volume=62 |issue=19,156 |date=17 March 1988 |access-date=14 October 2017 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213317/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/101982781 |url-status=live }}</ref> Queensland lost the final.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article101984069 |title=TIMES Sport |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |volume=62 |issue=19,162 |date=23 March 1988 |access-date=14 October 2017 |page=40 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213318/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/101984069 |url-status=live }}</ref> Botham was fined $800 by a magistrate<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article101984498 |title=Botham incident 'a tragedy' |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |volume=62 |issue=19,164 |date=25 March 1988 |access-date=14 October 2017 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213321/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/101984498 |url-status=live }}</ref> and $5,000 by the Australian Cricket Board.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article101985211 |title=Cricket board fines Botham $5000 |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |volume=62 |issue=19,168 |date=29 March 1988 |access-date=14 October 2017 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213320/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/101985211 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was consequently sacked by Queensland.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article101985488 |title=Q'land ends Botham's contract |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |volume=62 |issue=19,169 |date=30 March 1988 |access-date=14 October 2017 |page=38 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213320/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/101985488 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botham was unfit for most of the 1988 season and played in only four first-class and seven limited overs matches during April and May. He did not play for England. Nevertheless, Worcestershire won both the County Championship and the Sunday League. Botham was out of action for eleven months, having had an operation to fuse vertebrae in his spine in response to a long-standing back problem.

He returned in May 1989 and, bowling well in the County Championship, helped Worcestershire to a second successive title. With England struggling against Allan Border's rebuilt Australian team which featured the likes of Healy, McDermott, [[Steve Waugh]], [[Merv Hughes]] and [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]], Botham was recalled for the third, fourth and fifth Tests of the pivotal Ashes 1989 series. He could do little to stem a tide which had now turned completely in Australia's favour and looked completely out of his depth. He scored only 62 runs at the very low average of 15.50 – two-thirds of them in one innings – and took just three wickets at an enormously expensive 80.33.<ref name=CAbatT>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/t_Batting_by_Season.html |title=Test Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Ian Botham |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031911/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/t_Batting_by_Season.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=CAbowlT>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/t_Bowling_by_Season.html |title=Test Bowling in Each Season by Ian Botham |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035923/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/t_Bowling_by_Season.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The summer of 1989 saw more controversy for England with the organisation of a rebel tour to South Africa, all participants being banned for three years: Botham declined the rebel tour, hoping to be selected for the winter tour of the West Indies, only to be dropped for his poor form.

Another two-year absence from international cricket ensued until he was recalled again to play against West Indies in 1991, on the strength of belting 161* for Worcestershire against them in their early-season tour match against the county – it was to be his only century ever against the West Indies. He was selected for the early-season ODI series at first: he took a wicket in his first over, and four in his ten-over spell, but later tore a hamstring, going for a quick single while batting. He could have retired hurt, but opted to continue with a runner, only to be dismissed by the next delivery. The injury put him out of the remaining ODIs (both won by England) and the first couple of Tests (which England won and drew to lead 1–0): then, on his comeback in a county match, another injury caused him to be unavailable for the 3rd and 4th Tests (both lost by England).

He was recalled for the 5th Test with England needing a victory to tie the series: batting in the first innings, he scored a respectable 31 before attempting to hook Curtly Ambrose and being dismissed "[[hit wicket]]", in circumstances which caused an infamous giggling fit in the BBC ''[[Test Match Special]]'' radio commentary box. Used sparingly with the ball, he took 1/27 and 2/40 as West Indies were bowled out, forced to follow on and bowled out again, by Tufnell (6/25) and Lawrence (5/106) in the first and second innings respectively. His only Test victory against the Windies was completed when he himself hit the winning runs – a boundary off his first delivery – as England chased a target of 143 with five wickets to spare, and tied the series. Two weeks later, he played against Sri Lanka at Lord's, achieving little of note. He helped Worcestershire to win the B&H Cup for the only time in 1991.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===Durham and England (1991–92 to 1993)===
Botham's final tour was to Australia and New Zealand in 1991–92. In the tour of NZ, he played in only the last Test, and the one-day series: his most notable contribution was his highest ODI score of 79, opening the batting, in which he seemed to be set fair to finally reach a century in an ODI, but NZ managed to keep him away from the strike for several overs, he ran out of patience, slogged a delivery straight up in the air and was caught. After this came the [[1992 Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] in Australia. Botham had not previously won any man of the match awards in the World Cup, but in this competition he won two. Against [[India national cricket team|India]] at the [[WACA Ground]], he bowled tightly and restricted India, needing 237, to only 27 runs from his ten overs, an economy rate of 2.70 which was significantly lower than anyone else's. He captured two wickets and one of them was [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. England won by nine runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/55/55534.html |title=England v India (World Cup), 1992 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023043002/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/55/55534.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] later in the competition, Botham won the award for the sort of all-round performance which had made his reputation. Australia won the toss and decided to bat first. They scored 171 all out in 49 overs and Botham took four for 31 in his ten. He then opened the England innings with [[Graham Gooch]] – the tactic England had trialled in Australia five years before, and again in the ODIs against NZ at the end of the tour before the World Cup – and scored 53 from only 77 balls in a partnership with Gooch of 107. England went on to win by eight wickets with nine overs to spare.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/55/55567.html |title=England v Australia (World Cup), 1992 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022101409/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/55/55567.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was less successful in the final, where previously economical bowling figures were ruined by a late assault from the Pakistani batting line-up, and then he was given out caught-behind for a duck (perhaps unfortunately,{{according to whom|date=January 2024}} since he appeared not to have touched the ball according to the camera replays) in Wasim Akram's first over, England losing the match.

In 1992, Botham joined County Championship newcomers [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]], scoring a century in the second innings in their inaugural first-class match against Leicestershire: and he played in the first two Tests against Pakistan, the second one at Lord's being his final Test appearance.<ref name=ITBTests/> Botham scored 2 and 6, cheaply dismissed each time by the pace of [[Waqar Younis]]. As a bowler, he was used for only five overs in the first innings, his final Test return being none for nine: he did not bowl in Pakistan's second innings, due to a foot injury sustained while batting, although he fielded at slip. England lost the match by two wickets and Pakistan went on to win the series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/55/55992.html |title=England v Pakistan, Second Test, 1992 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104065602/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/55/55992.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botham did however play in the ODI series, in all five matches, which England won 4–1: these were his last international matches. England's batting was so dominant in all but one of the matches, that Botham only came in right at the end of the innings, or not at all, reverting to his old place in the middle order, and he had little to do: except in the 4th match, where he opened the batting again (in Gooch's absence) and scored a respectable and workmanlike 40, but saw England lose their last four wickets for ten runs and the match by three runs. His bowling was similarly unremarkable, usually capturing one or two wickets at about four an over: he neither scored a run (did not bat) nor took a wicket (0–43) in his final match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ENG vs PAK Cricket Scorecard, 5th ODI at Manchester, August 24, 1992 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-england-1992-61462/england-vs-pakistan-5th-odi-65007/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

In 1992 Botham was appointed an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) for services to cricket and for his charity work in the [[Queen's Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=52952 |supp=y |page=9 |date=12 June 1992 }}</ref>

Botham retired from cricket midway through the 1993 season, his last match being for Durham against the visiting Australians at [[The Racecourse]] 17–19 July 1993. Durham batted first and scored 385 for eight declared ([[Wayne Larkins]] 151). In his final first-class innings, Botham scored 32. In reply, Australia could only make 221, due to [[Simon Brown (cricketer)|Simon Brown]] who took seven for 70 (Botham none for 21). Being 164 behind, Australia had to follow on and a victory for Durham was possible but centuries by [[Matthew Hayden]] and [[David Boon]] saved Australia and the match was drawn. Botham's final bowling return was none for 45 from eleven overs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/57/57576.html |title=Durham v Australians, 1993 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023022036/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/57/57576.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the final over of the game, Botham also [[wicket-keeper|kept wicket]], without wearing gloves or pads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149642.html |title=A rare old day |date=19 July 2005 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719050918/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149642.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Records in international cricket==
{{see also|Player of the Match awards (cricket)}}
[[File:IBothamBowling.png|thumb|300px|right|A graph showing Botham's Test career bowling statistics and how they have varied over time]]
Botham's [[Test cricket|Test career]] spanned 16 seasons and he played in 102 matches. He scored 5,200 runs at an average of 33.54 with a highest score of 208 in his 14 [[century (cricket)|centuries]]. He took 383 [[wicket]]s at an average of 28.40 with a best return of eight for 34 and achieved [[ten wickets in a match]] four times. He held 120 catches.<ref name=CAprofile/>

In 116 LOIs from 1976 to 1992, he scored 2,113 [[run (cricket)|runs]] with a highest score of 79; took 145 [[wicket]]s with a best return of four for 31; and held 36 [[caught|catches]].<ref name=CAprofile>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/1529.html |title=Ian Botham |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=1 May 2017 |archive-date=19 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419025659/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/1529.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A straight comparison of these totals with those of his Test career reveal that he was less effective in the limited overs form of the game. He did have some outstanding LOI matches, however, winning six [[man of the match]] awards.<ref name=CAawards>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/match_awards.html |title=Matches in which Ian Botham won an award |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-date=22 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122152740/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/match_awards.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Botham took part in three editions of the [[Cricket World Cup]]: 1979, 1983 and 1992. He played in 22 World Cup matches including the finals in 1979 and 1992, both of which England lost, and he was in England's losing team in the 1983 semi-final.<ref name=CAWCM>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/World_Cup_Matches.html |title=World Cup Matches played by Ian Botham |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-date=31 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031063030/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1529/World_Cup_Matches.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Botham was the 21st player to achieve the "double" of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in Test cricket and he went on to score 5,200 runs and take 383 wickets, as well as holding 120 catches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282786.html |title=All-round records |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=28 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428211659/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282786.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He held the world record for the greatest number of Test wickets from 21 August 1986 to 12 November 1988. His predecessor was [[Dennis Lillee]] who had retired with 355 wickets in 70 matches. Botham extended the record to 373 in 94 matches before he was overtaken by Richard Hadlee. Botham ended with 383 wickets in 102 matches while Hadlee extended the record to 431 in 86 matches. See [[List of Test cricket records#Career]].

As described above, Botham in 1980 became the second player to achieve the "match double" of 100 runs and ten wickets in Test cricket, following [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]] in 1960–61. Botham was, however, the first to score a century and take ten wickets in a Test match (Davidson scored 44 and 80). The century and ten double has since been achieved by [[Imran Khan]] who scored 117 and took six for 98 and five for 82 against India at the [[Iqbal Stadium]] in [[Faisalabad]] in January 1983.,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/43/43120.html |title=Pakistan v India, Third Test, 1982–83 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223162219/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/43/43120.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and again by [[Shakib Al Hasan]] for Bangladesh against Zimbabwe at Khulna in 2014.

==List of Test centuries and five-wicket innings==
{{See also|List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Ian Botham}}

[[File:Ian Botham graph.png|right|thumb|350px|Botham's Test career performance graph]]
Compared with many of cricket's greatest players, most of whom were specialists, Botham's averages seem fairly ordinary but this overlooks the fact that he was a genuine [[all-rounder]] and it is rare for this type of player to achieve world-class status. Since the [[Second World War]], Botham is one of perhaps a dozen or so world-class all-rounders whereas there have been numerous world-class specialists. Some of the great all-rounders, such as [[Garfield Sobers]] and [[Jacques Kallis]] as batsmen or [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]] and [[Richard Hadlee]] as bowlers, could justifiably be described as world-class specialists in their main discipline who were effective practitioners of the other. The genuine all-rounders to achieve world-class status during the era, besides Botham himself, have included [[Keith Miller]], [[Richie Benaud]], [[Mike Procter]], [[Clive Rice]], [[Imran Khan]], [[Kapil Dev]] and [[Andrew Flintoff]].

Of note, Botham's first 202 wickets came at 21.20 per wicket, while his final 181 cost on average 36.43 apiece;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1529;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1977-07-28;start=1977-07-28;enddefault=1992-06-21;end=1992-06-21;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;viewtype=bow_cumulative;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype|title=IT Botham – Test Bowling – Cumulative career averages|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 August 2009}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the first average is one that would make Botham one of the greatest bowlers of the modern era, ranking alongside the West Indian greats [[Curtly Ambrose]] (career average 20.99), [[Malcolm Marshall]] (career average 20.94), and [[Joel Garner]] (career average 20.97), but the second average depicts a player who, as a specialist bowler, would be unable to sustain a place in many Test teams. This difference can be largely attributed to the longer term effects of a back injury he sustained in 1980;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153572.html |title=England v West Indies 1980 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=WisdenOnline |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=6 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706053030/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153572.html |url-status=live }}</ref> this limited his bowling pace and his ability to swing the ball.

Botham's batting – although never the equal of his bowling abilities – declined as well, with a batting average of 38.80 for his first 51 Tests substantially higher than the 28.87 he managed in his last 51 Tests,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1529;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1977-07-28;start=1977-07-28;enddefault=1992-06-21;end=1992-06-21;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=bat_cumulative;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=I. T. Botham – Test Batting – Cumulative career averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 August 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> again a number that would be considered unsatisfactory for a specialist batsman in most Test teams. In the first 5 years of Botham's Test career, when not playing as captain, he scored 2,557 runs at an average of 49.17 including 11 centuries and a highest score of 208, took 196 wickets at an average of 21.28 including nineteen 5 wicket hauls and held 50 catches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/9163.html?captain=0;class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=default;spanmax1=28+Jul+1982;spanval1=span;template=results;type=allround |title=I. T. Botham – Test career all-round analysis |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 May 2009 |archive-date=2 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002230006/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/9163.html?captain=0;class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=default;spanmax1=28+Jul+1982;spanval1=span;template=results;type=allround |url-status=live }}</ref> Such figures denote a player who would easily maintain a place in any Test team as a specialist batsman or bowler alone. During this period his reputation as one of the leading Test all-rounders was firmly established.

==Style and technique==
Botham had an affinity with [[Brian Close]], his first county captain who became a mentor to him, as they shared a determination to do well and win matches. ''Wisden'' has commented on another shared characteristic: "outstanding courage", mainly because Botham would readily field anywhere, generally in the slips but also in dangerous positions near the batsman and he was a brilliant fielder.<ref name=WCY78>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154495.html |title=Ian Botham: Cricketer of the Year |publisher=John Wisden & Co. |year=1978 |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827174043/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154495.html |url-status=live}}</ref> As a batsman, Botham was often wrongly labelled by the tabloid press as a "big hitter" (effectively implying that he was a "[[Pinch hitter (cricket)|slogger]]") but, while it is true that his strength enabled him to drive a ball for six and his courage to hook one for six, Botham actually had a very correct batting style as he stood side-on and played straight: ''Wisden'' praised his "straight hitting and square cutting".<ref name=WCY78/>

Botham might not have been good enough to retain a regular England place as a specialist batsman (his Test career [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] was a fairly modest 33.54) but as a bowler who was capable of taking 383 Test wickets, he certainly would. ''Wisden'' praised [[Tom Cartwright]] for helping to develop Botham's technique as a [[swing bowling|swing bowler]] and, by the time he made his Test debut in 1977, Botham had mastered change of pace, the [[outswinger]] and the fast [[Inswinger|inswinging]] [[yorker]], all formidable parts of his repertoire which eventually enabled him to break the world Test wicket record.<ref name=WCY78/>

Writing in ''Barclays World of Cricket'' (1986), former England captain [[Tony Lewis]] commented on Botham's strength, enthusiasm and aggression "which he took into every game".<ref name=BSW157>Barclays, pp. 157–158.</ref> Lewis, however, said that Botham's exuberance often reduced the efficiency of his play, in that he would take too many risks or refuse to give up on a bowling tactic despite ongoing heavy cost. He summarised Botham as an exciting cricketer who lacked self-discipline.<ref name=BSW157/> Botham was in the middle of his career when the book was published, but Lewis emphasised the speed at which Botham had achieved certain milestones such as 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in Test cricket. At that time there seemed no reason why Botham should not go on reaching milestones, but he had already peaked and, in retrospect, his career had a meteoric aspect. His rival [[Imran Khan]] said: "Botham was someone who I don't think ever did justice to his talent. When he started he could have done anything, but he declined very quickly. In a way our careers were the opposite of each other. I started quite slowly but got better, maximised my talent. He went the other way, I think".<ref name=OG2006/>

==Legacy==
Botham's career and ability level has been oft-debated. For example, when naming him as a [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|Cricketer of the Year]] in its 1978 edition, ''Wisden'' described Botham as "a determined character who knows where he is aiming, and who will, quite naturally and fiercely, address himself to the interesting view that he is overrated".<ref name=WCY78/> [[Denis Compton]] would dismiss Botham as "overrated" and said he "only did well because all the best players had joined [[Kerry Packer|Packer]]": i.e., for [[World Series Cricket]] (WSC).<ref name=DB324>Birley, p. 324.</ref>

Botham would readily give praise to his colleagues, for instance, his batting partners [[Hallam Moseley]] and [[Bob Clapp]] after the 1974 Benson and Hedges quarter-final against Hampshire;<ref name="WCY78" /> and to [[Bob Willis]], the man whose bowling spell won the test match at Headingley in 1981.<ref name="W327">{{cite book |last=Wisden |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 119th edition |edition=1982 |editor-last=Woodcock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Woodcock (cricket writer) |publisher=MacDonald Queen Anne Press |location=London |page=327}}</ref>

The [[Richards–Botham Trophy]], set to replace the [[Wisden Trophy]] for winners of West Indies–England Test series, is named in honour of Botham and [[Viv Richards]].<ref>{{cite news |title=England v West Indies: Richards-Botham Trophy to replace Wisden Trophy |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/53501048 |url-status=live |publisher=BBC Sport |date=23 July 2020 |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725041305/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/53501048 |archive-date=25 July 2020}}</ref>

==Libel cases brought against Imran Khan (1994–1996)==
In 1994, the year after he retired, Botham became embroiled in a legal dispute with [[Imran Khan]] who, in an article for ''[[India Today]]'', had accused Botham and [[Allan Lamb]] of bringing cricket into disrepute. Botham and Lamb instigated a libel action in response.<ref>{{cite news |last=Garner |first=Clare |date=16 July 1996 |title=Khan v Lamb and Botham; Botham steps up to crease for libel battle |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/khan-v-lamb-and-botham-botham-steps-up-to-crease-for-libel-battle-1328935.html |url-status=live |work=The Independent |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429080959/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/khan-v-lamb-and-botham-botham-steps-up-to-crease-for-libel-battle-1328935.html |archive-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> The case was heard at the [[Royal Courts of Justice|High Court]] in 1996 with the court choosing to hear on the second day a separate action brought solely by Botham against Khan, who had suggested in a newspaper article that Botham had been involved in [[ball-tampering]].<ref name=OG2006>{{cite news |date=13 December 2006 |last=Adams |first=Tim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/jul/02/cricket.features3 |title=The path of Khan |work=The Observer |location=London |access-date=27 December 2006 |archive-date=31 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231065437/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1807210,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/72416.html |title=Imran Khan To Face Botham, Lamb in Court |date=17 July 1996 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 June 2012 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404162339/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/72416.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This would become the subject of a court case later on, one that Khan would go on to win. Botham was liable for all expenses in the court case in the ruling, including those incurred by Khan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/botham-and-lamb-bowled-over-by-defeat-in-pounds-500000-high-court-test-1307606.html |title=Imran wins! |work=[[The Independent]] |location=UK |access-date=25 June 2011 |first=Jojo |last=Moyes |author-link=Jojo Moyes |date=1 August 1996 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007211938/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/botham-and-lamb-bowled-over-by-defeat-in-pounds-500000-high-court-test-1307606.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Football career==
Botham was a talented [[association football|footballer]] but, believing he was better at cricket, he chose the latter for his full-time career. Even so, he played football as a [[defender (association football)|centre-half]] from 1978 to 1985 for [[Yeovil Town F.C.|Yeovil Town]] and [[Scunthorpe United F.C.|Scunthorpe United]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/737770 |title=Off-side – a cricketing XI that made strides in football |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164533/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/737770 |url-status=live }}</ref> He made eleven appearances in the [[Football League]] for Scunthorpe.<ref name="PFA">{{cite book |last=Hugman |first=Barry J. |title=The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005 |publisher=Queen Anne Press |year=2005 |page=71 |isbn=1-85291-665-6}}</ref> While with Yeovil, Botham made an appearance for the [[Football Association XI]] (a representative team for [[non-League football]]ers) against the [[Northern Football League]] at [[Croft Park]] during the [[1984–85 in English football|1984–85 season]].<ref>Tony Williams, ''Official Football Association Non-League Directory 1986'', Newnes Books, 1985, pp. 28–29</ref>

==Charity fundraising==

[[File:"Sticky Wicket", Paddington Bear, Regent's Park - geograph.org.uk - 4268831.jpg|thumb|upright|Botham's [[Paddington Bear]] statue—themed "Sticky Wicket"—in [[Regent's Park]], London, auctioned to raise funds for the [[National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children|NSPCC]]]]

Botham has been a prodigious [[fundraiser]] for charitable causes, undertaking a total of 12 long-distance charity walks. His first, in 1985, was a 900-mile trek from [[Land's End to John o' Groats|John o' Groats to Land's End]]. His efforts were inspired after a visit to [[Taunton]]'s [[Musgrove Park Hospital]] in 1977 while receiving treatment for a broken toe. When he took a wrong turn into a children's ward, he was devastated to learn that some of the children had only weeks to live, and why. At the time he was an expectant father.<ref name=BBCnews/> Since then his efforts have raised more than [[pound sign|£12]] million for charity, with leukaemia research the main cause to benefit. In recognition of this work, Botham in 2003 became the first-ever President of [[Bloodwise]], the UK's leading blood cancer charity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/8613310.stm |title=Sir Ian starts anniversary charity walk in Manchester |publisher=BBC News |date=10 April 2010 |access-date=3 August 2013 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/8613310.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2014, Botham designed a [[Paddington Bear]] statue, one of fifty created by various celebrities which were located around London prior to the release of the film ''[[Paddington (film)|Paddington]]'', with the statues auctioned to raise funds for the [[National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] (NSPCC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Paddington Bear Statues Have Taken Over London |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2014-11-24/paddington-bear-statues-taken-over-london-david-beckham-benedict-cumberbatch |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=Condé Nast}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Shaunna |title=Emma Watson Designed A Paddington Bear For Charity And It's Freaking Adorable |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/1984950/emma-watson-paddington-bear/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107012511/http://www.mtv.com/news/1984950/emma-watson-paddington-bear/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2014 |date=3 November 2014 |access-date=25 November 2023 |publisher=MTV}}</ref>

On 10 October 2007, Botham was invested a [[Knight Bachelor]] by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] at [[Buckingham Palace]], having been appointed in the [[2007 Birthday Honours|Queen's Birthday Honours]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=58358 |date=16 June 2007 |page=1 |supp=y}}</ref> "for services to Charity and to Cricket".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/298185.html |title=Ian Botham knighted in Birthday Honours |date=16 June 2007 |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-date=10 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010054241/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/298185.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=the London Gazette|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58358/supplement/1|website=thegazette.co.uk|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817120107/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58358/supplement/1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Media career==
After retiring from cricket, Botham became involved in the media and has worked as an analyst and commentator for [[Sky Sports]] for many years. Unlike [[Fred Trueman]] and others, he does not hark back to "in my day".<ref>{{cite book |title=Test Match Special – 50 Not Out |last=Baxter |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Baxter (radio producer) |year=2007 |publisher=Woodlands Books Ltd |pages=148–154}}</ref> ''Wisden'' editor [[Matthew Engel]] remarked on Botham's calmness, wit and sagacity as a TV commentator, though admitting he was surprised by it.<ref name=ME>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/9163.html#profile |title=Ian Botham – Profile |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=22 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522024930/http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/9163.html#profile |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 August 2009, while commentating on the fourth Ashes Test at Headingley that season, Botham was invited to take part in an on-field ceremony to induct him into the [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame]] along with former Yorkshire players [[Geoffrey Boycott]], [[Wilfred Rhodes]] and [[Fred Trueman]]. Boycott was also in attendance, along with Fred Trueman's widow Veronica and [[Colin Graves]] who, as [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] chairman, accepted the honour on behalf of Wilfred Rhodes. Botham said: "To be named amongst 55 of the most prolific players in cricketing history is a great honour for me. To have my cricketing career recognised in the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame is not something I would have thought when I began playing cricket but to be receiving this award today is something I'm extremely grateful for". Colin Graves included Botham in his tribute to Rhodes when he said: "It is a great honour to accept the cap on behalf of a Yorkshire legend. Wilfred Rhodes was an exceedingly gifted player and is rightly regarded as one of England's greatest all-rounders. I am also delighted to see two other great Yorkshiremen and another great all-rounder inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame today".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Articles/11/11070.html |title=Four England players included in Hall of Fame |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190138/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Articles/11/11070.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He was the subject of ''[[This Is Your Life (UK TV series)|This Is Your Life]]'' in 1981 when he was surprised by [[Eamonn Andrews]] during a meeting at [[Lord's]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ian Botham (1981) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a42cfcf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226191104/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a42cfcf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref>

On 12 August 1995, Botham was interviewed at length by [[Andrew Neil]] on his one-on-one interview show ''Is This Your Life?'' for [[Channel 4]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9800436/?ref_=ttep_ep4 Listing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213341/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9800436/?ref_=ttep_ep4 |date=26 May 2021 }} on [[IMDb]]</ref>

In 2008 he received an honorary doctorate from the [[University of Bath]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Peerage==
Botham was nominated by Boris Johnson for a life peerage in the [[2020 Political Honours]], it being widely reported that the honour was a reward for his support for Brexit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/national/18591660.sir-ian-botham-set-made-peer-backing-brexit/ | title=Sir Ian Botham 'set to be made a peer for backing Brexit' | date=18 July 2020 }}</ref> He was created Baron Botham, of Ravensworth in the County of North Yorkshire on 10 September<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/3631477 |publisher=The London Gazette |access-date=15 September 2020 |title=Crown Office |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924112502/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/3631477 |url-status=live }}</ref> and took the oath and his seat on 5 October 2020. Botham made his maiden speech on 3 November 2020, and since then has made one further spoken contribution on 25 November 2020 regarding funding in sport, but as of November 2024, no further spoken contributions have been made since.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Nick |date=2024-11-13 |title=Ian Botham 'never at Lords' because he's in Australia |url=https://www.queanbeyanage.com.au/story/8818561/ian-botham-never-at-lords-because-hes-in-australia/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Queanbeyan Age |language=en-AU}}</ref> While Botham made 61 attendances in 2020, this dropped to two attendances in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Peter |date=2022-12-19 |title=Evgeny Lebedev's 1% attendance makes him among least active in House of Lords |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/dec/19/evgeny-lebedev-house-of-lords-attendance-among-least-active |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> As of November 2024, the parliamentary record shows his last vote in the House of Lords was in July 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/4884/contributions|title=Spoken contributions of Lord Botham - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

On 23 August 2021, [[Boris Johnson]] appointed him the UK's Trade Envoy to Australia.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-announces-new-trade-envoys-to-boost-british-business-around-the-world|title=PM announces new Trade Envoys to boost British business around the world|website=GOV.UK|date=23 August 2021|access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Botham is [[colour blind]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/sep/23/cricket.features |title=How balanced is Botham? |work=The Guardian |date=22 September 2006 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817101829/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/sep/23/cricket.features |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/cricket/article/sir-ian-botham-has-the-looks-the-build-and-the-accent-to-be-the-next-james-bond-dk32t5x03sh |title=Sir Ian Botham has the looks, the build and the accent to be the next James Bond |work=[[The Times]] |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817101830/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sir-ian-botham-has-the-looks-the-build-and-the-accent-to-be-the-next-james-bond-dk32t5x03sh |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1976, in [[Doncaster]], Botham married Kathryn ("Kathy") Waller (now Lady Botham) whom he first met in June 1974. They lived in [[Epworth, Lincolnshire|Epworth]], near Scunthorpe, until the late 1980s. They have one son, [[Liam Botham|Liam]] (born August 1977), and two daughters. The family now live in [[Ravensworth]] in [[North Yorkshire]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Botham introduced to House of Lords |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-54418406 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006235255/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-54418406 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''[[The Sunday Telegraph]]'', 26 December 2010, Edition 1; National Edition, "I used to make just £10 a week", p.10</ref><ref>Ian Botham, autobiography, p358</ref> and also own property in [[Almería]], where Botham frequently plays [[golf]].

Botham is an avid trout and salmon fisherman. As a result, he was invited to present a TV series called ''Botham on the Fly''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/csnz/botham-on-the-fly |title=Botham on the Fly |magazine=Radio Times |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901025309/http://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/csnz/botham-on-the-fly/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He has also been a team captain on the BBC series ''[[A Question of Sport]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/question_of_sport/qs_history/3042810.stm |title=A Question of Sport |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201162417/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/question_of_sport/qs_history/3042810.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Besides angling and golf, Botham enjoys [[Game (hunting)|game shooting]] and owns a grouse moor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Janssen |first1=Marcus |url=http://www.fieldsportsmagazine.com/UK-Shoots/sawley-north-yorkshire.html |work=Fieldsports magazine |title=Sawley – North Yorkshire |access-date=18 August 2016 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814230813/http://www.fieldsportsmagazine.com/UK-Shoots/sawley-north-yorkshire.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This has resulted in a high-profile dispute with the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] (RSPB).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shootinguk.co.uk/news/sir-ian-botham-threatens-to-sue-44001 |work=ShootingUK |title=Sir Ian Botham threatens to sue "deceptive" RSPB |date=5 June 2015 |access-date=18 August 2016 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815125431/http://www.shootinguk.co.uk/news/sir-ian-botham-threatens-to-sue-44001 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2016, he called for [[Chris Packham]] to be sacked by the [[BBC]] as part of a campaign funded by the grouse shooting industry, after Packham had highlighted the industry's involvement in the illegal killing of [[endangered species]] of [[bird of prey|birds of prey]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug/16/grouse-shooters-kill-first-casualty-is-truth-astroturfing-botham-rspb-packham |title=The grouse shooters aim to kill: the first casualty is the truth |first=George |last=Monbiot |date=12 August 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817140649/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug/16/grouse-shooters-kill-first-casualty-is-truth-astroturfing-botham-rspb-packham |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the ''[[New Statesman]]'' in 2015, "Botham is an old-fashioned Englishman [...] he is [[Conservatism in the United Kingdom|conservative]] with a small and [[Conservative Party (UK)|upper-case C]]" and "a robust [[monarchist]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Henderson |first=Michael |title=An English hero for the ages: Ian Botham at 60 |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/sport/2015/11/english-hero-ages-ian-botham-60 |url-status=live |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=29 November 2015 |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206163009/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/sport/2015/11/english-hero-ages-ian-botham-60 |archive-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> Botham was a staunch supporter of [[Brexit|the UK's withdrawal from the European Union]]. He was quoted: "Personally, I think that England is an island. I think that England should be England. And I think that we should keep that."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bull |first=Andy |title=Ted Dexter and the chequered past of cricketers in the world of politics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/22/the-spin-ted-dexter-politics-eu-referendum-cricket |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |date=22 June 2016 |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206143817/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/22/the-spin-ted-dexter-politics-eu-referendum-cricket |archive-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> He appeared at a number of pro-Leave campaign events in the run-up to the UK's [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|EU membership referendum in 2016]].<ref>{{cite news |title=EU referendum: Ian Botham on wanting UK Brexit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-36076383/eu-referendum-ian-botham-on-wanting-uk-brexit |url-status=live |publisher=BBC News |date=18 April 2016 |access-date=31 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801013624/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-36076383/eu-referendum-ian-botham-on-wanting-uk-brexit |archive-date=1 August 2018}}</ref>

Botham's private life has also made occasional dramatic appearances in Britain's tabloid newspapers, with at least one extra-marital affair prompting a public apology to his wife Kathy.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 May 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/observer/osm/story/0,,1476497,00.html |title=May's 10: Sporting kiss and tell's |work=[[The Observer]] Sport Monthly |access-date=21 August 2016 |location=London |archive-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418024141/http://www.theguardian.com/observer/osm/story/0,,1476497,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He also fell out publicly with other players, including fellow England player Geoff Boycott, Somerset captain [[Peter Roebuck]], and Australian batsman [[Ian Chappell]], with whom he had an altercation in an [[Adelaide Oval]] car park during the [[2010–11 Ashes series]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 December 2010 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/8185931/The-Ashes-2010-Sir-Ian-Botham-and-Ian-Chappell-clash-in-Adelaide-car-park.html |title=The Ashes 2010: Sir Ian Botham and Ian Chappell clash in Adelaide car park |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |access-date=7 December 2010 |location=London |archive-date=9 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209034431/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/8185931/The-Ashes-2010-Sir-Ian-Botham-and-Ian-Chappell-clash-in-Adelaide-car-park.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/current/story/321663.html |title=Botham v Chappell: time for a drink |publisher=Cricinfo |last=Mitchell |first=Kevin |date=December 2007 |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708045001/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/current/story/321663.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/279775.html |title=The feud that rumbles on |last=Williamson |first=Martin |date=10 February 2007 |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526213349/https://wisden.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/278631.html |title='What have you done, what have you done?' |publisher=Cricinfo |date=3 February 2007 |last=Williamson |first=Martin |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-date=21 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921161119/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/278631.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/columns/content/player/19456.html |title=Player Profile: Peter Roebuck |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-date=13 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213202148/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/columns/content/player/19456.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Although Botham hoped to resolve his long-running feud with Chappell during a Channel 9 documentary on 27 June 2023, Chappell refused.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sm2gYQRTmqA | title=The Longest Feud: Chappell v Botham Ashes 2023 Special | website=[[YouTube]] | date=28 June 2023 }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Barclays |title=Barclays World of Cricket |editor-last=Swanton |editor-first=E. W. |editor-link=E. W. Swanton |publisher=Willow Books |year=1986 |isbn=0-00-218193-2}}
* {{cite book |author1=Ian Botham |author2=Kenneth Gregory |title=Botham's Choice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qKwPAAACAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=[[William Collins, Sons|Collins]] |isbn=978-0-00-216490-0}}
* {{cite book |author=Ian Botham |title=My Autobiography: Don't Tell Kath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-91zpwAACAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}
* {{cite book |author1=Ian Botham |author2=Dennis Coath |title=Deep Cover |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgyQNwAACAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-0-00-649827-8}}
* {{cite book |author=Ian Botham |title=Ian Botham: My Illustrated Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bkJpfQsKAYC |date=2007 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]] |isbn=978-1-84403-585-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Ian Botham |title=Head on: The Autobiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHIHF7mSUV0C |year=2008 |publisher=[[Ebury Publishing|Ebury Press]] |isbn=978-0-09-192149-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Ian Botham |title=On Fishing: At Sea, Being Coarse, on the Fly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcRENAAACAAJ |date=2010 |publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Orion]] |isbn=978-0-7538-2633-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Ian Botham |title=Botham's Book of the Ashes: A Lifetime Love Affair with Cricket's Greatest Rivalry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Gbznq1GcWgC |date=2011 |publisher=[[Mainstream Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-84596-905-9}}
* {{cite book |author=Dave Bowler |title=No Surrender: The Life and Times of Ian Botham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sw35HAAACAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Orion]] |isbn=978-0-7528-0803-1}}
* {{cite book |title=Ian Botham, the great all-rounder |last=Doust |first=Dudley |author-link=Dudley Doust |publisher=[[Panther Books|Granada]] |location=[[St Albans]], Hertfordshire |year=1981 |isbn=0-583-13452-1 |oclc=7247566}}
* {{cite book |title=Ian Botham |last=Farmer |first=Bob |publisher=[[Hamlyn (publishers)|Hamlyn]] |location=[[Feltham]], [[Middlesex]] |year=1979 |isbn=0-600-34917-9 |oclc=6145706}}
* {{cite book |last=James |first=C. L. R. |author-link=C. L. R. James |title=Beyond A Boundary |year=1993 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0822313839 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondboundary00jame }}
* {{cite book |author=[[Frank Keating (journalist)|Frank Keating]] |title=High, Wide and Handsome: Ian Botham, the Story of a Very Special Year |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJFEAAAACAAJ |date=1986 |publisher=Willow Books |isbn=978-0-00-218226-3}}
* {{cite book |title=Botham |last=Mosey |first=Don |author-link=Don Mosey |publisher=Guild Publishing |location=London |year=1986 |isbn=0-413-40780-2 |oclc=14131072}}
* {{cite book |title=Botham: a biography |last=Murphy |first=Patrick |publisher=[[J. M. Dent]] & Sons |location=London |year=1988 |isbn=0-460-04725-6 |oclc=17777058}}
* {{cite book |last=Nyren |first=John |author-link=John Nyren |title=The Cricketers of my Time |editor=Ashley Mote |year=1998 |publisher=Robson}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130529171946/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/b/1898/Ian%2BTerence.aspx Sir Ian Botham, OBE's Biography], [[Debrett's People of Today]] (archived in 2013)

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Murder of Raja Raghuvanshi

2026-03-15T02:38:11Z

Aamir2580: created a stub more to come

{{short description|2025 murder of an Indian man by his wife in Meghalaya}}
{{Notability|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title =
| image =
| caption = Raja Raghuvanshi (right) and Sonam Raghuvanshi (left)
| date = 23 May 2025
| location = [[Sohra]], [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]
| type = [[Missing person|Disappearance]], suspected [[homicide]]
| motive = Unknown
| inquiry = [[Meghalaya Police]], [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT)
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raja Raghuvanshi
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1996}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = 23 May 2025 (aged 28—29)
| death_place = [[Cherrapunji|Sohra]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]
| known_for = Victim in the Raja and Sonam Raghuvanshi case
| mother = Uma Raghuvanshi
| father = Ashok Raghuvanshi
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sonam Raghuvanshi
| image = 
| caption =
| birth_date = 2000
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| status = Arrested (June 2025), accused of orchestrating husband’s murder
| known_for = Central figure in the Murder of Raja Raghuvanshi
| criminal_charges = Alleged hiring of contract killers; murder conspiracy
}}

On 23 May 2025''', Raja Raghuvanshi''' (29) and '''Sonam Raghuvanshi''' (25), a married Indian couple from [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], disappeared while on their honeymoon in [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Of Indore Woman, Who Went Missing In Meghalaya During Honeymoon, Demands CBI Probe |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/family-of-indore-woman-who-went-missing-in-meghalaya-during-honeymoon-demands-cbi-probe-8605611 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> The couple was last seen on the same day, hours after checking out of a homestay at [[Nongriat]] village in [[Cherrapunji]] (Sohra).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honeymoon, Murder, Frantic Search: Timeline Of Indore Couple's Meghalaya Visit |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tracing-the-trail-of-indore-couple-before-they-went-missing-in-meghalaya-during-honeymoon-8612603 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> On 2 June 2025, Raja’s decomposed body was discovered in a deep gorge beneath the [[Wei Sawdong Falls]] in Sohra.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-06-03 |title=Indore family seeks CBI probe into death at Sohra, suspects foul play |url=https://meghalayatimes.in/indore-man-death-weisawdong-meghalaya-cbi-probe/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Meghalaya Times |language=en-US}}</ref> His death has been treated as a suspected homicide and a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] was formed<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजा रघुवंशी हत्याकांड मामले की SIT जांच शुरू, स्वजनों ने सोनम को अगवा कर बांग्लादेश भेजने का जताया शक - Raja Raghuvanshi Murder Case SIT Investigates Family Suspects Trafficking |url=https://www.jagran.com/madhya-pradesh/indore-raja-raghuvanshi-murder-case-sit-investigates-family-suspects-trafficking-23957016.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> by [[Meghalaya Police|Meghalaya police]] to probe the case.<ref>{{Cite web |title='We Suspect Kidnapping': Family Of Indore Woman Missing In Meghalaya During Honeymoon |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/we-suspect-kidnapping-family-of-indore-woman-sonam-raghuvanshi-missing-in-meghalaya-during-honeymoon-8602466 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Initially treated as a suspected accident or abduction, the case took a dramatic turn when Sonam was arrested on charges of orchestrating her husband's murder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honeymoon Murder: Wife "Surrendered Under Pressure", Cops To Bring Her Back To Meghalaya |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indore-couple-sonam-raghuvanshi-meghalaya-honeymoon-murder-wife-surrendered-under-pressure-cops-to-bring-her-back-to-meghalaya-8622032 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> According to the [[Meghalaya Police]], Sonam allegedly hired contract killers and plotted Raja’s murder during the trip.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-09 |title=Twist in Indore man's murder during Meghalaya honeymoon; police say wife Sonam hired killers, arrested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indore-honeymoon-couple-meghalaya-wife-hired-killers-arrest-police-10055775/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The investigation is ongoing and has sparked widespread media coverage and public debate.

== Background ==
Raja and Sonam Raghuvanshi were married on 11 May 2025 and left [[Indore]] for [[Meghalaya]] on 20 May to begin their honeymoon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Of Indore Woman, Who Went Missing In Meghalaya During Honeymoon, Demands CBI Probe |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/family-of-indore-woman-who-went-missing-in-meghalaya-during-honeymoon-demands-cbi-probe-8605611 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> On 22 May, the couple arrived at Mawlakhiat village near [[Cherrapunji]] (Sohra) and trekked about 3,000 steps down to the famous double-decker living root bridge at [[Nongriat]], where they stayed overnight. The next morning (23 May), they checked out of the homestay and began to return toward Mawlakhiat. No further in-person sightings of the couple were reported after they left Nongriat, and all contact was lost later on 23 May.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya Honeymoon Tragedy: Timeline of Indore Couple's Murder and Disappearance |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/meghalaya/husband-found-dead-wife-still-missing-timeline-of-tragedy-that-befell-indore-couple-on-their-honeymoon-3574191 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Disappearance ==
On 23 May 2025, Raja and Sonam Raghuvanshi failed to arrive at their next destination and went missing. Their family filed a missing persons report on 23 May after failing to establish contact. Phone records indicate that Sonam made a final call to her mother around 1:43 PM on 23 May; both phones were switched off after that call.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore's Newlywed Couple Disappears Mysteriously During Honeymoon In Shillong; Rented Scooter Found Abandoned In Osra Hill |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indores-newlywed-couple-disappears-mysteriously-during-honeymoon-in-shillong-rented-scooter-found-abandoned-in-osra-hill |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The following day (24 May), the couple’s rented scooter was found abandoned at a roadside café on the [[Shillong]]–[[Sohra]] road. Search efforts by family and local authorities began immediately, but no trace of the couple was found that day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-04 |title=Honeymooner hacked to death in Meghalaya: How wife Sonam's last call to mom-in-law hinted at danger before couple vanished |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/honeymooner-hacked-to-death-in-meghalaya-how-wife-sonams-last-call-to-mom-in-law-hinted-at-danger-before-couple-vanished/articleshow/121612060.cms |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Discovery of Raja Raghuvanshi's body ==
Search operations continued into early June 2025. On 2 June, a [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) drone spotted Raja Raghuvanshi’s body at the base of a gorge under the [[Wei Sawdong Falls]] in Sohra.<ref>{{cite web | last=Bhattacharjee | first=Saptadeepa | title=NDRF joins agencies in search for Indore woman missing in Meghalaya, days after husband's body found | website=India TV News | date=2025-06-06 | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/north-east/meghalaya/ndrf-joins-agencies-in-search-for-indore-woman-missing-meghalaya-days-after-husband-s-body-found-2025-06-06-993534 | access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=Rescuers rappel deep into Meghalaya gorge in search of missing Indore bride; stained raincoat, CCTV footage provide new clues |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rescuers-rappel-deep-into-meghalaya-gorge-in-search-of-missing-indore-bride-stained-raincoat-cctv-footage-provide-new-clues-10050965/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The body was badly decomposed; Raja’s brother identified him by a tattoo on his right hand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raincoat With Stains Found In Search For Missing Indore Woman In Meghalaya |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/raincoat-with-stains-found-in-search-for-missing-indore-woman-in-meghalaya-8589112 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[East Khasi Hills district]] police confirmed that Raja’s body had been recovered<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-02 |title=शिलांग में लापता दंपति में से पति राजा रघुवंशी का शव मिला, सोनम की तलाश जारी {{!}} Raja Raghuvanshi dead body found among couple who had gone to visit Shillong from indore |url=https://www.patrika.com/indore-news/raja-raghuvanshi-dead-body-found-among-couple-who-had-gone-to-visit-shillong-from-indore-19641161 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> and registered a murder case in the incident. A Special Investigation Team (SIT) was established to investigate the circumstances of his death. Police noted that Sonam’s whereabouts remained unknown and the search for her was ongoing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Body Of Indore Man, On Honeymoon In Meghalaya, Found, Wife Still Missing |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/body-of-indore-man-who-was-missing-with-wife-in-meghalaya-found-8569624 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation and search ==
Police investigators found several personal effects at the site where Raja’s body was recovered, including a woman’s white shirt, a strip of medicine blister pack, part of a mobile phone screen, and a smartwatch. Officers later announced that they had recovered a bloodstained weapon believed to have been used in the killing, and a black raincoat was found in nearby [[East Khasi Hills district|Mawkma]] village.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-02 |title=Missing Indore man's body recovered from gorge in Meghalaya; search for wife on hhj |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/missing-indore-mans-body-recovered-from-gorge-in-meghalaya-search-for-wife-on/article69649877.ece |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The raincoat bore wet stains, but Superintendent Vivek Syiem said it was too early to tell if they were blood; forensic tests were needed to determine their nature.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sheenu |date=2025-06-05 |title=Raja Raghuvanshi death case: Meghalaya Police recovers black raincoat amid ongoing search for Sonam |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/missing-indore-couple-case-meghalaya-police-recovers-black-raincoat-amid-ongoing-search-for-tourist-sonam-raghuvanshi-in-shillong-2025-06-05-993432 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-04 |title=Meghalaya police confirm tourist from Indore was murdered; wife still missing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/meghalaya-police-confirm-tourist-from-indore-was-murdered-wife-still-missing/article69657418.ece |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The search operation faced difficult conditions: NDRF teams deployed ropes and rappelling gear at the [[Wei Sawdong Falls|Wei Sawdong]] viewpoint to reach the gorge, but poor visibility and slippery terrain forced them to suspend the descent multiple times. Despite these challenges, teams recovered new evidence and reviewed CCTV footage to trace the couple’s last movements. Raja’s family has publicly questioned the circumstances of his death. His brother Vipin Raghuvanshi demanded that the case be handed over to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), alleging that foul play had not been adequately investigated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore Couple Missing Case: इंदौर कपल केस में नया मोड़, अब CBI करेगी मामले की जांच? |url=https://www.amarujala.com/video/india-news/will-cbi-now-investigate-indore-couple-missing-case-raja-raghuvanshi-sonam-case-2025-06-07 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Family members noted that Raja and Sonam had been wearing gold jewelry (rings, chain, bracelet, etc.) that were missing when Raja’s body was found, suggesting the possibility of theft and murder. Sonam’s relatives have urged authorities not to give up hope of finding her alive; Sonam’s brother Govind Raghuvanshi stated that he believed she was still in captivity and called for intensified search efforts and a CBI probe. [[Chief Minister of Meghalaya]], [[Conrad Sangma]] expressed shock at the incident and assured the public that the state government was fully supporting the police investigation. On 6 June 2025, a local guide claimed to have seen Raja and Sonam with three unidentified men near the [[Wei Sawdong Falls|Wei Sawdong]] viewpoint on 23 May, the day of their disappearance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2025 |title=Meghalaya: Indore couple were seen with 3 men on day of disappearance, guide reveals |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-indore-couple-were-seen-with-3-men-on-day-of-disappearance-guide-reveals-101749306545271.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | agency=Press Trust of India | title=Indore couple were seen with 3 men on day they went missing in Meghalaya: Guide | website=India Today | date=2025-06-07 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indore-couple-sighted-three-tourists-meghalaya-trekking-guide-missing-shillong-2737389-2025-06-07 | access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref>

== Discovery of Sonam Raghuvanshi ==
On 9 June 2025, the Meghalaya Police arrested Sonam Raghuvanshi, the wife of the deceased Raja Raghuvanshi, on charges of conspiracy to murder.<ref>{{Cite news | date=9 June 2025 |title=Who is Sonam Raghuvanshi, accused of plotting her husband's murder during their honeymoon in Meghalaya? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-sonam-raghuvanshi-accused-of-plotting-her-husband-s-murder-during-their-honeymoon-in-meghalaya-101749439472310.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Authorities alleged that Sonam orchestrated her husband's killing by hiring three contract killers during their honeymoon in Meghalaya. Investigations revealed that one of the alleged conspirators, Raj Singh Kushwaha, was reportedly Sonam's lover and worked at her brother’s firm in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-09 |title=Meghalaya honeymoon horror: Sonam's 'lover' worked in brother's firm; cops dig deeper into Raja Raghuvanshi's murder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/meghalaya-honeymoon-horror-sonams-lover-worked-in-brothers-firm-cops-dig-deeper-into-raja-raghuvanshis-murder/articleshow/121721996.cms |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The police recovered CCTV footage, mobile records, and witness accounts, including that of a local guide who claimed to have seen the couple accompanied by three unidentified men shortly before Raja’s disappearance. Sonam was apprehended in [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], after remaining missing for over two weeks, and was later transferred to Meghalaya for custodial interrogation. The case attracted national media attention, prompting responses from both families: Raja’s mother demanded capital punishment for those involved, while Sonam’s father rejected the police’s narrative and called for a CBI investigation. Four individuals have been arrested in connection with the case, while a fifth suspect remains at large.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-09 |title=Sonam Raghuvanshi: Missing Indian bride arrested for allegedly murdering husband on honeymoon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgn50p90epo |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |publisher=Livemint Media House |date=9 June 2025 |title='Hang her if…': Indore couple's family denies Sonam Raghuvanshi killed husband Raja |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indore-honeymoon-couple-family-hang-her-if-denies-sonam-raghuvanshi-killed-husband-raja-11749451120633.html |work=[[Livemint]]}}</ref>

==Reaction==
[[Chum Darang]] commented on Raja's murder and how Northeast Indians faced discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |title=What A Murder Tells Us About India's Hypocritical Treatment of Its Northeast |url=https://thewire.in/rights/what-a-murder-tells-us-about-indias-hypocritical-treatment-of-its-northeast |website=The Wire |access-date=11 June 2025 |language=en-in}}</ref>

The case was featured in an episode of the 2026 [[ZEE5]] true crime series ''[[Honeymoon Se Hatya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-07 |title=Meghalaya murder case to feature in crime docu-series 'Honeymoon Se Hatya' |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/meghalaya-murder-case-to-feature-in-crime-docu-series-honeymoon-se-hatya-1327759-2026-01-07 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=India Today NE |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-06 |title='Honeymoon Se Hatya': What turns love into murder? Crime docu-series streams from THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/honeymoon-se-hatya-what-turns-love-into-murder-crime-docu-series-streams-from-this-date/articleshow/126374464.cms |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=[[Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Men's rights movement in India]]
*[[Murder of Anni Dewani]]

== References ==
<references>
{{cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Ratnadip |date=6 June 2025 |title='We Suspect Kidnapping': Family Of Indore Woman Sonam Raghuvanshi Missing In Meghalaya During Honeymoon |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/we-suspect-kidnapping-family-of-indore-woman-sonam-raghuvanshi-missing-in-meghalaya-during-honeymoon-8602466 }}
{{cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Ratnadip |date=4 June 2025 |title=Raincoat With Stains Found In Search For Missing Indore Woman In Meghalaya |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/raincoat-with-stains-found-in-search-for-missing-indore-woman-in-meghalaya-8589112 }}
{{cite news |last=Staff Reporter |title=Indore family seeks CBI probe into death at Sohra, suspects foul play |publisher=Meghalaya Times |date=3 June 2025 |url=https://meghalayatimes.in/indore-man-death-weisawdong-meghalaya-cbi-probe/ }}
{{cite news |last=Mohan |first=Anand |date=6 June 2025 |title=Rescuers rappel deep into Meghalaya gorge in search of missing Indore bride; stained raincoat, CCTV footage provide new clues |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rescuers-rappel-deep-into-meghalaya-gorge-in-search-of-missing-indore-bride-stained-raincoat-cctv-footage-provide-new-clues-10050965/ }}
{{cite news |last= |first= |date=6 June 2025 |title=Family Of Indore Woman, Who Went Missing In Meghalaya During Honeymoon, Demands CBI Probe |publisher=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/family-of-indore-woman-who-went-missing-in-meghalaya-during-honeymoon-demands-cbi-probe-8605611 }}
{{cite news |first=Vivek | last = Syiem |date=6 June 2025 |title=Search For Missing Bride Hampered by Terrrain |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rescuers-rappel-deep-into-meghalaya-gorge-in-search-of-missing-indore-bride-stained-raincoat-cctv-footage-provide-new-clues-10050965/ }}
</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghuvanshi, Raja, Murder of}}
[[Category:2020s crimes in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2025 in women's history]]
[[Category:2025 murders in India]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:June 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:History of women in India]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:Violence against men in India]]
[[Category:2025 controversies]]
[[Category:2025 crimes in India]]

Ceded and Conquered Provinces

2026-03-14T11:52:53Z

Aamir2580: new - done

{{Short description|Region of British India under Company rule (1805–34)}}
{{for|ceded provinces elsewhere|Cession}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision

|conventional_long_name = Ceded and Conquered Provinces
|common_name = Agra
|subdivision =Region
|nation = the [[Company rule in India|British Empire in India]]
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = India1805CededConqueredProvinces.jpg|
|image_map_caption = Map of the ''Ceded and Conquered Provinces'' (1805). The [[Kumaon Division]] was annexed in 1816.
|capital = [[Agra]]
|stat_area1= 9479
|stat_pop1 = 4500000
|stat_year1=1835 (?)
|p1 = Mughal Empire
|image_p1 =
|p2 = Maratha Empire
|s1 = Agra Presidency
|image_s1 =
|s2=North-Western Provinces
|year_start = 1805
|event_start =
|year_end = 1834
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|today = Portions in [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Uttarakhand]] [[Delhi]]
}}

[[File:SitaRam1814AllahabadTamarindTree.jpg|thumb|right|"A [[Tamarind|Tamarind tree]] at [[Allahabad]]", water color (1814) by Sita Ram, an artist who accompanied [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Moira]], [[Governor-General of India]] on a journey from [[Calcutta]]—through the ''Ceded and Conquered Provinces''—to [[Delhi]].]]

The '''Ceded and Conquered Provinces''' constituted a region in northern [[Company rule in India|India]] that was ruled by the [[British East India Company]] from 1805 to 1834;<ref name=igi-XXIV-158>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV|1908|p=158}}</ref> it corresponded approximately—in present-day [[India]]—to all regions in [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh state]] with the exception of the [[Lucknow Division|Lucknow]] and [[Faizabad Division|Faizabad]] divisions of [[Awadh]]; in addition, it included the [[Delhi Territory|Delhi territory]] and, after 1816, the [[Kumaon division|Kumaun division]] and a large part{{efn|It included the districts of [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]], [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri]], [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]], and [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]] in present-day [[Garhwal division]] of [[Uttarakhand]] state; the [[Haridwar district]] of Uttarakhand had become a part of the ''Ceded and Conquered Provinces'' in 1805. The two remaining districts, [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]] and [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]], of present-day [[Garhwal division]] of [[Uttarakhand]] state were part of the [[princely state]] of ''[[Garhwal Kingdom|Tehri]]'', and never a part of the ''Ceded and Conquered Provinces''.}} of the [[Garhwal division]] of present-day [[Uttarakhand]] state.<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/> In 1836, the region became the [[North-Western Provinces]] (under a Lieutenant-Governor), and in 1904, the [[Agra Province]] within the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/>

==Ceded Provinces==
At the start of the 19th century, only the [[Varanasi division|Benares division]] and the fort of [[Allahabad]] in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] were under British rule.<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/> In 1801, the [[Nawab of Awadh]], [[Saadat Ali Khan II|Saadat Ali]], ceded some territory to the British in return for protection against a threat of attack from the north-west by [[Zaman Shah Durrani]], the grandson of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]].<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/> The territory included the [[Gorakhpur division|Gorakhpur]] and [[Bareilly division|Rohilkhand]] divisions; the districts of [[Allahabad district|Allahabad]], [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]], [[Kanpur Nagar district|Cawnpore]], [[Etawah district|Etawah]], [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]], [[Etah district|Etah]]; the southern part of [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]; and the [[Udham Singh Nagar district|terai parganas]] of [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]], and came to be known as the ''Ceded Provinces''.<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/> A year later the [[Nawab of Farrukhabad]] ceded [[Farrukhabad district]] to the British.<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/>

==Conquered Provinces==
[[File:Ceded Conquered Provinces details.jpg|thumb|right|A more detailed map showing the ''Ceded and Conquered Provinces'' on a later (1908) map of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]].]]
With the outbreak the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|General Lake]], took the [[Meerut division]] (including [[Aligarh]], after the [[Battle of Ally Ghur]]), and soon, the rest of the [[Agra division]] (including [[Agra]] city), and the districts around [[Delhi]].<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/> In addition, most of the ''trans-Jamuna districts'' of [[Banda district (India)|Banda]] and [[Hamirpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]] were added, as well as a small area in [[Jalaun district]].<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/>

In 1816, under the [[Sugauli Treaty|Treaty of Sugauli]] signed at the conclusion of the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816), the [[Kumaon division]] and [[Dehradun district]] of present-day [[Uttarakhand]] state were annexed as well.<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/>

==Administration==
[[File:CededConqueredProvincesDelhiTerritory.jpg|right|thumb|The "Delhi Territory", shown here in a 1908 map of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab province]], was a part of the ''Ceded and Conquered Provinces''.]]
The ''Ceded and Conquered Provinces'' were a part of the [[Bengal Presidency]] of [[Company rule in India|British India]] under the administration of the [[Company rule in India#Regulation of Company rule|Governor-General-in-Council]].<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/> The great distance of the newly acquired territory from the capital of the presidency in [[Calcutta]] created administrative hitches.<ref name=igi-V-72>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V|1908|p=72}}</ref> In response, a number of temporary arrangements were attempted, but proved to be less than optimal; finally, in 1831, an independent Board of Revenue and a separate ''Sadr Diwani'' and ''Nizamat Adalat'' (Chief Civil and Criminal Courts) were created for these provinces.<ref name=igi-V-72/> In 1833, an [[act of Parliament (UK)|act of the British Parliament]], the [[Government of India Act 1833]] ([[3 & 4 Will. 4]]. c. 85) concurrently promulgated the division of the [[Bengal Presidency]], the elevation the ''Ceded and Conquered Provinces'' to the new ''Presidency of Agra'', and the appointment of a new Governor for the latter.<ref name=igi-V-72/> However, the plan was never carried out, and in 1835 another act of Parliament, the [[India (North-West Provinces) Act 1835]] ([[5 & 6 Will. 4]]. c. 52) renamed the region the ''North Western Provinces'', this time to be administered by a Lieutenant-Governor, the first of whom, Sir [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe]], would be appointed in 1836.<ref name=igi-V-72/>

==See also==
*[[Company rule in India]]
*[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]
*[[British Raj]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last = Alavi | first = Seema | year = 1993 | title = The makings of Company power: James Skinner in the Ceded and Conquered Provinces, 1802–1840 | journal = Indian Economic and Social History Review | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 437–466 | doi = 10.1177/001946469303000403| s2cid = 143864350 }}
* {{Citation | last = Bayly | first = C. A. | title = Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870 |year = 2002 | publisher = Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. 530 | isbn = 0-19-566345-4}}
* {{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V | title = Abāzai to Arcot ("Agra Province" pp. 71–72) | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. viii, 1 map, 437. | year = 1908}}
* {{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV | title = Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276) | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. | year = 1908}}
* {{Citation | last = Mann | first = Michael | title = A permanent settlement for the Ceded and Conquered provinces: Revenue administration in north India, 1801-1833 | year = 1995 | journal = Indian Economic and Social History Review | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 245–269 | doi = 10.1177/001946469503200205| s2cid = 143460002 }}
{{refend}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Divisions of British India}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of British India]]
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:History of Prayagraj]]
[[Category:1805 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Territorial evolution]]

Balaganapathy

2026-03-10T13:43:10Z

Aamir2580: new!

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Balaganapathy_opening_sequence.jpg
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Fantasy]] Mythology
| music = S.P. Venkatesh
| director = Harison
| producer = G S SUDHEER
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_episodes = 307
| num_seasons = 1
| location = [[Kerala]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|03|31}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2015|6|5|df=y}}
| related = Bala Ganapathy
| editor = Shafeek
}}
'''Balaganapathy''' is a [[Malayalam]] [[soap opera]] that launched on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. The first episode aired on 31 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2014/08/balaganapathy-serial-cast-crew-asianet.html|title=Balaganapathy Serial on Asianet -Cast & Crew |Actors and Actresses of Malayalam Serial}}</ref> It was relaunched in [[Asianet Plus]] from late 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-serials/balaganapathy|title=Malayalam Tv Serial Balaganapathy Synopsis Aired on Asianet TV Channel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-serials/balaganapathy/all-cast-and-crew|title=Malayalam Tv Serial Balaganapathy - Full Cast and Crew}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/balaganapathy/1631|title=Balaganapathy}}</ref> The show was also remade into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] under the same title on [[Star Vijay]] from 14 September 2015 to 18 December 2015 for 65 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/tamil/tv-serials/bala-ganapathy|title=Tamil Tv Serial Bala Ganapathy}}</ref>

==Plot==
Balaganapathy tele serial tells the story of Ram, a ten-year-old child and his devotion to Lord Ganesha. Ram believes blindly in the powers of almighty and he learned about Lord Ganesha through the stories told by grandmother. Pooja is his best friend, who stays with him throughout his failures and gives him confidence. Their class teacher Sunitha is compassionate to Ram and wants to see him succeed in life. However, he fails to succeed in many of the tasks presented to him. In the story's turning point, Lord Ganesh himself takes the avatar of Balagnapathy to accompany Ram and his friends to overcome all difficulties in his life.{{citation needed|reason=the source is not mentioned|date=April 2015}}

==Cast ==
===Main===
*Bishwas Chinmaya as Balaganapathy / [[Lord]] [[Ganesha]]/Vishnu
*Siddharth Ajithkumar as Ram Gopal Varma
*[[Niranjana (actress)|Niranjana]] as Pooja Manohar
*[[Sibin Sakaria]] as Thadiayan / Rohit
*Adityan as Motta / Sunder
*Dileep Shankar as Gopal Varma / Gopalan (Ram's father)
*Souparnika Vijay as Sunitha Teacher (Ram's teacher)
*[[Sajitha Betti]] as Radhika Varma

===Supporting===
*Priya Mohan as Sunanda (Kunjappu's daughter)
*[[Kollam Thulasi]] as Kunjappu
*Poojappura Radhakrishnan as Kaimal (Radhika's father)
*[[Ambika Mohan]] as Aayamma
*G S Sudheer as Advocate Vikraman
*[[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] as ACP Manohar (Pooja's father)
*Geetha Nair as Remaniamma (Sunitha's mother)
*[[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Kichammayi
*Azeez as Milkman Supran
*Harikumaran Thampi as Ram's school principal
*Kalyan Khanna

==Awards==
;Won-Asianet Television awards 2015

*Best Character actor (Special Jury) -Mahesh

;Won- Asianet Television awards 2014
*Best Child Artist-Bishwas Chinmaya Nayak, Sidharth, Sebin, Niranjana, Adityan.
*Best director

;Nominated-Asianet Television awards 2015
*Best Character Actor- Dileep Sankar
*Best actress in a negative role-Sajitha Betti

==Reboot==
A [[Spiritual successor|spiritual]] [[Reboot (fiction)|reboot]] of the show titled ''Bala Hanuman'' was aired on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] from 19 April to 30 October 2021 for 151 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balahanuman Serial on Asianet Launching, Monday 19th April at 6:30 P.M|url=https://www.keralatv.in/balahanuman-serial-asianet/|date=18 April 2021}}</ref> The show is about invisible [[Lord Hanuman]] appears in front of three little friends and knows their sorrows.The show stars child actors Darsh, Gyan Dev, Pinky and Arjun in lead characters.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam Li'L Champs to Bala Hanuman: Here are the new shows to entertain telly audience|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-keralam-lil-champs-to-bala-hanuman-here-are-the-new-shows-to-entertain-telly-audience/photostory/82143988.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/#!/balaganapathy-1631-s Official Website] on [[hotstar]]

{{Children television series in India}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Superhero television shows]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian children's television series]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]

Mee Sindhutai Sapkal

2026-03-04T09:49:02Z

Aamir2580: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mee Sindhutai Sapkal
| image = MeeSindhutaiSapkal2010Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Anant Mahadevan]]
| producer = Bindiya Khanolkar Sachin Khanolkar
| screenplay = [[Anant Mahadevan]] Sanjay Pawar
| starring = [[Tejaswini Pandit]] [[Jyoti Chandekar]] [[Upendra Limaye]] [[Neena Kulkarni]]
| music = [[Ashok Patki]]
| cinematography = K. Rajkumar
| editing = [[Anant Mahadevan]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|10|30|South Asian Film Festival}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = {{INR|1 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Small budget Big Bonanza: Marathi Cinema shines amidst fierce competition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/small-budget-big-bonanza-marathi-cinema-shines-amidst-fierce-competition/articleshow/112941796.cms |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Mee Sindhutai Sapkal''''' (trans. I Am Sindhutai Sapkal) is an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] film. It was directed by [[Anant Mahadevan]]. The film stars [[Tejaswini Pandit]], [[Jyoti Chandekar]], [[Upendra Limaye]] and [[Neena Kulkarni]] in leading roles.

==Plot==
The film is a biographical account of [[Sindhutai Sapkal]], a woman who became a social activist after a traumatic life. Born in a poor, cattle grazing family in [[Wardha]] as Chindi (Ragamuffin), Sindhutai was first married off at the age of 10 to a man who was 20 years elder to her and then abandoned by her husband on charges of infidelity.

Traveling through the backwaters of Maharashtra, Sindhutai never abandoned hope and courage and ended up in San Jose on a fund-raising mission for her orphanage, which still provides shelter to homeless kids.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mee Sindhutai Sapkal|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/marathi/movie-reviews/Mee-Sindhutai-Sapkal/movie-review/6916136.cms|work=The Times of India|date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Tejaswini Pandit]] as Sindhu (23 to 40 year old)
* [[Jyoti Chandekar]] as Sindhu (60 year old)
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Shreehari Sapkal
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Bai

==Awards==
'''Winner:''' <ref>{{cite news|title=५८ वा राष्ट्रीय चित्रपट पुरस्कार : 'बाबू बँड बाजा', 'मी सिंधुताई सपकाळ', 'चॅम्पियन्स'सह मराठीचे चित्रपटांचे राष्ट्रीय चित्रपट पुरस्कारांवर वर्चस्व|url=http://www.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158156:2011-05-19-19-34-12&catid=26:2009-07-09-02-01-20&Itemid=3|language=mr|publisher=Loksatta|date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref>
* [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award]] - Bindiya and Sachin Khanolkar, [[Anant Mahadevan]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[Suresh Wadkar]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] (Best Adapted Screenplay) - [[Anant Mahadevan]], Sanjay Pawar
*National Film Award for Best Screenplay (Best Dialogues) - Sanjay Pawar
*[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film]]
* [[MFK Award for Favourite Film]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1804604}}

{{National Film Award Special Jury Award feature film}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Dialogue National Film Award]]
[[Category:Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anant Mahadevan]]
[[Category:2010 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]

Imphal Municipal Corporation

2026-03-01T21:11:46Z

Aamir2580: Started A Bio

{{Short description|Local civic body in Imphal, Manipur, India}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Imphal Municipal Corporation
| native_name = Yumphal
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body =
| term_limits = 5 years
| houses =
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = Vacant
| party1 =
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 =Vacant
| party2 =
| election1 =
| members = 27 Councillors
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 250px

| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = 2016
| next_election1 = 2024
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place =
| website = https://imc.mn.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Imphal Municipal Corporation''' is a [[List of municipal corporations in India|municipal body]] that governs [[Imphal]], the capital city of the Indian state of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation/Council {{!}} Imphal West District, Government of Manipur {{!}} India |url=https://imphalwest.nic.in/municipal-corporations/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1992, the Imphal Municipal Board was upgraded to a Municipal Council under the Manipur Municipality Act.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=State Annual Action Plan (SAAP) for Imphal, Manipur, FY 2015-16 |url=http://amrut.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/8%20SAAPMANIPUR.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016092720/http://amrut.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/8%20SAAPMANIPUR.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation}}</ref> In 2014, the council was upgraded to Imphal Municipal Corporation (IMC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organisational Structure|url=http://imc.mn.gov.in/Organisational%20Structure.pdf|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Imphal Municipal Corporation|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215091344/http://imc.mn.gov.in/Organisational%20Structure.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 25 May 2024, IMC got is its first time property tax in advance under Manipur Municipalities (Property Tax) Rules, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2024-05-25 |title=Chandan becomes first property tax payer in Manipur {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2024/05/chandan-becomes-first-property-tax-payer-in-manipur/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Composition ==
There are 27 wards under the Municipal Corporation, each with its own elected councillor. There are eight committees and five sections at the corporation to govern the administration of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organisational Structure |url=http://imc.mn.gov.in/Organisational%20Structure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215091344/http://imc.mn.gov.in/Organisational%20Structure.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2020 |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Imphal Municipal Corporation}}</ref> In 2022, out of the 27 wards, nine seats were reserved for women and three seats were reserved for Scheduled Tribes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government announces reservation seats for Imphal Municipal Corporation election |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/government-announces-reservation-seats-for-imphal-municipal-corporation-election |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref>

== Election ==

=== 2016 Imphal Municipal Corporation election ===
In the last election held in 2016, with INC won 12 seats, BJP won 10 seats, and independent candidates won 5 seats. Three Independents supported the INC and formed government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Indo-Asian News Service |date=2016-06-07 |title=Congress wins 12 seats in 27-member Manipur local body |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/congress-wins-12-seats-in-27-member-manipur-local-body-116060701192_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315182200/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/congress-wins-12-seats-in-27-member-manipur-local-body-116060701192_1.html |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=2020-09-15 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Laisangbam Lokeshwar was elected as the Mayor and Sujata Phaomei as Deputy Mayor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMC Mayor : 10th jun17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp3..100617.jun17 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2016, CAG Report on Panchayati Raj Institutions and ULBs, the Urban Local Bodies including IMC shows many financial irregularities like Diversion of Fund, Short realization of Municipal Revenue, non remittance of Government revenue and irregular cash withrawal from bank through self-cheques.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Annual Technical Inspection Report on Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies | url-status=live | url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/media/ATIR-2015-16-20200717111559.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517100718/https://www.cag.gov.in/uploads/media/ATIR-2015-16-20200717111559.pdf | archive-date=2021-05-17}}</ref>

In 2018, a person after filing RTI queries alleged IMC of financial irregularity in revenue collection of parking fees. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khumukcham |first=Rinku |date=2018-12-08 |title=Financial irregularity in revenue collection of parking fees by IMC reflected in RTI queries |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/financial-irregularity-in-revenue-collection-of-parking-fees-by-imc-reflected-in-rti-queries/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

In July 2019, the governor of Manipur suspended the IMC for six months for alleged financial irregularities and abuse of power. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=Manipur: Imphal Municipal Corporation suspended for six months over financial irregularities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur-imphal-municipal-corporation-suspended-for-six-months-over-financial-irregularities-5831104/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In Jun 2022, Imphal Corporator Gaidon sent to jail. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IMC Scam: Imphal Corporator Gaidon sent to jail |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/imc-scam-imphal-corporator-gaidon-sent-to-jail |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Manipur| ]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Manipur]]

Magadhi Prakrit

2026-03-01T18:25:08Z

Aamir2580: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Written language of Ancient India}}
{{Distinguish|Ardhamagadhi Prakrit}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Magadhi Prakrit
| altname = Māgadhī
| nativename = [[Brahmi]]: 𑀫𑀸𑀕𑀥𑀻
| region = [[India]]
| extinct = developed into the [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]<ref name=Claus2003 />
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| glotto = none
}}
'''Magadhi Prakrit''' (''Māgadhī'') is of one of the three [[Dramatic Prakrit]]s, the written languages of [[History of India#Classical period (c. 200 BCE – 650_CE)|Classical]]-[[Medieval India]] following the decline of [[Pali]]. It was a vernacular [[Middle Indo-Aryan language]], replacing earlier [[Vedic Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Citation| contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan | editor1-last=Cardona | editor1-first=George | editor2-last=Jain | editor2-first=Dhanesh | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Routledge | place=London | year=2003 | series=Routledge language family series | isbn=0-7007-1130-9 | pages=46–66}}</ref>

==History and overview==
Magadhi Prakrit was spoken in the eastern [[Indian subcontinent]], in a region spanning what is now [[East India|eastern India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prasad |first1=Balaram |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Sibasis |title=Magadhi / Magahi |url=http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/11.%20MAGADHI%20MAGAHI.pdf |website=lsi.gov.in |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Chatterjee'>{{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Suniti Kumar |title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language |date=1926 |page=vi |url=https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali/CHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1/page/n3/mode/2up?q=magadhi+prakrit+bengal |language=English}}</ref> Associated with the ancient [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], it was spoken in present-day [[Assam]], [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[Eastern Uttar Pradesh|eastern]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] under various ''apabhramsha'' dialects,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grierson |first1=Sir George Abraham |title=The Languages of India: Being a Reprint of the Chapter on Languages |date=1903 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=57–58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L65DAAAAYAAJ&q=magadhi+prakrit+bengal |language=en}}</ref> and used in some Prakrit dramas to represent vernacular dialogue. It is believed to be the language spoken by the important religious figures [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beames |first=John |url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139208871 |title=Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India: To Wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali |orig-year=1879 |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-20887-1 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139208871.003}}</ref> and was also the language of the courts of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] [[Mahajanapadas|Mahajanapada]] and the [[Maurya Empire]]; some of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] were composed in it.<ref name="Chatterjee'/><ref>{{cite book|last=Bashan |first=A.L. |title=The Wonder that was India |publisher=Picador |year=2004 |page=394}}</ref>

Magadhi Prakrit later evolved into the [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]], categorised into four groups:<ref name=Claus2003>{{cite book |last1=Claus |first1=Peter J. |last2=Diamond |first2=Sarah |last3=Mills |first3=Margaret Ann |title=South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |page=203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cardona |first1=George |last2=Jain |first2=Dhanesh K. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |page=445 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445}}</ref>

*[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
*[[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
*[[Halbic languages|Halbic]]
*[[Odia language|Odia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150214085724/http://jainworld.com/literature/jain_agams.asp Jain Agams] (archived)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140810115344/http://jainfriends.tripod.com/books/jibljainismliterature.html Jainism in Buddhist Literature] (archived)
* {{cite thesis|type=PhD|first=Mathew W S|last=Toulmin|title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan|url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743|publisher=The Australian National University|year=2006}}

{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}
{{Maithili language}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Prakrit languages]]
[[Category:Magahi language]]
[[Category:History of the Bengali language]]

Dhirendra Bahadur Singh

2026-02-10T18:57:02Z

Aamir2580: new - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Barwara Assembly constituency|Barwara]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Vijayraghvendra Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Dhirendra Bahadur Singh''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Barwara Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barwara Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Barwara Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/barwara-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Badwara, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/barwara-assembly-constituency-s12aed2008a091/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dhirendra Bahadur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Indicus Analytics

2026-02-07T12:10:00Z

Aamir2580: created initial post needs work...

{{Short description|Indian economics research firm}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Indicus Analytics
| logo =
| caption =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date |2000 }}
| founder = Laveesh Bhandari
| defunct = {{End date |2023 }}
| fate = Acquired by [[Nielsen Holdings PLC]] in 2014
| location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| location_country =
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Laveesh Bhandari (Director)|Sumita Kale (Chief Economist)}}
| industry = [[Economic sector|Economic]]
| products =
| services = Research services, [[software analytics]] and data products
| owner = [[Nielsen Holdings]]
| homepage = {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601114008/http://www.indicus.net/ |date=June 1, 2023 |title=www.indus.net }}
}}

'''Indicus Analytics''' was an Indian [[economics]] research firm based in [[New Delhi]]. The company offered research services and data products to both national and international corporations (including consulting firms), educational institutions and government organizations.

==History==
Indicus Analytics was founded in 2000 in Delhi by Laveesh Bhandari. It made its first product in 2002 and launched software based version of its products in 2007.

In 2014, Indicus was acquired by [[Nielsen Holdings PLC|Nielsen India]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bansal|first1=Shuchi|title=Nielsen acquires Indicus Analytics|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/jkSAZZuKcd9FI8KkiwsKSI/Nielsen-acquires-Indicus-Analytics.html|publisher=Mint Newspaper|accessdate=15 September 2016|date=19 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nielsen India buys Indicus Analytics; looks out for more acquisitions|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/nielsen-india-buys-indicus-analytics-looks-out-for-more-acquisitions/articleshow/42842640.cms|website=The Economic Times|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>

===Initiatives===
In February 2008, Indicus brought out a [[white paper]] ‘Transforming West Bengal - Changing the Agenda for an Agenda for Change’ which deciphered the progress in the state for 50 years and suggested reform measures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Change of State: Bihar Gains, Bengal Wanes|url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/change-of-state-bihar-gains-bengal-wanes/|website=Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>

In July 2008, Indicus conducted a study ‘Freedom to Choose’ with Outlook Money to find out the changes that have occurred in the six major areas of personal finance.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Freedom To Choose|url=http://www.outlookmoney.com/archive/the-freedom-to-choose-90969|website=OutlookMoney.com|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>

In association with [[Prabhat Khabar]], a leading daily, Indicus conducted a study of [[Jharkhand]] state ‘Jharkhand Development Report 2009’ in January 2009.

In April 2009, [[Google]] partnered with Indicus Analytics to launch an Election Centre for [[Lok Sabha Elections|Lok Sabha elections]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google, partners launch India Elections Center|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-04-07/news/28415367_1_google-general-elections-official-company-blog|website=The Economic Times|accessdate=15 September 2016}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Indicus provided election related news and development data related to socio economic progress of various parliamentary constituencies since [[2004 Lok Sabha elections]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=ET-Indicus election special: Dip in poverty levels boosts UPA chances|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/et-indicus-election-special-dip-in-poverty-levels-boosts-upa-chances/articleshow/4321221.cms|website=The Economic Times|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>

Indicus conducted the annual feature ‘The State of the States’ with [[India Today]]. The latest of these was in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best of states|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20151116-best-of-states-820792-1999-11-29|publisher=India Today|access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> The exercise finds out which of the India’s states offer its citizens the best opportunities to live and to earn.

==Services==
Indicus Analytics made software based analytics products on various facets of [[Indian economy]] and Indian consumer. The customer segments served by Indicus included: Insurance, Retail, Banking, Healthcare, Telecommunication, Advertising and Media, Durables, FMCG, Educational Institutions and Financial Services.

Indicus conducted research and data analysis about various facets of Indian economy. Indicus’ research methodology includes Econometric Modeling, Indexing and Ranking, Surveys, Monitoring and Evaluation, Forecasting and Prediction. It conducts research in the following domains - Agriculture, Industry and Services, Consumer Economics, Education, Health and Socio-economy, Employment and Labour, Macro-economy and Finance, Governance & State among others.

==Key Advisors==
*[[Bibek Debroy]] an eminent Indian economist, Professor Bibek Debroy is currently a research Professor at the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi, India.
*[[Subir Gokarn]] is currently deputy Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and former chief economist at [[CRISIL]] and [[Standard & Poor's]] (for Asia Pacific region).
*[[Ashok Desai (economist)|Ashok Desai]] is a Consultant Editor of the Telegraph and is also a [[Columnist]] in the [[Businessworld]] magazine.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Economic research institutes]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2000]]

Surathkal railway station

2026-02-07T09:02:59Z

Aamir2580: rework lead to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Railway station in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Surathkal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| Grade =
| image = SLstationfront.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = View of entrance to Surathkal railway station
| address = Railway Station Road, [[Kadambodi]], Tel: 0824-2475938, [[Surathkal]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9902|74.8054|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line = [[Konkan Railway]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 1
| tracks =
| entrances =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1997}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SL
| zone = [[Konkan Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Karwar}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Konkan Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Konkan Railway|left=Mulki|right=Thokur|type=[[Konkan Railway]]}}
| map_locator =
| route_map = {{Konkan Railway Map|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = Karnataka
| map_dot_label = Surathkal
}}

'''Surathkal railway station''' (Station code:SL) is one of the main railway stations of [[Mangalore]] city along with [[Mangalore Central railway station]] and [[Mangalore Junction railway station]] and is located in north Mangaluru on Konkan Railway route. Twenty-two trains stop here.[[Konkan Railway Corporation Limited|KRCL]] operates RO-RO services from Suratkal to Verna, Kolad, and Karembeli.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roll On – Roll Off Services|url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/department/viewdept/roll_on_roll_off_services/|website=[[Konkan Railway]]|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=In a first, Indian Railways commence RO-RO service on Central and Western Railways|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/in-a-first-indian-railways-commence-ro-ro-service-on-central-and-western-railways/articleshow/65911521.cms|website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> As per the Konkan railway map, Surathkal railway station is at a distance of 733.825 kilometers from the northern starting point of the Konkan railway line at [[Roha]] and 4.615 kilometers from Thokur which is the southern endpoint of Konkan railway jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://konkanrailway.com/uploads/pdfs/System-map.pdf|title= Konkan Railway system map|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> The Surathkal railway station is at distance of 26.285 Kilometre from Mangaluru Central(MAQ) railway station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1622089254025-A1%20SYSTEM%20MAP%202021.pdf|title= South Western Railway system map|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref>

The station has only one platform and a single diesel broad gauge track.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arrivals at SL/Surathkal (1 PFs)|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/surathkal-sl/1783|website=IndiaRailInfo.com|access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> The electrification of Konkan railway tracks was completed in March 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/konkan-railway-completes-electrification-of-entire-741-km-route-pm-modi-hails-the-achievement-11648614636989.html|title=konkan-railway completes electrification of entire 741km route pmmodi hails the achievement|access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref> During the landslides that occurred in August 2019 at Padil-Kulashekar railway section in Mangaluru, several trains were terminated at Surathkal railway stations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karnataka: Train traffic restored on landslip hit Padil-Kulashekar section|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-train-traffic-restored-on-landslip-hit-padil-kulashekar-section/articleshow/70929014.cms|website= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Train services on Kerala-Mangaluru-Mumbai sector hit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/train-services-on-kerala-mangaluru-mumbai-sector-hit/article29230801.ece|website=[[The Hindu]] Newspaper|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> Again from 6-2-2023 to 3-3-2023 due to works carried between Padil and Jokatte section many trains were short terminated at Suratkal railway station, the trains were 12133/12134 CSMT- Manguluru Junction Express and Madgaon- Mangaluru Central Express (10107/10108).<ref>{{cite web|title= Upgradation work over Southern Railway|url=https://konkanrailway.com/press/details/1722|website=[[Konkan Railway]]|access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> There is an urgent need of constructing another platform at Surathkal railway station to handle such emergencies as well as increasing number of passengers. Rolling IN and Rolling OUT of RORO rakes are carried here.<ref>{{cite web|title=Activity Location Map of Mechanical Department|url=http://konkanrailway.com/uploads/editor_images/1550470533_Activity%20location%20Map%2015022019.pdf|website=[[Konkan Railway]]|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> The Surathkal railway station has a tea stall,ethnic food stall, waiting room and toilet for men and women at the platform.
==Background==
[[File:SLatnight.jpg|thumb|left|Surathkal railway station at night]]
[[Surathkal]] is a suburb of [[Mangalore]] city located on [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] (earlier known as National Highway 17) in the [[Dakshina Kannada]] district, [[Karnataka]] state, India on the shore of the [[Arabian Sea]]. It is a municipality merged with [[Mangalore City Corporation]]. It lies between the [[Gurupura]] (Phalguni) and [[Pavanje]] ([[Nandini]]) rivers. It is considered as the northernmost area of [[Mangalore City Corporation]] geographical limits. [[Surathkal]] is six kilometers north of New Mangalore sea port (NMPT). The nearest airport is [[Mangalore International Airport]] (IXE/VOML) at fifteen kilometers away from Surathkal railway station. Mangalore petroleum refinery (MRPL) is three kilometers from this railway station. National Institute of Technology, Karnataka (formerly KREC) is at distance of two kilometers from Suratkal railway station.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Reach|url=https://www.nitk.ac.in/How_To_Reach|website= NITK|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref>

==Location==
The Surathkal railway station is located 13.2 meters above mean sea level. The entrance to the railway station is from Surathkal-Bajpe Road now known as Surathkal-[[Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited|MRPL]] road. The Surathkal railway station is just 500 meters east of national highway NH-66. There is a bus-stop at the entrance of the railway station road where one can get city buses to [[Hampankatta]], [[Panambur]], Kulai, [[Kulur, Mangalore]], [[Kankanady]], [[Krishnapura]], [[Katipalla]], and [[Bajpe]].
[[File:SURATKAL SL.jpg|thumb|Discarded manual signal system at Suratkal railway station]]

==Trains==
The following trains have a stop at Surathkal railway station in both directions:

* [[Matsyagandha Express]] (12619/12620) runs daily.
* [[Netravati Express]] (16346/16345) runs daily.
* [[Mumbai CSMT–Mangaluru Junction Superfast Express]] (12133 / 12134) runs daily.
* MRDW (Murudeshwara)-SMVB (Bengaluru) Express (16585/16586) runs daily.
* Bengaluru(SBC) - Karwar(KAWR) [[Panchaganga Express]] (16595/16596) runs daily.
* Gandhidham junction-Nagaracoil junction Express (16335/16336) once in a week.
* Okha-[[Eranakulam]] Junction Express (16337/16338) twice in a week.
* [[Madgaon Junction railway station|Madgaon]]–Mangalore Intercity Express (22635/22636)
* [[Mangaluru]]–Madgaon Special Passenger (06601/06602) runs daily.
* Mangaluru–[[Madgaon]] MEMU (10107/10108 every day except Sunday.
* Yeshvantpur–[[Karwar]] Express (16515/16516) thrice in a week.

Some special trains running through Konkan railway route have stop at Surathkal railroad station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Special trains to clear festival rush|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/special-trains-to-clear-festival-rush/article30260594.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>

[[Western Railway zone]] and [[Konkan Railway Corporation]] have announced that Ganapati festival special (fully reserved) trains will be run from Mumbai Central(MMCT) to Surathkal(SL) and vice versa. The train number ''09183'' will leave Mumbai Central at 11.55p.m on 8 September 2021 and 15 September 2021 and reach Surathkal at 8p.m next day. Train ''09184'' will start from Suratkal at 9.15 p.m on 9 September 2021 and 16 September 2021 and reach Mumbai central at 8.55p.m next day. The coach composition of 09183 and 09184 will be Two coaches of 2 tier Air conditioned,Eight coaches of 3 tier A.C, Two sleeper coaches along with one pantry car and two generator coaches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railways to start festival special between Mumbai and Mangaluru|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/railways-to-start-festival-special-between-mumbai-and-mangaluru/article35779243.ece |website=The Hindu|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> These will be the first train to officially terminate and originate at Surathkal railway station.

Winter Special train ( 01453/01454) running from LTT(Mumbai) terminates at Surathkal from 31 January 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Booking for Train no. 01454 Surathkal - Lokmanya Tilak (T) Special (Weekly)|url=https://konkanrailway.com/press/details/1715 |website=Konkan Railway|access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> On 8 November 2025 Mumbai CSMT to Mangaluru Junction (Train number 12133) was short terminated at Surathkal railwat station for carrying of doubling between Jokkate and Thokur and same train (12134) started its journey from Surathkal train station to Mumbai CSMT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Changes-in-train-services-due-to-track-doubling-works-between-Jokatte-and-Thokur.html|title=Changes in train services due to track doubling works between Jokatte and Thokur|publisher=Mangalore Today,news portal|access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1997]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Railway stations along Konkan Railway line]]
[[Category:Karwar railway division]]

Nistha Chakraborty

2026-02-03T08:25:21Z

Aamir2580: started post

{{Short description|Indian kickboxer}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
'''Nistha Chakraborty''', also spelt as Nishtha Chakraborty, is an Indian kick boxer from [[Tripura]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Tripura's golden girl Nishita shines in Russia with one gold, two silver|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripuras-golden-girl-nishita-shines-russia-one-gold-two-silver.html|access-date=2021-07-24|website=NORTHEAST NOW|date=7 June 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Female Kick Boxer from Tripura Clinches Bronze Medal in International Competition - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/tripura-news/female-kick-boxer-from-tripura-clinches-bronze-medal-in-international-competition/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The Sentinel Assam|date=5 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=new worldcup russia|url=https://www.wakoindia.org/new-worldcup-russia/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=wako India}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Shot in the arm for Tripura kickboxer|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/shot-in-the-arm-for-tripura-kickboxer/cid/1451839|access-date=2021-07-24|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tripura felicitates Nishtha {{!}} Tripuraindia|url=https://www.tripuraindia.in/update/index/tripura-felicitates-nishtha|access-date=2021-07-25|website=www.tripuraindia.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She was born into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family in [[Tripura]], northeastern state of [[India]]. Her father is Hiralal Chakraborty. She is a student of humanities at Holy Cross College.<ref name=":3" />

== Career ==
She is coached by Pinaki Chakraborty.<ref name=":3" />

She won a gold medal in the WAKO Diamond World Cup 2018 in Russia.<ref name=":2" />

She won a gold medal and two silvers in the ninth world kick-boxing championship in the Russian city of Anapa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

She won a bronze medal in the 4th Asian Pencak Silat championship.<ref name=":1" />

== Honour ==
She was appointed ambassador of women's empowerment by the [[Government of Tripura]] in 2018.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://mobile.twitter.com/nisthachakrabo1?lang=en Nistha Chakraborty] on Twitter

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Nistha}}
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tripura]]
[[Category:Indian female kickboxers]]

{{India-martialart-bio-stub}}
{{Kickboxing-bio-stub}}

Nehru: The Invention of India

2026-01-29T03:19:00Z

Aamir2580: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|2003 book by Shashi Tharoor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Nehru: The Invention of India
| image = File:Nehrutheinventionofindia.png
| image_size =
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Shashi Tharoor]]
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| subject = Non-fiction
| genre =
| publisher = [[Arcade Publishing]]
| pub_date = 2003
| media_type = Print (hardcover)
| pages =
| isbn = 9781559706971
}}
'''''Nehru: The Invention of India''''' is a book written by [[Shashi Tharoor]] in 2003. It is a short biography that talks about the life of the first Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/11/books/the-saint-s-tactician.html|title=The Saint's Tactician|first=Ian|last=Buruma|date=11 January 2004|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=23 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/nehru-reinvented/222157|title=Nehru, Reinvented | Outlook India Magazine|website=magazine.outlookindia.com/}}</ref> It covers both personal aspects along with the historical and political aspects of India during the time of [[Pandit Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/most-searched-products/books/childrens-day-special-popular-books-by-and-on-jawaharlal-nehru/articleshow/72039865.cms|title=Children's Day: Popular Books On and By Jawaharlal Nehru - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/nehru-a-political-life-by-judith-m-brownnehru-the-invention-of-india-by-shashi-tharoor-561660.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/nehru-a-political-life-by-judith-m-brownnehru-the-invention-of-india-by-shashi-tharoor-561660.html |archive-date=2022-06-18 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Nehru: a political life by Judith M BrownNehru: the invention of|date=10 October 2011|website=The Independent}}</ref>

On 14 November 2018 on the occasion of Jawaharlal Nehru's birth anniversary, Tharoor announced that ''Nehru: The Invention of India'' will be remade into a web series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/shashi-tharoor-nehru-the-invention-of-india-trailer|title=Shashi Tharoor's Book on Nehru to Be Adapted Into Web Series|date=14 November 2018|website=TheQuint|accessdate=23 February 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Jawaharlal Nehru}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru: The Invention of India}}
[[Category:2003 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about politics of India]]
[[Category:Books by Shashi Tharoor]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Arcade Publishing books]]

{{India-hist-book-stub}}

Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision

2026-01-17T15:38:25Z

Aamir2580: basic adjust structure after review further

{{other uses|Bardhaman (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline = File:Bardhaman Sadar North (subdivision) in Purba Bardhaman (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.25|N|87.85|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bardhaman]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1,958.43
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,586,623
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate =
| website = http://bardhaman.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of the [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.

==Overview==
The uneven [[laterite]] territory found in the western part of Paschim Bardhaman district extends up to Ausgram and then the [[Alluvium|alluvial]] [[floodplain]]s commence. Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision extends from the Kanksa Ketugram plain, which lies along the [[Ajay River|Ajay]] on the north to the Bardhaman Plain, the central plain area of the district, with the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] on the south and the east.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, p18,28, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13-14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 3 March 2017}}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
[[Purba Bardhaman district]] is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 17 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |url-status = usurped |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://abpananda.abplive.in/state/burdwan-district-bifurcation-today-324944 | title = পূর্ব ও পশ্চিম, আজ বর্ধমান জেলা ভাগের আনুষ্ঠানিক ঘোষনা মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর |language=bn | publisher = ABP Ananda, 7 April 2017 |access-date = 9 April 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Purba Bardhaman Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar North||[[Bardhaman]]||1,958.43||1,586,623||73.58||26.42
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]]||[[Memari]]||1,410.03||1,198,155||95.54||4.46
|-
|[[Katwa subdivision|Katwa]]||[[Katwa]]||1,070.48||963,022||88.44||11.56
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]||[[Kalna, India|Kalna]]||993.75||1,087,732||87.00||13.00
|-
|[[Purba Bardhaman district]]||[[Bardhaman]]||5,432.69||4,835,532||84.98||15.02
|-
|}

Note:Before bifurcation of the erstwhile Bardhaman district Galsi I was in Durgapur subdivision, but after bifurcation it is in Bardhman Sadar North subdivision.

==Administrative units==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|23|11|N|87|45|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical site, W: river project, C: craft centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|14|0|N|87|52|0|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Bardhaman | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Bardhaman]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|30|0|N|87|45|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Guskara| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Guskara]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|12|N|87|50|19|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Goda | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Goda, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|16|6|N|87|52|21|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Bahir Sarbamangala | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Bahir Sarbamangala]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|17|4|N|87|52|54|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Mirzapur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Mirzapur, Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|15|10|N|87|53|30|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Nari | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nari, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|13|6|N|87|55|0|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Gangpur | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Gangpur]] (CT)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|25|25|N|87|32|33|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Raipur | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Raipur, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|24|30|N|87|32|50|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Bud Bud | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Bud Bud]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|23|30|N|87|32|50|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Sukdal | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Sukdal]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|27|7|N|87|33|10|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Mankar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Mankar]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|30|56|N|87|39|42|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Ausgram| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Ausgram, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|25|11|N|87|55|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Bhatar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhatar]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|20|43|N|87|41|8|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Galsi| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Galsi, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|26|20|N|87|35|1|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Amrargar| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Amrargar]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|18|33|N|87|52|14|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Kamnara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Kamnara]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|11|19|N|87|58|12|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Barshul| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Barshul]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|15|45|N|87|58|42|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18=Hatgobindapur| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Hatgobindapur]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|32|30|N|87|37|23|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Bononabagram| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Bononabagram]] (R)| shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|22|16|N|87|37|39|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20=Pursha| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Pursha]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|20|15|N|87|58|47|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=Kurmun| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Kurmun]] (R)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|26|7|N|87|36|9|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Jamtara| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Jamtara, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color22=#C42222
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|17|39|N|87|38|47|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Adrahati| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Adrahati]] (R)| shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|34|19|N|87|38|59|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Pandu Rajar Dhibi| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] (H)| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|22|8|N|87|28|15|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Randiha| numbered25=W| mark-title25= [[Randiha]] (H)| shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|51|N|87|42|1|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Dwariapur| numbered26=C| mark-title26= [[Dwariapur, Bardhaman]] (C)| shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|12|16|N|87|57|36|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Saktigarh| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Saktigarh, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|11|11|N|88|0|57|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Palsit| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Palsit]] (R)| shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.2722|87.5665}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=45| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.5661|87.8404}}| label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=0| label-pos30=right| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision has 7 police stations, 7 community development blocks, 7 panchayat samitis, 64 gram panchayats, 603 [[mouza]]s, 580 inhabited villages, 2 municipalities and 8 [[census town]]s. The two municipalities are at [[Bardhaman]] and [[Guskara]]. The census towns are: [[Goda, Purba Bardhaman|Goda]], [[Bahir Sarbamangala]], [[Mirzapur, Bardhaman|Mirzapur]], [[Nari, Purba Bardhaman|Nari]], [[Gangpur]], [[Raipur, Purba Bardhaman|Raipur]], [[Sukdal]] and [[Bud Bud]]. The subdivision has its headquarters at Bardhaman.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | url-status = usurped | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008">{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 February 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] data Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision, after bifurcation of Bardhaman district in 2017, had a total population of 1,586,623. There were 808,443 (51%) males and 778,190 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 161,621.<ref name=1census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census - Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 April 2017 }}</ref>

As per the 2011 census data the total number of literates in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision, after bifurcation of Bardhaman district in 2017, was 1,076,352 (75.53% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 592,465 (81.59% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 483,837 (69.24% of the female population over 6 years).<ref name=1census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|Orange|77.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|Green|21.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians|Christian]]|Blue|0.28}}
{{bar percent|Others|Yellow|0.79}}
}}
In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 1,224,367 and formed 77.17% of the population in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision. Muslims numbered 345,264 and formed 21.76% of the population. Christians numbered 4,444 and formed 0.28% of the population. Others numbered 12,548 and formed 0.79% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 17 April 2017}}</ref>

==Police stations==
Police stations in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref name=handbook2014/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://burdwanpolice.org/ps | title = Burdwan District Police | work = Police Station | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 26 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010007/http://burdwanpolice.org/ps | archive-date = 21 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station ||Area covered km2 ||Municipal town || CD Block
|-
|[[Bardhaman#Police stations|Burdwan]]||192.15||[[Bardhaman]]||[[Burdwan I]], [[Burdwan II]]
|-
|[[Bardhaman#Police stations|Women PS Burdwan]]||192.15||[[Bardhaman]]||[[Burdwan I]], [[Burdwan II]]
|-
||[[Ausgram, Bardhaman#Police station|Aushgram]]||198.90||[[Guskara]]||[[Ausgram I]] (part), [[Ausgram II]] (part)
|-
|[[Bud Bud#Police station|Bud Bud]]||139.7|| - ||[[Galsi I]] (part), [[Ausgram II]] (part)
|-
||[[Bhatar#Police station|Bhatar]]||163.44|| - ||[[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]]
|-
|[[Galsi, Bardhaman#Police station|Galsi]]||294.4|| - ||[[Galsi I]] (part), [[Galsi II]]
|-
|}
In the police set up [[Kanksa#Police station|Kanksa]] PS is under the Subdivisional Police Officer of Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2014/><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 24 October 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Purba Bardhaman Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Hindus]] %||[[Muslims]] %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Ausgram I]]||[[Guskara]]||222.34||119,363||35.74||13.05||76.11||23.48||69.39|| -
|-
|[[Ausgram II]]||[[Amrargar]]||360.45||150,896||37.87||14.42||77.32||21.35||68.00|| -
|-
|[[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]]||[[Bhatar]]||415.01||263,064||32.44||9.74||73.20||25.67||71.56|| -
|-
|[[Galsi I]]||[[Bud Bud]]||257.37||187,588||35.74||4.08||71.60||27.75||72.87||3
|-
|[[Galsi II]]||[[Galsi, Bardhaman|Galsi]]||219.09||147,177||39.64||4.08||74.78||24.74||70.05|| -
|-
|[[Burdwan I]]||[[Kamnara]]||250.41||215,930||30.11||5.62||70.81||28.38||76.07|| 4
|-
|[[Burdwan II]]||[[Barshul]]||189.57||152,939||38.79||11.93||87.41||10.96||74.12|| 1
|-
|}

==Gram panchayats==
The subdivision contains 64 [[gram panchayat]]s under 7 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref name="Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008"/>

* [[Ausgram I (community development block)|Ausgram–I]] block consists of seven gram panchayats, viz. Ausgram, Billagram, Dignagar–II, Ukta, Berenda, Dignagar–I and Guskara–II.
* [[Ausgram II (community development block)|Ausgram–II]] block consists of seven gram panchayats, viz. Amarpur, Eral, Ramnagar, Vedia, Debshala, Kota and Valki.
* [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]] block consists of 14 gram panchayats, viz. Amarun–I, Banpash, Eruar, Sahebganj–I, Amarun–II, Barabeloon–I, Mahachanda, Sahebganj–II, Bolgona, Barabeloon–II, Mahata, Bamunara, Bhatar and Nityanandapur.
* [[Burdwan I (community development block)|Burdwan–I]] block consists of nine gram panchayats, viz. Baghar–I, Belkash, Rayan–I, Baghar–II, Kshetia, Rayan–II, Bandul–I, Kurmun–I, Saraitikar.
* [[Burdwan II (community development block)|Burdwan–II]] block consists of nine gram panchayats, viz. Baikunthapur–I, Barsul–I, Kurmun–II, Baikunthapur–II, Barsul–II, Nabastha–I, Bandul–II, Gobindapur and Nabastha–II.
* [[Galsi I (community development block)|Galsi–I]] block consists of nine gram panchayats, viz. Budbud, Loapur Krishnarampur, Paraj, Uchchagram, Chaktentul, Potna–Pursa, Loa Ramgopalpur, Mankar and Serorai.
* [[Galsi II (community development block)|Galsi–II]] block consists of nine gram panchayats, viz. Adra, Gohogram, Maszidpur, Bhunri, Khano, Sanko, Galsi, Kurkuba and Satinandi.

==Economy==
===Agriculture===
In the erstwhile Bardhaman district agriculture was the pre-dominant economic activity and the main source of livelihood for the rural people. The soil and climate favours the production of food grains. Cash crops are also grown. Irrigation facilities had contributed in a major way towards higher agricultural productivity. Amongst the districts of West Bengal, Bardhaman district had maximum irrigated land under cultivation.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Pages 50-54 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 23 March 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Given below is an overview of the agricultural production (all data in tonnes) for Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision, other subdivisions and the Purba Bardhaman district, after bifurcation of the erstwhile Bardhaman district, with data for the year 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Tables 18.1. Data for subdivisions/ district calculated by totalling the CD Block data provided |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 March 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |url-status = usurped |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block/ Subdivision ||Rice||Wheat || Jute ||Pulses||Oil seeds||Potatoes||Sugarcane
|-
|[[Burdwan I]]||159,649||-||-||1||1,594||23,526||398
|-
|[[Burdwan II]]||61,668||-||-||21||168||54,888||-
|-
|[[Ausgram I]]||11,901||305||-||45||582||38,175||721
|-
|[[Ausgram II]]||69,852||538||-||22||167||6,640||-
|-
|[[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]]||252,997||52||-||8||1,661||2,780||1,081
|-
||[[Galsi I]]||34,982||13||-||6||57||15,754||0
|-
|[[Galsi II]]||100,577||-||-||5||592||22,833||-
|-
|'''Bardhaman Sadar North'''||688,626||908||-||108||3,059||105,182||1,802
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]] ||441,645||1,758||33||1,375||14,619||883,457||1,192
|-
|[[Katwa subdivision|Katwa]]||509,610||638||65,168||217||7,432||51,928||97,483
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]||257,149||3,461||179,375||164||11,425||159,659||565
|-
|[[Purba Bardhaman district]]||1,897,030||6,765||244,576||1,864||36,535||1,200,226||101,042
|-
|}

==Education==
The table below offers a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Purba Bardhaman district, after bifurcation of Bardhaman district in 2017, with data for the year 2013-14:<ref name=2handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 24 November 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |url-status = usurped |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|Bardhaman Sadar North
|align="center"|947
|align="center"|83,083
|align="center"|42
|align="center"|3,019
|align="center"|122
|align="center"|72,981
|align="center"|92
|align="center"|94,260
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|24,612
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|7,666
|align="center"|2,331
|align="center"|81,318
|-
|align=left|[[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]]
|align="center"|787
|align="center"|59,920
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|3,138
|align="center"|103
|align="center"|59,680
|align="center"|60
|align="center"|62,371
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|9,521
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|2,069
|align="center"|2,067
|align="center"|64,473
|-
|align=left|[[Katwa subdivision|Katwa]]
|align="center"|601
|align="center"|52,239
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|1,637
|align="center"|74
|align="center"|45,704
|align="center"|42
|align="center"|44,645
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|7,965
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|1,190
|align="center"|1,412
|align="center"|64,979
|-
|align=left|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]
|align="center"|673
|align="center"|54,249
|align="center"|26
|align="center"|1,984
|align="center"|74
|align="center"|55,964
|align="center"|51
|align="center"|65,334
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|9,594
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|663
|align="center"|1,761
|align="center"|67,996
|-
|align=left|[[Purba Bardhaman district]]
|align="center"|3,008
|align="center"|249,491
|align="center"|127
|align="center"|9,778
|align="center"|373
|align="center"|234,329
|align="center"|245
|align="center"|266,610
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|51,692
|align="center"|60
|align="center"|11,588
|align="center"|7,571
|align="center"|277,766
|-
|}

Note: Primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=2handbook2014/>

The following institutions are located in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision:
*[[University of Burdwan]] was established at [[Bardhaman]] in 1960.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://buruniv.ac.in/ |title = University of Burdwan | publisher= BU | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Burdwan Medical College]] was established at Bardhaman in 1969.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.burdwanmedicalcollege.org/ |title = Burdwan Medical College | publisher= BMC | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University]] at Bardhaman was established in 1999 <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.uit.buruniv.ac.in/ |title = University Institute of Technology | publisher= UIT | access-date = 17 February 2019}}</ref>
*College of Agriculture (Extended Campus of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidalaya) near [[Nari, Purba Bardhaman|Nari]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=3636638817772e42b59d74cff571fbb3a9 | title = College of Agriculture (Extended Campus of BCKV) | publisher = BCKV | access-date = 12 February 2019 | archive-date = 22 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190122095307/http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=3636638817772e42b59d74cff571fbb3a9 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*[[Kanad Institute of Engineering and Management]] was established at [[Mankar]] in 2008. It is affiliated with Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.kanadinstitute.org/ |title = Kanad Institute of Engineering and Management | publisher= KIEM | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*Burdwan Institute of Management and Computer Science at Dewandighi, [[Mirzapur, Bardhaman|Mirzapur]] was established in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bims.co.in/ | title = Burdwan Institute of Management and Computer Science| publisher = BIMC |access-date = 23 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icbse.com/colleges/burdwan-institute-of-management-computer-science/34592/2 | title = Burdwan Institute of Management and Computer Science| publisher = ICBSE |access-date = 23 January 2019}}</ref>
*[[Burdwan Raj College]] was established at Bardhaman in 1881.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.burdwanrajcollege.ac.in/ |title = Burdwan Raj College | publisher= BRC | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[St. Xavier's College, Burdwan|St. Xavier's College]] was established in Bardhaman in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sxc-bwn.ac.in/ |title = St. Xavier's College, Burdwan | publisher= SXC, Burdwan | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya]] was established at Bardhaman in 1964.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://vmbdn.in/ |title = Vivekananda Mahavidyalay | publisher= VMB | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Maharajadhiraj Uday Chand Women's College]] was established at Bardhaman in 1955.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mucwcburdwan.org/ |title = Maharajadhiraj Uday Chand Women's College |work = MUC Women’s College | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Gushkara Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Guskara]] in 1955.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.guskaramahavidyalaya.org/ |title = Gushkara Mahavidyalaya | publisher= GM | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Galsi Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Galsi, Bardhaman|Galsi]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.galsimahavidyalaya.com/ |title = Galsi Mahavidyalaya | publisher= GM | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mankar College]] at [[Mankar]] was established in 1987, It is affiliated with Kazi Nazrul University.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/MankarCollege/Mankar_College.shtml | title = Mankar College | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 2 March 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Dasarathi Hazra Memorial College]] was established at [[Bhatar]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.examdrive.in/2017/02/bhatar-dasarathi-hazra-memorial-college-admission-merit-list.html |title = Dasarathi Hazra Memorial College | publisher= Examdrive | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Dr. Bhupendra Nath Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Hatgobindapur]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dbndsm.edu.in/principals_desk.php | title = Dr. Bhupendra Nath Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya | publisher = DBNDSM | access-date = 2 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170607222245/http://www.dbndsm.edu.in/principals_desk.php | archive-date = 7 June 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Dr.BhupendraNathDuttaSmritiMahavidyalaya/Dr_Bhupendra_Nath_Dutta_Smriti_Mahavidyalaya.shtml |title = Dr. Bhupendra Nath Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya | publisher= College Admission | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Purba Bardhaman district, after bifurcation of the erstwhile Bardhaman district in 2017, with data for the year 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman |work = Table 3.1, 3.3 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 March 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |url-status = usurped |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|Bardhaman Sadar North
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|69
|align="center"|103
|align="center"|2,915
|align="center"|554
|align="center"|156,726
|align="center"|2,525,789
|-
|align=left|[[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]]
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|21
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|12
|align="center"|39
|align="center"|374
|align="center"|41
|align="center"|209,640
|align="center"|1,619,459
|-
|align=left|[[Katwa subdivision|Katwa]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|13
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|28
|align="center"|452
|align="center"|59
|align="center"|65,055
|align="center"|1,291,942
|-
|align=left|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|17
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|43
|align="center"|619
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|49,640
|align="center"|1,186,491
|-
|align=left|[[Purba Bardhaman district]]
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|74
|align="center"|2
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|109
|align="center"|213
|align="center"|4,360
|align="center"|699
|align="center"|481,061
|align="center"|6,623,681
|-
|}

Medical facilities available in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision are as follows:

'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds)<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref> 
[[Burdwan Medical College|Bardhaman Medical College & Hospital]], [[Bardhaman]], 1,105 beds 
Bardhaman Jail Hospital, Bardhaman, 35 beds 
Bardhaman Police Hospital, Bardhaman, 44 beds 
Bardhaman Railway Hospital, Bardhaman, 5 beds 
Indian Red Cross Society, Bardhaman, 60 beds 
Lions Club, Bardhaman, 15 beds 
'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Bononabagram Rural Hospital, Ausgram I CD block, [[Bononabagram]], 30 beds 
Mankar Rural Hospital, Galsi I CD block, [[Mankar]], 30 beds 
Pursha Rural Hospital, Galsi I CD block, [[Pursha]], 30 beds 
Bhatar Rural Hospital, Bhatar CD block, [[Bhatar]], 60 beds 
'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, block, location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Kurmun BPHC, Burdwan I CD block, [[Kurmun]], 10 beds 
Barshul BPHC, Burdwan II CD block, [[Barshul]], 10 beds 
Jamtara BPHC, Ausgram II CD block, [[Jamtara, Bardhaman|Jamtara]], PO Amragar, 15 beds 
Adrahati BPHC, Galsi II CD block, [[Adrahati]], 15 beds 
'''Primary Health Centres''': (CD block-wise)(CD block, PHC location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Burdwan I CD block: Baghat (4), Jamar, PO Korar (10) 
Burdwan II CD block: Bamchandipur, PO Jateram (2), Kashiara PO [[Hatgobindapur]] (4) 
Bhatar CD block: [[Balgona]] (2), Bijipur, PO Basuda (6), Bonpass (10), Erruar, PO Aruarar (10), [[Nasigram]] (6), Sahebganj (4) 
Ausgram I CD block: [[Guskara]] (10 beds), Ukta, PO Pitchkuri Dhal (4), Dignagar (6) 
Ausgram II CD block: at Amarpur PO Aduria (6), Bahadurpur, PO Abhirampur (4), Bhatkunda (4), Bhedia (10) and Ramnagar (6) 
Galsi I CD block: [[Bharatpur, Purba Bardhaman|Bharatpur]] (6), Lowa, PO Dwarmari (10) 
Galsi II CD block: Bhuri (10), Satinadi, PO Khana Junction (10)

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision were as follows:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18, 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 February 2017|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Reservation||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats and/or municipal areas
|-
|[[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]||None||[[Bardhaman Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Dakshin]]||None||[[Bardhaman]] municipality
|-
| || ||[[Bardhaman Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Uttar]]||Reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]||[[Burdwan II]] CD Block and Belkash, Bandul I, Rayan I, Rayan II, Saraitikar, Baghar I and Baghar II gram panchayats of [[Burdwan I]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatar]]||None||[[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]] CD Block and Kurman I and Kshetia gram panchayats of [[Burdwan I]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Galsi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Galsi]]||Reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]||[[Galsi I]] CD Block, Galsi and Kurkuba gram panchayats of [[Galsi II]] CD Block and Kanksa, Trilokchandrapur, Bankati and Bidbehar gram panchayats of [[Kanksa (community development block)|Kanksa]] CD Block in Durgapur subdivision
|-
| || ||All other Vidhan Sabha segments outside Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision|| ||
|-
|[[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]||Reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]||[[Khandaghosh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khandaghosh]]||Reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]||[[Khandaghosh (community development block)|Khandaghosh]] CD Block in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision and Adra, Bhuri, Gohogram, Khano, Maszidpur, Sanko and Satinadi gram panchayats of [[Galsi II]] CD Block
|-
| || ||All other Vidhan Sabha segments outside Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision|| ||
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Bardhaman}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bardhaman Sadar North Subdivision}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Russell Peters

2026-01-09T01:03:21Z

Aamir2580:

{{Short description|Canadian comedian and actor (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Russell Peters
| image = Russell Peters by Robert Trick Johnston (cropped).jpg
| caption = Peters in 2017
| birth_name = Russell Dominic Peters
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|09|29}}
| birth_place = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| medium = {{flatlist|
* [[Stand-up comedy|Stand-up]]
* [[television]]
* [[film]]
* [[radio]]
* [[book]]s
}}
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Insult comedy]]
* [[Comedic genres|Heritage comedy]]
* [[black comedy]]
* [[observational comedy]]
* [[satire]]
* [[improvisational comedy]]}}
| years_active = 1989{{endash}}present
| subject = {{flatlist|
* [[Racism]]
* [[race relations]]
* [[stereotype]]s
* [[India]]
* [[multiculturalism]]
* [[Culture of Asia|Asian culture]]
* [[Western culture]]
}}
| signature = Russell Peters Autograph.svg
| website = {{URL|russellpeters.com}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{Marriage|Monica Diaz|2010|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Ali Peters|2022}}
}}
| children = 2

}}

'''Russell Dominic Peters''' (born 29 September 1970)<ref name="tribute">{{cite web|title=Russell Peters biography|newspaper=[[Tribute (magazine)|Tribute]]|access-date=17 May 2015|url=http://www.tribute.ca/people/russell-peters/37405/}}</ref> is a Canadian stand-up comedian, actor, and producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/vannale/2014/02/14/why-russell-peters-is-notoriously-unknown/#751e4c063f22|title=Why Russell Peters Is Notoriously Unknown|first=Vanna|last=Le|work=[[Forbes]]|date=14 February 2014}}</ref> He began performing in [[Toronto]] in 1989 and won a [[Gemini Award]] in 2008. In 2013, he was number three on ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}} [[Forbes Celebrity 100|list of the world's highest-paid comedians]], and became the first comedian to get a [[Netflix]] stand-up special.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/16/living/identity-comedy-russell-peters-netflix/index.html|title=The famous comedian most Americans don't know|date=16 October 2013|publisher=CNN}}</ref> He also won the [[Peabody Award]] and the [[International Emmy Award for Best Arts Programming]] for producing ''[[Hip-Hop Evolution]]'' (2016). He lives in [[Los Angeles]].<ref name="Hough">{{cite news| last= Hough| first= Robert| title= Lighten Up| url= http://www.torontolife.com/features/lighten-up-russell-peters/| access-date= 29 January 2012| newspaper= Toronto Life| date= September 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090926184248/http://www.torontolife.com/features/lighten-up-russell-peters/| archive-date= 26 September 2009| url-status= dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref>

==Early life==
Russell Dominic Peters was born on 29 September 1970 in [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], to immigrant parents from India. His parents Eric and Maureen Peters are of [[Anglo-Indian]] descent, who had moved to Canada in 1965 from [[Jalandhar]] and [[Kolkata]] respectively.<ref name="faq">{{cite web|date=2013-04-27|title=Archive from The Official Website of Russell Peters|url=http://www.russellpeters.com/FAQ.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320090244/http://www.russellpeters.com/FAQ.aspx|archive-date=2015-03-20|access-date=2016-11-01|publisher=Russellpeters.com}}</ref><ref name=caden>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/russell-peters|title=Russell Peters|publisher=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|date=25 May 2016}}</ref> His extended family lives in [[Bhopal|Bhopal, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=russell-peters-comedy-superstar-netflix-series-racial-humour-toronto |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/20131111-russell-peters-comedy-superstar-netflix-series-racial-humour-toronto-768362-1999-11-29 |website=www.indiatoday.in|date=30 November 1999 }}</ref> Peters was raised [[Catholic Church|Catholic]].<ref name="caden" />

When Peters was four, he and his family moved to [[Brampton]]. He attended [[Chinguacousy Secondary School]] for grades 9–10, and [[Judith Nyman Secondary School|North Peel Secondary School]] in [[Bramalea, Ontario|Bramalea]] for grades 11–12.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahalo.com/russell-peters |title=Russell Peters |publisher=Mahalo.com |access-date=2011-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jonathan Morvay |url=http://punchlinemagazine.com/blog/2010/04/russell-peters-creates-20000-college-scholarship |title=Punchline Magazine Blog: " Russell Peters creates $20,000 college scholarship — Comedy Blog, Comedy News, and all things in Stand Up Comedy |publisher=Punchlinemagazine.com |date=2010-04-30 |access-date=2011-03-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704023926/http://punchlinemagazine.com/blog/2010/04/russell-peters-creates-20000-college-scholarship |archive-date=2011-07-04 }}</ref><ref name="Digitaljournal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/294038 |title= Comedian Russell Peters awards scholarship to Randy Adams |date= 30 June 2010 |publisher=Digitaljournal.com |access-date=2011-03-11}}</ref> In school, he was regularly bullied [[racism|because of his ethnicity]]. He eventually learned [[boxing]], which helped him resist the bullying.<ref name="peters">"[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/russell-peters-call-him-grateful/article1321408/ Call him grateful]." ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. Accessed on 6 November 2012.</ref> Peters also became a fan of [[hip hop music|hip hop]] in his youth. By the 1990s, he was a well-connected [[disc jockey|DJ]] in the Toronto scene.<ref>"[http://www.russellpeters.com/faq.aspx FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320090244/http://www.russellpeters.com/FAQ.aspx |date=20 March 2015 }}." ''RussellPeters.com''. Accessed on 6 November 2012.</ref><ref>MacLachlan, Alex. 27 June 2012. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120629225905/http://www.djmag.ca/2012/06/27/russell-peteres-comedian-dj-anti-fist-pumper/ Russell Peters: Comedian, DJ, Anti-fist pumper]." ''[[DJ Mag]]'', Accessed on 6 November 2012.</ref>

Peters's older brother, Clayton Peters, serves as his manager.<ref>"[https://www.thestar.com/life/2012/12/14/comedian_russell_peters_talks_about_his_manager_and_big_brother_clayton.html Comedian Russell Peters talks about his manager and big brother, Clayton]." ''[[Toronto Star]]''. Accessed on 25 March 2013.</ref>

== Career ==
Peters began performing in [[Toronto]] in 1989. He has since gone on to perform in several countries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mohr|first=Jay|title=Mohr Stories 87: Russell Peters|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mohr-stories/id448795390|work=Mohr Stories|publisher=Fake Mustache Studios|access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>

In 1992, Peters met American comedian [[George Carlin]], one of his biggest influences, who advised him to get on stage whenever and wherever possible. Peters said he "took that advice to heart, and I think that's the reason I am where I am now."<ref>[http://www.russellpeters.com/Press/Russell-Peters---10-Comics-to-Watch_4 Russell Peters - 10 Comics to Watch] ''RussellPeters.com''. Accessed on 25 March 2013. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403034823/http://russellpeters.com/Press/Russell-Peters---10-Comics-to-Watch_4|date=2013-04-03}}.</ref> In 2007, 15 years later, he hosted one of Carlin's last shows before the comedian's death the following year.<ref name="peters" />

On 28 September 2013, Peters was awarded the 2013 Trailblazer award by the Association of South Asians in Media, Marketing and Entertainment (ASAMME) for good contributions to comedy. He is among the first South Asian Americans to achieve international success in the field.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Alicia W |title=The famous comedian most Americans don't know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/10/16/living/identity-comedy-russell-peters-netflix/index.html |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=CNN|date=16 October 2013}}</ref>

In 2017, Peters made an appearance on ''[[Top Gear America]]'' in the third episode of season 1 as one of the guests.<ref>{{cite web |last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |title=Enjoy this exclusive preview of Top Gear America Episode 3 |url=https://www.autoblog.com/2017/08/10/top-gear-america-episode-three-exclusive-preview-magnus-walker/?guccounter=1 |website=Autoblog |language=en}}</ref>

According to ''[[Forbes]]'', Peters earned an estimated $15 million between June 2009 and June 2010, continuing his run as one of the highest-paid comedians, after earning an estimated $5 million the prior year. ''Forbes'' ranked him as the seventh-highest-paid comedian.<ref>{{cite news|author=Lacey Rose|title=In Pictures: The 10 Top Earning Comedians - 7) Russell Peters|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/09/07/handler-dunham-cook-fator-business-entertainment-top-earning-comedians_slide_8.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-12-17|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731061447/http://www.forbes.com/2010/09/07/handler-dunham-cook-fator-business-entertainment-top-earning-comedians_slide_8.html|archive-date=2012-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Lacey Rose|title=In Pictures: The 10 Top Earning Comedians - 9) Russell Peters, (tie)|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/07/13/top-earning-comedians-business-entertainment-top-earning-comedians_slide_11.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-07-06|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104103600/http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/13/top-earning-comedians-business-entertainment-top-earning-comedians_slide_11.html|archive-date=2013-01-04}}</ref> In 2013, he earned $21 million, according to ''Forbes''{{'}} estimate.<ref>{{cite web|last=Feeney|first=Nolan|title=No. 3: Russell Peters - In Photos: The Top-Earning Comedians of 2013|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fjik45eee/no-3-russell-peters/|access-date=2016-04-21|website=Forbes}}</ref>

=== Notable performances ===

[[File:RussellPeters08TIFF.jpg|thumb|right|Peters at the [[2008 Toronto International Film Festival]]]]

==== ''Comedy Now!'' special ====
Peters credits the turning point in his career to his 2004 special on the Canadian TV show ''[[Comedy Now!]]'', which was uploaded onto [[YouTube]], where it became popular. While the initial video upload featured his entire 45-minute performance, YouTube users subsequently uploaded segments of the performance in which Peters focused on individual cultural groups. According to Peters, those segments were seen by the targeted cultural groups and were well received by them. The video and its viral nature was referred to by Peters on his performance, [[Outsourced (album)|''Outsourced'']]; when the audience cheered when he referred to earlier jokes. He has also been the one to tell the !Xobile story, and he exclaimed, "Look at you, you filthy downloaders!"<ref name="Russell Peters: Outsourced Aired on COMEDYP — Ark TV Transcript">{{cite web|title=Russell Peters: Outsourced Aired on COMEDYP — Ark TV Transcript|url=http://tv.ark.com/transcript/russell_peters__outsourced/6732/COMEDYP/Saturday_December_19_2009/140807/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111234057/http://tv.ark.com/transcript/russell_peters__outsourced/6732/COMEDYP/Saturday_December_19_2009/140807/|archive-date=11 January 2016|access-date=1 September 2015|website=tv.ark.com|ref=Russell Peters: Outsourced Aired on COMEDYP — Ark TV Transcript|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== Others ====
In 2007, Peters was the first comedian to sell out Toronto's [[Air Canada Centre]], selling more than 16,000 tickets in two days for the single show. He ended up selling more than 30,000 tickets nationally over the two-day sales period. He broke a [[United Kingdom|UK]] comedy sales record at London's [[O2 Arena (London)|O2 Arena]] when he sold over 16,000 tickets to his show in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Official Russell Peters Website, Hi-lites|url=http://www.russellpeters.com/biography.aspx|publisher=russellpeters.com|access-date=7 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826115547/http://russellpeters.com/Biography.aspx|archive-date=26 August 2011}}</ref> His show in [[Sydney]] on 15 May 2010 had an audience of 13,880, making it the largest stand-up comedy show ever in Australia.<ref>{{cite news|title=World laughs with you|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/comedy/world-laughs-with-you-20100513-v1ce.html|access-date=29 January 2012|newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=13 May 2010}}</ref> Peters's performances on 5–6 May 2012 in Singapore also set attendance records for a single stand-up comedian at the [[Singapore Indoor Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Have a hearty laugh|url=http://www.ttgmice.com/magazine/?term_id&issues=231&ID=33277|publisher=TTGmice|access-date=16 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225011/http://www.ttgmice.com/magazine/?term_id&issues=231&ID=33277|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>

Peters hosted the [[Canada Day]] Comedy Festival 2006, and participated in a [[USO tour]] of Iraq, Afghanistan, Germany, Africa and Greenland in November 2007 with [[Wilmer Valderrama]] and [[Mayra Veronica]].<ref name=BagramUSOTour20071121>{{cite news|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/PhotoEssays/PhotoEssaySS.aspx?ID=522|title=USO visits Bagram| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]|date=21 November 2007| access-date=24 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904213524/http://www.defenselink.mil/PhotoEssays/PhotoEssaySS.aspx?ID=522|archive-date=4 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also produced and starred in the [[radio comedy|radio]] [[situation comedy]] series ''Monsoon House'' on [[CBC Radio One]].

[[File:JunoAwards2009-RussellPeters.jpg|alt=Peters hosting the Juno Awards 2009|right|thumb|220px|Peters hosting the [[Juno Awards of 2009|Juno Awards 2009]]]]
Peters was the host of the televised [[Juno Awards of 2008|2008 Juno Awards]] ceremonies in [[Calgary]] on 6 April 2008,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 February 2008|archive-date=2008-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216000747/http://www.junoawards.ca/PDF/20080205_f.pdf|date=5 February 2008|publisher=[[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences|CARAS]]|title=Russell Peters to Host The 2008 Juno Awards, April 6 on CTV|url=http://www.junoawards.ca/PDF/20080205_f.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> for which he won a [[Gemini Awards|Gemini Award]] for "Best Performance or Host in a Variety Program or Series."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/self-proclaimed-mainstream-nickelback-reigns-at-junos-1.832409|title=Self-proclaimed 'mainstream' Nickelback reigns at Junos|author=[[CBC Arts]]|date=29 March 2009|publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> The show received the second-highest ratings of any Juno Awards broadcast. Following the show's success, Peters accepted an invitation to host the [[Juno Awards]] for a second consecutive year; the [[Juno Awards of 2009|2009 Juno Awards]] took place in [[Vancouver]] on 29 March 2009.

He started his RELAX World Tour in November 2024 in the United States and subsequently performing in other parts of the world. The tour is anticipated to end in June 2025 with the last show in [[Las Vegas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upcoming Shows & Tour Dates |url=https://www.russellpeters.com/pages/upcoming-shows-tour-dates |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Russell Peters Official |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, Peters performed as a headliner in [[Saudi Arabia]]'s [[Riyadh Comedy Festival]], an event taking place from September 26th to October 9th.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=Riyadh Comedy Festival: Mo Amer and Jack Whitehall join the list |url=https://www.timeoutriyadh.com/news/riyadh-comedy-festival-2025 |access-date=2025-09-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shweta |date=2025-07-27 |title=Riyadh Comedy Festival 2025: Kevin Hart Headlines World's Largest Event |url=https://hammermindset.com/riyadh-comedy-festival-2025-kevin-hart-headlines-worlds-largest-event/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Hammer Mindset |language=en-US}}</ref> The comedy festival overlaps with the seventh anniversary of [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi|the assassination]] of [[Jamal Khashoggi]], prompting Joey Shea, Saudi Arabia researcher at [[Human Rights Watch]], to say in a statement that the Saudi government is using the comedy festival to [[Whitewashing (communications)|whitewash]] its [[Human rights abuses|human rights abuses.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-11 |title=Saudi Arabia: Executions Surge in 2025 {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/08/11/saudi-arabia-executions-surge-in-2025 |access-date=2025-09-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Saudi Arabia: Riyadh Comedy Festival Whitewashes Abuses {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/09/23/saudi-arabia-riyadh-comedy-festival-whitewashes-abuses |access-date=2025-09-29 |language=en}}</ref> Peters has performed in the region before, having spoken of his experience performing for Saudi royalty in a 2017 episode of Comedy Central's series, ''[[This Is Not Happening (TV series)|This is Not Happening]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kevin Hart, Bill Burr, Dave Chappelle to perform at Riyadh Comedy Festival 2025 |url=https://www.listmag.com/en/see-do/events-entertainment/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-riyadh-comedy-festival-2025-3692 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=listmag |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INNQ8jRbMfY |title=Russell Peters - Adventures in Saudi Arabia - This Is Not Happening - Uncensored |date=2017-05-16 |last=Comedy Central |access-date=2025-09-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

=== DVDs and book ===
[[File:Russell Peters in Afghanistan on a USO tour in November 2007.jpg|150px|right|thumb|alt=Russell Peters in Afghanistan on a USO tour (November 2007)|Russell Peters in Afghanistan on a [[USO tour]] (November 2007)]]
Peters released his debut comedy album, ''[[Outsourced (album)|Outsourced]]'', of his performance aired on [[Comedy Central]] on 26 August 2006. The [[DVD]] version is uncensored; it has sold more than 100,000 copies, and remained on the National DVD Chart over one and a half years after its release.

Peters released a second DVD/CD combo, ''[[Red, White and Brown]]'', in Canada in 2008, and in the U.S. in early 2009. It was recorded on 2 February 2008, at the [[WaMu Theater at Madison Square Garden|WaMu Theatre]] in New York City's [[Madison Square Garden]]. It was self-produced and financed by Peters and his brother Clayton.

On 26 October 2010, Peters published his autobiography, ''Call Me Russell'', co-written with his brother, Clayton, and Dannis Koromilas.

[[File:Russell Peters-Canada's Walk of Fame 2011-15491.jpg|alt=Peters at Canada's Walk of Fame 2011|220px|right|thumb|Peters at [[Canada's Walk of Fame]] 2011]]

In May 2011, Peters released ''The Green Card Tour: Live from the O2 Arena'', a live performance recorded in front of a total audience of 30,000, over two nights at [[The O2 (London)|O2 Arena]] in [[London]], England.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russell Peters releases third DVD, panic ensues|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/999839--russell-peters-releases-third-dvd-panic-ensues?bn=1|work=thestar.com|access-date=29 January 2012|location=Toronto|first=Lorianna|last=De Giorgio|date=31 May 2011}}</ref> Also in 2011, Peters received a star on [[Canada's Walk of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductee/russell-peters |title=Russell Peters |publisher=Canada's Walk of Fame |access-date=2012-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207043557/http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductee/russell-peters |archive-date=7 December 2011 }}</ref>

==Comedic style==
Peters's stand-up performances feature [[observational comedy]], using humour to highlight racial, ethnic, class and cultural stereotypes. He often refers to his own experiences growing up in an [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] family, and impersonates the accents of various ethnic groups to poke fun at them. As he told an audience in [[San Francisco]], "I don't make the stereotypes, I just see them."<ref>{{cite news|last=Piccalo|first=Gina|title=No joke — Russell Peters is a famous comedian|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-apr-16-la-et--russell-peters-20100416-story.html|access-date=29 January 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=16 April 2010}}</ref> In a 2006 interview with ''[[The National (CBC)|The National]],'' Peters observed that he did not intend to put down or offend different races and cultures, but tried to "raise them up through humour".<ref>Clifton Joseph, "Russell Peters Interview on CBC The National, May 30th 2006"</ref>

Peters is widely known for his punchline, "Somebody gonna get a hurt real bad." It ends a joke he tells about his childhood with a traditional Indian father, who used [[corporal punishment]] on his sons. Another punchline he uses is "Be a man! Do the right thing!", which relates to a story of a Chinese man trying to get him to pay more for an item at a shop.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nguyen|first=An|title=Defying Stereotypes and Breaking All Laws of Decency, Russell Peters Lets It All Hang Out|url=http://culturemagazine.ca/culture/defying_stereotypes_and_breaking_all_laws_of_decency_russell_peters_lets_it_all_hang_out.html|access-date=29 January 2012|newspaper=(Cult)ure magazine|date=19 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115223351/http://culturemagazine.ca/culture/defying_stereotypes_and_breaking_all_laws_of_decency_russell_peters_lets_it_all_hang_out.html|archive-date=15 November 2011}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Peters lives in [[Los Angeles, California]], and owns two homes there. He also owns homes in [[Las Vegas Valley, Nevada]], and [[Vaughan, Ontario]].<ref name="Hough" />

In 2010, Peters established the Russell Peters North Peel Scholarship, an award worth up to {{CAD|21,000}} and intended to finance up to three years of college.<ref name="morvay">{{cite web|last=Morvay|first=Jonathan|date=2010-04-30|title=Russell Peters creates $20,000 college scholarship|url=http://punchlinemagazine.com/blog/2010/04/russell-peters-creates-20000-college-scholarship|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704023926/http://punchlinemagazine.com/blog/2010/04/russell-peters-creates-20000-college-scholarship|archive-date=2011-07-04|access-date=2011-03-11|publisher=Punchlinemagazine.com}}</ref> It will be awarded annually to a student from [[Judith Nyman Secondary School]] (formerly North Peel) with a strong academic record and the intention of attending [[college]].<ref name="Digitaljournal.com" /><ref name="morvay" />

Peters has been a practitioner of [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]] since 2015, and was promoted to purple belt by [[Jean Jacques Machado]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Phillips |first1=Sabrina |title=Comedian Russell Peters Promoted To BJJ Purple Belt By Jean Jacques Machado |url=https://jitsmagazine.com/comedian-russell-peters-promoted-to-bjj-purple-belt-by-jean-jacques-machado/ |website=Jits Magazine |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Relationships ===
Peters proposed to girlfriend Monica Diaz on 10 July 2010, at the [[Los Angeles International Airport]] and announced their engagement via [[Twitter]]. The couple married on 20 August 2010, at [[A Little White Wedding Chapel]] in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]]. The wedding was attended by about 20 guests, including an [[Elvis impersonator]]. Soon after, Peters told ''[[The Canadian Press]]'' that Diaz was pregnant, saying, "Did I get married because she was knocked up? I would say that expedited it."<ref name="pregnancymarriage">{{cite web|date=26 October 2010|title=Russell Peters and wife, Monica Diaz, expecting baby girl in February|url=http://www.680news.com/entertainment/article/120247--russell-peters-and-wife-monica-diaz-expecting-baby-girl-in-february|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707091918/http://www.680news.com/entertainment/article/120247--russell-peters-and-wife-monica-diaz-expecting-baby-girl-in-february|archive-date=7 July 2012|access-date=8 June 2012|publisher=[[680 News]]}}</ref> Their daughter, Crystianna Marie Peters, was born two months early on 14 December 2010.<ref name="fatherhood">{{cite web|date=31 May 2011|title=Russell Peters eases into fatherhood and film|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/russell-peters-eases-into-fatherhood-and-film-1.651239|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705202813/http://www.ctvnews.ca/russell-peters-eases-into-fatherhood-and-film-1.651239|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2012|publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> In a March 2012 interview, Peters revealed that he and Diaz were divorcing.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 March 2012|title=Russell Peters: Bring on the Funny|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/music/russell-peters-bring-on-the-funny-1.996349|publisher=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref><ref name="divorce">{{cite news|date=15 June 2012|title=A busy Russell Peters divorcing, renovating, touring world|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/a-busy-russell-peters-divorcing-renovating-touring-world/article4267635/}}</ref>

In October 2016, it was announced that Peters was engaged to Ruzanna Khetchian.<ref>[https://globalnews.ca/news/2969295/russell-peters-is-engaged/ "Russell Peters Is Engaged!"]. ''Global News''. 28 September 2016</ref> After the engagement was called off, Peters announced on 4 December 2018, via [[Twitter]], that he and his new girlfriend Jennifer Andrade were expecting a child.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Russell|date=4 December 2018|title=I am pleased to announce that my beautiful girlfriend Jennifer Andrade and I are pregnant!! (Well she's pregnant I'm just carrying baby weight) In a time with negativity|url=https://twitter.com/therealrussellp/status/1070217589866020864|website=twitter|language=en}}</ref> Andrade was the Miss Universe Honduras in 2012. In April 2019 it was announced that Andrade had given birth to a boy, whom they named Russell Santiago Peters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russell Peters announces birth of his second child, a 'strong, big ass' son - The Star|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2019/04/16/russell-peters-announces-birth-of-his-second-child-a-strong-big-ass-son.html|newspaper=The Toronto Star|date=16 April 2019|last1=Fraser|first1=Garnet}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 April 2019|title=Russell Peters announces birth of his second child, a 'strong, big ass' son|url=https://www.thespec.com/whatson-story/9286912-russell-peters-announces-birth-of-his-second-child-a-strong-big-ass-son/|newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator}}</ref> His relationship with Andrade ended in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laprensa.hn/espectaculos/1390439-410/ex-miss-honduras-confirma-ruptura-con-el-comediante-russell-peters|title=Ex Miss Honduras confirma ruptura con el comediante Russell Peters|publisher=laprensa.hn|date=29 June 2020|language=es}}</ref>

On 20 February 2022, Peters married Ali Peters at the [[Ritz Carlton]] in [[Dana Point, California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insauga.com/bramptons-russell-peters-gets-married-with-star-studded-wedding/|title=Brampton's Russell Peters gets married with star-studded wedding|publisher=insauga.com|date=27 February 2022}}</ref>

=== Religious beliefs ===
When interviewer [[Larry King]] asked Peters, "Is there such a thing as too taboo?", Peters replied, "I don't talk about religion because I think people are a little weird about religion, especially nowadays, and I'm more of a science guy than I am a beliefs guy. I'm more into facts than I am into beliefs."<ref>{{cite web|title=Russell Peters: I Don't Talk About Religion|url=http://www.ora.tv/larrykingnow/2014/8/6/lknpetersrussell004-0_5yhqhlfpfu7y|website=Ora.tv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russell Peters avoids religion in his comedy act|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/sep/17/russell-peters-avoids-religion-in-his-comedy-act/}}</ref> Peters is an [[Atheism|atheist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/biz/spotlight/russell-peters-25-years-in-comedy-1201539908/|title=Russell Peters Celebrates 25 Years in Comedy With Massive Crowds, Big DVD Sales|publisher=Variety|date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

== Works ==
[[File:Scot McFadyen, Rodrigo Bascunan, Shadrach Kabango, Sam Dunn, Russell Peters, and Darby Wheeler - Hip-Hop Evolution.jpg|alt=Peters, along with Scot McFadyen, Rodrigo Bascuñán, Shadrach Kabango, Sam Dunn, and Darby Wheeler, at the Peabody Awards|thumb|231x231px|Peters, along with [[Scot McFadyen]], [[Rodrigo Bascuñán]], [[Shad (rapper)|Shad]], [[Sam Dunn]], and Darby Wheeler, at the [[Peabody Award]]s.]]
Russell Peters has appeared in many films. Earlier in his career, he had [[Cameo appearance|cameo roles]] in ''Boozecan'' (1994) as Snake's Friend, ''Tiger Claws III'' (2000) as Detective Elliott, ''[[My Baby's Daddy]]'' (2004) as the obstetrician, and ''Quarter Life Crisis'' (2006) as Dilip Kumar.

He appeared in ''[[Senior Skip Day]]'' (2008), which starred [[Larry Miller (entertainer)|Larry Miller]], [[Tara Reid]], and Gary Lundy. That year he was also in ''[[The Take (2008 film)|The Take]]'' (2008) as Dr. Sharma.

He acted in the [[Punjabi Canadians|Punjabi-Canadian]] film ''[[Breakaway (2011 film)|Breakaway]]'' (2011), alongside [[Rob Lowe]], [[Camilla Belle]], [[Anupam Kher]], and Vinay Virmani. That year he also acted in [[Duncan Jones]]'s ''[[Source Code (film)|Source Code]]'' (2011) as Max, an amateur comedian with a bad attitude; and as Pervius in ''[[National Lampoon's 301: The Legend of Awesomest Maximus]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web|last=Compolongo|first=Gabrielle|title=EXCLUSIVE: Russell Peters Talks Source Code, Working with Jake Gyllenhaal|work=Movie Fanatic |date=29 March 2011|url=http://www.moviefanatic.com/2011/03/exclusive-russell-peters-talks-source-code-working-with-jake-gyl/|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>

Peters has guest-starred on the TV series ''[[Mr. D]]'' as the school superintendent. In 2011, he starred in a Canadian TV Christmas special, ''A Russell Peters Christmas''. Guests included [[Michael Bublé]], [[Pamela Anderson]], and [[Jon Lovitz]]. The show attracted the most viewers of any CTV Canadian holiday special.

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1994
| ''Boozecan''
| Snake's Friend
|
|-
| 2000
| ''Tiger Claws III''
| Det. Elliot
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[My Baby's Daddy]]''
| Obstetrician
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2006
| ''Quarter Life Crisis''
| Dilip Kumar
|
|-
| ''Russell Peters: Two Concerts, One Ticket''
| Himself
| Video documentary
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2007
| data-sort-value="Take, The" | ''[[The Take (2007 film)|The Take]]''
| Dr. Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Let's All Hate Toronto]]''
| Himself
| Documentary
|-
| ''[[Heckler (film)|Heckler]]''
| Himself
| Documentary
|-
| 2008
| ''Senior Skip Day''
| Uncle Todd
| Video
|-
| 2010
| data-sort-value="Con Artist, The" | ''[[The Con Artist]]''
| Pogue
|
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2011
| ''[[Source Code (film)|Source Code]]''
| Max Denoff
|
|-
| data-sort-value="Legend of Awesomest Maximus, The" | ''[[The Legend of Awesomest Maximus]]''
| Pervius
|
|-
| ''[[Breakaway (2011 film)|Breakaway]]''
| Sonu Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Walter and Tandoori|Walter & Tandoori's Christmas]]''
| Tandoori
| Voice; English version
|-
| ''[[New Year's Eve (2011 film)|New Year's Eve]]''
| Chef Sunil
|
|-
| ''Bobby Khan's Ticket to Hollywood''
| Jack the Store Manager
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012
| ''[[Girl in Progress]]''
| Emile
|
|-
| ''[[Yak: The Giant King]]''
| Zork
| Voice; English version
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2013
| ''My Date with Hugh''
| Himself
| Documentary
|-
| ''TBS Who Gets the Last Laugh: Baby Goats''
| Himself
| Video Short
|-
|rowspan="7"| 2014
| ''[[Chef (2014 film)|Chef]]''
| Miami Cop
|
|-
| ''[[Ribbit (film)|Ribbit]]''
| Deepak
| Voice; English version
|-
| ''Meet the Patels''
| Himself
| Documentary
|-
| ''Wings: Sky Force Heroes - Bringing the Characters to Life''
| Himself
| Video Short
|-
| ''Delivery''
| Himself
| Documentary
|-
| ''[[Lennon or McCartney]]''
| Himself
| Documentary Short
|-
| ''Wings: Sky Force Heroes''
| Jumbo/Boss Man
| Voice
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Being Canadian]]''
| Himself
| Documentary
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016
| ''[[Fifty Shades of Black]]''
| Dean Jordan
|
|-
| data-sort-value="Jungle Book, The" | ''[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|The Jungle Book]]''
| Rocky the Indian Rhinoceros
| Voice
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2017
| data-sort-value="Clapper, The" | ''[[The Clapper (film)|The Clapper]]''
| Stillerman
|
|-
| ''[[Ripped (2017 film)|Ripped]]''
| Harris
|
|-
| ''[[Adventures in Public School]]''
| Mr. Germaine
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Supercon (film)|Supercon]]''
| Keith Mahar
|
|-
| 2020
| data-sort-value="Opening Act, The" | ''[[The Opening Act]]''
| Randy
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (film)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''
| Malik
|
|-
| rowspan=3| 2023
| ''[[Outlaw Johnny Black]]''
| Big Chief
|-
| ''Drop the Needle''
| Himself
| Documentary
|-
| ''Taking Back the Groove''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/film-news-in-brief-june-26-2023-1235654904/|title=Wu-Tang Clan's Raekwon to Executive Produce Richie Weeks Documentary Short – Film News in Brief|last1=Tancay|first1=Jazz|last2=Flam|first2=Charna|last3=Franklin|first3=McKinley|last4=Scorziello|first4=Sophia|date=28 June 2023|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
| N/A
| Documentary short Executive producer
|-
| rowspan=4 {{TBA}}
| ''Street Justice''{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
| Hasidic
| Pre-production
|-
| ''Don't Suck''
| Himself
|
|-
| ''Collateral Data''
| Luqman
|
|-
| ''Wingman''
| Kazzim
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Comedy at Club 54]]''
| Himself
| TV series
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1997
| ''Live at Jongleurs''
| Himself
| Episode: "Episode #1.5"
|-
| ''[[Comedy Now!]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Russell Peters: Show Me the Funny!"
|-
| ''[[Just for Laughs]]''
| Himself
| TV series
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1999
| data-sort-value="Big Stage, The" | ''The Big Stage''
| Himself
| Episode: "Episode #1.2"
|-
| ''Festival of Fun''
| Himself
| Episode: "Episode #2.2"
|-
| 2001–02
| ''Network East Late''
| Himself/host
| TV series
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Lord Have Mercy!]]''
| Ryan Sarma
| Episode: "Deranged Marriage"
|-
| 2003–08
| ''[[Just for Laughs]]''
| Himself
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2006
| ''CBC Winnipeg Comedy Festival''
| Himself/host
| Episode: "No Place Like Home"
|-
| 2006–09
| ''[[Comics Unleashed]]''
| Himself
| 2 episodes
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007
| ''[[Video on Trial]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Episode #3.3"
|-
| ''Pulse: The Desi Beat''
| Himself
| Episode: "Episode #1.9"
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2008
| ''[[Juno Awards of 2008|Juno Awards]]''
| Himself/host
| TV special
|-
| ''[[Def Comedy Jam]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Episode #8.4"
|-
| ''Comics Without Borders''
| Himself/host
| TV series
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2009
| ''[[Juno Awards of 2009|Juno Awards]]''
| Himself/host
| TV special
|-
| ''Russell Peters Presents''
| Himself/host
| TV special Documentary
|-
| ''Angelo Tsarouchas: Bigger Is Better''
| N/A
| Executive producer
|-
| 2010
| data-sort-value="Dating Guy, The" | ''[[The Dating Guy]]''
| Himself
| Voice Episode: "[[The Dating Guy#ep26|20,000 VJ's Under the Sea]]"
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2011
| data-sort-value="Day in the Life, A" | ''[[A Day in the Life (TV series)|A Day in the Life]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "[[A Day in the Life (TV series)#ep2|Russell Peters]]"
|-
| ''[[26th Gemini Awards]]''
| Himself/host
| TV special
|-
| ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]''
| Himself
| Episode: [[List of 8 Out of 10 Cats episodes#ep12x09|#12.9]]
|-
| data-sort-value="Russell Peters Christmas Special, A" | ''A Russell Peters Christmas Special''
| Himself/host
| TV special
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2012
| ''Red Light Comedy: Live from Amsterdam''
| Himself/host
|
|-
| data-sort-value="Burn with Jeff Ross, The" | ''[[The Burn with Jeff Ross]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "[[Gilbert Gottfried]]/Russell Peters/Marc Maron/John Stamos"
|-
| ''Just for Laughs: All-Access''
| Himself/host
| Episode: "Episode #5.2"
|-
| ''[[Bob's Burgers]]''
| Tran
| Voice Episode: "Moody Foodie"
|-
| ''[[Are We There Yet? (TV series)|Are We There Yet?]]''
| Toby Palmer
| Episode: "[[List of Are We There Yet? episodes#ep73|The Nick Gets an Assistant Episode]]"
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2013
| ''[[Top Chef Canada]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "The Indian Feast"
|-
| ''[[Who Gets the Last Laugh? (TV series)|Who Gets the Last Laugh?]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "[[Who Gets the Last Laugh? (TV series)#ep9|Gregg "Opie" Hughes vs. Russell Peters vs. Paul Rodriguez]]"
|-
| ''[[Mr. D]]''
| Jody Green
| Episode: "[[Mr. D#ep13|Gerry's Evaluation]]"
|-
| ''[[Russell Peters Vs. the World]]''
| Himself
| TV series documentary
|-
| ''Off Season: The Lex Morrison Story''
| Romulus
| TV movie
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2014
| ''Russell Peters & Friends''
| Himself/host
| TV special
|-
| ''[[Last Comic Standing]]''
| Himself/Judge
| [[Last Comic Standing#Season 8 (2014)|Season 8]]
|-
| ''[[Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever]]''
| Santa
| TV movie
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2015
| ''Just for Laughs: 15 Years of Gags''
| Himself
| TV special
|-
| ''[[World's Funniest]]''
| Himself/Panelist
| Episode: "[[World's Funniest#ep5|Gravity: It Kinda Sucks]]"
|-
| ''Pop Culture Underground''
| Himself
| Episode: "Comedy"
|-
| ''[[Spun Out]]''
| Ray
| Episode: "[[List of Spun Out episodes#ep14|My Brother's Speaker]]"
|-
| ''Codename: Dragon''
| Hacker Ted
| TV movie Co-producer
|-
| ''[[Royal Canadian Air Farce (TV series)|Royal Canadian Air Farce]]''
| Dr. Malcolm Sidwell
| Episode: "Air Farce New Year's Eve 2015"
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2016
| ''[[Family Guy]]''
| Padma's Father
| Voice Episode: "[[Road to India (Family Guy)|Road to India]]"
|-
| ''[[BoJack Horseman]]''
| Driver
| Voice Episode: "[[The BoJack Horseman Show]]"
|-
| ''[[Life in Pieces]]''
| Dr. Tak Oh
| 2 episodes
|-
| data-sort-value="Punchline - Where Comedy Hurts, The" | ''The Punchline - Where Comedy Hurts''
| N/A
| Executive producer
|-
| 2016–2020
| ''[[Hip-Hop Evolution]]''
| {{n/a}}
| 16 episodes
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2016
| ''[[This Is Not Happening (TV series)|This Is Not Happening]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "[[This Is Not Happening (TV series)#Season 3 (2016)|Adventure]]" Writer
|-
| ''Dying Laughing''
| Himself
|
|-
| ''[[Lip Sync Battle]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "[[CeeLo Green]] vs. Russell Peters"
|-
|rowspan="7"| 2017
| ''Howie Mandel All-Star Comedy Gala''
| Himself
|
|-
| ''[[Juno Awards of 2017|Juno Awards]]''
| Himself/co-host
|
|-
| ''[[Wild 'n Out]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| data-sort-value="Problem with Apu, The" | ''[[The Problem with Apu]]''
| Himself
| Documentary film
|-
| ''Big in Finland''
| Himself
| Episode 4: "Näyttiks se siltä et mul on iso kyrpä?"
|-
| ''Man of a Funny Age''
| Himself
|
|-
| data-sort-value="Indian Detective, The" | ''[[The Indian Detective]]''
| Douglass D'Mello
| Executive producer
|-
| 2018
| data-sort-value="Little Help with Carol Burnett, A" | ''[[A Little Help with Carol Burnett]]''
| Co-host
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]''
| Gavin
| Voice Season 2, episode 8: "Bush League"
|-
| 2020
| ''Gander''
| Himself
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Partners in Rhyme''
| Theo
| Season 2, episode 8: "All Ready"
|-
| 2021–present
| ''[[Roast Battle Canada]]''
| Himself
| Judge
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2022
| ''Cooking with the Stars''
| Himself
|-
| ''House Out Of Order''
| Mr.Arjun
| Season 1, episode 7: "Meet the Parent"
|-
| 2023
| data-sort-value="Neighborhood, The" | ''[[The Neighborhood (TV series)|The Neighborhood]]''
| Joe
| Season 5, episode 13: "Welcome to the Last Dance"
|-
| 2023-2024
| ''[[Velma (TV series)|Velma]]''
| Aman Dinkley
| Voice
|-
| 2024–present
| ''[[Late Bloomer (TV series)|Late Bloomer]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/global/news/jus-reign-late-bloomer-crave-pier-21-1235590610/|title=Canadian Comedian Jasmeet Singh Raina Sets 'Late Bloomer' Series With Crave, Pier 21 Films (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|date=21 April 2023|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
| N/A
| Executive producer
|}

===Comedy specials===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Distributor
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Outsourced (album)|Outsourced]]''
| [[Warner Bros. Records]]
| rowspan="6" | Executive producer
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Red, White and Brown]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Warner Music Canada]]
|-
| 2011
| data-sort-value="Green Card Tour: Live from the O2 Arena, The" | ''The Green Card Tour: Live from the O2 Arena''
|-
| 2013
| ''Notorious''
| rowspan="2" | [[Netflix]]
|-
| 2016
| ''Almost Famous''
|-
| 2020
| ''Deported''
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
| 2024
| ''Act your Age Live in Abu Dhabi''
| Patreon
| Streamed on Patreon on December 5, 2024; now available on YouTube
|}

=== Bibliography ===

* 2010. ''Call Me Russell''. [[Random House|Random House Digital, Inc.]] {{ISBN|0-385-66965-8}}.

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="infobox" style="width:22em; text-align:left; font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle; background:#eef;"
|+ '''Russell Peters awards and nominations'''
|- style="background:white;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| colspan="3" |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"| Awards and nominations
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;"| Award
| style="background:#cec; font-size:8pt; width:60px;"| Wins
| style="background:#ecc; font-size:8pt; width:60px;"| Nominations
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''Totals'''
|-
|align=center|
;ASAMME
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
|align=center|
;[[Canadian Comedy Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|9}}
|-
|align=center|
;[[Gemini Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
|align=center|
;[[Peabody Award]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
|align=center|
;[[International Emmy Award]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|}
|-
| {{won|Wins}}
| {{won|6}}
|-
| {{nom|Nominations}}
| {{nom|17}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Year
! style="text-align:center;"|Nominated work
! style="text-align:center;"|Award
! style="text-align:center;"|Category
! style="text-align:center;"|Result
|-
| [[11th Gemini Awards|1997]]
|''[[Comics!]]''
| [[Gemini Awards|Gemini Award]]
| Best Performance in a Comedy Program or Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2003
| rowspan="2" | Russell Peters
| rowspan="2" | [[Canadian Comedy Awards|Canadian Comedy Award]]
| rowspan="2" | Best Male Stand-Up
|{{nom}}
|-
| 2004
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[19th Gemini Awards|2004]]
|''[[Comedy Now!]]''
| Gemini Award
| Best Individual Performance in a Comedy Program or Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2007
| rowspan="3" | Russell Peters
| rowspan="3" | Canadian Comedy Award
| Dave Broadfoot Award
| {{won}}
|-
| 2008
| Canadian Comedy Person of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2008
| Best Large Venue Stand-Up
| {{won}}
|-
| [[23rd Gemini Awards|2008]]
| [[Juno Awards of 2008|Juno Awards]] – as host
| Gemini Award
| Best Performance or Host in a Variety Program or Series
| {{won}}
|-
| 2009
| Russell Peters
| Canadian Comedy Award
| Canadian Comedy Person of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[24th Gemini Awards|2009]]
| [[Juno Awards of 2009|Juno Awards]] – as host
| Gemini Award
| Best Performance or Host in a Variety Program or Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2010
| rowspan="2" | Russell Peters
| rowspan="2" | Canadian Comedy Award
| rowspan="2" | Canadian Comedy Person of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2011
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2012
| rowspan="2" | ''A Russell Peters Christmas Special'' – with Clayton Peters, Luciano Casimiri, [[Kristeen von Hagen]], Jean Paul
| Canadian Comedy Award
| Best Writing in a Television Program or Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[1st Canadian Screen Awards|2013]]
| Gemini Award
| Best Writing in a Variety or Sketch Comedy Program or Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2013
| Russell Peters
| Association of South Asians in Media, Marketing and Entertainment
| Trailblazer Award
| {{won}}
|-
| [[List of Peabody Award winners (2010–19)|2016]]
| rowspan=2|''[[Hip-Hop Evolution]]'' – as producer
| [[Peabody Award]]
| Peabody Award<ref>{{cite web |title=Hip-Hop Evolution |url=http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/hip-hop-evolution |publisher=[[Peabody Award]]s |access-date=27 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| {{won}}
|-
| [[45th International Emmy Awards|2017]]
| [[International Emmy Award]]
| [[International Emmy Award for Best Arts Programming|Best Arts Programming]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian documentary series Hip-Hop Evolution wins International Emmy Award |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2017/11/21/canadian-documentary-series-hip-hop-evolution-wins-international-emmy-award.html |work=[[Toronto Star]] |date=21 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Russell Peters}}
* {{Official website|https://www.russellpeters.com/}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCek57Is95suO63uuW3iOGQw Official Russell Peters YouTube Channel]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101113033446/http://toronto.cityguide.ca/russell-peters-is-torontoas-first-global-ambassador-019995.php Russell named first Toronto ambassador]
*{{IMDb name|0992289|Russell Peters}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peters, Russell}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]]
[[Category:Canadian atheists]]
[[Category:Canadian Comedy Award winners]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriate male actors in the United States]]
[[Category:Canadian Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:Canadian male actors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian male comedians]]
[[Category:Canadian male film actors]]
[[Category:Canadian male radio actors]]
[[Category:Canadian male television actors]]
[[Category:Canadian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Anglo-Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian people of British descent]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Canadian Screen Award winners]]
[[Category:Canadian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from Toronto]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Male actors from Toronto]]
[[Category:Male actors from Brampton]]
[[Category:Warner Records artists]]
[[Category:Canadian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Comedy-related YouTube channels]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Toronto]]

Rajesh Talwar

2026-01-05T11:36:38Z

Aamir2580: Made a article

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and author}}
{{for|another person called Rajesh Talwar|2008 Noida double murder case}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rajesh Talwar
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| alma_mater = [[Hindu College, Delhi]] [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|Faculty of Law, Delhi]] [[Delhi University]] [[University of Nottingham]]
| occupation = Writer, lawyer
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'''Rajesh Talwar''' is an Indian lawyer and author. He has written several books on the topics of law and human rights and also some children's books and plays.

==Early life==

Talwar finished his schooling from La Martiniere College, Lucknow<ref>https://www.globalindian.com/story/global-indian-exclusive/rajesh-talwar-from-delhis-hindu-college-to-un-diplomat-and-prolific-author/</ref> and thereafter studied for a BA (Hons) in Economics at [[Hindu College, Delhi]] at the University of Delhi. Subsequently, after securing an LL.B from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]], he studied for an LL.M in human rights law at the [[University of Nottingham]], England, funded by a British [[Chevening Scholarship]].<ref name="hans">{{Cite web |last=Jaffer |first=Askari |date=2021-09-19 |title='Guilty of Love, Your Honour' deals with themes of love: Rajesh Talwar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/guilty-of-love-your-honour-deals-with-themes-of-love-rajesh-talwar-707062 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Rajesh Talwar is both a practitioner and teacher of law. He taught LL.B students at both [[Delhi University]] and [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] over a period of six years.<ref>{{cite web | title =Rajesh Talwar Author Biography | publisher =Hay House India | url =http://www.hayhouse.co.in/AuthorDetail.aspx?Id=dyUM8pQ1wbU%3D | access-date =26 February 2014 | archive-date =6 September 2014 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20140906070958/http://www.hayhouse.co.in/AuthorDetail.aspx?Id=dyUM8pQ1wbU= | url-status =dead }}</ref> Thereafter, he began working for the United Nations in various capacities including as the Executive Officer of the UN Human Rights Advisory Panel in Kosovo, as the Legal Adviser to the Police Commissioner in East Timor and as the Deputy Legal Adviser to the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. His work with the U.N. took him across the world including Somalia, Liberia, Kosovo and Afghanistan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Talwar: From Delhi's Hindu College to UN diplomat |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/global-indian-exclusive/rajesh-talwar-from-delhis-hindu-college-to-un-diplomat-and-prolific-author/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=The Global Indian |language=en-US}}</ref>.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

Rajesh Talwar's career in writing includes ''Courting Injustice: The Nirbhaya Case and Its Aftermath'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Courting Injustice by Rajesh Talwar |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/603429/courting-injustice-by-rajesh-talwar/9789381398586 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Penguin Random House Canada |language=English}}</ref> ''How to Choose a Lawyer – and Win Your Case''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/jun/16/demystifying-the-complexity-of-litigation-in-india-769846.html|title=Demystifying the Complexity of Litigation in India|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> and ''Making Your Own Will''.<ref>* {{cite web | title=Making Your Own Will : Rajesh Talwar : Vision Books : Book {{text|(ISBN: 8170948835)}} | website=Vision Books | url=http://www.visionbooksindia.com/details.asp?isbn=8170948835 }}</ref> His most recent non-fiction work, ''The Mahatma's Manifesto: A Critique of Hind Swaraj'', offers a critical analysis of Mahatma Gandhi's philosophical and political ideas as articulated in his seminal 1909 treatise, ''Hind Swaraj''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-23 |title='The Mahatma's Manifesto' unpacks untold truths behind Gandhi's legacy |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/lifestyle/story/the-mahatmas-manifesto-unpacks-untold-truths-behind-gandhis-legacy-1187979-2025-03-23 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

Rajesh Talwar has been interviewed for his views on the Indian justice system by The New York Times<ref>{{Cite web |title=In India, the Wheels of Justice Hardly Move |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/asia/060100india-justice.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> He has written for prestigious newspapers including The Indian Express, [[The Times of India]], Scroll, CNN-News 18, [[The New Indian Express]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=Rajesh Talwar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/author/rajesh-talwar |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and The Daily Guardian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Rajesh Talwar News{{!}}Top Rajesh Talwar News Headlines Today{{!}}Today India news{{!}} Breaking Rajesh Talwar News Today{{!}}English Rajesh Talwar News Headlines |url=https://www.thedailyguardian.com/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=TheDailyGuardian |language=en}}</ref>

Talwar's work for children include fiction and plays for children including ''The Boy Who Became a Mahatma'' on Mahatma Gandhi, ''The Boy Who Fought an Empire'' on Subhash Chandra Bose and a play titled ''The Boy Who Wrote a Constitution'' based on the childhood of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the chief architect of the [[Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fridaywall.com/nautanki-saala-and-other-stories-and-other-books/|title = Nautanki Saala and Other Stories, and Other Books|date = April 2022}}</ref> His other children's books include ''The Three Greens'', which has three children solving what are called 'enviromysteries'.
([[Orient Blackswan|Orient BlackSwan]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=5&isbn=978-81-250-2688-4 |title=Orient Blackswan PVT. LTD. |access-date=2015-01-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150104062403/http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=5&isbn=978-81-250-2688-4 |archive-date=4 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2025 Rajesh Talwar became the recipient of an Alumni Award from his Alma Mater, the University of Nottingham. According to the jury, he has had a global impact, contributing to human rights and sustainability through policy change and education, such as writing a play on toxic terror and a book on caste discrimination. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Nottingham Alumni Awards |url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/alumni/community/your-nottingham-alumni-awards.aspx |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=www.nottingham.ac.uk}}</ref>

For his work, amongst others, he has been interviewed by Sahitya Tak from the India Today Group and by Anand Bazaar Patrika ABP (Live) and has been a moderator and speaker at the Kalinga Literary Festival, the Pune International Literary Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=PILF |url=https://www.pilf.in/speakers-2020.php |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.pilf.in}}</ref> and the Pragati EVichaar Literary Festival amongst others.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-01-10 |title=Day-2: PragatiE Vichaar Literature Festival Virtual festival |url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/day-2-pragatie-vichaar-literature-festival-virtual-festival |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Cityairnews |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rajeshtalwar.in/ Rajesh Talwar official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talwar, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Journalism]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Nottingham]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Waskura Lake

2025-12-25T22:48:59Z

Aamir2580: Done - done

{{Short description|Lake in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}

{{Infobox body of water
| name = Waskura Lake
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| location = Waskura Village, [[Ganderbal District]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| coords = {{Coord|34.2191143|N|74.6623567|E|region:IN-JK_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = Freshwater lake
| inflow = Springs
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries =
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|52.7|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}}
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|1583|m|abbr=on}}
| islands =
| cities =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Waskura Lake in Jammu and Kashmir
| website =
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}}

'''Waskura Lake''' or '''Waskura Sar''' is a rural [[freshwater lake]] rested in the scenic landscapes of [[Kashmir Valley]], situated about 13 km west of [[Ganderbal|Ganderbal town]] in Waskura village of [[Ganderbal district]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. With an altitude of 1590 meters above sea level, the lake lies within the geographical coordinates of 34°-16 N latitude and 74°-39 E longitude. It is closely connected to the right bank of the [[Jhelum River]] by a small channel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361090447 |title=Limnological features of a Semi-drainage Lake: Waskura |website=ResearchGate |access-date=2024-01-20}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Covering an area of about 52.7 hectares, Waskura Lake is classified as a semi-drainage lake, characterized by having an outflow channel but no inflow channel. It primarily relies on [[Spring (hydrology)|springs]] within the lake body and its periphery for its water source. The catchment area surrounding the lake comprises fan-shaped projections known as karewa, featuring horizontal beds of fine-grained [[sand]], [[loam]], and [[sandy clay]], interspersed with gravelly conglomerates. The lake's morphology is sub-circular, with a maximum depth of 6 meters and a mean depth of 3.75 meters. Its total volume is estimated at 8.99×105 cubic meters, with a shoreline index of 2.75.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx%3Ftarget%3Dijor:skuastjr%26volume%3D24%26issue%3D1%26article%3D008%26type%3Dpdf |title=Indian Journal of Hill Farming |access-date=2024-01-20}}</ref>

== Usage ==
Waskura Lake serves multiple purposes for the local communities. Aside from the lake being used for recreational purposes, the lake water is utilized for [[irrigation]], [[fishery]], and vegetable cultivation as well. The surrounding area supports agricultural activities, including [[apple]] and willow [[plantations]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Flora ==
The flora of Waskura Lake includes various [[aquatic plant]] species, some of which include:

*[[Common Reed]]
*[[Narrow-leaved Cattail]]
*[[Potamogeton natans|Broad-leaved Pondweed]]
*[[Yellow Floating Heart]]
*[[Nymphaea alba|White Water Lily]]
*[[Sacred Lotus]]
*[[Trapa natans|Water Chestnut]]
*[[Potamogeton lucens|Shining Pondweed]]
*[[Golden Bladderwort]]
*[[Charophyta|Stoneworts]]
*[[Coon's Tail]]
*[[Hydrilla]]
*[[Eurasian Water Milfoil]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2021/vol10issue12S/PartL/S-10-12-20-694.pdf |title=Pharma Journal |access-date=2024-01-20}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Manasbal Lake]]
* [[Khanpursar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Bharati (research station)

2025-12-13T13:51:35Z

Aamir2580: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
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| population_total =
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{{Infobox airport
| name = Bharati Heliport
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| pushpin_mapsize = 300
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| pushpin_relief =
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| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.comnap.aq/operations/facilities |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110101215241/https://www.comnap.aq/operations/facilities |url-status= dead |archive-date= 1 January 2011 |title= Antarctic Facilities |website=COMNAP |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>
}}

'''Bharati''' is a permanent [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] research station commissioned by [[India]]. It is India's third Antarctic research facility and one of two active Indian research stations, alongside [[Maitri (research station)|Maitri]]. India's first committed research facility, [[Dakshin Gangotri]], is being used as a supply base. India has demarcated an area beside the [[Larsemann Hills]] at 69°S, 76°E for construction. The research station has been operational since 18 March 2012.<ref>{{cite web|author=Abhai Mishra & Bhagwati Prasad|url=http://stampsofindia.com/readroom/Bharati.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915014644/http://stampsofindia.com/readroom/Bharati.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2012|publisher=Stamps of India|access-date=11 September 2016|title=Inauguration of India's new Antarctic Station 'Bharati'}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Paul Fernandes | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Indias-station-in-Antarctic-operational/articleshow/14415706.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725220423/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/goa/32423797_1_antarctic-treaty-ncaor-larsemann-hills | url-status=live | archive-date=25 July 2013 | location=Delhi, India | title=India's station in Antarctic operational | date=26 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref> Since its completion, India has become one of nine nations to have multiple stations within the [[Antarctic Circle]]. Bharati's research mandate focuses on oceanographic studies and the phenomenon of continental breakup. It also facilitates research to refine the current understanding of the Indian subcontinent's geological history. News sources have referred to the station as "'''Bharathi'''",<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/20/stories/2009022052310500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411063558/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/20/stories/2009022052310500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 April 2009 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Third Antarctica research station by 2011 | date=20 February 2009}}</ref> "'''Bharti'''"<ref name="timesofindia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174421/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-06/chennai/28199800_1_antarctica-new-station-maitri "Bharti to be 3rd Indian station in Antarctica"], ''The Times of India'', 6 August 2009</ref> and "'''Bharati'''".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/008200902161911.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Budget boost for gas hydrates, polar sciences research | date=16 February 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107085557/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/008200902161911.htm | archive-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ncaor.gov.in/ Activities at Maitri & Bharati]</ref>
[[File:Bharati_permanent_Antarctic_research_station.jpg|thumb|Bharati [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] research station |center|363x363px]]

==Facilities==
The project for setting up of the ground was undertaken by the [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]] (ECIL) from the [[National Remote Sensing Centre]] (NRSC) for a contract value of {{INRConvert|230|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bharti-to-be-3rd-indian-station-in-antarctica/articleshow/4861655.cms#:~:text=CHENNAI%3A%20Twenty%2Dfive%20years%20after,edge%20research%20in%20various%20fields.|title=Bharti to be 3rd Indian station in Antarctica | Chennai News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The station building, with a floor area of {{convert|2162|m2|sqft}}, was constructed in 127 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ncpor.res.in/antarcticas/display/369-significant-achievements- |title=NCPOR Significant Achievements |publisher=[[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research]] |website=[[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research]] |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> The station can host a total of 72 personnel, 47 in the main building all year round<ref name="comnap-catalogue"/> and an additional 25 in shelters during summer. The main station building is supported by a fuel farm and station, sea water pump and a summer camp.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ncpor.res.in/antarcticas/display/377-bharati |title=Bharati Research Station |publisher=[[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research]] |website=[[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research]] |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref>

This station is also being utilized by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) for Antarctica Ground Station for [[Earth observation satellite|Earth Observation Satellites]] (AGEOS), for receiving [[Indian Remote Sensing Satellite|Indian Remote sensing Satellite]] (IRS) (like [[Cartosat-2|CARTOSAT-2]], [[SCATSAT-1]], [[Resourcesat-2A|RESOURCESAT-2/2A]] and [[CARTOSAT-1]] satellites) raw data and beaming back this high-speed satellite raw data in real time from Bharati Station to NRSC in [[Hyderabad]] for processing the images since mid 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboutus_Org_DRS {{!}} NRSC Web Site |url=https://www.nrsc.gov.in/Aboutus_NRSC_DRS?language_content_entity=en |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.nrsc.gov.in}}</ref>

In 2007, ECIL also established the communication link between Maitri, the second Indian research station in Antarctica, and the [[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research]] (NCPOR). Among others, research on tectonics and geological structures would be undertaken at Bharati Station by Indian scientists.<ref>{{cite news|title=State of the art Bharati station to come up soon|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/article3374556.ece?homepage=true|access-date=6 May 2012 | location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|first=Y.|last=Mallikarjun|date=2 May 2012}}</ref>

India also became the first nation to use the shipping containers as integral part of construction and hence constructing its base in record time and money.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gendall|first=John|date=2020-01-06|title=The Coolest Architecture on Earth Is in Antarctica|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/06/science/antarctica-architecture.html|access-date=2020-09-14|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Discoveries and achievements==
In January 2017, [[Felix Bast]], one of the scientists on the 36th Indian expedition to the Antarctic, discovered a new [[moss]] species at [[Larsemann Hills]], near the Bharati research station, and named it ''[[Bryum bharatiense]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-08|title=India discovers new plant species in Antarctica|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57732014|access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Australian Antarctic Territory]]
* [[Dakshin Gangotri]] First Indian station 1983, converted to support base
* [[Maitri (research station)|Maitri]] Second Indian station 1989
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
* [[Defence Institute of High Altitude Research]]
* [[Indian Antarctic Program]]
* [[Indian Astronomical Observatory]]
* [[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
* [[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research]]
* [[Siachen Base Camp (India)]]
* [[Antarctic field camps|List of Antarctic field camps]]
* [[Research stations in Antarctica#List of research stations|List of Antarctic research stations]]
* [[List of highest astronomical observatories]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ncaor.gov.in/ National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research]

{{Portal bar|Earth sciences|Geography|India}}
{{Polar Research Stations of India}}
{{Antarctic research stations}}
{{Airports in Antarctica}}
{{Antarctica}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Outposts of Antarctica]]
[[Category:Indian Antarctic Programme]]
[[Category:Antarctic research]]
[[Category:Research in India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Antarctica]]
[[Category:ISRO facilities]]

Liberhan Commission

2025-12-08T20:18:35Z

Aamir2580: minor expand references for clarity and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Long-running inquiry commissioned by the Government of India}}
{{cleanup|reason=The article may not be in line with the format and style of a Wikipedia article.|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

The '''Liberhan Commission''' (officially ''Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry'') was a long-running inquiry commissioned by the [[Government of India]] to investigate the destruction of the disputed [[Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]] in 1992. Led by retired High Court Judge [[M. S. Liberhan]], it was formed on 16 December 1992 by an order of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Home Union Ministry]] after the demolition of the Babri Masjid on 6 December and the subsequent riots there. The commission was originally mandated to submit its report within three months. Extensions were given 48 times, and after a delay of 17 years, the one-man commission submitted the report to Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] on 30 June 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8125927.stm|title=Ayodhya attack report submitted|work=BBC News|accessdate=30 June 2008}}</ref> In November 2009, a day after a newspaper published the allegedly leaked contents of the report, the report was tabled in [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] by the Home Minister [[P. Chidambaram]].

==Dispute==
{{Main|Babri mosque}}
The Babri Masjid (Mosque of Babur) was a mosque in [[Ayodhya]] on Ramkot Hill. It was destroyed in 1992 when a political rally developed into a riot involving 150,000 people,<ref>Babri mosque demolition case hearing today. Yahoo News – 18 September 2007</ref> Despite a commitment to the Indian Supreme Court by the rally organisers that the mosque would not be harmed.<ref>Tearing down the Babri Masjid, Eye Witness BBC's Mark Tully [[BBC]], 5 December 2002, 19:05 GMT</ref><ref>Babri Masjid demolition was planned 10 months in advance – PTI</ref> More than 2000 people were killed in ensuing riots in many major Indian cities including [[Mumbai]], and [[Delhi]].<ref>The Ayodhya dispute. BBC News. 15 November 2004.</ref>

The mosque was constructed in 1527 by order of [[Babur]], the first [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor of India on top of a destroyed Ram temple.<ref> Flint, Colin (2005). The geography of war and peace. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-516208-0}}.</ref><ref>Vitelli, Karen (2006). Archaeological ethics (2 ed.). Rowman Altamira. {{ISBN|978-0-7591-0963-6}}.</ref> Before the 1940s, the mosque was called ''Masjid-i-Janmasthan'' ("mosque of the birthplace").<ref>Sayyid Shahabuddin Abdur Rahman, Babri Masjid, 3rd print, Azamgarh: Darul Musannifin Shibli Academy, 1987, pp. 29–30.</ref> Babur's commander-in-chief, Mir Baqi, destroyed an existing temple at the site which commemorated the birthplace of [[Rama|Lord Rama]], an incarnation of [[Lord Vishnu]] and ruler of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. The political, historical and socio-religious debate over the history and location of the Babri Mosque and whether a previous temple was demolished or modified to create it, is known as the [[Ayodhya Debate]].

==Terms and reference of the commission==
{{Technical|date=March 2025|section}}
To make an inquiry with respect to the following matters:
# The sequence of events leading to, and all the facts and circumstances relating to, the occurrences in the Ram Janma Bhoomi-Babri Masjid complex at Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 involving the destruction of the Ram Janma Bhoomi-Babri Masjid structure.
# The role played by the Chief Minister, Members of the Council of Ministers, officials of the Government of Uttar Pradesh and by the individuals, concerned organisations and agencies in, or in connection with, the destruction of the Ram Janma Bhoomi-Babri Masjid structure;
# The deficiencies in security measures and other arrangements as prescribed or operated in practice by the Government of Uttar Pradesh which might have contributed to the events that took place in the Ram Janma Bhoomi-Babri Masjid complex, Ayodhya town and Faizabad on 6 December 1992;
# The sequence of events leading to, and all the facts and circumstances relating to, the assault on media persons at Ayodhya on 6 December 1992; and
# Any other matters related to the subject of Inquiry.

==Duration and expenses==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
The one-man panel, one of the country's longest-running inquiry commissions, cost the government {{INRConvert|80|m}} and wrote the report on the sequence of events leading to the destruction of the Babri mosque by Hindu mobs on 6 December 1992 and the other issues mentioned in terms of reference.

Appointed by former prime minister [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] two weeks after the demolition on 6 December 1992, to ward off criticism against his government for having failed to protect the mosque, the commission in August 2005 finished hearing its last witness Kalyan Singh – who was Uttar Pradesh chief minister at the time of the demolition and resigned soon after.

In 16 years of its proceedings, the commission recorded statements of several politicians, bureaucrats and police officials including [[Kalyan Singh]], late [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]], former deputy prime minister [[L.K. Advani]] and his colleagues [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] and [[Uma Bharati]] as well as [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]].

Top bureaucrats and police officials of Uttar Pradesh, the then district magistrate R.N. Srivastava and Senior Superintendent of Police D.B. Roy of Ayodhya also recorded their statements on the demolition. In all, the Commission examined one hundred witnesses including

#[[Mark Tully]], BBC Journalist
#PR Kumaramangalam, Union Minister
#SB Chavan, Union Home Minister
#[[Uma Bharti]], BJP leader
#[[KS Sudarshan]], [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] leader
#[[Jyoti Basu]], CPI(M) leader, member of the [[National Integration Council]]
#[[Murli Manohar Joshi]], President, Bharatiya Janta Party, member of the Rajya Sabha
#[[LK Advani]], Leader, [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
#Vinay Katyar, Member of Parliament, Bharatiya Janta Party
#Vishnu Hari Dalmia, President, [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]]
#[[VP Singh]], Former Prime Minister, leader of Janta Dal
#[[Kalyan Singh]], the then Chief Minister, of Uttar Pradesh
#[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], Prime Minister of India
#Tej Shankar, Supreme Court's observer in Ayodhya
#Arjun Singh, Union Cabinet Minister, Union Human Resource and Development
#Swami Sachidanand Sakshi, alias Sakshiji Maharaj, BJP Member of Parliament, Acharya of the Nirmal Panchayati Akhara, Haridwar
#Ashok Singhal, Leader, Vishwa Hindu Parishad
#[[Kalraj Mishra]], President, Uttar Pradesh unit of Bharatiya Janta Party
#Mahant Paramhans Ramchander Das, President, Ram Janambhoomi Nyas
#[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], Former Chief Minister, Uttar Pradesh
#Madhav Godbole, Union Home Secretary

Four years ago, the hearings of the Commission concluded but not before a controversy broke out with the sole Commission's Counsel [[Anupam Gupta]] dissociating himself from it owing to personal differences with Justice Liberhan. Advani, Joshi, Bharti and [[Kalyan Singh]], who was the BJP Chief Minister at the time of demolition, appeared before the commission as witnesses. Kalyan Singh appeared only after the Delhi High Court lifted a stay order on his deposition.

Other former officials against whom criminal cases are pending in the demolition of the disputed structure in Ayodhya include Bajrang Dal's, Vinay Katiyar.

Even before the findings of the commission were out, Congress and BJP leaders clashed over the issue.

==The contents of the report==
{{Ayodhya debate}}
On 23 November 2009, the media began reporting on the contents of the report, which had been [[News leak|leaked]] before being made available to the legislature. It indicted top [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leaders as being actively involved in the meticulous planning of the demolition of the mosque. It was a day of angry exchanges in parliament and cries of "Shame, shame!" in the [[Lok Sabha]] as the opposition accused the Home Ministry of deliberately leaking the report.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8373586.stm|title=India parliament uproar over Ayodhya mosque report|work=BBC News|accessdate=23 November 2009 | date=23 November 2009}}</ref> The Parliament session had to be adjourned for the day. Parliament delayed the discussion of the report and the accompanying Action Taken Report (ATR), which contained mostly recommendations, until 22 December 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/babri-demolition-report-tabled-in-parliament/545508/|title=Babri demolition report tabled in Parliament|publisher=The Indian Express Group|accessdate=24 November 2009|date=24 November 2009}}</ref>

The report was finally discussed and debated in the Parliament after a delay caused by demands from some members of the Parliament for the Hindi-translated version of the report. The Lok Sabha debated the report on 8 November 2009 and the Rajya Sabha followed on 10 and 11 November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/newsynopsis1/Englishsessionno/218/Synopsis%20English,%20dated%2010.12.09.pdf |title=Rajya Sabha – Synopsis of Debate|accessdate=2012-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/newsynopsis1/Englishsessionno/218/Supplement-Synopsis%20_English_,%20dated,%2010.12.09.pdf |title=Rajya Sabha – Supplement To Synopsis of Debate|accessdate=2012-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/newsynopsis1/Englishsessionno/218/Synopsis%20English%20dated%2011.12.09.pdf |title=Rajya Sabha – Synopsis of Debate|accessdate=2012-08-18}}</ref>

The report holds 68 people culpable, including [[L K Advani]], [[Murli Manohar Joshi]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and more critically, [[Kalyan Singh]], the then-Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=WSJ>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125906324450462205?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Indian Parliament in Uproar Over Babri Masjid Report|last=Agarwal|first=Vibhuti|date=24 November 2009|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=24 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/17-years-on-Commission-says-Babri-demolition-was-planned/articleshow/5264974.cms |title=17 years on, Commission says Babri demolition was planned |date=24 November 2009 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127054602/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/17-years-on-Commission-says-Babri-demolition-was-planned/articleshow/5264974.cms |archivedate=27 November 2009 }}</ref> The report accused the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] of being the chief architect of the demolition and names it as the core of the Sangh Parivar.

The commission has identified the [[Kalyan Singh]]-led BJP government in Uttar Pradesh as the key to the execution of the conspiracy to demolish Babri Masjid.<ref name="toikalyan25nov09">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalyan-govt-executed-demolition-plan-Liberhan-Commission/articleshow/5265687.cms|title=Kalyan govt executed demolition plan: Liberhan Commission|date=25 November 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=25 November 2009}}</ref> Justice M S Liberhan termed Atal Bihari Vajpayee, L K Advani, Murli Manohar Joshi as ''pseudo-moderates'', pretending to keep a distance from the Ram Janmabhoomi campaign when they were actually aware of the whole conspiracy.<ref name="toi-Atal-pseudo-moderate">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Liberhan-demolishes-Parivar-calls-Atal-pseudo-moderate/articleshow/5265710.cms|title=Liberhan demolishes Parivar, calls Atal 'pseudo-moderate'|date=25 November 2009|work=The Times of India|accessdate=25 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="Expressbuzz-pseudo-moderates">{{cite web|url=http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=Vajpayee,+Advani+pseudo-moderates:+Babri+report&artid=WDuI82mb5Xc=&SectionID=b7ziAYMenjw=&MainSectionID=b7ziAYMenjw=&SectionName=pWehHe7IsSU=&SEO=Liberhan,+Babri+report|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120511224657/http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=Vajpayee,+Advani+pseudo-moderates:+Babri+report&artid=WDuI82mb5Xc=&SectionID=b7ziAYMenjw=&MainSectionID=b7ziAYMenjw=&SectionName=pWehHe7IsSU=&SEO=Liberhan,+Babri+report|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2012|title=Vajpayee, Advani pseudo-moderates: Babri report|date=24 November 2009|work=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=Expressbuzz|accessdate=25 November 2009}}</ref> The report said, "They have violated the trust of the people.... There can be no greater betrayal or crime in a democracy and this Commission has no hesitation in condemning these pseudo-moderates for their sins of omission".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3446747|title=Liberhan refuses benefit of doubt, calls Vajpayee 'pseudo-moderate'|date=25 November 2009|publisher=[[MSN]] News India|accessdate=25 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180517/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3446747|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_vajpayee-advani-severely-indicted-by-liberhan-commission_1315927|title=Vajpayee, Advani severely indicted by Liberhan Commission|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=24 November 2009|accessdate=25 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="hindu-nov24-Babri-Masjid-demolition ">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article53941.ece|title=Babri Masjid demolition was planned: Liberhan |date=24 November 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=25 November 2009|location=Chennai, India|first=Vidya|last=Subrahmaniam}}</ref>

==Findings==

[[Kalyan Singh]], who was the Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]] during the mosque's demolition, was harshly criticized in the report. He was accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the mosque's demolition in Ayodhya. Indicting the BJP government in Uttar Pradesh, the one-man commission said in its report: "Kalyan Singh's government was the essential component needed by the Sangh Parivar for its purposes. Kalyan Singh lived up to the expectations of the Parivar".<ref>{{cite web|author=Indo-Asian News Service|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&action=add&sectid=11&contentid=2009112420091124232833218f1459280&subsite= |title=IANS, "Yes, Mr Liberhan"|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |date=November 24, 2009 |accessdate=2012-08-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219033450/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&action=add&sectid=11&contentid=2009112420091124232833218f1459280&subsite= |archivedate=19 February 2012}}</ref>

The commission's report said that Singh and his Cabinet allowed the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) to directly run his government. It also stated that the government had "systematically and in a pre-planned manner removed inconvenient bureaucrats from positions of power, dismantled and diluted the security apparatus and infrastructure, lied consistently to the high court and the Supreme Court of India and to the people of India to evade constitutional governance and thus betrayed the confidence of the electorate".

The Liberhan Commission stated about the demolition:

{{Blockquote|"The preparation was accomplished with phenomenal secrecy, was technically flawless with consistency and assured results.... The theme was power. It attracted clusters of young men to support the hidden agenda. Leaders know how passions are aroused and how to prevent the same; they however always see what would be beneficial to them rather than what would be good for the nation. This is what happened in Ayodhya."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/how-the-bjp-rss-mobilised-kar-sevaks/545911/ |title=How the BJP, RSS mobilised kar sevaks |newspaper=The Indian Express|date=25 November 2009 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>}}

To the commission's observation that the demolition was planned, Chapter 1: page no 15, para 7.4 of the report wherein it admits: "No evidence, lead or information was provided to the commission with respect to the conspiracy or pre-planning or the joint common enterprise by any of these counsels... (of the Muslim organisations)".

Moreover, the commission noted (at page 782, para 130.24) that, "...Home Secretary Godbole stated that there was no information of planning and as such it could not be inferred that there was a conspiracy of the Congress and BJP for demolition."<ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/219871/Liberhan-report-put-to-ridicule.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109074128/http://www.dailypioneer.com/219871/Liberhan-report-put-to-ridicule.html |archivedate=9 January 2016 |title=The Pioneer :: Home : >> Liberhan report put to ridicule |publisher=DailyPioneer.com |accessdate=2012-08-18}}</ref>

"The chief minister and his cabinet were the proverbial insiders who caused the collapse of the entire system."

Singh allegedly maintained a "studied silence" even at the height of the crisis in December 1992 and "refused to allow even a single measure which might impede the Ayodhya campaign or prevent the assault on the disputed structures, the journalists or the innocent people."

He allegedly did not direct the police "to use force or resort to firing to chase away the miscreants or to save the lives of those wretched innocents..." even though he was alerted that the mosque had been demolished and rioters were attacking Muslims in Ayodhya.

"The wanton violence against human life and property continued unabated and even at that late stage, the chief minister did not use the central forces which could have been swiftly deployed", the report further states.

Uma Bharti, [[Govindacharya]], Kalyan Singh and [[Shanker Singh Vaghela]], all of whom were members of the BJP then, are held primarily responsible for the destruction of the mosque and the report says that they could have prevented the assault. Senior BJP leaders [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lal Krishna Advani]] and [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] are called "pseudo-moderates". The report holds them intellectually and ideologically responsible for the mosque's destruction. The report says that they gave false assurances to court, people and the nation. Vajpayee, Prime Minister in the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]], was not present on 6 December 1992 when the mosque was brought down, but the report says it cannot be assumed that Vajpayee, Advani and others did not know of the designs of the Sangh Parivar.

The Report, headed by Justice Liberhan, contained no criticism of the 1992 Indian government and then Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/liberhan-report-is-like-a-thesis-against-bjp-rss/546158/ |title=Liberhan report is like a thesis against BJP, RSS |newspaper=The Indian Express|date=25 November 2009 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref> and supports Rao's stand that legally and constitutionally, the central government could not impose President's Rule in the state of Uttar Pradesh in December 1992.

The report submitted by Justice Liberhan has come under severe criticism for being biased and rhetorical in nature. It has been pointed out that, the report also noted (in para 18.3 on page 63) that "although, there was no order restraining the Muslims from going to the disputed structure or from offering namaz therein either by the judiciary or from the administration, yet namaz was not offered at the disputed structure since 1934. No processions were taken out inside the disputed structure nor any grave dug there about."

Justice Liberhan has agreed that "Ayodhya is accepted in popular Hindu tradition as the birthplace of Lord Rama and is therefore regarded as a holy and historical city" and "ancient Ayodhya was traditionally the epitome of Hindu life, culture and a paradigm of coexistence of a multi-religious society. It was a peaceful place with a regular influx of visitors, pilgrims, sadhus and sants, monks, travellers, tourists."

BJP president Rajnath Singh will open the debate on the Liberhan Commission report in the Lok Sabha while Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha Arun Jaitley is expected to lead the party charge in the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha debated the report on 1 December 2009 and the Rajya Sabha on 7 December 2009. The BJP had initially decided to field Sushma Swaraj as the lead speaker in the Lower House, but she will now be the second speaker on the issue. The performance of its star speakers in both Houses will be keenly watched by the RSS, say party sources. While the initial plan would have seen the quartet of Delhi BJP leaders – Jaitley, Sushma Swaraj, in addition to Venkaiah Naidu, and Ananth Kumar – holding forth on the [[Ayodhya debate]], sources say that Rajnath, whose term as party president technically ends on 26 November 2009,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/no-next-term-for-me-says-bjp-chief-rajnath-singh/467167/ |title=No next term for me, says BJP chief Rajnath Singh |newspaper=The Indian Express|date=28 May 2009 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref> "didn't want to be left out of the debate".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/liberhan-debate-rajnath-jaitley-to-lead-bjp-charge/546822/ |title=Liberhan debate: Rajnath, Jaitley to lead BJP charge |newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 November 2009 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>

Speaking in the Parliament, Jaitley led the charge against the report and against Justice Liberhan personally. Jaitley suggested that Justice Liberhan may not have actually authored the report and, reiterating what Sushma Swaraj had read out in the Lok Sabha, citing from page 999 of the report, commented that Justice Liberhan had credited Commission's Counsel [[Harpreet Singh Giani]] with helping with the analysis, conclusions, editing and language and therefore called it the "Liberhan-Giani" report. He charged the report with "factual hallucinations". He cited the incorrect date of Mahatma Gandhi's assassination as well as the inclusion of the names of some historians in the report as evidence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2009dec11/babri_demolition_terrorist_act_guilty_unlikely_be_punished_ayodhya_saint.html |title=Babri demolition a terrorist act but guilty unlikely to be punished: Ayodhya saint |date=11 December 2009 |publisher=TwoCircles.net |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>

==RSS, VHP factor==

The Liberhan report has been very critical of mass Hindu organizations, especially the RSS. It says that demolition of [[Babri]] in [[Ayodhya]] has been a longtime objective of the RSS. It accuses RSS of utilizing its large volunteer base to accomplish this task. The RSS has always maintained that the demolition was spontaneous. The report suggests otherwise.

The [[Sangh Parivar]] is a "highly successful and corporatised model of a political party" and as the Ayodhya campaign demonstrated, has developed a highly efficient organisational structure, the Liberhan Commission said in its report.

It said the BJP "was and remains an appendage of the RSS, which had the purpose only of providing an acceptable veneer to the less popular decisions and a facade for the brash members of the Sangh Parivar".

The commission, observed, "The blame or the credit for the entire temple construction movement at Ayodhya must necessarily be attributed to the Sangh Parivar".

It noted that the [[Sangh Parivar]] is an "extensive and widespread organic body", which encompasses organisations, which address and assimilate just about every type of social, professional and other demographic grouping of individuals.

"Each time, a new [[demographic group]] has emerged, the Sangh Parivar has hived off some of its RSS inner-core leadership to harness that group and bring it within the fold, enhancing the voter base of the Parivar."

===Open secrets===
{{Main|Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled}}
A book authored by a former senior Indian intelligence officer revealed that demolition of the historic [[Babri Mosque]] at Ayodhya was planned 10 months in advance by Hindu extremist leaders of Rashtriya Sevak Sang (RSS), Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) and [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP). The author, a former [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] Joint Director, Maloy Krishna Dhar in his book "Open Secrets-India's intelligence unveiled" pointed out that the blueprint for demolition of the mosque was drawn in a meeting held in February 1992 attended by leaders of the extremist Hindu groups.

The leaders agreed to work together. They always maintained that demolition was unprecedented and top leaders had tried to hold back the [[Karsevaks]]. He goes on to say that in a meeting on the previous day, the RSS, VHP, BJP and [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] leaders there was "silent resoluteness and agreement that Ayodhya offered a unique opportunity to take the Hindutva wave to the peak for deriving political benefit. The iron was hot and this was the time to hit."

Dhar merged with the huge crowd as a journalist and found Shiv Sena activists engaged in vandalism and RSS members inflaming everyone." [[L.K. Advani]] had spat fire from the [[pulpit]] but he failed to control the flames. Taped videos substantiated that he was [[progenitor]] of the tsunami effect that he failed to control at the vital moment of destiny," says Dhar claiming to have made a videotape and 70 still photos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistantimes.net/2005/02/04/kashmir5.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614081705/http://pakistantimes.net/2005/02/04/kashmir5.htm |archivedate=14 June 2011 |title=Pakistan Times {{pipe}} Kashmir: 'Babri mosque demolition in India was pre-planned' |publisher=PakistanTimes.net |url-status=usurped |accessdate=2012-08-18}}</ref>

===RSS defence===

Seeking to distance Hindu organisations from the Babri Mosque demolition, RSS chief K C Sudershan said that the Babri Mosque was demolished by government men and not by the [[Karsevaks]]. "The mosque was demolished by the government men and not by the Karsevaks," he said while addressing a gathering of RSS [[Professional revolutionaries|cadre]] and public at a meeting. Without mentioning whether he was referring to the [[Kalyan Singh]]-led-BJP government in power in [[Uttar Pradesh]] or the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] regime at Centre then, he said he was present at [[Ayodhya]] and wanted to construct the Ram Temple at an undisputed place but they could not do so as the government men demolished Babri Mosque on 6 December 1992. Sudershan, who spoke in a three-day function of RSS Madhya Bharat Pranth, said that under a conspiracy, the names of the Hindu Organisations like [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and [[Bajrang Dal]] (BD) were dragged in bringing down the structure.

He contested Liberhan Commission's claim that demolition of the Babri Mosque was planned and charged "dilly-dally" by the then government of Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao was responsible for the incident.

"It was not a planned incident. Because of the dilly-dallying attitude by the then Prime Minister and delay in court judgements, things went out of control as lakhs of people gathered at Ayodhya for kar seva," Sudarshan told a press conference.

He claimed when the people, who had climbed the canopy of the disputed structure, were unable to break it with heavy hammers and 'saabal' (long iron rod), the armed forces personnel present there caused the damage to its walls by triggering an explosive. Once the walls collapsed, the entire canopy of the Babri mosque caved in, he said. He claimed a powerful Congress leader of Maharashtra, whose name he did not disclose, had told him at senior BJP leader late [[K R Malkani]]'s house in Delhi that the party had a plan to dislodge the government headed by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] "in the name of temple movement so that he could replace him"

While K C Sudarshan said this, again after two days, RSS, the mother organization of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], on Tuesday owned the Ayodhya movement but refused to apologise about what happened in Ayodhya in 1992 which led to demolition of the Babri mosque. Ram Madhav, an RSS leader and former spokesperson of the Sangh, said on a private channel, "We fully own up the movement. We mobilized people. People should respect the sentiment of crores of people. We are not going to apologise. Our agitation echoed the sentiment of the people at the time. It was a spontaneous act of anger by people,".

===VHP===

The VHP said the demolition of Babri mosque was the proudest moment for Hindus and asserted it was committed to building a Ram temple at the disputed site in Ayodhya.

"Reports like that of the Liberhan Commission come and go. But, the Hindu culture, which takes pride in its heritage and protects its places of worship, has been in place for ages and will remain so for ever," VHP leader [[Praveen Togadia]] said. "Any symbolic structure left by an invader in [[Akhand Bharat]] is a national shame. And the demolition of Babri mosque was the proudest moment for Hindus," he said in a statement.Togadia asserted the VHP was committed to building a great Ram temple at the disputed site in Ayodhya and was ready to make any sacrifice for achieving this."A magnificent temple will be built at the site. It is a socio-religious, cultural and legal right of the Hindus," the VHP secretary general said.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mosque-demolition-proudest-moment-for-hindus-togadia-61582-2009-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919204144/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/72222/India/Mosque%2Bdemolition%2Bproudest%2Bmoment%2Bfor%2BHindus%3A%2BTogadia.html |archive-date=19 September 2010 |title=Mosque demolition proudest moment for Hindus: Togadia : India News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=24 November 2009 |access-date=2012-02-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The VHP pointed out that in para 158.3, the commission says it ([[Ayodhya debate]]) "...never became a movement..." whereas in para 158.9 & 159.10, it contradicted itself with the contention as to "entire process of the movement" and "...leaders of the movement".

The VHP says the commission failed to make any adverse comment on certain individuals despite observing in para 26.2 on page 88 that "... It is noteworthy that no member of the Muslim community from Ayodhya was a member of the Babri Masjid Action Committee or other committee protesting the opening of locks at the disputed structure. Sultan Shahabuddin Owaisi, a Member of Parliament from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], challenged the opening of locks along with some others became a forerunner for taking on the Hindu organisation".

The VHP said that after more than 40 extensions "during seventeen long years and wasting taxpayers' money the commission had prepared a useless report." The commission declared many prominent personalities as [[culpability|culpable]] without giving them a chance of hearing. "It is shameful that in its long list of culprits one had already been died before the date of incident and seventeen thereafter before the submission of its report. The adverse comments made towards the apex court of the country, media, head of the State (Governor) and other respectable segments of the society are highly unacceptable," it said.<ref name="dailypioneer.com"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://docs.indiatimes.com/liberhan/liberhan.pdf ''Report Of The Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry'' – Full Text in PDF format (126 MB)]
**[http://www.megaupload.com/?d=EDOLSFRL Alternate link – Full Text in PDF format (126 MB)]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.thehindu.com/news/article54082.ece ''Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry'' – Full Text in PDF format (Can be downloaded as a single 80MB file or as 5 smaller files), ''The Hindu'' (24 November 2009)]
*[http://www.twocircles.net/special_reports/liberhan_report.html Complete report] – TCN News
*[http://data.ndtv.com/downloads/liberhan.zip The report can be downloaded from here] and the ATR [http://data.ndtv.com/downloads/atr.pdf from here]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091216110224/http://mha.gov.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=571 Report in parts from the Ministry of Home Affairs (India) Website]

{{Indian commissions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Public inquiries in India]]
[[Category:1992 in India]]
[[Category:Rao administration]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]

ASEB Sports Club

2025-12-06T17:17:23Z

Aamir2580:

{{short description|Indian association football club}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = ASEB
| nickname = The Powermen
| image = ASEB SC logo.jpg
| fullname = Assam State Electricity Board Sports Club
| short name = ASEBSC
| founded = {{start date and age|1975}}
| ground = [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]]
| capacity = 15,000
| owner = APDCL AEGCL APGCL
| generalmanager =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Ganesh Rai
| league = Guwahati Premier Football League
| season =
| position =
| website =
| pattern_b1 = _redhorizontal
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
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| leftarm1 = 00008B
| body1 = 00008B
| rightarm1 = 00008B
| shorts1 = 00008B
| socks1 = F00000
| pattern_b2 = _shoulder_stripes_black_stripes
| pattern_la2 =
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| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
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}}

'''Assam State Electricity Board Sports Club''', commonly referred to as '''A.S.E.B Sports Club''', or simply '''ASEB SC''', is an Indian [[sports club|multi-sports club]] based in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]. The club currently competes in Guwahati Premier Football League and other big club [[association football|football]] tournaments include [[Bordoloi Trophy]], [[ATPA Shield]] and [[Independence Day Cup]]. ASEB SC previously competed in [[National Football League Second Division (India)|National Football League II]] (NFL 2nd Division), then second tier of the [[Indian football league system]] and state top division [[Assam State Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forum.indianfootballnetwork.com/discussion/694/assam-state-premier-league|title=Assam State Premier League|website=www.forum.indianfootballnetwork.com|date=22 February 2012 |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>

==History==
ASEB Sports Club was founded in 1975 to promote and encourage sports activities among its members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apdcl.org/website/docs/tender/Slno_50_2019_20_RFP.pdf|title=ASEB Sports Club|access-date=22 September 2022|work=apdcl.org|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922155136/https://www.apdcl.org/website/docs/tender/Slno_50_2019_20_RFP.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It has won most number of titles in the GSA Super Division Football League.<ref name="ASEB SC won most number titles">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/news/asebsc-retain-gsa-super-league-title/.html|title=ASEBSC retain GSA Super League Title|access-date=27 September 2018|work=sentinelassam.com|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116085422/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/asebsc-retain-gsa-super-league-title-at-nehru-stadium/|url-status=live}}</ref> The club also participated in the [[National Football League Second Division (India)|National Football League II]] (NFL 2nd Division), then second tier of [[Indian football league system]] in the 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004-05 seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/aseb-hope-to-make-round-two-n-e-leg-of-national-football-league-in-shillong/cid/835999|title=ASEB hope to make round two-N-E leg of national football league in Shillong|access-date=25 August 2021|work=telegraphindia.com|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825104318/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/aseb-hope-to-make-round-two-n-e-leg-of-national-football-league-in-shillong/cid/835999|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hindustan-aseb-record-wins/articleshow/3198346.cms|title=Hindustan, ASEB record wins|access-date=13 November 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 March 2002 |archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116085534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hindustan-aseb-record-wins/articleshow/3198346.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> The three successor companies of erstwhile [[Assam State Electricity Board]] - Assam Power Distribution Company Limited (APDCL), Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limited (AEGCL) and Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited (APGCL) are the owners of the club.

==Home ground==
ASEB SC plays its home matches at the [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]] in [[Guwahati]], which has a capacity of 15,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/aseb-crush-fci-4-0/cid/1395061|title=ASEB crush FCI 4-0|website=www. telegraphindia.com|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115045341/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/aseb-crush-fci-4-0/cid/1395061|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Current squad==
{{updated|8 March 2025}}
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Gonesh Boro}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Hesron Baglari}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Bishnu Rabha|other=[[Captain (association football)|Captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Hiteshwar Kaman}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Mangal Besra}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Jitul Boruah}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rohit Phukan}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Papu Deori}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sanswrang Basumatary}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Falguni Basumatary}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Somiron Goyari}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Hiteswar Hazowary}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ripu Narzary}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Karma Narzary}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rahul Das}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sujalal Brahma}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rahan Brahma}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Danial Daimary}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Gunin Charingia}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Akash Basumatary}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Bishal Sahu}}
{{fs end}}

==Honours==
===League===
*'''Assam Club Championship'''
:{{Gold1}} Champions (2) 2004, 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/afl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026052624/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/afl.html |archive-date=2020-10-26 |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Assam Club Football Championship|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>
:{{Silver2}} Runners-up (4): 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007
*'''GSA Super Division Football League'''
:{{Gold1}} Champions (12)<ref name="ASEB SC won most number titles"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/gufl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022232442/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/gufl.html |archive-date=2020-10-22 |title=List of Champions of the Guwahati Super Division|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> Latest in 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/guwahati-gsa-super-division-league/|title=Guwahati (GSA) Super Division League|access-date=13 November 2022|work=www.theawayend.co|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113133228/https://theawayend.co/guwahati-gsa-super-division-league/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cup===
*'''[[Bordoloi Trophy]]'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (5):<ref name="List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Bordoloi Trophy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bordoloitrophy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022051613/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bordoloitrophy.html |archive-date=2020-10-22 |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Bordoloi Trophy|access-date=3 December 2016 |work=indianfootball.de}}</ref> 1988, 2006, 2009, 2014, 2021
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (4): 1999, 2002, 2008, 2019
*'''[[ATPA Shield]]'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (5):<ref name="List of Winners/Runners-Up of the ATPA Shield">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/atpashield.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023065152/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/atpashield.html |archive-date=2020-10-23 |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the ATPA Shield|access-date=3 December 2016 |work=indianfootball.de}}</ref> 2000, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/assam-state-electricity-board-sports-club-asebsc-win-atpa-shield-at-jorhat-587033|title=Assam State Electricity Board Sports Club (ASEBSC) win ATPA Shield at Jorhat|website=sentinelassam.com|date=11 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412083923/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/assam-state-electricity-board-sports-club-asebsc-win-atpa-shield-at-jorhat-587033|url-status=live}}</ref>
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (3): 2004, 2008, 2019
*'''[[All India Independence Day Cup]]'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (4): 1986, 1995, 2015, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/asebsc-win-independence-cup-title-defeating-kerala-united-football-club-567369|title=ASEBSC win Independence Cup title defeating Kerala United Football Club|website=sentinelassam.com|publisher=Sentinel Assam|date=11 December 2021|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211134925/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/asebsc-win-independence-cup-title-defeating-kerala-united-football-club-567369|archive-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (1): 2016
*'''[[Bodousa Cup]]'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (1): 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/!sports/bodosa-cup-2024-international-football-tournament-successfully-concluded-in-tinsukia-assam-news-ass24111903073|title=বদৌচা কাপ ২০২৪; আমন্ত্ৰণমূলক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ ফুটবল টুৰ্ণামেণ্টৰ সামৰণি|lang=Assamese|website=etvbharat.com|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (2): 2016, 2020
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (1): 2014
*'''[[Oil India Challenge Gold Cup]]'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Champions (1): 2012<ref name=oigc2012>{{cite web|date=2 April 2012|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/7th-oil-india-challenge-gold-cup-aseb-champions|title=7th Oil India Challenge Gold Cup: ASEB champions!|work=Sportskeeda|accessdate=25 October 2025}}</ref>
*'''[[Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup]]'''
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (1): 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofassam.com/sports/fci-lifted-bodoland-gold-cup/amp/?bamp-skip-redirect=1|title=FCI lifted Bodoland Gold Cup|website=timesofassam.com|date=3 November 2010|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924075951/https://www.timesofassam.com/sports/fci-lifted-bodoland-gold-cup/amp/?bamp-skip-redirect=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''Amba Medhi Football Tournament'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (1): 2002<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ambamedhicup.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023092151/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ambamedhicup.html |archive-date=2020-10-23 |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Amba Medhi Cup|access-date=5 September 2022 |work=indianfootball.de}}</ref>
*'''Sohanlal Dugar Shield'''<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/shohanlaldugarshield.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Sohanlal Dugar Shield|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202055544/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/shohanlaldugarshield.html|archive-date=2 December 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (1): 2000
===Others===
*'''Naroram Barman Memorial Trophy'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners: 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/aseb-lift-naroram-barman-trophy|title=ASEB lift Naroram Barman trophy|access-date=5 September 2022|work=assamtribune.com|date=15 September 2010 |archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905021528/https://assamtribune.com/aseb-lift-naroram-barman-trophy|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''NN Bhattacharya Knock-Out Football Tournament'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (2): 2005,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|title=2005/06 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109192919/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|archive-date=9 January 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/powermen-pip-police-to-title/cid/1393139|title=Powermen pip police to title|website=telegraph india.com|access-date=31 August 2022|archive-date=31 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831081813/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/powermen-pip-police-to-title/cid/1393139|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of football clubs in India#Assam|List of football clubs in Assam]]
* [[Assam Football Association]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/club/10974 ASEB Sports Club] at ''the-aiff.com'' ([[All India Football Federation|AIFF]])

{{Assam State Premier League}}
{{Football in Assam}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Assam]]
[[Category:Works football clubs in India]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1975]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Chandabhoy Galla case

2025-11-20T00:37:20Z

Aamir2580: new - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
<section begin=galla/>'''The Chandabhoy Galla Case''' set a significant precedent on the issue of a human's claim to being infallible, immaculate, executor of God's will, and trusteeship of God's funds. The case was filed in 1917, during the [[British Raj|British rule of India]], by [[Sir Thomas Strangman]], the [[Advocate General of Bombay]], at the behest of [[Adamjee Peerbhoy]]'s family against the 51st Dai al-Mutlaq of the [[Dawoodi Bohra]], [[Taher Saifuddin]]. In 1921, Saifuddin won the case on basis of the belief that [[Imam al Zamaan|Imam]], as representative of the [[Muhammad|Prophet]] and through him the representative of [[Allah|God]], [[Occultation (Islam)|having withdrawn from public life]], must [[Hadith Of The Cloak|entrust someone to represent them]] the ''[[Dai al-Mutlaq]]'' (and hence Saifuddin), in accordance with [[Tayyibi]] religious belief.<section end=galla/>

The trusteeship of the money donated via a ''Galla'' ({{lit|donation box}}) kept near the tomb of Chandabhoy in [[Bombay]], who was revered as a miraculous Saint, was challenged on the plea of improper chain of succession from 47th Dai al-Mutlaq, [[Abdul Qadir Najmuddin]]'s appointment. Issues pertaining to the office of ''Dai al-Mutlaq'' raised during the case, however; were of greater importance than the trusteeship of the ''Galla'' itself.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0226056767 |isbn=0226056767 |title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |first1=Jonah |last1=Blank |page=236 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |authorlink1=Jonah Blank |via=books.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0857735268 |isbn=978-0857735263 |title=Modern History of the Ismailis: Continuity and Change in a Muslim Community |editor1-first=Farhad |editor1-last=Daftary |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury |via=books.google.com}}</ref> Sir Thomas Strangman observes in his book ''Indian Courts and Characters'' that the case is remarkable not only for its length, but for the amazing claims put forward on behalf of the 'Mullaji' (Taher Saifuddin), the like of which have never been put forward in any Court of Law.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JRCAAAAIAAJ |title=Indian Courts and Characters |last1=Strangman |first1=Thomas |year=1931 |authorlink1=Thomas Strangman |via=books.google.com}}</ref>

Had Abdul Qadir Najmuddin's [[Nass (Islam)|appointment]] not upheld by the court in the [[Burhanpur Dargah Case]], validity of the subsequent [[List of Dai of the Dawoodi Bohra|Duat al-Mutlaqeen]] could be questioned, and by extension, their trusteeship of all religious properties. [[Justice Marten]] based his judgement on religious texts to hold that all properties (in respect of which the declaration was sought) were devoted to charitable purposes, and that the ''Mullaji'' (Taher Saifuddin) was sole trustee thereof, and also that, despite his infallibility, the ''Mullaji'' remained accountable to the Court of Law:{{r|mcase}}<ref>{{Cite court |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316231734/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1759917/ |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1759917/ |litigants=The Advocate General Of Bombay vs Yusufalli Ebrahim on 19 March 1921 |date=1922 |court=[[High Court of Bombay]] |via=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

:"...high-ranking people could be trusted not to commit criminal breach of trust; but that did not mean that they were beyond the pale of the law. For example, His Grace the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], could not conceivably commit a criminal offence; but he was nevertheless subject to the criminal law, and this fact involved no slur. So, too, in theory the Mullaji Saheb was amenable to the criminal and civil law of this country, though it was unthinkable that he would commit any offence. But the existence of this civil restraint is no more a slur upon an honest trustee, than the existence of criminal restraint is upon an honest citizen. The test of a trust is not whether the alleged trustee can ever commit a breach of trust, which is what the defendants' contention in effect amounts to."

[[File:Syedna Taher Saifuddin Testimony in the Gulla Case 1920.pdf|thumb|right|Transcript of testimony by the defendant in the Chandabhoy Galla Case {{circa|1920}}]]

<section begin=strangmanquote/>Upon conclusion of the case, Strangman noted:<ref name=mcase>{{Cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/historicalcases/cases/MULLAJI_CASE.html |title=Mullaji Case (Chandabhoy Gulla Case)-19l8-19l9 |year=1919}}</ref>

:"Looking back on the proceedings, I think what impressed me the most, even more than the extravagance of the claims, was the personality of the Mullaji, a frail looking figure possessed nevertheless of an iron will, great determination, and organising capacity. At the time he assumed office the administration must have been extremely slack. Yet he managed in a very few years not only to pull the administration together but to obtain a hold upon his followers greater perhaps than that of any of his predecessors."<section end=strangmanquote/>

During Taher Saifuddin's testimony, he clarified about existence of knowledge classes of [[Zahir (Islam)|''Zahir'']], [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran|''Tawil'']], and [[Haqaiq|''Haqiqat'']]: First two of the three are known to many but the third, ''Haqiqat'', contains religious truths known to a very few. And an even higher class of knowledge which is with the Dai al-Mutlaq exclusively that they pass on only to their successors.<ref>{{Cite court|vol= 52 |litigants=The Advocate General Of Bombay vs Yusufalli Ebrahim on 19 March 1921 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syedna_Taher_Saifuddin_Testimony_in_the_Gulla_Case_1920.pdf |reporter=Justice Marten |year=1922 |court=[[High Court of Bombay]] |pinpoint=280-284}}</ref>

A similar case was brought to the court of Mughal emperor, [[Jalaluddin Akbar]], in 1591, as [[Sulayman ibn Hasan]] challenged [[Dawood Bin Qutubshah]]'s accession. After much deliberation, Akbar eventually issued a royal ''farman'' ({{lit|decree}}) in favor of Qutub Shah, instead.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/unique-case-from-akbar-s-court-in-1591-to-bombay-hc/story-u4QNPgu4wyYETNUSa2mjVN.html |title=Unique case: From Akbar's court in 1591 to Bombay HC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210004257/http://www.bohra.net/archive/ahmedabad.html| title=History of Duat Mutlakin's of Ahmedabad |archive-date=10 February 2001 |url=http://www.bohra.net/archive/ahmedabad.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Gems of History: A Brief History of Doat Mutlaqeen |url=https://gemsofhistory.com |last1=Hassanally |first1=Yusuf Mamujee |year=2017 |isbn= |publisher=Alvazaratus Saifiyah |location=Colombo |chapter=The 27th Dai al-Mutlaq, Ad-Da'il Ajal Syedna Dawood Burhanuddin bin Qutubshah bin Khwaja bin Ali |pages=110–115 }}</ref> In another instance in 2014, [[53rd Syedna succession controversy (Dawoodi Bohra)#Court cases|succession of Mufaddal Saifuddin]] was contested by an opposing faction led by [[Khuzaima Qutbuddin]], Taher Saifuddin's son, who moved the [[Bombay High Court]] to protract the case<ref name="Huff Post">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rizwan-mawani/the-intricacies-of-succes_b_4687546.html | title=The Intricacies of Succession: Two Claimants Emerge for Dawoodi Bohra Leadership |work=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=30 January 2014 | accessdate=11 February 2014 | first=Rizwan | last=Mawani |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927154410/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rizwan-mawani/the-intricacies-of-succes_b_4687546.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uncertainty Among the Bohras |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/uncertainty-among-bohras/ |date=3 Feb 2020 |last1=Bhutia |first1=Lhendup G |website=openthemagazine.com |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302142205/https://openthemagazine.com/features/uncertainty-among-bohras/}}</ref> despite lack of mainstream recognition.<ref name=":34">{{cite news |title=UK Charity Commission's View regarding The Dawat-e-Hadiyah Trust |last1=Waring|first1=Kate |date=15 August 2014 |publisher=Herbert Smith Freehills Solicitors and Nabarro Solicitors (Charity Commission)}}</ref><ref name=m500>{{Cite book |url=https://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/TheMuslim500-2020-low.pdf|title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |access-date=12 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612095355/https://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/TheMuslim500-2020-low.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2020 |publisher=[[The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]] |editor1-link=Abdallah Schleifer |editor1-last=Schleifer |editor1-first=S Abdallah |isbn=9789957635459 |location=[[Jordan]] |year=2019}}</ref> On 23 April 2024, the Bombay high court dismissed the suit challenging Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin's position as the 53rd Dai-al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohra Community. The court dismissed Taher Fakhruddin(son of [[Khuzaima Qutbuddin]])'s claim and upheld Syedna Mufaddal as Dai-ul-Mutlaq.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombay-high-court-rejects-dawoodi-bohra-succession-suit-101713852817458.html | title=Bombay high court rejects Dawoodi Bohra succession suit, upholds Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin's claim | date=23 April 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian case law]]
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohras]]

Thapki Pyar Ki

2025-10-30T13:56:06Z

Aamir2580: enhanced citations for accuracy and cleaned formatting based on references

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Thapki Pyaar Ki Title Card.jpg
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Ved Raj Shrivastava Dheeraj Sarna Sudhir Kumar Singh
| director = Ranjan Kumar Singh Mayank Gupta Dharmendra Sharma
Vaibhav Vansraj Singh
| creative_director = Harshad Y. P.
| starring = [[Jigyasa Singh]] [[Manish Goplani]] [[Ankit Bathla]] Lavneet Rajput Nitanshi Goel
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "Thap, Thap, Thapki ... Thapki Pyar Ki"
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 704
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Pradeep Mendola
| producer = Ved Raj Faizal Alanaa Dheeraj Sarna Kamanna Menezas
| location = [[Mumbai]] [[Agra]]
| cinematography =
| editor = Pankaj Kathpal Rahul Mathur
| camera = Multi camera
| runtime = Approx. 20 minutes
| company = Sol Productions Shoonya Square Productions
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2015|5|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2017|7|14}}
| related = ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki 2]]''
}}

'''''Thapki Pyar Ki''''' ({{lit}} "A Pat of Love") is a 704-episode Indian [[Hindi]]-language television series which aired on [[Colors TV]] from 2 May 2015<ref name="Thapki to inspire people">{{cite news|title= Thapki to inspire people |work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Thapki-I-want-to-inspire-people-not-seek-sympathy/articleshow/47405704.cms | first=Neha | last=Maheshwri | date=25 May 2015 | access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> to 14 July 2017.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFXd0uvBF7g ''Thapki Pyaar Ki'', Colors Tv:Jigyasa Singh Surjit Saha, 18 June 2015]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jigyasa & Manish's Thapki Pyar Ki Completes 600 Episodes; Check Out The Upcoming Twist On The Show |date=March 2017 |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2017/jigyasa-manish-thapki-pyar-ki-completes-600-episodes-check-out-upcoming-twist-255460.html}}</ref><ref name="aa">{{Cite news |title=Jigyasa: I was so frustrated that I wanted to quit 'Thapki' – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jigyasa-I-was-so-frustrated-that-I-wanted-to-quit-Thapki/articleshow/48298729.cms |access-date=2016-02-20 |website=The Times of India|date=August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title="Thapki..Pyaar Ki"- Turning weakness into strength – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Thapki-Pyaar-Ki-Turning-weakness-into-strength/articleshow/47364080.cms |access-date=2016-02-20 |website=The Times of India|date=21 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3yfe7d ''Thapki Pyaar Ki'', Jigyasa Singh, Surjit Saha, 17 March]</ref> It tells the story of Thapki Chaturvedi, a young woman who [[Stuttering|stutters]].<ref name="Girl next door">{{cite news|title=Girl next door|publisher=Focus News|access-date=25 May 2015|url=http://focusnews.com/entertainment/thapki-pyar-ki-cute-story-of-girl-next-door-aspiring-journalist/42177/|archive-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621021404/http://focusnews.com/entertainment/thapki-pyar-ki-cute-story-of-girl-next-door-aspiring-journalist/42177/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Colors launches Thapki Pyar Ki">{{cite news|title=Colors launches Thapki Pyar Ki|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 May 2015|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/colors-launches-thapki-pyaar-ki/Colors-launches-Thapki-Pyaar-Ki-Photogallery-Times-of-India/articleshow/47372450.cms}}</ref> The series stars [[Jigyasa Singh]], [[Manish Goplani]], Nitanshi Goel, [[Ankit Bathla]], [[Sheena Bajaj]], and [[Monica Khanna]].<ref name="Thapki Pyaar Ki: Show launch">{{cite news|title=Thapki Pyaar Ki: Show launch|publisher= India Times|access-date=25 May 2015|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/thapki-pyaar-ki-show-launch/photostory/47367211.cms}}</ref><ref name="Show synopsis">{{cite news|title=Show synopsis|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 Jun 2015|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/thapki-pyar-ki/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550033183/channelid-10000000004170000/starttime-201505301322}}</ref> A sequel, ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki 2]]'' aired on [[Colors TV]] from 4 October 2021 to 8 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/colors-to-launch-thapki-pyaar-ki-season-2-in-october/|title=Colors to launch 'Thapki Pyar Ki Season 2' in October|website=Biz Asia|date=14 September 2021 }}</ref>

=={{anchor|2 years later|7 years later|15 years later}}Plot==

Thapki stutters, which prevents her from receiving marriage proposals. She becomes engaged to Diwakar, who abandons her on her wedding day. Thapki works at a TV station owned by Dhruv Pandey, who falls in love with her. Dhruv's mother, Vasundhara, disapproves of Thapki and orders her adopted son Bihaan to marry Thapki. Bihaan reluctantly agrees.

Bihaan arrives for the wedding, knocks Dhruv unconscious, wears his brother's ''[[sherwani]]'' and covers his face with a ''[[Sehra (headdress)|sehra]]''. His elder brothers come for Dhruv and take Bihaan instead; Bihaan marries Thapki, who decides to divorce him. Vasundhra meets Shraddha, who misleads the Pandeys. Bihaan and Thapki see through her but despite their efforts to warn Vasundhara, Dhruv and Shraddha marry. Dhruv still loves Thapki, and Shraddha is jealous. After Thapki saves Vasundhara from a falling deity, Vasundhara's attitude toward her changes. Thapki and Bihaan fall in love.

Dhruv despises Vasundhra for preventing his marriage to Thapki. His father announces Thapki and Bihaan's remarriage, and Dhruv reveals what happened on his wedding day. On Thapki and Bihaan's wedding day, Ddhruv hits Bihaan and takes his place. Bihaan comes to, and stops the marriage. Dhruv kidnaps and tries to marry Thapki, but Bihaan saves her.

Bihaan's biological mother Kosi and step-father Naman want a kidney from Bihaan for their son Janardhan, but Bihaan was born with only one kidney. Kosi accuses Thapki of trying to kill her; Bihaan believes her, and cuts ties with Thapki. Thapki tells Bihaan by letter that she is pregnant; the letter is found by Sankar, Kosi's maid, who loves Bihaan. Thapki has an accident and loses the baby.

She returns two years later as Vaani Oberoi with Kabir Katyal, who wants revenge on Bihaan for torching the house of his sister Neha. Dhruv returns; he found Thapki after her accident. They expose Kosi, who leaves after threatening Thapki. Thapki and Kabir believe that Bihaan is innocent. Thapki, Vasundhara, and Neha expose Sankar as the arsonist. Sankar reveals that she caused Thapki's accident two years earlier and escapes.

Dhruv divorces Shraddha and marries Aditi. Shraddha seduces him and becomes pregnant. Aditi (also pregnant with Dhruv's child) is heartbroken, but Dhruv proves his innocence. Thapki and Bihaan reconcile, and Thapki becomes pregnant. Sankar and Kosi return in disguise, seeking revenge. Sankar fakes her death, and Bihaan is arrested for her murder. She blackmails Thapki, saying that Bihaan will be saved only if she leaves him. Thapki gives birth to twin daughters Bani and Tina, but tells Bihaan and his family that the girls are Kabir's.

Sankar tries to kill Tina, whom Bihaan (unaware that she is his daughter) saves and adopts. Tina is presumed dead. Thapki leaves with Kabir and Bani. Shraddha tells Sankar that she knows about the blackmail. Aditi finds out, and tells Bihaan. They reach Thapki, but Shraddha runs them down.

Aditi has a son and Shraddha has a daughter. Shraddha switched the babies because she wanted a son. After the accident, Aditi is found dead. Dhruv blames Thapki while Bihaan has amnesia. Shraddha and Sankar mistreat Tina. Thapki, a crime reporter, lives with Bani in [[Agra]]. Shraddha and Sankar plot to separate Bihaan and Tina. Shraddha sends Tina to the Agra boarding school Bani attends, and the girls become friends. Thapki meets Bihaan at the school; he does not recognize her, but she helps him regain his memory. He, Thapki, Bani, and Tina expose Sankar, who is arrested. Shraddha escapes.Gangster Amma Mai kidnaps Bani to marry her son, Prince, and Shraddha disguises herself as Thapki to set up the marriage. Bihaan and Thapki try to save Bani. Amma Mai shoots Bihaan, who falls from a cliff to his death. She is arrested, but Bani blames Thapki for Bihaan's death. Kosi takes Bani in, and Shraddha kidnaps Thapki.

Tina is engaged to Samar Kapoor and Bani and Kosi want revenge on Thapki. Thapki asks Aryan (the elder brother of Bani's fiance Manav Khanna) to stand in for Bihaan. On the wedding day, Kosi wreaks havoc. Tina marries Manav and Bani marries Samar.

Bani apologizes to Thapki and Kosi is arrested. Thapki and Bani are kidnapped by Lovely, a dancer who impersonates Thapki. Thapki escapes, but Lovely (her long-lost sister Mohini) threatens to kill Bani. Samar rescues Bani. Aryan and Bani resolve everything and Aryan marries Thapki.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Jigyasa Singh]] as
** Vaani "Thapki" Chaturvedi Pandey — Krishnakant and Poonam's daughter; Aditi, Mohini and Shubh's sister; Bihaan and Aryaan's wife; Baani and Tina's mother (2015–2017)
** Baani Pandey Kapoor — Bihaan and Vaani's daughter; Aryaan's step-daughter; Tina's sister; Samar's wife (2017)
*** [[Nitanshi Goel]] as child Baani (2017)
* [[Manish Goplani]] as
** Bihaan Pandey — Balwinder and Vasundhara's son; Sanjay, Ashwin, Druv and Kiran's brother; Vaani's first husband; Baani and Tina's father (2015–2017)
** Aryaan Khanna — Bihaan's look-alike; Manav's brother; Vaani's second husband; Bani and Tina's step-father (2017)
* Kritika Sharma as Tina Pandey Khanna — Bihaan and Vaani's daughter; Aryaan's step-daughter; Baani's sister; Manav's wife (2017)
** Luvneet Rajput as child Tina (2017)
* [[Gaurav Wadhwa]] as Simar Kapoor — Dolly's son; Baani's husband (2017)
* Abhinandhan Jindai as Manav Khanna — Aryaan's brother, Tina's husband (2017)

===Recurring===
* [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Krishnakant Chaturvedi: Poonam's husband; Vaani, Aditi, Mohini and Shubh's father; Bihaan, Aryan, and Dhruv's father-in-law; Bani and Tina's grandfather (2015–2016)
* [[Prateeksha Lonkar]] as Poonam Chaturvedi: Krishnakant's wife; Vaani, Aditi, Mohini and Shubh's mother; Bihaan, Aryan and Dhruv's mother-in-law; Bani and Tina's grandmother (2015–2016)
*Shubh Kalra as Shubh Chaturvedi – Poonam and Krishnakant's youngest son; (2015)
*[[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Vasundhara Balwinder Pandey aka Vasu – Balwinder's wife; (2015–2017)
*Jairoop Jeevan as Balwinder Pandey – Sumitra and Dilip's son; (2015–2017)
*Vikky Chaudhary as Sanjay Pandey – Vasundhara and Balwinder's eldest son; (2015–2017)
*Pooja Sahu as Suman Sanjay Pandey – Sanjay's wife; (2015–2017)
*Sanjay Pandya as Ashwin Pandey: Vasundhara and Balwinder's second son; (2015–2017)
*Resham Thakkar as Preeti Ashwin Pandey – Ashwin's wife; (2015–2017)
*[[Ankit Bathla]] / Jatin Shah as Dhruv Pandey – Vasundhara and Balwinder's third son; (2015–2017)
*[[Monica Khanna]] as Shraddha Siakal – Dhruv's ex-wife; (2015–2017)
*[[Sheena Bajaj]] / [[Aalisha Panwar]] as Aditi Dhruv Pandey (nee Chaturvedi) - Krishnakant and Poonam's second daughter; (2015–2017)
*Sia Bhatia as Ananya Pandey aka Anu - Dhruv and Shraddha's daughter; (2017)
*Atharva Phadnis as Veeransh Pandey aka Veer - Dhruv and Aditi's son; (2017)
*Sabina Jat as Kiran Pandey – Vasundhara and Balwinder's youngest daughter; (2015–2016)
*Usha Rana as Sumitra Dilip Pandey – Matriarch of the Pandey family; (2015–2016)
*[[Surjit Saha]] as Sunil Kumar Ahuja – Thapki's colleague (2015–2016)
*Dolly Chawla as Sankar Shehlawat: Bihaan's obsessive one sided lover (2016–2017)
*[[Smita Singh]] as Kosi Devi Jaiswal – Sujeet's widow; (2016–2017)
*[[Hemant Choudhary]] as Naman Jaiswal – Sujeet's brother; (2016–2017)
*[[Aakash Talwar]] as Janardhan Naman Jaiswal aka John – Kosi and Naman's son; (2016)
*[[Sehban Azim]] as Kabir Katyal – Neha's brother; (2016–2017)
*Kamal Sharma as Neha Rane (nee Katyal) – Kabir's sister (2016–2017)
*Jaanvi Sangwan as Shagun Kumari Shekhawat / Amma Mai – Monty and Prince's mother (2017)
*[[Rehaan Roy]] as Monty Shekhawat - Shagun's elder son; (2017)
*[[Vishal Jethwa]] as Prince Shekhawat - Shagun's younger son; (2017)
*[[Hetal Gada]] as Kesar Singh - Monty's wife (2017)
*[[Sharan Kaur]] as Sheena Arora – Bihaan's childhood friend (2016)
*Vishal Thakkar as Paan – Bihaan's best friend (2015)
*Hardik Sangani as Diwakar Mishra – Thapki's ex-fiance; (2015–2016)
*[[Hunar Hali]] as Mohini Chaturvedi aka Lovely - Krishnakant and Poonam's third daughter; (2017)

==Sequel==
[[Colors TV]] announced a sequel in July 2021: ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki 2]]'', starring [[Jigyasa Singh]] (later replaced by Prachi Bansal) and Aakash Ahuja.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/thapki-pyar-ki-to-return-with-a-new-season-jigyasa-singh-to-play-the-protagonist/articleshow/84915307.cms|title=Thapki Pyar Ki to return with a new season; Jigyasa Singh to play the protagonist|website=Times Of India|date=31 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/aakash-ahuja-to-play-male-lead-in-colors-thapki-pyaar-ki-2/|title=Aakash Ahuja to play the male-lead in Thapki Pyar Ki 2|website=Biz Asia|date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8620634}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Hiran River

2025-10-04T03:48:15Z

Aamir2580:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Hiran
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = River Hiran near Sasan Gir, Gujarat, India.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = River Hiran passing through the forest of [[Gir National Park|Sasan Gir]]
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length_km = 40
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =
| discharge2_location = [[Arabian Sea]]
| discharge2_min =
| discharge2_avg =
| discharge2_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location = India
| source1_coordinates =
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location = Arabian Sea, India
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|21|11|54|N|70|39|44|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Hiran River''' is a river in [[Gujarat]] in [[Western India|western]] [[India]], whose source is near the Sasa hills in [[Gir National Park|Gir forest]]. Its [[drainage basin]] has a maximum length of {{convert|40|km|mile|abbr=on}}. The total catchment area of the basin is {{convert|518|km|mile|abbr=on}}. Its major tributaries are the [[Saraswati River (Gujarat)|Saraswati River]] and Ambakhoi stream, and many other unknown branches make this river almost complete near [[Talala, Gujarat|Talala town]]. Hiran is a major river system which supports a variety of wildlife ecological systems and human settlements. [[Kamleshwar Dam]],<ref name="Mitra2005">{{cite book |last1=Mitra |first1=S. |title=Gir Forest and the saga of the Asiatic lion |chapter=10: Crocodiles and Other Reptiles |pages=148–152 |year=2005 |publisher=Indus |location=New Delhi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0rME6RjC1sC&pg=PA148 |isbn=978-8173871832}}</ref> often known as Hiran-1 and Umrethi Dam, are some of the major projects on the river. As the river flows from the western part of Gir forest, it is a major source of water for the forest's ecology and biodiversity for the whole year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hiran River|url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1625&lang=English|publisher=guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in, [[Government of Gujarat]]|accessdate=13 March 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}3. The Hiran is one of seven rivers that flow through the "[https://medium.com/@arvindseo602/gir-national-park-tour-packages-b927589b419d Gir National Park]"{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-river-stub}}

Mariabong Tea Garden

2025-09-22T02:04:08Z

Aamir2580: brief enhanced information based on references further for consistency

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mariabong Tea Garden
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Marybong Tea Garden
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.0442|N|88.1938|E||display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2404
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 734102
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| website = {{URL|darjeeling.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mariabong Tea Garden''' (also called Marybong) is a village in the [[Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri (community development block)|Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is a part of Lingia Mariabong [[gram panchayat]].

==History==
This tea garden used to be a part of the Lingia Tea Estate, now an adjoining place. It was added to the Kyel Tea Estate, as a wedding gift for Mary, daughter of the owners of Lingia Tea Estate. The merged estate was renamed Marybong. In the local [[Lepcha language]] it means Mary's place.

The tea estate was established by Louis Mandelli in 1876. The Evandon family owned and managed it from 1880 to 1955. Thereafter, it was with Duncan Brothers for half a century. In 2006, the Chamong Group of the Lohias, acquired the ailing garden and restored it to its past magical and mystical glory.<ref name="chamong">{{cite web | url = http://www.chamong.com/marybong_tea_estate.html| title= Marybong Tea Estate | publisher= Chamong |accessdate = 13 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="teaboutique">{{cite web | url = https://www.darjeelingteaboutique.com/marybong-tea-estate/ | title= Marybong Tea Estate| publisher= Darjeeling Tea Bouquet |accessdate = 13 March 2020}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=320| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|54|0|N|88|14|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the southern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri CD block), and Mirik Subdivision in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|26|57|10|N|88|14|17|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Rongmook Ceder TG| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Rongmook Ceder Tea Garden]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|56|20|N|88|10|40|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Mangarjung TG| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Mangarjung Tea Garden (Nagri)]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|57|58|N|88|17|10|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Sonada| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Sonada]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|0|30|N|88|10|1|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Sukhiapokhri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Sukhiapokhri]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|52|25|N|88|10|30|E}}| label-pos5=left |label5=Mirik| numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Mirik]] (M)| shape-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|57|50|N|88|9|20|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Chamong TG| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Chamong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|55|35|N|88|11|40|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Dhajea TG| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Dhajea Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|27|1|10|N|88|15|30|E}}| label-pos8=right|label8=Jorebungalow| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Jorebungalow]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|58|10|N|88|10|0|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Pokhriabong| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Pokhriabong]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|27|0|20|N|88|11|39|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Poobong TG| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Poobong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|57|6|N|88|10|34|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Sungma TG| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Sungma Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|27|2|20|N|88|10|31|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Tumsong TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Tumsong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|54|40|N|88|12|10|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Nagri Farm TG| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Nagri Farm Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|14|25|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Panighatta| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Panighatta]] (R)|shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|12|50|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Singbulli TG| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Singbulli Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|52|0|N|88|12|40|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Soureni| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Soureni]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|25|N|88|12|38|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Avongrove TE| numbered17=TE| mark-title17= [[Avongrove Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color17=#87A96B
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|30|N|88|9|44|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Gopaldhara TE| numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Gopaldhara Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|54|35|N|88|9|20|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Okayti TE| numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Okayti Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|50|15|N|88|11|54|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20=Phuguri TE| numbered320=TE| mark-title20= [[Phuguri Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|59|14|N|88|13|22|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Pussimbing TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[Pussimbing Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|53|50|N|88|9|50|E}}| label-pos22=left|label22=Thurbo TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Thurbo Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|17|0|E}}|label23= Balason River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=35| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|46|30|N|88|11|0|E}}|label24= Mechi| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=70| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|44|30|N|88|11|20|E}}|label25= River| label-color25= #77A1CB| label-angle25=95| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|27|2|55|N|88|11|37|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26=Mariabong TG| numbered26=R| mark-title26= Mariabong Tea Garden (R) |shape-color26=black| label-size26=13|label-color26=black 
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|48|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|arc-textA= NEPAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=40| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Mariabong Tea Garden is located at {{coord|27.0442|N|88.1938|E||display=inline}}.

Marybong Tea Garden is located in the Golden Valley of Darjeeling at an altitude ranging from {{convert|3000 to 6000|ft}} and covering {{convert|285|ha}} of planted area, out of a total area of around {{convert|400|ha}}. Marybong is blessed "with unparalleled views of the entire Kanchenjunga range". It is 12 km from [[Ghum railway station]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Secret+gardens+of+Darjeeling.-a0124863645| title = Secret gardens of Darjeeling | work=Marybong | publisher = The Free Library by Farlex |accessdate = 13 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="chamong"/>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the southern portion of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] in the Darjeeling district. In the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] 61.00% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39.00% of the population lives in the urban areas. In the [[Mirik subdivision]] 80.11% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 19.89% lives in the urban areas.<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = Darjeeling | work =District Profile - General Information | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 21 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 21 March 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), in the district, producing and largely exporting [[Darjeeling tea]]. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html | title = Darjeeling Tea | publisher = District administration | accessdate = 21 March 2020 | archive-date = 11 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190911133459/http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as [[census town]]s or villages.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 21 March 2020 }}</ref> Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mariabong Tea Garden had a total population of 2,404 of which 1,203 (50%) were males and 1,201 (50%) were females. There were 183 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Mariabong Tea Garden was 1,721 (71.59% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 March 2020 }}</ref>

==Economy==
The unique climatic conditions at high altitudes, assist the China plantations at Marybong to produce [[Darjeeling tea]] "with a unique flowery flavour that remains distinctive through all seasons". It annually produces 200,000 kg of tea.<ref name="chamong"/>

Marybong Tea Garden employs around 700 workers.<ref name="chamong"/>
[[File:Marybong-tea-estate-cpyrt-thunderbolt-tea.jpg|alt=Marybong Tea Estate|thumb|Marybong Tea Estate]]

===Chamong Group===
The Chamong Group is the largest producer of organic [[Darjeeling tea]] and [[Assam tea]]. It produces 3,000 tonnes annually and employs 10,000 persons (including 7,000 women). It owns 4 tea estates in Assam and 13 in Darjeeling. The tea estates in Darjeeling are: [[Pussimbing Tea Estate|Pussimbing]], [[Chamong Tea Garden|Chamong]], [[Tumsong Tea Garden|Tumsong]], Lingia, [[Nagri Farm Tea Garden|Nagri Farm]], Bannockburn, [[Dhajea Tea Garden|Dhajea]], Shree Dwarika, [[Ging Tea Garden|Ging]], [[Soom Tea Garden|Soom]], [[Phoobsering Tea Estate|Phoobsering]], Tukdah and Marybong. It exports tea to the US, Europe, Japan and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://chamongtea.com/about/index.php | title = Chamong| publisher = Chamng |accessdate = 10 March 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Marybong Junior High School is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 1985. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class X.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/marybong-junior-high-school-9qw45z | title = Marybong Junior High School| publisher = ICBSE |accessdate = 13 March 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Villages in Darjeeling district]]

Second Dhumal ministry

2025-08-22T14:40:59Z

Aamir2580: Stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox government cabinet|cabinet_type=Ministry|cabinet_number=|jurisdiction=[[Himachal Pradesh]]|flag=|flag_border=true|incumbent=|image=Prem Kumar Dhumal.jpg|image_size=150px|date_formed=30 December 2007|date_dissolved=25 December 2012|government_head=[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]|government_head_title=[[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]]|state_head=[[Vishnu Sadashiv Kokje]]|state_head_title=[[Governor of Himachal Pradesh|Governor]]|members_number=12|total_number=|political_parties='''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''|legislature_status=[[Majority government|Majority]]|opposition_cabinet=|opposition_party='''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''|opposition_leader=[[Vidya Stokes]]|election=[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]|legislature_term={{ayd|30 December 2007|25 December 2012}}|previous=Fourth Virbhadra ministry|successor=Fifth Virbhadra ministry}}
'''Prem Kumar Dhumal''', the leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] was sworn in as the chief minister of [[Himachal Pradesh]] on 30 December 2007. On 9 January 2008, Jatin inducted 9 cabinet ministers.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 Jan 2008 |title=Nine cabinet ministers inducted in HP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nine-cabinet-ministers-inducted-in-hp/articleshow/2685894.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajpatrahimachal.nic.in/openFile.aspx?etype=Notice&ID=1469|title=Government of Himachal Pradesh. General Administration Department|date=January 2008|website=rajpatrahimachal.nic.in|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref> On 9 July 2009 2 cabinet ministers were inducted taking the strength of the cabinet to 12.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 July 2009 |title=Chief Minister Dhumal To Expand Himachal Cabinet |url=https://hillpost.in/2009/07/chief-minister-dhumal-to-expand-himachal-cabinet/13929/ |access-date= |website=Hill Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajpatrahimachal.nic.in/openFile.aspx?etype=Notice&ID=6206|title=Government of Himachal Pradesh. General Administration Department|date=July 2009|website=rajpatrahimachal.nic.in|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh|'''Chief Minister''']]
|minister1=[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=30 December 2007
|minister1_termend=25 December 2012
}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Revenue Minister of Public Works Department|minister1=[[Gulab Singh Thakur]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 January 2008|minister1_termend=25 December 2012}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Higher Education|minister1=[[Ishwar Dass Dhiman]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 January 2008|minister1_termend=25 December 2012}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Environment & Forest Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
|minister1=[[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=9 January 2008
|minister1_termend=11 May 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dhumal-accepts-naddas-resignation/|title=Dhumal accepts Nadda's resignation|date=May 12, 2010}}</ref>
|minister2=[[Khimi Ram]]
|minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister2_termstart=23 February 2012<ref>{{cite web |date=23 Feb 2012 |title=Khimi Ram sworn in as cabinet minister in Himachal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/khimi-ram-sworn-in-as-cabinet-minister-in-himachal/story-aUzB5YL6Fw1lLC685pfuRP.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|minister2_termend=25 December 2012
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Irrigation
|minister1=[[Ravinder Singh Ravi]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=9 January 2008
|minister1_termend=25 December 2012

}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Urban Development & Housing|minister1=[[Kishan Kapoor]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 January 2008|minister1_termend=25 December 2012}}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[Mahender Singh]]|title=Minister of Transport|minister1=[[Kishan Kapoor]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 January 2008|minister1_termend=9 July 2009|minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=9 July 2009|minister2_termend=25 December 2012}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Horticulture Minister of Technical Education|minister1=[[Narinder Bragta]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 January 2008|minister1_termend=25 December 2012}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Food & Civil Supplies Minister of Labour|minister1=Jatin Puri|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 January 2008|minister1_termend=25 December 2012}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Health & Family Welfare|minister1=[[Rajeev Bindal]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 January 2008|minister1_termend=25 December 2012}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Social Justice & Empowerment|minister1=[[Bhawna Malhi]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 January 2008|minister1_termend=25 December 2012}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Rural Development|minister1=[[Jai Ram Thakur]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 July 2009|minister1_termend=25 December 2012}}
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Himachal Pradesh ministries|Dhumal II]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Himachal Pradesh|Dhumal II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2007|Dhumal II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2012|Dhumal II]]

Charles Golding Constable

2025-07-29T18:47:40Z

Aamir2580: fix layout for consistency

{{Short description|Royal Indian Navy officer}}
[[File:Charles Golding Constable by John Constable, 1835-6.jpg|thumb|upright|''Charles Golding Constable'' by [[John Constable]], 1835–36 ([[Benjamin Britten|Britten]]-[[Peter Pears|Pears]] Foundation)]]

'''Charles Golding Constable''' (29 March 1821 – 18 March 1878) was an [[Royal Indian Navy|Indian Navy]] officer who joined up in his youth. He was the second son of the painter [[John Constable]] and, on his elder brother John Charles's death in 1841, became head of the Constable family.

He oversaw the splitting-up of his father's studio collection in winter 1847/48. On his death in 1878 he was buried alongside John Charles and their parents in the family tomb at [[St John-at-Hampstead Church|St John-at-Hampstead]], [[Hampstead]].

He was the only one of John Constable's children to have issue.<ref>[http://www.bomford.net/IrishBomfords/Chapters/Chapter33/chapter33.htm "Chapter XXXIII: John Francis’ Children 1870 – 1980s"] are discussed in ''The Irish Bomfords 1617 to the Present'', online. Constable's six children, and the children of Charles Golding Constable are listed. Retrieved 26 November 2012.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.artfact.com/auction-lot/john-constable,-r.a.-1776-1837-,-barges-on-the-riv-bz7m5hw0fu-50-m-mwnxpbhvlr Sketch by John owned by Charles Golding]
*[http://www.bomford.net/IrishBomfords/Chapters/Chapter33/chapter33.htm The Constable family, including the painter's children] are discussed in ''The Irish Bomfords 1617 to the Present'', Chapter XXXIII: John Francis’ Children 1870 – 1980s" Retrieved 26 November 2012.
*[https://archive.org/stream/genealogicalhera00burkuoft/genealogicalhera00burkuoft_djvu.txt Charles Golding Constable in "A genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Ireland"]
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/47943 ''Constable's England''], a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art

{{John Constable|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constable, Charles Golding}}
[[Category:1821 births]]
[[Category:1878 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company Marine personnel]]
[[Category:John Constable]]

Mahindu

2025-07-29T15:29:28Z

Aamir2580: created a info added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mahindu
| succession = King of [[Naddula]]
| reign = c. 994–1015 CE
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Naddula]]
| predecessor = [[Vigrahapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Vigrahapala]]
| successor = [[Ashvapala]]
| father = Vigrahapala
}}
'''Mahindu''' (r. c. 994–1015 CE), also known as '''Mahendra''' or '''Mahindra''', was an Indian king belonging to the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana dynasty]]. He ruled the area around [[Naddula]] (present-day Nadol in [[Rajasthan]]).

== Reign ==

Mahindu succeeded his father [[Vigrahapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Vigrahapala]] on the throne of Naddula.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=123}}

According to the Bijapur inscription of the [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty|Hastikundi Rashtrakuta]] prince Dhavala, a ruler named Mahendra helped him against Durlabharaja. [[F. Kielhorn]] identified this Mahendra with Mahindu, the king of Naddula. [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] identified Durlabharaja as [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja Chaulukya]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=240}} However, historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] points out that Durlabharaja Chaulukya had not ascended the throne when this inscription was issued. Sharma, therefore, identified Durlabharaja as [[Durlabharaja II|Durlabharaja Chahamana]],{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=124}}

Dhavala seems to have been a close ally of Mahindu, and helped him against the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=241}}

=== Hemachandra's legend ===

''Dvyashrya-Kavya'', a legendary text by the Chaulukya court scholar [[Hemachandra]], states that Mahendra-raja organized a ''[[swayamvara]]'' (husband-choosing ceremony) for his sister Durlabha-devi. Besides Durlabharaja, he invited the rulers of [[Anga]], [[Andhra in Indian epic literature|Andhra]], [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]], [[Mathura]] and [[Ujjayini]] to this ceremony. Durlabha-devi chose Durlabharaja as her husband. Out of jealousy, the other invitees formed a confederacy and attacked his contingent, while he was returning to his capital. Durlabharaja defeated their combined army.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=40}} Mahindu's younger daughter Lakshmi-devi married Nagaraja, the younger brother of Durlabharaja.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=241}}

On basis of this legend, historian R. B. Singh theorizes that the Chahamana-Chaulukya rivalry concluded with a matrimonial alliance.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=240}} He also concludes that Mahindu was a powerful ruler, because of which several distant kings responded to the ''swayamvara'' invitation.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=241}}

Other historians doubt the historicity of this legend. According to A. K. Majumdar, the king of Naddula was a relatively insignificant ruler, and it is hard to believe that so many major rulers left their kingdoms to attend his ceremony at a time when northern India was under attacks from [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=40-41}} Moreover, it is unlikely that Durlabharaja would have been able to defeat a confederacy of all these powerful kings.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=133-134}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=41}}

== Successors ==

Mahindu had two sons: [[Ashvapala]] and [[Anahilla]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=241}} He was succeeded by Ashvapala, followed by Ashvapala's son [[Ahila]]. Anahilla succeeded Ahila on the throne of Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=242}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book|author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |year=1956 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |oclc=8931757 }}
* {{cite book |author=Mahesh Singh |title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |year=1984 |oclc=11786897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}

{{Chahamanas of Naddula}}

[[Category:Chahamana kings of Naddula]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Narpala mandal

2025-07-20T03:00:30Z

Aamir2580: created a article more to come...

{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.7111|77.8093}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Narpala]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=480}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 250.96
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 54,973
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Narpala mandal''' is one of the 31 [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|mandals]] in [[Anantapur district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandal {{!}} Ananthapuramu District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ananthapuramu.ap.gov.in/mandal/}}</ref> It is under the administration of [[Anantapuramu revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Narpala]] town.

== Demographics ==

As of the 2011 [[Census of India]], Narpala mandal comprises 14,255 households. The total population is 54,973, with 28,026 males and 26,947 females. The child population is 6,209. Scheduled Castes constitute 10,276 of the population, while Scheduled Tribes account for 1,012 individuals. The number of literate individuals stands at 27,461. The workforce in Narpala mandal includes 32,691 workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract Indicators Andhra Pradesh, Anantapur District, Narpala Sub-District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

== Villages ==
List of villages/settlements in Narpala mandal<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=479}}</ref>

#B.Pappuru
#Bandlapalle
#Bondalawada
#Chamaluru
#Duggumarri
#Durgam
#Gugudu
#Haveli Sodanapalle
#Nadimidoddi
#[[Narpala]]
#Siddaracherla
#Venkatampalle

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anantapur district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Anantapur district]]

{{Anantapur-geo-stub}}

Rikshal Dorjee Bhutia

2025-06-08T02:25:21Z

Aamir2580:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Sikkim Assembly|Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Barfung Assembly constituency|Barfung]]
| predecessor = [[Tashi Thendup Bhutia]]
| party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
}}

'''Rikshal Dorjee Bhutia''' is an Indian politician from [[Sikkim]] belonging from the [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Sikkim Assembly|11th Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]. He won over [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF's]] candidate and former Indian football captain [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] with 8358 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-02 |title=Barfung Assembly Election Result 2024: SKM's Rikshal Dorjee Bhutia defeats SDF's Baichung Bhutia to secure seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/barfung-assembly-election-results-2024-barfung-sikkim-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110640121.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-02 |title=Bhaichung Bhutia loses to SKM's R D Dorjee in Barfung assembly seat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/sikkim/bhaichung-bhutia-loses-to-skms-r-d-dorjee-in-barfung-assembly-seat/articleshow/110642091.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from [[University of North Bengal]] in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rikshal Dorjee Bhutia(Sikkim Krantikari Morcha):Constituency- BARFUNG (BL)(NAMCHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Sikkim2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=19 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhutia, Rikshal Dorjee}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Namchi district]]
[[Category:University of North Bengal alumni]]

{{Sikkim-politician-stub}}

List of Indians by net worth

2025-04-25T00:35:33Z

Aamir2580: enhance formatting additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
The '''list of richest Indians by net worth''' based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by [[Forbes]] magazine. As of 2025, India has 284 billionaires, which put the country third in the world, after the United States and China.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/hurun-global-rich-list-india-billionaire-more-money-saudi-arabia-gdp-mukesh-ambani-adani-roshni-nadar-2700490-2025-03-28 | title=India's billionaires have wealth bigger than Saudi Arabia's GDP. Check details | date=28 March 2025 }}</ref> [[Mukesh Ambani]], the chairman and largest shareholder of Reliance Industries, has been the richest Indian for 14 consecutive years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Warren|first=Katie|date=13 October 2019|title=The 15 richest people in India, ranked|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/the-15-richest-people-in-india-ranked/articleshow/71569496.cms|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Business Insider}}</ref> He is currently world's 10th richest person in the world according to Forbes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 22, 2020|title=Mukesh Ambani becomes world's 5th richest man, fortune swells over $2 billion in a day|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/mukesh-ambani-sixth-richest-man-world-billionaires-index-reliance-1703254-2020-07-22|access-date=2020-12-20|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> [[Savitri Jindal]] is currently India's richest woman, topping the list at 4th position.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Top 10 Richest People In India In 2025 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/explainers/top-10-richest-people-india/85909/1 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

== Top 25 richest Indians ==
The table below lists India's richest people as per their net worth published by the [[Forbes]] (April 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes 2024 Billionaires List - The Richest People In The World Ranked |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Forbes |language=English}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank
!Name
!Wealth
Change
![[Net worth]] ([[USD]])
!Company
!Sources of wealth
|-
|1
|[[Mukesh Ambani]]
|{{Increase}}
|116 billion
|[[Reliance Industries]]
|Diversified
|-
|2
|[[Gautam Adani]]
|{{Increase}}
|84 billion
|[[Adani Group]]
|Diversified
|-
|3
|[[Shiv Nadar]]
|{{Increase}}
|36.9 billion
|[[HCL Technologies]]
|IT services and consulting
|-
|4
|[[Savitri Jindal]]
|{{Increase}}
|33.5 billion
|[[JSW Group]]
[[Jindal Steel and Power|Jindal Steel & Power]]

[[Jindal Stainless Limited]]
|Steel, energy, cement and infrastructure
|-
|5
|[[Dilip Shanghvi]]
|{{Increase}}
|26.7 billion
|[[Sun Pharma|Sun Pharmaceutical Industries]]
|Pharmaceuticals
|-
|6
|[[Cyrus Poonawalla]]
|{{Decrease}}
|21.3 billion
|[[Serum Institute of India]]
|Vaccines
|-
|7
|[[Kushal Pal Singh]]
|{{Increase}}
|20.9 billion
|[[DLF (company)|DLF]]
|Real estate
|-
|8
|[[Kumar Mangalam Birla]]
|{{Increase}}
|19.7 billion
|[[Aditya Birla Group]]
|Textiles, telecom, cement
|-
|9
|[[Radhakishan Damani]]
|{{Increase}}
|17.6 billion
|[[DMart|Avenue Supermarts]], [[DMart]]
|Investments, retail
|-
|10
|[[Lakshmi Mittal]]
|{{Decrease}}
|16.4 billion
|[[ArcelorMittal]]
|Steel
|-
|11
|[[Ravi Jaipuria]]
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|16.2 billion
|RJ Corp
|Fast food
|-
|12
|[[Uday Kotak]]
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|13.3 billion
|[[Kotak Mahindra Bank]]
|Banking
|-
|13
|[[Azim Premji]]
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|12.0 billion
|[[Wipro|Wipro Group]]
|IT services and consulting
|-
|14
|[[Mangal Lodha]]
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|10.4 billion
|[[Lodha Group]]
|Real Estate
|-
|15
|[[Pankaj Patel]]
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|9.5 billion
|[[Zydus Lifesciences]]
|Pharmaceuticals
|-
|16
|[[Sunil Mittal]]
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|9.2 billion
|[[Bharti Enterprises]]
|Telecom
|-
|17
|[[Rekha Jhunjhunwala]]
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|8.5 billion
|Rare Enterprises
|Investments
|-
|18
|[[Hasmukh Chudgar]] & family
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|7.7 billion
|[[Intas Pharmaceuticals]]
|Pharmaceuticals
|-
|19
|[[M. A. Yusuff Ali]]
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|7.6 billion
|[[LuLu Group International]]
|Retail
|-
|20
|[[Gopikishan Damani]] & family
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|7.0 billion
|[[DMart|Avenue Supermarts]], [[DMart]]
|Investments, retail
|-
|21
|[[Benu Gopal Bangur]]
|{{Decrease}}
|6.8 billion
|[[Shree Cement]]
|Cement
|-
|22
|[[Vikram Lal]]
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|6.7 billion
|[[Eicher Motors]]
|Automotive
|-
|23
|[[Murali Divi]] & family
|{{Decrease}}
|6.2 billion
|[[Divi's Laboratories]]
|Pharmaceuticals
|-
|24
|[[Rajan Mittal]]
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|6.0 billion
|[[Bharti Enterprises]]
|Telecom
|-
|24
|[[Rakesh Mittal]]
|{{Increase|size=11px}}
|6.0 billion
|[[Bharti Enterprises]]
|Telecom
|}
''Source'': Forbes<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Forbes Billionaires 2023: The Richest People In The World |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Forbes |language=English}}</ref>

== Top 5 richest Indian women ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank
!Name
![[Net worth]] ([[USD]])
!Company
!Sources of Wealth
|-
|1
|[[Savitri Jindal]]
|33.5 billion
|[[JSW Group]], [[Jindal Steel and Power|Jindal Steel & Power]]
|Steel, energy, cement and infrastructure
|-
|2
|[[Rekha Jhunjhunwala]]
|8.5 billion
|Rare Enterprises
|Investments
|-
|3
|[[Vinod Rai Gupta]]
|5.0 billion
|[[Havells]]
|Manufacturing
|-
|4
|[[Renuka Jagtiani]]
|4.8 billion
|[[Landmark Group]]
|Fashion & Retail
|-
|5
|[[Smita V. Crishna|Smita Crishna-Godrej]]
|3.8 billion
|[[Godrej Group]]
|Consumer goods, real estate
|}
''Source:'' Forbes India<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Forbes list of billionaires]]
* [[List of countries by the number of billionaires]]
* [[List of wealthiest families]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Economy of India}}
{{Lists of billionaires}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of richest Indians}}
[[Category:Indian billionaires|*]]
[[Category:Demographics of India|People by net worth]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people|New worth]]
[[Category:Lists of people by wealth|Indian]]
[[Category:Economy of India lists|Net worth]]

Concern (organisation)

2024-12-30T10:54:08Z

Aamir2580: refine information per standard format and added references after review

{{Short description|Student organisation at Indian Institute of Science}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Concern
|bgcolor =
|fgcolor =
|image = Concern IISc.jpg
|image_border =
|size =
|alt =
|caption =
|map =
|msize =
|malt =
|mcaption =
|abbreviation =
|motto =
|formation = 1994
|type = Student Organisation
|status =
|purpose =
|headquarters = [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]]
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
|region_served =
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|main_organ =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website =
|remarks =
}}

'''''Concern''''' is a [[student society|student organisation]] in [[Indian Institute of Science]], which tries to generate debate on socio-politico-economic issues in the academic and scientific community of Bangalore. Over the years, it has been fairly active both at generating awareness and lending support to people's movements.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

==History==
It was started in the year 1994 by a group of students from Indian Institute of Science who took part in the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]]{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}. It is still based out of Indian Institute of Science with a membership spanning across several other institutes.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

==Activities==
*Active role in social movement [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]].{{fact|date=June 2015}}
*Role in Free software movement.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://fsmk.org/sites/default/files/iisc-poster.pdf | title=Copyleft@IISc | date=December 2008 | accessdate=3 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*Role in Nonadanga Anti-eviction Struggle.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sanhati.com/articles/4801/ | title=Nonadanga Anti-eviction Struggle : Petitions by Sanhati, IISc Concern and Institute of Physics at Bhubhaneshwar | publisher=Sanhati | date=10 April 2012 | accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref>
*Role in raising awareness through a series of talks, panel discussions and documentary screenings.<ref name="7Nov2009">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID2147 | title=November 7, 2009 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044030/http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID2147 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Role in Anti-UID Aadhaar card protests.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/iisc-students-protest-against-aadhaar/article2395949.ece | title=IISc. students protest against Aadhaar | work=The Hindu | date=25 August 2011 | accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref>
* In 2014, Concern, along with Pedestrian Pictures, MARAA and National College, Basavanagudi organised the [[International Uranium Film Festival]] in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/film-fest/article5897935.ece | title=Film fest | work=The Hindu | date=11 April 2014 | accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref>

===Documentaries Screened===
*[[Citizenfour]] : 10 April 2015<ref name="10Apr2015">{{cite web | url=http://allevents.in/events/documentary-screening-citizenfour/905748046112803 | title=Documentary Screening: Citizenfour | accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref>
*[[Final Solution (2003 film)]] by [[Rakesh Sharma (filmmaker)|Rakesh Sharma]] : 31 January 2015.
*[[Garam Hawa]] : 6 December 2014
*[[Quarter No. 4/11]] : 4 September 2014
*[[Father, Son, and Holy War]] : 18 November 2013<ref name="18Nov2013">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID201020657 | title=November 18, 2013 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Izzatnagari ki Asabhya Betiyan]] : 27 September 2013
*[[Many People, Many Desires]] : 18 June 2013<ref name="18Jun2013">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID201019881 | title=June 18, 2013 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114753/http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID201019881 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Jai Bhim Comrade]] : 27 April 2013<ref name="27Apr2013">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID201019664 | title=April 27, 2013 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141443/http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID201019664 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*3D Stereo Caste : 18 April 2013<ref name="18Apr2013">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID201019614 | title=April 18, 2013 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070716/http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID201019614 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]] : 15 April 2013<ref name="15Apr2013">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID201019590 | title=April 15, 2013 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[In God's Land]] : 19 March 2013<ref name="19Mar2013">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID201019399 | title=March 19, 2013 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Inside Job (2010 film)|Inside Job]] : 19 December 2012<ref name="19Dec2012">{{cite web | url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/ragh/ccs/events2012.htm | title=Events at the Centre for Contemporary Studies in 2012 | accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref>
*[[Ram Ke Naam]] : 12 December 2012<ref name="13Dec2012">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-sparks-fly-at-iisc-over-anand-patwardhan-documentary-on-babri-masjid-razing-1777221 | title=Sparks fly at IISc over Anand Patwardhan documentary on Babri masjid razing | work=DNA India | date=13 December 2012 | accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref>
*[[The Revolution Will Not Be Televised (film)|The Revolution will not be Televised]] : 20 November 2012<ref name="20Nov2012">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID201017836 | title=November 20, 2012 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604124554/http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID201017836 | archive-date=4 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Death of Merit]] : 29 August 2012<ref name="29Aug2012">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID8732 | title=August 29, 2012 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105454/http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID8732 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Psywar]] : 6 June 2012
*[[Nero's Guests]] : 3 March 2011<ref name="3Mar2011">{{cite web| url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID7065| title=March 3, 2011 IISc Events| accessdate=4 June 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001554/http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID7065| archive-date=4 March 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Voices20110329">{{cite web | url=https://voicesiisc.wordpress.com/2011/03/29/the-tale-of-two-lectures/ | title=The tale of two lectures | date=29 March 2011 | accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref>
*[[Mullaitivu Saga]] : 14 February 2011<ref name="14Feb2011">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID6879 | title=February 14, 2011 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604105153/http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID6879 | archive-date=4 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Tales from the margins]] : 20 December 2010<ref name="20Dec2010">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID6116 | title=December 20, 2010 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Jashn-e-Azaadi]] : 15 November 2010<ref name="15Nov2010">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID5756 | title=November 15, 2010 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185320/http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID5756 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Radiation Stories]] : 10 August 2010<ref name="10Aug2010">{{cite web | url=http://calendar.iisc.ernet.in/abstract.php?mid=MID20101999 | title=August 10, 2010 IISc Events | accessdate=4 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Red Alert: The War Within]] : 7 November 2009<ref name="7Nov2009"/>
*[[Why We Fight (2005 film)]] by [[Eugene Jarecki]] : 10 November 2008.
*[[Pee (film)|Pee]] (Shit) by [[Amudhan R P]] : 26 September 2007.
*[[Mayana Kurippugal]] (Notes from the Crematorium) by [[Amudhan R P]] : 26 September 2007.

===Talks/Panel Discussions===
*9 October 2015 : Silence of Scientists-a boon for scamsters by Dr.[[Narendra Nayak]]
*24 July 2015: Science communication in Silukkapati by Prof. R. Ramanujam
*26 May 2015: New Land Acquisition Bill 2015 by Vijoo Krishnan.
*13 February 2015: We and our Nationhood redefined by [[Anand Patwardhan]].
*22 September 2014: Crime and Punishment by Dr. Usha Ramnathan.
*12 September 2014: Science and Society: Karnataka Anti-superstition Bill by Dr. G. Ramakrishna and Prof. R. Ramanujam.
*3 July 2014: A 'Peep' at another India by Dr. [[Reetika Khera]].
*9 April 2014: Solidarity across Continents: Role of British Left in Indian Independence, A Talk by Prof. [[Andrew Thorpe]].
*10 February 2014: Right to Education and Beyond by Dr. Anil Sadgopal.
*28 January 2014: Excluding farmers from agriculture!, Understanding Indian agrarian crisis and policy shifts by Dr. Vijoo Krishnan<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allevents.in/events/excluding-farmers-from-agriculture-understanding-indian-agrarian-crisis-and-policy-shifts/205688629627335 | title=Excluding farmers from agriculture! Understanding Indian agrarian crisis and policy shifts | accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref>
*15 January 2014: Panel discussion on IPC 377 Judgement, Sexuality and Gender.
*24 October 2013: Sexual Harassment at workplace by Aarti Mundkur.
*8 October 2013: Reflections on present and future of nuclear technology: Development and Science in dialogue by Dr. Sabyasachi Chatterjee and Dr. Suvrat Raju.
*25 July 2013: Elusive Justice: Cases from [[Bijapur]] and [[Gadchiroli]] by Dr. Bela Bhatia.
*19 July 2013: Global recession and its Aftermath - Panel Discussion by Taki Manolakos and Prof. Srinivas Raghavendra.
*27 June 2013: Globalization and Left Politics in India by Prof. G. Haragopal.
*30 May 2013: Questions of Environment and Development by V. S. Krishna.
*21 February 2013: 'Fuelling India's Internal Wars: The Story of Chhattisgarh' by [[Sudha Bharadwaj]].
*14 September 2012: Food Security Act: The food vs. cash debate by Dr. [[Reetika Khera]].
*3 March 2011: Discussion with [[Palagummi Sainath]] over rising farmer suicides in India<ref name="3Mar2011"/>
*5 December 2007: The Global War on Terror & Human Rights Violations by Prof. B. P. Das.
*17 November 2007: Lets have a deal: A Nuclear Deal by Dr. M. V. Ramanna.
*12 September 2007: Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]]'s vision for India: How far have we accomplished it? by [[Ramachandra Guha]].

==Issues of Concern==
Issues of concern is a regular newsletter of the organisation. It covers the activities of concern and issues that need awareness.<ref name="ConcernNewsletter">{{cite web | url=http://issuesofconcern.in/ | title=Newsletter of Concern | work=Concern | accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Student organisations in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1994]]

Alampuram (Hemalapuram)

2024-12-28T15:02:43Z

Aamir2580: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alampuram (Hemalapuram)
| native_name = అలంపురం
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Mandal
| image_skyline = Sangameshwar temple alampur Mahboobnagar India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sangameshwara temple alampuram
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.878|N|78.132|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 269
| population_total = 9350
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| leader_title = Municipal Commissioner
| leader_name = Shri.GODHUMALA RAJU
Spl.Grade Municipal Commissioner
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| official_name =
}}
'''Alampuram (Hemalapuram)''' is a town situated in [[Jogulamba Gadwal district]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://mahabubnagar.tripod.com/Historical_places.htm
|title=Alampur, Historical Places in Jugulamba Gadwal District
|access-date=2009-03-25
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090322043356/http://mahabubnagar.tripod.com/Historical_places.htm| archive-date= 22 March 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>[https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e0ec453e28e061cc58ac43f91dc2f3f0/uploads/2019/08/2019082931.pdf Map of Alampur Villages]</ref> in the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. Alampur is a popular [[Hinduism|Hindu]] pilgrimage site in [[Shaktism]] and is also home to the [[Alampur Navabrahma Temples|Navabrahma Temples]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> a group of nine temples dedicated to [[Shiva]]<ref name="mahabubnagar.nic.in" /> built in the seventh and eighth century CE. It is the meeting point of the rivers [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and is referred to as ''Dakshina Kasi'' and is also considered the western gateway to [[Srisailam]]. The sacredness of Alampur is mentioned in the [[Skanda Purana]]. It is surrounded by the [[Nallamala Hills|Nallamala hills]] and is situated on the left bank of the [[Tungabhadra River]]. Alampur was ruled by badami chalukyas they built 9 cluster of shiva temples. After them rashtrakutas of manyakheta and western chalukyas of karnataka built papanasi temples. Alampur is home to multiple Telugu and old Kannada inscriptions .Alampur contains numerous Hindu temples, the prominent ones being [[Alampur Jogulamba Temple|Jogulamba temple]], [[Alampur Navabrahma Temples|Navabrahma temples]], [[Alampur Papanasi Temples|Papanasi temples]], and Sangameswara Temple.

[[Alampur Jogulamba Temple|Jogulamba temple]] is one of the eighteen Maha [[Shakta pithas]], which are the most significant [[shrines]] and pilgrimage destinations in [[Shaktism]]. The [[Alampur Navabrahma Temples|Navabrahma Temples]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> are nine temples dedicated to [[Shiva]]<ref name="mahabubnagar.nic.in" /> built in the seventh and eighth century CE by the [[Badami Chalukyas]]. The Navabrahma temples are listed as an archaeological and architectural treasure on the official "List of Monuments" prepared by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-25|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Andhra Pradesh - Archaeological Survey of India|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_andhra.asp|access-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625052615/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_andhra.asp|archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> Papanasi temples are a group of twenty three [[Hindu temple]]s dated between 9th- and 11th-century located in Papanasi village, {{cvt|2.5|km}} to the south-west of [[Alampur, Mahbubnagar|Alampur]]. Papanasi temples are close to the [[Alampur Navabrahma Temples|Navabrahma Temples]] of the [[Shaivism]] tradition, but were constructed a few centuries later by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] and Western [[Western Chalukya Empire|Chalukyas]].

==History==
Alampur was under the rule of [[Shatavahana|Satavahanas]], Ikshvakus of [[Nagarjunakonda]], [[Badami Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakutas]], [[Kalyani Chalukyas]], [[Kakatiyas]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]], and the Qutb Shahis of [[Golconda]]. Alampur was previously known as ''Halampuram'', ''Hemalapuram'' and ''Alampuram''. Under the name ''Hatampura'', it was mentioned in an inscription dated to 1101 CE in the reign of [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Vikramaditya VI]].<ref name=":3" />

== Temples ==
The Alampuram ''Navabhrama Temples'' are historically important and reflect remarkable architectural skills. The Alampuram temples are listed as an archaeological and architectural treasure on the official "List of Monuments" prepared by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] under The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Andhra Pradesh |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_andhra.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625052615/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_andhra.asp |archive-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 August 2015 }}</ref> Since the original area of the temples at Alampur became submerged by the Sri Sailam Hydro-electric Project, the temples were relocated to higher ground. The uniqueness of this group of temples lies in their plan and design in the northern architectural style introduced by the Chalukyas of Badami between 650 and 750 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ncf.nic.in/ncf_monuments/Andhra_Pradesh.pdf |title=Golconda Fort, Hyderabad |access-date=15 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409231112/http://ncf.nic.in/ncf_monuments/Andhra_Pradesh.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Jogulamba Temple===

{{main article|Daksha Yaga|Shakta pithas}}
[[File:Dakshayani.jpg|thumb|Shiva carrying the corpse of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] Devi]]
The [[Alampur Jogulamba Temple|Jogulamba temple]] is regarded as a Shakta pitha where [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati Devi]]'s upper teeth fell.<ref name="mahabubnagar.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://mahabubnagar.nic.in/TourismNew.php?t=1|title=Mahabubnagar-NIC|website=mahabubnagar.nic.in|access-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403074857/http://mahabubnagar.nic.in/TourismNew.php?t=1|archive-date=3 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The history of [[Daksha yajna|Daksha yagna]] and Sati's self-immolation is the origin story of [[Shakta pithas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal|url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/|work=kottiyoordevaswom.com/|publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam|access-date=20 July 2013}}</ref> The original temple was grounded by Muslim invaders in 1390 CE. The temple was rebuilt after 615 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gotirupati.com/alampur-jogulamba-temple/|title=Alampur Jogulamba Temple |website=gotirupati.com|date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

[[Shakta pithas]] are shrines which are the most divine seats of the Mother Goddess. The body parts of the corpse of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] Devi had fallen in these places, when Lord [[Shiva]] carried it and wandered throughout Aryavartha in sorrow.

=== Navabrahma Temples ===
[[Alampur Navabrahma Temples|Navabrahma Temples]]<ref name=":0">{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9cxI2KZzekC&q=chalukya+temples
|title=Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa By B. R. Prasad
|isbn=9780391028531
|access-date=2009-03-25
|last1=Rajendra Prasad
|first1=B.
|year=1983
}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web
|url=http://www.templenet.com/Andhra/alampur.html
|title=Alampuram, Temples of Andhra Pradesh
|access-date=2009-03-25
}}</ref> include nine temples dedicated to [[Shiva]].<ref name="mahabubnagar.nic.in"/> These temples date to 7th to 8th century CE and were built by the [[Badami Chalukyas]] rulers who were patrons of art and architecture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/Oct282007/sundayherald2007102732670.asp |title=Bewitching temple architecture |access-date=2009-03-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725015850/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct282007/sundayherald2007102732670.asp |archive-date=25 July 2008 }}</ref> The sacredness of Alampur Temple is mentioned in the Skanda Purana. It is mentioned that [[Brahma]] performed a strict penance here for Lord Siva. Lord Siva appeared before him and blessed him with the powers of creation. Therefore, the name Brahmeswara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gotirupati.com/alampur-jogulamba-temple|title=Alampur Jogulamba Temple - Timings, History, Phone, Image, Website|date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Papanasi Temples ===
[[Alampur Papanasi Temples|Papanasi temples]] are a group of twenty three [[Hindu temple]]s dated between 9th- and 11th-century located in Papanasi village, {{cvt|2.5|km}} to the south-west of [[Alampur, Mahbubnagar|Alampuram]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Archeological Survey of India|url=http://www.asihyderabadcircle.nic.in/mehabub_monuments.html|access-date=2020-10-27|website=www.asihyderabadcircle.nic.in|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030074339/http://www.asihyderabadcircle.nic.in/mehabub_monuments.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Papanasi temples are close to the [[Alampur Navabrahma Temples|Navabrahma Temples]] of the [[Shaivism]] tradition, but were constructed a few centuries later by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] and Western [[Western Chalukya Empire|Chalukyas]]. The Papanasi temples exhibit the Nagara architecture with a square plan.<ref name="Gupta2000p177">{{cite book|author=Harsh K. Gupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8830KZLvkYsC&pg=PA177|title=Deccan Heritage|publisher=Universities Press|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7371-285-2|pages=177–181}}</ref><ref name="Michell2013p319">{{cite book|author=George Michell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT319|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums|publisher=Roli Books|year=2013|isbn=978-81-7436-903-1|pages=318–321}}</ref> Together with the Navabrahma temples, the Papanasi group were related to the Kalamukha and Pashupata sect of Shaivism.

=== Kudavelly Sangameswara Temple ===
Kudavelly Sangameswara is derived from the word Sangam meaning confluence of two or more rivers. Hence the temple is also known as Kudavelly Sangameswara Temple. On the basis of a label inscription found in the temple, the temple is dated to pre-[[Pulakeshin II|Pulakesin-II]] (r. 610-642 CE) time period and is the oldest of all the Chalukyan temples at Alampur.<ref name=":3" /> The Kudavelly Sangameswara temple was originally located at the meeting point of Tungabhadra and Krishna river, {{cvt|20|km}} north east from the current site at Kudavelly village . It was shifted to Alampur in 1979 when the original site got submerged due to the construction of [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam dam]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Kolluru|first=Pallavi|title=Alampur temple town beckons one and all|url=https://telanganatoday.com/alampur-temple-town-beckons-one-all|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

Kudavelly Family residing in the [https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kudavelly,+Telangana/@15.9509285,78.2129713,14.22z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb5ec4515c6ec87:0xbb4366f68037a998!8m2!3d15.9622104!4d78.217318 Kudavelly] Village has immensely helped the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in shifting the temple to Alampur. ASI documented the temple design, dismantled it block by block, moved the material to outskirts of Alampur and assembled it and restored it to its original form [https://x.com/ASIGoI/status/1867874206777778505 <nowiki>[20]</nowiki>]. Kudavelly Family has contributed for the renovation of Kudavelly Sangameswara Temple , one such inscription stone is found near the Temple premises describing the contribution in 1958 ( Vilambi Telugu Year ).
[[File:Kudavelly.jpg|thumb|Inscription Stone describing the contribution by Kudavelly Srinivas Rao for Sangameshwara Temple Renovation ]]

== Archaeology Museum ==
An archaeology museum is situated at the entrance of the Bala Brahma Temple complex. It houses a collection of sculptures and inscriptions recovered from the Navabrahma temples and surroundings of Alampur.<ref name=":2" />

==Demographics==
The population in 1901 was 30,222, compared with the 27,271 in 1891. Alampur, the headquarters, had a population of 4,182. According to [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 5|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_212.gif|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|publisher=Digital South Asia Library|page=204}}</ref> Alampur was a taluk of [[Raichur district]], [[Hyderabad State]]. It has an area of {{convert|480|km2|sqmi|abbr=}} in 43 villages.

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|publisher=Census Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|access-date=2008-11-01}}</ref> Alampur had a population of 9350. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Alampur has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 64% of the males and 36% of females literate. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Geography ==
The [[Krishna River]] separates the taluk from Mahbubnagar district on the North and the [[Tungabhadra]] from Karnataka state. The confluence of these two rivers is situated in the extreme east of the taluk, formerly at [https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kudavelly,+Telangana/@15.9509285,78.2129713,14.22z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb5ec4515c6ec87:0xbb4366f68037a998!8m2!3d15.9622104!4d78.217318 Kudavelly] Village. The village was submerged by construction of Srisailam dam. The well known poet Kudavelly Srinivas Rao lived in Kudavelly village and has been documented in [[Golkonda Kavula Sanchika Book]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=గోలకొండ కవుల సంచిక/కవిపరిచయము - వికీసోర్స్|url=https://te.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81|access-date=2020-10-08|website=te.wikisource.org}}</ref> published in 1934 by [[Suravaram Pratapa Reddy]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Alampur (Telangana)}}
{{commons category|Alampur, Andhra Pradesh}}
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/glory-of-the-past/article4635112.ece Glory of the past - Alampur]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090409231112/http://ncf.nic.in/ncf_monuments/Andhra_Pradesh.pdf Group of Monuments, Alampur, Andhra Pradesh]

{{Cities and towns in Mahabubnagar district}}
{{Hindu Temples in Telangana |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Buildings on the Indian Archaeological Register]]
[[Category:Mandals in Jogulamba Gadwal district]]
[[Category:Jogulamba Gadwal district]]

Bilkanda

2024-11-27T17:05:58Z

Aamir2580:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bilkanda
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7042|N|88.4125|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.53
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,081
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700110
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khardaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khardaha]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bilkanda''' is a [[census town]] in [[Barrackpore II]] CD Block in [[Barrackpore subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=330| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|41|47|N|88|24|32|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern portion of Barrackpore subdivision in North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood/ administrative location Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
| minimap = file| mini-file = India West Bengal adm location map.svg
| mini-width = 103 | mini-height = 158
| minipog-x = 66 | minipog-y = 120
| scalemark = 110 | minimap-boxwidth=12|nolabels=1
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|46|24|N|88|21|49|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Barrackpore| numbered1=M | mark-title1=[[Barrackpore]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barrackpore |labela2=Cantonment| mark-title2=[[Barrackpore Cantonment]]| numbered2=0| shape-color2=#AA6666|label-offset-y2=-2
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|45|16|N|88|23|24|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Chak Kanthalia| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Chak Kanthalia]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|44|52|N|88|24|31|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Ruiya| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Ruiya]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Patulia| numbered5=CT | mark-title5= [[Patulia]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|43|48|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bandipur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|14|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Titagarh| numbered7=M | mark-title7= [[Titagarh]] (M)|shape-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|43|10|N|88|22|1|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Khardaha| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Khardaha]] (M)|
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|41|31|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Panihati| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Panihati]] (M)|
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|57|N|88|24|32|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Ghola| numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Ghola, North 24 Parganas|Ghola]] (N)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|42|28|N|88|24|41|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Bilkanda| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= Bilkanda (CT)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|41|30|N|88|25|12|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Muragachha| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Muragachha]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|42|41|N|88|26|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Talbandha| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Talbandha]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|41|3|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Chandpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|24|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Teghari| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Teghari]] (CT)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|42|7|N|88|23|22|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Sodepur| numbered16=N| mark-title16= [[Sodepur]] (N)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|40|48|N|88|22|45|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Agarpara| numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Agarpara]] (N)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|42|15|N|88|26|25|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=New Barrackpore| numbered18=M| mark-title18= [[New Barrackpore]] (M)|shape-color18=#800000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|22|13|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Kamarhati| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Kamarhati]] (M)|
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|40|2|N|88|22|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Belgharia| numbered20=N| mark-title20= [[Belgharia]] (N)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|38|5|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Baranagar| numbered21=M| mark-title21= [[Baranagar]] (M)|shape-color=#800000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|38|45|N|88|25|56|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Dum Dum| numbered22=M| mark-title22= [[Dum Dum]] (M)|
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|39|10|N|88|25|6|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= North Dumdum| numbered23=M| mark-title23= [[North Dumdum]] (M)|
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|37|45|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos24=bottom|label24= South Dumdum| numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[South Dumdum]] (M)|
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|39|40|N|88|24|33|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Nimta| numbered25=N| mark-title25= [[Nimta]] (N)|shape-color25=#C42222
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|43|25|N|88|24|48|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Karna Madhabpur| numbered26=N| mark-title26= [[Karna Madhabpur]] (N)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|45|40|N|88|25|28|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Nilganj| numbered27=N| mark-title27= [[Nilganj]] (N)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22.6292|88.3578}}| label28=Hooghly| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=76| label-pos28=top| label-size28=9| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22.6112|88.3578}}| label29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=114| label-pos29=top| label-size29=9| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Location===
[[Sodepur]], [[Muragachha]] and [[Karna Madhabpur]] are located nearby.<ref name=google>Google maps</ref>

96% of the population of [[Barrackpore subdivision]] (partly presented in the map alongside, all places marked in the map are link in the full screen map) lives in urban areas. In 2011, it had a density of population of 10,967 per km2. The subdivision has 16 municipalities and 24 census towns.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

For most of the cities/ towns information regarding density of population is available in the Infobox. Population data is not available for neighbourhoods. It is available for the entire Municipal area and thereafter ward-wise.

===Police station===
[[Khardaha#Police station|Khardaha]] police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Khardaha Municipal area and [[Barrackpore II]] CD Block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | title = Barrackpore Police Commissionerate | work = List of Police Stations with telephone numbers | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 15 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143852/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | archive-date = 12 June 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Bilkanda had a total population of 6,081, of which 3,156 (52%) were males and 2,925 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 514. The total number of literates in Bilkanda was 4,605 (82.72% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 15 June 2018}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Bilkanda covered an area of 0.5321&nbsp;km2. Amongst the medical facilities it had were a dispensary/ health centre, a family welfare centre, a maternity and child welfare centre, a maternity home and 3 medicine shops. Amongst the educational facilities it had were a primary school and a middle school. The nearest secondary and senior secondary schools were available 2&nbsp;km away at [[New Barrackpore]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 791-794; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 795-796; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 19 June 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bilkanda is located on the Sodepur-Barasat Road. It is also near to [[Kalyani Expressway]].<ref name=google>Google maps</ref>

===Bus===
====Private Bus====
* 214 Sajirhat - [[Babughat]]
* DN43 [[Barasat]] Checkpost - [[Dakshineswar]]

====WBTC Bus====
* AC10 [[Nilganj]] - [[Howrah Station]]

====Bus Route Without Number====
* [[Madhyamgram]] - [[Howrah Station]]

===Train===
The nearest railway stations are [[Madhyamgram railway station]] on the [[Sealdah-Hasnabad-Bangaon-Ranaghat line|Sealdah-Bangaon line]] and [[Sodepur railway station]] on the [[Sealdah-Ranaghat line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-kalyani-simanta-local-31311/16438/325/958#st | title = 31311 Sealdah-Kalyani Simanta Local | work = Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo | access-date = 15 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=google/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-bangaon-local-33811/17298/325/7814#st |title = 33811 Sealdah-Bangaon local |work= Time Table| publisher= India Railinfo | access-date = 15 June 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Block Primary Health Centre at Bandipur is located nearby.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 June 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=google/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]

Dichaetaria

2024-11-18T07:18:08Z

Aamir2580: Made basic page v1

{{Short description|Genus of grasses}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
|image_caption =
|genus = Dichaetaria
|parent_authority = Nees ex Steud.<ref name=POWO_17895-1>{{Cite POWO|title=''Dichaetaria'' Nees ex Steud..|id=17895-1|access-date=2024-11-18|mode=cs1}}</ref>
|species = wightii
|authority = Nees ex Steud.
|synonyms_ref =
|synonyms =
* ''Aristida linarifolia'' Rottler ex Hook.f.
* ''Gymnopogon rigidus'' Thwaites
* ''Gymnopogon wightii'' (Nees ex Steud.) Koord.
}}

'''''Dichaetaria''''' is a [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] [[genus]] of South Asian plants in the [[Poaceae|grass family]].<ref name="Quattrocchi2006">{{cite book|last=Quattrocchi|first=Umberto|title=CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology - 3 Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ieqQs7hIREC&pg=PA620|date=26 April 2006|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-0322-2|page=620}}</ref><ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/345536#page/148/mode/1up Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried Daniel ex Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb von 1854. Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 145-146] in Latin</ref><ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40029637 Tropicos, ''Dichaetaria'' Nees ex Steud.]</ref><ref>[http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/gen00185.htm Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora]</ref> Its only species is '''''Dichaetaria wightii''''',<ref name=POWO_17895-1/> native to southern India and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=Quattrocchi2006/>

''Dichaetaria wightii'' is a slender perennial herb with narrow flat leaves.<ref name="Gamble1928">{{cite book|last=Gamble|first=James Sykes|title=Flora of the Presidency of Madras: Ranunculaceae to Opiliaceae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RW1AAAAIAAJ|year=1928|publisher=West, Newman and Adlard|page=1829}}</ref><ref>Bor, N. L. 1960. Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan i–767. Pergamon Press, Oxford</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q2471928|from2=Q15503178}}

[[Category:Panicoideae]]
[[Category:Bunchgrasses of Asia]]
[[Category:Grasses of India]]
[[Category:Flora of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Monotypic Poaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck]]

{{Panicoideae-stub}}

Zmaratha

2024-10-21T09:57:33Z

Aamir2580: Made a bio

{{short description|Human settlement in Greece}}
[[Image:Map of ancient Epirus and environs (English).svg|right|thumb|200px|Epirus in antiquity]]
'''Zmaratha''' ({{langx|grc|Zμαράθα}}) was an [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] city located in the region of [[Epirus]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hansen|Nielsen|2004|p=349}}.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of cities in ancient Epirus]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last1=Hansen|first1=Mogens Herman|last2=Nielsen|first2=Thomas Heine|title=An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis|year=2004|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0198140991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22jupg3FqdYC}}

{{coord missing|Greece}}

[[Category:Cities in ancient Epirus]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Greece]]
[[Category:Populated places in ancient Epirus]]
[[Category:Lost ancient cities and towns]]

{{AncientEpirus-geo-stub}}

List of universities and colleges in Kollam district

2024-08-12T13:24:14Z

Aamir2580: brief added intro after review further and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[List of institutions of higher education in Kollam district]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}