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Pakyong Airport

2026-05-05T16:49:48Z

Aakasham:

{{Short description|Airport in Sikkim, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Pakyong Airport
| image = Pakyong Airport, Gangtok.png
| IATA = PYG
| ICAO = VEPY
| coordinates = {{coord|27|13|57|N|88|35|18|E|region:IN-SK|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Sikkim#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sikkim
| pushpin_label = '''PYG'''
| pushpin_label_position =
| type = Public
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Gangtok]]
| location = [[Pakyong]], [[Pakyong district]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|09|24|df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| metric-elev = Yes
| elevation-m = 1416
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/pakyong Pakyong Airport]
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc = +5:30
| metric-rwy = Y
| r1-number = 02/20
| r1-length-m = 1,700
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]
| stat-year = April 2025 - March 2026
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 0 ({{decrease}} 100%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 0 ({{decrease}} 100%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = —
| footnotes = Sources: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''Pakyong Airport''' {{Airport codes|PYG|VEPY}} is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Gangtok]], the capital of [[Sikkim]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sikkim-s-pakyong-airport-to-become-131st-functional-airport-in-india-jayant-sinha/story-VhFKL5C1oR4ML7wB83sMPN.html|title=Sikkim to have 100th functional airport in India|date=2 May 2018}}</ref> It has been operationalized under the [[UDAN]] Scheme of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Release: Press Information Bureau|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=20899842025-01-10|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250110083455/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?RID=2089988|archive-date=2025-01-10}}</ref> Spread over {{convert|201|acres|abbr=on|}}, the airport is located at [[Pakyong]], about 31 km (22 mi) south of Gangtok.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/wait-for-sikkim-air-link-185109|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140308/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/wait-for-sikkim-air-link-185109|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 June 2018|title=Wait for Sikkim air link}}</ref> At 4,646 ft, the airport is one of the five highest airports in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikkim's Greenfield Airport|url=http://www.punjlloyd.com/landmark-projects-gallery/sikkims-greenfield-airport-india|access-date=4 August 2012|work=Punjlloyd|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140537/http://www.punjlloyd.com/landmark-projects-gallery/sikkims-greenfield-airport-india|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also the first [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] airport constructed in [[Northeast India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/sikkims-first-ever-airport-all-set-to-fly-5363202/|title=Sikkim's Pakyong airport stuns before it flies|date=24 September 2018}}</ref> the 100th operational airport in India, and the only airport in the state of Sikkim.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sikkim to get its first airport at Pakyong|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sikkim-to-get-its-first-airport-at-pakyong/240002/0|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakyong airport in Sikkim to become the 100th functional airport in India: Jayant Sinha|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/pakyong-airport-in-sikkim-to-become-the-100th-functional-airport-in-india-jayant-sinha/1153638/|access-date=5 May 2018|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Financial Express|date=3 May 2018}}</ref>

Inaugurated on 24 September 2018 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]],<ref name="PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Sikkim's Pakyong airport">{{cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Sikkim's Pakyong airport |url=http://www.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/65930198.cms |access-date= 24 September 2018|newspaper= [[The Economic Times]]| date= 24 September 2018}}</ref> commercial flight operations started 4 October 2018.<ref name="Sikkim's Pakyong Airport welcomes first commercial flight in state with water cannon salute">{{cite web |title=Sikkim's Pakyong Airport welcomes first commercial flight in state with water cannon salute |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/sikkims-pakyong-airport-welcomes-first-commercial-flight-in-state-with-water-cannon-salute-5318331.html |work=First Post |date=4 October 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Upon its opening, [[CNN]] described it as one of the most scenic airports in the world.<ref name="India's new Pakyong Airport opens in incredible Himalayan surroundings">{{cite news |last1=Hiufu Wong |first1=Maggie |title=India's new Pakyong Airport opens in incredible Himalayan surroundings |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/pakyong-airport-india/index.html |access-date=3 June 2019 |publisher=CNN |date=25 September 2018}}</ref> However, commercial flights have been disrupted due to known weather conditions, being originally planned and designed as a [[Visual flight rules|Visual Flight Rules]] (VFR) Airport. Due to these visibility issues along with agitation from the local villagers who were displaced and strip area issues, the airport's only commercial passenger airline [[SpiceJet]] suspended flight operations to the airport effective 1 June 2019. After a suspension of 19 months, flight operations resumed on 23 January 2021, following the establishment of [[Required navigation performance|Required Navigation Performance]] (RNP) approaches.<ref name="Trial touchdown successful at Sikkim airport">{{cite news |title=Trial touchdown successful at Sikkim airport|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/trial-touchdown-successful-at-sikkim-airport/articleshow/79272128.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 November 2020 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Airline operations at Sikkim's Pakyong airport resume after 19 months">{{cite web |title=Airline operations at Sikkim's Pakyong airport resume after 19 months |url=http://www.newsonair.com/News?title=Airline-operations-at-Sikkim%26%2339%3Bs-Pakyong-airport-resume-after-19-months&id=408501 |website=All India Radio |access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref>
However, the resumption proved short lived and at present there are no operational flights from Pakyong.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | title=SpiceJet's Flights Schedule and Information for domestic and international flights. | url=https://corporate.spicejet.com/schedules.aspx | access-date=2025-03-18 | website=corporate.spicejet.com}}</ref>

== History ==
Prior to the construction of Pakyong Airport, Sikkim had been the sole state in India possessing no functional airport.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Panchali |title=Pakyong Airport to finally become operational this month |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/pakyong-airport-to-finally-become-operational-this-month/as64463736.cms |work=The Times of India|access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref> Previously, the nearest airports used to access Sikkim were [[Bagdogra Airport|Bagdogra]], located {{Convert|124|km|abbr=on}} (and a five-hour drive) away in the neighboring state of [[West Bengal]], and [[Paro Airport]] in [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Sutapa |title=Good news: Sikkim's first airport ready to start operations, 5 facts you need to know |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-good-news-sikkim-s-first-airport-ready-to-start-operations-5-facts-you-need-to-know-2651714 |access-date=21 August 2018 |work=DNA |publisher=iligent Media Corporation Ltd. |date=19 August 2018}}</ref>

The project to develop Pakyong Airport was approved by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs in October 2008. The [[Punj Lloyd]] Group was awarded the {{INRConvert|2640|m|currency_formatting=c|lk=on|to=USD|year=2017}} contract to construct a runway, taxiway, apron drainage system, and electrical work for the greenfield airport in January 2009. The foundation stone for the greenfield airport was laid by the then Civil Aviation Minister, [[Praful Patel]], in February 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakyong, first-ever airport in Sikkim, makes steady progress|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/AIRPT/pakyong-firstever-airport-in-sikkim-makes-steady-progress|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=ProjectsMonitor|date=6 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719003847/http://www.projectsmonitor.com/AIRPT/pakyong-firstever-airport-in-sikkim-makes-steady-progress|archive-date=19 July 2012}}</ref>

The project was initially slated to be completed by 2012, but protests by local villagers, demanding proper rehabilitation and compensation, had resulted in suspension of work in January 2014.<ref name="NEfirst" /> The AAI intervened and held discussions with agitating villagers and paid part compensation allowing work to resume in October 2014. However, in January 2015, work came to a halt once again as villagers took to protests.<ref name="NEfirst">{{cite news|title=North East's first greenfield airport comes to a halt|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/work-on-n-e-s-first-greenfield-airport-comes-to-a-halt-115013001616_1.html|access-date=7 May 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> In July 2015, AAI and the State Government signed an [[Memorandum of Understanding|MoU]] with AAI, promising to shift the affected households by 15 August so that AAI could resume work from October 2015.<ref name="BS1"/> These protest-related delays and [[landslides]] upslope of the runway resulted in suspension of work twice, escalating costs from {{INRConvert|3090|m|currency_formatting=c|lk=on|to=USD|year=2017}} to {{INRConvert|6050|m|currency_formatting=c|lk=on|to=USD|year=2017}}.<ref name="BS1">{{cite news|title=AAI, Sikkim govt sign MoU for Pakyong Airport |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/aai-sikkim-govt-sign-mou-for-pakyong-airport-115070301322_1.html |access-date= 6 July 2015|newspaper= [[Business Standard]]| date=3 July 2015}}</ref> Maximally ecological slope-stabilization techniques were used to remedy the landslide situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2015/01/29/the-pakyong-airport-landslide-issue-in-india/|title=The Pakyong Airport landslide issue in India|date=29 January 2015}}</ref>

On 5 March 2018, an [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] [[Dornier 228]] landed on the completed airstrip, becoming the first aircraft to land at Pakyong.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/iafs-dornier-aircraft-lands-at-pakyong-airport/articleshow/63174344.cms IAF's Dornier aircraft lands at Pakyong airport ] Economic Times 5 March 2018</ref>
[[SpiceJet]] had been awarded the Pakyong to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]] and [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]] sectors under the second round of bidding for the Government's UDAN Regional Connectivity Scheme in January 2018<ref>{{cite news|title=SpiceJet awarded 17 proposals and 20 new sectors under the second round of bidding for UDAN |url=https://www.spicejet.com/PressReleaseNewsPage.aspx?strNews=UDAN2018 |access-date= 24 September 2018|website= SpiceJet Press Release| date=24 January 2018}}</ref>
and it conducted a trial landing of its [[Q400]] aircraft after getting approval from DGCA for M/s SpiceJet at Pakyong on 10 March 2018.<ref>[https://voiceofsikkim.com/2018/03/10/spicejet-bombardier-q400-78-seater-aircraft-makes-historic-landing-at-pakyong-airport/ Spicejet Bombardier Q400 78 seater aircraft makes historic landing at Pakyong Airport] Voice of Sikkim 10 March 2018</ref> The airport received its commercial operating license from the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) on 5 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sikkim's Pakyong Airport gets license |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/sikkims-pakyong-airport-gets-license-298074 |access-date= 24 September 2018|newspaper= Millennium Post| date=5 May 2018}}</ref>

On 5 December 2019, 35 families affected by the airport's construction signed off on a joint agreement and accepted the first installment in compensation for their loss of land bringing years of protest to a close.<ref>{{cite news |title=35 Airport affected families compensated, thanks CM for speedy solution |url=https://voiceofsikkim.com/2019/12/05/35-airport-affected-families-compensated-thanks-cm-for-speedy-solution/ |access-date=14 December 2019 |agency=IPR |publisher=The Voice of Sikkim |date=5 December 2019}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The airport was built by the AAI at an estimated cost of 605 [[crore]]<ref name="BS1"/> featuring a {{convert|1700|x|30|m|abbr=on|0}} runway and a {{convert|116|m|abbr=on}} long [[taxiway]] connecting it to an [[Airport apron|apron]] measuring {{Convert|106|x|76|m}} that can accommodate two [[ATR 72]] aircraft at a time.

A terminal building measuring {{Convert|2380|m2|abbr=on}} with a capacity of 100 passengers, a car park for 80 vehicles and a fire station cum [[Air traffic control|Air Traffic Control Tower]] was constructed by Ms PABSCON. Navigation facilities include [[VHF omnidirectional range#DVOR|DVOR]], [[Runway edge lights|High Intensity Runway Lights]] (HIRL), [[Aerodrome beacon]], and a [[Precision approach path indicator|PAPI]].

The Pakyong Airport project is one of the tallest [[mechanically stabilized earth|reinforced soil]] structures in the world.<ref name="The Economic Times-2012">{{cite news|title=Sikkim airport project wins UK award|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/news/31711731_1_punj-lloyd-pakyong-soil|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103064444/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/news/31711731_1_punj-lloyd-pakyong-soil|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=15 May 2012}}</ref>
The land for the airport was carved from the mountainside using massive [[Geotechnical engineering|geotechnical]] '[[cut and fill]]' engineering works. These state-of-the-art [[geogrid]] soil reinforcement and [[Slope stability|slope stabilisation]] techniques were employed as traditional [[Retaining wall|retaining structures]] and embankments were ruled out as being unfeasible. Italian geotechnical company [[Maccaferri]] given consultancy services to execute the project that envisaged a {{convert|150|m|abbr=on|}} wide, {{convert|2|km|abbr=on|}} long corridor on which the runway and airport buildings were to be constructed. The company, which completed the project with partners [[Mott MacDonald]] and Punj Lloyd, won the 'International Project of the Year' award at the Ground Engineering Awards 2012 for its work in constructing {{convert|74|m|abbr=on|}} high reinforced soil walls and slopes at the site.<ref name="The Economic Times-2012"/>

== Commercial flight operations ==
[[FILE:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the inauguration of the Pakyong Airport, in Gangtok, Sikkim.JPG|thumb|Modi at the inauguration of the Pakyong Airport]]

Although initially praised upon its opening by [[CNN]] as being "a breathtaking piece of engineering on the roof of the world" offering arriving passengers "one of the most dramatic airport approaches on the planet",<ref name="India's new Pakyong Airport opens in incredible Himalayan surroundings"/> the airport's commercial flight operations have since been disrupted by poor weather conditions affecting flight visibility and known issues with engineering. In December 2018, 21 of SpiceJet's 31 daily flights (nearly 70% of its schedule) were forced to divert to [[Bagdogra]] (up to a five-hour drive away) because Pakyong "lacked the requisite navigation equipment for low-visibility situations", being a [[Visual flight rules|Visual flight rule]] (VFR) Airport as originally planned as per MOU 2002 & MOU 2015 among Civil Aviation GOI, Tourism Deptt Govt of Sikkim and AAI. Currently, Pakyong requires at least 5 km (5,000m)under [[Visual flight rules|Visual flight rule]] (VFR) conditions for Non-Schedule Airlines. For schedule flight operations by SpiceJet [[Required navigation performance]] (RNP) procedure was approved by DGCA with visibility requirement of 2,400m.

On 1 June 2019, [[SpiceJet]], the airport's sole airline providing commercial passenger service, temporarily suspended its once daily Kolkata-Pakyong-Kolkata flight due to "unpredictable weather in Pakyong which results in very low visibility", having earlier suspended the other daily service between Pakyong and Guwahati.<ref>{{cite news |title=No flights to Sikkim from June 1|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/no-flights-to-sikkim-from-june-1/articleshow/69452103.cms |work=The Times of India|date=23 May 2019 |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> Airline officials also cited the approaching monsoon season's aggravating effect on flight operations when announcing the service suspension. SpiceJet earlier conveyed that they will restart flight operation with effect from winter schedule i.e., 27 October 2019, however, the flight operations remained suspended for the rest of the year and 2020.<ref name="Spicejet Schedules">{{Cite web|url=https://www.spicejet.com/Schedules.aspx|title=SpiceJet - Flight Booking for Domestic and International, Cheap Air Tickets|website=www.spicejet.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Saurabh |title=No flights to Sikkim's first airport Pakyong from June 1 'till further notice', says SpiceJet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/no-flights-to-sikkims-first-airport-pakyong-from-june-1-till-further-notice-says-spicejet/articleshow/69493948.cms |access-date=3 June 2019 |work=The Times of India|date=25 May 2019}}</ref>

In addition to fluctuating weather, adequate basic strip area (western side) issues have also hampered commercial flight operations. The basic strip, which is mandated to be a minimum of 75 m wide, is only 40 m in western side & 80m wide Eastern side along 2 km long. Contractors have been "unable to take up Civil works to extend the stretch of basic strip and erect a strong RCC Retaining wall with anchoring system" because the State Government of Sikkim at the time had not compensated few of the affected landowners.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adhikary |first1=Prakash |title=Operations at Sikkim's First Airport, Inaugurated Last Year, Likely to Be Indefinitely Halted |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/operations-at-sikkims-first-airport-inaugurated-last-year-likely-to-be-indefinitely-halted-2151079.html |access-date=3 June 2019 |publisher=News 18 |date=21 May 2019}}</ref> On 5 December 2019, it was reported that 35 families affected by the airport's construction had been offered a compensation of 20.6 crore by the State Government and that there would be support in ensuring the full completion and operation of the airport.<ref>{{cite web |title=35 Airport affected families compensated, thanks CM for speedy solution |url=https://voiceofsikkim.com/2019/12/05/35-airport-affected-families-compensated-thanks-cm-for-speedy-solution/ |website=The Voice of Sikkim |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> On 18 November 2020, a trial landing was conducted at the airport by SpiceJet involving a [[Required navigation performance]] (RNP) procedure and commercial flight operations resumed on 23 January 2021 after a suspension of 19 months.<ref name="Trial touchdown successful at Sikkim airport"/><ref name="Airline operations at Sikkim's Pakyong airport resume after 19 months"/> Upon its resumption, the first ever Delhi-Pakyong direct flight started from 23 January 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/flight-operations-resume-at-sikkim-s-pakyong-airport-after-18-months-101611469818880.html|title=Flight operations resume at Sikkim's Pakyong Airport after 18 months|date=24 January 2021}}</ref> while flights to Kolkata resumed on 1 February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spice Jet flight resumes |url=http://www.uniindia.com/spice-jet-flight-resumes/east/news/2307699.html |website=United News of India |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> After suspension of both services in October 2022, flight services temporarily resumed in March 2023 with [[SpiceJet]] connecting [[Delhi]].<ref name="bagdogra">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/flight-services-resume-at-sikkims-pakyong-airport/articleshow/98638089.cms|title=Flight services resume at Sikkim's Pakyong airport|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=14 March 2023 }}</ref> This has since been discontinued. There are currently no scheduled commercial flights in operation or open for booking from Pakyong.<ref name="auto"/>

== Statistics ==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=PYG}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Operations and statistics
|-
! Year
! Passengers
! Aircraft
|-
|2018-19
|18,963<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2018-19 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k19Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|328<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2018-19 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k19Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2019-20
|3,749<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2019-20 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k20Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|60<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2019-20 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k20Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2020-21
|11,494<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2020-21 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k21Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|194<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2020-21 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k21Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2021-22
|44,740<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2021-22 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k22Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|754<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2021-22 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k22Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2022-23
|15,707<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2022-23 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k23Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|324<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2022-23 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k23Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2023-24
|8,417<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2023-24 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|170<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2023-24 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2024-25
|11,111<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2024-25 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|188<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2024-25 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2025-26
|0<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data 2025-26 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|0<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data 2025-26 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
|}

== Passenger amenities ==
Pakyong Airport has snack bar, Prepaid Taxi counter for passengers within its premises. Prepaid taxis can be availed on a very reasonable rate to visit nearby cities like [[Gangtok]], [[Namchi]], [[Mangan, India|Mangan]], [[Pelling]] etc. or any other tourist places of Sikkim on hiring basis. The airport is just 1 kilometre away from [[National Highway 717A (India)|NH717A]] at [[Pakyong]].

== Military flight operations ==
As Pakyong Airport sits approximately 60 km (37.28 mi) from the [[India-China border]], it is considered strategically important. In March 2018, the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) was the first to land an aircraft, a Dornier 228, at the airport. And in January 2019, an IAF Antonov-32 transport plane arrived "in an effort to boost the transportation of troops and material to this region."<ref>{{cite news |title=IAF lands An-32 aircraft at Pakyong Airport in Sikkim |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iaf-lands-an-32-aircraft-at-pakyong-airport-in-sikkim201901171954290001/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |publisher=ANI News |date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603034526/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iaf-lands-an-32-aircraft-at-pakyong-airport-in-sikkim201901171954290001/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> At present security is being provided by State government of Sikkim as per MoU dated 30.6.2015 signed among Government of Sikkim, Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India and Airports Authority of India.

'''Government audit and report findings'''

The major points of concern identified in government audits and local reports include:<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://cag.gov.in/webroot/uploads/download_audit_report/2023/English-Report-No.15---20.07.2023-signed-0666bde83b697f7.60488716.pdf}}</ref>

* '''Avoidable Expenditure & Cost Overruns''': A '''2023 CAG report''' highlighted that an "improper slope-cutting design" led to major cracks in nearby houses and land subsidence. This resulted in '''₹314.53 crore'''in avoidable costs for compensation to locals, extra mitigation works, and stalling of construction.
* '''Poor Planning & Oversight''': Audits noted mismanagement in the construction phase, including the building of an '''Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower''' in a location that was "blinded" by parked planes, forcing a rebuild at an additional cost of '''₹21 million'''.
* '''Compensation Disputes''': Local residents have repeatedly alleged that the '''Airports Authority of India (AAI)''' claimed compensation funds were handed over to the Sikkim government, yet many families who lost homes and farmland reported they did not receive their full dues.
* '''Contractor Issues''': There have been local allegations regarding incomplete infrastructure funded under '''Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)''' grants, where contractors allegedly received payments without finishing the work, leading to public outcry about "mass corruption" in local project execution.
* '''Institutional Risks in State Governance''': Recent CAG reports (late 2025/early 2026) have flagged broader "serious institutional risks" and "irregular" selection processes with possible '''fraud and favoritism''' within other state bodies like the '''State Bank of Sikkim''', fueling a general climate of distrust regarding how large-scale state projects are managed.[https://cag.gov.in/webroot/uploads/download_audit_report/2023/English-Report-No.15---20.07.2023-signed-0666bde83b697f7.60488716.pdf]

==See also==

; Military bases
* [[India-China Border Roads#Border airport and ALG projects|List of ALGs]]
* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute#Command|India-China military deployment on LAC]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute#List of disputed areas|List of disputed India-China areas]]
* [[Tianwendian]]
* [[Ukdungle]]

; Borders
* [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC)
* [[Borders of China]]
* [[Borders of India]]

; Other related topics
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[List of extreme points of India]]
* [[Defence Institute of High Altitude Research]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Airports in Pakyong district]]
[[Category:Transport in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Pakyong district]]
[[Category:Airports established in 2018]]
[[Category:Transport in Gangtok]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 2018]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Dholka Assembly constituency

2026-04-30T01:03:59Z

Aakasham: Created Entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dholka
| mla = [[Kiritsinh Dabhi | Kiritsinh Sardarsang Dabhi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:253826}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 58
}}

'''Dholka''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Dholka Taluka
# Bavla Taluka (Part) Villages – Kavitha, Rasam, Rupal, Saljada, Juval Rupavati, Zekda, Chiyada, Sakodara, Dhanwada, Bhayla, Kalyangadh, Bhamsara, Gangad, Rohika, Bagodara, Gundanapara, Memar, Dhingda.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Kanjibhai Talpada]]
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhupendrasinh Chudasama|Bhupendrasinh Manubha Chudasama]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Kiritsinh Dabhi|Kiritsinh Sardarsang Dabhi]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Dholka Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kiritsinh Dabhi | Kiritsinh Sardarsang Dabhi]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=84,773|percentage=49.77|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashvinbhai Kamshubhai Rathod|party=Indian National Congress|votes=71,368|percentage=41.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jatubha Bhurubha Gol|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=4,632|percentage=2.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,325|percentage=1.36|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,405|percentage=7.87|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:250000}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Dholka<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bhupendrasinh Chudasama]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 71,530
|percentage = 44.47
|change = -5.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashvinbhai Rathod
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 71,203
|percentage = 44.27
|change = +5.24
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 327
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,60,844
|percentage = 69.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bhupendrasinh Chudasama]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75242
|percentage = 52.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pradhumansinh Chavda (Lal)|party=Indian National Congress|votes=56,397|percentage=39.03|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,845|percentage=13.04|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=144,486|percentage=70.91|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.73|72.45|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Lienyu

2026-04-28T20:04:38Z

Aakasham: done.

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{notability|1=Places|date=June 2025}}
'''Lienyu''', also known as ''Leen'' and ''Lin'' is one of the largest and a right bank tributary of [[Langnyu]] river with a confluence just below [[Noklak]] town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/75173/1/oral_history.pdf/|title=Oral History:SPONSORED UNDER TRIDEPARTMENT OF ART AND CULTUREGOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND|date=Nov 13, 2024|website=repository.tribal.gov.in}}</ref> This river flows between the villages of [[Tshüvau]], [[Lingnyu]] and [[Noklak]] town, draining one of the largest age-old landslides called ''Kiamong sütaih''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nuir.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/327/1/PUTCHONG%20THAI%2C%20Eng.pdf/|title=SUPERNATURAL ELEMENTS IN NATIVE AMERICAN AND ...|date=Nov 13, 2024|website=inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Nagaland}}

[[Category:Rivers of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Rivers of India]]

Changankulangara Mahadeva Temple

2026-04-18T20:53:08Z

Aakasham: Created A Location!

{{Update|date=January 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Changankulangara Mahadeva Temple
| image = Changamkulangara Siva Temple, Puthuppally.jpg
| caption = Changankulangara Mahadeva Temple, Kollam district
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Mahadeva Temple, [[Changankulangara]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.1088|N|76.5211|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| location = [[Changankulangara]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| elevation_m = 34.49
| deity = [[Shiva|Mahadeva]]
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Thiruvathira]]
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
| temple_quantity = One
}}

'''Mahadeva Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple|Shiva temple]] at [[Changankulangara]] in [[Kollam district|Kollam]] in the state of [[Kerala]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changankulangara Sree Mahadeva Temple Kollam - Temples of Kerala |url=https://templesofkerala.org/kollam/changankulangarasreemahadevartemple.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=templesofkerala.org}}</ref> It is one of the [[108 Shiva Temples|108 Shiva temples]] in India.

== Location ==
This temple is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of ({{coord|9.1088|N|76.5211|E}}) near [[Karunagappalli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puthuppalli - Changankulangara Mahadeva Kshethram |url=https://shaivam.org/temples-of-lord-shiva/puthuppalli-changankulangara-mahadeva-kshethram/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=shaivam.org}}</ref>
{{Location map many
| India Kerala
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Changankulangara Mahadeva Temple
| pos1 = left
| bg1 = cyan
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|9.1088|N|76.5211|E}}
}}

== Details ==
Shiva appears as Mahadeva in this temple and [[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Thiruvathira]] are the important festivals celebrated here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changankulangara Sree Mahadeva Temple Kollam - Temples of Kerala |url=https://templesofkerala.org/kollam/changankulangarasreemahadevartemple.html |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=templesofkerala.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kollam district]]
[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]

{{Kerala-hindu-temple-stub}}

Vellakoil Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:12Z

Aakasham: adding post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| district = [[Erode district|Erode]]
| loksabha_cons =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| mla = [[M. P. Saminathan]]
| name = Vellakoil
| electors= 1,55,431
| reservation = None
| abolished= 2008
}}
'''Vellakoil''' was one of the 234 constituencies in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was in [[Erode district]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=17 August 2022 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-04}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| 1967
| [[K. N. Saminatha Gounder]] or Kuttappalayam Swaminathan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[M. Palanisamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[D. Ramasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| D. Ramasamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[Durai Ramasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Durai Ramasamy
|
| [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Jayalalitha)]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Durai Ramasamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[M. P. Saminathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| M. P. Saminathan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| M. P. Saminathan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|32.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|68.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.44}}
}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vellakoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Saminathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,909 |percentage=51.79% |change=18.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Ganeshamurthi]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,821 |percentage=37.26% |change=33.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jaganathan. P |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,400 |percentage=5.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vengatesh. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,302 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suriyamoorthi. S |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,021 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvaraj. Pon. |party=Independent politician |votes=906 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chellamuthu. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=853 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annamalai. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=498 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvi. L |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=478 |percentage=0.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=246 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sugumaran. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=235 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,088 |percentage=14.53% |change=13.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,17,618 |percentage=75.67% |change= 8.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,55,431 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vellakoil<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Saminathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,571 |percentage=32.99% |change=-16.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Periasamy. V. P. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,831 |percentage=32.34% |change=-11.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=32,056 |percentage=28.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam . V. N. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,045 |percentage=3.55% |change=-2.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,611 |percentage=1.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sudharsan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,090 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suburathinam. N |party=Independent politician |votes=696 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=740 |percentage=0.65% |change=-5.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,900 |percentage=66.80% |change= -6.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,70,584 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vellakoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Saminathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,467 |percentage=49.37% |change=13.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Ramaswamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,553 |percentage=43.43% |change=-19.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam. V. N. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,561 |percentage=6.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nallamuthu. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=238 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chellamuthu. M. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=133 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manickam. C. |party=Independent politician |votes=131 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Madhiyalagan. S. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=122 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvaraj. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=113 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavel. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=53 |percentage=0.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elavarasan. A. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=36 |percentage=0.03% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,914 |percentage=5.94% |change=-21.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,407 |percentage=73.61% |change= 2.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,63,720 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vellakoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Ramasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,225 |percentage=62.85% |change=25.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Subbulakshmi Jegadeesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,638 |percentage=35.59% |change=2.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sundarraj K. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=822 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvanayagam M. |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=531 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivakumar P. |party=Independent politician |votes=155 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnakumar S. |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijayakumar C. |party=Independent politician |votes=88 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,587 |percentage=27.26% |change=22.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,08,556 |percentage=70.71% |change= -7.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,57,927 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 25.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vellakoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Durai Ramasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,914 |percentage=37.52% |change=-18.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy. V.V. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,534 |percentage=32.71% |change=-11.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karvendan. S.K. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,447 |percentage=19.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Appan M. Palanisamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,388 |percentage=8.40% |change=-47.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy. M.S. |party=Independent politician |votes=761 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumarasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nallamuthu. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=275 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kannappan. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=249 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sukumauran. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=222 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnusamy. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=155 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Themanaicker |party=Independent politician |votes=136 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,380 |percentage=4.82% |change=-6.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,700 |percentage=78.36% |change= 0.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,979 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vellakoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Ramasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,188 |percentage=55.82% |change=-6.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Appan Palanisamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,881 |percentage=44.18% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,307 |percentage=11.65% |change=-10.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,069 |percentage=78.23% |change= 4.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,29,410 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vellakoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= Durai Ramasami |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,975 |percentage=62.63% |change=38.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nallasenapathy Sakkarai Mandradiar. N. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,024 |percentage=35.20% |change=-2.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nallamuthu. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,233 |percentage=1.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lingasamy Gounder. K. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=740 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,116 |percentage=22.11% |change=9.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,972 |percentage=73.33% |change= 7.30% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,26,161 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 24.94% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vellakoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. Ramaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,996 |percentage=37.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanisamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,676 |percentage=25.14% |change=-42.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V.K. Kalaimani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,816 |percentage=24.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramaswamy Nambiyar |party=Janata Party |votes=8,306 |percentage=10.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K.A. Nallamuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,365 |percentage=1.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K.N. Linkasamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,089 |percentage=1.32% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,320 |percentage=12.55% |change=-29.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,248 |percentage=66.02% |change= -1.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,26,181 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -30.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vellakoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Appan Mu. Palanisamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,067 |percentage=68.10% |change=5.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Ramaswamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=16,231 |percentage=26.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kuppusamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=2,780 |percentage=4.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Lingasamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=694 |percentage=1.12% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,836 |percentage=41.82% |change=15.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,772 |percentage=67.54% |change= -12.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,783 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.66% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vellakoil<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Samynathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,009 |percentage=62.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Periyasamy Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,578 |percentage=36.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,101 |percentage=1.49% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,431 |percentage=26.37% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,688 |percentage=79.65% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,405 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{coord|10.93|N|77.72|E|display=title}}
{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Erode district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Amarendra Khatua

2026-04-08T01:55:54Z

Aakasham: Put up some post needs work

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Amarendra Khatua.JPG
| caption = Amarendra Khatua during Odia poetry at 2nd International Conclave of Odia language 2016 at [[India International Centre]]

|office3 = Secretary (SA) [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
|term_start3 = 19 September 2016
|term_end3 = 31 May 2017

|office2 = Embassy of India to Argentina
|term_start2 = 1 July 2012
|term_end2 = 12 December 2015

|office = Director General, [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]
|term_start = 16 December 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eodisha.org/odia-bureaucrat-mr-amarendra-khatua-takes-over-as-new-director-general-iccr-odisha-iccr-news/ |title=Odia born Mr. Amarendra Khatua taken over as new Director general ICCR|work=eodisha.org |date=December 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225135152/http://eodisha.org/odia-bureaucrat-mr-amarendra-khatua-takes-over-as-new-director-general-iccr-odisha-iccr-news/ |archive-date=25 December 2017 }}</ref>
|term_end = 31 May 2017
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iccr.gov.in/about-us/former-director-generals| title=List of Former Director Generals of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations |date=March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914205504/http://iccr.gov.in/about-us/former-dirfector-generals |archive-date=14 September 2019 }}</ref>

|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|06|04|df=y}}<ref name="orissadiary.com">{{Cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/interview-with-ambassador-amarendra-khatua/|title=Interview with Ambassador Amarendra Khatua|date=22 March 2017}}</ref>
|occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
|children = 1
|party =
|alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
|profession = [[Civil servant]]
|spouse =
|sibling =
|website =
}}

'''Amarendra Khatua''' (born 4 June 1957)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.kiit.ac.in/kiitnews/kiit-law-school-mun-society-organizes/|title = KIIT Law School MUN Society Organizes|date = 6 September 2021}}</ref> is an Indian [[civil servant]] who belongs to the [[Indian Foreign Service]] cadre. He is the former High Commissioner of India to Argentina, Ivory Coast, Former Secretary (Special Assignment) at [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] and former Director General of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], an autonomous organisation of the [[Government of India]].

==Personal life==
Amarendra Khatua spent his childhood in Birupa Village of [[Odisha]]. He obtained a [[Graduate education|graduate degree]] from [[Kirori Mal College]] [[University of Delhi]] in 1978.<ref name="orissadiary.com"/>

==Career==
He joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1981.<ref name="www.thestatesman.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/diaspora-an-ambassador-for-indian-culture-1484952313.html|title = Diaspora an ambassador for Indian culture|website = [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date = 20 January 2017}}</ref> He served as special envoy at [[South Sudan]] and Sudan to broker peace between two countries. He served as Dean of [[Sushma Swaraj Institute of Foreign Service]] and implemented many changes in working. He served as Indian Ambassador to Argentina, [[Ivory Coast]] as well. He is also a popular poet in his native language, [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref name="www.indianbureaucracy.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/acknowledging-loss-collection-of-poems-by-amarendra-khatua/ |title=Collection of poems by Amarendra Khatua |date=2 August 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803054108/https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/acknowledging-loss-collection-of-poems-by-amarendra-khatua/ |archive-date=3 August 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatua, Amarendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Argentina]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

Duggar (region)

2026-04-07T08:17:35Z

Aakasham: Created A Info

{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Duggar
| image_skyline =
| settlement_type = Geographical region
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and union territories of India|States/UT(s)]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of India|District(s)]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Samba district|Samba]], [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]], [[Kathua district|Kathua]], [[Reasi district|Reasi]]
| subdivision_type4 = Largest city
| subdivision_name4 = [[Jammu]]
| area_total_km2 = 9,235
| population_total = 31,71,142
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Major
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
}}

'''Duggar''' ({{IPA|doi|ɖʊɡːəɾ}}) (also '''Duggar Pradesh''') or Jammu state is a proposed state and term used to refer to the cultural homeland of the [[Dogras]], primarily covering the southern portion of [[Jammu Division]] in Indian–administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] which includes present-day districts of [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Samba district|Samba]], [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]], [[Kathua district|Kathua]] and [[Reasi district|Reasi]].

== Etymology ==
The linguist [[George Abraham Grierson|George Grierson]] connected the term ''Duggar'' with the [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] word ''Doonger'' which means 'hill', and ''Dogra'' with ''Donger''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pathik |first1=Jyoteeshwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_-1AAAAIAAJ |title=Cultural Heritage of the Dogras |last2=Sharma |first2=Diwan Chand |date=1980 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |language=en}}</ref> This opinion has lacked support because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how ''Doonger'' became ''Duggar'' while ''Donger'' became ''Dogra''), and has been contradicted by some scholars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahri |first=Ujjal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sljAAAAMAAJ |title=Dogri: Phonology and Grammatical Sketch |date=2001 |publisher=Bahri Publications |language=en}}</ref>

Yet another proposal stems from the word ''Durgara'', the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in the [[Bhuri Singh Museum]] in [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} The word ''Durgara'' means 'invincible' in several Northern Indo-Aryan languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the terrain of Duggar and the historically militarised and autonomous Dogra societies.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine [[Shiraza Dogri]] suggested that "the opinion that the word ''Duggar'' is a form of the word ''Duggarh'' sounds appropriate."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prashant |first=Dharam Chand |date=April–May 1991 |title=Duggar Shabad di Vayakha |journal=Shiraza Dogri}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Further|Deva dynasty of Jammu}}
Prior to the arrival of the Dogras in the region, the local inhabitants of the Durgara region (also known as Durgara Pradesh<ref name=":7">{{cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Mira |title=Dogra Wall Paintings in Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195615494 |edition=illustrated |page= |pages=1–9 |chapter=1: Background}}</ref>) were likely [[Khas people|Khasas]] and [[Kanet|Kanets]], who originally inhabited the Western Himalayan-range.<ref name=":7" /> Migrations of Dogri-speaking peoples later followed.<ref name=":7" /> The Dogras claim descent from migrants who originated from the present-day regions of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], and [[Bengal]] prior to the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic invasions of the Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":7" /> Most of the ruling families of the [[Hill States of India|Pahari Hill States]] traditionally trace their ancestry back to [[Ayodhya]], claiming descent from Sumitra, who was the last descendant of the [[Solar dynasty|Suryavanshi]] lineage of [[Rama]].<ref name=":7" /> although is most likely origin myth to claim higher ritual status but are really descendents of local feudal clans.

An ancestor named Jambu Lochan is said to have first moved to the [[Jammu division|Jammu region]], where he established the settlement of [[Jammu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Charak |first=Sukh Dev Singh |title=Pahari Styles of Indian Murals |last2=Billawaria |first2=Anita K. |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1998 |isbn=9788170173564 |pages=5–29 |chapter=1: The Backdrop of Pahari Murals}}</ref> According to local mythology beliefs, Jambu decided to construct a settlement at Jammu after he witnessed a wild goat and lion drinking from the same water-hole in a forest that was located at the site, being impressed by how two species of predator and prey could peacefully co-exist.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Seth |first=Chander M. |title=Cities' Identity Through Architecture and Arts: Proceedings of the International Conference on Cities' Identity through Architecture and Arts (CITAA 2017), May 11-13, 2017, Cairo, Egypt |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=Routledge |others=Anna Catalani, Zeinab Nour, Antonella Versaci, Dean Hawkes, Hocine Bougdah, Adolf Sotoca, Mahmoud Ghoneem, Ferdinando Trapani |isbn=9781351680325 |chapter=Jammu: The City of Temples – Chapter 2: Founder of the City |quote=Raja Maldev, fourth King of the Dev dynasty, ruled Jammu from AD 1361 to 1400 (Goswami, 2015) and is believed to be the founder of present day Jammu city. He was a very tall and powerful king of his times. Several legends and ballads in the Dogri language exist in local folk art and depict his bravery, administration and governance. Raja Maldev established his headquarters at Purani Madi in the centre of the city. From 1400 to 1733, ten descendants of Maldev ruled the territory of Jammu. The eleventh ruler of the Maldev dynasty was Raja Ranjit Dev, who ruled from 1733 to 1782. He was known as an apostle of justice, chivalry and administration. He was the most secular and religiously tolerant king. His period is remembered as an era of prosperity, peace and coexistence. In his time, Jammu was the largest state in northern India.}}</ref> From there onwards, branches of the family spread-out to conquer the surrounding mountainous areas of the region, establishing their own dynasties.<ref name=":1" />

The Duggar region, also historically referred to as '''Duggar Pradesh''' or '''Durgara Desh''', emerged as a distinct historical and cultural entity comprising a cluster of small and medium hill states and principalities in the northwestern Himalayan foothills. Medieval sources and later regional traditions describe Duggar Pradesh as consisting of twenty-two states broadly organised into two administrative-cultural spheres: the Jullundur Circle and the Dogra Circle. The Jullundur Circle included parts of Chamba, Nurpur, Guler, Datarpur, Siba, Jasbal, Kangra, lower Mandi, while the Dogra Circle encompassed parts of Chamba, Billawar–Basohli, Bhadu, Mankot–Ramkot, Bandralta–Ramnagar, Jasrota, Jammu, Bhuti, Chenani and also the regions of [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]] and [[Bhaderwah]] (both presently included in the [[Chenab Valley]]). Dogra tradition traces the ruling lineage to Agnigir, who is said to have migrated from Ayodhya to the Nagarkot (Kangra) region, with his descendants gradually establishing territorial control along the Ravi, Ujh and Tawi rivers. Raja Vayusharv founded an early capital near Kathua, while Raja Bahulochan extended authority to Bahu on the banks of the Tawi. The founding of Jammu is traditionally attributed to Raja Jambulochan, from whom the city derives its name, although Persian chronicles such as ''Tarikh-i-Azmi'' place the emergence of Jammu as a political centre around the 9th–10th century CE. Over time, the ruling house, later known as the Jamwal clan, consolidated power, with rulers initially using the suffix ‘Dhar’, later replaced by ‘Dev’ from the reign of Raja Surya Dev (920–987), and eventually incorporating the title ‘Singh’. The Jammu kingdom witnessed periodic divisions and reunifications, notably between Jammu and Bahu, before being reunified under Raja Hari Dev (1652–1688), during whose reign the designation ‘Jamwal’ became firmly associated with the rulers of Jammu. The Dogra polity continued under successive rulers until 1816, after which Jammu came under Sikh control, before Raja Kishore Singh was installed in 1820. His son Gulab Singh later emerged as the founder of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir following the Treaty of Amritsar in 1846, marking the culmination of Duggar Pradesh’s transition from a regional confederation of hill states into a unified Dogra-ruled kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamwal |first=Mahadeep Singh |date=20 July 2016 |title=Glimpses of Duggar Pradesh |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=181045 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=[[Early Times (newspaper)]]}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The most spoken languages in the proposed state will be [[Dogri language|Dogri]] followed by [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]].<ref name="Census of India-2011">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2013 |title=2011 Census Data |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CensusData2011.html |website=Census of India}}</ref><ref name="www.pbs.gov.pk">{{Cite web|title=Final Results (Census-2017) {{!}} Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|access-date=17 January 2022|website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref>

[[Hinduism]] will be the most followed religion in this proposed state followed by [[Islam]] and [[Sikhism]]. The largest ethnic group will be of [[Dogras|Dogra]] people.

[[Jammu]] city will be largest city of the proposed state followed by [[Udhampur]] and [[Kathua]].

== Political support ==
Many Duggar based politicians, activists and organisations have supported the creation of Duggar state. Choudhary Lal Singh. a prominent leader from Duggar has started demanding statehood for Duggar after abrogation of Article 370 and bifurcation of Jammu & Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=30 November 2023 |title=Firebrand leader Lal Singh poses a separate Statehood challenge for the BJP in J&K |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/firebrand-leader-lal-singh-poses-a-separate-statehood-challenge-for-the-bjp-in-jk/article67592152.ece |access-date=2 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashutosh |date=11 November 2023 |title=Arrest of Dogra Swabhiman Sangathan chief Lal Singh renews debate on separate Jammu State |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/arrest-of-dogra-swabhiman-sangathan-chief-lal-singh-debate-on-separate-jammu-state/article67524794.ece |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

"Kashmir-based rulers have not only diminished Dogra culture but also taken away job opportunities. They have exploited the Dogra community for the past 60 years, holding resentment against us. They ignored Jammu’s tourism potential and deprived its people of their rightful entitlements," he said.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=30 October 2023 |title=Lal Singh Bats For Separate 'Jammu State' |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lal-singh-bats-for-separate-jammu-state-2/ |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Jammu-activist-detained.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Supporters of IJP along with Ankur Sharma protesting for separate statehood.]]
[[Ikkjutt Jammu]], an organisation based in [[Jammu]] launched their campaign for the creation of a separate state of Duggar or Jammu (political groups and individuals use both 'Duggar' and 'Jammu' when referring to the Dogri-speaking region).<ref name="Jameel-2023"/> Ikkjut Jammu chairman, Advocate Ankur Sharma, informed The New Indian Express that the party has initiated a signature campaign advocating for separate statehood for the Jammu or Duggar.<ref name="Wani-2023">{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=19 April 2023 |title=Now, IJP launches signature campaign for separate statehood to Jammu region |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Apr/19/now-ijp-launches-signature-campaign-for-separate-statehood-to-jammu-region-2567414.html |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

According to Ikkjut General Secretary Vijay Shastri, over 1.50 lakh people have signed for separate statehood to Jammu during the ongoing signature campaign.<ref name="Wani-2023" />

Many prominent leaders like [[Balwant Singh Mankotia]], [[Harsh Dev Singh]], [[Pawan Kumar Gupta|Pawan Gupta]] have also supported the idea of having separate state for dogras.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UK8_fO03qeY |title=Jammu Separate State only solution: Harshdev Singh |date=22 December 2018 |last=JK Media |access-date=2 October 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-uqSJDXhMk |title=Balwant Singh Mankotia protest and demand Jammu as State |date=22 June 2021 |last=The Earth News |access-date=2 October 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPuPP_SlI50 |title=Udhampur MLA For Separate Statehood For Jammu |date=4 September 2016 |last=India Today |access-date=2 October 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Shiv Sena have also supported the creation of separate Duggar or Jammu state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2013 |title=Shiv Sena demands separate Jammu state |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/shiv-sena-demands-separate-jammu-state-11531.html |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Justifications for separation ==
The demand for a separate Jammu state stems from a long-standing perception of political and economic marginalisation. Jammu, with its distinct Dogra culture, language, and traditions, has often felt overshadowed by the Kashmir-centric policies of the erstwhile state. Advocates argue that the unique identity of Jammu has been diluted under the broader [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] governance structure. By becoming a separate state, Jammu would have the autonomy to preserve and promote its cultural heritage, while also addressing its own regional aspirations.<ref name="Jameel-2023">{{Cite web |last=Jameel |first=Yusuf |date=5 June 2023 |title=Jammu outfits renew demand for separate statehood |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/050623/jammu-outfits-renew-demand-for-separate-statehood.html |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wani-2023" /><ref name="Kashmir Observer-2022">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2022 |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} 'Jammu & Kashmir Should be Split into Two States' |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2022/01/04/interview-kashmiri-leaders-should-focus-on-valley-than-on-jammu/ |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

Economically, many believe that Jammu’s development has been stunted due to an imbalance in resource distribution, with a disproportionate focus on Kashmir. The region's tourism potential, natural resources, and infrastructure needs have been overlooked, leaving Jammu’s economy underdeveloped. Separate statehood would allow Jammu to prioritise its own growth and development, giving it control over its resources, governance, and future. This would enable more effective administration and provide opportunities for the region to flourish independently.<ref name="Jameel-2023" /><ref name="Wani-2023" /><ref name="Kashmir Observer-2022" />

Politically, many in Jammu feel that they have been underrepresented in the power structures of the region. Decisions made by a predominantly Kashmir-focused leadership have left Jammu residents feeling disconnected from governance. This political marginalisation has resulted in frustration, as Jammu’s issues often receive less attention and resources. By achieving separate statehood, Jammu could gain greater political representation, with governance focused on its specific challenges and priorities, ensuring that the voices of its people are heard and their needs addressed.<ref name="Jameel-2023" /><ref name="Wani-2023" /><ref name="Kashmir Observer-2022" />

== See also ==
* [[Chenab Valley|Chenab Valley (region)]]
* [[Pir Panjal Region (Jammu Division)|Pir Panjal (region)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{PunjabGeography}}
{{coord missing|Pakistan}}

[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:Dogra]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Jammu Division]]

Yoga Bar

2026-04-06T13:25:34Z

Aakasham: adding new info

{{Short description|Indian health food company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = Yoga Bar logo.png
| logo_caption = Logo used as of 2026
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2014|3|4|df=yes}} in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka.
| location = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| founder = Anindita Sampath, Sushasini Sampath
| key_people =
| num_employees =
| industry = [[Health food]]
| products =
| brands =
| parent = Sproutlife Foods
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
'''Yoga Bar''' is an Indian [[health food]] brand headquartered in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], Karnataka. The company was founded in 2014 and is known for producing breakfast cereals, [[protein bar]]s and protein shakes with no added sugar, preservatives and artificial sweeteners.

== Background ==
Yoga Bar was founded in 2014 in Bengaluru. It is run by siblings Anindita and Suhasini Sampath with the objective of introducing healthy snack food alternatives in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-31 |title=Health-focused food brands build financial muscle as demand rises |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/health-focused-food-brands-clock-revenue-gains-on-back-of-quick-commerce-wider-reach/articleshow/121522041.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-18 |title=How Amul, Tata Consumer, Marriott & ITC-backed Yoga Bar aim to take millets-based foods overseas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/how-amul-tata-consumer-marriott-itc-backed-yoga-bar-aim-to-take-millets-based-foods-overseas/articleshow/103748043.cms |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWvYbYhdTR4 |title=YOGA BAR'S MARKETING PLAYBOOK{{!}} YOGA BAR'S CO-FOUNDER SPEAKS TO NEWS9{{!}} HOW TO MARKET PROTEIN |date=2025-08-18 |last=NEWS9 Live |access-date=2025-10-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

One of the sisters coined the name "Yoga Bar" while buying a protein bar from [[Trader Joe's]] after a yoga session. According to ''[[Forbes India]],'' Anindita said "if we made a healthy protein or energy bar like this, I would call it 'Yoga Bar'" which was eventually trademarked. In August 2015, the brand launched its first product "multigrain energy bars" followed by protein bars in the year 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How The Sampath Sisters' Yogabar Brought Healthy Snacking To India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2022-d2c-brands/how-the-sampath-sisters-yogabar-brought-healthy-snacking-to-india/75549/1 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Ishita Ayan |date=January 21, 2023 |title=Baking a success: How Sampath Kumar sisters came up with a winning recipe |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/baking-a-success-how-sampath-kumar-sisters-came-up-with-a-winning-recipe-123011901371_1.html |access-date=August 20, 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Finances ==

Yoga Bar initially raised about $11.6 million in Series A funding from venture capital firms like Elevation Capital and Fireside Ventures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kishore |first=Gowri N. |date=2023-07-12 |title=Yoga Bar: A Contrarian Growth Story |url=https://thehardcopy.co/brand-case-studies-yoga-bar/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=The Hard Copy |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2023, [[ITC Limited]] acquired a 39.4% stake in its parent company, Sproutlife Foods, investing approximately $21 million as part of a plan to gradually increase its ownership.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=ITC buys 39% stake in Yoga Bar owner, Sproutlife Foods, for Rs 175 cr - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/itc-buys-39-stake-in-yoga-bar-owner-sproutlife-foods-for-rs-175-cr-380156-2023-05-05 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-17 |title=ITC to acquire Yoga Bar, fortifying its nutrition-led healthy foods portfolio - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/itc-to-acquire-yoga-bar-fortifying-its-nutrition-led-healthy-foods-portfolio-15696241.htm |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of breakfast cereal advertising characters]]
* [[List of breakfast cereals]]
{{portal|Food|Companies}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Official website|drinkag1.com}}

[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2023 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Food manufacturers]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 2014]]
[[Category:Health food stores]]
[[Category:Breakfast cereal companies]]
[[Category:Breakfast cereals by company]]
[[Category:Breakfast dishes]]

India and the International Monetary Fund

2026-04-05T07:30:42Z

Aakasham: Created new info...

{{Short description|International relationship}}
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1237103049|Since initial 2024 version]]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on symbolism, superficial analyses, AI vocab distribution, etc}}
[[File:India (orthographic projection)-2.svg|thumb|India on a map]]
India joined the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) on December 27, 1945,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=India and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/IND |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> as a founding member. In the decades following independence, India made several drawings on IMF resources to address balance of payments difficulties, particularly during the 1950s and 1960s. The most notable engagements occurred in 1981, when India obtained a large Extended Fund Facility arrangement, and in 1991, when it borrowed to overcome a severe balance of payments crisis.Since the early 2000s, India has not borrowed from the IMF and has instead contributed to its financial resources, while continuing to participate in discussions on global economic governance.

== Key financial engagements ==
Post-independence, India faced significant balance of payments challenges, particularly in the years following partition and during the conflicts with Pakistan in 1965 and 1971.The [[International Monetary Fund|International Monetary Fund (IMF)]] provided crucial financial assistance during these periods to help stabilize the Indian economy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jalan |first=Bimal |title=India's Economic Crisis: The Way Ahead |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993}}</ref> In 1981, India received a substantial loan from the IMF to address a severe foreign exchange crisis, marking a period of significant financial engagement as the country grappled with persistent deficits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=International Monetary Fund |date=1981 |title=International Monetary Fund Annual Report 1981 |journal=Annual Report of the Executive Board |doi=10.5089/9781616351939.011 |isbn=978-1-61635-193-9 |issn=2227-8915}}</ref> In the early 1990s, India encountered another severe balance of payments crisis and sought the IMF's assistance. The support from the IMF contributed to stabilizing the economy by offering financial resources and policy recommendations. These recommendations included structural reforms such as the devaluation of the [[rupee]], reduction of [[fiscal deficit]]s, and liberalization of trade policies, which helped India overcome the crisis and set the stage for sustained [[economic growth]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Yazawa |first=Nobuo |date=2023-08-01 |editor-last=Radulescu |editor-first=Magdalena |title=Dynamics of international Trade: A 30-year analysis of key exporting nations |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=18 |issue=8 |article-number=e0289040 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0289040 |doi-access=free |pmid=37527258 |pmc=10393138 |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1889040Y |issn=1932-6203}}</ref> India's proactive engagement with the IMF is evident in its response to the 1991 crisis. By adhering to the IMF's conditions, India implemented significant economic reforms, including the liberalization of its trade regime, [[deregulation]], and privatizing [[state-owned enterprise]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eichengreen |first=Barry |date=March 2019 |title=Trade Policy and the Macroeconomy |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/s41308-018-0053-9 |journal=IMF Economic Review |language=en |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=4–23 |doi=10.1057/s41308-018-0053-9 |issn=2041-4161|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These reforms played an important role in transforming India into one of the fastest-growing economies globally and enhancing its role in the international economic landscape.

== Current status and contributions ==
India has not taken financial assistance from the IMF since 1993, completing all repayments by 2000.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=History of Lending Commitments: India |url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/extarr2.aspx?memberKey1=430&date1key=2000-05-31 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> This financial independence from IMF assistance highlights India's improved economic stability and resilience. India's current quota in the IMF stands at 13114.4 million [[Special drawing rights|Special Drawing Rights]] (SDRs), making it one of the largest contributors and giving it significant voting power. This quota determines India's financial commitment to the IMF and its voting power, which is 2.63% of the total voting shares.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors |url=https://www.imf.org/en/About/executive-board/members-quotas |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> India's financial obligations to IMF initiatives, such as the Notes Purchase Agreement (NPA) and the New Arrangement to Borrow (NAB), underscore its strategic role in supporting the IMF's lending capacity and global financial stability efforts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Georgieva |first1=Kristalina |last2=Weeks-Brown |first2=Rhoda |date=2023-03-09 |title=The IMF's Evolving Role Within a Constant Mandate |url=https://academic.oup.com/jiel/article/26/1/17/7003371 |journal=Journal of International Economic Law |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.1093/jiel/jgac064 |issn=1369-3034}}</ref> Notably, during the 2009 London Summit of the [[G20|Group of Twenty]] (G-20), India pledged to invest up to $10 billion through the Notes Purchase Agreement (NPA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release: IMF Signs US$10 Billion Note Purchase Agreement with India |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr1080 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> This investment supports the IMF's capacity to provide financial assistance globally.

== Governance and representation ==
The Finance Minister of India serves as the ex-officio Governor on the Board of Governors of the IMF, with the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India ([[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]]) acting as the Alternate Governor.<ref name=":4" /> This high-level representation ensures that India's interests and perspectives are adequately voiced in IMF decisions. Its economic performance and quota contributions influence India's representation and voting power at the IMF. For example, the 14th General Review of Quotas, which came into effect in 2016, was a significant milestone where India's quota and voting power saw substantial adjustments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Ngaire |title=Making the IMF and the World Bank More Accountable |date=2005-11-01 |pages=149–170 |publisher=Anthem Press |doi=10.7135/upo9780857288189.008 |isbn=978-0-85728-818-9 }}</ref> Moreover, India's involvement in the IMF extends beyond financial contributions.The country has actively participated in policy discussions and decision-making processes, contributing to the formulation of global economic policies and mechanisms for financial stability. For example, India has emphasized the need for the IMF to consider the specific developmental needs and economic conditions of emerging markets when designing financial assistance programs and policy recommendations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reddy |first=Y. V. |title=India and the International Monetary Fund: The Balancing Act. Economic and Political Weekly |date=2011 |pages=46(36), 34–38}}</ref>

== Strategic importance ==
India's relationship with the IMF has been instrumental in navigating economic crises and implementing critical structural reforms. The independent scrutiny and advice from IMF specialists have significantly shaped India's financial policies and development strategies. This tailored approach to India's economic needs exemplifies the IMF's evolving role. During the [[2008 financial crisis]], the IMF provided India with policy advice that helped mitigate the impact of the worldwide downturn.<ref name=":1" /> This included measures to strengthen financial regulation and improve fiscal management, which were crucial in maintaining economic stability and promoting recovery. India's engagement with the IMF underscores its significant role in the global economic landscape. By actively participating in IMF initiatives and contributing to its resources, India has enhanced its influence in international financial affairs and strengthened its position as a significant global economy. For instance, India's liberalization policies post-1991, supported by the IMF, helped it emerge as a key exporter in various sectors, thereby gaining a stronger voice in international trade negotiations and forums.<ref name=":0" />

== Criticism Of IMF Intervention ==
There are also lots of criticisms of the IMF intervention in developing countries. These criticisms mainly focus on the adverse effects of loan conditions. Structural adjustments mandated by the IMF often lead to increased poverty and inequality. For instance, privatization, trade liberalization, and fiscal austerity reforms tend to reduce government spending on social services, increase unemployment, and raise the costs of essential services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biglaiser |first1=Glen |last2=McGauvran |first2=Ronald J. |date=2022-09-01 |title=The effects of IMF loan conditions on poverty in the developing world |journal=Journal of International Relations and Development |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=806–833 |doi=10.1057/s41268-022-00263-1 |issn=1581-1980 |pmc=9172087 |pmid=35694682}}</ref> These measures disproportionately affect the poorest segments of society, exacerbating poverty and social inequality. The one criticism connected with the Indian economy is that the IMF's interventions are often seen as one-size-fits-all solutions that do not consider the unique socio-economic contexts of the borrowing countries. In India, the IMF's emphasis on fiscal austerity and liberalization measures has sometimes led to economic destabilization rather than stabilization. For instance, the conditionality requiring fiscal consolidation can constrain public investment in critical sectors like health and education, vital for long-term economic growth and social stability. A critical study from the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore argues that the IMF's approach lacks customization and fails to address the specific needs and challenges of the Indian economy, leading to suboptimal outcomes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mandal |first1=Sourabh |last2=Singh |first2=Shrey |date=2017 |title=Does the IMF intervention really help the economies in crises? A critical study of the IMF's lending conditionality |url=http://repository.iimb.ac.in/handle/2074/19842 |journal=Indian Institute of Management Bangalore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222123955/http://repository.iimb.ac.in/handle/2074/19842 |archive-date=February 22, 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Economy of India}}
{{International Monetary Fund by country}}

[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:International Monetary Fund relations]]
[[Category:India and the United Nations|International Monetary Fund]]

Neoserica plagiata

2026-04-03T12:35:54Z

Aakasham: New Basic Stub V1

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Neoserica_plagiata.jpg
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| genus= Neoserica
| species = plagiata
| authority = [[Dirk Ahrens|Ahrens]] & [[Silvia Fabrizi|Fabrizi]], 2016<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1674604/ BioLib]</ref>
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Neoserica plagiata''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Scarabaeidae]]. It is found in India (Meghalaya).<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1= Fabrizi |first1= Silvia|last2= Ahrens |first2= Dirk|date= 2016|title= A monograph of Sericini of India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).|url= http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/articles/bzb-2016|journal= Bonn Zoological Bulletin Supplementum|volume= 65|issue= |publisher= |pages= 1–355|doi= |access-date= October 28, 2025}} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

==Description==
Adults reach a length of about 10.5–11.8 mm. They have a dark brown, dull, oval body, with a light greenish shine. The antennal club is yellowish brown and the dorsal surface is sparsely setose.<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==
The species name is derived from Latin ''plagiatus'' (meaning ''plagiarized'') and refers to the similarity with ''[[Neoserica infamiliaris]]''.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28796062}}

[[Category:Beetles described in 2016]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Neoserica|plagiata]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Dirk Ahrens]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Silvia Fabrizi]]

{{Neoserica-stub}}

Henry Rodolph Davies

2026-03-17T04:19:46Z

Aakasham: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|name= Henry Rodolph Davies
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB}}
|image=
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1865|09|21|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Windsor, Berkshire]], England<ref>{{cite web|url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/1118020|title=Henry Rodolph Davies|publisher=Imperial War Museum|access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>
|death_date= {{death date and age|1950|01|04|1865|09|21|df=yes}}
|death_place=
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[British Army]]
|serviceyears= 1883–1923
|servicenumber=
|rank= [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|unit= [[Worcestershire Regiment]] [[Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry]]
|commands= [[49th (West Riding) Infantry Division|49th (West Riding) Division]] [[11th (Northern) Division]] [[3rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|3rd Infantry Brigade]] 2nd Battalion, [[Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry]]
|battles= [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] [[Tirah campaign]] [[Boxer Rebellion]] [[Second Boer War]] [[First World War]]
|awards= [[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Order of the Bath]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (9) [[Officer of the Legion of Honour]] (France) [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre]] (France)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13491|page=2877|date=25 August 1919|city=e}}</ref>
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
[[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Henry Rodolph Davies''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|CB}} (21 September 1865 – 4 January 1950) was a [[British Army]] officer who commanded the [[11th (Northern) Division]] during the [[First World War]].

==Early life==
Henry Rodolph Davies was born in [[Windsor, Berkshire]], on 21 September 1865, the younger son of Henry Fanshawe Davies, a [[British Army]] officer who would rise to the rank of [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant general]]. His grandfather was General Francis John Davies and his great-grandfather was [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] [[Thomas Byam Martin|Sir Thomas Byam Martin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walford |first1=Edward |title=The County Families of the United Kingdom Or Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1876 |page=265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt2wGQa8iDUC&q=Henry+Fanshawe+Davies&pg=PA265 |access-date=8 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The family seat was [[Elmley Castle]], [[Pershore]], [[Worcestershire]]. His elder brother was [[Francis Davies (British Army officer)|Francis John Davies]], who later became a full general in the [[British Army]]. Henry junior was educated at [[Eton College]],{{sfn|Davies|Maddocks|2014|p=131}} where he was proficient in Oriental languages.<ref name=mullaney>Mullaney, p. 45</ref>

==Early military career==
Davies joined the [[British Army]], initially being [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] as a [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] into the [[4th (Worcestershire Militia) Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment]] in January 1883.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25184|page=31|date=2 January 1883}}</ref> He resigned his commission over a year later, in February 1884,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25318|page=791|date=15 February 1884}}</ref> and, after graduating from the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College at Sandhurst]], was re-commissioned into the Oxfordshire Light Infantry (which later became the [[Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry]]) as a lieutenant in August that year.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25389|page=3831|date=22 August 1884}}</ref>

He was sent to British-controlled Burma in 1887 and to Siam in 1892, the year in which he became a [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26319|page=4821|date=23 August 1892}}</ref> In 1893 he was attached to a survey unit which surveyed the passes between Burma and China and located the Crouching Tiger Pass, the Heavenly Horse Pass and the Han Dragon Pass. On completion of the team's objectives Davies remained in China to explore the Yunnan area. On his return to England he was asked to survey a potential railway route from India to the Yangtze river via Yunnan and in 1898 returned to Burma. By mid-1899 his team had travelled nearly 2,500 miles of the proposed route, mapping the terrain in detail. He wrote a book about his experiences and in 1906 was awarded the [[Royal Geographical Society]]'s [[Murchison Award]].<ref name=mullaney/>

Davies was involved in the [[Tirah campaign]] (1897–98),{{sfn|Davies|Maddocks|2014|p=131}} where he was [[mentioned in despatches]], the [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900), and the [[Second Boer War]] (1901–1902).

In September 1911 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28532|page=6881|date=19 September 1911}}</ref> and ordered back to Britain to take command of the 2nd Battalion, OBLI, taking over from [[Robert Fanshawe (British Army officer)|Robert Fanshawe]].<ref name="WWW">"DAVIES, Maj.-Gen. Henry Rodolph", in ''Who Was Who'' (2007). [http://ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U224512/ Online edition]</ref>{{sfn|Davies|Maddocks|2014|p=131}}

==First World War==
On the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] in the summer of 1914, the battalion was based at [[Aldershot]] and was mobilised as part of the [[5th Brigade (United Kingdom)|5th Brigade]], [[2nd Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Division]], in the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF).<ref>Edmonds, p. 417</ref> Davies remained in command of the battalion through the first early campaigns on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], including the [[Battle of Mons]] and the subsequent [[Great Retreat]] and the [[First Battle of Ypres]].{{sfn|Davies|Maddocks|2014|p=131}}

He was CO of the battalion until promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier general in February 1915<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29107|page=2820|date=19 March 1915|supp=y}}</ref> (his permanent rank of lieutenant colonel was advanced to colonel in September of that year)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29302|page=9301|date=17 September 1915|supp=y}}</ref> to take command of the 1st Division's [[3rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|3rd Infantry Brigade]] from [[Richard Butler (British Army officer)|Richard Butler]].{{sfn|Davies|Maddocks|2014|p=131}} He served as the brigade's [[general officer commanding]] (GOC) during heavy fighting at the [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle]] and at the [[Battle of Aubers Ridge]] and at the [[Battle of Loos]] later in the year. In June 1916 he was made a [[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Order of the Bath]] (CB).<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29608|page=5555|date=2 June 1916|supp=y}}</ref> Later that same year, he led his brigade during the [[Battle of the Somme]], specifically during the heavy fighting at [[Battle of Bazentin Ridge|Bazentin Ridge]] and [[Attacks on High Wood|High Wood]].{{sfn|Davies|Maddocks|2014|p=131}}

He remained with the 3rd Brigade until he was transferred to the [[33rd Brigade (United Kingdom)|33rd Infantry Brigade]], part of the [[11th (Northern) Division]], as its new GOC in March 1917. In May of that year, after Major General [[Archibald Ritchie (British Army officer)|Archibald Ritchie]], the division's GOC, was wounded, Davies took command of the division.{{sfn|Davies|Maddocks|2014|p=131}} He served as the division's GOC throughout 1917 and into 1918. It was in September of that year, during the [[Hundred Days Offensive]], where Davies was wounded in action, as the divisional diary records:

{{Quote|Arras. Major-General H. R. Davies, C.B., Cmd. the Division, was wounded while going round one of the forward companies, and was evacuated to [[Casualty Clearing Station|C.C.S.]]{{sfn|Davies|Maddocks|2014|p=131}}}}

After returning to his command the following month, he continued to lead the 11th until the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]] and relinquished command when it was demobilised in 1919, by which time Davies' rank of major general was made permanent in January of that year.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31092|page=13|date=31 December 1918|supp=y}}</ref>

During the war, Davies was mentioned in despatches eight times and rose rapidly in rank, from a lieutenant colonel to major general in just three years.<ref name="WWW"/>

[[File:Eton generals 1919.png|thumb|left|Eighteen Old Etonian generals revisit Eton, May 1919. Major General Davies stands in the middle row, third from the right.]]

==Post-war and final years==
After the end of the war, Davies, awarded the [[Croix de Guerre]] in August 1919,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31514|page=10603|date=19 August 1919|supp=y}}</ref> returned to the UK and commanded the reformed [[49th (West Riding) Infantry Division|49th (West Riding) Division]] in the [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA) from June 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32853|page=5556|date=14 August 1923}}</ref> before relinquishing it due to his retirement from the army in June 1923.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32853|page=5556|date=14 August 1923}}</ref>

He died on 4 January 1950, at the age of 84 years.<ref name="WWW"/>{{sfn|Davies|Maddocks|2014|p=131}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|first1=Frank|last1=Davies|first2=Graham|last2=Maddocks|title=Bloody Red Tabs: General Officer Casualties of the Great War 1914–1918|location=[[Barnsley]], [[South Yorkshire]]|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]]|year=2014|orig-year=1995|isbn=978-1-78346-237-7}}
*{{cite book |title=Military Operations France and Belgium 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914 |author-link=James Edward Edmonds|last=Edmonds |first=Brigadier General . E. |publisher=Macmillan |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/militaryoperatio01edmouoft |series=[[History of the Great War]] }}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3MlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|title=Coming to Terms with the Nation: Ethnic Classification in Modern China|first=Thomas|last= Mullaney|publisher=University of California Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0520272743}}
{{Refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Archibald Ritchie (British Army officer)|Archibald Ritchie]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[General Officer Commanding]] the [[11th (Northern) Division]]|years=1917–1919}}
{{s-non|reason=Post disbanded}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Neville Cameron]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[General Officer Commanding]] the [[49th (West Riding) Division]]|years=1919–1923}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alfred Kennedy (British Army officer)|Alfred Kennedy]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Davies, Henry Rodolph}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Worcestershire Militia officers]]
[[Category:Worcestershire Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Windsor, Berkshire]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:British Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the MacGregor Medal]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Burmese War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Tirah campaign]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Boxer Rebellion]]

Allu Sirish

2026-03-16T08:09:14Z

Aakasham: Structure improved and content revised

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{family name hatnote|Allu|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Allu Sirish
| image = Allu-sirish-much-thrilled-malayalam-debut-1971-beyond-borders.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|5|30}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allu Sirish News|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/throwback-class-photo-of-ram-charan-rana-daggubati-and-allu-sirish-during-high-school/articleshow/75507501.cms|date=2 May 2020|access-date=23 August 2020|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511072312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/throwback-class-photo-of-ram-charan-rana-daggubati-and-allu-sirish-during-high-school/articleshow/75507501.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 1990; 2013–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Nayanika Reddy|2026}}
| father = [[Allu Aravind]]
| relatives = [[Allu Arjun]] (brother)
| family = See [[Konidela–Allu family]]
| citizenship =
| education = [[R. D. National College]], [[Hyderabad]]
}}
'''Allu Sirish''' (born 30 May 1987) is an Indian actor who works predominantly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. He is the younger brother of leading [[Telugu cinema]] actor [[Allu Arjun]]. He debuted as a lead actor with ''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]'' (2013) and later went on to appear in films such as ''[[Kotha Janta]]'' (2014), ''[[Srirastu Subhamastu]]'' (2016), ''[[Okka Kshanam]]'' (2017) and ''[[Urvasivo Rakshasivo]]'' (2022).

== Career ==
Sirish made his lead debut with the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]–[[Tamil language|Tamil]] bilingual film ''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]'' (2013) opposite [[Yami Gautam]], produced by [[Prakash Raj]] and directed by Radha Mohan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allu Sirish to debut with Gauravam |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-allu-sirish-to-debut-with-gauravam/20121003.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009212023/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-allu-sirish-to-debut-with-gauravam/20121003.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Though a commercial failure, it managed to have a fair share of reviews from critics for its theme. ''[[Kotha Janta]]'' (2014), a romantic comedy directed by [[Maruthi]] was about two different minded co-workers falling in love and the drama that ensues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tollywood 2014 : The 'Hit' List|url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspxid=632&cid=8&fid=701|work=Andhra Box Office}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was the 3rd most watched Telugu movie of the year through satellite screening, which is quite a feat for a small budget film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kotha Janta gets good TRP ratings|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Kotha-Janta-gets-good-TRP-ratings/articleshow/39366538.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Kotha-Janta-gets-good-TRP-ratings/articleshow/39366538.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Srirastu Subhamastu|Srirasthu Subhamastu]]'' (2016), directed by [[Parasuram (director)|Parasuram]], was a love story with family drama.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Srirastu-Subhamastu-The-%E2%80%98family%E2%80%99-hangover/article14553233.ece |title=Srirastu Subhamastu: The 'family' hangover |work=The Hindu |date=5 August 2016 |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725040646/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Srirastu-Subhamastu-The-%E2%80%98family%E2%80%99-hangover/article14553233.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film got mixed to positive response from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Srirastu-Subhamastu-The-%E2%80%98family%E2%80%99-hangover/article14553233.ece|title=Srirastu Subhamastu: The 'family' hangover|date=5 August 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He was announced as the second lead opposite [[Mohanlal]] in ''[[1971: Beyond Borders]]'' (2017), directed by [[Major Ravi]], making this his debut in [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/1971-beyond-borders/movie-review/58063353.cms |title=1971: BEYOND BORDERS MOVIE REVIEW |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503153743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/1971-beyond-borders/movie-review/58063353.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, he starred in the film ''[[Okka Kshanam]]'', which was a sci-fi thriller based on the concept of parallel lives.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-film-finds-its-rhythm-when-it-explores-the-idea-of-parallel-lives/article22326233.ece |title=Okka Kshanam: Can you change destiny? |work=The Hindu |date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602125637/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-film-finds-its-rhythm-when-it-explores-the-idea-of-parallel-lives/article22326233.ece |url-status=live |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref> The film was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://regional.pinkvilla.com/telugu/news/box-office-report-allu-sirishs-okka-kshanam-shines-overseas-markets|title=Box Office Report: Allu Sirish's 'Okka Kshanam' shines at overseas markets|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727011456/https://regional.pinkvilla.com/telugu/news/box-office-report-allu-sirishs-okka-kshanam-shines-overseas-markets/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/box-office-report-allu-sirishs-okka-kshanam-claims-victory-over-akhil-akkinenis-movie-hello/185937 |title=Box office clash: Allu Sirish's Okka Kshanam claims victory over Akhil Akkineni's movie Hello |work=Times Now |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114257/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/box-office-report-allu-sirishs-okka-kshanam-claims-victory-over-akhil-akkinenis-movie-hello/185937 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, He starred in the film ''[[ABCD: American Born Confused Desi (2019 film)|ABCD – American Born Confused Desi]]'', which was a Telugu remake of the [[Malayalam]] film with the same name, starring [[Dulquer Salmaan]]. The film was a story of a rich spoilt brat who gets kicked out of his house and finds it hard to reform. The film was released to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/abcd-american-born-confused-desi/movie-review/69371845.cms |title=ABCD: American Born Confused DESI Movie Review |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911111719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/abcd-american-born-confused-desi/movie-review/69371845.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

He was given the "Crossover Star of the Year" award at the Lulu Fashion Awards in 2019 for his Malayalam entry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allu Sirish gets 'Crossover Star' Award in Kerala|url=https://www.tollywood.net/allu-sirish-gets-crossover-star-award-in-kerala|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727020041/https://www.tollywood.net/allu-sirish-gets-crossover-star-award-in-kerala/|archive-date=27 July 2020|access-date=13 May 2020|work=Tollywood|date=29 April 2019 }}</ref>

His next appearance was in 2022, in the movie ''[[Urvasivo Rakshasivo]]'', opposite to [[Anu Emmanuel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2022 |title=Urvasivo Rakshasivo OTT Release Date: When And Where To Watch Allu Sirish's Telugu Love Story |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/urvasivo-rakshasivo-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-allu-sirishs-telugu-love-story-aha-video-new-releases-december2022-10056385 |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>
==Personal life==
Allu Sirish announced his engagement to Nayanika Reddy on 1 October 2025 on Instagram<ref name="Allu Arjun's brother Allu Sirish announces engagement to Nayanika in October">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Allu Arjun's brother Allu Sirish announces engagement to Nayanika in October |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-sirish-engagement-nayanika-grandfather-birth-anniversary-2796373-2025-10-01 |access-date=7 March 2026 |publisher=India Today |date=1 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307042053/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-sirish-engagement-nayanika-grandfather-birth-anniversary-2796373-2025-10-01 |archive-date=7 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> and the engagement ceremony was held on 31 October 2025. The couple got married on 6 March 2026 in Hyderabad, in the presence of their family and closest friends.<ref name="Allu Sirish, Nayanika Reddy tie the knot: Suriya, Ram Charan, Lokesh Kanagaraj attend Allu Arjun's brother's wedding">{{cite news |title=Allu Sirish, Nayanika Reddy tie the knot: Suriya, Ram Charan, Lokesh Kanagaraj attend Allu Arjun's brother's wedding |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/allu-sirish-nayanika-reddy-tie-the-knot-suriya-ram-charan-lokesh-kanagaraj-attend-allu-arjuns-brothers-wedding-101772853404187.html |access-date=7 March 2026 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=7 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307041321/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/allu-sirish-nayanika-reddy-tie-the-knot-suriya-ram-charan-lokesh-kanagaraj-attend-allu-arjuns-brothers-wedding-101772853404187.html |archive-date=7 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu met Allu Sirish after her marriage.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Allu Sirish Shares Pictures with CM Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://rajasthan18.in/allu-sirish-shares-pictures-with-cm-chandrababu-naidu/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2026 |work=Rajasthan18}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
* ''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|1990
|''[[Pratibandh]]''
|Student
|Child artist; [[Hindi]] film
|-
| rowspan="1" |2013
| rowspan="1" |''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]''
| rowspan="1" |Arjun
| rowspan="1" |Debut as Lead actor Also shot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| 2014
|''[[Kotha Janta]]''
| Sirish
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Srirastu Subhamastu]]''
| Sirish/Siri
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[1971: Beyond Borders]]''
|[[Second Lieutenant]] Chinmay
|[[Malayalam]] film
|-
|''[[Okka Kshanam]]''
|Jeeva
|
|-
| 2019
|''[[ABCD: American Born Confused Desi (2019 film)|ABCD: American Born Confused Desi]]''
|Arvind "Avi" Prasad
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Urvasivo Rakshasivo]]''
| Sree Kumar
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2021 |title=Allu Sirish and Anu Emmanuel's romantic drama titled 'Urvasivo Rakshasivo' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/allu-sirish-and-anu-emmanuel-s-romantic-drama-titled-prema-kadanta-149828 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
| ''[[Buddy (2024 film)|Buddy]]''
|Adithya Ram
|
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of music videos
!Year
!Song
!Singers
!Co-artist
!Language
|-
|2021
|"Vilayati Sharaab"
|[[Darshan Raval]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
|Heli Daruwala
|[[Hindi]]
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of television roles
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
||2016 || [[IIFA Utsavam]] || Host
|-
||2017 || [[Filmfare Awards South]] || Host
|-
||2017 || [[SIIMA Awards]] || Host
|-
|2021
|''[[MasterChef India – Telugu]]''
|Guest
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3224930}}
* {{URL|http://www.allusirish.com/| Official Website}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allu Sirish}}
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Konidela–Allu family|Allu Sirish]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1980s-stub}}

Blitar

2026-03-15T02:30:14Z

Aakasham: formatting fix

{{Short description|City in East Java, Indonesia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Blitar
| official_name = City of Blitar ''{{nobold|Kota Blitar}}''
| native_name1 =
| native_name2 =
| nickname =
| motto = {{lang|kaw|Kridha Hangudi Jaya}} ([[Old Javanese]]) '''ꦏꦿꦶꦝꦲꦔꦸꦢꦶꦗꦪ''' (Working hard to build success){{force singular}}
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|total_width = 300
|perrow = 2/2
|border = infobox
|image1 = Makam BK di Blitar.jpg
|image2 = Istana gebang.jpg
}}
| imagesize =
| image_blank_emblem =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left: [[Sukarno Mausoleum]], Istana Gebang
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_shield = Seal of the City of Blitar.svg
| image_map = locator kota blitar.png
| mapsize =
| map_caption = Location within [[East Java]]
| pushpin_map = Indonesia_Java#Indonesia
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Java]] and [[Indonesia]]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}}|
| subdivision_type1 = [[Province of Indonesia|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|East Java}}
| settlement_type = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|City]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = {{Ill|Syauqul Muhibbin|lt=Syauqul Muhibbin|id}}
| leader_title1 = Vice Mayor
| leader_name1 = {{Ill|Elim Tyu Samba|lt=Elim Tyu Samba|id}}
| established_title = City
| established_date = {{Birth date and age|1906|4|1}}
| established_title3 = 
| established_date3 =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 32.57
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_urban_sq_mi =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| population_as_of = mid 2024 estimate
| population_note = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kota Blitar Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3572)</ref>
| population_total = 161204
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_mi2 =
| timezone = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Western Time]]
| utc_offset = +7
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coordinates = {{coord|8|06|S|112|09|E|region:ID|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 167
| elevation_ft =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postcode]]
| postal_code = 66100
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Area code]]
| area_code = (+62) 342
| registration_plate = AG
| website = {{URL|blitarkota.go.id}}
| footnotes =
| registration_plate_type = [[vehicle registration plates of Indonesia|Vehicle registration]]
}}
'''Blitar''' is a landlocked [[city]] in [[East Java]], [[Indonesia]], about 73 km from [[Malang]] and 167 km from [[Surabaya]]. The area lies within longitude 111° 40' – 112° 09' East and its latitude is 8° 06' South. The city of Blitar lies at an altitude on average 167 metres above sea level,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jatim.bps.go.id/statictable/2016/07/26/347/tinggi-wilayah-di-atas-permukaan-laut-dpl-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-jawa-timur-2015.html|title=BPS Provinsi Jawa Timur|website=jatim.bps.go.id|language=en|access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref> and is an enclave within [[Blitar Regency]] which surrounds the city on all sides. It covers an area of 32.57 km2, and had a population of 131,968 at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 149,149 at the 2020 Census;<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 161,204 (comprising 80,376 males and 80,828 females).<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kota Blitar Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3572)</ref>

The city is noted as the location of the grave of [[Sukarno]], the first [[president of Indonesia]], five kilometers from the city plaza. The ''Istana Gebang'' (Gebang palace) where Sukarno lived as a child is nearby and has been converted into a museum. containing numerous items commemorating Sukarno's place in Indonesian history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jakpost.travel/stories/photos/ZM7iVKyrwvAGND1W/4?ac=cde0f667e9a6768e155d11ad3813165e |title=Many memories: Photographs inside Istana Gebang tell their own stories about the life of young Sukarno and his family. (Photo by Mary Sasmiro) | Jakarta Post Travel |access-date=2014-06-06 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606202606/http://www.jakpost.travel/stories/photos/ZM7iVKyrwvAGND1W/4?ac=cde0f667e9a6768e155d11ad3813165e |archive-date=2014-06-06 }}</ref> In addition, the very active [[Kelud]] volcano is located just over 20 kilometers north of Blitar.

Blitar city is surrounded by four of the districts (''kecamatan'') of Blitar Regency - Kademangan, Garum, Nglegok and Sanankulon; added to the population of the city, this combined area of seven ''kecamatan'' had a total population in mid 2023 of 436,740 within 318.3 km2.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Blitar Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3572)</ref>

==Administrative districts==
Blitar city is divided into three [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] (''kecamatan''), tabulated below with their areas and their population totals from the 2010 census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011"/> and the 2020 census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/> together with the official estimates as at mid 2024.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kota Blitar Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3572)</ref> The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of [[administrative village|villages]] (urban ''kelurahan'') in each district, and its postal codes.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Kode Wilayah|| Name of District (''kecamatan'') || Area in km2 || Pop'n census 2010|| Pop'n census 2020|| Pop'n estimate mid 2024||Admin centre||No. of villages||Post codes
|-
| 35.72.02 || Sukorejo ||align="right"| 9.92 ||align="right"| 44,043||align="right"| 51,998||align="right"| 54,996||Sukorejo||align="center"| 7 ||66121 - 66126
|-
| 35.72.01 || Kepanjenkidul ||align="right"| 10.50 ||align="right"| 38,715||align="right"| 41,679||align="right"| 46,000||Bendo||align="center"| 7 ||66113 - 66117
|-
| 35.72.03 || Sawanwetan ||align="right"| 12.15 ||align="right"| 49,210 ||align="right"| 55,472||align="right"| 60,208||Sawanwetan||align="center"| 7 ||66133 - 66137
|-
! || '''''Totals''''' ||align="right"| ''32.57'' ||align="right"| ''131,968''||align="right"| ''149,149'' ||align="right"| ''161,204'' || ''Kepanjenkidul'' ||align="center"| ''21'' ||
|}

'''The names of the ''kelurahan'' in each district are:'''
*'''Sukorejo:''' Blitar, Karangsari, Sukorejo, Pakunden, Tanjungsari, Turi, Tlumpu
*'''Kepanjenkidul:''' Bendo, Kauman, Kepanjenkidul, Kepanjenlor, Ngadirejo, Sentul, Tanggung
*'''Sawanwetan:''' Bendogerit, Gedog, Karangtengah, Klampok, Plosokerep, Rembang, Sananwetan

==Local economic governance==
Based on the survey conducted between August 2010 and January 2011, Blitar was rated number one in Indonesia for local economic governance, being considered particularly good in infrastructure, the interaction between local administrations and businesses, business licensing, and regional head capacity and integrity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/08/blitar-leads-economic-governance-survey.html|author=The Jakarta Post|access-date=June 3, 2016|title=Blitar Leads Economic Governance Survey}}</ref>

==Sukarno's Mausoleum==
{{main|Grave of Sukarno}}

It is located at Bendogerit village, in Sunanwetan district, about 2 kilometres from Blitar city.

The tomb is built in East Javanese "Joglo" architectural pattern, and combined with Gateway of Bentar.
The mausoleum is 51 feet high, with a copper roof of a three-tier building. Underneath, Sukarno's plot is flanked by that of his mother and father. A stone of black andesite bears the inscription, "Here lies Bung Karno, proclaimer of independence, first president of Indonesia."
Beside the main building of the tomb, the graveyard complex has Gapura Agung (The Great Gate), Mosque, halls, parks, a rest-area, and a parking place.

The tomb is opened to the public, attracts a large number of visitors, both domestic and international. About 1.5 million people visit the tomb annually.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/06/22/even-in-death-sukarno-wins-tribute-from-indonesians/d7022e58-d2cf-476d-a231-d5db959bd2ee/|title=Even in Death, Sukarno Wins Tribute From Indonesians|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

==University in Blitar==
*[[Nahdlatul Ulama University of Blitar]]
*[[Balitar Islamic University]]
*Kesuma Negara College of Economics (STIEKEN)
*PGRI Blitar Teacher Training and Education College (STKIP PGRI Blitar)
*Patria Husada College of Health Sciences (STIKES Patria Husada)
*Indonesian Tax Management Academy (AMPINDO)
*[[Putra Sang Fajar Blitar State Community Academy]] (AKN Putra Sang Fajar)<ref name="Laila">{{Cite news|last=Sa'adah|first=Dwi Lailatus|date=2023-11-24|title=Jangan Kelewatan! Intip 5 Kampus Terkenal di Blitar|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/pendidikan/477603/jangan-kelewatan-intip-5-kampus-terkenal-di-blitar|work=Times Indonesia|access-date=2024-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lindawati|first=Dwi|title=10 Rekomendasi Universitas di Blitar, Pilihan Tempat Kuliah Terbaik dan Berkualitas|url=https://tugujatim.id/10-rekomendasi-universitas-di-blitar-pilihan-tempat-kuliah-terbaik/|work=Tugu Jatim|language=id|access-date=2024-02-09}}</ref>

==People from Blitar==
[[File:KITLV 87880 - Isidore van Kinsbergen - Bathing location near Tjandi Panataran near Blitar - Before 1900.tif|thumb|Bathing place near Temple [[Panataran]], near Blitar]]

{{div col |colwidth=20em}}

* [[Boediono]], former [[vice president of Indonesia]].
* [[Admiral]] [[Agus Suhartono]], former [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|Indonesian military]].
* [[Livi Zheng]], film producer and director
* [[Charis Yulianto]], footballer
* [[Nitya Krishinda Maheswari]], badminton athlete
* [[Wiweko Soepono]], inventor and director/pilot of [[Garuda Indonesia]]
* [[Anjasmara]], actor
* [[Anthony Fokker]], aviation pioneer
* [[Sukadji Ranuwihardjo]], academic
* [[Anas Urbaningrum]], politician
* [[Imam Munandar]], politician
* [[Masjchun Sofwan]], politician
* [[Sukarni]], politician
* [[Agus Suhartono]], military leader
* [[Putri Raemawasti]], beauty queen, [[Puteri Indonesia 2007]]
* [[Hardi (artist)|Hardi]], painter
{{div col end}}

==Climate==
Blitar has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (Am) with moderate to little rainfall from June to October and heavy rainfall from November to May.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = Blitar
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 28.8
| Feb high C = 28.9
| Mar high C = 29.2
| Apr high C = 29.5
| May high C = 29.6
| Jun high C = 29.8
| Jul high C = 29.6
| Aug high C = 30.0
| Sep high C = 30.7
| Oct high C = 30.9
| Nov high C = 30.0
| Dec high C = 29.3

| Jan mean C = 24.6
| Feb mean C = 24.7
| Mar mean C = 24.9
| Apr mean C = 24.9
| May mean C = 24.6
| Jun mean C = 24.3
| Jul mean C = 23.7
| Aug mean C = 23.9
| Sep mean C = 24.6
| Oct mean C = 25.1
| Nov mean C = 25.0
| Dec mean C = 24.8
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 20.5
| Feb low C = 20.6
| Mar low C = 20.6
| Apr low C = 20.4
| May low C = 19.7
| Jun low C = 18.8
| Jul low C = 17.9
| Aug low C = 17.9
| Sep low C = 18.6
| Oct low C = 19.4
| Nov low C = 20.0
| Dec low C = 20.3
|rain colour=green
|Jan rain mm=296
|Feb rain mm=271
|Mar rain mm=265
|Apr rain mm=191
|May rain mm=131
|Jun rain mm=81
|Jul rain mm=45
|Aug rain mm=24
|Sep rain mm=32
|Oct rain mm=102
|Nov rain mm=191
|Dec rain mm=283
|source 1 = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/48081/
|title = Climate: Blitar
|publisher=Climate-Data.org
|access-date = 16 November 2020}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
*[[1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar]]
*[[Station Blitar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | last =Witton | first =Patrick | title =Indonesia | edition =7th | publisher =Lonely Planet | year =2003 | location =Melbourne | pages =285–286| isbn = 1-74059-154-2 }}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
*{{in lang|id}} [http://www.blitar.go.id Official site] of Blitar City
*{{in lang|id}} [http://www.blitarkab.go.id Official site] of Blitar Regency
*[http://www.ngw.nl/int/ind/blitar.htm Heraldry of Blitar]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Blitar
|North = [[Blitar Regency]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Blitar Regency]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Blitar Regency]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Blitar Regency]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{E Java}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Blitar| ]]
[[Category:Sukarno]]
[[Category:1906 establishments in the Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:Subnational enclaves and exclaves in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Brantas basin]]

Sneha Geetham

2026-03-09T20:30:09Z

Aakasham:

{{Short description|2010 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sneha Geetham
| director = [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]]
| producer = [[Sridhar Lagadapati]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Madhura Sreedhar Reddy Mohan Bharadwaja
| starring = [[Sundeep Kishan]] [[Suhani Kalita]] [[Chaitanya Krishna]] Mahima [[Venky Atluri]] [[Shreya Dhanwanthary]]
| music = [[Sunil Kashyap]] (songs) Chinna (score)
| cinematography = [[P. G. Vinda]]
| editing = Lokesh Chenna
| studio = Larsco Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|07|16}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹3 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2010 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2010/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Sneha Geetham ''''' ({{Translation|The Song of Friendship}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[coming of age film|coming of age]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]] and produced by [[Sridhar Lagadapati]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/madhurasreedharsimls.html | title=Madhura Sreedhar Says 'Its My Love Story' - idlebrain film news }}</ref> It features three pairs [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Suhani Kalita]], [[Chaitanya Krishna]], [[Venky Atluri]] and [[Shreya Dhanwanthary]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/snehageetam-starcast.html | title=Sneha Geetham star cast launched - Telugu cinema }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/introducing-shriya-dhanwantari-imagegallery-0-tollywood-je1rx3abdiasi.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519104534/https://www.sify.com/movies/introducing-shriya-dhanwantari-imagegallery-0-tollywood-je1rx3abdiasi.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 May 2022 | title=Introducing Shriya Dhanwantari | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> It was a commercial hit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2019|title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2010|url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2010/|access-date=February 4, 2025|website=T2BLive}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sneha Geetham's main plot revolves around three youngsters Ravi ([[Venky Atluri]]), Krishna ([[Chaitanya Krishna]]) and Arjun ([[Sundeep Kishan]]). The movie opens with a beautiful message to youth from the voice over of sensational director [[V. V. Vinayak]] stating "Life is a chance, living is a choice. So, follow the heart and future is ours." Ravi, Krishna, Arjun, Shailu ([[Shreya Dhanwanthary]]) and Pooja (Ria) are good friends who study engineering in Nalla Malla Reddy College of Engineering, Hyderabad. The movie begins with these five friends introducing themselves to seniors in their first year ragging and progresses to final year campus interviews.

Ravi lost his parents in his childhood and is brought up in his relative's house. Ravi is not interested in working for any company. He aspires to become a businessman by starting his own business. So, he doesn't attend campus interviews. He likes playing chess with I.V. Raman ([[Shankar Melkote]]) and learns a lot from his experience. Shailu is intelligent and she gets selected for a job through campus interview in Voxel IT Company. Shailu is upset with the fact that Ravi did not attend campus interview. She loves Ravi but she doesn't know if Ravi has same feelings for her too. Ravi also likes her but he doesn't express it to her.

Krishna is batch topper and aspires to become a software engineer. He secures a job in IBM in the campus interview. He has a simple life policy called '54321' which he defines as 5 Digit Salary, 4 Wheel Car, 3 Bedroom House, 2 Cute Children and 1 Beautiful Wife. Pooja gets disturbed with the fact that her parents always fight with each other. Even though Pooja's academic performance is just average, she is still offered a job in the campus interview because of her project manager Ajay (Lohit) having special interest in her. Krishna and Pooja are deeply in love with each other.

Arjun is an ardent fan of film director [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and wants to become a successful film director. He is not interested in engineering, higher studies and campus interview jobs. He studies the degree only because his father (A R C Babu) persuades him. His mother (Sruthi) understands his aim and supports him to become a film director.

Pitamaha ([[Krishnudu]]) is the senior most student in the college failing for ten years and loves to continue in the college guiding his juniors. A.I.D.S Papa Rao ([[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]) is one of the lecturers in the college and wishes to earn more money by grabbing a software job in order to satisfy his wife bangaru rajyam's shopping needs. He also secretly attends campus interview and gets a job in Voxel through backdoor by bribing 2 lakhs to interviewer Kishore. Average Bhadram (Praveen Kumar), batchmate of hero trio also grabs a job in campus interview.

On the farewell day, Arjun plans a video shoot in the college with all his batchmates and on his way to college, Mahalakshmi ([[Suhani Kalita]]), first year Computer Science student asks him for lift to college. He drops her at college and then finishes the video shoot. Later on farewell day, Arjun introduces Maha to his friend's gang. Maha is born and brought up in U.S. She comes to India to stay with her grandmother and study engineering in Hyderabad. Maha likes Arjun and comes with his gang to attend Bhadram's marriage in a village. When Shailu receives a call from her father that she got a good match from US, she reveals to her friends that she loves Ravi. Ravi knows this and proposes his feelings to her. Both of them unite and Shailu convinces her father for one-year extension that she is not interested in that marriage.

Meanwhile, Arjun gets only one year time to try for films as director. Arjun's father wants him to go to U.S. and study M.S. after that deadline. As part of his trials, Arjun meets Box Office Bhushanam ([[Vennela Kishore]]) and gives his power script to him hoping to get a chance as a director. Pooja's manager, Ajay pesters her often with bad intentions and offers to drop her in his car. Krishna sees this and misunderstands Pooja. He feels that Pooja is neglecting him and he starts avoiding her calls. Then, It is revealed that Pitamaha has blood cancer and is admitted into hospital. That is the main reason he kept failing all the subjects and has been living his college life for all the ten years. Arjun, Krishna, Ravi, Bhadram and Vali go to see him in the hospital and Pitamaha dies while speaking to his friends. With the inspiration from Pitamaha's life, Ravi presents his project proposal to a company and gets a positive feedback. Paparao is forced to resign his IT job by his manager as Paparao keeps failing his C language test for three months and he becomes Papaji Swami.

Being harassed by her project manager Ajay, Pooja goes to Krishna's house and reveals the truth to him. Angered Krishna goes with Pooja to Ajay and thrashes him. Pooja resigns her job and plans to apply in IBM where Krishna is working. Arjun gets to know from a producer that his story script was sold for Rs. 2 lakhs to that producer by Box Office Bhushanam. Angered Arjun goes and beats Box Office Bhushanam. With support from Krishna and Ravi, Arjun starts working on writing another script, meets producer [[Sridhar Lagadapati]] and narrates the script. Shailu's parents arrange her marriage with a U.S. boy and Ravi's project is postponed temporarily by venture capitalists due to economic recession even though they liked his project. With motivation from I.V. Raman, Ravi goes to Shailu's father and convinces him for marriage. Arjun's father forces Arjun to go to U.S. as one year is complete and helpless Arjun starts to airport just to see his father happy even though he gets call from Producer Office. On the way to airport, Arjun's father realises that his son respects him so much and stops Arjun from going. Arjun's script is accepted and he becomes a director. He conveys his love to Maha as well for which Maha has been waiting for so long. Ravi's project is approved and Shailu's parents are happy. Pooja gets a job in Krishna's office and both are waiting to convince Pooja's parents and get married. The movie ends on a positive note with the message "Follow your heart and conquer the world" in the voice of [[V. V. Vinayak]].

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sundeep Kishan]] as Arjun
* [[Suhani Kalita]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Krishna
* Mahima as Pooja
*[[Venky Atluri]] as Ravi
*[[Shreya Dhanwanthary]] as Shailu
* [[Krishnudu]] as Pitamaha Veera Venkata Satya Narayana
* [[Shankar Melkote]] as I. V. Raman, ex CEO of Global Media Solutions
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Box Office Bhushanam
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Lecturer A.I.D.S Papa Rao
* Praveen Kumar as Average Bhadram
* A R C Rao as Arjun's Father
* Sruthi as Arjun's Mother
* Lohit as Project Manager Ajay
* Gopi as Srikanth
* Varanasi Soumya as Srinidhi
* [[V. V. Vinayak]] (voiceover)
}}

==Production==
This film was shot in 52 working days.<ref name=ref3>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/madhurasreedharreddy.html|title=Madhura Sreedhar Reddy interview - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film director|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=2016-07-18}}</ref> Sundeep Kishan was chosen from six thousand men.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sure-in-the-city/article2096222.ece|title=Sure in the city|first=Sudhish|last=Kamath|date=11 June 2011|access-date=5 April 2022|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music album consisted of four tracks composed by [[Sunil Kashyap]]. Lyrics were penned by SiraSri and Chinni Charan.
{| class="wikitable"
!Track
!Song
!Artist(s)
!Lyricist (s)
|-
|1
|"Oka Snehame"
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|SiraSri
|-
|2
|"Entho Enthentho"
|[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]
|SiraSri
|-
|3
|"Gala Gala"
|[[Sunil Kashyap]], Prasanna
|Chinni Charan
|-
|4
|"Sarigama Padhani"
|Sunil Kashyap, Pranavi
|Chinni Charan
|-
|5
|"Vasanthamedhi"
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|Chinni Charan
|-
|6
|"Velige Vennele"
|Sai Shivani
|Sira Sri
|-
|7
|"Veyo Veyo"
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|Sira Sri
|}

==Release==
This film was released with 35 prints.<ref name=ref3/>

==Awards==
*Pranavi won [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the song "Sarigamapadani"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitramala.in/nandi-awards-2010-winners-list-126526.html|title=Nandi Awards 2010 Winners list!|date=5 August 2011|website=Chitramala.in|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1808480}}
{{Venky Atluri}}
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:2010s buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:2010s coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:2010s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 Telugu-language films]]

Ravimama

2026-03-03T22:07:18Z

Aakasham: further updated formatting further

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ravimama
| image = Ravimama.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| writer = S. Narayan (Dialogues)
| screenplay = S. Narayan
| story = P. Vasu
| based_on = ''[[En Thangachi Padichava]]'' (1988)
| producer = Satyamurthy Kotam Raju
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] [[Nagma]] Hema Panchamukhi
| narrator =
| music = [[L. N. Shastri|Chaitanya]]
| cinematography = G. S. V. Seetharam
| editing = P. R. Soundar Rajan
| studio = Sri Rajarajeshwari Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|3|19}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
| country = India
}}

'''''Ravi Mama''''' ({{Translation|Uncle Ravi}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance drama]] film directed by [[S. Narayan]] and produced by S. K. Raju. The film stars [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] and [[Nagma]]. The film is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[En Thangachi Padichava]]''.

The film was released on 19 March 1999 across Karnataka cinema halls and was well received.

== Cast ==
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as Ravi
* [[Hema Panchamukhi]]
* [[Nagma]]
* [[Lokesh]]
* [[Doddanna]]
* [[Vijay Kashi]]
* [[Thiagarajan]]
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]

==Production==
The climax was picturised at Kanakapura.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb19/south.htm|title=Ravimaama: After the climax|website=Screen|access-date=14 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000301142626/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb19/south.htm|archive-date=1 March 2000}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
All the songs were composed by Chaitanya and written by [[S. Narayan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kannadadsongs.blogspot.in/2013/09/ravi-mama-1999-kannada-mp3-songs-free.html|title=Ravimama Songs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045359/http://kannadadsongs.blogspot.in/2013/09/ravi-mama-1999-kannada-mp3-songs-free.html |date=29 April 2014|archive-date=29 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! S. No. !! Song title !! Singer(s) || Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Aa Kiranagalige" || [[L. N. Shastry|L. N. Shastri]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[S. Narayan]]
|-
| 2 || "Muddu Muddu" || L. N. Shastri, Sujatha Dutt || S. Narayan
|-
| 3 || "Priya Priya" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], K. S. Chithra || S. Narayan
|-
| 4 || "Aa Aaa Kaliyabeku" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Suma Shastry || S. Narayan
|-
| 5 || "Nannase Mallige" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam ||S. Narayan
|-
| 6 || "Aleyo Ale" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra || S. Narayan
|-
|}

==Critical reception ==

S Shiva Kumar from [[The Times of India]] wrote "The performances are good, especially by Hema and Doddanna. Thyagarajan is menacing. Ravichandran and Nagma don't have much emoting to do. It would help if the length is pruned. Ultimately,there is more bevu in Ravimama than bella".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 1999 |title=RAVIMAMA|url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/D5E25171EDBE3F8865256940004D0D48?OpenDocument |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Srikanth Srinivasa from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "S Narayan has failed to get his team to work according to his directions. Seetharam as the cameraman is good in parts. Chaitanya, alias Shastry, shows promise as a budding music director. Otherwise, a complete waste of money and effort!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 1999 |title=Ravimama (Kannada)|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A467F3789680BAFE65256941003DC8BF?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609123630/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A467F3789680BAFE65256941003DC8BF?OpenDocument |archive-date=2020-06-09 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{S. Narayan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravimama}}
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]
[[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1999 musical films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{romantic-musical-film-stub}}

Mahanandi (film)

2026-03-03T18:07:57Z

Aakasham: done.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahanandi
| image = Maha Nandi Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release poster
| director = [[V. Samudra]]
| producer = Anasuya Devi
| writer = Polur Ghatikachalam
| starring = [[Sumanth]] [[Anushka Shetty]] [[Srihari]] [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
| cinematography = Vasu
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| music = Kamalakar
| distributor = RS Movie Productions
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|12|03}} <ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-12-03 |title=Mahanandi - Telugu cinema Review - Sumanth, Srihari & Anushka |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mahanandi.html |access-date=2021-05-30 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mahanandi''''' is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language action drama film, directed by [[V. Samudra]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2005 |title=Samudra directs Sumanth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/samudra-directs-sumanth/article28583449.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231101120450/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/samudra-directs-sumanth/article28583449.ece |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> starring [[Sumanth]], [[Anushka Shetty]] and [[Srihari]] in the Lead. The movie was released on 3 December 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-12-05 |title=Mahanandi review. Mahanandi Telugu movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mahanandi-telugu-movie-review-7731.html |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> It was a moderate success at the box office. It was dubbed into Hindi as ''Ek aur Mahayudh'', in Tamil as ''Thirupachi Aruva'' and into Malayalam under the title ''Ullasam''.

==Plot==
Swamy leaves Rayalaseema along with his sister during their childhood after their parents are murdered by a rival faction. Swamy later takes his revenge, and becomes a powerful don when he grows up. Bhaskar, the eventual leader of the rival faction group, operates from Charlapally jail, and his main aim is to kill Swamy.

Shankar is an orphan raised by Swamy, and grows up to become the latter's body guard and right-hand man. Without asking for her consent, Swamy settles his sister Nandini's marriage with the son of Naayar. Nandini doesn't like this proposal and plans to
get out of it. She lies to Shankar, saying that she wants to marry the man she loves, Kumar. She seeks Shankar's help to escape from home. Shankar, in a fix, reluctantly agrees. Before escaping, Nandini writes a letter to Swamy, saying that she is actually in love with Shankar, and that they are eloping. This letter creates a rift between Shankar and Swamy, who feels betrayed. Later, Nandini reveals to Shankar that she is actually in love with him, and not Kumar. Shankar is shocked. Meanwhile, Bhaskar tries to take advantage of the rift between Swamy and Shankar and plans his attack. During their time together, Shankar too gradually falls in love with Nandini. Eventually, Swami and Shankar come together and fight Bhaskar. They finally reconcile, but Swami succumbs to his injuries. Shankar and Nandini marry and eventually have a son, whom they name Swami.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sumanth]] as Shankar
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Nandini
* [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as Swami
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Police Inspector
* [[Sai Kiran]] as Kumar
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Nayar
* Prasanna Kumar
* [[Subbaraju]]
* [[Chittajalu Lakshmipati]] as Saidulu
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A. V. S.]] as lecturer
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Shriram
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Anand
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Chilakamma
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Swami's wife
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Swami's mother
* [[Payal Rohatgi]] in item song Champakamaala
* [[Abhinayashree]] in item song Champakamaala
* [[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] in item song Champakamaala
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maha Nandi
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Maha Nandi
| artist = Kamalakar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 31 October 2005
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = Madhura Entertainment
| producer = Kamalakar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

the soundtrack was composed by Kamalakar. The audio of ''Mahanandi'' was released by Venkatesh at a function arranged in Fortune Katriya Hotel. Madhura Entertainments label distributed and marketed the audio. Sumanth could not attend the function as he was shooting for his other film, ''Godavari'', near Rajahmundry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-10-31 |title=Mahanandi - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Sumanth, Anushka & Srihari |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-mahanandi.html |access-date=2013-08-02 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
|-
! Song title !! Singers !! Lyricist
|-
| "Yemainaa" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]|| Bandaru Danayya Kavi
|-
| "Tightgunna Jeans Pantu" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || Taidala Bapu
|-
| "Indradhanassu" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || Eeshwar Teja
|-
| "Etu Choosthe Atu Nuvve" || [[K. S. Chithra]]|| Velpula Venkatesh
|-
| "Champakamaala" || [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]|| Bhaskarabhatla
|-
| "Naa Panchapranaalu" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|| Gurucharan
|-
| "Kathilaanti Ammayi" || [[Adnan Sami]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[Veturi]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|0929614}}

{{V. Samudra}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2000s action drama films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Samudra]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]

Syed Mujtaba Ali

2026-02-28T00:48:59Z

Aakasham: typo fix

{{Short description|Bengali author and scholar (1904–1974)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Syed Mujtaba Ali
| image = Mujtaba_Ali.jpg
| native_name = {{Lang|bn|সৈয়দ মুজতবা আলী}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| pronunciation = {{IPA|bn|ˈsoi̯̯ɔd̪ ˈmud͡ʒt̪ɔbaˑ‿ˈaliˑ||LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-সৈয়দ মুজতবা আলী.wav}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|09|13}}<ref name="bpedia" />
| birth_place = [[Karimganj]], [[North-East Frontier]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|02|11|1904|09|13}}<ref name=star>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/a-man-of-many-hues-10754|title=A man of many hues|publisher=The Daily Star|date=11 February 2014}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Dacca]], Bangladesh
| burial_place = [[Azimpur, Dhaka|Azimpur]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|journalist|teacher|travel enthusiast|academic|linguist}}
| years_active = 1949–1974
| works = [[#Bibliography|Bibliography]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Rabia Khatun|1951|1974|end=died}}
| mother = Amtul Mannan Khatun
| father = Khan Bahadur Syed Sikandar Ali
| relatives = {{unbulleted list|[[Syed Murtaza Ali]] (brother)|[[Syed Mohammad Ali]] (nephew)|[[Syed Muazzem Ali]] (nephew)|[[Shegufta Bakht Chaudhuri]] (nephew)}}
| awards = [[#Awards|Full list]]
| honours = [[File:Ekushey Padak Ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Ekushey Padak]] (posthumous, 2005)<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=18 February 2005 |title=14 to get Ekushey Padak |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/02/18/d50218011817.htm |url-status= |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |location= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104029/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/02/18/d50218011817.htm |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref>
| module = {{Infobox writer
| embed = yes
| pseudonym =
| language = {{hlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[English language|English]]}}
| period = [[Contemporary literature|Contemporary]]
| genre = [[Travel literature|Travelogue]]
| notable_works = ''[[Deshe Bideshe]]'', ''Panchatantra'', ''Chacha Kahini''}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Visva-Bharati University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Aligarh Muslim University]]|[[University of Bonn]] ([[PhD]])|[[Al-Azhar University]]}}
| thesis_title = The Origin of the K͟hojāhs and Their Religious Life Today
| thesis_url = http://heritage.ismaili.net/node/29256
| thesis_year = 1936
| influences = {{hlist|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]|[[Bidhushekhar Shastri]]|Formici|Bogdanov|[[Moriz Winternitz]]|Mark Collins|[[Giuseppe Tucci]]}}
| discipline = {{hlist|[[Multilingualism|Multilingual studies]]|[[philosophy]]|[[comparative religion]]|[[Islamic studies]]}}
| sub_discipline =
| workplaces = {{ubl|Kabul Agricultural College (1927–1929)|[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] (1936–1944)|[[Government Azizul Haque College]] (1949)|[[University of Calcutta]] (1950)|[[Visva-Bharati University]] (1956–1964)}}
}}
'''Syed Mujtaba Ali'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|সৈয়দ মুজতবা আলী|Sôiẏôd Mujtôba Ali}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈsoi̯̯ɔd̪ ˈmud͡ʒt̪ɔbaˑ‿ˈaliˑ|pron|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-সৈয়দ মুজতবা আলী.wav}}}} ({{Langx|bn|সৈয়দ মুজতবা আলী}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈsoi̯̯ɔd̪ ˈmud͡ʒt̪ɔbaˑ‿ˈaliˑ|pron|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-সৈয়দ মুজতবা আলী.wav}}; 13 September 1904 – 11 February 1974) was a Bengali writer, journalist, travel enthusiast, academic, scholar and linguist. He lived in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Germany]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alim-uz-Zaman |first=Kazi |date=2024-02-12 |script-title=bn:সৈয়দ মুজতবা আলীর যে কষ্টের কথা আমরা অনেকেই জানি না |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/onnoalo/prose/ro2xx6m70n |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Syed Mujtaba Ali Khandakar was born on 13 September 1904 to a [[Bengali Muslim]] ''[[Sayyid|Syed]]'' family of [[Khondakar|''Khandakars'']] in [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]], British Raj. His father, ''[[Khan Bahadur]]'' Syed Sikander Ali, was a sub-registrar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://moulvibazar.gov.bd/site/page/350ceefb-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |title=Prakhyata Byaktitva |website=Moulvibazar Zila |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016201752/http://www.moulvibazar.gov.bd/site/page/350ceefb-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=rebel>{{cite news |author=Abdulla Shibli |date=13 March 2015 |title=Syed Mujtaba Ali as a Rebel |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/literature/syed-mujtaba-ali-rebel-5464 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> He traced his paternal descent to Shah Syed Ahmed Mutawakkil, a [[Pir (Sufism)|''Sufi Pir'']] and a ''Syed'' of Taraf, though apparently unrelated to Taraf's ruling [[Taraf Kingdom#Syed rule|Syed dynasty]].<ref>{{citation |first=Nurur Rahman |last=Khan |editor=Sharif Uddin Ahmed |title=Syed Mujtaba Ali |journal=Sylhet: History and Heritage |pages=824–25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_BtAAAAMAAJ |date=1999 |publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti |location=[[Sylhet]] |isbn=978-984-31-0478-6}}</ref> Ali's mother, Amatul Mannan Khatun, belonged to the Chowdhuries of [[Baghprachanda Khan|Kala and Bahadurpur]], an Islamised branch of the [[Pal family]] of [[Panchakhanda]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Syed Murtaza |author-link=Syed Murtaza Ali |title=Amadera kalera katha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExFXAAAAMAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=Baighara |page=27 |language=bn}}</ref> His paternal family's ancestral home is Khandakar Bari in Uttarsur Village of [[Bahubal Upazila]] of [[Habiganj District]]. Mujtaba was the youngest of three brothers, one of whom being the writer [[Syed Murtaza Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-30 |title=Syed Moazzem Ali passes away |url=https://en.barta24.com/details/national-en/70139/syed-moazzem-ali-passes-away |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Barta24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=rebel/>

Ali completed his matriculation at [[Sylhet Government Pilot High School]] but reportedly did not pass his intermediate examination from [[Murari Chand College|MC College]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} In 1919 when [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was visiting Sylhet, Mujtaba Ali met Tagore who had great influence on Mujtaba Ali's writings. Later, in 1921 Mujtaba joined the Indian freedom struggle and left his school in Sylhet after some Hindu students were punished from taking flowers from the District Commissioners house for [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shibli |first=Abdullah |date=2015-03-07 |title=Syed Mujtaba Ali as a Rebel |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/syed-mujtaba-ali-rebel-5464 |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> In the same year 1921, he went to [[Visva-Bharati University]] in [[Santiniketan]] and graduated in 1926 with B.A. degree. He was among the first graduates of the Visva-Bharati. He studied for a brief period in [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. Later, he moved to [[Kabul]] to work in the Education Department (1927–1929) as a professor.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia |author=Khan, Nurur Rahman |article=Ali, Syed Muztaba}}</ref><ref name="star" /> He left Afghanistan following [[Habibullāh Kalakāni]] taking control of Kabul during the [[Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Mou |date=2023-09-11 |title=Syed Mujtaba Ali between Bengal and Afghanistan |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/focus/news/syed-mujtaba-ali-between-bengal-and-afghanistan-3415916 |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Daily Star |type=Opinion |language=en}}</ref> His name was struck off the evacuation list by [[Francis Humphrys]], first British [[Minister (diplomacy)|Minister]] to the [[Amir of Afghanistan]], [[Amānullāh Khān]], after he criticized the airlifting of Europeans before British Indian citizens.<ref name=":0" />

From 1929 to 1932, Ali went to Germany with the Wilhelm Humboldt scholarship and studied at the universities in [[Berlin]] and later in [[Bonn]]. He earned his PhD from the [[University of Bonn]] with a dissertation on comparative religious studies on [[Khojas]] in 1932.

==Career==
Ali then studied at the [[Al-Azhar]] University in [[Cairo]] during 1934–1935. He taught at a college in [[Baroda]] from 1936 until 1944,<ref name=star/> and in 1949 was principal of [[Government Azizul Haque College]] in [[Bogra]], [[East Bengal]].

After the [[Partition of India]] into India and Pakistan in 1947, Ali went from India to the then [[East Pakistan]]. He was one of the first to call for Bangla as East Pakistan's state language on 30 November 1947, at the Sylhet [[Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Samsad]].<ref name="The Daily Star">{{cite news |title=Syed Mujtaba Ali – a pioneer of our Language Movement |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=75281 |access-date=24 January 2013 |date=11 February 2009}}</ref> He was a prominent activist and supporter of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as the national language of East Pakistan.<ref name="The Daily Star" /> In 1948, being the principal of Azizul Huq College, Bogra, he wrote an essay, 'The State Language of East Pakistan', which was printed in ''Chaturanga'' of [[Kolkata]]. During that time, the [[West Pakistan]] Rulers tried to impose [[Urdu]] as the only state language of East Pakistan while Bengali was spoken by most of the people. The government of Pakistan demanded an explanation. But Ali resigned and moved to India.

He slipped back to India in August 1949, tipped off by a friend, according to [[Abul Maal Abdul Muhith]], that Pakistani authorities intended to arrest him for his vocal support of the [[Bengali language movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muhith |first1=Abul Maal Abdul |author1-link=Abul Maal Abdul Muhith |title=State language movement in East Bengal: 1947 - 1956 |year=2008 |publisher=University Press Limited |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-984-05-1795-4 |pages=36–37}}</ref>

After a brief stint at [[University of Calcutta]] in 1950, he became Secretary of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] and editor of its Arabic journal ''Thaqafatul Hind''.<ref name=star/> In 1951, he married Rabeya Khatun, the headmistress of [[Sylhet Government Girls High School]], a match arranged by his sisters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muhith |first1=Abul Maal Abdul |author1-link=Abul Maal Abdul Muhith |title=State language movement in East Bengal: 1947 - 1956 |year=2008 |publisher=University Press Limited |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-984-05-1795-4 |page=37}}</ref> From 1952 to 1956 he worked for [[All India Radio]] at New Delhi, [[Cuttack]] and [[Patna]]. He then joined [[Visva-Bharati University]] (1956–1964) as professor of German language and later of Islamic Culture. He lived in [[Kolkata]] till early 1972. Following the [[Liberation of Bangladesh]], he moved with his family to Dhaka and lived there till his death in 1974.

==Linguistic abilities and literary works==
Ali's mother tongue was [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], but he also could speak English, Russian, French, German, Italian, [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Pashtu]].<ref name=star/> Alongside Natya Guru Nurul Momen and Jajabar (Binay Mukhopadhyay), Ali was one of the trail-blazers of a unique category of Bengali writing. 'Ramya Rachana' in the Bengali language, an anecdotal story-telling – often based on real-life experiences – became immensely popular, mostly because of the attractive writing style of Ali. ''[[Deshe Bideshe]]'', the story of his journey to and experiences in Kabul during his brief stint as professor in a college there is one of Ali's best works. ''Panchatantra'' is a collection of thoughts and short stories (some already published in 'Desh' magazine) of his days in Europe, Cairo and Baroda.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==Bibliography==
# ''[[Deshe Bideshe]]'' (1949)<ref name=":0" />
# ''Panchatantra'' (1952)
# ''Abishwasya'' (1955)
# ''Chacha Kahini'' (1955)
# ''Mayurkanthi'' (1957)
# ''Jale Dangay'' (1957)
# ''Dhupchhaya ''(1958)
# ''[[Shabnam (Novel)|Shabnam]]'' (1960)
# ''Chaturanga'' (1960)
# ''Shreshtha Galpa'' (1962)
# ''Parash Pathar'' (1962)
# ''Bahubichitra'' (1962)
# ''Bhabaghure O Anyanya'' (1962)
# ''Shreshtha Ramya Rachana'' (1962)
# ''Tunimem'' (1964)
# ''Duhara'' (1966)
# ''Pachandashai'' (1967)
# ''Shahriyar'' (1969)
# ''Hitler'' (1970)
# ''Kato Na Ashrujal'' (1971)
# ''Musafir'' (1971)
# ''Prem''
# ''Dwandwa Madhur''
# ''Tulanahina''
# ''Raja Ujir''
# ''Chalak Hobar Pahela Kitab ''

==Death and legacy==
In 1972, after the [[Independence of Bangladesh]], Ali returned to Bangladesh. He died on 11 February 1974.<ref name="Embassy of Bangladesh">{{cite book |title=Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHAwAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10 |year=1974 |publisher=Embassy of Bangladesh |page=4}}</ref> Extracts from his literary works are included in the curriculum of school level, secondary, higher secondary and graduation level [[Bengali Literature]] in both Bangladesh and India, particularly in the states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]]. He was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]], the second highest civilian award in Bangladesh in 2005 by the [[Government of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=14 to get Ekushey Padak |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/02/18/d50218011817.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=18 February 2005 |access-date=15 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104029/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/02/18/d50218011817.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Narsinghadas Prize (1949)
* [[Ananda Puraskar]] (1961) awarded by Anandabazar Group
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (2005) by the Government of Bangladesh

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Saiyad Mujtaba Ali Rachanabali'' (complete works), edited by Gajendrakumar Mitra, Sumathanath Ghosh, Sabitendranath Ray and Manish Chakrabarty, eleven volumes published by Mitra O Ghosh (Kolkata) 1974–1983.
* ''Saiyad Mujtaba Ali: Jibankatha'', by Nurur Rahman Khan, published by Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Dhaka) 1990.
* ''Mujtaba Sahityer Rupbaichitrya o Rachanashaili'', by Nurur Rahman Khan, published by Bangla Academy (Dhaka) 1990.
* ''Prasanga: Mujtaba Ali'', edited by Bijanbihari Purakayastha, published by Nabapatra Prakashan (Kalikata) 1998 (first published as ''Mujtaba Prasanga ''in Sylhet in 1977).
* ''Syed Mujtaba Ali: Proshongo Oproshongo'' by Golam Mostakim, who was close with Syed Mujtaba Ali from 1971 to 1974, till Syed Mujtaba Ali's death. The book illustrates Syed Mujtaba Ali as a person rather than a personality. Published by Student Ways, Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1995.
* Vishwa Bharatis official page about Syed Mujtaba Ali <ref>{{Cite web |title=Syed Mujtaba Ali |url=https://www.visvabharati.ac.in/SyedMujtabaAli.html |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.visvabharati.ac.in}}</ref>

== External links==
{{Sister project links}}{{Portal bar|Biography|Literature|Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Syed Mujtaba}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male novelists]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:University of Bonn alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:People from Moulvibazar District]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Karimganj district]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Egypt]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Muslims]]
[[Category:Sylhet Government Pilot High School alumni]]

Param Sundari (song)

2026-02-27T00:39:20Z

Aakasham: New Initial Details More To Come - done

{{Short description|2021 single by Shreya Ghoshal}}
{{For|the 2025 Hindi-language film|Param Sundari (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Param Sundari
| cover = Param Sundari Cover.jpeg
| type = Single
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]] featuring [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| language = Hindi
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2021|7|16}}
| recorded = 2020–2021
| studio = [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Music of India|Indian folk]], [[Classical music|classical]], [[R&B|contemporary R&B]], [[dance music]]
| length = 3:21
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| composer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| lyricist = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| tracks = # "'''Param Sundari'''"
# "Rihaayi De"
# "Yaane Yaane"
# "Hututu"
# "Phuljhadiyon"
# "Choti Si Chiraiya"
# "Rock A Bye Baby"
}}

"'''Param Sundari'''" ({{Translation|Eternal beauty}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language song composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] and sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]], for the [[Mimi (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2021 film ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Akhila Krishnamurthy |date=August 16, 2021 |title=From 'Rangeela' to 'Mimi': A.R. Rahman looks back at his musical journey|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20210823-from-rangeela-to-mimi-a-r-rahman-looks-back-at-his-musical-journey-1841561-2021-08-16|access-date=2021-09-13|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The song was released as the lead single along with the soundtrack album on 16 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-16|title=Mimi song Param Sundari: Kriti Sanon is a 'Bikaneri chokri' as she grooves to AR Rahman's music|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mimi-song-param-sundari-kriti-sanon-is-a-bikaneri-chokri-as-she-grooves-to-ar-rahman-s-music-101626425880233.html|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153802/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mimi-song-param-sundari-kriti-sanon-is-a-bikaneri-chokri-as-she-grooves-to-ar-rahman-s-music-101626425880233.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song has over 400 million views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-29|title=Girl flawlessly recreates Kriti Sanon's dance moves from Mimi song Param Sundari. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/girl-flawlessly-recreates-kriti-sanon-s-dance-moves-from-mimi-song-param-sundari-watch-101627563749950.html|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153801/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/girl-flawlessly-recreates-kriti-sanon-s-dance-moves-from-mimi-song-param-sundari-watch-101627563749950.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song peaked at No. 184 on the [[Billboard Global Excl. U.S.]] chart.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/a-r-rahman/chart-history/glx/ |title= A. R. Rahman- Billboard Global Excl. U.S Chart History |date=November 2, 2021 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=November 2, 2021 }}</ref>

== Music video ==
The song was filmed at a huge set erected at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] in [[Mumbai]]. Initially planned to be shot during March–April 2020, it was delayed eventually due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=Press Trust of India |date=May 17, 2020 |title=Mimi director Laxman Utekar: Film's introductory song left to be shot, release date to be pushed|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/mimi-director-laxman-utekar-film-s-introductory-song-left-to-be-shot-release-date-to-be-pushed-1678958-2020-05-17|access-date=2021-09-13|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> It was later shot during January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2020-12-07|title=Kriti Sanon to shoot a dance number for Mimi; song is composed by AR Rahman : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kriti-sanon-to-shoot-a-dance-number-for-mimi-song-is-composed-by-ar-rahman/|access-date=2021-09-13|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153803/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kriti-sanon-to-shoot-a-dance-number-for-mimi-song-is-composed-by-ar-rahman/|url-status=live}}</ref> Utekar, said in an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', that "the song was initially planned to be shot in Rajasthan, but travelling with a big crew and cast will not be feasible, especially during the pandemic restrictions. The international cast of the film will be flying to Mumbai for the shoot as they are required for the continuity of the film." He further added that the song is important for the narrative.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kriti Sanon to shoot a dance number for Mimi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kriti-sanon-to-shoot-a-dance-number-for-mimi/articleshow/79596546.cms|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The Times of India|date=7 December 2020|language=en|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718145938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kriti-sanon-to-shoot-a-dance-number-for-mimi/articleshow/79596546.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the song, [[Kriti Sanon]], who gained 15 kilograms to play the role of a surrogate mother, had trained intensively for three months to reduce weight.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-09|title=Kriti Sanon undergoes inspiring fitness journey for Mimi song Param Sundari, watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-kriti-sanon-inspiring-fitness-journey-to-film-mimi-song-param-sundari-7444355/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153807/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-kriti-sanon-inspiring-fitness-journey-to-film-mimi-song-param-sundari-7444355/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=August 9, 2021 |title=Kriti Sanon shows how she lost 15 kg after shooting Mimi. Watch video|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kriti-sanon-shows-how-she-lost-15-kg-after-shooting-mimi-watch-video-1838420-2021-08-08|access-date=2021-09-13|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The song was filmed with more than 600 dancers in the background, along with Kriti and [[Sai Tamhankar]] (who played Shama, Kriti's friend in the film).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Param Sundari: Kriti Sanon shares a video on the song's making, praises AR Rahman|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/param-sundari-kriti-sanon-shares-a-video-on-the-songs-making-praises-ar-rahman-49619.html|access-date=2021-09-13|website=filmfare.com|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153802/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/param-sundari-kriti-sanon-shares-a-video-on-the-songs-making-praises-ar-rahman-49619.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was choreographed by [[Ganesh Acharya]].<ref name=":1" />

== Release and reception ==
"Param Sundari" served as the lead single from the soundtrack album, was released on 16 July 2021, by [[Sony Music India]],<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Param Sundari -Official Video {{!}} Mimi {{!}} Kriti Sanon, Pankaj Tripathi {{!}} @A. R. Rahman{{!}} Shreya {{!}}Amitabh| date=15 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4ClQO0FFQg|language=en|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913232540/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4ClQO0FFQg|url-status=live}}</ref> along with the entire soundtrack, which featured seven songs.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2021|title=Mimi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0DUOcMjmHGVLqFkWqfNC0z|access-date=16 July 2021|publisher=[[Spotify]]|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715184141/https://open.spotify.com/album/0DUOcMjmHGVLqFkWqfNC0z|url-status=live}}</ref> The song and the album was released in [[Spatial audio|spatial]] and [[Lossless Audio|lossless]] audio formats supported with [[Dolby Atmos]] on [[Apple Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Spatial Audio with Dolby Atmos on Apple Music: What is it, how to use|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/how-to-use-spatial-audio-with-dolby-atmos-on-apple-music/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153808/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/how-to-use-spatial-audio-with-dolby-atmos-on-apple-music/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Manas Tiwari |date=July 20, 2021 |title=Apple Music Lossless and Spatial Audio rolling out in India, here is how to turn them on|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/apple-music-lossless-and-spatial-audio-rolling-out-in-india-here-is-how-to-turn-them-on-1830280-2021-07-20|access-date=2021-09-13|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=IBT News|date=2021-07-20|title=Apple brings Spatial, Lossless Audio to India at last; on Android very soon [details]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/apple-brings-spatial-lossless-audio-india-last-android-very-soon-details-838861|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153808/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/apple-brings-spatial-lossless-audio-india-last-android-very-soon-details-838861|url-status=live}}</ref>

Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' stated ''Param Sundari'' is "[[A. R. Rahman]] nailing the “mass entertainer” formula in a way that he hasn’t done in a while". He appreciated Shreya Ghoshal's vocals, but found "equally praiseworthy is the chorus that matches her brilliantly".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Mimi – Music Review (Bollywood Soundtrack)|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2021/07/22/mimi-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Music Aloud|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729082853/https://www.musicaloud.com/2021/07/22/mimi-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/|url-status=live}}</ref> A review from ''Humming Heart'' said that "Param Sundari opens with a mischievous and energetic (uncredited) chorus that lends way to a brief but arresting bassline, and to the cracking vocals of [[Shreya Ghoshal]] laden with tantalizing verses. The song launches into the full item number zone and holds us hooked for its judiciously short runtime of three and a half minutes. That is Rahman delivering a trademark Bollywood hit number."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-20|title=Review: Mimi by AR Rahman|url=https://ahummingheart.com/reviews/mimi-is-a-lovely-low-key-bollywood-soundtrack-out-of-the-blue-by-ar-rahman/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=A Humming Heart|language=en-GB|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725090907/https://ahummingheart.com/reviews/mimi-is-a-lovely-low-key-bollywood-soundtrack-out-of-the-blue-by-ar-rahman/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Sankhayan Ghosh of ''[[Film Companion]]'' stated "The song has a catchy hook, a good chorus, but see how Rahman and Amitabh Bhattacharya subvert the “item number”. Bhattacharya’s lyrics, sung by Shreya Ghoshal, are in a constant mode of shirking away unwanted male attention".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan|date=2021-07-24|title=Mimi Soundtrack: Minor AR Rahman, But Full Of Little Musical Ideas|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/mimi-movie-songs-music-review-ar-rahman-kriti-sanon-pankaj-tripathi/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Film Companion|language=en-US|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153804/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/mimi-movie-songs-music-review-ar-rahman-kriti-sanon-pankaj-tripathi/|url-status=live}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' said that "The tremendous rustic sounds of the music with that base of the drum beats and the wicked modern line is what makes the song so good."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|title=Mimi Music Review - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=26 July 2021 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mimi/songs/music-critic-review/|access-date=2021-09-13|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913155308/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mimi/songs/music-critic-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Celebrities reaction ==
"Param Sundari" became trending in social media soon after its release and many fans did cover versions of this song.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-17|title=Kangana Ranaut finds Kriti Sanon's Param Sundari in Mimi 'stunning'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kriti-sanon-is-param-sundari-in-mimis-first-song-kangana-ranaut-finds-her-stunning-7408191/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153802/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kriti-sanon-is-param-sundari-in-mimis-first-song-kangana-ranaut-finds-her-stunning-7408191/|url-status=live}}</ref> Celebrities such as [[Hina Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-20|title=Hina Khan displays her fabulous dance moves on 'Param Sundari' during her shoot; Check out here|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/hina-khan-displays-her-fabulous-dance-moves-param-sundari-during-her-shoot-check-out-here-866095|access-date=2021-09-13|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913155305/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/hina-khan-displays-her-fabulous-dance-moves-param-sundari-during-her-shoot-check-out-here-866095|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Raksha Gupta]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Raksha Gupta grabs attention as she grooves to Kriti Sanon's song 'Param Sundari' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/raksha-gupta-grabs-attention-as-she-grooves-to-kriti-sanons-song-param-sundari/articleshow/86160139.cms|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The Times of India|date=13 September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/raksha-gupta-grabs-attention-as-she-grooves-to-kriti-sanons-song-param-sundari/articleshow/86160139.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and a fan of [[Jin (singer)|Jin]] ([[BTS]]) performed cover versions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-26|title=Hey Kriti Sanon, you need to see BTS' Jin in Param Sundari avatar - watch video|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/hollywood/bts-indian-fan-does-a-gender-reversal-on-kriti-sanons-param-sundari-with-mr-worldwide-handsome-jin-watch-video-1901959/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Bollywood Life|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153802/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/hollywood/bts-indian-fan-does-a-gender-reversal-on-kriti-sanons-param-sundari-with-mr-worldwide-handsome-jin-watch-video-1901959/|url-status=live}}</ref> Actress [[Kangana Ranaut]], took to Instagram to praise the song and appreciated Kriti Sanon's dance moves.<ref name=":3" />

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[Sony Music India]]<ref name=":2" />

{{colbegin}}
* [[A. R. Rahman]] – [[composer]], [[Music Producer|producer]], [[musical arrangements]]
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – [[playback singer]]
* [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] – [[lyricist]]
* Sarthak Kalyani – [[additional vocals]]
* Suryansh – additional vocals
* [[Hriday Gattani]] – additional vocals
* [[Nakul Abhyankar]] – additional vocals, [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|audio mixing]]
* Pooja Tiwari – additional vocals
* [[Rakshita Suresh]] – additional vocals
* Kutle Khan – [[Folk music|folk]] voice, [[morsing]] and [[khartal]]
* Keba Jeremiah – [[guitar]]
* Sunil Miller – guitar
* Dipesh Varma – Indian [[percussions]]
* Hiral Viradia – [[music supervisor]]
* Ranjit Barot – [[Arrangement|additional arrangements]] and [[Programming (music)|programming]]
* Suresh Permal – [[sound engineer]] ([[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]], [[Chennai]]), audio mixing, mastering ([[Mastering (audio)|studio mastering]])
* Karthik Sekaran – sound engineer (Panchathan Record Inn, Chennai)
* T. R. Krishna Chetan – sound engineer ([[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]], Chennai)
* S. Sivakumar – sound engineer ([[AM Studios]], Chennai)
* Pradeep Menon – sound engineer (AM Studios, Chennai), mastering ([[Mastered for iTunes|Apple Digital Master]])
* Aravind Crescendo – sound engineer (AM Studios, Chennai)
* R. Samidurai – musicians' [[Fixer (person)|fixer]]
* T. M. Faizuddin – music co-ordinator
* Abdul Haiyum Siddique – music co-ordinator
{{colend}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[22nd IIFA Awards|3–4 June 2022]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{Sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |title=IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401100930/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |archive-date=1 April 2022 |agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[14th Mirchi Music Awards|19 March 2022]]
| Best Song Producer – Programming & Arranging
| {{Sort|Rahman|[[A. R. Rahman]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |title=The 14th Mirchi Music Awards 2022 Nominations |website=Mirchi Music Awards |publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423104316/https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |title=Sidharth Malhotra's Shershaah wins big at 14th Mirchi Music Awards, check out winners' list |work=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|ZoomTV Entertainment]] |date=10 March 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515090737/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |agency=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| {{Sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Song Engineer – Recording & Mixing
| {{Sort|Abhyankar|Nakul Abhyankar}} & {{Sort|Permal|Suresh Permal}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[67th Filmfare Awards| 30 August 2022]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{Sort|Rahman|[[A. R. Rahman]]}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{Sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=w4ClQO0FFQg|Param Sundari}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs with music by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Shreya Ghoshal songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya]]

Dancing on the Grave

2026-02-21T05:35:18Z

Aakasham: Created New Page

{{Short description|Indian crime drama web series}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dancing on the Grave.jpeg
| genre = [[True crime]] [[docuseries]]
| based_on = [[Shakereh Khaleeli]]
| director = Patrick Graham
| writer = Kanishka Singh Deo Patrick Graham
| creative_director =
| executive_producer =
| starring =
| theme_music_composer =
| music = [[Tushar Lall]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 4
| producer = [[India Today|India Today Originals]]
| cinematography = Harshbir Singh Phull
| editor = Kartik Bansal Jahaan Noble Abhinav Tyagi
| runtime = 40 – 50 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2023|04|21|df=y}}
}}

'''''Dancing on the Grave''''' is an Indian [[True crime]] docuseries released in 2023. It is based on the [[Shakereh Khaleeli]] murder case. The series is directed by Patrick Graham for [[Amazon Prime Video]] and produced by [[India Today]].<ref name="BBC-1">{{Cite news |title=Dancing on the grave: The decades-old murder that shook India |work=BBC News |date=2 May 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65397222 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday-1">{{Cite web |title=India Today Originals' Dancing On The Grave trailer out. Docu-series to tell horrifying story of Shakereh Khaleeli who was buried alive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/india-today-originals-dancing-on-the-grave-trailer-out-2361435-2023-04-18 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=India Today |date=18 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="daijiworld-1">{{Cite web |title=Tushar Lall shares his experience of giving background music for 'Dancing On The Grave' |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1073377 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=daiji world |language=en}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia-1">{{Cite news |title=Dancing on the Grave Season 1 Review : This true crime story about Shakereh Khaleeli's death is a compelling watch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/dancing-on-the-grave/season-1/seasonreview/99759444.cms|access-date=2023-04-25|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Cast==
Source:<ref name="imdb-1">{{Cite news |title= Dancing on the Grave Full Cast & Crew|work=imdb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt21908726/fullcredits|language=en}}</ref>

* Anup Upadhyay as Murali Manohar Mishra (Shradhananda)
* [[Danish Pandor (actor)|Danish Pandor]] as Akbar Mirza Khaleeli
* [[Shafaq Naaz]] as Shakereh
* [[Medha Rana]] as Sabah
* Jiten Jatania as Mirza Ismail
* Neeven Ved as young Shakereh

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|21908726}}

[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Battle of Meerut (1760)

2026-02-15T03:21:40Z

Aakasham:

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Meerut
| partof = [[Afghan-Maratha War]]
| caption =
| date = 17 December 1760
| place = [[Meerut]], [[Maratha Empire]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.98|77.71|display=inline, title}}
| result = [[Durrani Empire]] victory<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kadam |first1=Vasant S. |title=Maratha confederacy |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121505703 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulFuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Joglekar |first1=Jaywant |title=Decisive Battles India Lost (326 B. C. to 1803 A. D.) |date=2006 |publisher=Lulucom |isbn=9781847283023 |pages=90–91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_SB95ZA-_cC&q=atai+khan+killed+govind+pant+bundele}}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|20px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|20px]] [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|20px]] Atai Khan
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Govind Pant Bundela]]{{KIA}}
| strength1 = 14,000 cavalry
| strength2 = 12,000 cavalry
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 2,000 soldiers killed 20,000 slain at camp (Total 22,000)
}}
The '''Battle of Meerut''' was a military skirmish initiated by Emperor [[Ahmed Shah Durrani]] in an attempt to capture [[Govind Pant Bundela]], who had taken refuge in [[Meerut]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Andhare |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWYeAAAAMAAJ |title=Bundelkhand Under the Marathas, 1720-1818 A.D.: A Study of Maratha-Bundela Relations |date=1984 |publisher=Vishwa Bharati Prakashan |pages=119 |language=}}</ref> Emperor Ahmad Shah dispatched Atai Khan with a small army of [[Afghans]] to [[Meerut]]. Bundela was ready to face the Afghan forces with his light cavalry of ten thousand soldiers, and a fierce battle ensued between the two adversaries in Meerut.

==Background==
{{main|Battle of Samalkha (1760)}}
On the afternoon of the 26th of October, a significant battle erupted in [[Samalkha]].<ref name=":0" /> The [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]] forces were under the direct command of the emperor, while the [[Marathas]] were led by [[Govind Pant Bundela]].<ref name=":1" /> The Afghans were victorious in the battle, prompting Bundela to be executed. After the confrontation, Bundela escaped and sought refuge in [[Meerut]], saving his life.<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, the emperor deployed Atai Khan, along with the elite cavalry, to apprehend Bundela in [[Meerut]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC |title=The State at War in South Asia |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 |pages=60 |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYsMAQAAMAAJ |title=Haryana State Gazetteer |date=2001 |publisher=Haryana Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department |pages=230 |language=}}</ref>

==Battle==
[[Najib ad-Dawlah]] was dispatched by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]] to prevent Maratha supplies flowing in from [[Delhi]], defeating the forces of Naro Shankar, the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] governor of Delhi. [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] in response sent [[Govind Pant Bundela]] to invade [[Rohilkhand|Rohilla territories]] and cut off Afghan supplies. Marching with 12,000 horsemen, the Maratha detachment advanced up to [[Meerut]] before being attacked by an Afghan contingent of 14,000 dispatched by Ahmad Shah on 17 December under Atai Khan.{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|p=312}} Govind Pant was killed and the Maratha force was routed, with large amounts of supplies being seized by the Afghans.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=183}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=253}}
In later encounters, Bundela, together with 10,000 informally trained cavalry who were not officially enlisted as soldiers, was involved in a foraging mission with around 500 men.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA4fAAAAIAAJ |title=The Mughal Empire, 1526-1803 A.D. |date=1966 |publisher=S. L. Agarwala |pages=476–477 |language=}}</ref> They were ambushed by an Afghan force near Meerut, resulting in a clash in which Bundela was killed by Atai Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJojAQAAIAAJ&q=govind+pant+bundele+was+killed |title=The Cavalry Journal |date=1932 |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYsMAQAAMAAJ |title=Haryana State Gazetteer |date=2001 |publisher=Haryana Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department |pages=229–230 |language=en}}</ref> This was further aggravated by the loss of a detachment of 2,000 Maratha troops who had left Delhi on a mission to transport funds and provisions to [[Panipat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&q=govind+pant+bundele+was+killed |title=The State at War in South Asia |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5nMbz95ySMC |title=Sainik Samachar |date=1965 |publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref>
==Aftermath==
The passing of [[Govind Pant Bundela]] greatly distressed [[Sadashivrao Bhau]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYsMAQAAMAAJ |title=Haryana State Gazetteer |date=2001 |publisher=Haryana Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department |pages=229–231 |language=en}}</ref> He mourned the loss of around 22,000 inhabitants within the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, the [[Maratha]] armies confronted [[Afghans|Afghan]] forces at the battlefield of [[Panipat]], resulting in a historical defeat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=govind+pant+bundele+was+killed |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=282 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxJDAAAAYAAJ |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies, 1708-1769 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |language=en
|author-link=Hari Ram Gupta}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtU5AQAAIAAJ |title=1754-1771 (Panipat) |edition=3rd; 1966, 1971 printing |date=1971 |publisher=Orient Longman |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan|last1=Singh|first1=Ganda |year=1959 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |isbn=978-1-4021-7278-6 |author-link=Ganda Singh (historian) |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5426 |access-date=25 August 2010}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1760]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century battles]]
[[Category:1760 in India]]
[[Category:1760s in the Durrani Empire]]

Raj Shah

2026-02-11T22:18:12Z

Aakasham: starting some page from scratch

{{Short description|American political aide (born 1985)}}
{{about|the Trump administration official|other people named Raj Shah|Raj Shah (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raj Shah
| image = Raj_Shah_-_Briefing.png
| office = [[White House Deputy Press Secretary]]
| president = [[Donald Trump]]
| term_start = September 12, 2017
| term_end = January 14, 2019
| predecessor = Sarah Huckabee Sanders
| successor = [[Hogan Gidley]]
| birth_date = c. {{birth year and age|1985}}
| birth_place = [[Connecticut]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<ref name=Hour01>Krasselt, Kaitlyn, [http://www.thehour.com/news/article/Norwalk-s-Raj-Shah-forged-his-own-political-path-10857908.php "Norwalk’s Raj Shah forged his own political path"], ''[[The Hour (newspaper)|The Hour]]'' ([[Norwalk, Connecticut]]), January 16, 2017. Aged 32 at time of story; with picture. Retrieved 2013-03-31.</ref>
| education = [[Cornell University]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])}}
| 1blankname = Secretary
| 1namedata = [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]]
}}
'''Raj Shah''' (born 1984)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-11-30 |title=Raj Shah becomes first Indian-American to hold press gaggle aboard Air Force One |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/raj-shah-becomes-first-indian-american-to-hold-press-gaggle-aboard-air-force-one/story-CAPtP1fNFjmli7dNhCqRUM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101075439/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/raj-shah-becomes-first-indian-american-to-hold-press-gaggle-aboard-air-force-one/story-CAPtP1fNFjmli7dNhCqRUM.html |archive-date=2024-01-01 |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> is an American political aide who served as the [[White House Deputy Press Secretary]] and [[Deputy Assistant to the President]] from 2017 to 2019. Before joining the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]], Shah was in charge of [[opposition research]] at the [[Republican National Committee]]. He is currently deputy chief of staff for communications for [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Mike Johnson]].<ref name="Isenstadt">{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2023/10/31/congress/johnsons-comms-hire-00124592 |title=Speaker Johnson taps veteran GOP operative as chief spokesperson|website=Politico |access-date=2 November 2023|last=Isenstadt|first=Alex }}</ref>

==Early life ==
Shah's parents are ethnic [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] who moved from [[Mumbai]] to the United States in the 1970s.<ref name=Hour01/><ref name=":0" /> He was born and raised in [[Connecticut]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/raj-shah-becomes-first-indian-american-to-hold-press-gaggle-aboard-air-force-one/articleshow/61858326.cms|title=Raj Shah becomes first Indian-American to hold press gaggle aboard Air Force One|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=November 30, 2017|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> where his father worked as an engineer and his mother as a dentist.<ref name=Hour01/>

Shah attended [[Brien McMahon High School]], and was named an Ettinger Scholar in [[Norwalk, Connecticut]]. In 2006, he graduated from [[Cornell University]] with a bachelor's degree in government.<ref name=Hour01/>

==Career==
Shah volunteered in [[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]] for [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] [[Chris Shays]] during high school, and interned for [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[Joe Lieberman]] and others in [[Washington, D.C.]] as his interest in politics developed. Finding that he disagreed with [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] in his family and those he met during internships, Shah cast his first vote for [[George W. Bush]] in 2004, and interned in the [[White House Office|White House]] in 2005.<ref name=Hour01/> While working as a campaign spokesman for [[New Mexico]] Republican [[New Mexico gubernatorial election, 2010|gubernatorial candidate]] [[Susana Martinez]] in 2010, he was arrested for [[Driving under the influence|DWI]] and [[reckless driving]], and was immediately terminated from his position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abqjournal.com/8345/susana-martinez-spokesman-charged-with-dwi.html|title=Susana Martinez Spokesman Charged With DWI|website=Abqjournal.com|accessdate=3 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nmpolitics.net/index/2010/07/martinez-spokesman-fired-over-dwi-arrest/|title=Martinez spokesman fired over DWI arrest|website=Nmpolitics.net|date=12 July 2010 |accessdate=3 January 2018}}</ref>

By the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 presidential election cycle]], Shah was deputy research director at the [[Republican National Committee]] (RNC). He has said that he learned in that job what not to do in the 2016 election. He worked with the campaign staff and manager of the [[Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2012|Mitt Romney campaign]] and others to plan how to defeat [[Hillary Clinton]] well before she announced her candidacy. Shah co-founded [[America Rising]], "a right-leaning [[political action committee]] that produces opposition research on Democratic candidates". According to Shah, the playbook on the Clinton campaign was
<blockquote>very deep, it's very broad. We had the time and resources to dig through it all and kind of pick and choose how we wanted to go about the general election. I think it played to our benefit. When the email issue broke, we knew what buttons to push. When issues surrounding the foundation came up we knew where to look. We filed over 550 [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|FOI]] requests and we sued the government half a dozen times to release records. All these sorts of things were years in the making. It was a huge coordinated effort.<ref name=Hour01/></blockquote>

As the RNC's head of opposition research in 2016, Shah led a team of experts to carry out research against Clinton. Then-incoming [[White House Chief of Staff]] and outgoing RNC head [[Reince Priebus]] said that Shah would be among the key leaders in helping to implement Trump's agenda.<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/donald-trump-appoints-indian-american-raj-shah-to-key-white-house-position/496981/ "Donald Trump appoints Indian-American Raj Shah to key White House position"], [[Press Trust of India|PTI]] via ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', January 5, 2017. Echoing much of the January 4 ''Washington Free Beacon'' article. Retrieved 2017-03-27.</ref> Before the election, Shah called Trump "deplorable" and the release of the [[Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape|Donald Trump ''Access Hollywood'' tape]] "some justice"; he also helped get embarrassing footage of Trump for a [[Jeb Bush]] campaign commercial.<ref name="deplorable">{{Cite web |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/02/white-house-official-called-trump-a-deplorable.html |title=White House Official Called Trump 'a Deplorable' |date=February 5, 2018 |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |last=Nuzzi |first=Olivia}}</ref>

Shah was one of the early staffers on duty in the White House on [[First inauguration of Donald Trump|Inauguration Day]], attending to reporters' inquiries and beginning establishment of the communications apparatus (emails of 'OCIO' distributions of the address and the first White House [[pool report]] were early to go out) in the [[West Wing]] and the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]].<ref>Wheaton, Sarah, [https://www.politico.com/blogs/donald-trump-administration/2017/01/trump-day-one-raj-shah-233918 "Trump staff arrives at the White House"], ''[[Politico]]'', January 20, 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-27.</ref>

Shah left the White House in January 2019. In July 2019, Fox Corporation announced that he had joined the company as a senior vice president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/20/media/raj-shah-white-house-fox-corp/index.html|title=Former White House spokesman Raj Shah is now a senior VP at Fox|first=Brian |last= Stelter|website=CNN|date=20 July 2019 }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported in 2020 that he had been tasked with running a project to discredit critics of [[Fox News]].<ref name="Smith May 2020">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Ben |title=Record Ratings and Record Chaos on Cable News |work=The New York Times |date=31 May 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/business/media/cable-news-fox-msnbc-cnn.html |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref>

As vice president at Fox News, Shah wrote a memo for [[Tucker Carlson Tonight]] announcing that anchors should immediately label President [[Joe Biden]]'s policy announcements "[[socialism]]", writing: "Framing any and all policy announcements as “socialism” and taken from an [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez|AOC]]-[[Bernie Sanders]] playbook will likely animate Tucker’s core audience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaite.com/news/any-and-all-biden-policies-should-be-labeled-socialism-4-new-revelations-from-fox-news-dominion-lawsuit/|title='Any and All' Biden Policies Should Be Labeled 'Socialism': 4 New Revelations From Fox News-Dominion Lawsuit|access-date=April 3, 2023|date=March 31, 2023|author=Alex Griffing|work=[[Mediaite]]}}</ref>

In November 2023, Shah was appointed deputy chief of staff for communications for [[Mike Johnson]].<ref name="Isenstadt"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Politics|United States}}
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area]]
* [[Members of the Council on Foreign Relations]]
* [[List of Cornell University alumni]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{C-SPAN|112162}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Raj}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American civil servants]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Connecticut Republicans]]
[[Category:Asian-American people in Connecticut politics]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:First Trump administration personnel]]
[[Category:Asian conservatism in the United States]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Pirzada

2026-02-10T17:34:28Z

Aakasham: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Owner of a Sufi shrine}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{wikt|Pirzada}}
A '''''pirzada''''', refers to the owner of [[Sufi]] mausoleums and shrines in [[Muslim lands]], with their earliest mention being in [[Baghdad]]. The word comes from the Persian word, ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]'' ({{langx|fa|پیر}}) which means "teacher" or "guide" and the suffix ''zada'' means "son of".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Peasants_and_Monks_in_British_India/B7cwDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=pirzada+sufi&pg=PA33 |page=33 |title=Peasants and Monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |year=1996 |publisher=U of California Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Newby|first1=Gordon|title=A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2002|publisher=One World|location=Oxford|isbn=1-85168-295-3|page=173|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYfrAQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

In South Asia, ''pirzada'' refers to a ''[[gaddi nasheen]]''.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Ideas and Institutions|author=[[Sirajul Islam|Islam, Sirajul]]}}</ref>

==As a surname==
*[[Aamir Peerzada]], Indian journalist
*[[Pirzada Farooq Ahmed Shah|Farooq Ahmed Shah Pirzada]], Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Peerzada Feroze Ahamad|Feroze Ahamad Peerzada]], Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Gurfateh Pirzada]], Indian actor, brother of Mehreen
*[[Mehreen Pirzada]], Indian actress and model
*[[Mohammed Javed Pirzada]], Indian politician from Gujarat
*[[Peerzada Mohammad Syed|Mohammad Syed Peerzada]], Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Rabi Pirzada]], Pakistani actress
*[[Sharifuddin Pirzada]], Secretary General Organization of the Islamic Conference from 1985 to 1988

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sufism]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Kashmiri-language surnames]]
[[Category:Persian-language surnames]]

Prasidh Krishna

2026-01-23T08:18:36Z

Aakasham: quick improved citations based on references and improved wording

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1996)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Indian name|Prasidh Krishna|Muralikrishna}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Prasidh Krishna
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Muralikrishna Prasidh Krishna
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|02|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| height = 6 ft 3 in <ref>{{cite news |title=Prasidh's hit-the-deck style just what India needs|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-wi-2nd-odi-2021-22-prasidhs-hit-the-deck-style-just-what-india-needs-1300474|quote=...At six feet, three inches, Prasidh Krishna can generate bounce even on the most docile tracks|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| website =
| club1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| year1 = 2015–present
| club2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year2 = 2018–2021
| club3 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year3 = 2022
| club4 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| year4 = 2025

| international = true
| internationalspan = 2021–present

| testdebutdate = 26 December
| testdebutyear = 2023
| testdebutagainst = South Africa
| testcap = 309
| lasttestdate = 31 July
| lasttestyear = 2025
| lasttestagainst = England

| odidebutdate = 23 March
| odidebutyear = 2021
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 234
| lastodidate = 14 January
| lastodiyear = 2026
| lastodiagainst = New Zealand
| odishirt = 24
| T20Idebutdate = 18 August
| T20Idebutyear = 2023
| T20Idebutagainst = Ireland
| T20Icap = 106
| lastT20Idate = 28 November
| lastT20Iyear = 2023
| lastT20Iagainst = Australia
| T20Ishirt = 24

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 6
| runs1 = 10
| bat avg1 = 2.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 5[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 960
| wickets1 = 22
| bowl avg1 = 34.36
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/62
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 23
| runs2 = 2
| bat avg2 = 1.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 2[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 1097
| wickets2 = 40
| bowl avg2 = 27.55
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/12
| catches/stumpings2 = 4/–

| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 5
| runs3 = –
| bat avg3 = –
| 100s/50s3 = –
| top score3 = –
| deliveries3 = 120
| wickets3 = 8
| bowl avg3 = 27.50
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/41
| catches/stumpings3 = 0/–
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 30
| runs4 = 214
| bat avg4 = 8.56
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 34
| deliveries4 = 4,643
| wickets4 = 108
| bowl avg4 = 24.70
| fivefor4 = 3
| tenfor4 = 1
| best bowling4 = 6/35
| catches/stumpings4 = 7/–

| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/917159.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 23 January
| year = 2026
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 India]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023 Pakistan]]|}}
}}

'''Muralikrishna Prasidh Krishna''' ({{IPA|kn|pɾasid̪ʰː kɾiʂɳaː|lang}}; born 19 February 1996) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasidh Krishna profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/prasidh-krishna-917159 |access-date=2021-04-24 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> He plays for the [[India national cricket team|Indian national cricket team]], as a right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium bowler]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasidh Krishna {{!}} CricketArchive |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1556/1556435/1556435.html |website=CricketArchive}}</ref> He represents [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] in domestic cricket and [[Gujarat Titans]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 19, 2021|title='Possible X-factor' Prasidh Krishna latest pacer to join Indian fast-bowling arsenal for England ODIs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/prasidh-krishna-latest-fast-bowler-to-join-team-india-squad-for-odi-series-vs-england-1781097-2021-03-19|access-date=2021-09-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He was a part of the Indian squad which won the [[2023 Asia Cup]] and were runners-up in the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].

Krishna made his [[One Day International]] debut for the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] on 23 March 2021 in their [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|home series against England]] and took 4 wickets in the match, breaking a 24-year-old Indian record for most wickets on ODI debut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 23, 2021|title=India vs England: Prasidh Krishna breaks Indian record with 4-wicket haul on ODI debut|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-england-prasidh-krishna-odi-indian-record-4-wickets-debut-1782817-2021-03-23|access-date=2021-09-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He made his Test debut at [[Centurion Park]] against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] where he took his debut Test wicket.

==Domestic career==
Krishna made his [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Karnataka during [[Bangladesh A cricket team|Bangladesh A]]'s tour of India in September 2015, taking 5 for 49 in a match marked by the absence of all three frontline Karnataka pace bowlers. He took a wicket off his first ball, dismissing [[Rony Talukdar]], before taking the wickets of [[Anamul Haque]], [[Soumya Sarkar]] and [[Nasir Hossain]] in his first spell to reduce Bangladesh A to 41/5. Karnataka went on to win the match by 4 wickets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dream debut for Prasidh Krishna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bangladesh-a-tour-of-india-ranji-trophy-champion-karnataka-versus-bangladesh-a/article7678333.ece |access-date=30 March 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tour Match, Bangladesh A tour of India at Mysore, Sep 22–24 2015 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11296/scorecard/918031/mysore-vs-bangladesh-a-tour-match-bangladesh-a-tour-of-india-2015-16 |access-date=30 March 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for Karnataka in the [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 25 February 2017.<ref name="LA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053725.html |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, Group D: Jharkhand v Karnataka at Kolkata, Feb 25, 2017 |access-date=25 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Karnataka in the [[2017–18 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 21 January 2018.<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1133401.html |title=Super League Group A, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Kolkata, Jan 21 2018 |access-date=23 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He was the leading wicket-taker for Karnataka in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], with thirteen dismissals in seven matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=11523;team=1923;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2016/17 – Karnataka: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>

In August 2018, he was named in the [[India A cricket team]] for the [[Australia A and South Africa A cricket team in India in 2018#Quadrangular Series|2018 A-team Quadrangular Series]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayank Agarwal century steers India B to second straight win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-a-team-quad-series-2018-1150070/india-a-vs-india-b-8th-match-1153198/match-report |access-date=22 May 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In December 2018, he was named in India's team for the [[2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/1167689.html |title=India Under-23s Squad |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

During the [[2021-22 Ranji Trophy]], Krishna took his maiden first-class [[ten-wicket haul]] against [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] picking up 6/35 in the first innings and 4/59 in the second innings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121243/ranji-highlights-prasidhs-ten-fer-helps-karnataka-to-comfortable-win-cricbuzzcom|title=Ranji Highlights: Prasidh's ten-fer helps Karnataka to comfortable win|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref>

==Indian Premier League==
In April 2018, he was bought by the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] team in the [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018 IPL season]] as a replacement for injured [[Kamlesh Nagarkoti]].<ref name="KKR">{{Cite news |title=Injured Kamlesh Nagarkoti ruled out of IPL season |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/injured-kamlesh-nagarkoti-ruled-out-of-ipl-season-1143238 |access-date=6 May 2018}}</ref> On 6 May 2018, he made his [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] debut against [[Mumbai Indians]] replacing injured [[Shivam Mavi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sportstarlive.com/cricket/ipl/net-bowler-prasidh-krishna-debuts-for-kolkata-knight-riders/article23792692.ece|title='Net bowler' Prasidh Krishna debuts for Kolkata Knight Riders|work=Sportstarlive|access-date=6 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>
In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Rajasthan Royals]] for {{INR}}10 Cr in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|Mega auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Feb 12|first1=ANI / Updated|title=Prasidh Krishna picked up by RR for Rs 10 Cr in IPL Mega Auction 2022 {{!}} Cricket News – Times of India|language=en|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2022-prasidh-krishna-picked-up-by-rr-for-rs-10-cr-gujarat-titans-shell-out-rs-10-cr-for-lockie-ferguson/articleshow/89528949.cms|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref>

At the 2025 IPL auction, he was signed by [[Gujarat Titans]] for {{INRConvert|9.5|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2024 |title=GT IPL 2025 Full Player List: Gujarat Titans detailed players list and squad |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/ipl/gt-ipl-2025-full-player-list-gujarat-titans-detailed-players-list-and-squad/3676773/ |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref> During this season, Krishna picked up 25 wickets to earn the [[Purple Cap]] award for most wickets during the IPL season.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2025 Purple Cap |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref>

==International career==
In March 2021, he was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) squad for their series [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|against England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-odi-series-prasidh-krishna-called-up-for-odi-series-against-england-1255237 |title=Prasidh Krishna called up for ODI series against England |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> He made his ODI debut for India on 23 March 2021, against [[England cricket team|England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243393.html |title=1st ODI (D/N), Pune, Mar 23 2021, England tour of India |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> He went on to take 4 wickets, helping India to win the match by 66 runs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://crickettimes.com/2021/03/prasidh-krishna-now-tops-the-list-of-best-bowling-figures-by-an-indian-on-odi-debut/ |title=Prasidh Krishna now tops the list of best bowling figures by an Indian on ODI debut |website=CricketTimes.com |access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref>

In May 2021, he was named as one of four standby players in India's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for the [[2021 ICC World Test Championship Final|final]] of the [[2019–2021 World Test Championship|2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship]] and their away series [[Indian cricket team in England in 2021|against England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-hardik-pandya-kuldeep-yadav-in-india-s-squad-of-20-for-wtc-final-and-england-tests-1262487 |title=No Hardik, Kuldeep in India's squad of 20 for WTC final and England Tests |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154375/india-s-squad-for-wtc-final-and-test-series-against-england-announced |title=India's squad for WTC Final and Test series against England announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> In September 2021, he was added to India's main squad for the fourth Test match against England but didn't play.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/118826/prasidh-krishna-added-to-indias-squad-for-the-oval-test-india-cricket |title=Prasidh Krishna added to India's squad for the Oval Test |work=CricBuzz |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref>

In February 2022, Krishna was named in India's squad for the ODI series against West Indies. He was named the man of the match in the second match as he took 4 wickets for 12 runs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-west-indies-ind-vs-wi-2nd-odi-live-score-updates-7763855/ |title=IND vs WI 2nd ODI Highlights: Prasidh Krishna stars with four-fer as India win in Ahmedabad|work=indian express |date=9 February 2022|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> and went on to win the man of the series award with a 3 wicket haul in the third game.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2022-02-11|title=IND vs WI: Anything Going To The Keeper Or The Slips, I Like That Kind Of Wickets – Prasidh Krishna After Winning 'Player Of The Series' Award In ODIs|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/west-indies-tour-of-india-2022/ind-vs-wi-anything-going-to-the-keeper-or-the-slips-i-like-that-kind-of-wickets-prasidh-krishna-after-winning-player-of-the-series-award-in-odis/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=Cricket Addictor|language=en-US}}</ref>

In May 2022, he was named in India's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for the rescheduled fifth Test [[Indian cricket team in England in 2021|against England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2627083 |title=New faces galore for India's T20I series against South Africa; squad named for rescheduled England Test |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

On 5 November 2023, he was added to India's squad for the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]] after [[Hardik Pandya]] was ruled out owing to his ankle injury from the match against Bangladesh on 19 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hardik Pandya out of World Cup with ankle injury |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-world-cup-2023-hardik-pandya-ruled-out-of-world-cup-prasidh-krishna-replaces-him-in-india-squad-1407039 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 November 2023 |date=4 November 2023}}</ref>

On 28 November 2023, Prasidh Krishna became the most expensive India bowler in T20Is conceding 68 runs in 4 overs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/prasidh-krishna-becomes-most-expensive-india-bowler-in-t20is-check-out-most-runs-conceded-by-indian-248113.html |title=Prasidh Krishna becomes most expensive India bowler in T20Is |work=mykhel |access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref>

Krishna was named in India's squad for the [[Indian_cricket_team_in_England_in_2025|2025 Anderson-Tendulkar Trophy]]. He was picked for the first, second, and fifth tests, taking a total of 14 wickets at an average of 37.07 for the series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cricket Records in Anderson-Tendulkar Trophy, 2025 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/series/bowling-most-wickets-career/anderson-tendulkar-trophy-2025-16595 |access-date=7 August 2025 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Cricinfo|id=917159}}

{{India Squad 2023 Asia Cup}}
{{India 2023 Cricket World Cup squad}}
{{Gujarat Titans squad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Prasidh}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarat Titans cricketers]]

Bhubaneswar–Visakhapatnam Vande Bharat Express

2026-01-22T08:08:35Z

Aakasham: Put up first info w/ infobox

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Bhubaneswar – Visakhapatnam Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = Bhubaneswar–Visakhapatnam Vande Bharat Express.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt = Aerial view of the Bhubaneswar–Visakhapatnam Vande Bharat Express
| caption = Aerial view of the Bhubaneswar–Visakhapatnam Vande Bharat Express
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Odisha]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date|2024|03|12|df=yes}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|17 March 2024}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railways (ECoR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}} '''(BBS)'''
| stops = 7
| end = [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam Junction]] '''(VSKP)'''
| distance = {{convert|444|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 06 hrs
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Saturdays}}
| trainnumber = 20841 / 20842
| line_used = [[Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-15|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|reason= The anchor (Mini Vande Bharat services) [[Special:Diff/1183926159|has been deleted]].}}
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|77|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = '''''(TBC)'''''
| map = {{Bhubaneswar–Visakhapatnam VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20841/20842 '''Bhubaneswar – Visakhapatnam ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 50th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting the metropolitan city of [[Odisha]], [[Bhubaneswar]] with the city [[Visakhapatnam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=Two Vande Bharat trains to Puri and Secunderabad from March 12 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/two-vande-bharat-trains-to-puri-and-secunderabad-from-march-12/articleshow/108354642.cms |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Bhubaneswar-Visakhapatnam Vande Bharat Express: Fare, route |url=https://www.news9live.com/business/biz-news/bhubaneswar-visakhapatnam-vande-bharat-express-fare-route-timings-stations-2473197 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref> This express train was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from Ahmedabad on March 12, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=PM Modi flags off 10 new Vande Bharat Express trains today, four existing routes extended – Check full routes, new destinations and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-pm-modi-to-flag-off-10-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-today-four-existing-routes-to-see-expansion-check-full-routes-new-destinations-and-more-3421885/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=2024-03-12 |title=Watch: PM Modi flags off 10 new Vande Bharat trains |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/watch-prime-minister-narendra-modi-flags-off-10-new-vande-bharat-trains-11710214806246.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= The Hindu Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-03-12 |title=Visakhapatnam-Bhubaneswar Vande Bharat express begins maiden run with festive celebrations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-bhubaneswar-vande-bharat-express-begins-maiden-run-with-festive-celebrations/article67942001.ece |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train will be operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]], [[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khurda Road Jn]], [[Balugaon railway station|Balugaon]], [[Brahmapur railway station|Brahmapur]], [[Ichchapuram railway station|Ichchapuram]], [[Palasa railway station|Palasa]], [[Srikakulam Road railway station|Srikakulam Road]], [[Vizianagaram Junction railway station|Vizianagaram Jn]] and [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam Jn]]. It is operated with train numbers 20841/20842 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=Vizag-Puri Vande Bharat train from March 12 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/vizag-puri-vande-bharat-train-from-march-12/articleshow/108353275.cms |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Yo Vizag! |date=2024-03-09 |title=Two new Vande Bharat trains from Visakhapatnam get green light |url=https://www.yovizag.com/visakhapatnam-gets-green-light-for-two-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-more-details-here/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Vizag |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Puri-Vizag Vande Bharat Express to be Flagged Off by PM Modi - Odisha Bhaskar English |url=https://odishabhaskar.in/breaking/puri-vizag-vande-bharat-express-to-be-flagged-off-by-pm-modi-72585/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309172929/https://odishabhaskar.in/breaking/puri-vizag-vande-bharat-express-to-be-flagged-off-by-pm-modi-72585/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the forty-eighth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation]] and thirty-third [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 20841/20842 Bhubaneswar - Visakhapatnam Jn Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Mondays, covering a distance of {{cvt|444|km}} in a travel time of 5 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|77|km/h}}. The service has 7 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Bhubaneswar railway station]]
* [[Visakhapatnam railway station]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Puri]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Visakhapatnam]]

Maredupudi

2026-01-18T23:07:29Z

Aakasham: stub

{{moresources|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maredupudi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Visakhapatnam district|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Anakapalle mandal
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3416
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 531 019
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Maredupudi''' is a village in [[Anakapalli district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Anakapalle Mandal of [[Anakapalle revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/586194-maredupudi-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Thummapala census 2011}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Maredupudi had a population of 3416. The total population constitute, 1728 males and 1688 females with a sex ratio of 977 females per 1000 males. 405 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with child sex ratio of 858 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 60.08%.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anakapalli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Anakapalli district]]

Secunderabad–Porbandar Weekly Express

2025-12-20T15:38:51Z

Aakasham:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Secunderabad–Porbandar Weekly Express
| image = File:Secunderabad Porbandar Express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Secunderabad-Porbandar Express train board.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|07|11}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Secunderabad}} (SC)
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Porbandar}} (PBR)
| distance = {{convert|1682|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 31 hrs 15 mins
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 20967 / 20968
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 20967 / 20968 '''Secunderabad–Porbandar Weekly Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Porbandar}} in India. It is currently being operated with 20967/20968 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2870&id=0,4,268 NEW MAIN LINE TIME TABLE WITH MAJOR INITIATIVES RELEASED BY WESTERN RAILWAY GM ]</ref><ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1970&did=13970471808643F072C2E29D29AD6EF2774610B8B28B6.web103 EXTRA COACHES IN 8 PAIR OF TRAINS]</ref>

==Coach composition==
[[file:SC - PBR Exp. (22986002355).jpg|thumb|left|175px|Secunderabad–Porbandar Express near [[Hi-Tech City railway station]] in Hyderabad]]
The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 24 coaches:

* 1 AC First
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 9 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry car
* 3 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Service==

*The 20967/Secunderabad–Porbandar Weekly Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1682 km in 30 hrs 40 mins.
*The 20968/Porbandar–Secunderabad Weekly Express has an average speed of 54 km/h and covers 1682 km in 31 hrs.

== Route & halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Wadi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalaburagi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Solapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Karjat}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhiwandi Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Vapi}}
* {{stnlnk|Valsad}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Ankleshwar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viramgam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Surendranagar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hapa}}
* {{stnlnk|Jamnagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Wansjaliya}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Porbandar}}'''

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva|Vatva Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP4E]] Electric locomotive from Porbandar to Secunderabad and vice versa.

== Rake sharing ==

The train shares its rake with;
* 12905/12906 [[Shalimar–Porbandar Superfast Express]]
* 20937/20938 [[Porbandar–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express]]
* 19269/19270 [[Porbandar–Muzaffarpur Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Howrah–Porbandar Express]]
* [[Porbandar railway station]]
* [[Porbandar–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express]]
* [[Porbandar–Muzaffarpur Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/6268 20967/Secunderabad–Porbandar Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/6288 20968/Porbandar–Secunderabad Weekly Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secunderabad-Porbandar Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Porbandar]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Panjab university bachao morcha

2025-12-20T15:28:38Z

Aakasham: New First Article W/ Infobox - done

{{short description|Student protest coalition at Panjab University, Chandigarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
[[File:Panjab-University-Bachao-Morcha-10-Nov-2025.jpg|thumb|A rally of Panjab University Bachao Morcha on 10 November 2025]]

'''Panjab University Bachao Morcha''' ('''PUBM''') is a student-led protest coalition at [[Panjab University]], Chandigarh, India, formed in early November 2025 in response to proposed changes in the university's governance structure and delays in holding Senate elections.<ref name="IE-explainer" /><ref name="TOI-unite" />

The movement's core demands are restoration of the pre–28 October 2025 Senate structure and immediate announcement of long-pending Senate election dates, which had not been notified even after the Union Ministry of Education withdrew its restructuring notification in early November 2025.<ref name="IE-explainer" /><ref name="HT-rollback" /> Between 1 and 17 November 2025, the Morcha organised an indefinite sit-in (''dharna''), a campus shutdown on 10 November, and later called for a boycott of examinations scheduled from 18 November onwards. The agitation led to postponement of examinations across Panjab University and more than 200 affiliated colleges, drew national media attention, and triggered political debate over university autonomy and Punjab's role in Panjab University.<ref name="TOI-exams" /><ref name="HT-examBoycott" />

== Background ==
The Senate's term had expired on 31 October 2024, but elections were not held for over a year, leading to a prolonged period without an elected governing body.<ref name="HT-rollback" />

On 28 October 2025, the Union Ministry of Education issued a notification proposing major restructuring, including reducing the Senate from 91 members to 31 and abolishing the Graduate constituency elections.<ref name="IE-explainer" /> Critics argued that the proposal would centralise control, weaken representation, and dilute Punjab's historic stake in the university.<ref name="TOI-opposition" />

Following protests and political pressure from Punjab-based organisations and parties, the Union government withdrew or placed the notification in [[abeyance]].<ref name="TOI-bjp" /><ref name="HT-rollback" />

== Formation ==
PUBM emerged in the first days of November 2025 as a joint front of student organisations opposing the restructuring and demanding Senate elections.<ref name="TOI-unite" /><ref name="Quint-gates" /> The coalition includes student wings associated with the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], [[Indian National Congress]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], Left organisations, and independents.<ref name="TOI-unite" /> ABVP supported a smaller Senate but did not join the joint front.<ref name="TOI-unite" />

== Objectives and demands ==
* Immediate notification of Senate elections under the pre–28 October structure.<ref name="HT-deadline" />
* Withdrawal of centralisation attempts in governance.<ref name="TOI-opposition" />
* Withdrawal of FIRs registered against protesters.<ref name="HT-FIR" />
* Consultation with stakeholders before future governance changes.<ref name="IE-farmers" />

== Timeline (1–17 November 2025) ==

=== Indefinite dharna ===
PUBM launched a continuous dharna beginning in early November.<ref name="HT-rollback" /> After the rollback of the notification, student leaders continued the agitation, insisting on immediate election dates.<ref name="TOI-bjp" />

=== 10 November mobilisation ===
PUBM called for a campus shutdown on 10 November 2025.<ref name="IE-farmers" /> Heavy security was deployed ahead of the protest.<ref name="Print-security" /> Reports estimated over 5,000 protesters entered the campus, resulting in barricade breaches and clashes with police.<ref name="Quint-gates" /><ref name="HT-FIR" /> The protest drew support from farmer leaders and prominent political figures.<ref name="TOI-opposition" />

=== Exam boycott and postponement ===
On 15 November, PUBM called for a boycott of exams beginning 18 November.<ref name="HT-examBoycott" /> Soon after, Panjab University postponed examinations scheduled for 18–20 November.<ref name="TOI-exams" />

== Participation and support ==
The movement has drawn support from:
* Student groups across ideological lines<ref name="TOI-unite" />
* Farmer unions involved in the 2020–21 farmers’ protest<ref name="IE-farmers" />
* Panthic organisations and [[Nihang]] groups<ref name="Quint-gates" />
* Politicians from major parties in Punjab<ref name="TOI-opposition" />

== Government and university response ==
PU has stated that a proposed Senate election schedule was forwarded to the Chancellor and is awaiting approval.<ref name="HT-rollback" /> The Punjab BJP stated that the restructuring will not be implemented.<ref name="TOI-bjp" />

== Criticism and controversies ==
Concerns raised include:
* Violence and barricade breaches on 10 November<ref name="HT-FIR" />
* Influence of political and non-student actors<ref name="IE-farmers" />
* Internal differences among student organisations<ref name="TOI-unite" />

== Impact ==
* Postponement of exams for thousands of students<ref name="TOI-exams" />
* Rollback of the governance restructuring order<ref name="TOI-bjp" />
* Increased debate about PU's governance and Punjab's representation<ref name="IE-explainer" /><ref name="IE-farmers" />
* Major revival of student political mobilisation<ref name="Quint-gates" />

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="IE-explainer">{{cite news |title=After a flip-flop, Centre finally withdraws controversial notification on PU Senate |work=The Indian Express |date=8 November 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/flip-flop-centre-withdraws-controversial-notification-pu-10352933/ |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
<ref name="TOI-unite">{{cite news |title=Students unite across party lines to resist PU Senate overhaul |work=The Times of India |date=November 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/students-unite-across-party-lines-to-resist-senate-overhaul/articleshow/125144645.cms |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
<ref name="HT-rollback">{{cite news |title=Amid backlash, Centre withdraws notification on Panjab University senate reforms |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 November 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/amid-backlash-centre-withdraws-notification-on-panjab-university-senate-reforms-101762542192485.html |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
<ref name="TOI-exams">{{cite news |title=PU under siege, exams deferred in over 200 colleges |work=The Times of India |date=16 November 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pu-under-siege-exams-deferred-in-200-colleges/articleshow/125354390.cms |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
<ref name="HT-examBoycott">{{cite news |title=PU Bachao Morcha announces boycott of exams starting November 18 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 November 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/chandigarh-agitators-announce-boycott-of-exams-starting-november-18-at-pu-101763149767892.html |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
<ref name="TOI-opposition">{{cite news |title=Opposition parties slam Centre’s move on Panjab University Senate |work=The Times of India |date=November 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/opposition-parties-slam-centres-move-on-panjab-university-senate/articleshow/125064000.cms |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
<ref name="TOI-bjp">{{cite news |title=Oct 28 notification to restructure PU Senate, Syndicate will never be implemented: Punjab BJP |work=The Times of India |date=8 November 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/oct-28-notification-to-restructure-pu-senate-syndicate-will-never-be-implemented-punjab-bjp/articleshow/125171248.cms |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
<ref name="Quint-gates">{{cite news |title=Panjab University row: thousands break gates to protest against ‘central takeover’ |work=The Quint |date=November 2025 |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/panjab-university-protest-pnjab-chandigarh-centre-farmers-bjp |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
<ref name="IE-farmers">{{cite news |title=How PU stir mirrors farmer protests |work=The Indian Express |date=November 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/how-pu-stir-mirrors-farmers-protest-10362852/ |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
<ref name="HT-deadline">{{cite news |title=PU protestors set November 18 deadline for Senate poll schedule |work=Hindustan Times |date=November 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/pu-protestors-set-november-18-deadline-for-senate-poll-schedule-101763000000000.html |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
<ref name="HT-FIR">{{cite news |title=FIR against unidentified PU protestors for attacking cops, breaching gates |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 November 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/panjab-university-bachao-morcha-november-10-protest-police-book-unidentified-protesters-for-attacking-cops-101763321284964.html |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
<ref name="Print-security">{{cite news |title=Heavy security deployed as Panjab University braces for shutdown protest |work=The Print |date=10 November 2025 |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/centre-revokes-its-order-to-downsize-panjab-university-senate-syndicate-amid-protests/2779590/ |access-date=18 November 2025 }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Panjab University]]
[[Category:Student politics in India]]
[[Category:2025 protests]]
[[Category:Education in Chandigarh]]

Anand Vihar Terminal–Ayodhya Cantonment Vande Bharat Express

2025-12-13T08:20:11Z

Aakasham: Put up first post initial version

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Anand Vihar Terminal - Ayodhya Cantt ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Anandviharvande.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = Anand Vihar Terminal - Ayodhya Cantt Vande Bharat Express At Kanpur Central
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[New Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date|2023|12|30}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|4 January 2024}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways (NR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} '''(ANVT)'''
| stops = 04
| end = [[Faizabad Junction railway station|Ayodhya Cantt]] '''(AYC)'''
| distance = {{convert|628|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 08 hrs 20 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Wednesdays}}
| trainnumber = 22426 / 22425
| line_used = *[[Kanpur–Delhi section|Delhi–Kanpur line (from Anand Vihar Terminal)]]
*[[Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway|Kanpur–Lucknow line]]
*[[Varanasi–Lucknow line|Lucknow–Varanasi line (till Ayodhya Cantt. Jn.)]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: Jan 07 2024)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Modified rakes|Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: July 07 2025)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 3.0]] ''(First service: July 08 2025)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|75|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|480|m|ft}} (20 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Northern Railway zone|Anand Vihar Terminal (ANVT)]]
| map = {{Anand Vihar Terminal-Ayodhya VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 22426/22425 '''Anand Vihar Terminal - Ayodhya Cantonment ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 36th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting the capital city of [[New Delhi|New Delhi's]] {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} with [[Ayodhya]], the birthplace of the deity [[Rama]] of [[Kosala]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2023 |title=Vande Bharat from Delhi to Ayodhya: New high-speed train to cover the distance in just 8 hours – More details inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-vande-bharat-from-delhi-to-ayodhya-new-high-speed-train-to-cover-the-distance-in-just-8-hours-more-details-inside-3346910/ |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat Train: अयोध्या-आनंद विहार वंदे भारत की सौगात, पीएम मोदी इस द‍िन करेंगे लोकार्पण - Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate ayodhya anand vihar vande bharat Express on December 30 |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-prime-minister-narendra-modi-will-inaugurate-ayodhya-anand-vihar-vande-bharat-express-on-december30-23614373.html |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=Ayodhya-Delhi Trains: Vande Bharat Express Flagged Off - Check Timings And Other Details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/ayodhya-delhi-trains-vande-bharat-express-flagged-off-check-timings-and-other-details-article-106402840 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

This express train was inaugurated on 30 December 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] from [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Dham Junction]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=PM Modi flags off 2 Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Express trains in Ayodhya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-flags-off-2-amrit-bharat-6-vande-bharat-express-trains-in-ayodhya-101703918767779.html |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2023 |title=PM Modi flags off 2 new Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Express trains during Ayodhya visit; check routes & other details |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-narendra-modi-ayodhya-amrit-bharat-vande-bharat-trains-flag-off-full-list-of-new-routes-indian-railways/articleshow/106393567.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=PM Modi flags off new Vande Bharat, Amrit Bharat trains from Ayodhya Dham Junction: Routes, features and all you need to know |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/pm-modi-flags-off-vande-bharat-amrit-bharat-trains-from-ayodhya-junction-routes-features-and-all-you-need-to-know-2391037 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayodhya: PM Modi inaugurates redeveloped railway station, flags off Amrit Bharat trains |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/12/30/ayodhya-pm-modi-inaugurates-redeveloped-railway-station-flags-off-amrit-bharat-trains.html |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=PM to Inaugurate Amrit Bharat Express from Ayodhya, 6 Vande Bharat Trains on Dec 30 |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/pm-to-inaugurate-amrit-bharat-express-from-ayodhya-6-vande-bharat-trains-on-dec-30-8714893.html |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi to flag off 5 Vande Bharat, 2 Amrit Bharat trains on December 30, check details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pm-modi-to-flag-off-5-vande-bharat-2-amrit-bharat-trains-on-december-30-check-details-here-3072293 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}}, [[Khurja Junction railway station|Khurja Junction]], [[Aligarh Junction railway station|Aligarh Junction]], [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]], [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Charbagh]] and [[Faizabad Junction railway station|Ayodhya Cantt]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 22426/22425 on 6 days a week basis. From 16 August 2024, [[Aligarh Junction railway station|Aligarh Junction]] has also been added as experimental stoppage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 New Vande Bharat Express Trains To Be Launched Virtually By PM Modi From Ayodhya On December 30 - Check Full List and Route Details |url=https://www.india.com/business/pm-modi-likely-to-launch-6-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-new-delhi-vaishnavo-devi-amritsar-jalna-mumbai-coimbatore-bengaluru-darbhanga-6609378/ |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Train: New Vande Bharat train will run from Ayodhya to Anand Vihar on this day, check route and timings - informalnewz |url=https://www.informalnewz.com/vande-bharat-train-new-vande-bharat-train-will-run-from-ayodhya-to-anand-vihar-on-this-day-check-route-and-timings/ |access-date=27 December 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It was the thirty-fourth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation]] and twenty-first [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

This conversion of 8 coaches to 16 coaches commenced on '''January 9, 2025''', as this would benefit the passengers heading towards the [[Skandagupta]]'s [[Ayodhya]] tourist destination via the capital city of [[Lucknow]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Further the conversion of 16 coaches to 20 coaches commenced on '''July 08 2025''', thereby favouring many passengers to reach the divine [[Ram Mandir]] in [[Ayodhya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindustan |first=Newswrap |date=7 July 2025 |title=Ayodhya-Anand Vihar Vande Bharat will run from tomorrow with 20 coaches |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-vande-bharat-express-expands-to-20-coaches-between-ayodhya-cantt-and-anand-vihar-201751898317364.html |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=Hindustan Live |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswal |first=Sujata |date=2025-07-07 |title=Vande Bharat: 20 coaches will be added to Anand Vihar-Ayodhya Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.dynamitenews.com/national/vande-bharat-20-coaches-will-be-added-to-anand-vihar-ayodhya-vande-bharat-express |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Dynamite News |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 22426/22425 Anand Vihar Terminal - Ayodhya Cantt Jn Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Wednesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|628|km}} in a travel time of 8 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|75|km/h}}. The service has 4 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}}
* [[Faizabad Junction railway station|Ayodhya Cantt. Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Lucknow]]

Katyuri dynasty

2025-11-25T19:24:50Z

Aakasham: Created details

{{Short description|Medieval Hindu kingdom of India and Nepal}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Disputed|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Katyuri Dynasty
| common_name = Katyuri kingdom
| native_name = Kurmanchal
| status = [[Sovereign state]]
| status_text =
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader1 = [[Vasudev Katyuri|Vasu Dev]]
| leader2 = Basantana Dev (founder of [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]])
| leader3 = Kharpar Dev
| leader4 = Bhu Dev
| leader5 = Bir Dev
| year_leader1 = 700–849 CE
| year_leader2 = 850–870 CE
| year_leader3 = 870–880 CE
| year_leader4 = 955–970 CE
| year_leader5 = brief period till 1065 CE
| title_leader = Raja (King)
| event_start =
| year_start = 700 CE
| event_end =
| date_end =
| year_end = 1065 CE
| event1 = Transfer of capital to Karttikeyapur, [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]]
| date_event1 = 850 CE
| event2 =
| date_event2 =
| event3 =
| date_event3 =
| p1 =
| p2 = Kuninda kingdom
| s1 = Doti
| s2 = Chand kingdom
| s3 = Garhwal Kingdom
| flag_s1 =
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| coat_alt =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Joshimath]] later shifted to [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand]]<ref name="Handa 2002 24"/><ref name=":1" />
| national_anthem =
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]],[[Buddhism]]
| demonym =
| legislature =
| today = [[India]] [[Nepal]]
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}
The '''Katyuri kingdom''', also known as the '''Katyuri dynasty''', was a medieval kingdom that ruled over the regions in [[Uttarakhand]] in India and western [[Nepal]] from either 500 to 1200 CE or 700 to 1200 CE. The founder of the dynasty, King [[Vasudev Katyuri]], was originally a Buddhist ruler, but he later started following Hindu practices, sometimes attributed to a vigorous campaign of Hindu philosopher [[Adi Shankara]] (788–820 CE).<ref name=":4"/>

King Bhu Dev was known for extensively eradicating Buddhist practices in his kingdom and the Bageshwar stone inscription of Bhu Dev{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=29-31}} writes himself as "Brahmana Parayana" and "Parama Shramana Rupu", meaning a follower of [[Brahmin|Brahmans]] and an arch rival of Buddhist Bhikshus.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=31}} The Katyuri Kings were known for constructing several Hindu temples in present-day [[Uttarakhand]] as they later followed Brahminical practices.<ref name=":2"/>

After fragmentation and disestablishment of the Katyuri kingdoms, their offshoots rose as [[Askot]] Katyuri Pal Rajwar in [[Pithoragarh]], another Katyuri Pal [[Doti|Doti Rainka]] in modern [[Doti district]] of Nepal, King Brahm Deo's branch state in Sui, another Katyuri house at Baramandal, one of them maintained its sovereignty over [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]] and finally one Katyuri house each in [[Dwarahat]] and Lakhanpur.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=38-44}}

==History==
===Origin===
The Katyuris claimed to be of [[Khasas|Khasa]] descent.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=22}} Historians believe Katyuris to be natives of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Alter|first=Andrew|title=Echoes of Colonialism: Bagpipes in the Himalayas|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9789384463069.003|work=Mountainous Sound Spaces|year=2014|pages=1–16|place=Delhi|publisher=Foundation Books|doi=10.1017/9789384463069.003|isbn=978-93-84463-06-9|access-date=2020-11-10|url-access=subscription}}</ref> For example [[Edwin Felix Thomas Atkinson|E. T. Atkinson]], in the first volume of his book ''Himalayan Gazetter'', proposes the Katyuris to be natives of Kumaon, and traces their roots in the ruined town of [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Karvirpur]] on the bank of the [[Gomati river]].<ref name="Handa 2002 24">{{Harvnb|Handa|2002|p=24}}</ref> However, historian [[Badri Datt Pandey]] proposed descent from the [[Shalivahana]] ruling house of [[Ayodhya]]<ref name=":0">{{Harvnb|Pande|1993|p=154}}</ref><ref name=":1"/>{{refn|group=note|Pandey states the [[Khasas]] to be the original inhabitants of these Himalayan areas, who settled here before the composition of the [[Vedas]], and the Katyuris may have conquered them, and established their Kingdom.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pande|1993|p=152}}</ref>}} while historian Price Powell claims their origin back to the [[Kunindas]], having found coins from the Kuninda period.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=24-25}} The rule of Kunindas were limited only to the foothill tracts and not in the interiors of Uttarakhand and the coins could have reached in the interiors by travel of traders and pilgrims.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=25}}

It is also worth noting that the [[Pala Empire|Pala emperors]] [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]] and [[Devapala of Bengal|Devapala]] mentioned [[Khasas|Khasa]] Desha (country), under their administration and even the administration and arts of the Katyuris were very similar to the administration and arts of Pala Empire and also the kings of [[Chand dynasty]] regarded Katyuris with low importance which indicates that they were descendants of Khasas. Khasas managed the village level theocratic republics like gram-rajya and [[Mandala (political model)|mandals]] under various local clans and identities.<ref>{{Harvnb|Handa|2002|pp=22–26}}</ref> Katyuri was one of the ruling houses of [[Joshimath]] that claimed the sovereignty over other gram-rajyas of the entire territory.{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=24}} The Katyuris ruled from Joshimath in the [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda]] Valley and later they shifted their capital to [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]].{{sfn|Handa|2002|pp=26-28}}

===Kingdom===
[[File:The Dancing Shiva....rare depictions of Ancient India.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|7th-century Nataraja relief on Temple 1 of [[Jageshwar|Jageshwar Temples]]; Ganesha in upper right corner, Skanda-Kartikeya on his peacock in upper left, Parvati in lower left and a musician playing ''[[vadya]]'' in lower right.{{sfn|Nachiket Chanchani|2013|pp=139-141}}]]
The Katyuri dynasty was founded by Vashudev Katyuri (sometimes spelled Vasu Dev or Basu Dev);<ref name=":1">{{Harvnb|Handa|2002|p=25}}</ref> the ancient Basdeo temple in the city - the oldest stone temple in [[Uttarakhand]] - is attributed to him.<ref name=":4">{{Harvnb|Handa|2002|p=26}}</ref> His reign is most commonly believed to be from 850 to 870 CE.<ref name=":4"/> The Kingdom was then named ''Jyotiryana'', and had its capital at [[Joshimath]] in the [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda]] Valley.<ref name="Handa 2002 24"/> Vasu Dev was of Buddhist origin, but later started following Hindu practices. The Hindu practices of Katyuri kings in general is sometimes attributed to a vigorous campaign of [[Adi Shankara]] (788-820 CE).<ref name=":4"/>

They later shifted their capital to [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]] from [[Jyotirmath|Joshimath]].<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/> During their reign they dominated lands of varying extent from the "Katyur" (modern-day Baijnath) valley in Kumaon between the 7th and 11th centuries, and established their capital at Baijnath in [[Bageshwar district]]; which was then known as ''Kartikeyapura'' and lies in the centre of "Katyur" valley. ''Brahmadev mandi'' (a trading and business center in a flat area of the then Katyuri kingdom) in the [[Kanchanpur District]] of Nepal was established by Katyuris king Brahma Deo (Brahma Dev). Brahmadeo Mandi still exists by this name.

At its peak, the Katyuri dynasty of Kumaon extended from [[Sikkim]] in the east to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]. They were known as Katoor around Chitral Gilgit Hindukush, in the west, before fragmenting into numerous principalities by the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uttarakhand.prayaga.org/history.html |title=9th-11th century |access-date=9 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174110/http://uttarakhand.prayaga.org/history.html |archive-date=20 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> it is believed that from king Dham Deo and Vir Deo the downfall of this powerful dynasty began. Virdeo used to collect heavy taxes and forced his people to work as his slaves, King Virdeo teased his subjects by his tyranny to the extent that he forcibly married his own maternal aunt Tila (Tilottama Devi). It is said that the Kumaoni folk song "''Mami tile dharo bola''" became popular from that very day.<ref name=":2"/> After the death of king Virdeo a civil war among his sons started. Fierce fight took place among them. Whole of the kingdom was ruined. The people of this very family divided the whole kingdom among themselves, they declared themselves independent kings and established their own kingdoms in various parts of Kumaon,<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":0"/>

King Brahmdeo of this family (after whose name Brahmdeo Mandi was founded) established his kingdom in [[Champawat district|Sui]]. His first fort lay in Sui and the [[Rawat language|Rawat]] king of {{Interlanguage link|Dumkot|sv}} was under him. The second branch started ruling [[Doti District|Doti]]. The third established itself at [[Askot]]. Fourth settled down at Baramandal. The fifth maintained its sovereignty over [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]] and . The sixth branch ruled in [[Dwarahat]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hāṇḍā|first=Omacanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSQnAQAAIAAJ&q=katyuri+disintegration|title=Panorama of Himalayan architecture|date=2008|publisher=Indus|isbn=978-81-7387-212-9|language=en}}</ref> later they were displaced by [[Chand kings]].{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

===Later offshoots===
The [[Rajwar (Title)|Rajwar]] dynasty of [[Askot]] in [[Pithoragarh]] was set up in the 1279 AD, by a branch of the Katyuri Kings,<ref name=":4"/> headed by Abhay Pal Deo, who was the grandson of Katyuri king, Brahm Deo. The dynasty ruled the region until it became part of the [[British Raj]] through the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] in 1816. [[Doti]], another branch of the Katyuri dynasty, came under [[Nepali language|Nepal]] through [[Gurkha]] expansion in 1790.<ref name=":2"/>

Later one more strong offshoot was Mahuli Mahson Raj, ([[Basti district|Basti]]), Uttar Pradesh. The feudal kingdom stretched (47 kilometers) 14 kose. After Brahm Deo's reign the empire disintegrated, with his grandson Abhay Pal Deo continuing his reign from the kingdom of Askote in Kumaon's Pithoragarh district. Abhay Pal, Deo's two younger sons, Alakh Deo and Tilak Deo set out from Askote in 1305 with a large army and after passing through the Terai region and the plains of U.P, came to Gonda/Gorakhpur. This region was covered in thick jungles and swamps and was inhabited by fierce Bhar tribals. The Ghagra river in the south and Rapti river in the east protected the region from heavy attacks.

== List of rulers==
The period of certain Katyuri rulers, is generally determined as below, although there is some ambiguity in respect to exact number of years ruled by each King:{{sfn|Handa|2002|p=28 to 32}}

;List–
* Vasu Dev (700–849 CE) (Possibly legendary)
* Basantana Dev (850–870 CE)
* Kharpar Dev (870–880 CE)
* Abhiraj Dev (880–890 CE)
* Tribhuvanraj Dev (890–900 CE)
* Nimbarta Dev (900–915 CE)
* Istanga (915–930 CE)
* Lalitasura Dev (930–955 CE)
* Bhu Dev (955–970 CE)
* Salonaditya (970–985 CE)
* Ichchhata Dev (985–1000 CE)
* Deshat Dev (1000–1015 CE)
* Padmata Dev (1015–1045 CE)
* Subhiksharaja Dev (1045–1060 CE)
* Dham Dev (1060–1064 CE)
* Bir Dev (Very short period till 1065 CE)
* Trilok pal dev

== Legacy ==
=== Architecture ===
The Katyuri Kings were known for constructing several temples in present-day [[Uttarakhand]] and they followed Brahminical practices.<ref name=":2"/> Most of the ancient temples in Uttarakhand are architectural contributions by the Katyuri dynasty.<ref name=open>{{cite web|title=Historical Background|url=http://uou.ac.in/book/uttg/historical-background|publisher=Uttarakhand Open University|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614084958/http://uou.ac.in/book/uttg/historical-background|archive-date=14 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vasu Dev temple at [[Joshimath]], several shelters and small shrines along the route to [[Badrinath]], as well as the Lakulesha, Mahishasuramardhini, Navadurga and Nataraja temples at [[Jageshwar]] were constructed by Katyuri Kings.<ref name=":2"/> Bhuv Dev (955-970) was follower of Brahminical practices and built [[Baijnath Temple Complex|several temples]] at [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]] and [[Bageshwar]], but the structures are lost and tradition continues.<ref name=":2">{{Harvnb|Handa|2002|pp=34–45}}</ref> A relatively rare [[Surya]] temple is located in [[Katarmal]], now a remote village near Kosi, which was built by Katarmalla, a lesser known Katyuri ruler. The complex has 44 carved temples around the main temple, but is in a state of neglect after the theft of an important idol.<ref name=tribune1>{{cite news|last=Sajwan|first=Venita|title=A lesser-known sun temple at Katarmal|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020817/windows/site.htm|access-date=8 July 2013|newspaper=The Tribune|date=17 August 2002}}</ref> The Katyuri Kings also build a temple known as Manila Devi near Sainamanur.
{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=900|caption_align=center
| align = centre
| image1 = Sun Temple, Katarmal.jpg|caption1= Sun Temple at [[Katarmal]]
| image2 = Jageshwar Mandir.jpg|caption2=[[Jageshwar|Jageshwar Temples Complex]]
| image3 = BAIJNATH TEMPLE.jpg|caption3=[[Baijnath Temple Complex]]
| footer = Several temples in Uttarakhand are attributed to the Katyuri Kings.
}}

==See also==
*[[Doti]]
*[[Bageshwar]]
*[[History of India]]
*[[Kumaon Kingdom]]
*[[Rajula and Malushahi]]
*[[Uttrakhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]
*[[Khasdesha]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
* ''Malushahi: The Ballad of Kumaon'' by [[Mohan Upreti]]. New Delhi, [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], 1980.
*{{cite book |last1=Handa |first1=O. C. (Omacanda) |title=History of Uttaranchal |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC |year=2002 |publisher= Indus Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788173871344}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pande|first1=Badri Datt|author-link=Badri Datt Pandey|title=History of Kumaun : English version of "Kumaun ka itihas"|date=1993|publisher=Shyam Prakashan|location=[[Almora]]|isbn=81-85865-01-9}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Jageshwar Valley, Where Death Is Conquered |author=Nachiket Chanchani |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=63 |number=2 |year=2013 |pages=133–154 |publisher=Duke University Press |doi=10.1353/aaa.2014.0004 |s2cid=191618006}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Bageshwar]]
[[Category:History of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Nepal]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Nepal]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Buddhist dynasties of India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1065]]

Jaynagar–Patna Intercity Express

2025-11-11T09:07:50Z

Aakasham: minor update

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Jaynagar–Patna Intercity Express
| image = Jaynagar–Patna Intercity Express.webp
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Intercity]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|08|13}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Jaynagar}} (JYG)
| stops = 8
| end = {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} (PNBE)
| distance = {{convert|244|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7h 40m
| frequency = Except Saturday {{efn|Runs six days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC Chair Car, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 1
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15549/15550
| speed = {{convert|32|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Jaynagar–Patna Intercity Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Intercity]] train belonging to [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Jaynagar}} in India. It is currently being operated with 15549/15550 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/pti-feed/story/new-jayanagar-pataliputra-train-service-to-being-soon-1011374-2017-08-06|publisher=India Today
|date=6 August 2017 | author=PTI | title=New Jayanagar-Pataliputra train service to being soon|accessdate=20 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="railnews">{{cite web|url=http://www.railnews.in/new-jayanagar-pataliputra-train-service-soon-says-drmsamastipur/|website=railnews.in|title=New Jayanagar-Pataliputra train service soon: says DRM/Samastipur–RailNews Media India Ltd|accessdate=2017-08-10}}</ref><ref name="prabhatkhabar">{{cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/darbhanga/story/1036155.html|website=prabhatkhabar.com|title=पटना के लिए वाया हाजीपुर इंटरसिटी एक्सप्रेस का परिचालन 12 अगस्त से {{pipe}} Via Hajipur Intercity Express for Patna from Aug 12 |date=10 August 2017 |accessdate=2017-08-10}}</ref>

== Service==

The 15549/Jayanagar Patna Intercity Express has an average speed of 29 km/h and covers 244 km in 8h 30m. The 15550/Patna Jaynagar Intercity Express has an average speed of 32 km/h and covers 244 km in 7h 30m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Jaynagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Madhubani}}
* {{stnlnk|Sakri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Darbhanga Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sonpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Patliputra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 11 coaches:

* 1 AC Chair Car
* 8 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]]/[[WDM-3D]] diesel locomotive from Jainagar to Patna and vice versa.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Jaynagar railway station]]
* [[Jaynagar–Rajendra Nagar Terminal Intercity Express]]
* [[Patna Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/66615 15549/Jaynagar–Patna Intercity Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/66616 15550/Patna–Jaynagar Intercity Express] India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayanagar-Patna Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jainagar]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Bharath Coffee House

2025-09-29T09:02:17Z

Aakasham: Put up initial post v1

{{Short description|Indian restaurant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox restaurant
| name = Bharath Coffee House
| logo =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| map_width =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| established = {{Start date and age|1956|1|26}}
| closed =
| current_owner =
| food_type = [[Kerala cuisine]]
| street_address = [[Shanmugham Road]], [[Broadway, Kochi|Broadway]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], 682031
| city = [[Kochi]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| seating_capacity = 110
| reservations =
| other_locations =
| other_information =
| website =
}}
'''Bharath Coffee House''' is an Indian restaurant in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. Located in [[Broadway, Kochi|Broadway]], the restaurant was founded by B. Govinda Rao in 1956. It is one of the oldest restaurants in Kochi, which is still functioning.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=2017-05-04 |title=A home away from home |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/a-home-away-from-home/article18383776.ece |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==
Bharath Coffee House was founded by B Govinda Rao. Actress [[Kamini Kaushal]] officially inaugurated it on 26 January 1956. Rao was a former employee of the Coconut Development Board and became a hotel's partner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A 50-year-old brotherhood reunite over a cup of Coffee |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/may/31/a-50-year-old-brotherhood-reunite-over-a-cup-of-coffee-909864.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express|date=31 May 2016 }}</ref> The building of the hotel which dates back to 1919 was owned by several people over time. It was ultimately purchased by Rao who started the hotel. It soon rose to prominence as a favoured hangout, especially for young people, businesspeople, and musicians. It also became a meeting place for coffee and chatter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Anasuya |date=2023-10-06 |title=Taste dosas, cutlets and more at some of Ernakulam's oldest restaurants |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/food/features/taste-dosas-cutlets-and-more-at-some-of-ernakulams-oldest-restaurants/article67379382.ece |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kayees Rahmathulla Hotel]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Restaurants in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1956]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 1956]]

{{Asia-restaurant-stub}}

Maa Simsa Temple

2025-09-27T10:22:47Z

Aakasham: done

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
'''Maa Simsa Mandir''' or '''Simsa Mata Mandir''' is a Hindu temple located in the [[Mandi district]] and [[Kangra district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.himvani.com/news/2007/03/20/ma-simsa-weaving-a-dream-for-progeny |title=Ma Simsa: Weaving a dream for progeny |author= Saroj Thakur |date= 20 March 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sandhol.com/temples.html Sandhol.com]</ref> The temple is dedicated to [[Saraswati|Sharada Devi]].<ref name="Pintchman2001">{{cite book | author=Tracy Pintchman | title=Seeking Mahādevī: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-c_j8Xggl0gC&pg=PA203 | accessdate=20 April 2012 | year=2001 | publisher=SUNY Press | isbn=978-0-7914-5007-9 | page=203}}</ref> One temple is located in the Simsa village, 30 km from the [[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh|Baijnath]] town and other one Simsa Mata temple in Daroh village, 17 km (10.56 miles) from [[Palampur]].

==Navratri Special==
During [[Navratri]], many women with no children come here to seek the blessings of goddess [[Saraswati|Sharada Devi]]. It is believed that goddess gives those ladies babies in gift. According to the tradition, all these women sleep on the floor in the temple premises. It is believed that these ladies have a dream which tells them that their prayers have been accepted.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3|refs=http://www.ajabgjab.com/2017/05/simsa-mata-temple-daroh.html}}

{{coord|31.902|76.698|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mandi district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]

Diocese of Punalur

2025-08-24T08:27:03Z

Aakasham: Created Stub!

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{no footnotes|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Punalur
|latin = Dioecesis Punalurensis
|local = പുനലൂർ രൂപത
|image = St Mary's Cathedral Punalur.jpg
|image_size = 220px
|caption = St Mary's Cathedral in [[Punalur]]
|country = [[India]]
|province = [[Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Trivandrum]]
|metropolitan = [[Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Trivandrum]]
|denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
|rite = [[Roman Rite]]
|cathedral = [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Punalur]]
|cocathedral =
|parishes = 41
|patron = [[St Thérèse of Lisieux]]
|area_km2 = 5,052
|population = 2,482,100
|population_as_of = 2004
|catholics = 46,708
|catholics_percent= 1.9
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Selvister Ponnumuthan]]
|metro_archbishop = [[Thomas J. Netto]]
|coadjutor =
|vicar_general = Vincent D’Cruz
|episcopal_vicar = Johnson Joseph, Jude Thaddeus Ambattur
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://www.dioceseofpunalur.com/ Website of the Diocese]
http://www.dioceseofpunalur.com/
|archdiocese=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum]]}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Punalur''' ({{langx|la| Punaluren(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Punalur]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Trivandrum]] in India.

==History==
* December 21, 1985: Established as Diocese of Punalur from the [[Diocese of Quilon]]

Belgian Carmelite missionaries were the First Fathers of Punalur and of places around Punalur. During the Second World War the First Fathers had to go back, entrusting the church work to the diocesan clergy of Quilon ([[Kollam]]).

Punalur was separated from the [[Diocese of Quilon]] (Kollam) and created into a separate unit by the Bull “Verba Christi” of [[Pope John Paul II]], issued on 21 December 1985.

==Territory==
Present Diocese of Punalur extended to the entire taluks of [[Punalur]], [[Pathanapuram]], [[Kottarakkara]], [[Kunnathur (Kerala)|Kunnathur]], [[Mavelikkara|Mavelikara]], [[Adoor]], [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]], [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kozhencherry]], and several pakuthies of the taluks of [[Karunagappally]], [[Karthikapally]], and [[Chengannur]].

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Punalur ([[Latin Church|Roman Church]])
** Bishop Selvister Ponnumuthan (May 8, 2009 – present)
** Bishop Joseph Kariyil (March 12, 2005 – May 8, 2009)
** Bishop [[Mathias Kappil]] (December 21, 1985 – March 12, 2005)

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/puna0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dpnlr.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{Christianity in Kerala|state=collapsed}}
{{coord|9.0228|N|76.9209|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punalur}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1985]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Dioceses in Kerala]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Kerala]]

Yadugiri Yathiraja Mutt

2025-06-25T05:22:08Z

Aakasham: adding new data

{{Short description|Tenkalai Sri Vaishnava at Melkote, Karnataka}}
{{Infobox monastery
| name = Yadugiri Yathiraja Mutt
| native_name = ಯದುಗಿರಿ ಯತಿರಾಜ ಮಠ
| native_name_lang = kan
| order = [[Sri Vaishnava]]
| denomination = [[Sri Vaishnavism#Vadakalai and Tenkalai denominations|Tenkalai]]
| founder = [[Ramanujacharya]]
| established = 12th Century
| location = [[Melkote]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.661036|N|76.648546|E}}
| public_access = Yes
| website=http://www.yathirajamutt.com/}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Yadugiri Yathiraja Mutt''' at [[Melkote]] is a [[Sri Vaishnavism#Vadakalai and Tenkalai denominations|Tenkalai]] [[Sri Vaishnava]] [[Matha|Mutt]] founded by [[Ramanujacharya]] for the management of [[Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple]] and the propagation of Ramanuja [[Vishishtadvaita]] [[Darshana (Hinduism)|darshana]]. Yathiraja is also another name for Ramanuja.<ref name=":sarojini">{{cite book |last1=Jagannathan |first1=Sarojini |title=Impact of Śri Rāmānujāçarya on temple worship |date=1994 |publisher=Nag Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=8170812887 |edition=1st | quote= In a dream, the Lord bade Ramanuja to move to Melkote, where he would find the holy earth. Accordingly, the next morning he found the holy earth and a vigraha of the Lord. In due course, he was installed Tirunarayana. In the Bahudhanya year, Pushyamasa Shukla Paksha, Chaturdashi, the deity was given a holy bath and worship. Once the deity was installed according to Pancharatra agama, Ramanuja himself worshipped it for three days, followed by samprokshanam and recited Oru Nayagam Tiruvaimoli, and subsequently, the Yati Raja math was established. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Brahmavâdin |date=1910 |publisher=M.C. Alasingaperumal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6xVAAAAYAAJ&q=Yatiraja+Mutt |language=en}}</ref>

==Establishment==
After Ramanujacharya was made the [[rajguru]] of [[Hoysala Empire]], [[Lord Vishnu]] in a dream ordered Ramanuja to move to Melkote, where he would find the holy earth. Traditional accounts mention that the reason for travel was to search for namam clay for [[Srivaishnava Urdhva Pundra]] which was abundant in Melkote. Upon traveling, he found the holy earth and a [[vigraha]] of the god under an [[Ant colony|ant hill]] which was subsequently installed as the deity Tirunarayana of Melkote in the Bahudhanya year, [[Pushya]]masa, [[Paksha#Shukla Paksha|Shukla Paksha]], [[Chaturdashi]] according to [[Pancharatra]] [[Agama (Hinduism)|agama]]. Ramanuja worshipped it for three days, followed by [[kumbhabhishekham]] and recited [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|tamil vedas]]. Subsequently, the Yadugiri Yathiraja Mutt was established for a [[sanyasi]] to live and manage the affairs of the temple. The Jeeyars of the mutt attracted devotees and received royal patronage by their scholarship, devotion, and other qualities.<ref name=":sarojini"/> The mutt is entitled for a share in the properties, assets, funds, and services in the [[Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Melukote Through the Ages |date=1998 |publisher=Academy of Sanskrit Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiZuAAAAMAAJ&q=yadugiri |language=en}}</ref> By 1256, Bhashyakara Sannidhi, a shrine for Ramanuja had been built and a Ramanuja Kutam, a choultry for feeding was provided a grant.<ref name=":sarojini"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pārttacārati |first1=Intirā |title=Ramanujar: The Life and Ideas of Ramanuja |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569161-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-T4aAQAAIAAJ&q=Yatiraja+Mutt |language=en}}</ref>

==Guruparamparai==
Ramanuja created a temple manual Niyamanappadi for the systematic application of temple activities and left the administration to his fifty-two pratama [[sishya]]s with Tiruvali Annan of Sadamarshana [[gotra]], [[Apastamba Dharmasutra]], [[Yajurveda]] [[shakha]] carrying out the orders of Jeeyar.<ref name=":sarojini"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishnamachari |first1=Suganthy |title=Administration in the Melkote temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/Udayavar-and-the-powerful-52/article16992950.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=5 January 2017 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526024359/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/Udayavar-and-the-powerful-52/article16992950.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1104, Ramanuja appointed Sri Deshantari Kelvi Tiru-Narayana Jeeyar as his successor at the mutt to propagate growth and was handed Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple [[mudra]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Narasimhiengar |first1=M. T. |last2=F. |first2=J. F. |title=Ramanuja and Melukote |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1915 |pages=147–152 |jstor=25189291 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189291 |issn=0035-869X |access-date=2022-05-26 |archive-date=2022-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526033727/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189291 |url-status=live }}</ref> With Ramanuja's motivating grace and as enshrined in the rule book Niyamanappadi, the Jeeyars continued the [[nitya karma|nitya]] bhagavat aradhana in & around the temple. The duties of the successor Jeeyars were to sign the papers relating to the temple treasury, look after the temple property, employ people for receiving all the income from the offerings, put his seal in addition to the royal seal and Ramanuja-mudre and receive the same honors that the 52 pratama sishyas were entitled to.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of Mysore For The Year 1904 To 1913 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107048/page/n31/mode/1up}}</ref> The current Jeeyar is Sri Yadugiri Yatiraja Narayana Ramanuja Jeeyar Swami.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guruparamparai |url=http://www.yathirajamutt.org/guruparamparai.html |website=www.yathirajamutt.org |access-date=2022-05-23 |archive-date=2022-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701125711/http://www.yathirajamutt.org/guruparamparai.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Later years==
To this day, the mutt has had a long line of illustrious successors and the building is still intact.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Govindāchārya |first1=Aḷkoṇḍavilli |title=The Life of Râmânujâchârya: The Exponent of the Viśistâdvaita Philosophy |date=1906 |publisher=S. Murthy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOAoAAAAYAAJ&dq=yati+raj+math&pg=PA192 |language=en}}</ref> In the eighteenth century, due to the Vadakalai and Tenkalai sectarian disputes in [[Tamilnadu]] and the litigation that followed, all the wealth of the mutt was diverted towards the dispute. The Yadugiri Yathiraja Matha at Melkote became a Tenkalai matha, with subsects of Purvasikha, the Kilnattars, and the Mandyans representing the matha. A dispute known as the Tirtha case arose between the [[Parakala Matha]] at [[Mysore]] and the Yadugiri Yathiraja Matha at Melkote on matters like the [[Iyengar#Subgroups|Mandayam]] entry and so on. The authorized representatives of Yadugiri Yathiraja Mutt observed that the Mandyam entry to the Yadugiri Yathiraja Mutt Gadi was from the year 1850 and that prior to that the line belonged to the Kilnattars and the present stone image of the sannyasin in the Yadugiri Yatiraja Math was the image of a purvasikhi, representative of the fifty-two followers of Ramanuja.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lakshamma |first1=G. |title=The impact of Rāmānuja's teaching on life and conditions in society |date=1990 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |location=Delhi |isbn=9788185067469}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sri Vaishnavism]]
* [[Ramanuja]]
* [[Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple]]
* [[Melkote]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sri Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]

Jerry (film)

2024-12-31T03:58:27Z

Aakasham: small corrected formatting for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Jery (film)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency

2024-06-11T10:19:53Z

Aakasham: quick update

{{Short description|Defunct parliament constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Chengalpattu
| map_image = 1971 delimitation chengalpattu lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Sriperumbudur constituency, 1971 delimitation.
|established = 1952
|abolished = 2009
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|reservation = None
|assembly_cons = #[[Thiruporur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirupporur (SC)]]
#[[Chengalpattu (State Assembly Constituency)|Chengalpattu]]
#[[Maduranthakam (State Assembly Constituency)|Maduranthakam]]
#[[Acharapakkam (SC) (State Assembly Constituency)|Acharapakkam (SC)]]
#[[Uthiramerur (State Assembly Constituency)|Uthiramerur]]
#[[Kancheepuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Kancheepuram]]
|electors = 11,36,736
}}
'''Chengalpattu''' is a [[wikt:Defunct|defunct]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was earlier known as Chingleput. This constituency no longer exists, since it was defunct after 2009, due to delimitation. The region covered by this constituency are now a part of the [[Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Assembly segments==
Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate=2008-10-08
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate=2008-10-31
}}</ref>
#[[Thiruporur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirupporur (SC)]] (moved to [[Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kancheepuram]] constituency after 2009)
#[[Chengalpattu (State Assembly Constituency)|Chengalpattu]] (moved to [[Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kancheepuram]] constituency after 2009)
#[[Maduranthakam (State Assembly Constituency)|Maduranthakam]] (moved to [[Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kancheepuram]] constituency after 2009)
#[[Acharapakkam (SC) (State Assembly Constituency)|Acharapakkam (SC)]] (defunct)
#[[Uthiramerur (State Assembly Constituency)|Uthiramerur]] (moved to [[Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kancheepuram]] constituency after 2009)
#[[Kancheepuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Kancheepuram]] (moved to [[Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kancheepuram]] constituency after 2009)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!Party
|----
|1952
|[[O. V. Alagesan]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|----
|1957
|[[N. Sivaraj]]
|[[Republican Party of India]]
|----
|1957
|A. Krishnaswamy
|Independent
|----
|1962
|[[O. V. Alagesan]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|----
|1967
|[[C. Chittibabu]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|----
|1971
|[[C. Chittibabu]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|----
|1977
|[[Venkatasubha Reddy]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|----
|1980
|[[Era. Anbarasu]]
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|----
|1984
|[[S. Jagatrakshakan]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|----
|1989
|[[Kanchi Panneerselvam]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|----
|1991
|[[S. S. R. Rajendra Kumar]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|----
|1996
|K. Parasuraman
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|----
|1998
|[[Kanchi Panneerselvam]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|----
|1999
|[[A. K. Moorthy]]
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|----
|2004
|[[A. K. Moorthy]]
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]

|}
Defunct after 2009 changed to Kanchipuram loksabha constituency.

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|56.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#1999|1999]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|47.2}}
{{bar percent|[[#1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.5}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.5}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.4}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.5}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.1}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent}}|26.8}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.5}}
}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. Moorthy]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,31,643 |percentage=56.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. N. Ramachandran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,82,919 |percentage=37.27% |change=-8.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Kumaresan |party=Janata Party |votes=10,956 |percentage=1.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Nahamani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,659 |percentage=1.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Shayeen Banu |party=Independent politician |votes=6,520 |percentage=0.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,427 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sowmiya Narayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,800 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Manivannan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,578 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,48,724 |percentage=19.59% |change=17.73% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,59,076 |percentage=65.00% |change= 6.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,67,736 |change =-2.69% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 8.83% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. Moorthy]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,30,551 |percentage=48.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. S. Thirunavukkarasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,17,740 |percentage=46.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Balaraman |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=18,028 |percentage=2.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. S. Usman |party=Independent politician |votes=7,007 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mu. Krishna Parayanar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,616 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Madhavan |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=3,040 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,811 |percentage=1.86% |change=-1.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,88,181 |percentage=58.32% |change= -12.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,00,040 |change =4.52% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kanchi Panneerselvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,29,239 |percentage=49.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Parasuraman]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,06,323 |percentage=45.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. N. Muruganandam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,968 |percentage=3.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. U. Krishnan Parayanar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,419 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,916 |percentage=3.42% |change=-29.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,70,586 |percentage=60.67% |change= -10.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,48,117 |change =9.98% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Parasuraman]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,10,483 |percentage=58.07% |change=26.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. M. Krishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,74,826 |percentage=24.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Arumugam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,384 |percentage=6.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Damodaran |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=43,820 |percentage=6.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. T. Ragavan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,112 |percentage=1.57% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,35,657 |percentage=33.34% |change=9.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,06,830 |percentage=70.79% |change= 1.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,43,889 |change =9.65% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.99% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. S. R. Rajendra Kumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,51,613 |percentage=55.08% |change=5.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Arumugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,98,407 |percentage=31.08% |change=-0.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Kamalambal |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=78,544 |percentage=12.30% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,53,206 |percentage=24.00% |change=6.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,38,365 |percentage=69.04% |change= -4.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,52,050 |change =-0.56% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kanchi Panneerselvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,38,711 |percentage=49.12% |change=-4.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. V. Ramu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,15,844 |percentage=31.30% |change=-12.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. G. Muniyandi Alias Maniam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,23,300 |percentage=17.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kuppan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,216 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,22,867 |percentage=17.82% |change=7.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,89,597 |percentage=73.13% |change= -3.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,57,415 |change =29.83% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Jagathrakshakan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,97,415 |percentage=54.09% |change=17.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. V. Ramu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,39,206 |percentage=43.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=3,397 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. V. Radhakrishnasha |party=Independent politician |votes=2,484 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=58,209 |percentage=10.59% |change=-12.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,49,896 |percentage=77.11% |change= 5.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,37,434 |change =9.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= -5.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Era. Anbarasu]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,83,163 |percentage=59.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Mohanarangam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,73,147 |percentage=36.61% |change=-15.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. P. Marutharajaa |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=8,150 |percentage=1.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Dharmalinga Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,097 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. T. R. Veerappa Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=3,457 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,10,016 |percentage=23.26% |change=15.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,73,014 |percentage=71.84% |change= -1.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,73,832 |change =6.90% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Mohanarangam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,36,818 |percentage=52.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Era Sezhiyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,01,179 |percentage=44.68% |change=-15.34% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. K. Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,001 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Sundarraj |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=3,809 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,639 |percentage=7.92% |change=-20.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,50,270 |percentage=73.22% |change= -1.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,30,334 |change =8.53% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.42% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Chittibabu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,51,687 |percentage=60.02% |change=-1.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. M. Muthukumarappa |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,32,931 |percentage=31.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=26,291 |percentage=6.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Natesa Goundes |party=Independent politician |votes=8,453 |percentage=2.02% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,18,756 |percentage=28.32% |change=2.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,19,362 |percentage=74.71% |change= -5.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,80,796 |change =7.86% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.31% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Chittibabu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,55,845 |percentage=61.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[O. V. Alagesan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,50,114 |percentage=35.98% |change=-17.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. T. Neelakantan |party=Independent politician |votes=11,258 |percentage=2.70% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,05,731 |percentage=25.34% |change=19.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,17,217 |percentage=80.06% |change= 2.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,38,456 |change =25.35% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.22% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[O. V. Alagesan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,69,988 |percentage=53.10% |change=26.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Krishnaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,50,110 |percentage=46.90% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,878 |percentage=6.21% |change=5.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,20,098 |percentage=77.40% |change= -10.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,29,553 |change =-46.49% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 26.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. A. Krishnaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,88,481 |percentage=26.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[O. V. Alagesan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,86,753 |percentage=26.57% |change=-9.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Sivaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,53,741 |percentage=21.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Maragatham Chandrasekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,48,675 |percentage=21.15% |change=-15.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rajaram |party=Independent politician |votes=25,347 |percentage=3.61% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,728 |percentage=0.25% |change=-9.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,02,997 |percentage=87.58% |change= 42.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,02,716 |change =140.08% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]] : Chengalpattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[O. V. Alagesan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=55,102 |percentage=36.53% |change=36.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. L. Pathy |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=39,857 |percentage=26.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srinivasan |party=All India Republican Party |votes=34,751 |percentage=23.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umapathi |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=21,125 |percentage=14.01% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,245 |percentage=10.11% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,50,835 |percentage=45.11% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,34,352 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp

==See also==
* [[Chingleput]], also known as Chengalpattu
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chengalpattu (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Names of Puducherry in its official languages

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Aakasham: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Puducherry (union territory)#Name]]

Jennu Kurumba language

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Aakasham: correct lead additionally

#REDIRECT [[Jenu Kurumba language]]

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Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance

2023-05-19T03:21:55Z

Aakasham: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Filmfare Awards]]

Vehaan Arya

2023-04-15T22:37:22Z

Aakasham: created redirect page

#Redirect [[Shaktimaan: The Animated Series]]