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Tulasi (2007 film)

2026-05-08T09:12:51Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Starting basic stub initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tulasi
| image = Tulasi Poster.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| writer = Boyapati Srinu<br/>Akula Shiva<br/>[[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]
*[[Nayantara]]
}}
| director = [[Boyapati Srinu]]
| producer = [[Daggubati Suresh Babu|D. Suresh Babu]]
| distributor = [[Suresh Productions]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = B. Balamurugan
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| released = {{Film date|2007|10|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹32 crore<ref name="BO"/>
}}

'''''Tulasi''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Boyapati Srinu]], and produced by [[Daggubati Suresh Babu|D.Suresh Babu]] on [[Suresh Productions]] banner. It stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Nayantara]] in the lead roles. The film was a commercial super hit at the box office.

==Plot==
Parvataneni Tulasi Ram is an architect in [[Hyderabad]] who is also the native of [[Rayalaseema]], which is well known for factional feuds. When his wife Vasundhara turns pregnant, Tulasi takes her to their native place. After arriving at the native place, Tulasi turns violent when a rival faction pushes his father Dasaratha Ramayya and the factional feuds continue to haunt him. When Vasundhara's brother Harsha dies in the attack by factionists, Vasundhara could not digest the violence and deserts Tulasi with their son also named Harsha. Later, Tulasi learns that Harsha has a [[Thrombus|blood clot]] in his brain, which may cause a [[hemorrhage]]. With the help of Dr. Surekha, Tulasi summons specialists from abroad in order to get Harsha operated. When everything is ready for the surgery, a gangster named Veeranna, kidnaps Harsha as both of his sons Ravi and Shankar were killed by Tulasi. However, Tulasi kills Veeranna in order to save Harsha, where Tulasi finally reunites with Vasundhara and Harsha.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Parvataneni Tulasi Ram
* [[Nayantara]] as Vasundhara Tulasi Ram
* Master Atul as Harsha, Tulasi & Vasundhara’s son
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Veeranna, a gangster
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Basavaraju
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Lakshmi, Tulasi's mother
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijaykumar]] as Parvataneni Dasaratha Ramayya, Tulasi's father
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Janaki, Vasundhara's mother
* [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Harsha, Vasundhara's brother
* [[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Vasundhara's father
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Appalaraju/Pappalaraju
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Apartment Owner
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Tulasi's friend
* [[Uttej]] as Tulasi's friend
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Dr. Surekha
* [[Nadhiya]] as Prabhavati, Tulasi's aunt
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Raghavendra, Tulasi's uncle
* [[Subbaraju]] as Ravi, Veeranna's elder son
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Shankar, Veeranna's younger son
* [[Anchor Jhansi|Jhansi]] as Kokapet aunty
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Chandrayya, Ramayya's rival
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu
* [[Ravi Babu]] as Prasad
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Kantepudi Srinivasa Rao
* [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Narasing, Veeranna's henchman
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Banerjee
* [[Bandla Ganesh]]
* [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]]
* [[Chitram Srinu]]
* Dr. Siva Prasad
* Siva Parvathi
* Shravan
* Tarzan
* Sravani
* Devisri
* Saraswatamma
* Bill Bitra
* [[Shriya Saran]] in a guest appearance in the song "Ne Chuk Chuk Bandini"
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tulasi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 September 2007
| recorded = 2007
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:38
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Jalsa]]
| next_year = 2008
}}

Music composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. Music released on ADITYA Music Company. Audio of ''Tulasi'' was launched at a function arranged in the song set at Rama Naidu studios in the evening of 22 September 2007. [[Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao|K. Raghavendra Rao]], [[D. Ramanaidu]] and KL Narayana attended this function as guests. K. Raghavendra Rao released the audio cassette and gave the first unit to D. Ramanaidu. D. Ramanaidu released the audio CD and gave the first unit to [[Shriya Saran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2007 |title=Audio launch - Tulasi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-tulasi.html |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| collapsed =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 26:38
| title1 = Mia Mia
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = Naveen Madhav, [[Mamta Mohandas]]
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Vennelintha Vedigaa
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose
| extra2 = Venu Srirangam, [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Thula Thula Thulasi
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = [[Priya Hemesh]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length3 = 4:37
| title4 = Hello Boys
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose
| extra4 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length4 = 3:48
| title5 = Nee Kallathoti
| lyrics5 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra5 = [[Sagar_(singer)|Sagar]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length5 = 3:56
| title6 = Ne Chuk Chuk Bandini <br/>(Raja Raja Bobbili Raja)
| lyrics6 = Sahithi
| extra6 = [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length6 = 5:10
| title7 = Cheekatanthaa Vennelaaye Chudaraa <br/>(Unreleased/Theatrical Version)
| lyrics7 = Uncredited
| extra7 = Venu Srirangam
| length7 = 1:52
}}

==Release and reception==
The film released with 290 prints worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulasi censored and ready! |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietidbits/tulasipressmeet_oct0907.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011015210/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietidbits/tulasipressmeet_oct0907.php |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=10 October 2007 |website=Telugu cinema}}</ref> It was later dubbed and released in Tamil and Malayalam with the same title and in Hindi as ''The Real Man Hero''.

Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tulasi.html|title=Tulasi - Telugu & Tamil cinema Review - Venkatesh & Nayana Tara|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Thulasi'' is a hardcore commercial film. One may find similarities with other films too while watching it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/thulasi/20071012.htm|title=Thulasi: A hardcore affair|first=Radhika|last=Rajamani|website=Rediff}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film has undergone the theatrical business of 12 crores and grossed 32 crores.<ref name="BO">{{Cite web |title=Chanti to Venky mama |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment-news/venkatesh-daggubati-best-box-office-hits-q615p7#image15 |website=telugu.asianetnews.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] won [[Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |access-date=31 December 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1122610}}

{{Boyapati Srinu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tulasi (Film)}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Boyapati Srinu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2007 action drama films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]

Srinagaria dialect

2026-05-06T16:26:07Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY:

{{Short description|Garhwali dialect of Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Srinagaria
| nativename = श्रीनगरिया srinagariya
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Uttarakhand]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Central Pahari]]
| fam6 = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| pushpin_map = Uttarakhand #India
| pushpin_map_caption = Srinagaria speaking area
| pushpin_map_alt = Srinagaria is spoken in Uttarakhand, in the north of India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.2195|N|78.7918|E|display=inline}}
| iso3 =
| glotto = srin1238
| glottorefname = Srinagaria
| image =
Srinagaria.png
}}

'''Srinagaria''' (or ''Srinagariya'') is a dialect of [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Linguistic Survey Of India Vol.9 Part.4|year=1916|pages=318}}</ref> belonging to the [[Central Pahari]] group (per Grierson). It is primarily spoken in the region around [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar, Garhwal]] in the [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]] district of [[Uttarakhand]] state and is regarded as the '''Standard''' form of [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Linguistic Survey of India |year=1916 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32110/page/n317/mode/2up}}</ref>

== Script & specimen ==
[[File:Srinagaria.jpg|thumb|Sample of Srinagaria dialect from Grierson's book "Linguistic Survey of india" |center]]
[[File:Srinagaria 2.jpg|thumb|Sample of Srinagaria dialect from Grierson's book "Linguistic Survey of india" |center]]

== Comparative analysis ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Words
!Srinagaria
![[Rathwali dialect|Rathwali]]
!Translation
|-
|Bal
|Latula
|Hair
|-
|Baba ku
|Babu Khuni
|to a father/from a father
|-
|Lokhar
|Luho
|Iron
|-
|Nauno/Nauni
|Laudo/Laudi
|Boy/Girl
|-
|Hondo
|Honnu
|Being
|-
|Janaani
|Siani
|Woman
|-
|Ghar
|Kudo
|House
|-
|Khado ho
|Thado ho
|Stand up
|-
|Door
|Tada
|Far
|-
|Agadi/Pichhadi
|Aghin/Pachhin
|After/Before
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Family and person terms<ref>Grierson, George Abraham (1916). ''Linguistic Survey of India'', Vol. IX, Part IV: Central Pahari. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.</ref>
! English !! Standard !! [[Rathwali dialect|Rathwali]]!! [[Tehriyali dialect|Tehriyali]]
|-
| Man ||Mankhi ||Manakha || Mans, Manakhi, Manas
|-
| Woman || Janani || Siani || Janani, bairan, kajan
|-
| Wife || Swain, janani || Sain, swin || Swain
|-
| Child || Nauno || Lauro || Nauno
|-
| Son || Nauno || Lauro || Larik, naunō
|-
| Daughter || Nauni || Lauri || Beṭi, nauni
|-
| Father || Baba || Baba, buba || Baba, buba
|-
| Mother || Boi || Boi || Boi, ija
|-
| Brother || Bhai, dada (elder), bhula (younger) || Bhai || Bhai (general), dada (elder), bhula (younger)
|-
| Sister || Bain, didi (elder), bhuli (younger) || Bain || Baini, bain (general), didi (elder), bhuli (younger)
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Phrases
!Srinagaria
![[Rathwali dialect|Rathwali]]
![[Tehriyali dialect|Tehriyali]]
!Translation
|-
|Mai marda
|Mai mannu
|Mardu
|I beat
|-
|Tu mardi
|Tu marni
|Mardi
|Thou beatest
|-
|Wo mard
|Wo marn
|Marda
|He beats
|-
|Ham maarda
|Ham maarnu
|Marda
|We beat
|-
|Tum marda
|Tum maarni
|Mardai
|You beat
|-
|Wo mardin
|Wo maani
|Mardana
|They beat
|-
|Main maare
|Mi la maara
|Mai-na mare
|I beat(past)
|-
|Tin maare
|Ti la maara
|Ti-na mare
|Thou beatest
(past)
|-
|Wain maare
|Wa la maara
|Wai-na mare
|He beat(past)
|-
|Haman maare
|Hamu la maara
|Ham-na mare
|He beat (past)
|-)
|-
|Haman maare
|Hamu la maara
|Ham-na mare
|We beat (past)
|-
|Tuman maare
|Tumu la maara
|Tum-na mare
|You beat(past)
|-
|Un maare
|Wunoon la maare
|U-na mare
|They beat(past)
|-
|Mai maarnu chhaun
|Mi manu chhaun
|Mai mardu chhau
|I am beating
|-
|Mai marnu chhayo
|Mi maarno chhoyo
|Mai mardo thayo
|I was beating
|-
|Main maaryun chhayo
|Mai la maaryala
|Mai-na mare
|I had beaten
|-
|Main maaroon
|Mi maaroon
|Mai marau
|I may beat
|-
|Main maarulo
|Mi marulo
|Mai marlo
|I shall beat
|-
|Tu marilo
|Tu maril
|Tu maralyo, marilo
|Thou wilt beat
|-
|Wo marlo
|Wo marul
|Wo marlo
|He will beat
|-
|Ham maarla
|Ham maala
|Ham marla
|We shall beat
|-
|Tum marilya
|Tum malya
|Tum maralya, marla
|You will beat
|-
|Wo maarla
|Wo maala
|Wo marilya, marla
|They will beat
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Dialects of Garhwali]]

Supriyo v. Union of India

2026-05-02T08:18:47Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY:

{{Short description|Ongoing Indian LGBT rights case law}}
{{Very long|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Supriyo v. Union of India
| judges = {{Abbr|CJI|Chief Justice of India}} [[D. Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]], {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul|S.K. Kaul]], {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[Shripathi Ravindra Bhat|Ravindra Bhat]], {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[Hima Kohli]] {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]]
| keywords = [[Right to family life|Right to Family Life]], [[Same-sex marriage|Marriage Equality]], [[Same-sex adoption|Adoption Rights]], [[LGBT parenting|Parenthood]]
| opinions = The right to marry is a statutory right, not a constitutional right. Therefore, only Parliament can recognize the marriage between non-heterosexual couples. Transgender individuals in heterosexual relationships can marry under existing marriage laws, including all personal (religious) laws.
| decision by = {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[Shripathi Ravindra Bhat|Ravindra Bhat]], {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[Hima Kohli]] {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]]
| dissenting = {{Abbr|CJI|Chief Justice of India}} [[D. Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]] (in part), {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul|S.K. Kaul]] (in part)
| number of judges = 5
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| citations = {{URL|1=|2={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022}} <br />
{{URL|1=|2={{Abbr|Diary No.|Diary Number}} 36593/2022}}
[https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2022/36593/36593_2022_1_1501_47792_Judgement_17-Oct-2023.pdf Copy of the judgment (2023 INSC 920)]
| date decided = 17 October 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/pdf/ListingNotice/16102023_153745.pdf |title=Special Bench comprising Hon'ble The Chief Justice... |date=October 16, 2023 |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=August 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018150034/https://main.sci.gov.in/pdf/ListingNotice/16102023_153745.pdf |archive-date=October 18, 2023}}</ref>
| full name = Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang {{abbr|v.|versus}} Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases.
| prior_actions = The [[Supreme Court of India|Court]] transferred to [[Supreme Court of India|itself]] nine ongoing cases from [[High courts of India|High Courts]]: one from [[Kerala High Court|Kerala]] and eight from [[Delhi High Court|Delhi]].<ref name=":0" />
| start date = 25 November 2022<ref name=":17" />
}}'''Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang {{Abbr|v.|versus}} Union of India {{Abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases,''' [[Neutral citation|2023 INSC 920]] are a collection of landmark cases of the [[Supreme Court of India]], which were filed to consider whether to extend [[Right to family life|right to marry and establish a family]] to [[LGBT|sexual and gender minority]] individuals in India.<ref name=":11" /> A five-judge [[Constitution bench (India)|Constitution Bench]], consisting of Chief Justice of India [[D. Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]], Justice [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul|S.K. Kaul]], Justice [[Shripathi Ravindra Bhat|S.R Bhat]], Justice [[Hima Kohli]] and Justice [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]], heard 20 connected cases brought by 52 petitioners.<ref name="sci130323">Supreme Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 1011/2022 (13 Mar 2023)}}</ref>

The petitioners, couples and individuals from [[LGBT|sexual and gender minority]] communities, request recognition of the right to marry and establish a family based on protections from discrimination, the right to equality, dignity, personal liberty, privacy, and personal autonomy, and freedom of conscience and expression.<ref name="allp" /> [[Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights]], a statutory body of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]-led [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Government]], intervened to support extending the right to marry and adopt for sexual and gender minority individuals.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Padmakshi |date=6 April 2023 |title=DCPCR Supports Marriage Equality Petitions In Supreme Court; Says Govt Should Create Awareness That Same Sex Marriages Are Normal |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/dcpcr-supports-marriage-equality-petitions-in-supreme-court-says-govt-should-create-awareness-that-same-sex-marriages-are-normal-225709 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406161520/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/dcpcr-supports-marriage-equality-petitions-in-supreme-court-says-govt-should-create-awareness-that-same-sex-marriages-are-normal-225709 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

The respondent, the [[Government of India|Union Government]] under the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leadership and its statutory body [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]], opposes extending the right to marry and establish a family to sexual and gender minority individuals in India, due to societal, cultural and religious history, consistent legislative policy, popular morality and majoritarian views.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last=Mahajan |first=Shruti |date=12 March 2023 |title=India Government Opposes Same-Sex Marriage in Landmark Hearing |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-12/india-s-government-opposes-same-sex-marriage-in-landmark-hearing |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312135837/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-12/india-s-government-opposes-same-sex-marriage-in-landmark-hearing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=centre20230312>Respondent: {{Harvnb|Union of India (12 March 2023)}}</ref><ref name="ncpcr">Intervenor: {{Harvnb|National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (13 April 2023)}}</ref> The State Governments of [[Government of Assam|Assam]], [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat]] and [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], the [[Government of Rajasthan|State Government of Rajasthan]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]], and the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|State Government of Andhra Pradesh]] led by the [[YSR Congress Party]], intervened to oppose the right.<ref name=":40">{{Cite web |last=Kakkar |first=Shruti |date=17 April 2023 |title=Pleas seeking legal validation of same-sex marriage reflect 'urban elitist' views: Centre to SC |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/apr/17/pleas-seeking-legal-validation-of-same-sex-marriage-reflect-urban-elitist-views-centre-to-sc-2566755.html |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018150038/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/apr/17/pleas-seeking-legal-validation-of-same-sex-marriage-reflect-urban-elitist-views-centre-to-sc-2566755.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":46">{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=10 May 2023 |title=Assam, Andhra and Rajasthan opposed legalising same-sex marriage: Centre tells SC |url=https://theprint.in/india/assam-andhra-and-rajasthan-opposed-legalising-same-sex-marriage-centre-tells-sc/1566438/ |website=The Print |language=en-US |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510201049/https://theprint.in/india/assam-andhra-and-rajasthan-opposed-legalising-same-sex-marriage-centre-tells-sc/1566438/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hindu organizations like Shri Sanatam Dharm Pratinidhi Sabha and Akhil Bhartiya Sant Samiti, Islamic organizations like Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and Telangana Markazi Shia Ulema Council, the women empowerment organization Bharatiya Stree Shakti, and the educational nonprofit organization Kanchan Foundation, intervened to oppose the right.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=17 April 2023 |title=The various petitions around same sex marriage |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-various-petitions-around-same-sex-marriage/article66748868.ece |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503103856/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-various-petitions-around-same-sex-marriage/article66748868.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":60">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Padmakshi |date=1 April 2023 |title='Assault on family system': Jamiat moves plea in SC opposing same-sex marriage |work=www.livelaw.in |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-same-sex-marriage-jamiat-ulama-i-hind-marriage-of-opposite-sexes-225337 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402024200/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-same-sex-marriage-jamiat-ulama-i-hind-marriage-of-opposite-sexes-225337 |archive-date=2 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-11 |title=Rajasthan, Assam and Andhra oppose plea on same-sex marriage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-assam-and-andhra-oppose-plea-on-same-sex-marriage-8602885/ |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016020340/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-assam-and-andhra-oppose-plea-on-same-sex-marriage-8602885/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the opponents raised concerns over the well-being of children in same-sex families, independent professional association, the [[Indian Psychiatric Society]], supported marriage and adoption rights for sexual and gender minority individuals based on scientific evidence.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=10 April 2023 |title=Psychiatrists back LGBTQA marriage & adoption rights |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/psychiatrists-back-lgbtqa-marriage-adoption-rights/articleshow/99363478.cms |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410072010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/psychiatrists-back-lgbtqa-marriage-adoption-rights/articleshow/99363478.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Case summary ==
The petitioners, consisting of couples and individuals from [[LGBT|sexual and gender minority]] communities, requested the Supreme Court to
* Recognise the [[marriage]] between any two persons, regardless of [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]], under the following marriage laws, by enforcing the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] guaranteed under Articles [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|14]], [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|15]], [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|19]], [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|21]] and [[Freedom of religion in India|25]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]:
** [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act of 1954]]<ref name=":48">The petitions seeking recognition under the Special Marriage Act of 1954 include: {{Harvnb|Nikesh P.P. v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nitin Karan v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Akkai Padmashali v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Harish Iyer v. Union of India}}.</ref>
** [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|Hindu Marriage Act of 1955]]<ref name="hmap">The petitions seeking recognition under the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 include: {{Harvnb|Abhijit Iyer Mitra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Sameer Samudra v. Union of India}}.</ref>
** [[Foreign Marriage Act, 1969|Foreign Marriage Act of 1969]]<ref name=":43">The petitions seeking recognition under the Foreign Marriage Act of 1969 include: {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Sameer Samudra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nitin Karan v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Amburi Roy v. Union of India}}.</ref>
* Declare the notice and objection provisions of the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act]] and [[Foreign Marriage Act, 1969|Foreign Marriage Act]] as [[Void (law)|void]], by enforcing the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] guaranteed under Articles [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|14]], [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|15]], [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|19]] and [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|21]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref name="nop">The petitions challenging the notice and objection provisions of secular marriage laws—the Special Marriage Act of 1954 and the Foreign Marriage Act of 1969— include: {{Harvnb|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nitin Karan v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Amburi Roy v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Akkai Padmashali v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}}.</ref>
* Declare that a foreign-origin sexual and gender minority spouse of an [[Indian citizen|Indian Citizen]] or [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizen of India]] is entitled to apply for registration as an [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizen of India]] under the [[Citizenship Act, 1955|Citizenship Act of 1955]].<ref name="cap">The petitions seeking eligibility for the foreign-origin queer spouse under the Citizenship Act of 1955 include {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Mellissa Ferrier v. Union of India}}.</ref>
* Declare that a person can nominate anyone in the place of 'next of kin' under all relevant laws by enforcing the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] guaranteed under Articles [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|14]], [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|15]], [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|19]] and [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|21]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref name="rituparna">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}}</ref>
The respondent, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[Government of India|Union Government]], opposed the request, including the extension of the right to marry and establish a family to sexual and gender minority individuals in India, arguing that
* Non-recognition of the rights of sexual and gender minority individuals to [[Right to family life|marry and establish a family]] does not violate the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] guaranteed under Articles [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|14]], [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|15]], [[Freedom of expression in India|19]], [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|21]] and [[Freedom of religion in India|25]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref name="centre20230312" />
* Legitimate state interests are constitutionally permissible grounds for limiting the legal recognition of marriage following the [[Directive Principles|Directive Principles of State Policy]] and the [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India#Fundamental Duties|Fundamental Duties]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref name="centre20230312" />
* The [[Parliament of India|Legislature]] reflects the collective wisdom of the nation, and it solely possesses the power to enact a law governing human relationships.<ref name="centre20230312" />
* As the Indian marriage laws do not recognise same-sex marriages, a foreign-origin sexual or gender minority spouse of an [[Indian citizen|Indian Citizen]] or [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizen of India]] is entitled to apply for registration as an [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizen of India]] under the [[Citizenship Act, 1955|Citizenship Act of 1955]].<ref name="centre20230412a">Respondent: {{Harvnb|Union of India (12 April 2023)}}</ref>
* The challenge to notice and objection provisions of the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act]] and [[Foreign Marriage Act, 1969|Foreign Marriage Act]] and adoption regulations unrelated to same-sex marriage. Therefore, the Supreme Court should exclude those matters from the current Case.<ref name="centre20230412b">Respondent: {{Harvnb|Union of India on Utkarsh Saxena (12 April 2023)}}</ref>

=== Intervenors ===

==== Government ====
The [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]], a statutory body of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[Government of India|Union Government]], intervened in the Case opposing the extension of the right to adopt for sexual and gender minority individuals.<ref name="ncpcr" />

The State Governments of [[Government of Assam|Assam]], [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat]] and [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], the [[Government of Rajasthan|State Government of Rajasthan]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]], and the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|State Government of Andhra Pradesh]] led by the [[YSR Congress Party]], intervened to oppose the right.<ref name=":40" /><ref name=":46" /> The [[Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights]], a statutory body of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]-led [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Government]], intervened to support extending the right to marry and adopt for sexual and gender minority individuals. The Commission recommended [[#DCPCR-Guidelines|guidelines]] to ensure the well-being of children in same-sex adoptions.<ref name="dcpcri">Intervenor: {{Harvnb|Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights (03 April 2023)}}</ref>

==== Religious organisation ====
Hindu organisations Shri Sanatam Dharm Pratinidhi Sabha and Akhil Bhartiya Sant Samiti and Islamic organisation [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] and Telangana Markazi Shia Ulema Council intervened in the Case opposing the extension of the right to marry and establish a family to sexual and gender minority individuals in India on socio-legal and religious grounds.<ref name=":10" /><ref name="juehi">Intervenor: {{Harvnb|Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind (01 April 2023)}}</ref><ref name="tmsuc">Intervenor: {{Harvnb|Telangana Markazi Shia Ulema Council (10 April 2023)}}</ref>

== Background ==
A gay couple, Nikesh and Sonu, filed a petition seeking legal recognition of their marriage in the [[Kerala High Court]] on 24 January 2020.<ref name="nikeshpp" /> Kerala High Court Justice [[Anu Sivaraman]] admitted the petition on 27 January 2020.<ref name=":4" /> Four sexual and gender minority individuals, Abhijit Iyer Mitra, [[Gopi Shankar Madurai|Gopi Shankar M]], Giti Thadani and G. Oorvas, filed a petition seeking legal recognition of marriage in the [[Delhi High Court]] on 8 September 2020.<ref name="abhijit" /> A two-judge Bench of [[Delhi High Court]], consisting of Chief Justice of Delhi High Court [[Dhirubhai Naranbhai Patel|D.N. Patel]] and Justice Prateek Jalan, admitted the petition on 14 September 2020.<ref name=":5" />

A gay couple, Supriya Chakraborty and Abhay Dang, filed a petition seeking legal recognition of their marriage in the Supreme Court of India on 14 November 2022.<ref name="supriyo">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}</ref> A two-judge Bench of the Supreme Court, consisting of Chief Justice of India [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]] and Justice [[Hima Kohli]], admitted the petition along with another gay couple, Parth Phiroze Mehrotra and Uday Raj Anand, on 25 November 2022.<ref name=":17" />

The Supreme Court bench consisting of Chief Justice of India [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]] and Justice [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]] and Justice [[J.B. Pardiwala]] directed [[High courts of India|high courts]] to transfer nine similar petitions— eight from [[Delhi High Court]] and one from [[Kerala High Court]]— to the Supreme Court to consider alongside the original petitioners.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=6 January 2023 |title=Supreme Court transfers to itself all petitions on same-sex marriage |language=en |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-transfers-to-itself-all-pleas-pending-before-different-high-courts-on-recognition-of-same-sex-marriages/article66345499.ece |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117194348/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-transfers-to-itself-all-pleas-pending-before-different-high-courts-on-recognition-of-same-sex-marriages/article66345499.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">Supreme Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 1011/2022 (6 Jan 2023)}}</ref> On 15 March 2023, the Supreme Court admitted 20 connected petitions filed by 52 sexual and gender minority individuals, including 17 couples from sexual and gender minority communities.<ref name="allp" />

Most of the petitioners wanted recognition of right to marry under secular marriage laws—[[Special Marriage Act, 1954|the Special Marriage Act]] and [[Foreign Marriage Act, 1969|the Foreign Marriage Act]].<ref name=":49">The petitions seeking recognition under the secular marriage laws—the Special Marriage Act of 1954 and the Foreign Marriage Act of 1969— include: {{Harvnb|Nikesh P.P. v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Sameer Samudra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nitin Karan v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Amburi Roy v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Akkai Padmashali v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Harish Iyer v. Union of India}}</ref> As various news reports,<ref name="newsgrp1">News reports on unwarranted interferences in marriage due to the notice and objection provision of secular marriage laws:<br />{{Cite news |date=2018-07-24 |title=Ghaziabad Mob Assaults Muslim Man for Registering Marriage With Hindu Woman |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/love-jihad-ghaziabad-muslim-man-beaten |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725120728/https://thewire.in/communalism/love-jihad-ghaziabad-muslim-man-beaten |archive-date=2018-07-25}}<br />{{Cite news |last=Kurian |first=Shiba |date=2020-07-20 |title=Kerala interfaith couples harassed by right wing vigilantes using marriage notices |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-interfaith-couples-harassed-right-wing-vigilantes-using-marriage-notices-129053 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721101004/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-interfaith-couples-harassed-right-wing-vigilantes-using-marriage-notices-129053 |archive-date=2020-07-21}}<br />{{Cite news |last=Sodhi |first=Tanishka |date=2021-07-26 |title=How Hindu vigilantes are exploiting a Special Marriage Act clause to target interfaith couples |work=[[Newslaundry]] |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/07/26/how-hindu-vigilantes-are-exploiting-a-special-marriage-act-clause-to-target-interfaith-couples |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726073007/https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/07/26/how-hindu-vigilantes-are-exploiting-a-special-marriage-act-clause-to-target-interfaith-couples |archive-date=2021-07-26}}</ref> case studies<ref name=":59">{{Citation |title=Facing Reality: A Journey on the Path of Choice |date=2010 |type=Case Study |publication-place=[[Lucknow|Lucknow, India]] |publisher=Association for Advocacy and Legal Initiative}}</ref> and official publications of the [[Law Commission of India|Law Commission]]<ref name=":57">{{Citation |last=[[Law Commission of India#Twenty-First Law Commission|Twenty-First Law Commission]] |title=Reform of Family Law |date=31 August 2018 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/documents/rlink/2018/aug/p201883101.pdf |type=Consultation Paper |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217035842/https://archive.pib.gov.in/documents/rlink/2018/aug/p201883101.pdf |publisher=[[Law Commission of India]] |archive-date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite report |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca0daec69b5adc880fb464895726dbdf/uploads/2022/08/2022081053-3.pdf |title=Prevention of Interference with the freedom of Matrimonial Alliances 2012 (in the name of Honour and Tradition): A suggested legal framework |last=[[Law Commission of India#Nineteenth Law Commission|Nineteenth Law Commission]] |date=August 2012 |publisher=[[Law Commission of India]] |issue=242 |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207090438/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca0daec69b5adc880fb464895726dbdf/uploads/2022/08/2022081053-3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> documented unwarranted interferences in marriage due to the notice and objection provision of secular marriage laws and recommended its removal, most of the petitioners seeking recognition under secular marriage laws challenged the constitutionality of the notice and objection provisions.<ref name="nop" />

Some of the petitioners are practising [[Hindus]] who believe that [[Hinduism]] does not prohibit marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals. They argued that excluding couples from sexual and gender minority communities from the [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|Hindu Marriage Act]] amounted to a violation of their [[Freedom of religion in India|freedom to practice their religion]].<ref name="hmap" />

Many advocates represented the petitioners, while [[Attorney-General for India|Attorney General]] [[R. Venkataramani]] and [[Solicitor General of India|Solicitor General]] [[Tushar Mehta]] represent the respondents. The Supreme Court appointed Advocate [[Arundhati Katju]] and Kanu Agrawal as the Nodal Counsel for the petitioners and respondents, respectively.<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ Cases connected to Supriyo v. Union of India
|- class="static-row-header"
! colspan="2" |First Hearing
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}}
! rowspan="2" |Petitioners
! rowspan="2" |Respondents
|-
!Court
!Date
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="3" data-sort-value="1" style="text-align: center;"|[[Kerala High Court|High Court of Kerala]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Date table sorting|27 Jan 2020}}<ref name=":4">Kerala High Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 2186/2020 (27 Jan 2020)}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" data-sort-value="2020-02186" |02186/2020
| rowspan="3" |Nikesh P.P. {{Abbr|&|and}} Sonu M.S.<ref name="nikeshpp">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Nikesh P.P. v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="nikeshpp" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|Department of Law, [[Government of Kerala|State of Kerala]]<ref name="nikeshpp" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|Marriage Officer, [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]<ref name="nikeshpp" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="13" data-sort-value="2" style="text-align: center;"|[[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]]
|{{Date table sorting|14 Sep 2020}}<ref name=":5">Delhi High Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 6371/2020 (14 Sep 2020)}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="2020-06371" |06371/2020
||Abhijit Iyer Mitra, [[Gopi Shankar Madurai|Gopi Shankar M]], Giti Thadani {{Abbr|&|and}} G.Oorvasi<ref name="abhijit">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Abhijit Iyer Mitra v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="abhijit" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="4" |{{Date table sorting|08 Oct 2020|addkey=1}}<ref>Delhi High Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 7657/2020 (08 Oct 2020)}} & {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 7692/2020 (08 Oct 2020)}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" data-sort-value="2020-07657" |07657/2020
| rowspan="2" |Vaibhav Jain {{Abbr|&|and}} Parag Vijay Mehta<ref name="vaibhav">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="vaibhav" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|Marriage Officer, [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Consulate General]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref name="vaibhav" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="2" data-sort-value="2020-07692" |07692/2020
| rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Kavita Arora and Ankita Khanna Versus Union of India" |Dr Kavita Arora {{Abbr|&|and}} Ankita Khanna<ref name="kavita">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="kavita" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|Marriage Officer, [[Delhi]]<ref name="kavita" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|25 Feb 2021}}<ref>Delhi High Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 2574/2021 (25 Feb 2021)}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="2021-02574" |02574/2021
|Udit Sood, Saattvic, Lakshmi Manoharan {{Abbr|&|and}} Gagandeep Paul<ref name="uditsood">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="uditsood" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="3" |{{Date table sorting|06 Jul 2021}}<ref>Delhi High Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 6150/2021 (06 Jul 2021)}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" data-sort-value="2021-06150" |06150/2021
| rowspan="3" |Joydeep Sengupta, Russell Blaine Stephens {{Abbr|&|and}} Mario Leslie Dpenha<ref name="joydeep">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] [[Government of India|, Union of India]]<ref name="joydeep" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="joydeep" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|Marriage Officer, [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Consulate General]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref name="joydeep" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|24 Nov 2021}}<ref>Delhi High Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 13206/2021 (24 Nov 2021)}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="2021-13206" |13206/2021
|Mellissa Ferrier {{Abbr|&|and}} Kamakshi Raghavan<ref name="mellissa">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Mellissa Ferrier v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="mellissa" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="3" |{{Date table sorting|30 Nov 2021}}<ref>Delhi High Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 13528/2021 (30 Nov 2021)}} & {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 13535/2021 (30 Nov 2021)}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="2021-13528" |13528/2021
|Nibedita Dutta {{Abbr|&|and}} Pooja Srivastava<ref name="nibedita">Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="nibedita" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="2"data-sort-value="2021-13535" |13535/2021
| rowspan="2" |Zainab J. Patel<ref name="zainab">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="zainab" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[National Legal Services Authority]]<ref name="zainab" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="16" data-sort-value="3" style="text-align: center;" |Supreme Court of India
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|25 Nov 2022|addkey=1}}<ref name=":17">Supreme Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 1011/2022 (25 Nov 2022)}}</ref>
| style="background:#A8D9F0;" data-sort-value="2022-01011" |01011/2022
| style="background:#A8D9F0;" |Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang<ref name="supriyo" />
| style="background:#A8D9F0;" |[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="supriyo" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|data-sort-value="2022-1020" |1020/2022
|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra {{Abbr|&|and}} Uday Raj Anand<ref name="Parth">Petitioner:{{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="Parth" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="7" |{{Date table sorting|06 Jan 2023|addkey=1}}<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="3" data-sort-value="2022-01105" |01105/2022
| rowspan="3" |Sameer Samudra {{Abbr|&|and}} Amit Gokhale<ref name="sameer">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Sameer Samudra v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="sameer" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Ministry of Law and Judiciary Government of Maharashtra|Department of Law and Justice]], [[Government of Maharashtra|State of Maharashtra]]<ref name="sameer" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|Marriage Registration Bureau, [[Pune]]<ref name="sameer" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| data-sort-value="2022-01141" |01141/2022
|Aditi Anand {{Abbr|&|and}} Susan Dias<ref name="aditi">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="aditi" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| data-sort-value="2022-01142" |01142/2022
|Utkarsh Saxena {{Abbr|&|and}} Ananya Kotia<ref name="utkarsh">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="utkarsh" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="2" data-sort-value="2022-01150" |01150/2022
| rowspan="2" |Nitin Karani {{Abbr|&|and}} Thomas Joseph<ref name="nitin">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Nitin Karan v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="nitin" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Ministry of Law and Judiciary Government of Maharashtra|Department of Law and Justice]], [[Government of Maharashtra|State of Maharashtra]]<ref name="nitin" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|30 Jan 2023}}<ref name=":19">Supreme Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 93/2023 (30 Jan 2023)}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="2023-00093" |00093/2023
|Kajal {{Abbr|&|and}} Bhawna<ref name="kajal">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="kajal" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="3" |{{Date table sorting|10 Feb 2023}}<ref name=":20">Supreme Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 129/2023 (10 Feb 2023)}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" data-sort-value="2023-00129" |00129/2023
| rowspan="3" |Amburi Roy {{Abbr|&|and}} Aparna Saha<ref name="amburi">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Amburi Roy v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="amburi" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="amburi" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Central Adoption Resource Authority]], [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="amburi" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|20 Feb 2023}}<ref name=":21">Supreme Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 159/2023 (20 Feb 2023)}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="2023-00159" |00159/2023
|[[Akkai Padmashali]], [[Vyjayanti Vasanta Mogli]] {{Abbr|&|and}} Umesh P {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Uma<ref name="akkai">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Akkai Padmashali v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="akkai" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|03 Mar 2023}}<ref name=":29">Supreme Court Order: {{Harvnb|W.P.(C) No. 260/2023 (03 Mar 2023)}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="2023-00260" |00260/2023
|Rituparna Borah, Chayanika Shah, Minakshi Sanyal, Maya Sharma {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}<ref name="rituparna" />
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="rituparna" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|13 Mar 2023}}<ref name="sci130323" />
|data-sort-value="2023-00319" |00319/2023
|Harish Iyer<ref name="harish">Petitioner: {{Harvnb|Harish Iyer v. Union of India}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India|Union of India]]<ref name="harish" />
|}

== Written arguments ==
This section summarises the written arguments submitted in the Court by the parties involved in the Case— the petitioners, respondent and intervenors.

=== Petitioners ===
==== Fundamental rights ====
Among the relevant precedents, issues and laws presented, the petitioners argued that the exclusion of couples from sexual and gender minority communities from marriage laws constituted a violation of fundamental right.<ref name="allp">{{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}} and other connected cases. Other connected cases include {{Harvnb|Nikesh P.P. v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Abhijit Iyer Mitra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Mellissa Ferrier v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Sameer Samudra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nitin Karan v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Amburi Roy v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Akkai Padmashali v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Harish Iyer v. Union of India}}.</ref> Similarly, the notice and objection provisions in secular marriage laws— [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act]] and [[Foreign Marriage Act, 1969|Foreign Marriage Act]]— constituted a violation.<ref name=nop /> Hence, following [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to Constitutional Remedies|Article 32]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], which guarantees the [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to Constitutional Remedies|Right to Constitutional Remedies]] and designates the Supreme Court as the protector of [[Fundamental rights in India|Fundamental Rights]], the petitioners argued that they are within their rights to approach the Supreme Court.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Sameer Samudra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nitin Karan v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Amburi Roy v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Akkai Padmashali v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Harish Iyer v. Union of India}}</ref>

===== Jurisdiction =====
In assessing whether a law infringes a fundamental right, the Supreme Court held that it is not the intention of the lawmaker that is determinative, but whether the effect or operation of the law infringes fundamental rights in the ruling of [[Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India|''Maneka Gandhi v. UOI (1978)'']]. Since the marriage laws infringe on the fundamental rights of sexual and gender minority individuals, petitioners argued that the Supreme Court could act as the designated protector of fundamental rights.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}}.</ref>

The Supreme Court has regularly interpreted statutes in a manner which preserves their constitutionality, for example, in ''Travancore v. Mohammed Mohammed Khan (1981)'', ''Githa Hariharan v. Reserve Bank of India (1999)'' and ''Indra Das v. State of Assam (2011).''<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}.</ref> Furthermore, the Supreme Court has held that when the enforcement of fundamental rights is concerned, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme]] and [[High courts of India|High Courts]] do not have to await action by the legislature in ''[[Vishakha and others v State of Rajasthan|Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997)]]'', ''Vineet Narain v. UOI (1997)'', ''[[Triple talaq in India#Judgement|Shayara Bano v. UOI (2017)]]'', ''Common Cause v. UOI (2018)'' and [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|''Navtej Singh Johar v. UOI (2018)'']].<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}}.</ref>

===== Constitutional morality =====
The law, reflecting societal values, regulates relationships between people and prescribes behaviour patterns. As the social realities changes, the law changes. However, sometimes a legal change precedes societal changes and is even intended to stimulate. The Supreme Court, noting these dynamics when ruling in ''Badshah v. Urmila Badshah Godse (2014)'', held that the court should exercise discretion in determining the proper relationship between the subjective and objective purposes of the law.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}.</ref>

The Supreme Court held that while the State can impose reasonable restrictions based on decency and morality, the limitations should be rational and tolerant of unpopular social views in ''S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal (2010) and [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. UOI (2018)]]''.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}.</ref> The Supreme Court stated the purpose of elevating certain rights to the stature of fundamental rights as to insulate their exercise from the disdain of majorities, whether legislative or popular, in [[Right to Privacy verdict|''Puttaswamy v. UOI (2017)'']].<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}}.</ref> The petitioners highlighted the instances where the [[Judiciary of India|Indian Courts]] protected fundamental rights by defying social and religious norms.— ''Mary Roy v. State of Kerala (1986)'', ''Githa Hariharan v. Reserve Bank of India (1999)'', ''[[Triple talaq in India#Judgement|Shayara Bano v. UOI (2017)]], Joseph Shine v. UOI (2018)'' and [[Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration|''Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration (2019)'']].<ref name="convreg">Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Nikesh P.P. v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}}.</ref>

===== Right to equality =====
[[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] guarantees the right to equality. The Supreme Court declared that any law that fails to protect the [[self-determination]] of [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]] of an individual is irrational, manifestly arbitrary, and a violation of [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14]].<ref name="allp" /> The Supreme Court has recognised the [[Substantive equality|principle of substantive equality]] in ''Lt. Col. Nitisha v. UOI (2021).''<ref name="rituparna" /> The Supreme Court held that atypical families, such as domestic, unmarried partnerships or relationships between sexual and gender minority individuals, deserve equal protection under the law guaranteed in [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14]] in ''[[Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal|Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal (2022)]]''.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Sameer Samudra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Amburi Roy v. Union of India}}.</ref>

===== Anti-discrimination =====
[[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|Article 15]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] guarantees protection from discrimination. The Supreme Court extended the protection to include [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]].<ref name="allp" /> The Supreme Court has recognised the [[Substantive equality|principle of substantive equality]] in ''Lt. Col. Nitisha v. UOI (2021).''<ref name="rituparna" /> Considering the cultural stereotypes based on [[sex]] and [[gender]] and their role in discriminatory legislation, the Supreme Court held that judicial scrutiny to weave out discrimination must be strict in ''Anuj Garg v. Hotel Association of India (2007)''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nikesh P.P. v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}}.</ref> The Supreme Court held that [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|Article 15]] places positive and negative obligations on the State in [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|''Navtej Singh Johar v. UOI (2018)'']], where positive obligations call for the state to recognise rights which bring true fulfilment to same-sex relationships.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}.</ref>

===== Freedom of expression =====
[[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|Article 19]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] guarantees the right to freedom of speech and expression. The Supreme Court held that [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|Article 19]] includes full expression of [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]]. The Supreme Court held that the choice of marital partner is an exercise of freedom of expression enshrined in [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|Article 19]] in ''Vikas Yadav v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2016)'', ''Asha Ranjan v. State of Bihar (2017)'', ''Shakti Vahini v. UOI (2018)'' and [[Hadiya case|''Shafin Jahan v Ashokan K.M. (2018)'']]''.<ref name="allp" />''

===== Right to life and personal liberty =====
[[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|Article 21]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which includes dignity, privacy, and personal autonomy. The Supreme Court recognised the rights guaranteed by [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|Article 21]] for sexual and gender minority individuals. The Supreme Court held that [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|Article 21]] recognises the right to choose a marital partner in the ruling of ''Shakti Vahini v. UOI (2018), Lata Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2006), [[Right to Privacy verdict|Puttaswamy v. UOI (2017)]]'', ''[[Hadiya case|Shafin Jahan v Ashokan K.M. (2018)]],'' and ''Laxmibai Chandaragi B. v. State of Karnataka (2021).''<ref name="allp" />

===== Freedom of conscience and religion =====
[[Freedom of religion in India|Article 25]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] guarantees freedom of conscience and religion. Since the Supreme Court ruled that the freedom of conscience of an individual is more than religious beliefs in [[Right to Privacy verdict|''Puttaswamy v. UOI (2017)'']], the petitioners argued that the freedom to choose a marital partner is an integral component of freedom of conscience.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}}.</ref>
* Since the Supreme Court ruled that in addition to freedom of religion, [[Freedom of religion in India|Article 25]] guarantees freedom from religion in [[Entry of women to Sabarimala|''Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala (2019)'']], the petitioners claiming recognition under the secular marriage laws argued the state should not endorse the conception of marriage that is exclusively heterosexual, as it is rooted in the norms of religion.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Harish Iyer v. Union of India}}.</ref>
* Since [[Hinduism and LGBT topics|Hinduism]] does not prohibit marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals, the petitioners claiming recognition under [[Law of India#Family law – personal law|personal laws]] argued exclusion of couples from sexual and gender minority communities from the [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|Hindu Marriage Act]] violates the petitioners' right to practice religion freely.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Abhijit Iyer Mitra v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}.</ref> The [[Madras High Court]] held that refusal to register the marriage between a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Man|cisgender man]] and a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Trans woman|transgender woman]] under [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|Hindu Marriage Act]] violates [[Freedom of religion in India|Article 25]] in [[Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration|''Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration (2019)'']].<ref name="nibedita" />

===== Right to marry =====
Since the Supreme Court established the fundamental rights of sexual and gender minority individuals in [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|''NLSA v. UOI (2014)'']], [[Right to Privacy verdict|''Puttaswamy v. UOI (2017)'']] and [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|''Navtej Singh Johar v. UOI (2018)'']], the petitioners argued for extending the right to marry and establish a family to sexual and gender minority individuals based on Articles [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|14]], [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|15]], [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|19]], [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|21]] and [[Freedom of religion in India|25]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref name="allp" />

[[High courts of India|High Courts]] have considered the constitutionality of Indian marriage laws. The [[Madras High Court]] held that refusal to register the marriage between a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Man|cisgender man]] and a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Trans woman|transgender woman]] under [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|Hindu Marriage Act]] violates [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] guaranteed under Articles [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|14]], [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|15]], [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|19]], [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|21]] and [[Freedom of religion in India|25]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] in [[Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration|''Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration (2019)'']].<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Nikesh P.P. v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}}.</ref>

The petitioners requested that the Supreme Court declare that the gender change of a spouse would not automatically void solemnised marriage.<ref name="rituparna" /> As an extension of recognising the right to marry and establishing a family, the petitioners argued for the entitlement of a foreign-origin sexual or gender minority spouse of an [[Indian citizen|Indian Citizen]] or [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizen of India]] to apply for registration as an [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizen of India]].<ref name="cap" />

==== Issues in secular marriage law ====
The notice and objections provisions detail the requirement for registering a marriage under the secular marriage laws— [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act]] and [[Foreign Marriage Act, 1969|Foreign Marriage Act]]. The individuals intending to marry must publish their details in Marriage Notice Book meant for public inspection. Within thirty days of publication, any person can object to their marriage, and a marriage officer, who has the power of a civil court, handles the objections.<ref name=":35">{{Cite act|index=43|date=1954|article=|article-type=|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=The Special Marriage Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1387}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1387 |title=India Code: Special Marriage Act, 1954 |date=9 October 1954 |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2021-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218225516/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1387 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite act|index=33|date=1969|article=|article-type=|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=The Foreign Marriage Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1720}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1720 |title=India Code: Foreign Marriage Act, 1969 |date=31 August 1969 |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426161619/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1720 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

===== Non-equality =====
The intention of the notice and objections provisions is to address the situations where individuals might hide the breach of prerequisites of marriage. However, such deterrents are absent in the [[Law of India#Family law – personal law|personal laws]] governing marriage. Evidently, notice and objection provisions are not the only way to address the problem of a breach of prerequisites of marriage. The provisions are grossly disproportionate and violate the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. The provisions violates [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] by creating an unequal burden on individuals who choose to marry under secular marriage laws. It violates [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|Article 15]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] by discriminating those constrained to marry under secular marriage laws from those who marry under [[Law of India#Family law – personal law|personal laws]].<ref name="nop" />

===== Violations of freedom of expression =====
The provisions violate the freedom of expression guaranteed by [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 19]] by enabling continuing harassment and persecution.<ref name="nop" /> Multiple news reports document the role of the provision in enabling continuing harassment and persecution.<ref name=newsgrp1 /> The 2010 [[India]]n case studies documented the barrier posed by these procedural requirements of the secular marriage laws.<ref name=":59" /> The [[Law Commission of India|Law Commission]] published a consultation paper on the Reform of Family Law that recognised the notice and objection provision of secular marriage laws as an impediment to personal autonomy.<ref name=":57" /> The [[Law Commission of India|Law Commission]] published a report on the Prevention of Interference with the freedom of Matrimonial Alliances that recommended the removal of the notice and objection provisions of the secular marriage laws to prevent "high-handed or unwarranted interference" in marriages.<ref name=":12" />

===== Violations of decisional autonomy =====
The provisions violate the decisional autonomy guaranteed by [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|Article 21]] by authorising any person to object to the marriage.<ref name="nop" /> The [[Law Commission of India|Law Commission]] published a consultation paper on the Reform of Family Law that recognised the provisions as an impediment to personal autonomy protected by [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|Article 21]].<ref name=":57" /> The provisions force individuals to surrender their right to privacy to exercise their right to marry.<ref name="nop" /> The Supreme Court held that a requirement that forces the individual to give up one constitutional right to exercise another is unconstitutional in the ruling of ''Ahmedabad St. Xavier's College Society v. State of Gujarat (1974).''<ref name="utkarsh" />

[[High courts of India|High Courts]] have considered the constitutionality of the provisions. Remarking that unwarranted disclosure of the marriage plans might jeopardise the marriage and endanger the lives of the couple, the [[Delhi High Court]] deprecated the practice of sending notices to residential addresses in the ruling of ''Pranav Kumar Mishra v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi (2009)''.<ref name="kajal" /> Relying on the [[Fundamental rights in India|right]] to [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|personal liberty]] and [[Right to Privacy verdict|privacy]], [[Allahabad High Court]] read down the notice and objection provision of the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act]] as a directory and not mandatory in the ruling of ''Safiya Sultana v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2021)''.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Akkai Padmashali v. Union of India}}.</ref>

==== Representative and heirs ====
Despite the landmark decision of the Supreme Court asserting the right to [[self-determination]] of [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]] in [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|''NLSA v. UOI (2014)'']], [[Right to Privacy verdict|''Puttaswamy v. UOI (2017)'']] and [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|''Navtej Singh Johar v. UOI (2018)'']]'','' the birth or adoptive family continues to interfere and restrict the [[self-determination]]. As the vast majority of [[Law of India|Indian laws]] define 'family' to be persons related by marriage, birth or adoption, the petitioners have presented a compelling case for legal recognition of their marital relationships to formalise access to rights and obligations. However, many others do not share the aspiration for married life, and the law cannot ignore them. They may choose friends, domestic partners and other persons of vital importance to assign rights and obligations.<ref name="rituparna" />

While the conflict with the birth or adoptive family may have given rise to the idea of chosen family, it does not challenges birth or adoptive family bonds but allows for a more inclusive understanding of adult relationships. Most sexual and gender minority individuals, informed by their lived experience of family rejection, hostility and violence, require a legal substitute for the family for healthcare, social and economic rights and obligations. Recognising any person as capable of serving the best interests of an individual in a state of vulnerability or incapacitation, the [[Mental Healthcare Act, 2017|Mental Healthcare Act of 2017]] authorised an individual to appoint any person as the nominated representative. Legal limiting next of kin to persons related by marriage, birth or adoption violates the decisional autonomy of sexual and gender minority individuals.<ref name="rituparna" />

The Supreme Court has recognised the [[Substantive equality|principle of substantive equality]], which prohibits the State from expecting conformity as a price for equality in ''Lt. Col. Nitisha v. UOI (2021)''. The Supreme Court held that married and unmarried persons have equal decisional autonomy to make decisions about their welfare in ''X v. Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Department, Govt. of NCT of Delhi (2022).'' The Supreme Court held that atypical families deserve equal protection under the law guaranteed in [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14]] in [[Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal|''Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal (2022)'']]''.'' Relying on these precedents, the petitioners argued that unmarried sexual and gender minority individuals deserve recognition and protection of the law when they seek to nominate any person beyond the constraints of biological or adoptive families.<ref name="rituparna" />

[[High courts of India|High Courts]] have expanded the scope of legal heirs for [[Third gender|intersex, non-binary and transgender people]] in ''Illyas v. Badshah alias Kamla (1990)'' and S''weety v. General Public (2016)''. The petitioners request the Supreme Court to declare that a person can nominate anyone in the place of 'next of kin' under all relevant laws.<ref name="rituparna" />

==== International treaties ====
India is a party to various international treaties concerning human rights. India voted to adopt the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)]] in [[United Nations]] [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] on 10 December 1948, and the same is enforceable in India under the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993. India ratified the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|International Convention of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] and the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)]] on 10 April 1979.<ref name="treaty">Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Nikesh P.P. v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Abhijit Iyer Mitra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Sameer Samudra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nitin Karan v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Amburi Roy v. Union of India}}.</ref> Over the last three decades, [[International human rights law]] has developed an established jurisprudence on the rights to equality, privacy and autonomy of sexual and gender minority individuals and protection from discrimination based on [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]].<ref>{{Citation |last=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |title=Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity |date=17 November 2011 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G11/170/75/PDF/G1117075.pdf |type=[[United Nations Document Codes|UN Document]] |series=A/HRC/19/41 |publisher=[[United Nations]] [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]] |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327133227/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G11/170/75/PDF/G1117075.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since the Supreme Court enforced the international treaties discussed above while ruling in the [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|''NLSA v. UOI (2014)'']] and [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|''Navtej Singh Johar v. UOI (2018)'']], the petitioners argued extending the right to marry and establish a family to sexual and gender minority individuals based on the following articles:<ref name=treaty />

* Article 7 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|UDHR]], Article 26 of [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|ICCPR]] and Article 2 of [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|ICESCR]] prohibit discrimination based on ''<nowiki />'<nowiki />''sex... or other status.''<nowiki />'<nowiki />''<ref name=":23">{{Citation |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |publication-date=10 December 1948 |type=[[Treaty]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=23 February 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Citation |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1976/03/19760323%2006-17%20AM/Ch_IV_04.pdf |publication-date=16 December 1966 |type=[[Treaty]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=23 February 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220134544/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1976/03/19760323%2006-17%20AM/Ch_IV_04.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Citation |title=International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36c0.htmls |publication-date=16 December 1966 |type=[[Treaty]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426200337/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36c0.htmls |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United Nations|UN]] [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|Human Rights Committee]] stated that the ''<nowiki />'<nowiki />''other status''<nowiki />'<nowiki />'' includes [[sexual orientation]].<ref>{{Citation |last=[[United Nations Human Rights Committee]] |title=Toonen v. Australia |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/undocs/html/vws488.htm |type=[[United Nations Document Codes|UN Document]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801175251/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/undocs/html/vws488.htm |series=CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 |publisher=[[United Nations]] [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|Human Rights Committee]] |archive-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> The [[United Nations|UN]] [[Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] urged the member states to ensure that a person's sexual orientation is not a barrier to realising [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|Covenant Rights]].<ref>{{Citation |last=<nowiki>United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</nowiki> |title=Non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights |url=https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQdqeXgncKnylFC%2BlzJjLZGhsosnD23NsgR1Q1NNNgs2QltnHpLzG%2FBmxPjJUVNxAedgozixcbEW9WMvnSFEiU%2FV |publication-date=2 July 2009 |type=[[United Nations Document Codes|UN Document]] |series=E/C.12/GC/20 |publisher=[[United Nations]] [[Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] |author-link=Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311095328/https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQdqeXgncKnylFC%2BlzJjLZGhsosnD23NsgR1Q1NNNgs2QltnHpLzG%2FBmxPjJUVNxAedgozixcbEW9WMvnSFEiU%2FV |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Article 16 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|UDHR]], Article 23 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|ICCPR]] and Article 10 of [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|ICESCR]] guarantee the [[Right to family life|right to marry and establish a family]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":24" /> [[Travaux préparatoires]] shows that drafters of [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|UDHR]] changed the language in the right to marry from ''<nowiki />'<nowiki />''everyone''<nowiki />'<nowiki />'' to the specific ''<nowiki />'<nowiki />''men and women''<nowiki />'<nowiki />'' to highlight that women have the right to marry. The drafters did not intend to exclude same-sex couples from marriage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wolfson |first1=Evan |last2=Tueller |first2=Jessica |last3=Fromkin |first3=Alissa |date=2022 |title=The Freedom to Marry in Human Rights Law Worldwide: Ending the Exclusion of Same-Sex Couples from Marriage |url=https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/iiclr/article/download/26253/24273 |journal=Indiana International & Comparative Law Review |volume=32 |issue=1 |access-date=2023-03-27 |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327133228/https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/iiclr/article/download/26253/24273 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United Nations|UN]] [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|Human Rights Committee]] urged member states to recognise marriage for same-sex couples to fulfil their [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|ICCPR]] obligations.<ref>{{Citation |title=Young v. Australia |date=6 August 2003 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/DER/G03/440/25/PDF/G0344025.pdf |type=[[United Nations Document Codes|UN Document]] |series=CCPR/C/78/D/941/2000 |publisher=[[United Nations]] [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|Human Rights Committee]] |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327133228/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/DER/G03/440/25/PDF/G0344025.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=<nowiki>United Nations Human Rights Committee</nowiki> |title=Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Australia |url=https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsoAl3%2FFsniSQx2VAmWrPA0uA3KW0KkpmSGOue15UG42EodNm2j%2FnCTyghc1kM8Y%2FLQ4n6KZBdggHt5qPmUYCI8eCslXZmnVlMq%2FoYCNPyKpq |publication-date=1 December 2017 |type=[[United Nations Document Codes|UN Document]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032912/https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsoAl3%2FFsniSQx2VAmWrPA0uA3KW0KkpmSGOue15UG42EodNm2j%2FnCTyghc1kM8Y%2FLQ4n6KZBdggHt5qPmUYCI8eCslXZmnVlMq%2FoYCNPyKpq |series=CCPR/C/AUS/CO/6 |publisher=[[United Nations]] [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|Human Rights Committee]] |archive-date=12 November 2020 |author-link=United Nations Human Rights Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=United Nations Human Rights Committee |title=Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Hungary |url=https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsnm97%2BRfSonZvQyDICMC7to7lkIHViwiffCrjxVJVYr7AYGd1bD3LqpWwx7fjwdowp0XO09j1KeHx2S0%2Be4%2FGUZf4WEtz0X6rsDTNt6FAcrQ |type=[[United Nations Document Codes|UN Document]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703135746/https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsnm97%2BRfSonZvQyDICMC7to7lkIHViwiffCrjxVJVYr7AYGd1bD3LqpWwx7fjwdowp0XO09j1KeHx2S0%2Be4%2FGUZf4WEtz0X6rsDTNt6FAcrQ |series=CCPR/C/HUN/CO/6 |publisher=[[United Nations]] [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|Human Rights Committee]] |archive-date=3 July 2019 |author-link=United Nations Human Rights Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=United Nations Human Rights Committee |title=Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of Bulgaria |date=15 November 2018 |url=https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhskh%2Bqy5CyN8D%2FZ%2BBzREl4JFFGBP%2FHKF%2FOdQmhX%2FowRuyRPF6ULj89EPBOq9kvUJgYNQHSS625xvETKp1EUpOs6ekr3vAaU0IH6Z0CyRL%2Ftuy |type=[[United Nations Document Codes|UN Document]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403222827/https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhskh%2Bqy5CyN8D%2FZ%2BBzREl4JFFGBP%2FHKF%2FOdQmhX%2FowRuyRPF6ULj89EPBOq9kvUJgYNQHSS625xvETKp1EUpOs6ekr3vAaU0IH6Z0CyRL%2Ftuy |series=CCPR/C/BGR/CO/4 |publisher=[[United Nations]] [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|Human Rights Committee]] |archive-date=3 April 2020 |author-link=United Nations Human Rights Committee}}</ref>
* Article 12 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|UDHR]] and Article 17 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|ICCPR]] prohibit arbitrary interference with their privacy, family, home or correspondence.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":22" />

==== Soft Law ====
The Supreme Court held that [[Yogyakarta Principles#Original 2007 Principles|''Yogyakarta Principles on the'' ''Application of Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (2007)'']] is consistent with various [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] enshrined in the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] and stated that they must be recognised and followed in the decision of [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|''NLSA v. UOI (2014)'']] and [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|''Navtej Singh Johar v. UOI (2018)'']]. The petitioners pointed to:<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Amburi Roy v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Akkai Padmashali v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}}.</ref>

* Principle 24 of the [[Yogyakarta Principles]], which recognises the right to establish a family, regardless of [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]]. It calls for the State to recognise [[same-sex marriage]] or registered partnership and ensure that same-sex married or registered partners have the entitlements, privileges, obligations and benefits available to opposite-sex married or registered partners.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://yogyakartaprinciples.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/principles_en.pdf |title=Principles on the Application of Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity |date=March 2007 |publisher=[[Yogyakarta Principles]] |access-date=23 February 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401034915/http://yogyakartaprinciples.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/principles_en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== ''Obergefell v. Hodges'' (United States, 2015) ====
In anticipation of an oppositional argument that could emphasise marriage as traditionally and historically being limited to opposite-sex couples, the petitioners argue that generations of denial are not an argument for its perpetuation. They point to the majority opinion of [[Obergefell v. Hodges|''Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)'']], in which [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] wrote that if rights were defined by who exercised them in the past, then past practices would serve as continued justification for denying the new groups the rights.<ref name="onh1">Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}.</ref>

In anticipation of an opposition prophesy that upholding everybody's fundamental right to marry would diminish the worth of opposite-sex marriages, petitioners point to the conclusion of the majority on the same discussion in ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges|Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)]]'', "it is wholly illogical to believe that state recognition of the love and commitment between same-sex couples will alter the most intimate and personal decisions of opposite-sex couples."<ref name="onh1" />

While deciding the ''Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration (1978),'' the Supreme Court held that the despite the lack of the [[Due Process Clause]] in the [[Constitution of India]] same consequence ensued after the decisions in ''R.C. Cooper v. Union of India (1970)'' and [[Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India|''Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)'']]''.'' Affirming the verdict of ''Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration (1978),'' the Supreme Court held that substantive due process is applied to the [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|fundamental right to life and liberty]] in ''Mohd Arif v. The Registrar (2014).''<ref name="onh2">Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Sameer Samudra v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Nitin Karan v. Union of India}}.</ref>

Finally, the Supreme Court held that [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] corresponds to the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution]] in ''Chiranjit Lal Chowdhuri v. UOI (1950).'' Hence, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] ruling in ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges|Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)]]'', which held the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to [[Same-sex relationship|same-sex couples]] by both the [[Due Process Clause]] and the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution]] is relevant to the current case.<ref name="onh2" />

==== Recognition of foreign marriage ====
The Supreme Court recognised the [[Comity|principles of comity of nations]] in the ruling of ''Mirza Ali Akbar Kashani v. United Arab Republic (1966)'', ''Tractor Export v. Tarapore & Co. (1969)'' and ''Gramophone Company of India Ltd. v. Birendra Bahadur Pandey (1984).'' The petitioners called attention to the fact that 32 countries have recognised [[same-sex marriage]]. Since [[Foreign Marriage Act, 1969|Foreign Marriage Act]] has extraterritorial operations, petitioners argued that it should be read to conform with international developments.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}}.</ref>

==== Citizenship of sexual and gender minority spouse ====
The petitioners argue that the [[Indian nationality law|Citizenship Act]] does not authorise the officials to examine the marriage under [[Law of India|Indian law]]. Therefore, as long as the marriage is validly registered overseas and the sexual or gender minority spouse of foreign origin satisfies other conditions, they are entitled to apply for [[Overseas Citizenship of India|OCI]].<ref name="joydeep" /> They point to the ruling of the [[Supreme Court of Israel#High Court of Justice|Israeli High Court of Justice]] that registration officials, who are not competent to examine the validity of the marriage under [[Israeli law]], should register the [[same-sex marriage]] of [[Israelis|Israeli Citizens]] performed validly overseas in ''Ben-Ari v. Director of Population Administration (2006).''<ref name="joydeep" />

==== Legislative policy ====
The petitioners highlighted various entitlements, privileges, obligations and benefits limited to marital, blood or adoptive relationships. These legal provisions exclude legally unrecognised spouses and families of sexual and gender minority individuals.

===== Healthcare =====
When a patient cannot communicate their wishes due to being in a persistent [[vegetative state]], having a form of dementia or similar illness, or being under anaesthesia, legally unrecognised spouses and families of sexual and gender minority individuals are not allowed to make healthcare decisions for them.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}}.</ref>

Legally unrecognised spouses and families of sexual and gender minority individuals face discrimination in [[organ donation]] in the case of both living or deceased partners.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}.</ref> Under the [[Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994|Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act of 1994]], the declaration to donate organs requires the presence of at least one marital, blood or adoptive relative. As a result, unrecognised spouses and families cannot make these vital decisions about sexual and gender minority family members. Sexual and gender minority partners need prior approval of the Authorisation Committee under the [[Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994|Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act]]. The Committee evaluates the proof of affection or attachment to the intended recipient of the organ before permitting organ donation, which legally married couples need not provide.<ref>{{Cite act|index=42|date=1994|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=The Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1962}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1962 |title=India Code: Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994 |date=8 July 1994 |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312173357/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1962 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

===== Finance =====
Sexual and gender minority family members lack the rights around succession, [[Alimony|maintenance]], joint ownership of assets, taxation and benefits. As private entitlements exclude sexual and gender minority family members, sexual and gender minority individuals face more barriers and higher scrutiny in privately offered life insurance nominations, owning [[Joint account|joint bank accounts]] and lockers, and mutual funds and savings plans.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}.</ref>

According to the [[Income-tax Act, 1961|Income Tax Act of 1961]], the payments made on behalf of a spouse are included in the deduction when computing the total income. These deductions include the payments made towards life insurance, a deferred annuity of the life of a spouse, the spouse's provident fund set up by the Central Government and the spouse for participation in the Unit-linked Insurance Plan.<ref>{{Cite act|index=43|date=1961|article=80C|article-type=Section|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=The Income-tax Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2435}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2435 |title=India Code: Income-tax Act, 1961 |date=13 September 1961 |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312071723/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2435 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Sexual and gender minority family members cannot claim such deductions.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}.
</ref> According to the Supreme Court ruling on ''Rajesh v. Rajbir Singh'', the spousal consortium considered in the claims, including the claims for injury and death in the [[Motor Vehicles Act, 1988|Motor Vehicle Act of 1988]] cases, is only available to married couples.<ref>{{Cite act|index=59|date=1988|article=158, 166 {{abbr|&|and}} 168|article-type=Section|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=The Motor Vehicles Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1798}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1798 |title=India Code: Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 |date=14 October 1988 |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312103247/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1798 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Rajesh {{abbr|&|and}} {{abbr|Ors.|Others}} versus Rajbir Singh {{abbr|&|and}} {{abbr|Ors.|Others}}|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|opinion={{abbr|Civil Appeal No.|Civil Appeal Number}} 3860/2013|date=12 April 2013|url=https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/bosir/orderpdf/1721330.pdf}}</ref> Hence the legally unrecognised spouses of sexual and gender minority individuals are denied such claims.<ref name="pg1">Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}.</ref>

===== Employment =====
Without recognition of the right to marry, couples from sexual and gender minority communities cannot access the benefits available to opposite-sex couples through various legislation. Couples from sexual and gender minority communities in government service cannot request same-city postings. A sexual and gender minority partner cannot receive the healthcare coverage provided to the spouse of government employees.<ref name="pg1" />

The government grants an appointment on compassionate grounds to a dependent family member of a government servant dying or retired on medical grounds and leaving their family without any livelihood. Couples from sexual and gender minority communities are not eligible for compassionate appointments or family pensions.<ref name="pg1" />

Under the current reading of the [[Law of India|Indian Acts]], sexual and gender minority employee cannot nominate their legally unrecognised family for benefits and entitlements as long as their biological or adoptive family members are alive.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Arpan |last2=Jain |first2=Rupam |date=19 December 2022 |title=Gay couples in India ask Supreme Court to legalise same-sex marriage |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/gay-couples-india-ask-supreme-court-legalise-same-sex-marriage-2022-12-19/ |archive-date=2023-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212153427/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/gay-couples-india-ask-supreme-court-legalise-same-sex-marriage-2022-12-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=25 November 2022 |title=Supreme Court seeks govt response on including same-sex marriage under Special Marriage Act |language=en |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-seeks-govt-response-on-including-same-sex-marriage-under-special-marriage-act/article66182642.ece |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213051311/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-seeks-govt-response-on-including-same-sex-marriage-under-special-marriage-act/article66182642.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the [[Law of India|Acts]] highlighted by the petitioners are:<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}.</ref>
* Employee's Compensation Act of 1923,<ref>{{Cite act|type=Act|index=8|date=1923|article=10A(4)|article-type=Section|legislature=[[Imperial Legislative Council]]|title=The Employees Compensation Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_UP_88_477_00016_00016_1614836915424&sectionId=64520&sectionno=10A&orderno=12}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_UP_88_477_00016_00016_1614836915424&sectionId=64520&sectionno=10A&orderno=12 |title=India Code: Section Details |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312062151/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_UP_88_477_00016_00016_1614836915424&sectionId=64520&sectionno=10A&orderno=12 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* Employees' Provident Funds Act of 1952,<ref>{{Cite act|type=Act|index=19|date=1952|article=4|article-type=Schedule|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2152}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2152 |title=India Code: Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312060651/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2152 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* [[The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972|Payment of Gratuity Act of 1972]],<ref>{{Cite act|index=39|date=1972|article=6|article-type=Section|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=The Payment of Gratuity Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_6_6_00029_197239_1517807324619&sectionId=42151&sectionno=6&orderno=8}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_6_6_00029_197239_1517807324619&sectionId=42151&sectionno=6&orderno=8 |title=India Code: Section Details |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312060646/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_6_6_00029_197239_1517807324619&sectionId=42151&sectionno=6&orderno=8 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* Payment of Wages Act, 1936<ref>{{Cite act|index=4|date=1936|article=26|article-type=Section|legislature=[[Imperial Legislative Council]]|title=The Payment of Wages Act |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/8324/1/payment_of_wages_act_1936.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325172323/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/8324/1/payment_of_wages_act_1936.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite act|type=General Statutory Rule|index=822 (E)|date=2009|article=3 (2)|article-type=Rule|legislature=[[Government of India]] through [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]]|title=Payment of Wages (Nomination) Rules|url=https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/PW_Nomination%20Rules.pdf}} {{Cite web |url=https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/PW_Nomination%20Rules.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=September 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910064316/https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/PW_Nomination%20Rules.pdf}}</ref> and
* [[Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008|Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act of 2008]].<ref>{{Cite act|index=33|date=2008|article=3|article-type=Section|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=Unorganised Workers Social Security Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_6_6_00036_200833_1517807327317&sectionId=42317&sectionno=3&orderno=3}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_6_6_00036_200833_1517807327317&sectionId=42317&sectionno=3&orderno=3 |title=India Code: Section Details |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312060653/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_6_6_00036_200833_1517807327317&sectionId=42317&sectionno=3&orderno=3 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite act|type=Statutory Order|index=764 (E)|date=2019|legislature=[[Government of India]] through [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]]|title=Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan Yojana|url=https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/197105_0.pdf |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312060717/https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/197105_0.pdf}}</ref>

Since private entitlements, such as healthcare and other spousal benefits extended in private employment, exclude sexual and gender minority family members, sexual and gender minority individuals face more barriers and higher scrutiny in acquiring spousal benefits.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}.</ref>

===== Housing =====
Couples from sexual and gender minority communities do not have the right to reside in a shared household. Hence, sexual and gender minority individuals cannot rely on their partner's rented or owned home to prove residence for official purposes.<ref name="pg1" />

===== Parenthood =====
Without recognition of the right to marry, couples from sexual and gender minority communities cannot have children through [[Same-sex adoption|adoption]], [[Surrogacy in India|surrogacy]], or [[Assisted reproductive technology#India|assisted reproductive technologies]].<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Amburi Roy v. Union of India}}.</ref>

The [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015|Juvenile Justice Act of 2015]], along with relevant rules, does not allow unmarried couples and couples in a live-in relationship to adopt children as a couple.<ref>{{Cite act|index=2|date=2015|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2148}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2148 |title=India Code: Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 |date=31 December 2015 |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424144953/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2148 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite act|type=General Statutory Rules|index=726 (E)|date=2022|legislature=[[Government of India]] through [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]|title=Adoption Regulations|url=https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Adoption%20Regulations%202022.pdf |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312095012/https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Adoption%20Regulations%202022.pdf}}</ref> The Adoption Regulations of 2022 state that a child cannot be given in adoption to a couple unless they have at least two years of a stable marital relationship.<ref name=":34" /> In line with the Adoption Regulations, the [[Central Adoption Resource Authority]] has decided that single prospective adoptive parents, who are in a live-in relationship with a partner, will not be considered eligible to adopt a child.<ref name=":34" /><ref>{{Cite act|type=Office Memorandum|index=CARAICA013/1/2022/Administration|date={{date|2022-06-16|mdy}}|legislature=[[Central Adoption Resource Authority]], [[New Delhi]]|title=Registration of cases of single PAPs having a live-in partner in a long-time relationship and not married|url=https://cara.nic.in/PDF/Registration-of-cases-of-single-PAPs-having-a_live-in_partner-in-a-long-time-relationship-and-not-married160622.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312095003/https://cara.nic.in/PDF/Registration-of-cases-of-single-PAPs-having-a_live-in_partner-in-a-long-time-relationship-and-not-married160622.pdf}}</ref>

The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act of 2021 allows only married couples to have children through surrogacy.<ref>{{Cite act|index=47|date=2021|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/17046}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/17046 |title=India Code: Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 |date=25 December 2021 |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426175844/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/17046 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> The Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act of 2021 allows only infertile married couples to obtain the services of an authorised clinic or bank for assisted reproductive technologies.<ref>{{Cite act|index=42|date=2021|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=The Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/17031}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/17031 |title=India Code: Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021 |date=18 December 2021 |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2022-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718080315/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/17031 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Since the parents cannot get married, the child has no legal relationship with an unrelated parent. As a result, various entitlements, privileges, obligations and benefits are unavailable to the unrelated parent and the child. An unrelated parent cannot make medical decisions in the case of an emergency.<ref name="aditi" />

===== Judicial proceedings =====
The [[Indian Evidence Act|Indian Evidence Act of 1872]] provides [[spousal privilege]], that is, immunity from being compelled to disclose any communication between spouses during their marriage. Additionally, they cannot disclose any communication without their partner or partner's representative's consent.<ref>{{Cite act|type=|index=1|date=1872|article=122|article-type=Section|legislature=[[Imperial Legislative Council]]|title=Indian Evidence Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00034_187201_1523268871700&sectionId=38987&sectionno=122&orderno=140}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00034_187201_1523268871700&sectionId=38987&sectionno=122&orderno=140 |title=India Code: Section Details |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312060655/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00034_187201_1523268871700&sectionId=38987&sectionno=122&orderno=140 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Couples from sexual and gender minority communities do not have this crucial protection privilege under Indian evidentiary law.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Supriyo v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}.</ref>

The [[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005|Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005]] protects women in an opposite-sex marital or live-in relationship. The law extends its protection to women living in a household, such as sisters or mothers, but fails to protect sexual and gender minority women in a relationship.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}}.</ref>

==== Entry and residence permits ====
A spouse of foreign origin of an Indian Citizen or [[Overseas Citizenship of India|OCI]] is entitled to apply for registration as an [[Overseas Citizenship of India|OCI]] under the [[The Citizenship Act, 1955|Citizenship Act]]. [[Overseas Citizenship of India|OCI]] is a form of [[permanent residency]] which allows cardholders to live and work in India indefinitely. Without recognition of the right to marry, a foreign-origin sexual or gender minority spouse is not eligible for [[Overseas Citizenship of India|OCI]] Card.<ref name="cap" />

Recognition of the right to marry for sexual and gender minority individuals is crucial for acquiring a visa and residency. Sexual and gender minority families cannot declare the name of their spouse or parent on their passports. Similarly, [[Overseas Citizenship of India|OCI]] cardholders are subject to the notification issued by the [[Government of India|Union Government]]— for example, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the [[Government of India|Union Government]] allowed [[Overseas Citizenship of India|OCI]] cardholders with Indian parents or spouses alone to enter the country.<ref name="vaibhav" />

==== Social exclusion and violence ====
Legally sanctioned exclusion, such as the prohibition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals, constitutes a form of [[structural discrimination]] which reinforces [[ignorance]] and [[prejudice]] and leads to widespread [[discrimination]], [[Social rejection|rejection]] and [[Violence against LGBT people|violence]] against sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Harish Iyer v. Union of India}}.</ref><ref name=":26" /> The petitioners demonstrate widespread [[discrimination]], [[Social rejection|rejection]] and [[Violence against LGBT people|violence]] against sexual and gender minority individuals in India by reporting relevant peer-reviewed studies and news articles.<ref>Petitioners: {{Harvnb|Udit Sood v. Union of India}} and {{Harvnb|Kajal v. Union of India}}.</ref>

[[Family honor|Family honour culture]] is one of the reasons for the harassment of sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ananya |date=30 May 2019 |title=South Asian honour culture hounds India and Pakistan's LGBTQ community |url=https://qz.com/india/1630092/indians-pakistanis-most-likely-to-back-anti-gay-honour-abuse |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018150037/https://qz.com/india/1630092/indians-pakistanis-most-likely-to-back-anti-gay-honour-abuse |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2021 multinational study documented the attitudes towards violence against sexual and gender minority individuals in five countries: [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Iran]] and [[England]]. [[Indian people|Indians]] ranked second, following [[Pakistanis]], for their belief that gay men had damaged their [[Family honor|family honour]] and their acceptance of verbal abuse and life-threatening violence by the family towards gay men.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lowe |first1=Michelle |last2=Khan |first2=Roxanne |last3=Thanzami |first3=Vanlal |last4=Barzy |first4=Mahsa |last5=Karmaliani |first5=Rozina |date=2021 |title=Anti-gay "Honor" Abuse: A Multinational Attitudinal Study of Collectivist- Versus Individualist-Orientated Populations in Asia and England |url=https://clok.uclan.ac.uk/26187/ |journal=[[Journal of Interpersonal Violence]] |volume=36 |issue=15–16 |pages=7866–7885 |doi=10.1177/0886260519838493 |pmid=30924715 |s2cid=85566154 |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306085034/https://clok.uclan.ac.uk/26187/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Familial harassment takes various forms of violence and violations. A 2016 Indian study reported the family as the primary source of psychological, physical and sexual violence against sexual and gender minority individuals that normalises such violence for sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ranade |first1=Ketki |last2=Shah |first2=Chayanika |last3=Chatterji |first3=Sangeeta |date=1 August 2016 |title=Making sense: Familial journeys towards acceptance of gay and lesbian family members in India |url=https://journals.tiss.edu/ijsw/index.php/ijsw/article/view/72 |journal=The Indian Journal of Social Work |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=437–458 |issn=2456-7809 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327114743/https://journals.tiss.edu/ijsw/index.php/ijsw/article/view/72 |url-status=live }}</ref> 2011 Indian qualitative study documented the endemic and pervasive nature of violence faced by sexual and gender minority women, such as psychological and verbal abuse, bodily harm, [[forced marriage]], wrongful confinement, medical abuse and [[corrective rape]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Ghosh |first1=Subhagata |title=Vio Map: Documenting and Mapping Violence & Rights Violation Taking Place in lives of Sexually Marginalised Women to Chart Out Effective Advocacy Strategies |date=8 March 2011 |url=https://www.sapphokolkata.in/public/research_reports/1677858525.pdf |type=Research Report |publisher=[[Sappho for Equality]] |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Sumita Basu |last3=Ranjita |first3=Biswas |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327113552/https://www.sapphokolkata.in/public/research_reports/1677858525.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Familial harassment and rejection are common reasons for [[homelessness]] and [[suicide]] among sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Watta |first=Anureet |date=2020-09-02 |title=Bullying, Homophobia, Conversion Therapy: What Is Pushing Queer People To Suicide? |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/home-top-video/bullying-homophobia-conversion-therapy-queer-people-suicides/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[SheThePeople]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305132122/https://www.shethepeople.tv/home-top-video/bullying-homophobia-conversion-therapy-queer-people-suicides/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cite magazine |last=Kidangoor |first=Abhishyant |date=2021-01-05 |title=This Indian Same-Sex Couple Is Fighting for the Right to Marry. But Is Their Country Ready? |url=https://time.com/5926324/india-lgbtq-marriage-case/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307061757/https://time.com/5926324/india-lgbtq-marriage-case/ |url-status=live }}</ref> India lacks comprehensive statistics on [[suicide]] among sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name=":25" /> A 2011 Mumbai-based study of men who have sex with men found 45 per cent to be [[Suicidal ideation|suicidal]], with 15 per cent categorised as high risk.<ref name=":33" /> A 2016 Indian study estimated the suicide rate among [[Transgender|transgender Indians]] as 31 per cent, and at least 50 per cent of them have attempted suicide at least once before their 20th birthday.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=H.G. |first1=Virupaksha |last2=Muralidhar |first2=Daliboyina |last3=Ramakrishna |first3=Jayashree |date=2016 |title=Suicide and Suicidal Behavior among Transgender Persons |journal=[[Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine]] |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=505–509 |doi=10.4103/0253-7176.194908|pmid=28031583 |pmc=5178031 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Couples from sexual and gender minority communities face familial harassment in the form of [[Family separation|forced separation]] and [[False imprisonment|wrongful detention]] or reporting their partners of [[kidnapping]]. If the couple were [[Family separation|separated]] and [[False imprisonment|detained]] by the parents, the partner has to approach a [[High courts of India|High Court]] for a [[Habeas corpus|writ petition for habeas corpus]]. The Courts frequently question the [[Standing (law)|locus standi]] of the individual due to the non-recognition of their relationship.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Arasu |first1=Ponni |url=https://archive.org/details/lawlikelovequeer0000unse |title=Law like love: Queer perspectives on law |last2=Thangarajah |first2=Priya |date=2011 |publisher=[[Yoda Press]] |isbn=978-93-80403-14-4 |editor-last=Narrain |editor-first=Arvind |publication-place=[[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]] |chapter=Queer Women and the Law in India |oclc=741445911 |editor-last2=Gupta |editor-first2=Alok }}</ref> On the other hand, if the parents had reported the [[kidnapping]], the police ascertained if the partner had left on their own accord. However, the seemingly straightforward procedure of recording the individual's statement to determine whether they are acting out of their free will gets complicated due to [[Prejudice|societal prejudice]] validated by the lack of the right to marry for sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Maya |title=Footprints of a Queer History: Life-stories from Gujarat |publisher=[[Yoda Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-93-82579-35-9 |location=[[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]]}}</ref>

Reports have documented instances where lesbian couples have considered, attempted or committed suicide together.<ref>{{Citation |last=Deepa |first=Vasudevan |title=Lesbian Suicides and the Kerala Women's Movement |date=2001 |url=http://feministlawarchives.pldindia.org/wp-content/uploads/Lesbian-Suicides-and-the-Kerala-Womens-Movement.pdf |type=[[Conference proceedings|Conference Proceeding]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305201621/http://feministlawarchives.pldindia.org/wp-content/uploads/Lesbian-Suicides-and-the-Kerala-Womens-Movement.pdf |publication-place=[[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, India]] |publisher=South Indian Young Feminists Conference |archive-date=2021-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.tiss.edu/uploads/files/8The_Nature_of_violence_faced_by_Lesbian_women_in_India.pdf |title=The nature of violence faced by lesbian women in India |last1=Fernandez |first1=Bina |last2=Gomathy |first2=N.B |date=2003 |publisher=Research Centre on Violence Against Women, [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] |access-date=2023-03-08 |archive-date=2023-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308071546/https://www.tiss.edu/uploads/files/8The_Nature_of_violence_faced_by_Lesbian_women_in_India.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2006 |editor-last=Kalpana |editor-first=Kannabiran |title=India: Second NGO Shadow Report on CEDAW |url=http://pldindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/CEDAW_-Second-Shadow_report_2006.pdf |journal=National Alliance of Women |access-date=2023-03-08 |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901034958/http://pldindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/CEDAW_-Second-Shadow_report_2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A lesbian couple, Asha Thakor and Bhavna Thakor, facing opposition from their family in rural [[Gujarat]], committed suicide shortly after eloping to the city. The couple had eloped to find a safe space and acceptance but never found it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Simantini |date=2018-06-11 |title=The World Did Not Let Us Live: What Led To The Suicide of a same sex couple in 'Homophobic' Gujarat |work=[[News18 India|News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/immersive/gujarat-same-sex-suicide.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626081203/https://www.news18.com/news/immersive/gujarat-same-sex-suicide.html |archive-date=2018-06-26}}</ref> Similarly, a gay couple from rural [[Assam]], Ankur Das and Brajen Thakuria committed suicide after their families firmly opposed their relationship and blamed them for one of their mother's early death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-01 |title=Gay lovers from Assam commit suicide due to families' opposition |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/gay-lovers-from-assam-commit-suicide-due-to-families-opposition-492587 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305132114/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/gay-lovers-from-assam-commit-suicide-due-to-families-opposition-492587 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the existence of suicide notes and social media posts, most of the cases end with [[first information report]]s and news articles, without any investigations and persecution of those [[Aiding and abetting|abetting]] suicide.<ref name=":25" />

===== Housing, education and employment =====

In the larger society, sexual and gender minority individuals in India face [[prejudice]] in housing, education and employment. Sexual and gender minority individuals in India encounter discrimination from property owners and landlords, leading to a denial of housing and forced evictions.<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":58">{{Citation |last1=Dutta |first1=Debolina |title=count me IN! Violence Against Disabled, Lesbian, and Sex-working Women in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal |url=https://www.oursplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/CREA-The-Count-Me-In-Violence-against-Disabled-Lesbian-Sex-working-Women-in-Bangladesh-India-Nepal-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119025401/https://www.oursplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/CREA-The-Count-Me-In-Violence-against-Disabled-Lesbian-Sex-working-Women-in-Bangladesh-India-Nepal-Report.pdf |publication-place=[[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]] |publisher=CREA |archive-date=2022-01-19 |last2=Weston |first2=Mark |last3=Bhattacharji |first3=Jaya |last4=Mukherji |first4=Suparna |last5=Kurien |first5=Sarah Joseph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Borate |first=Neil |date=2019-06-25 |title=Same-sex couples in India lack basic financial rights. |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/same-sex-couples-in-india-lack-basic-financial-rights-1561396839301.html |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307061757/https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/same-sex-couples-in-india-lack-basic-financial-rights-1561396839301.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2018 [[UNESCO]]-supported Indian study found that 60% of middle school students ([[International Standard Classification of Education|ISCED]] Level 2), 60% of high school students ([[International Standard Classification of Education|ISCED]] Level 3) and 50% of higher secondary school students ([[International Standard Classification of Education|ISCED]] Level 3) were victims of physical violence due to [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]]. As a result of the harassment, the students reported they had reduced social interaction with their peers (73%), suffered from anxiety and depression (70%), and discontinued school (33.2%).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-13 |title=New study on bullying based on sexual orientation and gender identity in schools in Tamil Nadu, India |work=[[UNESCO]] |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/new-study-bullying-based-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-schools-tamil-nadu-india |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426162041/https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/new-study-bullying-based-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-schools-tamil-nadu-india |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Prejudice]] in the workplace manifests as harassment and discrimination in the recruitment process and promotions.<ref name=":58" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Noronha |first1=Ernesto |last2=Bisht |first2=Nidhi S. |last3=D'Cruz |first3=Premilla |date=2022-04-11 |title=From Fear to Courage: Indian Lesbians' and Gays' Quest for Inclusive Ethical Organizations |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-022-05098-x |journal=[[Journal of Business Ethics]] |volume=177 |issue=4 |pages=779–797 |doi=10.1007/s10551-022-05098-x |s2cid=248116558 |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307061800/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-022-05098-x |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Rashmi |date=2022-07-20 |title=How lesbian, gay employees deal with workplace bullying |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-lesbian-gay-employees-deal-with-workplace-bullying-111658305286171.html |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307061758/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-lesbian-gay-employees-deal-with-workplace-bullying-111658305286171.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===== Effects of repression =====

The fear of familial harassment and rejection causes sexual and gender minority individuals in India to conceal their identity and remain in the closet.<ref name=":28" /> However, this does not guarantee their safety.<ref name="uditsood" /> According to a 2015 Indian survey, the majority of gay men who experienced physical violence (52.4%), sexual abuse (55%) and psychological abuse (46.5%) lived with their parents and were most often closeted. In contrast, gay men who lived with their partners or sexual and gender minority individuals faced little abuse. Closeted gay men living with parents cannot freely seek peer support from other sexual and gender minority individuals when faced with violence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Sumit |date=2016-10-21 |title=52% of gay men in India without peer support suffer violence: Survey |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/52-of-gay-men-in-india-without-peer-support-suffer-violence-survey/story-HKOutVLK7YbIieafqsTrwL.html |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306145056/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/52-of-gay-men-in-india-without-peer-support-suffer-violence-survey/story-HKOutVLK7YbIieafqsTrwL.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, most sexual and gender minority individuals in India grow old facing life without lawful companionship and confronting the reality of [[loneliness]], which research shows carry a risk comparable to if not exceeds, that of other well-accepted factors, including [[Tobacco smoking|smoking up to 15 cigarettes a day]], [[obesity]], [[physical inactivity]] and [[air pollution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Holt-Lunstad |first1=Julianne |last2=Smith |first2=Timothy B. |last3=Layton |first3=J. Bradley |date=2010-07-27 |title=Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review |journal=[[PLOS Medicine]] |volume=7 |issue=7 |article-number=e1000316 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316|pmid=20668659 |pmc=2910600 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holt-Lunstad |first=Julianne |date=2018-01-02 |title=The Potential Public Health Relevance of Social Isolation and Loneliness: Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors |url=https://academic.oup.com/ppar/article/27/4/127/4782506 |journal=Public Policy & Aging Report |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=127–130 |doi=10.1093/ppar/prx030 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306162944/https://academic.oup.com/ppar/article/27/4/127/4782506 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===== Social assimilation through inclusive policies =====
In light of widespread [[discrimination]], [[Social rejection|rejection]] and [[Violence against LGBT people|violence]] against sexual and gender minority individuals in India, the petitioners argued the [[Gay-friendly|sexual and gender minority-inclusive policies]] — for relationships, parenthood, healthcare, education and employment — provides opportunities to assimilate into society<ref name="uditsood" /> To make their case, the petitioners highlighted the historical role of Indian statutory reforms, such as the abolishment of [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] and recognition of inter-caste marriage and widow remarriage, in aiding the social assimilation of [[Social exclusion|marginalised]] [[Indian people|Indians]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}}, {{Harvnb|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}} & {{Harvnb|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}}</ref> The petitioners highlighted the instances where the [[Judiciary of India|Indian Courts]] got rid of various socially regressive practices in defiance of social and religious norms— ''Mary Roy v. State of Kerala (1986)'', ''Githa Hariharan v. Reserve Bank of India (1999)'', ''[[Triple talaq in India#Judgement|Shayara Bano v. UOI (2017)]]'', ''Joseph Shine v. UOI (2018)'' and [[Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration|''Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration (2019)'']].<ref name="convreg" />

Scholars reason that the legal recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals is often accompanied by media attention and increased visibility, which is associated with increased social support for sexual and gender minority individuals.<ref name=":26" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Christopher |first1=Ramos |last2=Goldberg |first2=Naomi G |last3=Badgett |first3=M.V. Lee |date=2009-05-17 |title=The Effects of Marriage Equality in Massachusetts: A survey of the experiences and impact of marriage on same-sex couples |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt9dx6v3kj/qt9dx6v3kj.pdf |journal=[[Williams Institute]] |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305142847/https://escholarship.org/content/qt9dx6v3kj/qt9dx6v3kj.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Gregory B. |date=2011-05-02 |title=The Friends and Family Plan: Contact with Gays and Support for Gay Rights |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00405.x |journal=[[Policy Studies Journal]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=217–238 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00405.x |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307102539/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00405.x |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chomsky |first1=Daniel |last2=Barclay |first2=Scott |date=2010 |title=The Mass Media, Public Opinion, and Lesbian and Gay Rights |journal=[[Annual Review of Law and Social Science]] |volume=6 |pages=387–403 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102209-152825 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The increased social support could translate into improved familial and peer acceptance, which is associated with improved mental health.<ref name=":26" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=Caitlin |last2=Huebner |first2=David |last3=Diaz |first3=Rafael M. |last4=Sanchez |first4=Jorge |date=2009 |title=Family Rejection as a Predictor of Negative Health Outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/123/1/346/71912/Family-Rejection-as-a-Predictor-of-Negative-Health |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=346–352 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-3524 |pmid=19117902 |s2cid=33361972 |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325095337/https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/123/1/346/71912/Family-Rejection-as-a-Predictor-of-Negative-Health |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gini |first1=Gianluca |last2=Espelage |first2=Dorothy L. |date=2014-08-06 |title=Peer Victimization, Cyberbullying, and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1892227 |journal=[[JAMA|Journal of the American Medical Association]] |volume=312 |issue=5 |pages=545–546 |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.3212 |pmid=25096695 |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307102540/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1892227 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A 2017 [[United States|U.S.]] study found sexual and gender minority teens' suicide attempts declined in [[U.S. state]]s that enacted laws recognising [[same-sex marriage]]. The study also reported the effect of legal recognition of [[same-sex marriage]] persisted two years after recognition, disproving the argument that legal recognition of [[same-sex marriage]] would negatively affect sexual and gender minority individuals due to social and political backlash.<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last1=Raifman |first1=Julia |last2=Moscoe |first2=Ellen |last3=Austin |first3=S. Bryn |last4=McConnell |first4=Margaret |date=2017-02-20 |title=Difference-in-differences analysis of the association between state same-sex marriage policies and adolescent suicide attempts |journal=[[JAMA Pediatrics]] |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=350–356 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529 |pmid=28241285 |pmc=5848493 }}</ref> More directly, the legal recognition of the right to marry would extend the [[#National Laws & Regulations|previously discussed]] benefits, entitlements, privileges and obligations to couples from sexual and gender minority communities and improve their quality of life.<ref name="uditsood" />

==== Economic cost of social exclusion ====
The petitioners argued that the [[structural discrimination]] against sexual and gender minority individuals in India, such as the prohibition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals, hurts economic output— an unnecessary cost to all [[Indian people|Indian citizens]].<ref name="uditsood" /> Cross-country studies have estimated that the legal provision of [[same-sex marriage]] is associated with a long-term increase in [[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]] of 54 to 64 per cent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lamontagne |first1=Erik |last2=d'Elbée |first2=Marc |last3=Ross |first3=Michael W. |last4=Carroll |first4=Aengus |last5=Plessis |first5=André du |last6=Loures |first6=Luiz |date=2018-03-03 |title=A socioecological measurement of homophobia for all countries and its public health impact |url=https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/28/5/967/4919666 |journal=[[European Journal of Public Health]] |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=967–972 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/cky023 |pmid=29514190 |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2020-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103100505/https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/28/5/967/4919666 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":30" />

[[Discrimination]] in the workplace leads to underutilisation of [[human capital]] if a less skilled worker from favoured groups is hired or promoted instead of a skilled sexual and gender minority worker. If the skilled sexual and gender minority workers cannot find a suitable option, then the unutilised or underutilised skilled sexual and gender minority workers constitute a loss to economic output.<ref name=":30" />

In addition to [[discrimination]], the harassment of sexual and gender minority workers can reduce their [[productivity]], even if their wages and employment are not directly affected.<ref name=":30" /> A 2016 study found that 40 per cent of sexual and gender minority workers experienced [[harassment]] by their peers, and 66 per cent heard negative comments about sexual and gender minorities.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Dhar |first1=Udayan |title=The Indian LGBT Workplace Climate Survey 2016 |url=https://vartagensex.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/1559396942000-mingle-lgbt-wrkplc-climt-srvy-2016.pdf |type=Survey Report |access-date=2023-03-11 |publisher=Mission for Indian Gay & Lesbian Empowerment |last2=Sinha |first2=Ramkrishna |last3=Khan |first3=Zafrulla |archive-date=2022-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709025644/https://vartagensex.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/1559396942000-mingle-lgbt-wrkplc-climt-srvy-2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2019 study found that sexual and gender minority workers are 10 per cent less [[Productivity|productive]] in the same job as the general population, leading to a loss of 0.4 per cent of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] annually.<ref name=":31" />

Several studies found a positive association between [[Gay-friendly|sexual and gender minority-inclusive policies]] and financial measures like stock prices, asset returns, per-worker output and employee innovation.<ref name="uditsood" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shan |first1=Liwei |last2=Fu |first2=Shihe |last3=Zheng |first3=Lu |date=2017 |title=Corporate sexual equality and firm performance. |url=http://socialbigdata.cn/css/team/doc/zheng/Corporate%20Sexual%20Equality%20and%20Firm%20Performance.pdf |journal=Strategic Management Journal |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=1812–1826 |doi=10.1002/smj.2624 |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016113015/http://socialbigdata.cn/css/team/doc/zheng/Corporate%20Sexual%20Equality%20and%20Firm%20Performance.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Feng |last2=Nagar |first2=Venky |date=2013 |title=Diversity and performance |url=http://gljc.sxu.edu.cn/docs/2013-10/20131021101508197036.pdf |journal=[[Management Science (journal)|Management Science]] |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=529–544 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.1120.1548 |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311133409/http://gljc.sxu.edu.cn/docs/2013-10/20131021101508197036.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gao |first1=Huasheng |last2=Zhang |first2=Wei |date=2017-06-15 |title=Employment nondiscrimination acts and corporate innovation. |url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2457 |journal=[[Management Science (journal)|Management Science]] |volume=63 |issue=9 |pages=2982–2999 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.2016.2457 |hdl=10356/81557 |s2cid=23088627 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311131850/https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2457 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is not a coincidence that 91 per cent of [[Fortune 500]] companies included [[sexual orientation]] in their non-discrimination policies in 2019.<ref name="uditsood" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ+ Equality at the Fortune 500 |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/lgbt-equality-at-the-fortune-500 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311131849/https://www.hrc.org/resources/lgbt-equality-at-the-fortune-500 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===== Emigration =====
When denied equal rights, sexual and gender minority individuals who can migrate, often highly educated or financially resourceful individuals, migrate to countries that afford better protection.<ref name="uditsood" /><ref name=":30" /> Sexual Migration— migration where [[sexual orientation]] is an influential factor— is a well-documented and widespread phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carrillo |first=Héctor |date=2004 |title=Sexual migration, cross-cultural sexual encounters, and sexual health |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1525/srsp.2004.1.3.58 |journal=[[Sexuality Research and Social Policy]] |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=58–70 |doi=10.1525/srsp.2004.1.3.58 |s2cid=145584935 |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311141106/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1525/srsp.2004.1.3.58 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Studies focusing on Indian migrants have documented the lack of [[LGBT rights in India|sexual and gender minority rights in India]] as a motivating factor for the decision.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Geoffrey |date=2012-08-13 |title=Sexuality, space and migration: South Asian gay men in Australia |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2012.01229.x |journal=New Zealand Geographer |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=92–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7939.2012.01229.x |bibcode=2012NZGeo..68...92S |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311141103/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2012.01229.x |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baas |first=Michiel |date=2019 |title=The past, present and future of 'gay' migrants from India in Singapore |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0011392118792922 |journal=[[Current Sociology]] |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=206–224 |doi=10.1177/0011392118792922 |s2cid=149617969 |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311141103/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0011392118792922 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Due to the lack of Indian studies on sexual migration, the petitioners pointed to the [[Hong Kong]] study, which reported that 52.5 per cent considered leaving because of their [[sexual orientation]], of whom 91.3 per cent cited the lack of legal recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals as a reason.<ref name="uditsood" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Suen |first1=Yiu Tung |last2=Chan |first2=Randolph CH |date=2021-11-04 |title="Gay brain drain": Hong Kong lesbian, gay, and bisexual people's consideration of emigration because of non-inclusive social policies |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13178-020-00497-z |journal=[[Sexuality Research and Social Policy]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=739–752 |doi=10.1007/s13178-020-00497-z |s2cid=256065733 |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311141107/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13178-020-00497-z |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===== Foreign revenue =====
Research shows a positive correlation between acceptance of [[homosexuality]] and foreign investments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noland |first=Marcus |date=2005-12-16 |title=Popular attitudes, globalization and risk |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2362.2005.00157.x |journal=[[International Finance (journal)|International Finance]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=199–229 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2362.2005.00157.x |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311145617/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2362.2005.00157.x |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> When comparing cities, there is a positive association between [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] residents, foreign-born residents and the number of successful businesses.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Florida |first1=Richard |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1016/S1479-3520(2003)9 |title=The City as an Entertainment Machine: Volume 9 |last2=Gates |first2=Gary |date=2003-12-16 |publisher=[[Emerald Group Publishing|Emerald Group Publishing Limited]] |isbn=978-0-76231-060-9 |editor-last=Nichols Clark |editor-first=Terry |pages=199–219 |chapter=Technology and Tolerance: the Importance of Diversity To High-Technology Growth |doi=10.1016/S1479-3520(03)09007-X |chapter-url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1016/S1479-3520(03)09007-X/full/html |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311145619/https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1016/S1479-3520(2003)9 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, sexual and gender minority [[tourism]] was worth 211 billion dollars in 2016.<ref name=":32">{{Citation |last=Thurlow |first=Claire |title=The Economic Cost of Homophobia |date=2018 |url=https://www.petertatchellfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/report-a4-lo-res-1.pdf |type=Report |publisher=Peter Tatchell Foundation |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311145627/https://www.petertatchellfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/report-a4-lo-res-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sexual and gender minority travellers tend to spend more than [[cisgender]]ed [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]] travellers, but they are unlikely to choose destinations which lack adequate protections for sexual and gender minority individuals.<ref name=":32" />

===== Health disparity =====
The studies show the [[Social stigma|stigma]] and [[social exclusion]] experienced by sexual and gender minority individuals in India lead to higher incidences of physical and mental health problems among sexual and gender minority individuals in India compared to the general population drastically reducing their ability to engage in productive work and contribute to overall economic activity.<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last=Badgett |first=M.V. Lee |date=2014-10-03 |title=The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of LGBT People: A Case Study of India |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/dbf67f8d-0566-5ea8-ad55-02c83c42d600/content |journal=[[World Bank Group]] |publication-place=Washington, DC. |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308192853/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/dbf67f8d-0566-5ea8-ad55-02c83c42d600/content |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Canada|Canadian]] and [[United States|US]] studies on the cost of [[Social stigma|stigma]] and [[social exclusion]] have used data on [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[suicide]], [[Tobacco smoking|smoking]], [[Alcoholism|alcohol abuse]], [[substance abuse]], [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]], hospitalisation, lost days of work, and early mortality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=Christopher |url=https://cuisr.usask.ca/documents/publications/2000-2004/The%20Cost%20of%20Homophobia%20Literature%20Review%20on%20the%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20Homophobia%20On%20Canada.pdf |title=The Cost of Homophobia: Literature Review on the Economic Impact of Homophobia On Canada |publisher=Community-University Institute for Social Research |year=2004 |location=[[Saskatoon|Saskatoon, Canada]] |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2021-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808212143/https://cuisr.usask.ca/documents/publications/2000-2004/The%20Cost%20of%20Homophobia%20Literature%20Review%20on%20the%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20Homophobia%20On%20Canada.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Hanlon |first1=Carrie |title=State documentation of racial and ethnic health disparities to inform strategic action. |date=2011 |place=[[Rockville, Maryland|Rockville, United States]] |publisher=[[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] |last2=Rosenthal |first2=Jill |last3=Hinkle |first3=Larry}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=LaVeist |first1=Thomas A |title=The economic burden of health inequalities in the United States. |url=https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/sphhs_policy_facpubs/225/ |place=[[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C., United States]] |publisher=[[Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies]] |last2=Gaskin |first2=Darrell J. |last3=Richard |first3=Patrick |journal=Health Policy and Management Faculty Publications |date=September 2009 |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311073702/https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/sphhs_policy_facpubs/225/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since [[India]] lacks such comprehensive data on the health disparity of sexual and gender minority individuals in India, the 2014 [[World Bank]] study considered only [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[suicide]] and [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]] among sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name="uditsood" /><ref name=":30" /><ref name=":31"/> The study estimates [[Social stigma|stigma]] and [[social exclusion]] of sexual and gender minority individuals in India cost India up to 1.3 per cent of its [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] annually.<ref name=":31">{{Cite journal |last1=Badgett |first1=M.V. Lee |last2=Waaldijk |first2=Kees |last3=van der Meulen Rodgers |first3=Yana |date=2019-04-06 |title=The relationship between LGBT inclusion and economic development: Macro-level evidence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X19300695 |journal=[[World Development (journal)|World Development]] |volume=120 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.03.011 |s2cid=159223991 |hdl=1887/84562 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2021-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806220939/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X19300695 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Researchers' preferred explanation for the higher incidences of mental health problems among sexual and gender minority individuals is that [[Social stigma|stigma]], [[prejudice]], and [[discrimination]] create a stressful social environment that can lead to these problems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Ilan H. |author-link=Ilan Meyer |date=2003 |title=Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence |journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]] |volume=125 |issue=5 |pages=674–697 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674|pmid=12956539 |pmc=2072932 |bibcode=2003PsycB.129..674M }}</ref> Rates of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] among sexual and gender minority individuals in India are 6 to 12 times higher than the general population.<ref name=":30" /> A Mumbai-based study of men who have sex with men found 45 per cent to be [[Suicidal ideation|suicidal]], with 15 per cent categorised as high risk.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Sivasubramanian |first1=Murugesan |last2=Mimiaga |first2=Matthew J. |last3=Mayer |first3=Kenneth H. |last4=Anand |first4=Vivek Raj |last5=Johnson |first5=Carey V. |last6=Prabhugate |first6=Priti |last7=Safren |first7=Steven A. |date=2011-08-01 |title=Suicidality, clinical depression, and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in men who have sex with men in Mumbai, India: findings from a community-recruited sample. |journal=Psychol Health Med |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=450–462 |doi=10.1080/13548506.2011.554645|pmid=21749242 |pmc=3136931 }}</ref> This range of [[suicidal ideation]] among sexual and gender minority individuals in India is 7 to 14 times the [[suicidal ideation]] among the general population from developing countries, including India.<ref name=":30" />

[[Social exclusion]] might make healthcare services less relevant or accessible to sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name=":30" /> A study found that [[prejudice]] in society, specifically among healthcare providers, and experiencing negative consequences when disclosing their identity was associated with lower access to [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]] preventive measures among sexual and gender minority individuals.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Arreola |first1=Sonya |title=Access to HIV Prevention and Treatment for Men Who Have Sex with Men: Findings from the 2012 Global Men's Health and Rights Study (GMHR) |date=2012 |url=https://mpactglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/GMHR_Factsheet_EN.pdf |type=[[White paper|White Paper]] |publication-place=Oakland |publisher=The Global Forum on MSM & HIV (MSMGF) |last2=Hebert |first2=Pato |last3=Makofane |first3=Keletso |last4=Beck |first4=J. |last5=Ayala |first5=George |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311055155/https://mpactglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/GMHR_Factsheet_EN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Respondent ===
On 12 March 2023, the [[Government of India|Union Government]] under the leadership of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] filed a counter-affidavit in the Supreme Court, opposing extending the right to marry to sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name=":18" /> The Union Government argued that the challenge to notice and objection provisions of the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act]] and [[Foreign Marriage Act, 1969|Foreign Marriage Act]] and adoption regulations unrelated to same-sex marriage. Therefore, the Supreme Court should exclude those matters from the current Case.<ref name="centre20230412b" /> This section contains a summary of relevant precedents, issues and laws submitted.

==== Fundamental rights ====
The [[Government of India|Union Government]] argued that denying the right to marry for sexual and gender minority individuals in India does not violate the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] guaranteed under Articles [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|14]], [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|15]], [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|19]], [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|21]] and [[Freedom of religion in India|25]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. To make their case, they point to the Supreme Court ruling in [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|''Navtej Singh Johar v. UOI (2018)'']] that explicitly differentiated and excluded marital relationships while reading down [[Section 377]] of the [[Indian Penal Code]] for violating [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]]. They argue that the Supreme Court decriminalised homosexual conduct but did not legitimise it.<ref name="centre20230312" />

[[Normativity]] is an intelligible differentia which distinguishes opposite-sex couples from couples from sexual and gender minority communities. The rationale for this classification is to ensure social stability through legal recognition of marriage. Hence the non-recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals does not violate [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], which guarantees [[equality before the law]] or [[Equal Protection Clause|equal protection of the laws]] within the territory of India.<ref name="centre20230312" />

Opposite-sex [[Cohabitation in India|couples living together]] do not enjoy the same status as opposite-sex married couples. The Supreme Court held the presumption of the marriage of [[Cohabitation in India|couples living together]] is rebuttable in ''Badri Prasad v. Director of Consolidation(1978)''. Not every form of opposite-sex relationship is on par with opposite-sex marriage. Since the non-recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals is not discrimination only based on sex, it does not violate [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|Article 15]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref name="centre20230312" />

While all citizens have a right to an association under [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|Article 19]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], the State is not obligated to recognise such associations. The State limits the legal recognition of marriage to opposite-sex couples. While the State does not recognise various forms of marriages, unions or relationships between individuals in society, they are not unlawful either.<ref name="centre20230312" />

===== Right to life and personal liberty =====
The [[Government of India|Union Government]] argued against any interpretation of [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|Article 21]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] to include any implicit approval of the right to marry for sexual and gender minority individuals. They point to the Supreme Court decision that explicitly differentiated and excluded marital relationships while reading down [[Section 377]] of the [[Indian Penal Code]] for violating Article 21 in [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|''Navtej Singh Johar v. UOI (2018)'']].<ref name="centre20230312" />

Since the fundamental rights guaranteed by [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|Article 21]] are subject to the procedure established by the law, and the Indian marriage laws explicitly limit the recognition to opposite-sex couples, the Supreme Court cannot extend the right to marry to include couples from sexual and gender minority communities. The Supreme Court held that [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|Article 21]] provides the right to marry a person of choice but also included that the law may regulate the conditions of a valid marriage in ''[[Hadiya case|Shafin Jehan vs Asokan K.M (2018)]]''.<ref name="centre20230312" />

Marriage is between two individuals with a profound impact on their personal lives, causing petitioners to seek recognition of marriage under the [[Right to Privacy verdict|right to privacy]], which is intrinsic to [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|Article 21]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. However, when considering legal recognition of their marriage and ancillary rights, the State cannot relegate marriage as a concept within the private domain. The legal recognition of marriage is a public recognition of their relationship.<ref name="centre20230312" />

Even if the petitioners can claim the right to marry under [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|Article 21]], the [[Parliament of India|legislature]] can curtail the rights on constitutionally permissible grounds such as legitimate State interest.<ref name="centre20230312" />

===== Right to freedom of conscience and religion =====
[[Freedom of religion in India|Article 25]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] protects [[Law of India#Family law – personal law|personal laws]]. The Supreme Court reaffirmed the constitutional protection of [[Law of India#Family law – personal law|personal laws]] when ruling in ''[[Triple talaq in India#Judgement|Shayara Bano v. UOI (2017)]]''.<ref name="centre20230312" />

==== Constitutional exception to fundamental rights ====
The [[Government of India|Union Government]] pointed to the Supreme Court ruling that reading fundamental rights is not to be done in isolation but along with the [[Directive Principles|Directive Principles of State Policy]] and the [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India#Fundamental Duties|Fundamental Duties]] in ''Javed v. State of Haryana (2003)''. They argue that the principles of legitimate state interests as an exception to fundamental rights would be applicable in the current case.<ref name="centre20230312" />

===== Legitimate state interests =====
The [[Government of India|Union Government]] argued that a larger legislative framework around the legislative understanding of marriage between opposite sexes demonstrates the legitimate state interest in limiting legal recognition of marriage. The legal recognition of marriage limited to opposite-sex couples is the norm throughout history and foundational to both the existence and continuance of the State.<ref name="centre20230312" />

Considering the historical and religious norms and social value of marriage, [[Government of India|Union Government]] argued that the State has a legitimate interest in limiting legal recognition of marriage to opposite-sex couples. While deciding on ''Ram Shiv Kumar v. State of Haryana (1981)'' and ''Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd. v. UOI (1996)'', the Supreme Court held that considerations of social morals are relevant in the process of legislating and [[Parliament of India|legislature]] can judge and enforce such societal morality and public acceptance. The Supreme Court held that the right to privacy is not absolute and is subject to lawful actions to prevent crime and disorder or protect the rights and freedom of others, health or morals in the ''Mr 'X' v. Hospital 'Z' (1998)''. Similarly, the Supreme Court held that the freedom guaranteed by Article 301 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] is not available to the liquor trade because liquor is a harmful substance detrimental to public health, order and morality.<ref name="centre20230312" />

====== Historical and religious norms ======
Codified statutory or uncodified [[Law of India#Family law – personal law|personal laws]] evolved based on societal values and beliefs, cultural history and religious beliefs. The concept of marriage is a concept emanating from the [[Law of India#Family law – personal law|personal laws]] of citizens. In [[Hinduism]], marriage is a sacrament for reciprocal duties between a [[Man|cis man]] and [[Woman|cis woman]]. In [[Islam]], marriage is a contract between a cis man and cis woman. With the evolution of jurisprudence, the [[Parliament of India|legislature]] codified some aspects of marriage. The legal recognition of opposite-sex marriage is to give the relationship a formal character and ensure that all statutory provisions governing the relationships, rights, liabilities, privileges and consequences are available. Despite the statutory recognition of marriage, it relies on historical customs, rituals and practices.<ref name="centre20230312" />

====== Social values ======
Marriage is a [[Institution|social institution]] that provides security, support and companionship. Marriage has social and moral obligations in addition to legal obligations and plays a significant role in child-rearing. Same-sex individuals living together and having sexual relationships, which the Supreme Court decriminalised, cannot be compared with the Indian family unit. Indian family unit, which consists of a [[Man|cis man]] and [[Woman|cis woman]] as a husband and wife, and the children born to them, is a quintessential building block for the existence and continuance of the society.<ref name="centre20230312" />

==== International and comparative law ====
Given the context of the current case, the [[Government of India|Union Government]] argued that Western decisions, without any basis in [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitutional]] law jurisprudence, cannot be imported. The Supreme Court rejected the US decision that relied on the due process clause of the Constitution of the United States, which was absent in the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] as it relied upon the tests of reasonableness in the ruling of ''Collector of Customs, Madras v. Nathella Sampathu Chetty (1962)'' and ''Santokh Singh v. Delhi Administration (1973).''<ref name="centre20230312" />

==== Legislative policy ====
The acceptance of marriage between two individuals of the same gender is neither recognised nor accepted by any uncodified [[Law of India#Family law – personal law|personal]] or codified statutory laws, such as the [[The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872|Christian Marriage Act of 1872]], the [[Parsi law|Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act of 1936]], the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act]], the [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|Hindu Marriage Act]] and the [[Foreign Marriage Act, 1969|Foreign Marriage Act]]. Through specific references to opposite sexes, the legislative intent to limit the legal recognition of marriage to opposite-sex couples is clear. The Supreme Court affirmed that marriage is a legal union of a man and a woman in the ruling of ''Mr 'X' v. Hospital 'Z' (1998)'' and ''Reema Aggarwal v. Anupam (2004).''<ref name="centre20230312" />

Extension of the right to marry to sexual and gender minority individuals would make laws governing marriage, ancillary rights and special provisions for married women otiose. The Supreme Court ruled that the 'relationship in the nature of marriage' specified in the [[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005|Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act]] does not include same-sex relationships in ''Indra Sarma v. V.K.V. Sarma (2013)''. The Union Government presented a list of legislations that will be affected if the Supreme Court extend the right to marry to sexual and gender minority individuals, demonstrating the consistent legislative policy that limits marriage to opposite-sex couples and the incompatibility between the right and the current Legislative Policy.<ref name="centre20230312" />

The above list demonstrates the clear legislative intent to limit the legal recognition of marriage to opposite-sex couples. The Supreme Court held that [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary]] is bound to the [[Plain meaning rule|literal interpretation]] when the words of a statute are clear and unambiguous in the ruling of the ''Raghunath Rai Bareja v. Punjab National Bank (2007)''. While ruling in ''Subramanian Swamy v. Raju (2014)'', the Supreme Court held that the [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary]] could read down only when the reading of the provision produces an absurd or unworkable result and reads down a law to give effect to its legislative intent. It is not permissible for the [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary]] to change the entire legislative policy of the country deeply embedded in religious, societal, cultural and legal norms.<ref name="centre20230312" />

Recognising marriage and conferring ancillary rights, which have consequences in law and privileges, is a legislative function. The [[Parliament of India|legislature]] would have to consider and deliberate on the right to adopt and other rights that would naturally follow the recognition of the right to marry for sexual and gender minority individuals. Only a [[Parliament of India|legislature]], which reflects the collective wisdom of the nation, can enact legislation based on societal values, beliefs and acceptability, and cultural history to govern, regulate, permit or prohibit human relationships, including issues such as [[marriage]], [[adoption]], [[divorce]], and [[Alimony|maintenance]].<ref name="centre20230312" />

Regarding sexual or gender minority spouses, the respondent argued that the legislative intent of the [[Indian nationality law|Citizenship Act]] is to provide a mechanism for foreign citizens married to Indian Citizens or [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizens of India]] to obtain [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizens of India]]. It was never intended to recognise same-sex marriage. The Supreme Court held that Parliament is presumed to know the law of the land when it is legislating in ''Bhagwati Steel Rolling Mills v. CCE (2016)''. When the Parliament enacted the Citizenship Act, it was aware of laws limiting legal recognition of marriage to opposite-sex couples. Therefore, the gender-neutral language of the Citizenship Act does not recognise a foreign-origin sexual or gender minority spouse.<ref name="centre20230412a" />

=== Intervenors ===

==== National Commission for Protection of Child Rights ====
The [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] (NCPCR), a statutory body of the [[Government of India|Union Government]], intervened in the case opposing the extension of the right to adopt for sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name="ncpcr" />

It argued that the current Legislative Policy does not envision same-sex adoptions. The [[Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956|Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956]] explicitly recognises opposite-sex couples. Therefore, it implies that the Act does not recognise adoption by same-sex couples. The [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015|Juvenile Justice Act of 2015]] prohibits single men from adopting a girl child. Therefore, it would restrict the gay couple from adopting a girl child.<ref name="ncpcr" />

India ratified the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child|United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child]] and the [[Hague Adoption Convention|Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption]] on 11 December 1992 and 6 June 2003, respectively, and the treaties do not mention same-sex adoptions. Therefore, it can be inferred that it does not recognise same-sex adoptions.<ref name="ncpcr" />

Additionally, a 2015 report argues that studies showing no differences between same-sex and opposite-sex parents are flawed due to low sample sizes, selective choosing of the participants and biased responses by the participants. The report asserts that more rigorous studies show that children raised by parents in a same-sex relationship face greater emotional, developmental, and other difficulties than those raised by mothers and fathers, particularly by their married biological parents.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hall |first=Jamie |title=The Research on Same-Sex Parenting: "No Differences" No More |date=23 April 2015 |url=https://www.heritage.org/marriage-and-family/report/the-research-same-sex-parenting-no-differences-no-more |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331152636/https://www.heritage.org/marriage-and-family/report/the-research-same-sex-parenting-no-differences-no-more |place=[[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]] |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |url-status=unfit |archive-date=31 March 2017}}</ref>

A 2015 [[United States|US]] study found that emotional problems were twice as prevalent for children with same-sex parents than for opposite-sex parents. The study found the lowest risk of emotional problems in children living with both biological parents who were married.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sullins |first=Donald Paul |date=25 January 2015 |title=Emotional Problems among Children with Same-Sex Parents: Difference by Definition |journal=British Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=99–120 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2500537|doi-access=free }}</ref> A longitudinal US study found that children of same-sex parents experienced an increased rate of depression and obesity as an adult.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sullins |first=Donald Paul |date=29 May 2016 |title=Invisible victims: delayed onset depression among adults with same-sex parents. |journal=Depression Research and Treatment |volume=2016 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2016/2410392 |pmid=27313882 |pmc=4903140 |doi-access=free }}{{Expression of Concern|doi=10.1155/2017/4981984|pmid=28848679|http://retractionwatch.com/2017/08/25/publisher-flags-paper-sex-parenting-neo-nazi-group-cites/ ''Retraction Watch''|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Relying on the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] report that gay and bisexual men are at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases,<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |author-link=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=16 September 2022 |title=Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Gay and Bisexual Men |url=https://www.cdc.gov/msmhealth/STD.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306170115/https://www.cdc.gov/msmhealth/STD.htm |archive-date=6 March 2023 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |publication-place=[[Atlanta]], United States}}</ref> the NCPCR argued that gay and bisexual men could put their adopted children at risk.<ref name="ncpcr" />

==== Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights ====
The [[Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] (DCPCR), a statutory body of the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Government]] led by the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], intervened to support extending the right to marry and adopt for sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name="dcpcri" />

It argued that the impact of legal recognition of same-sex marriage on gendered language in the current Legislative Policy does not present a serious concern. The Fundamental Rights conferred by the Constitution, which relies on gender-neutral terms such as "person" and "citizen", cannot be limited by the gendered language of the Statutes. The State has legal obligations to ensure non-discrimination of transgender people in matters including succession under the [[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019|Transgender Persons Act of 2019]] and ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|NLSA v. UOI (2014)]]''. These mandates have warranted deviation from the literal interpretation of laws.<ref name="dcpcri" />

One of the reasons for gendered language is to ensure higher protection for women in heterosexual marriages, such as the [[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005|Domestic Violence Act of 2005]], the [[Dowry system in India#Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961|Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961]] and sections granting additional grounds for divorce to women. Recognising same-sex marriage would not affect these provisions as they would still be relevant in opposite-sex marriages. Other conditions, such as maintenance, can be read down as gender-neutral.<ref name="dcpcri" />

The Indian Succession Act of 1925 governs the succession for the marriage registered under Special Marriage Act unless both parties are Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist or Jain. The Supreme Court reviewed the gendered language in the [[Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956|Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act of 1956]] in ''Githa Hariharan v. Reserve Bank of India (1999).'' Similarly, the Hindu Succession Act of 1956, through legislative amendments and judicial decisions, has been made more gender-neutral.<ref name="dcpcri" />

Uncodified personal laws are not subject to judicial review. As uncodified personal laws govern guardianship for Muslims, Muslim same-sex spouses can rely on the Guardians and Wards Act of 1890 and seek the appointment of guardians through court on a case-to-case basis. Similarly, uncodified personal laws govern succession for Muslims. If Muslim same-sex couples register their marriage under Special Marriage Act, succession will be handled by Indian Succession Act.<ref name="dcpcri" />

Additionally, more than 50 countries allow same-sex couples to legally adopt children, including 2 in Asia — Israel and Lebanon — 22 in Europe, and 16 in the Americas. [[Constitutional court|Constitutional Courts]] have agreed that there is no reason to deny adoption rights due to sexual orientation, including the [[South Africa]] in the [[National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs|''National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v. Minister of Home Affairs (2000)'']] and [[Du Toit v Minister for Welfare and Population Development|''Du Toit v. Minister of Welfare and Population Department (2002)'']], the [[United States]] in ''Florida Department v. Adoption of X.X.G (2010)'' and [[Obergefell v. Hodges|''Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)'']], the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in ''Salguiero Da Silva Mouta v. Portugal (1999)'' and ''E.B. v. France (2008)'' and [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] in [[Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas#2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling|''Advisory Opinion (2018)'']].<ref name="dcpcri" />

A Brazilian legal and psychoanalysis found that the relevant factors in determining whether a couple can be a good parent depend on the capacity to care for the child and the quality of the relationship between parent and child.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campos Refosco |first1=Helena |last2=Guida Fernandes |first2=Martha Maria |date=2017 |title=Same-Sex Parents and Their Children: Brazilian Case Law and Insights from Psychoanalysis |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol23/iss2/2 |journal=William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law |volume=23 |issue=2 |access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418030907/https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol23/iss2/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Multiple studies have shown that same-sex parents are no different from opposite-sex parents. An [[American Psychological Association]] report concluded that the home environment provided by same-sex parents to support and enable the psychosocial growth of their children is not different from the home environment provided by opposite-sex parents.<ref>{{Citation |last1=<nowiki>Committee on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Concerns</nowiki> |title=Lesbian & Gay Parenting |date=2005 |url=https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514111440/https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |archive-date=14 May 2011 |last2=<nowiki>Committee on Children, Youth, and Families</nowiki> |last3=<nowiki>Committee on Women in Psychology</nowiki>}}</ref> A 2021 study analysed the administrative data from several population registers from the [[Netherlands]] from 2006 to 2018. The study included complete population coverage, reliable identification of same-sex families, verifiable educational outcomes and detailed measures of family dynamics over the children's life course. The study found that in a socio-political environment characterised by high levels of legislative or public support, children of same-sex parents achieved as well as children of opposite-sex parents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kabátek |first1=Jan |last2=Perales |first2=Francisco |date=1 April 2021 |title=Academic Achievement of Children in Same- and Different-Sex-Parented Families: A Population-Level Analysis of Linked Administrative Data From the Netherlands. |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/58/2/393/168481/Academic-Achievement-of-Children-in-Same-and |journal=Demography |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=393–418 |doi=10.1215/00703370-8994569 |pmid=33834221 |s2cid=233192489 |hdl=11343/280466 |hdl-access=free |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527233934/https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/58/2/393/168481/Academic-Achievement-of-Children-in-Same-and |url-status=live }}</ref>

As same-sex couples started adopting in 1995 but were allowed to marry only in 2013, a study found that the delay affected same-sex families negatively, including the health, education and other responsibilities toward their children.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biasutti |first1=Carolina Monteiro |last2=Nascimento |first2=Célia Regina Rangel |last3=Gato |first3=Jorge |last4=Bortolozzo |first4=Mylena Leite |date=11 December 2022 |title=Same-sex parenting in Brazil and Portugal: An integrative review. |url=https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/38227 |journal=Research, Society and Development |volume=11 |issue=16 |pages=e357111638227 |doi=10.33448/rsd-v11i16.38227 |s2cid=254677483 |doi-access=free |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194727/https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/38227 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The DCPCR also relied on the scientific consensus that sexual orientation and gender identity are established at least by adolescence.<ref name="dcpcri" /> A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis found that sexual orientation develops around the age of 13.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=William J. |last2=Dawes |first2=Hayden C. |last3=Plocek |first3=Nina |date=21 October 2021 |title=Sexual orientation identity development milestones among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=[[Frontiers in Psychology]] |volume=12 |article-number=753954 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.753954 |pmid=34777153 |pmc=8581765 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the socio-legal environment where sexual and gender minority individuals do not have equal rights as cisgender heterosexual counterparts, acceptance, assimilation and legitimacy remains troubled.<ref name="dcpcri" /> Despite the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] ruling on same-sex marriage, the [[Ohio|US State of Ohio]] refrained from enacting anti-discrimination laws, creating a less favourable legal environment for sexual and gender minority individuals than other states. A study found that sexual and gender minority adolescents in Ohio were twice as likely to face bullying and harassment in school than their cisgender heterosexual counterparts.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mallory |first1=Christy |title=The Impact of Stigma and Discrimination against LGBT People in Ohio |date=October 2019 |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Impact-LGBT-Discrimination-OH-Nov-2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515015052/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Impact-LGBT-Discrimination-OH-Nov-2019.pdf |publication-place=[[Los Angeles]], United States |publisher=[[Williams Institute]], [[UCLA School of Law]] |archive-date=15 May 2021 |last2=Brown |first2=Taylor N.T. |last3=Sears |first3=Brad}}</ref>

===== Guidelines =====
{{anchor|DCPCR-Guidelines}}The DCPCR recommended the following guidelines to ensure the well-being of children in same-sex adoptions:

* The [[Government of India|Union]] and [[State governments of India|State Governments]] create public awareness that same-sex families are as "normal" as opposite-sex families and that children of same-sex families are not incomplete.<ref name="dcpcri" />
* School boards and educational institutions normalise same-sex families proactively.<ref name="dcpcri" />
* National and State Council for Education, Research and Training to review and eliminate homophobic content and include a more diverse understanding of the families in school textbooks.<ref name="dcpcri" />
* Relevant Authorities should create dedicated helplines and set aside resources for counselling for children facing stigma and bullying due to belonging to a same-sex family unit.<ref name="dcpcri" />

==== Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind ====
Islamic organisation [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] and Telangana Markazi Shia Ulema Council intervened in the case opposing the extension of the right to marry and establish a family to sexual and gender minority individuals in India on socio-legal and religious grounds.<ref name="juehi" />

It argued that marriage, founded on established societal norms, cannot change following newly developed values emerging from a different worldview in a different paradigm. The concept of same-sex marriage attacks the family system rather than building a family through the process. Same-sex marriage recognition in certain countries, which achieved a certain threshold of social order in terms of education and social acceptance, cannot justify introducing the concept in India.<ref name="juehi" />

Moreover, a person identifying as a follower of a particular religion should believe in the foundational norms of the same. When a person fails to follow the religious norms, they are considered a sinner. A person who questions and seeks to amend well-established religious norms is not a follower of the religion. Therefore, there cannot be an imposition of a radical non-religious view on established, inseparable and core principles of religion.<ref name="juehi" />

According to Islam, marriage is a sacred contract between a cis man and cis woman. The current sexual and gender minority rights movement originated from the [[Sexual revolution in 1960s United States|Western sexual liberation movement]], an atheistic movement, in the 1960s. Therefore, atheistic values should not be allowed to create any space within the religiously governed personal laws of the communities.<ref name="juehi" />

The Supreme Court held that personal laws have constitutional protection under Article 25 in [[Triple talaq in India#Judgement|''Shayara Bano v. UOI (2017)'']]''.'' The petitioner's request is against the established understanding of marriage in all personal laws.<ref name="juehi" />

The legislative intent to recognise marriage as a union of a cis man and cis woman is evident. The Supreme Court recognised the separation of power as a part of the basic structure of the Indian Constitution in ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala|Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)]]''. The legislature enacts laws as per the social acceptability based on the prevailing values of a society. The Supreme Court held that judicial adjudication cannot be equated to law-making by legislators in ''Ashwani Kumar v. Union of India (2020)''.<ref name="juehi" />

==== Telangana Markazi Shia Ulema Council ====
Islamic organisation Telangana Markazi Shia Ulema Council intervened in the case opposing the extension of the right to marry and establish a family to sexual and gender minority individuals in India on socio-legal and religious grounds.<ref name="tmsuc" />

== Preliminary hearings ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Court
!Date
!Judges
!
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Nowrap|High Court of}} Kerala
|{{Date table sorting|27 Jan 2020}}
|{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[Anu Sivaraman]]}}
|The Bench admitted the petition from a gay couple, Nikesh and Sonu, seeking legal recognition of their marriage<ref name=":4" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Nowrap|High Court of}} Delhi
|{{Date table sorting|14 Sep 2020}}
|{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|CJ.|Chief Justice of High Court of Delhi}} [[Dhirubhai Naranbhai Patel|D.N. Patel]]}} and {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} Prateek Jalan}}
|The Bench admitted the petition from sexual and gender minority individuals, Abhijit Iyer Mitra, [[Gopi Shankar Madurai|Gopi Shankar M]], Giti Thadani and G. Oorvas, seeking legal recognition of same-sex marriage.<ref name=":5" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| rowspan="8" style="text-align: center;" |{{Nowrap|Supreme Court of}} India
|{{Date table sorting|25 Nov 2022}}
|{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|CJI.|Chief Justice of India}} [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]]}} and {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}}[[Hima Kohli]]}}
|The Bench admitted two petitions from gay couples, Supriya Chakraborty & Abhay Dang and Parth Phiroze Mehrotra & Uday Raj Anand, seeking legal recognition of their marriage. The Bench sought a response from the [[Government of India|Union Government]].<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Recognition of Same-Sex Marriage |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/legality-of-same-sex-marriage/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106142651/https://www.scobserver.in/cases/legality-of-same-sex-marriage/ |archive-date=2023-01-06 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|3 Jan 2023}}
|{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|CJI.|Chief Justice of India}} [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]]}} and {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]]}}
|The Bench listed the transfer petition about the pending High Court cases pertaining to marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals to the next hearing date for Supreme Court cases pertaining to marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals.<ref name=":52" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-03 |title=SC to hear on January 6 pleas seeking recognition of same-sex marriage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sc-to-hear-on-january-6-pleas-seeking-recognition-of-same-sex-marriage-1177494.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304140346/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sc-to-hear-on-january-6-pleas-seeking-recognition-of-same-sex-marriage-1177494.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|6 Jan 2023}}
|{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|CJI.|Chief Justice of India}} [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]]}}, {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]]}} and {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[J.B. Pardiwala]]}}
|The Bench admitted four new petitions to join the case. The Bench directed [[High courts of India|high courts]] to transfer nine similar petitions— eight from [[Delhi High Court]] and one from [[Kerala High Court]] to itself.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":52" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|30 Jan 2023}}
|{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|CJI.|Chief Justice of India}} [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]]}}, {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]]}} and {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[J.B. Pardiwala]]}}
|The Bench admitted the petition from a lesbian couple, Kajal and Bhawna, to join the case.<ref name=":19" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|10 Feb 2023}}
|{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|CJI.|Chief Justice of India}} [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]]}}, {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]]}} and {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[J.B. Pardiwala]]}}
|The Bench admitted the petition from a lesbian couple, Amburi Roy and Aparna Saha, to join the case.<ref name=":20" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|20 Feb 2023}}
|{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|CJI.|Chief Justice of India}} [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]]}}, {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]]}} and {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[J.B. Pardiwala]]}}
|The Bench admitted the petition from three trans women, [[Akkai Padmashali]], [[Vyjayanti Vasanta Mogli]] and Uma P, to join the case.<ref name=":21" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|3 Mar 2023}}
|{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|CJI.|Chief Justice of India}} [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]]}}, {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]]}} and {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[J.B. Pardiwala]]}}
|The Bench admitted the petition from three anonymous couples from sexual and gender minority communities facing an immediate threat and four sexual and gender minority rights activists, Rituparna Borah, Chayanika Shah, Minakshi Sanyal and Maya Sharma, to join the case.<ref name=":29" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Date table sorting|13 Mar 2023}}
|{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|CJI.|Chief Justice of India}} [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]]}}, {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]]}} and {{Nowrap|{{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[J.B. Pardiwala]]}}
|Solicitor General filed the government's response, arguing the petition as wholly unsustainable, untenable and misplaced and urging the 3-judge Bench to dismiss the petition.<ref name="centre20230312" /> Considering the cases involve constitutional and statutory [[Question of law|questions of law]], the Bench invoked [[Constitution bench (India)|Article 145(3)]] and referred it to the 5-judge [[Constitution bench (India)|Constitutional Bench]]. The Bench also admitted a petition from Harish Iyer to join the case.<ref name="sci130323" /><ref name=":52" /><ref>{{Citation |last=R. |first=Sai Spandana |title=Recognition of Same-Sex Marriage Day #1: SC Refers Plea to 5-Judge Constitution Bench |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/recognition-of-same-sex-marriage-1-sc-refers-plea-to-5-judge-constitution-bench/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314043523/https://www.scobserver.in/reports/recognition-of-same-sex-marriage-1-sc-refers-plea-to-5-judge-constitution-bench/ |publisher=Supreme Court Observer |archive-date=2023-03-14}}</ref>
|}

== Oral arguments ==
The oral arguments before the Constitution bench commenced on 18 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Karan Deep |date=2023-04-18 |title=India's Top Court Begins Hearing Same-Sex Marriage Case |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/18/world/asia/india-court-same-sex-marriage.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421225813/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/18/world/asia/india-court-same-sex-marriage.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After a total of ten days of hearings from both the petitioners and respondents, the Bench concluded the hearings and reserved their verdict on 11 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatesan |first=V. |date=11 May 2023 |title='SC Must Walk the Full Mile': What Petitioners Said in the Same-Sex Marriage Equality Rights Case |url=https://thewire.in/law/sc-must-walk-the-full-mile-what-petitioners-said-in-the-same-sex-marriage-equality-rights-case |website=The Wire |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519073051/https://thewire.in/law/sc-must-walk-the-full-mile-what-petitioners-said-in-the-same-sex-marriage-equality-rights-case |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Jurisdiction ===
On 18 April 2023, Solicitor General [[Tushar Mehta|Mehta]] filed an affidavit from the Union Government, arguing that petitions lacked tenability. He reasoned that the issues raised in the Case were in the jurisdiction of the Parliament and the State Legislatures. He maintained that the subjects were out of the Supreme Court's jurisdiction and urged the Bench to dismiss the Case. Senior Advocate [[Mukul Rohatgi|Rohatgi]] and [[K. V. Viswanathan|Vishwanathan]] swiftly countered the arguments put forth by Solicitor General Mehta. They strongly asserted their right to be heard by the Supreme Court, as guaranteed by Article 32, particularly on matters related to the infringement of fundamental rights guaranteed by Part 3 of the Indian Constitution. Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud and Justice S.K. Kaul rejected the Solicitor General's motion to pre-empt the submissions of petitioners.<ref name="Day1">Transcript of Hearing: {{Harvnb|18th April 2023}}</ref>

Senior Advocate Rohatgi emphasized that the Supreme Court has the jurisdiction and responsibility to address violations of fundamental rights, even if only a few individuals are affected. He argued that waiting for parliamentary action is not an adequate response when fundamental rights are at stake.<ref name="Day2" />

{{Blockquote|text=I have no voice in Parliament. [However,] I have a voice [when it comes to] coming to open the doors of this court [and to] come here and plead before your Lordships.|author=Senior Advocate Rohatgi|title=19th April 2023}}

Senior Advocate Rohatgi pointed out that justices have consistently rejected the argument that the number of affected individuals is insignificant, as even one person's fundamental rights being violated is enough to seek redress from the Court. The duty of the Court under Article 32 of the Constitution is to protect and uphold the rights of individuals, regardless of their minority status.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate [[Menaka Guruswamy|Guruswamy]] argued that the Indian Parliament, unlike British Parliament, is not a sovereign body with unlimited powers but is constrained by the Constitution. Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud pointed out that Parliament has legislative authority over the matters covered in the case, such as marriage, divorce, and adoption. They discussed the need for Parliament to enact laws to give effect to certain rights, as seen in the case of privacy. Senior Advocate Guruswamy emphasized that citizens have the right to approach the Supreme Court under Article 32 when fundamental rights are violated. She contended that marriage constitutes a fundamental right, and she argued that the court must engage in statutory interpretation to grant statutory recognition of this right to couples from sexual and gender minority communities.<ref name="Day4" />

==== Statutory Interpretation ====
In addressing concerns about the courts' institutional capacity to interpret laws, Senior Advocate [[Abhishek Singhvi|Singhvi]] referenced the [[Lords of Appeal in Ordinary|UK House of Lords]] case, Ghaidan v. Godin-Mendoza, where statutory interpretation was separated from parliamentary intent and statutory text, including instances of unambiguous language, introducing an approach that prioritizes convention rights. He highlighted the court's authority to reinterpret legislation to align with convention rights within the constraints of the "thrust" of legislation and institutional capability of the court. Senior Advocate Singhvi highlighted that the underlying thrust of the Special Marriage Act in India is to allow individuals, irrespective of their religious beliefs, to enter into marriages, emphasizing the need for its interpretation to align with the Constitution of India.<ref name="Day3" />

==== Workability of law ====
Senior Advocate [[Saurabh Kirpal|Kirpal]] addresses concerns raised by the Bench and the Union Government regarding the practicality and effectiveness in recognizing fundamental rights through judicial interpretation. He argued against accepting unworkability as a defence against judicial review of laws that infringe upon fundamental rights. Senior Advocate Kirpal emphasizes that accepting the workability defence would enable Parliament to intentionally draft laws in a way that protects them from judicial review, even if they violate fundamental rights. This precedent would undermine the Court's constitutional duty to protect the fundamental rights of citizens.<ref name="Day4" />

==== Personal law ====
On 18 April, Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud suggested steering clear of personal law and focusing on the Special Marriage Act for the arguments. Senior Advocate Guruswamy expressed concerns about the Hindu Marriage Act, to which the Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud responded that confining themselves to the Hindu Marriage Act may not be sufficient, considering other marriage acts applicable to different religious communities. Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud proposed an incremental approach to the interpretation of laws and societal evolution. Justice S.K. Kaul highlighted the importance of focusing on the core issue and suggested confining the discussion to the interpretation of the Special Marriage Act without delving into personal law issues.<ref name="Day1" />

=== Right to marry ===
The petitioners reasoned that the right to marry falls within the fundamental rights outlined in Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution. Senior Advocate Rohatgi, representing the petitioners, argued that family, marriage, and procreation are integral to human dignity, which is safeguarded by Article 21. He further emphasized that procreation encompasses adoption, IVF, and surrogacy in today's context. Additionally, he highlighted the Supreme Court's ruling in ''[[Right to Privacy verdict|Puttaswamy v. UOI]]'', which recognized marriage as a component of privacy.<ref name="Day1" /> Senior Advocate [[Raju Ramachandran|Ramachandran]] reiterated that the right to marry is a part of the right to life as enshrined in Article 21.<ref name="Day3" />

Senior Advocate Rohatgi argued that the right to marry has been recognised as a constitutional right by the Supreme Court in ''Shakti Vahini v. UOI (2018),'' ''[[Hadiya case|Shafin Jahan v Ashokan K.M. (2018)]]'' and ''Laxmibai Chandaragi B. v. State of Karnataka (2021).<ref name="Day2" />''

Senior Advocate [[Anand Grover]] focused his arguments on the concept of 'intimate association' in US Courts, citing relevant cases such as ''[[Griswold v. Connecticut|Griswold v Connecticut (1965)]]'', ''[[Roberts v. United States Jaycees|Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)]]'', and ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges|Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)]]''. He argued that these cases recognized marriage as a fundamental right that brings harmony to a way of life. Senior Advocate Kothari, representing the petitioners, relied on the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|International Convention of Civil and Political Rights]] to argue that the right to marry and form a family are fundamental rights.<ref name="Day4">Transcript of Hearing: {{Harvnb|25th April 2023}}</ref>

=== Sexual and gender minority rights ===
Senior Advocate Singhvi, representing the petitioners, claimed that the right to choose in marital relationships regardless of sex, sexual orientation, gender, and gender orientation is at the heart of this case. He argued that individuals within the sexual and gender minority community have the right to marry without facing discrimination. He emphasized that discriminating against homosexual couples based on inherent characteristics like sexual orientation and identity would violate the Right to Equality. Even if a law is specifically created to establish such a classification, it must still adhere to the principles of equality and non-discrimination outlined in Article 14.<ref name="Day2">Transcript of Hearing: {{Harvnb|19th April 2023}}</ref> Senior Advocate Kirpal, representing the petitioners, emphasized that the sexual and gender minority community's pursuit extends beyond seeking equal rights already granted to heterosexual individuals; it is a declaration of their inherent entitlement to fundamental rights.<ref name="Day4" />

Senior Advocate Singhvi further stated that the freedom of expression under Article 19 encompasses the right to express one's gender in all its forms. Excluding sexual and gender minority individuals from the right to marriage also infringes upon their right to dignity. It is the government's responsibility to ensure that laws comply with the Constitution.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate Vishwanathan, representing the petitioners, discussed the [[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019|Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act of 2019]] and the ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|NALSA v. UOI]]'' Judgment (2014), emphasizing that these legal frameworks grant transgender and non-binary individuals various rights, including voting, marriage, and property ownership.<ref name="Day3" />

Senior Advocate Anand Grover pointed out that according to the law, if a cisgender man marries a cisgender woman and later identifies as a woman, the marriage is not considered invalid. The law acknowledges the existence of such marriages, as they are a part of our society. Senior Advocate Kothari, representing the petitioners, argued for the equal rights of trans persons to marry and form families. She emphasized that family is not exclusive to heterosexual individuals and highlighted that trans persons already have families. However, she pointed out that their right to marry is not recognized, leading to discrimination based on sex under Article 15 of the Constitution.<ref name="Day4" />

==== Heteronormative framework ====
Senior Advocate Singhvi has rejected the argument that the State's definition of marriage, limited to a union between a man and a woman, can serve as a valid basis for denying the recognition of same-sex marriages, considering it as a circular and self-referential form of reasoning.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate Rohatgi emphasized the need to dismantle the heteronormative framework of marriage, acknowledging that intimate relationships are integral to the right to privacy. Drawing upon the ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges|Obergefell v Hodges (2015)]]'' case and other foreign precedents, he argued against imposing restrictions on consensual adult intimacy. Senior Advocate Rohatgi pleaded for recognizing the rights of sexual minorities to freely navigate public spaces, ensuring their right to marry and equal treatment in all aspects of life, including public employment and benefits.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate Luthra discussed an Austrian legal case that invalidated the distinction between marriage and registered partnerships for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples. She emphasized that although these institutions granted similar rights, they were inherently unequal due to discrimination based on sexual orientation. Emphasizing the Constitutional principles of equality and non-discrimination, she argued for the recognition of marriages of couples from sexual and gender minority communities.<ref name="Day4" />

Senior Advocate Kirpal contested the Union Government's assertion that marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals undermine the institution of marriage. He argued that in a marriage-centric society like India, excluding sexual and gender minority individuals from marriage leads to [[lavender marriage]]s, trapping gay men and lesbian women in unhappy and disingenuous relationships. He further highlighted the potential harm caused when a gay man deceives a heterosexual woman into marriage. Senior Advocate Kirpal emphasized that these situations are more detrimental to marriage. Additionally, he highlighted that granting sexual and gender minority individuals the right to marry would not infringe upon the rights of heterosexual individuals.<ref name="Day4" />

==== Procreation ====
Senior Advocate Rohatgi argued that procreation, which encompasses diverse methods like adoption, IVF, and surrogacy in contemporary times, is integral to human dignity and is protected under Article 21.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate Vishwanathan challenged the notion that the inability to procreate justifies denying the right to marry. He emphasized that marriage laws do not impose an upper age limit, allowing individuals beyond reproductive capacity to enter into marriage. Additionally, He stressed that the ability or intention to have children is not a prerequisite for marriage. He argued that procreation is a secondary aspect of marriage, rather than a fundamental requirement.<ref name="Day3" />

Expressing concerns about the Union Government's argument, Senior Advocate Vishwanathan highlighted the harmful consequences of denying the right to marry for sexual and gender minority individuals based on their inability to have children. He presented a hypothetical scenario illustrating the detrimental effects and the infringement on their security and rights. Justice S.R. Bhat cautioned against extreme possibilities and emphasized the importance of considering realistic situations. To support his point, Senior Advocate Vishwanathan cited instances of eugenics practices in other countries, underscoring the potential dangers. He also argued against the perception that marriage is solely for procreation, emphasizing its broader significance. Justice S.R. Bhat echoed this sentiment, stating that procreation should not be disproportionately emphasized in such a manner.<ref name="Day3" />

==== Parenthood ====
Senior Advocate Vishwanathan argued that there is no evidence to suggest that couples from sexual and gender minority communities are unable to provide the safety, welfare, and security that children require. Chief Justice D.Y Chandrachud acknowledged that even in traditional households, there can be instances of domestic violence and emphasized that absolutes do not exist.<ref name="Day3" />

=== Cultural, social and religious values ===
Senior Advocate Singhvi, representing the petitioners, highlighted the need for laws to adapt to the evolving nature of society. He strongly argued against prioritizing societal values over the Constitutional principles of equality and non-discrimination, firmly asserting that culture and morality should not override the Constitution.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate Singhvi outlined several motives behind people's desire for marriage, including seeking societal recognition and acceptance of their relationships, ensuring safety and security, finding personal fulfilment, and embracing a fundamental aspect of family life.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate Singhvi highlighted the secular nature of the Special Marriage Act, emphasizing its departure from cultural-based personal marriage laws. He cited the objectives of the Act, which aimed to enable individuals in India, regardless of their faith, to enter into a marriage. Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud inquired about the faith-agnostic nature of the Act, to which Singhvi concurred. Additionally, Senior Advocate Singhvi noted that if the Act remained independent of faith, it would similarly transcend cultural contexts due to the strong intertwining of religion and culture.<ref name="Day2" />

==== Urban elitism ====
On 19 April, the government argued before the court that the concept of same-sex marriage was a "mere urban elitist view for the purpose of social acceptance."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-19 |title=No data from government to indicate it is 'urban-elitist concept': SC on same-sex marriages |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-data-from-government-to-indicate-it-is-urban-elitist-concept-sc-on-same-sex-marriages/articleshow/99617770.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-19 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419141851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-data-from-government-to-indicate-it-is-urban-elitist-concept-sc-on-same-sex-marriages/articleshow/99617770.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

As Senior Advocate Singhvi argued that sexual orientation is an innate characteristic, Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud observed that it counters the claim that sexual orientation might be elitist, urban-centric, or influenced by class bias. Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud further explained that an innate characteristic could exhibit class bias and remarked that its manifestations might be more prevalent in urban areas due to increased acceptability.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate Vishwanathan represented Zainab Patel, a trans woman petitioner disowned by her family. He highlighted that despite her experience of being forced to beg on the streets, Zainab Patel's resilience and determination propelled her to achieve the position of Director at KPMG. He criticized the Union Government for lacking compassion in labelling her as an urban elitist.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate Kothari, representing Akai Padmashan, a trans woman petitioner disowned by her family, highlighted that at 15 years old, Akai Padmashan faced homelessness and had to leave school. Noting Akai Padmashan's successful reintegration into mainstream society, Senior Advocate emphasized recognizing that these individuals often come from impoverished and working-class backgrounds. Senior Advocate Kothari criticized the Union Government for unjustly labelling their struggles as elitist concerns.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate Anand Grover rebutted the Union Government's argument that relationship between sexual and gender minority individuals were 'urban' and 'elitist' ideas by presenting evidence of 10 court protection orders of sexual and gender minority individuals in India, all hailing from poor and rural backgrounds.<ref name="Day4" />

In response to the respondents' attempt to portray marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals as urban elitist concept. Senior Advocate Ramachandran, representing the lesbian couple Kajal and Bhawna, highlighted the insightful words of Justice [[Vivian Bose]] from 1956.<ref name="Day3">Transcript of Hearing: {{Harvnb|20th April 2023}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=The Constitution also exists for the common man, for the poor and the humble, for those who have businesses at stake. For the butcher, the baker, and the candlestick maker.|author=Justice Vivian Bose|title=Bidi Supply Company v. Union of India (1956)}}

Senior Advocate Ramachandran specifically highlighted Kajal's occupation as a baker, emphasizing that she embodies the very individuals Justice Vivian Bose had in mind. He further noted that Kajal, a [[Dalit|Dalit woman]] from [[Sri Muktsar Sahib|Muktsar]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and Bhavna, from [[Bahadurgarh]] in [[Haryana]], belong to a [[Other Backward Class|backward caste]], challenging the notion of an urban elite. He argued that the recognition of their marriage provides essential societal protection from their own unsupportive natal families.<ref name="Day3" />

Senior Advocate Vrinda Grover drew the Bench's attention to the violence and discrimination faced by sexual and gender minority individuals, particularly trans individuals, from their own families. She emphasized that trans persons are often compelled to suppress their identities in front of their natal families. In line with the arguments put forth by Senior Advocate Ramachandran, she asserted that recognizing their marriages is essential to provide them with the support and protection that their natal families have failed to provide.<ref name="Day4" />

==== Western influence ====
Senior Advocate Rohatgi countered the Union Government's claim that relationships between sexual and gender minority individuals were a Western influence. He emphasized the historical presence of homosexuality in Indian culture predating the imposition of Victorian morality by the British in the 1800s. Senior Advocate Rohatgi supported his argument with evidence from the Khajuraho temple carvings, which depict same-sex relationships existing in India for centuries.<ref name="Day2" /> Senior Advocate Anand Grover further highlighted the respectful recognition of transgender individuals in ancient Indian scriptures. He attributed the negative attitudes towards them to British influence, which permeated our society. These evidence contradicts the notion that relationships between sexual and gender minority individuals are solely an imported concept.<ref name="Day4" />

=== Comity of nations ===
Senior Advocate Luthra, representing the same-sex couple, emphasized that their marriage, legally recognized in the United States but not in India, should be recognised in India under the [[Foreign Marriage Act, 1969|Foreign Marriage Act of 1969]]. She pointed out that the Act states that the recognition can be denied only if the foreign marriage is inconsistent with international law or the comity of nations. She highlighted the discrepancy that arises when a marriage is recognized in one country but loses recognition upon entering India. She pointed out that the recognition of same-sex marriages in 34 countries, including the country where the marriage took place, indicates conformity with international legal standards.<ref name="Day4" />

=== Legal relief sought ===

==== Constitutional recognition ====
Senior Advocate Rohatgi argued against a mere amendment to the act without a clear declaration. He reasoned that relying solely on the interpretation of the act would leave it vulnerable to potential future amendments, which could lead to unfavorable outcomes. Consequently, he respectfully urged the court to issue a constitutional declaration that would explicitly recognize marriage for diverse groups, drawing parallels to the recognition already afforded to heterosexual couples.<ref name="Day1" />

==== Statutory recognition ====
Senior Advocate Rohatgi argued that declaration of constitutional recognition of right to marry would be symbolic and it is necessary to provide statutory recognition to exercise the right.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate Rohatgi began explaining potential ways the Special Marriage Act could be interpreted by the court, highlighting that if the court recognizes a constitutional right to marriage for sexual and gender minority couples, the Act, being subservient to the Indian Constitution, might be deemed unconstitutional due to its exclusive clauses. He stressed that his purpose in outlining these possible judicial interpretations is to protect the Act's constitutional validity.<ref name="Day2" />

Senior Advocate Singhvi contended that using legislative intent as a defense against an equality challenge is invalid, as it constitutes circular and self-referential reasoning. He cited the UK House of Lords case, Ghaidan v. Godin-Mendoza, to advocate for an interpretation of statutes that aligns with the constitution, emphasizing the significance of fundamental rights over legislative intent and statutory language. He highlighted that the underlying thrust of the Special Marriage Act in India is to allow individuals, irrespective of their religious beliefs, to enter into marriages, emphasizing the need for its interpretation to align with the Constitution of India.<ref name="Day3" />

===== Marriageable age =====
The [[Marriageable age|minimum age for marriage]] is specified in Section 4(c) of the Special Marriage Act and Section 4(c) of the Foreign Marriage Act, which mandates that a man must be 21 years old, and a woman must be 18 years old.<ref name=":35" /><ref name=":36" />

On 19 April, while advocating for a gender-neutral interpretation of various sections of the Special Marriage Act, Senior Advocate Rohatgi argued that retaining the terms "male" and "female" for determining the minimum age for marriage is necessary to prevent legal ambiguity arising from gender-based differences in marriageable age. Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud further inquired about the minimum age for marriage concerning gender non-binary individuals.<ref name="Day2" />

===== Prohibited degree of kinship =====
The [[prohibited degree of kinship]] are outlined in Section 2(b) of the Special Marriage Act, stating that a man cannot marry anyone listed in Part I of the first schedule, which exclusively includes female relatives, and a woman cannot marry anyone listed in Part II of the first schedule, which exclusively comprises male relatives.<ref name=":35" /> The prohibited degrees of relationships, as delineated in Section 2(b) of the Special Marriage Act, apply to marriages conducted under the Foreign Marriage Act, as per Section 2(a) of the Foreign Marriage Act.<ref name=":36" />

On 19 April, Senior Advocate Rohatgi argued that unintended consequences arising from recognizing marriages for couples from the sexual and gender minority community could be resolved by interpreting Section 2(b) of the Special Marriage Act to allow the terms "man" and "woman" to be understood as "person," effectively merging the gendered lists.<ref name="Day2" />

==== Recognition of ancillary rights ====
On 18 April, Senior Advocate Guruswamy argued that merely recognizing the fundamental right to marry would not sufficiently address the practical aspects of life for sexual and gender minority individuals. She reasoned that in addition to the right to marry, there is a need for specific laws that enable them to access insurance, purchase or rent homes, open bank accounts, and engage in similar activities. Senior Advocate Guruswamy emphasized that if the Supreme Court fails to address these practical aspects in the present instance, the petitioners would be compelled to repeatedly approach the court for resolution on each individual aspect.<ref name="Day1" />

On 27 April, as Solicitor General Mehta firmly opposed recognising the marriage of couples from sexual and gender minority communities, Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud told Solicitor General Mehta to provide an alternative solution to accommodate the various rights available to married couples for same-sex couples. On 3 May, Solicitor General Mehta told the Bench that a committee would be formed under the Cabinet Secretary. The Bench noted that committee would require coordination with multiple ministries, and suggested the petitioners to submit a list of issues. Further, the Bench clarified that they would still be deciding the right to marry in the Case. The administrative measure of forming a committee is something that must take place regardless of how the case is decided.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Karpuram |first1=Ajoy |last2=R. |first2=Sai Spandana |date=3 May 2023 |title=Plea for Marriage Equality: Constitution Bench Day #7 |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/plea-for-marriage-equality-constitution-bench-day-7/ |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503223455/https://www.scobserver.in/reports/plea-for-marriage-equality-constitution-bench-day-7/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Judgment ==
On 17 October 2023, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the legalization of same-sex marriage is a matter for the Parliament to decide, not the courts. In a 3–2 decision, it ruled against ordering the government to introduce civil unions, and in a separate 3-2 decision, ruled against ordering the government to allow adoption by same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=17 October 2023 |title=SC Doesn't Legalise Marriage Equality, 2 of 5 Judges Says Queer Couples Must Be Given Legal Rights |language=en |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |location=New Delhi |url=https://thewire.in/law/marriage-equality-supreme-court-decision |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017073042/https://thewire.in/law/marriage-equality-supreme-court-decision |archive-date=17 October 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the court unanimously accepted the government's suggestion that it set up a high-powered committee headed by the [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] to investigate the discrimination faced by LGBT people and study providing limited legal rights and benefits to same-sex couples, including with regard to access to joint bank accounts, recognition as next-of-kin, medical decisions for a hospitalised partner, prison visitations, and succession rights.<ref name=":310">{{cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=India judges decline to legalise same-sex marriage |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-asia-india-66917126 |work=BBC News |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017210508/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-asia-india-66917126 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chief Justice Chandrachud wrote that the court could not declare the SMA unconstitutional because this would bar inter-faith and inter-caste marriages, and argued that reading same-sex couples into the Act would violate the [[separation of powers]]:{{blockquote|This court cannot either strike down the constitutional validity of the Special Marriage Act or read words into the Special Marriage Act because of its institutional limitations. The court, in the exercise of the power of judicial review, must steer clear of matters, particularly those impinging on policy, which fall in the legislative domain. […] The judiciary cannot legislate."}}Chandrachud refuted the government's arguments that homosexuality was "urban" or "elitist", and reiterated judicial precedent that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited by the Indian Constitution. He also ruled that Parliament has the power to legalise same-sex marriage, "The institution of marriage is not static - all social institutions transform over time and marriage is no exception. Despite vehement opposition to departure from practice, the institution of marriage has changed, it has metamorphosed. It has transformed from the time of our ancestors 200 years ago." Justice [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul|S.K. Kaul]] agreed with Chandrachud that same-sex relationships had been recognised in India from antiquity, "not just in terms of sexual activities but as relationships that fostered love, emotional support and mutual care", but ruled that the "court cannot grant [LGBT] people the right to marry as that is a legislative exercise". The majority opinion of the court also states that transgender people may marry. "A transgender man can marry a transgender woman. If a transgender person wishes to marry a heterosexual person, their marriage will be recognised if one is a man and another a woman."<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=India's top court says it does not have the power to legalise same-sex marriage |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20231017-india-s-top-court-says-it-does-not-have-the-power-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage |work=France24 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017223729/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20231017-india-s-top-court-says-it-does-not-have-the-power-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Same-Sex Marriage Verdict LIVE Updates: SC refuses to give marriage equality rights to LGBTQIA+ community in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/samesex-marriage-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-lgbtqia-special-marriage-act-cji-chandrachud-11697505822651.html |work=Mint |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017162121/https://www.livemint.com/news/samesex-marriage-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-lgbtqia-special-marriage-act-cji-chandrachud/amp-11697505822651.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Review Petition ==
One of the petitioners in ''Supriyo'' filed a petition for review by the Supreme Court on 1 November 2023. The petitioner asked the court to review the decision in light of "its self-contradictory conclusion": "The Petitioners respectfully submit that this Court ought to review and correct its decision […] because the impugned judgment suffers from errors apparent on the face of the record and is self-contradictory and manifestly unjust."<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2023 |title=Plea in Supreme Court seeks review of October 17 verdict on same-sex marriage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/plea-in-supreme-court-seeks-review-of-october-17-verdict-on-same-sex-marriage/articleshow/104893480.cms?from=mdr |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

On 9 January 2025, the Supreme Court rejected petitions seeking a review of an October 2023 verdict which refused to legalise same-sex marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/same-sex-marriage-supreme-court-dismisses-petitions-seeking-review-of-october-2023-judgement/article69081871.ece|title=Supreme Court rejects review of its same-sex marriage judgment|website=thehindu.com|date=9 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-09}}</ref>

== Legal Analysis ==
Masoom Sanyal underscored a fundamental incongruity in the majority's approach, wherein explicit determinations of discrimination coexist with a reluctance to furnish a direct remedy. He asserted that the court, upon discerning indirect discrimination, should not absolve itself from the constitutional obligation to rectify the injustice.<ref name=":612">{{Cite web |last=Sanyal |first=Masoom |date=22 October 2023 |editor-last=Bhatia |editor-first=Gautam |editor-link=Gautam Bhatia (lawyer) |title=The Supreme Court's Marriage Equality Judgment – II: "Do I Contradict Myself?" [Guest Post] |url=https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/10/22/the-supreme-courts-marriage-equality-judgment-ii-do-i-contradict-myself-guest-post/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112090932/https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/10/22/the-supreme-courts-marriage-equality-judgment-ii-do-i-contradict-myself-guest-post/ |archive-date=12 November 2023 |website=Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy |language=en}}</ref> Masoom Sanyal brought attention to Justice [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul|S.K. Kaul]]'s dissenting stance, wherein Justice referenced South African constitutional principles and advocated for an interpretive methodology that considers the 'spirit, purport, and objects' of fundamental rights in statutory interpretation. Masoom Sanyal advocated for embracing judicial creativity within the confines of safeguarding fundamental rights and upholding the Constitution.<ref name=":6122">{{Cite web |last=Sanyal |first=Masoom |date=29 October 2023 |editor-last=Bhatia |editor-first=Gautam |editor-link=Gautam Bhatia (lawyer) |title=The Supreme Court's Marriage Equality Judgment – III: Judicial Creativity and Justice Kaul's Dissenting Opinion [Guest Post] |url=https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/10/29/the-supreme-courts-marriage-equality-judgment-iii-judicial-creativity-and-justice-kauls-dissenting-opinion-guest-post/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104100358/https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/10/29/the-supreme-courts-marriage-equality-judgment-iii-judicial-creativity-and-justice-kauls-dissenting-opinion-guest-post/ |archive-date=4 November 2023 |website=Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy |language=en}}</ref>

Mihir Rajamane and Deeksha Viswanathan challenges the perceived conflict between queer demands for gender neutrality and feminist demands for gender protection, advocating for a 'queer-feminist' frame. They recognise that existing gender inequalities in society and agree that the gendered laws are often necessary to ensure true equality in the context of 'social reality.' However, they highlight the instances where gendered provisions were critiqued for perpetuating gender hierarchy and warned against the potential harm of gendered legal measures reinforcing harmful stereotypes. They discussed the anti-stereotyping principle, as developed in judicial decisions, to underscore the need for critical evaluation of the impact of gendered provisions. Mihir Rajamane and Deeksha Viswanathan advocated for an approach that does not privilege either neutrality or 'protection', but the actual effect on the freedoms of women and gender minorities.<ref name=":61222">{{Cite web |last1=Rajamane |first1=Mihir |last2=Viswanathan |first2=Deeksha |date=2 November 2023 |editor-last=Bhatia |editor-first=Gautam |editor-link=Gautam Bhatia (lawyer) |title=The Supreme Court's Marriage Equality Judgment – IV: Between Gendered and Neutral Approaches – Untying the Bench's Self-Made Knots [Guest Post] |url=https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/11/02/the-supreme-courts-equal-marriage-judgment-iv-between-gendered-and-neutral-approaches-untying-the-benchs-self-made-knots-guest-post/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106102452/https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2023/11/02/the-supreme-courts-equal-marriage-judgment-iv-between-gendered-and-neutral-approaches-untying-the-benchs-self-made-knots-guest-post/ |archive-date=6 November 2023 |website=Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy |language=en}}</ref>

== Commentary ==

The hearings on marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals ignited a public debate on the issue, thereby increasing public awareness about sexual and gender minority individuals in India and their experiences. The media provided a platform for sexual and gender minority individuals in India to share their stories and perspectives.

=== Jurisdiction ===
A group of retired judges pointed out that [[Separation of powers|separation of power]] is a [[Basic structure doctrine|basic structure]] of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] and argued that law-making power is an exclusive domain of the [[legislature]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2003-03-29 |title=Legalising same-sex marriage will have devastating impact on society: Former judges |work=[[Asian News International]] |publication-place=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/legalising-same-sex-marriage-will-have-devastating-impact-on-society-former-judges20230329171902/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329115131/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/legalising-same-sex-marriage-will-have-devastating-impact-on-society-former-judges20230329171902/ |archive-date=2023-03-29}}</ref> Rohin Bhatt countered that it is not a judiciary overreach but one of interpreting the statutes.<ref name=":64" /> [[Anish Gawande]] pointed out that judicial review played a crucial role in protecting fundamental rights granted to Indian citizens, especially when the Legislature was hesitant to act. Despite facing political opposition, the Court's commitment to upholding these rights has been a cornerstone of Indian democracy<ref name=":47">{{Cite news |last=Gawande |first=Anish |date=25 April 2023 |title=Parliament didn't protect LGBTQ+ rights, so courts must step in |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/parliament-didnt-protect-lgbtq-rights-so-courts-must-step-in/ |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513011448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/parliament-didnt-protect-lgbtq-rights-so-courts-must-step-in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Former Member of the [[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]] Swapan Dasgupta and Law professors G.S. Bajpai and Ankit Kaushik joined the retired judges arguing that legal recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals concerns the entire Society. Therefore, the Society and the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] should debate and decide on the issue.<ref name=":62" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Swapan |date=25 April 2023 |title=Why the call on same-sex marriage should be Parliament's |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-the-call-on-same-sex-marriage-should-be-parliaments/articleshow/99694599.cms |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513005055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-the-call-on-same-sex-marriage-should-be-parliaments/articleshow/99694599.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Pointing out the lack of sexual and gender minority voices in the legislative spaces, Jaideep Singh Lalli disputed the idea of parliament having legitimacy to decide sexual and gender minority rights issues as a "representative" body.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalli |first=Jaideep Singh |date=7 April 2023 |title=The Paranoia of Former Judges Opposing Same-Sex Marriages on Civilisational Grounds |url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/former-judges-paranoia-same-sex-marriages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407092542/https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/former-judges-paranoia-same-sex-marriages |archive-date=7 April 2023 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> Rohin Bhatt contended that sexual and gender minority individuals could not wait for society to think it is acceptable for sexual and gender minority individuals to have equal rights. He argued that the rights are not bestowed upon sexual and gender minority individuals by society but instead accorded to sexual and gender minority individuals as equal citizens of the country.<ref name=":64" />

Anish Gawande argued that a political commitment to the primacy of Parliament is important, but it must be accompanied by a firm rejection of its supremacy. Drawing attention to the lack of parliamentary debate on two private member's bills introduced on the same issue by Members of the [[Lok Sabha|House of the People]] Supriya Sule and DNV Senthilkumar, he asserted that the Parliament has failed to protect sexual and gender minority rights in India. He said the courts must ensure fundamental rights are not sacrificed at the altar of populist politics.<ref name=":47" />

=== Definition of marriage ===
Mani Chander pointed out that the Union Government used an outdated American legal dictionary to define marriage in the counter affidavit. The counter affidavit included the definition of marriage as a union of one man and one woman from the 4th Revised Edition of Black's Law Dictionary published in 1968. However, the 9th Edition, published in 2009, defines marriage as a legal union of a couple as spouses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chander |first=Mani |date=20 March 2023 |title=Why is the Indian govt so afraid of same sex marriage? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-is-the-indian-govt-so-afraid-of-same-sex-marriage/articleshow/98771120.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424215311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-is-the-indian-govt-so-afraid-of-same-sex-marriage/articleshow/98771120.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/hcklibrary/PDF/Blacks-Law-Dictionery.pdf |title=Black's Law Dictionary |publisher=[[West (publisher)|West Publishing Co.]] |year=1968 |edition=Revised 4th |location=[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], [[United States]] |pages=1123–1124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104005105/https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/hcklibrary/PDF/Blacks-Law-Dictionery.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Garner |first=Bryan A. |title=Black's Law Dictionary |publisher=[[West (publisher)|West Group]] |year=2009 |edition=9th |location=[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], [[United States]] |page=1059}}</ref>

Law professors [[G. S. Bajpai|G.S. Bajpai]] and Ankit Kaushik joined the retired judges in stressing the importance of [[Reproduction|procreation]] in marriage.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":62" /> Pointing to the provision for the [[Annulment|annulment of marriage]] due to the [[infertility]] of a partner, [[G. S. Bajpai|G.S. Bajpai]] and Ankit Kaushik argued that [[Reproduction|procreation]] is an essential requirement in the legal conception of marriage.<ref name=":62" /> Rohin Bhatt retorted that the law does not apply to heterosexual couples who mutually decide against procreation. Similarly, sexual and gender minority individuals enter the relationship fully aware of their inability to procreate.<ref name=":64" />

=== Ancillary rights ===
While noting that couples from sexual and gender minority communities may have a legitimate reason to seek legal protection, [[Tahir Mahmood]] pointed to the [[Cohabitation|cohabitation rights]] recognised by the Courts. He contended that the couples forcibly separated could file for [[Habeas corpus|a writ of Habeas Corpus]]. If these were not satisfactory, he argued that same-sex could request the Parliament to pass civil partnership.<ref name=":63" />

=== Health ===
The retired judges suggested that the [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|recognition of same-sex marriage in the United States]] was responsible for new [[HIV/AIDS|HIV infections]] in the [[United States]].<ref name=":02" /> Kanav N. Sahgal pointed out that the retired judges relied on the report that identified [[Social stigma|stigma]], [[homophobia]], and [[discrimination]] as a cause for the increased susceptibility of gay and bisexual men to [[HIV/AIDS|HIV infections]] to make their baseless argument. Kanav N. Sahgal argued that recognition of marriage might reduce the stigma and improve access to healthcare.<ref name=":66">{{Cite web |last=Sahgal |first=Kanav N. |date=2023-04-04 |title=Misinformation and bigotry: Exposing the misleading arguments of the 21 retired judges opposing same-sex marriage in India |url=https://theleaflet.in/misinformation-and-bigotry-exposing-the-misleading-arguments-of-the-21-retired-judges-opposing-same-sex-marriage-in-india/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=theleaflet.in |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406003057/https://theleaflet.in/misinformation-and-bigotry-exposing-the-misleading-arguments-of-the-21-retired-judges-opposing-same-sex-marriage-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":110">{{Citation |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=HIV Surveillance Report: Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2019 |date=2021 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2018-updated-vol-32.pdf |volume=32 |page=19 |type=Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619144437/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2018-updated-vol-32.pdf |place=[[Atlanta|Atlanta, United States]] |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |archive-date=2021-06-19 |author-link=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref name=":210">{{Citation |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=HIV Surveillance Report: Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2020 |date=2022 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2020-updated-vol-33.pdf |volume=33 |page=23 |type=Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524161550/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2020-updated-vol-33.pdf |place=[[Atlanta|Atlanta, United States]] |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |archive-date=2022-05-24 |author-link=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> According to the Indian [[National AIDS Control Organisation]], gay and bisexual people were responsible for only 2.5 per cent of the transmission, whereas heterosexual people were responsible for 83.1 per cent.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=National AIDS Control Organisation |title=Sankalak: Status of National AIDS Respo |url=https://naco.gov.in/sites/default/files/Sankalak_Status_of_National_AIDS_Response_Third_Edition_2021.pdf |page=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617023437/http://naco.gov.in/sites/default/files/Sankalak_Status_of_National_AIDS_Response_Third_Edition_2021.pdf |edition=3rd |place=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |publisher=[[National AIDS Control Organisation|NACO]], [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]] |archive-date=17 June 2022 |author-link=National AIDS Control Organisation}}</ref>

==== Parenthood ====
[[Tahir Mahmood]] claimed that the children adopted by same-sex parents would suffer embarrassment in society.<ref name=":63">{{Cite news |last=Mahmood |first=Tahir |author-link=Tahir Mahmood |date=2023-03-23 |title=Tahir Mahmood on same-sex marriage: Existing matrimonial law should be left exclusively for the 'sanskaar' called 'marriage' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sex-marriage-matrimonial-law-should-be-left-exclusively-for-marriage-8512611/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322151110/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sex-marriage-matrimonial-law-should-be-left-exclusively-for-marriage-8512611/ |archive-date=2023-03-22}}</ref> The retired judges argued that the psychological development of children adopted by same-sex parents would be affected due to the lack of "balanced parenthood".<ref name=":02" /> Kanav N. Sahgal pointed out that the scientific evidence suggests that same-sex parents are not different from opposite-sex parents.<ref name=":66" />

=== Cultural, social and religious values ===
Most commenters noted that marriage in India is a sacred and revered institution rooted in socio-religious customs, with a complex religious and legal relationship.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":62">{{Cite news |last=Kaushik |first=G. S. Bajpai & Ankit |date=2023-04-02 |title=Same-sex marriages: A matter for Parliament |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/same-sex-marriages-a-matter-for-parliament/article66692014.ece |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405062614/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/same-sex-marriages-a-matter-for-parliament/article66692014.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Rohin Bhatt pointed out that Indian law on marriage is a mixture of common law and religious law. He contended that marriage under Hindu law stopped being a sacrament when divorce was introduced. He pointed out that scholars such as Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai have demonstrated that LGBT relationships were not an aberration in Hinduism.<ref name=":64">{{Cite news |last=Bhatt |first=Rohin |date=2023-04-04 |title=A case for marriage equality |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-case-for-marriage-equality/article66698340.ece |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405091058/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-case-for-marriage-equality/article66698340.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shahrukh Alam noted the irony in [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat-e-ulema-e-Hind]], an organisation with a distinguished history of resisting imperialism, arguing for the hegemonic imposition of social and religious norms. She argued that Jamiat-e-ulema-e-Hind's approach to religious norms is the same as the Bharatiya Janata Party-led Union Government's approach to National Security. They both refuse to acknowledge and engage with divergent views.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Shahrukh |date=17 April 2023 |title=Same-sex marriage: In attacking notions of love, the Jamiat-e-ulema-e-Hind propagates a narrative that is hostile to change |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/same-sex-marriage-jamiat-e-ulema-e-hind-8561390/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419190452/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/same-sex-marriage-jamiat-e-ulema-e-hind-8561390/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Personal liberty ====
In response to the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat-e-ulema-e-Hind]]'s intervention application, Shahrukh Alam pointed out that some advocates in the Hijab Ban Case relied on freedom of expression and personal autonomy. They argued in good faith when they reasoned the identity should be constructed holistically without being demarcated into religious and secular spaces. She urged young people to reject the Jamiat-e-ulema-e-Hind argument that if one wants to be different, do it in one's own non-religious space.<ref name=":7" />

==== Western influence ====
The retired judges claimed that those demanding the legal recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals lacked knowledge and regard for the civilisation and institution of marriage, and that the interest groups were trying to impose [[Western philosophy|Western thoughts]], philosophies and practices on Indian Society.<ref name=":02" /> Literary historian [[Ruth Vanita]] pointed out that Indian opponents arguing that marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals is against [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] were ironically borrowing the argument from Western opponents, who claimed that marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals is against [[Western culture]].<ref name=":65">{{Cite news |last=Desai |first=Ketaki |date=2023-03-19 |title=Social havoc? Has society collapsed in the 31 countries where gay marriage is legal?: Ruth Vanita |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/social-havoc-has-society-collapsed-in-the-31-countries-where-gay-marriage-is-legal-ruth-vanita/articleshow/98760723.cms |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320070120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/social-havoc-has-society-collapsed-in-the-31-countries-where-gay-marriage-is-legal-ruth-vanita/articleshow/98760723.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
Among the commenters, 21 retired [[High courts of India|High Courts]] judges co-signed an [[open letter]] stating that the petitioners were attacking the root of the Indian family system.<ref name=":02" /> Writing for [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']], Vrinda Gopinath reported that at least 11 of them had worked for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led government in some capacity following their retirement. She reported various ethical violations, including Justice [[Raghuvendra Singh Rathore]] detaining his daughter to prevent her [[inter-caste marriage]], which compelled the Supreme Court to intervene.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Gopinath |first=Vrinda |date=11 April 2023 |title=At Least 11 of 21 Former Judges Opposing Same Sex Marriage Are Not as Sanskari as They Seem |url=https://thewire.in/law/at-least-11-of-21-former-judges-opposing-same-sex-marriage-are-not-as-sanskari-as-they-seem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411131219/https://thewire.in/law/at-least-11-of-21-former-judges-opposing-same-sex-marriage-are-not-as-sanskari-as-they-seem |archive-date=11 April 2023 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=J |first=Venkatesan |date=16 December 2013 |title=Supreme Court to the rescue of HC judge's daughter |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/supreme-court-to-the-rescue-of-hc-judges-daughter/article5466980.ece |access-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005330/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/supreme-court-to-the-rescue-of-hc-judges-daughter/article5466980.ece |archive-date=19 December 2013 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

=== Community organisations ===

==== Namma Pride ====
[[Bangalore]]-based sexual and gender minority community organisation Namma Pride and [[Civil and political rights|civil rights group]] Coalition for Sex Workers and Sexual Minorities Rights co-published an [[open letter]] responding to the affidavit filed by [[Government of India|Union Government]] on 12 March 2023. The letter criticised the [[Government of India|Union Government]] for disregarding its constitutional commitment to secure the rights of sexual and gender minority individuals in India and perpetuating [[Discrimination|discriminatory]] marriage laws. The letter called out the [[Government of India|Union Government]] for the hostile statement that couples from sexual and gender minority communities and opposite-sex couples are distinct classes and that couples from sexual and gender minority communities are undeserving of equal treatment.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":55">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-14 |title='Demand Rooted in the Constitution': LGBTQI Rights Activists Urge SC to Legalise Same-Sex Marriage |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/demand-rooted-in-the-constitution-lgbtqi-rights-activists-urge-sc-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314105134/https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/demand-rooted-in-the-constitution-lgbtqi-rights-activists-urge-sc-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage |archive-date=2023-03-14}}</ref>

==== Sweekar ====
Sweekar— the Rainbow Parents is a group of parents of 400 sexual and gender minority children. They wrote an open letter to the Chief Justice of India urging him to consider marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals. They expressed their desire to see their children and our children-in-law find legal acceptance of their relationship. Noting that they are growing old and some will reach 80 years soon, they urged urgency in the matter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Harish V |date=25 April 2023 |title=We Desire To See... Parents Of 400 LGBTQ Children Write Open Letter To CJI Demanding Marriage Equality |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/we-desire-to-see-parents-of-400-lgbtq-children-write-open-letter-to-cji-demanding-marriage-equality-article-99749460 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425114354/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/we-desire-to-see-parents-of-400-lgbtq-children-write-open-letter-to-cji-demanding-marriage-equality-article-99749460 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Queerythm ====
Prijith P K, president of [[Thiruvananthapuram]]-based sexual and gender minority community organization [[Queerythm]], accused [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] of filing a '[[Homophobia|homophobic]]' counter-affidavit to cater to the [[Social conservatism|social conservative voters]] for the [[2023 elections in India|upcoming elections]] at the cost of [[LGBT rights in India|sexual and gender minority rights]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-15 |title=Catering to core vote bank ahead of polls: Activist on Centre opposing LGBTQ marriage |work=[[Asian News International]] |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/catering-to-core-vote-bank-ahead-of-polls-activist-on-centre-opposing-lgbtq-marriage20230315022100/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314205824/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/catering-to-core-vote-bank-ahead-of-polls-activist-on-centre-opposing-lgbtq-marriage20230315022100/ |archive-date=2023-03-14}}</ref>

=== Political parties ===

==== Bharatiya Janata Party ====

[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] is a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] national party. On 12 March 2023, the [[Government of India|Union Government]] under the leadership of BJP opposed extending the right to marry to sexual and gender minority individuals in India in the Supreme Court.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":50">{{Cite news |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Karishma |last2=Shih |first2=Gerry |date=2023-03-14 |title=Indian government opposes same-sex marriage, warns of countrywide 'havoc' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/03/14/india-same-sex-marriage/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314172029/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/03/14/india-same-sex-marriage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The BJP-led State Government of [[Government of Assam|Assam]], [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat]] and [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] intervened in the Case opposing the extension of the right to adopt for sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name=":40" /><ref name=":46" />

On 19 December 2022, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] Member of the [[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]] [[Sushil Modi|Sushil Kumar Modi]] expressed his opposition to the [[Judicial review in India|Judicial Review]] of the Indian marriage laws. He told the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]], "India is a country of 1.4 billion people, and two judges cannot just sit in a room and decide on such a socially significant subject. Instead, there should be a debate in Parliament as well as the society at large".<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Zargar |first=Arshad |date=2023-01-06 |title=As India's top court takes up same-sex marriage, couples hope, and activists say there's a long fight ahead |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-same-sex-marriage-supreme-court-lgbtq-rights-narendra-modi/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018150040/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-same-sex-marriage-supreme-court-lgbtq-rights-narendra-modi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopinathan |first=Raj |date=2023-01-07 |title=SubscriberWrites: Sushil Modi's stance on same-sex marriage is not supported by facts |url=https://theprint.in/yourturn/subscriberwrites-sushil-modis-stance-on-same-sex-marriage-is-not-supported-by-facts/1302990/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219045309/https://theprint.in/yourturn/subscriberwrites-sushil-modis-stance-on-same-sex-marriage-is-not-supported-by-facts/1302990/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 April 2023, the [[Bar Council of India]], under the chairmanship of BJP member [[Manan Kumar Mishra]], passed a Resolution stating that the Supreme Court should defer the matter to the Parliament.<ref name=":37" /> The Resolution received wide condemnation, including from the Supreme Court Bar Association, which reminded the BCI that Supreme Court was duty-bound to hear the petitioner before deciding on adjudication or referring to the Parliament.<ref name=":41">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=28 April 2023 |title=SCBA terms Bar Council of India resolution on same-sex marriage "highly inappropriate" |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/scba-terms-bci-resolution-on-same-sex-marriage-highly-inappropriate/article66790184.ece |access-date=2023-05-07 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507160027/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/scba-terms-bci-resolution-on-same-sex-marriage-highly-inappropriate/article66790184.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":39" /><ref name=":16" />

At least 11 of 21 retired judges, who wrote an open letter criticising the petitioners for attacking the root of the Indian family system, had worked for the BJP-led government in some capacity following their retirement.<ref name=":15" />

==== Indian National Congress ====

[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] is a [[Centrism|centre]]-to-[[centre-left]] national party. As some senior leaders dismissed the extension of the right to marry to sexual and gender minority individuals in India as an unimportant or alien issue for [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] to take an official position, and others shared only their personal views, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] does not have an official stance on the extending the right to marry to sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last=C.G |first=Manoj |date=2023-03-14 |title=Same-sex marriage: Oppn parties cautious, want SC to take the lead as it did on Section 377 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/same-sex-marriage-opposition-parties-cautious-supreme-court-section-377-8497168/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315025328/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/same-sex-marriage-opposition-parties-cautious-supreme-court-section-377-8497168/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Congress-led [[Government of Rajasthan|State Government of Rajasthan]] intervened in the Case opposing the extension of the right to adopt for sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name=":46" />

Congress Member of the [[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]] [[Abhishek Singhvi]], who is a lead counsel for one of the petitioners, argued for judicial intervention. He said that the questions about the possible legislative approach are meaningless as the BJP-led [[Government of India|Union Government]] vociferously opposed extending the right to marry to sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name=":53" />

Congress Member of the [[Lok Sabha|House of the People]] [[Shashi Tharoor]] said denying civil rights to same-sex partners is wrong and unjustifiable and should be remedied without delay. Noting the resistance from the majority, he suggested a two-stage process where the first step is a [[Civil union|civil partnership]], a contract that grants the legal rights of spouses to same-sex partners. After seeing the impact on Indian society, the [[Government of India|Union Government]] might recognise [[same-sex marriage]].<ref name=":53" />

Congress Member of the [[Lok Sabha|House of the People]] [[Manish Tewari]] said that following the decriminalisation of same-sex relations by the 5-judge [[Constitution bench (India)|Constitution Bench]] of the Supreme Court, legalisation of such relationships should be a natural corollary.<ref name=":53" />

==== Trinamool Congress ====

[[Trinamool Congress]] is a [[Centrism|centre]]-to-[[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] state party based in [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Meghalaya]]. National general secretary [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] endorsed legal recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals. A party spokesperson confirmed that it reflects the party's stance.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Sunetra |date=22 April 2023 |title=Amid SC hearing, TMC, Left back same-sex marriages, many parties remain undecided |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tmc-and-cpi-support-legal-recognition-for-same-sex-marriages-in-india-most-other-political-parties-remain-silent-as-supreme-court-hears-case-101682102447290.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tmc-and-cpi-support-legal-recognition-for-same-sex-marriages-in-india-most-other-political-parties-remain-silent-as-supreme-court-hears-case-101682102447290.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier, [[Mamata Banerjee]], chairperson of the party and [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of West Bengal refused to comment on marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals, reasoning that it is a sub judice matter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NDTV News Desk |date=19 April 2023 |title=What Mamata Banerjee Said On Same-Sex Marriage, Opposition Unity |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/it-will-happen-like-a-tornado-mamata-banerjee-on-opposition-unity-3961492 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062537/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/it-will-happen-like-a-tornado-mamata-banerjee-on-opposition-unity-3961492 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Trinamool Congress Member of the [[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]] [[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O'Brien]], who introduced a private member's bill to recognise marriage equality, published an opinion highlighting the personal experiences of sexual and gender minority individuals in India facing discrimination and prejudice. He concluded by emphasizing that the fight for same-sex marriage is not just about legalizing a union, but about fighting for the dignity and equal rights of the sexual and gender minority community.<ref name=":44" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Derek |author-link=Derek O'Brien (politician) |date=29 April 2023 |title=Derek O'Brien on same-sex marriage: Queer Indians fighting the good fight |work=[[Indian Express Limited|The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/same-sex-marriage-queer-indians-fighting-the-good-fight-8579732/ |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509172701/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/same-sex-marriage-queer-indians-fighting-the-good-fight-8579732/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Trinamool Congress Member of the [[Lok Sabha|House of the People]] [[Mahua Moitra]] criticised the Bar Council of India for failing their oath by promoting popular sentiment over constitutional morality. She pointed out that despite 49 per cent of Indian Citizens being women, all the members of the Bar Council of India were men. She questioned the legitimacy of the Bar Council of India in claiming to express the sentiments of 99.9 per cent of Indians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitre |first=Manjiri |date=24 April 2023 |title='Lost your minds?': Mahua Moitra slams BCI for opposing same-sex marriage case in SC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mahua-moitra-slams-bci-for-opposing-same-sex-marriage-case-in-sc-lost-your-minds-101682328692563.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428130634/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mahua-moitra-slams-bci-for-opposing-same-sex-marriage-case-in-sc-lost-your-minds-101682328692563.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== YSR Congress Party ====

[[YSR Congress Party]] is a [[centre-left]] state party based in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The YSR Congress Party-led [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|State Government of Andhra Pradesh]] intervened in the Case opposing the extension of the right to adopt for sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name=":46" />

==== Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ====

[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] is a [[centre-left]] state party based in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. On 8 May 2023, DMK organising secretary [[R. S. Bharathi|R S Bharathi]] said the party has not decided on the stance.<ref name=":44">{{Cite web |last=Som |first=Moyurie |date=8 May 2023 |title=Same-sex marriage: What Opposition parties feel about legalising gay marriage |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/timesspecial/samesexmarriage/same-sex-marriage-what-opposition-parties-feel-about-legalising-gay-marriage/1683532825217 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Times of India |language=English |archive-date=2023-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508173211/https://epaper.timesgroup.com/timesspecial/samesexmarriage/same-sex-marriage-what-opposition-parties-feel-about-legalising-gay-marriage/1683532825217 |url-status=live }}</ref>

DMK Member of the [[Lok Sabha|House of the People]] [[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]], who has been closely following the proceedings, offered her full support. She eagerly awaits a favourable judgement that would make India the first UN-recognised nation from Asia to do so, a massive victory for sexual and gender minority rights globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famous personalities supporting legalisation of same-sex marriage in India |url=https://www.dtnext.in/national/2023/04/18/famous-personalities-supporting-legalisation-of-same-sex-marriage-in-india |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=DT next |date=18 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508172153/https://www.dtnext.in/national/2023/04/18/famous-personalities-supporting-legalisation-of-same-sex-marriage-in-india}}</ref>

==== Communist Party of India (Marxist) ====

[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] is a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] national party. Member of the [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Politburo]] [[Brinda Karat]] said [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] supports the rights of same-sex partners to get legal recognition of their relationship as a marriage. She called for judicial intervention, as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[Government of India|Union Government]] opposed extending the right to marry for sexual and gender minority individuals in India.<ref name=":53" />

==== Biju Janata Dal ====

[[Biju Janata Dal]] is a [[centre-left]] state party based in [[Odisha]]. As of 8 May 2023, the Party does not have an official stance on the issue.<ref name=":44" />

In sharing his personal opinion, Biju Janata Dal Member of the [[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]] [[Prasanna Acharya]] argued that Indian society is not comparable to Western society and, therefore, what may be suitable for the latter may not be appropriate for the former and opposed marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals.<ref name=":44" />

==== Nationalist Congress Party ====

Nationalist Congress Party is a [[Centrism|centrist]] state party based in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Nagaland]]. As of 8 May 2023, NCP does not have an official stance on the issue.<ref name=":44" />

On 1 April 2022, NCP Member of the [[Lok Sabha|House of the People]] [[Supriya Sule]] had introduced a private member's bill in Parliament, to recognise same-sex marriages under the Special Marriage Act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=1 April 2022 |title=NCP's Supriya Sule introduces Private Member's Bill for legalising same-sex marriage |url=https://theprint.in/india/ncps-supriya-sule-introduces-private-members-bill-for-legalising-same-sex-marriage/898806/ |website=The Print |language=en-US |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509172702/https://theprint.in/india/ncps-supriya-sule-introduces-private-members-bill-for-legalising-same-sex-marriage/898806/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ====

[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] is a [[centre-left]] state party based in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. As of 8 May 2023, the Party does not have an official stance on the issue.<ref name=":44" />

On 8 May 2023, senior party leaders said that same-sex marriage is against Indian culture and raised concerns about the emotional impact on the adopted child of the same-sex couple.<ref name=":44" />

==== Bharat Rashtra Samithi ====

[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] is a [[Centrism|centrist]] state party based in [[Telangana]]. On 8 May 2023, BRS Member of the [[Lok Sabha|House of the People]] [[Nama Nageswara Rao|Nageshwar Rao]] said that opinion of state governments on same-sex marriage is irrelevant as they will abide by the Supreme Court's verdict.<ref name=":44" />

==== Rashtriya Janata Dal ====

[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] is a [[centre-left]] state party based in [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]. On 8 May 2023, RJD Vice-president [[Shivanand Tiwari|Shivanand Tiwary]] said the party had not discussed the issue. RJD National Spokesperson Prof Subodh Kumar Mehta stated that commenting on a sub judice matter is against the ethos of the judiciary and refused to comment.<ref name=":44" />

In sharing his personal opinion, RJD Vice-president Shivanand Tiwary criticized [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s stance on same-sex marriage and supported the right of those with a same-sex sexual orientation to marry if they choose to, citing scientific evidence and examples from other countries where it is legal. He said that the recognition of same-sex marriage is next step following the decriminalisation of same-sex relations.<ref name=":44" />

==== Communist Party of India ====

[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] is a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] state party based in [[Kerala]], [[Manipur]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. CPI was the first party to support legal recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals officially. On 15 March 2023, the party released a statement that criticised the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led Union Government's position as a reflection of the Manuwadi worldview, which excludes and criminalises. The statement called on the Supreme Court to uphold the right and dignity of the sexual and gender minority community.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Communist Party of India |author-link=Communist Party of India |date=15 March 2023 |title=Protect Rights of LGBTQIA+ Community |work=Communist Party of India |url=https://communistpartyofindia.com/protect-rights-of-lgbtqia-community-cpi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425061934/https://communistpartyofindia.com/protect-rights-of-lgbtqia-community-cpi/ |archive-date=25 April 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 22 April 2023, CPI Member of the [[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]] [[Binoy Viswam]] reiterated the party stands with the democratic rights of the sexual and gender minority community.<ref name=":8" />

==== Lok Janshakti Party ====

[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|Lok Janshakti Party]] is a state party based in Bihar. On 8 May 2023, Party Vice-president Arvind Kumar Bajpai said that part has not decided on their stance, but they are more likely to oppose it due to social and cultural values.<ref name=":44" />

==== Aam Aadmi Party ====

[[Aam Aadmi Party]] is a [[Centrism|centrist]] national party. [[Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights]], a statutory body of the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Government]] under the AAP leadership, intervened to support extending the right to marry and adopt for sexual and gender minority individuals.<ref name="dcpcri" />

==== Naga People's Front ====

[[Naga People's Front]] is a state party based in [[Manipur]] and [[Nagaland]]. On 11 May 2023, [[Küzholuzo Nienü]], party leader and member of [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]], opposed same-sex marriage. He cautioned the Supreme Court that while society may have "grudgingly" accepted the ruling that decriminalized homosexuality, they would react in an "unsavoury" manner to the legalization of same-sex marriage,<ref>{{Citation |last=Nienü |first=Küzholuzo |title=Naga People's Front on same sex marriage. |date=11 May 2023 |url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Fv2jQ9KagAMz0zw?format=jpg&name=large |type=Press Release |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511201348/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Fv2jQ9KagAMz0zw?format=jpg&name=large |publication-place=Kohima, India |publisher=[[Naga People's Front]] |archive-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

=== Professional associations ===

==== All India Lawyers Association for Justice ====
The All India Lawyers Association for Justice criticised the [[Bar Council of India]]'s resolution calling the Supreme Court to refer the matter to the Parliament as an endorsement of the doctrine of [[Parliamentary sovereignty|parliamentary supremacy]]. The association endorsed constitutional supremacy and [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr Ambedkar's]] constitutional morality. They expressed that excluding people based on sexual orientation and gender identity is unconstitutional.<ref name=":16">{{Citation |last=All India Lawyers Association for Justice |title=Constitutional Morality demands that Same-sex Marriage be Permitted |date=24 April 2023 |type=Organizational Resolution |place=[[Bangalore]], [[India]] |publisher=All India Lawyers Association for Justice}}</ref>

==== Bar Council of India ====
The [[Bar Council of India]], a statutory body that regulates the legal practice and legal education, claimed that more than 99.9 per cent of Indians opposed marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals and urged the Supreme Court to leave the matter to the Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=Same-sex marriage: Bar Council asks Supreme Court to leave the matter to Parliament |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1047881/same-sex-marriage-bar-council-asks-supreme-court-to-leave-the-matter-to-parliament |website=Scroll |language=en-US |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424065233/https://scroll.in/latest/1047881/same-sex-marriage-bar-council-asks-supreme-court-to-leave-the-matter-to-parliament |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[List of fact-checking websites|fact-checking website]] Boomlive reported that the data does not support the BCI claim of over 99.9% against legal recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kudrati |first=Mohammed |date=18 April 2023 |title=Data Doesn't Support BCI's Claim Of Over 99.9% Against Marriage Equality |url=https://www.boomlive.in/fact-check/fact-check-viral-marriage-equality-same-sex-marriage-lgbtqia-lgbtq-bar-council-of-india-21804 |website=www.boomlive.in |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501173758/https://www.boomlive.in/fact-check/fact-check-viral-marriage-equality-same-sex-marriage-lgbtqia-lgbtq-bar-council-of-india-21804 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'', Senior Advocate Manan Kumar Mishra, Chairperson of the BCI, joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in January 2014 and has been a vocal supporter.<ref name=":37">{{Cite web |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |date=14 April 2023 |title=Marriage Equality: Behind Bar Council's Plea to SC, a Political Motive |url=https://thewire.in/law/marriage-equality-bar-council-sc-political-motive |website=The Wire |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427124815/https://thewire.in/law/marriage-equality-bar-council-sc-political-motive |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Indian Psychiatric Society ====
On 9 April 2023, the [[Indian Psychiatric Society]], a professional association for Indian [[psychiatrist]]s affiliated with the [[World Psychiatric Association]], issued a statement asserting that sexual and gender minority identities are natural variations within the range of human sexuality. Stating that there is no evidence to support the exclusion of sexual and gender minority individuals, the Society supported equal rights for sexual and gender minority individuals, including marriage and adoption. The Society cautioned that [[discrimination]] leads to mental health issues. The [[Indian Psychiatric Society|Society]] acknowledged that the children of [[LGBT parenting|same-sex parents]] might experience [[discrimination]] and [[Social stigma|stigma]] and urged the sensitize families, schools and communities to prevent stigma and discrimination.<ref name=":6">{{Citation |last=Indian Psychiatric Society |title=Position Statement of Indian Psychiatric Society regarding LGBTQA |date=3 April 2023 |url=https://indianpsychiatricsociety.org/ips-position-statement-regarding-lgbtqa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411120124/https://indianpsychiatricsociety.org/ips-position-statement-regarding-lgbtqa/ |series=IPS/HGS/22-24/1007 (LGBTQA) |publication-place=[[Gurgaon]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Indian Psychiatric Society]] |archive-date=11 April 2023 |author-link=Indian Psychiatric Society}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Alisha |date=9 April 2023 |title=No scientific data to oppose same-sex marriage, says Indian Psychiatric Society |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-psychiatric-society-says-that-there-is-no-scientific-reasoning-to-prove-lgbtqia-individuals-cannot-be-good-parents/article66718128.ece |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410110305/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-psychiatric-society-says-that-there-is-no-scientific-reasoning-to-prove-lgbtqia-individuals-cannot-be-good-parents/article66718128.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dr Alka Subramanyam, author of the statement and member of the executive council of the Society, said they reviewed scientific research conducted in countries like the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Netherlands]], and [[Taiwan]], where [[same-sex marriage]] and [[LGBT parenting|adoption]] by couples from sexual and gender minority communities are recognised.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

==== Supreme Court Bar Association ====
Supreme Court Bar Association criticised the Bar Council of India for their "inappropriate" resolution urging the Supreme Court to refer the matter to the Parliament. The Association asserted that the Supreme Court has to hear the petitions and decide whether the Court should adjudicate or refer to the Parliament. President of the Association Vikas Singh said the actions of the Bar Council of India were inappropriate and the proper way would be to intervene and argue the point.<ref name=":41" /><ref name=":38">{{Citation |last=Supreme Court Bar Association |title=Resolution by Circulation |date=27 April 2023 |type=Organizational Resolution |publication-place=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |publisher=Supreme Court Bar Association}}</ref>

=== Prominent individuals ===
[[Akkai Padmashali]], a sexual and gender minority rights activist, recently wrote an open letter in which she condemned [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] [[Sushil Modi|Sushil Kumar Modi]] for his speech opposing legal recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals in the [[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]]. In the letter, she reminded him of Dr. Ambedkar's words that constitutional morality requires cultivation, as it is not a natural sentiment. She also pointed out that the court is duty-bound to apply constitutional morality, not popular morality. As a [[trans woman]], Akkai corrected Modi that the campaign for legal recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals is led by sexual and gender minority individuals, not [[Left-wing politics|left]]-[[Liberalism|liberal]] activists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Bellie |date=2022-12-25 |title=Same-sex marriages: Bengaluru transgender activist Akkai pens an open letter to MP Sushil Kumar Modi |work=The South First |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/same-sex-marriages-bengaluru-transgender-activist-akkai-pens-an-open-letter-to-mp-sushil-kumar-modi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225072945/https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/same-sex-marriages-bengaluru-transgender-activist-akkai-pens-an-open-letter-to-mp-sushil-kumar-modi/ |archive-date=2022-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-26 |title=Akkai Padmashali demands apology from BJP MP for remarks against same-sex marriages |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/akkai-padmashali-demands-apology-bjp-mp-remarks-against-same-sex-marriages-171311 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327150713/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/akkai-padmashali-demands-apology-bjp-mp-remarks-against-same-sex-marriages-171311 |archive-date=2023-03-27}}</ref> On 27 January 2023, she filed a petition to join the case.<ref name="akkai" />

[[Ruth Vanita]], a feminist critic and literary historian, pointed out that opponents of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals in India who argue that it goes against Indian culture are ironically borrowing the same argument used by opponents in the [[Western world|West]] who claimed that it goes against [[Western culture]]. As Indian opponents raised the alarm that marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals would cause social havoc, she drew attention to the 31 countries that have recognised the [[same-sex marriage]] and did not experience "social havoc".<ref name=":65" />

[[Onir]], a gay filmmaker, said that humanity and equality are more important than the misplaced values of culture and society. Shortcomings of religion, especially those that come from regressive patriarchy, should not stand in the way of progress.<ref name=":45" /> Earlier, he criticised the United Hindu Front for protesting against the hearing. He referred to them as a "group of haters" who are "against all minorities" and emphasized that their "viciousness, lack of education, and unemployment" is a terrible combination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Taru B |date=6 January 2023 |title=Onir slams United Hindu Front after they protest outside SC against same-sex marriage plea: Should be all imprisoned |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/onir-slams-united-hindu-front-after-they-protest-outside-sc-against-same-sex-marriage-plea-should-be-all-imprisoned-bollywood-news-article-96795057 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621163526/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/onir-slams-united-hindu-front-after-they-protest-outside-sc-against-same-sex-marriage-plea-should-be-all-imprisoned-bollywood-news-article-96795057 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Hansal Mehta]], a filmmaker who directed the movie [[Aligarh (film)|''Aligarh'']] based on the life of [[Ramchandra Siras]], an Indian gay professor, recently expressed his support for legal recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals. [[Apurva Asrani]], an editor and screenwriter who wrote the movie [[Aligarh (film)|''Aligarh'']], said that ancient Indian texts do not prohibit homosexuality and mention same-sex unions of many gods. The homophobia is a result of colonization and Abrahamic religions.<ref name=":45">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Famous personalities supporting legalisation of same-sex marriage in India |url=https://www.dtnext.in/national/2023/04/18/famous-personalities-supporting-legalisation-of-same-sex-marriage-in-india |website=DT Next |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508172153/https://www.dtnext.in/national/2023/04/18/famous-personalities-supporting-legalisation-of-same-sex-marriage-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Bhumi Pednekar]], an actress who portrayed the character of a teacher who identifies as a lesbian in the movie [[Badhaai Do]], has identified herself as an ally of the sexual and gender minority community. She said that equality in every aspect of life should be afforded to everyone, regardless of their sexual orientation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Bhumi Pednekar shows her support for same-sex marriage in India: I just feel love is love |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-puts-her-support-for-same-sex-marriage-in-india-i-just-feel-love-is-love-58393.html |website=Filmfare|language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513084438/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-puts-her-support-for-same-sex-marriage-in-india-i-just-feel-love-is-love-58393.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Actress [[Kangana Ranaut]] expressed that what a person does in the world defines their identity, not what they do in bed. She said that sexual preferences are private and not to be flaunted as identity cards or medals. She urged acceptance of those who disagree with one's gender identity. However, she counselled against judging people based on physical attributes. She said that people can be whoever they want to be. She encourages individuals to rise above limiting perceptions. Kangana Ranaut suggests parents teach children to see themselves beyond physical attributes and focus on their inner potential. Later, during an interview, she expressed that marriage is a matter of the heart and people's preferences are of no concern once two hearts have met.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Kangana Ranaut supports same-sex marriage in India: 'Jab logo ke dil mil gaye hai, hum kya bol sakte hai' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-supports-same-sex-marriage-fans-call-her-liberal-in-true-sense-101682929136873.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511060336/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-supports-same-sex-marriage-fans-call-her-liberal-in-true-sense-101682929136873.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Abhijit Ganguly, a comedian, believes that claiming same-sex relationships are against Indian culture is incorrect. He raises the question of whether the blame lies with urban elites who view Indian culture as backward and Western culture as modern or self-appointed dogmatic saviors of Indian culture fixated on their views of right and wrong.<ref name=":45" />

Film director [[Vivek Agnihotri|Vivek Ranjan Agnihotri]] said that Same-sex marriage is not an elitist concept but a human need and right that should be normalized in Indian society.<ref name=":45" /> Later, he published an opinion stating that social issues like same-sex marriage are complex and should be addressed by representatives of the people, not the Supreme Court. He argued that the will and the preparedness of society also should be taken into account. If people are not prepared, parliamentarians and the authorities must educate people with facts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agnihotri |first=Vivek |date=19 April 2023 |title=Vivek Agnihotri writes on same-sex marriage: It is time for India to take the lead in creating an open, progressive society |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/vivek-agnihotri-same-sex-marriage-india-open-progressive-society-8564625/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512062940/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/vivek-agnihotri-same-sex-marriage-india-open-progressive-society-8564625/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tehseen Poonawalla, an entrepreneur and anchor, said that marriage to a consenting adult is a fundamental right under Article 21, and society cannot take it away. He said that sexual and gender minority community's right to marry under the special marriage act should be upheld by the Supreme Court. [[Celina Jaitly|Celina Jaitley]], an actress, supported the Indian sexual and gender minority community's fight for the right to life, dignity, and the same opportunities for marriage and family as others. Comedian [[Vir Das]], actress [[Sumona Chakravarti]], and [[Maanvi Gagroo]] are among the celebrities who have expressed their hope for the recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals by the Supreme Court.<ref name=":45" />

=== Religious organisations ===
==== Hinduism ====
[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] is a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] organisation and the ideological parent of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi|Modi's]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":50" /><ref name=":51">{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Rupam |date=2023-03-14 |title=Powerful Indian Hindu group backs government's opposition to same-sex marriage recognition |work=[[Reuters]] |editor-last=Y.P. |editor-first=Rajesh |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/powerful-indian-hindu-group-backs-governments-opposition-same-sex-marriage-2023-03-14/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315043930/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/powerful-indian-hindu-group-backs-governments-opposition-same-sex-marriage-2023-03-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 March 2023, during the press conference at the end of [[Akhil Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha]], [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] General Secretary [[Dattatreya Hosabale]] backed the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[Government of India|Union Government's]] opposition to the extension of the right to marry for sexual and gender minority individuals in India. He said marriage is an institution for the benefit of the family and society, not for physical and sexual enjoyment.<ref name=":50" /><ref name=":51" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwary |first=Deeptiman |date=2023-03-14 |title=RSS backs govt stand on same-sex marriage, says 'in Hindu philosophy, marriage a sanskar' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rss-backs-govt-stand-on-same-sex-marriage-against-our-culture-8496625/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315031951/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rss-backs-govt-stand-on-same-sex-marriage-against-our-culture-8496625/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Samvardhinee Nyas, an affiliate of RSS, interviewed persons affiliated with eight branches of medicine ranging from Ayurveda to modern medicine and submitted its finding to support the Union Government's opposition. They claimed that 60% of medical professionals claimed homosexuality was a disorder, 23.58% claimed they had "treated" such persons and "now their life is just like normal people." They reported that 84.27% of the medical professionals opposed legal recognition of marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals, and 67% claimed same-sex parents could not raise their offspring.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 May 2023 |title=Most doctors consider homosexuality as a disorder, RSS affiliate tells Supreme Court |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1048675/most-doctors-consider-homosexuality-as-a-disorder-rss-affiliate-tells-supreme-court |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507160028/https://scroll.in/latest/1048675/most-doctors-consider-homosexuality-as-a-disorder-rss-affiliate-tells-supreme-court |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 January 2023, the United Hindu Front protested outside the court, decrying homosexuality as against Indian culture and insisting the Supreme Court should not hear the petitions. However, the Supreme Court continued with the hearing.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Delhi: United Hindu Front protests outside SC ahead of same-sex marriage case hearing; Watch video |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/delhi-united-hindu-front-protests-outside-sc-ahead-of-same-sex-marriage-case-hearing-watch-video |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044259/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/delhi-united-hindu-front-protests-outside-sc-ahead-of-same-sex-marriage-case-hearing-watch-video |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakkar |first=Shruti |date=2023-01-07 |title=Supreme Court transfers all same-sex marriage pleas to itself |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/jan/07/supreme-court-transfers-all-same-sex-marriage-pleas-to-itself-2535477.html |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044309/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/jan/07/supreme-court-transfers-all-same-sex-marriage-pleas-to-itself-2535477.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shri Sanatam Dharm Pratinidhi Sabha and Akhil Bhartiya Sant Samiti sought to [[Intervention (law)|intervene]] as an opponent to extending the right to marry and establish a family to sexual and gender minority individuals in India. Shri Sanatam Dharm Pratinidhi Sabha relied on Manusmriti and Vedas to oppose the rights. Akhil Bhartiya Sant Samiti argued that the concept of same-sex marriage is going to attack the whole family system in India.<ref name=":10" />

==== Islam ====
[[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]], General Secretary of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board|Muslim Personal Law Board]], released a statement supporting the [[Government of India|Union Government's]] opposition to extension of the right to marry for sexual and gender minority individuals in India and stated that the Board would try to become a party to the case if necessary. It said that the act of [[homosexuality]] and [[same-sex marriage]] is contrary to religion, moral values, and social traditions and is unacceptable, illegal and a crime.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shamsi |first=Mohammed Safi |date=2023-03-15 |title=AIMPLB backs Centre's stance against same-sex marriage |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/aimplb-backs-centres-stance-against-same-sex-marriage-1200503.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316111813/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/aimplb-backs-centres-stance-against-same-sex-marriage-1200503.html |archive-date=2023-03-16}}</ref>

On 1 April 2023, [[Mahmood Madani|Mahmood Asad Madani]] representing the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] sought to [[Intervention (law)|intervene]] as an opponent to extending the right to marry and establish a family to sexual and gender minority individuals in India. He noted that the [[Sexual revolution|sexual liberation movement]], which he alleges of being an [[Atheism|atheist]] movement, resulted in the acceptance of [[homosexuality]]. Therefore, it should not be allowed to infringe on the religiously governed [[Law of India#Family law – personal law|personal laws]].<ref name=":60" /> On 10 April 2023, Telangana Markazi Shia Ulema Council sought to [[Intervention (law)|intervene]] as an opponent to extending the right to marry and establish a family to sexual and gender minority individuals in India. They argued that legitimising same-sex marriage is exclusive to Western and unsuited to Indian society. Marriage is intertwined with religion and personal law. Therefore, it is critical to consider religious perspectives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2023 |title=Against teaching of Prophet: Shiite body moves SC against same-sex marriage |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/against-teaching-of-prophet-shiite-body-moves-sc-against-same-sex-marriage/articleshow/99394286.cms |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501033043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/against-teaching-of-prophet-shiite-body-moves-sc-against-same-sex-marriage/articleshow/99394286.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mohammad Salim, Vice President of the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]], backed the [[Government of India|Union Government's]] opposition to extension of the right to marry for sexual and gender minority individuals in India. He said that the organisation believes in fundamental rights and advocates for freedom and minority rights. However, freedom comes with moral responsibility, and no society can accept crimes, vices and anarchy in the name of freedom and personal liberty.<ref>{{Citation |title=Jamaat-e-Islami Hind opposes same-sex marriages |date=2023-03-15 |url=https://jamaateislamihind.org/eng/jamaat-e-islami-hind-opposes-same-sex-marriages/ |type=Press Release |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315110125/https://jamaateislamihind.org/eng/jamaat-e-islami-hind-opposes-same-sex-marriages/ |publisher=[[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] |archive-date=2023-03-15}}</ref>

==== Christian ====
[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], a Kerala-based [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic Church]] in full communion with [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]], raised concerns that recognising marriage between sexual and gender minority individuals would lead to demand for legalising paedophilia and bestiality. The Church stated that same-sex marriages are unnatural and do an injustice to the family system in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=Nod to same-sex marriage may lead to demands to allow paedophilia, bestiality: Kerala church |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1048578/nod-to-same-sex-marriage-may-lead-to-demands-to-allow-paedophilia-bestiality-kerala-church |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505152826/https://scroll.in/latest/1048578/nod-to-same-sex-marriage-may-lead-to-demands-to-allow-paedophilia-bestiality-kerala-church |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Student organization ===

==== Law School Sexual and Gender Minority Collectives ====
Over 30 sexual and gender minority collectives from 36 law schools with more than 600 students condemned the [[Bar Council of India]] for the resolution. The students criticised the resolution as ignorant, harmful and antithetical to the Constitution. Expressing concerns about the Bar Council of India disregarding constitutional morality, they reminded them that Indian Constitution is a counterweight to majoritarianism, religious morality, and unjust public opinion.<ref name=":39">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2023 |title=Shows Heinous Indifference: Law Students Condemn BCI's Resolution Requesting Supreme Court To Defer Same-Sex Marriage Issue To Parliament |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/same-sex-marriage-bci-resolution-law-students-oppose-supreme-court-separation-of-powers-parliament-legislation-227322 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427123933/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/same-sex-marriage-bci-resolution-law-students-oppose-supreme-court-separation-of-powers-parliament-legislation-227322 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |date=27 April 2023 |title=LGBTQIA++ collectives of law school students condemn BCI resolution on same sex marriage |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lgbtqia-collectives-of-law-school-students-condemn-bci-resolution-on-same-sex-marriage/article66784265.ece |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427123933/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lgbtqia-collectives-of-law-school-students-condemn-bci-resolution-on-same-sex-marriage/article66784265.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Opinions ==
=== Marriage ===
According to a multinational survey conducted in 2023 by the [[Pew Research Center]], 53% of Indians expressed their support for the legal recognition of [[same-sex marriage]], with 28% strongly in favor. Conversely, 43% opposed the legal recognition of same-sex marriage, with 31% strongly opposing it.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Gubbala |first2=Sneha |last3=Huang |first3=Christine |title=How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/06/13/how-people-in-24-countries-view-same-sex-marriage/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613155000/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/06/13/how-people-in-24-countries-view-same-sex-marriage/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to a multinational survey conducted in 2021 by [[Ipsos]], 44% of Indians expressed support for same-sex marriage, while 18% opposed it. Additionally, 14% indicated support for civil partnerships but not marriage. The survey also revealed that 56% of Indians reported a change in their views on this topic over the past five years.<ref name=":54">{{Citation |title=LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey: A 27-country Ipsos survey |date=2021-06-09 |url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2021-06/LGBT%20Pride%202021%20Global%20Survey%20Report_3.pdf |type=Survey Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610112136/https://www.ipsos.com/en/lgbt-pride-2021-global-survey-points-generation-gap-around-gender-identity-and-sexual-attraction |publication-place=[[New York City|New York, United States]] |publisher=[[Ipsos]] |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>

According to an Indian survey conducted in 2019 by the Mood of the Nation Poll, 62% of Indians expressed opposition to same-sex marriage, while 24% expressed support.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title=Where is the love: 62 per cent Indians say same-sex marriages not accepted, finds Mood of the Nation poll |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/web-exclusive/story/20190204-motn-same-sex-marriage-lgbt-rights-section-377-india-1439545-2019-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307061801/https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/20190204-motn-same-sex-marriage-lgbt-rights-section-377-india-1439545-2019-01-25 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Adoption ===
According to a multinational survey conducted in 2021 by [[Ipsos]], 66% of Indians supported the right of same-sex couples to adopt, while 21% expressed opposition. Additionally, 59% of the respondents believed that same-sex couples could be equally successful in raising children, while 26% held a different view.<ref name=":54" />

== See also ==
* [[LGBT rights in India]]
* [[Devu G v. State Of Kerala|Devu G v. State of Kerala (2023)]]
* [[Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration|Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration (2019)]]
* [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
===Case documents===
==== Oral Arguments ====
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation|ref={{harvid|18th April 2023}}|last1=Supreme Court of India|date=18 April 2023|title=Transcript of Hearing from 18th April 2023 on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases|others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022|url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/18th-April-Transcript.pdf|type=Transcript of Hearing|publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]]|author1-link=Supreme Court of India|access-date=16 May 2023|archive-date=16 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516100815/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/18th-April-Transcript.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|19th April 2023}}|last1=Supreme Court of India|date=19 April 2023|title= Transcript of Hearing from 19th April 2023 on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases |others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022|type=Transcript of Hearing |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |author1-link=Supreme Court of India}}
*{{Citation|ref={{harvid|20th April 2023}}|last1=Supreme Court of India|date=20 April 2023|title=Transcript of Hearing from 20th April 2023 on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases|others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022|url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Arguments-Transcript-April-20th-2023.pdf|type=Transcript of Hearing|publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]]|author1-link=Supreme Court of India|access-date=16 May 2023|archive-date=16 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516102350/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Arguments-Transcript-April-20th-2023.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|25th April 2023}}|last1=Supreme Court of India|date=25 April 2023|title= Transcript of Hearing from 25th April 2023 on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases |others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022|type=Transcript of Hearing |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |author1-link=Supreme Court of India}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|26th April 2023}}|last1=Supreme Court of India|date=26 April 2023|title= Transcript of Hearing from 26th April 2023 on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases |others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022|type=Transcript of Hearing |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |author1-link=Supreme Court of India}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|27th April 2023}}|last1=Supreme Court of India|date=27 April 2023|title= Transcript of Hearing from 27th April 2023 on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases |others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022|type=Transcript of Hearing |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |author1-link=Supreme Court of India}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|3rd May 2023}}|last1=Supreme Court of India|date=3 May 2023|title= Transcript of Hearing from 3rd May 2023 on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases |others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022|type=Transcript of Hearing |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |author1-link=Supreme Court of India}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|9th May 2023}}|last1=Supreme Court of India|date=9 May 2023|title= Transcript of Hearing from 9th May 2023 on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases |others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022|type=Transcript of Hearing |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |author1-link=Supreme Court of India}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|10th May 2023}}|last1=Supreme Court of India|date=10 May 2023|title= Transcript of Hearing from 10th May 2023 on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases |others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022|type=Transcript of Hearing |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |author1-link=Supreme Court of India}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|11th May 2023}}|last1=Supreme Court of India|date=11 May 2023|title= Transcript of Hearing from 11th May 2023 on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases |others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022|type=Transcript of Hearing |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |author1-link=Supreme Court of India}}
{{refend}}

==== Petitioners ====
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Nikesh P.P. v. Union of India}} |last1=Perumpallikuttiyil |first1=George Varghese |title=Nikesh P.P. {{Abbr|&|and}} Sonu M.S. versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice |url=http://orinam.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/pushkar-sonu.pdf |publication-date=24 January 2020 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Kerala High Court|High Court of Kerala]] |last2=A.R. |first2=Dileep |last3=P.J. |first3=Joe Paul |last4=Srinath |first4=Manu |last5=George |first5=Rajan G. |access-date=13 February 2023 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325172323/http://orinam.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/pushkar-sonu.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Abhijit Iyer Mitra v. Union of India}} |last1=Awasthi |first1=Raghav |last2=Sharma |first2=Mukesh |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |title=Abhijit Iyer Mitra, Gopi Shankar M, Giti Thadani {{Abbr|&|and}} G.Oorvasi versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |publication-date=8 September 2020 |publication-place=[[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]] |url=http://orinam.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/mitra-et-al.pdf |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130130552/http://orinam.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/mitra-et-al.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Vaibhav Jai v. Union of India}} |last1=Guruswamy |first1=Menaka |last2=Katju |first2=Arundhati |last3=Manoharan |first3=Govind |last4=Dhar |first4=Surabhi |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |title=Vaibhav Jai {{Abbr|&|and}} Parag Vijay Mehta versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |publication-date=8 October 2020 |publication-place=[[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]] |url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Vaibhav-v.-UoI-Redacted.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516094150/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Vaibhav-v.-UoI-Redacted.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Dr Kavita Arora v. Union of India}} |last1=Katju |first1=Arundhati |last2=Dhar |first2=Surabhi |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |title=Dr Kavita Arora {{Abbr|&|and}} Ankita Khanna versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |publication-date=5 October 2020 |publication-place=[[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]] |url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Kavita-Arora-v.-UoI.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516094149/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Kavita-Arora-v.-UoI.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Udit Sood v. Union of India}} |last1=Kirpal |first1=Saurabh |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |title=Udit Sood, Saattvic, Lakshmi Manoharan {{Abbr|&|and}} Gagandeep Paul versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |publication-date=22 February 2021 |publication-place=[[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]] |url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Udit-Sood-v.-UoI-Redacted_compressed.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516094155/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Udit-Sood-v.-UoI-Redacted_compressed.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Joydeep Sengupta v. Union of India}} |last1=Nundy |first1=Karuna |last2=Goel |first2=Ruchira |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Utsav |last4=Nagpal |first4=Ragini |last5=Chitravanshi |first5=Abhay |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |title=Joydeep Sengupta, Russell Blaine Stephens {{Abbr|&|and}} Mario Leslie Dpenha versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |publication-date=5 July 2021 |publication-place=[[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]] |url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Joydeep-Sengupta-v-UoI-Redacted.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516094141/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Joydeep-Sengupta-v-UoI-Redacted.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Mellissa Ferrier v. Union of India}} |last1=Narayan |first1=Rahul |title=Mellissa Ferrier {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Anr.|Another}} Versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice |date=22 November 2021 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]] |last2=Goel |first2=Shashwat |last3=Tibrewala |first3=Muskan |url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Mellissa-v.-UoI-Redacted_compressed-1.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516094145/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Mellissa-v.-UoI-Redacted_compressed-1.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Nibedita Dutta v. Union of India}} |last=Bhasin |first=Shally |title=Nibedita Dutta {{Abbr|&|and}} Pooja Srivastava Versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice |date=18 November 2021 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]]}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Zainab J. Patel v. Union of India}} |last=Bhasin |first=Shally |title=Zainab Patel Versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice |date=15 November 2021 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]]}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Supriyo v. Union of India}} |last1=Guruswamy |first1=Menaka |title=Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Supriyo-@-Supriya-Chakraborty-redacted.pdf |publication-date=14 November 2022 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |last2=Katju |first2=Arundhati |last3=Borthakur |first3=Shristi |last4=Puri |first4=Priya |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210095133/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Supriyo-@-Supriya-Chakraborty-redacted.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Parth Phiroze Mehrotra v. Union of India}} |last=Kirpal |first=Saurabh |title=Parth Phiroze Mehrotra {{abbr|&|and}} Uday Raj Anand Versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice |date=14 November 2022 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]]}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Sameer Samudra v. Union of India}} |last1=Kumar |first1=Nupur |title=Sameer Samudra {{Abbr|&|and}} Amit Gokhale versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |date=2 December 2022 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |last2=Lakdawalla |first2=Hamza |last3=Bhatt |first3=Rohin}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Aditi Anand v. Union of India}} |last=Bhatt |first=Malak Manish |title=Aditi Anand {{Abbr|&|and}} Susan Dias versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice |date=11 December 2022 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]]}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Utkarsh Saxena v. Union of India}} |last1=Bhatia |first1=Gautam |last2=Saxena |first2=Utkarsh |last3=Sekhri |first3=Abhinav |last4=Jain |first4=Hrishika |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |title=Utkarsh Saxena {{Abbr|&|and}} Ananya Kotia versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |publication-date=15 December 2022 |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/wp-452555.pdf |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222051618/https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/wp-452555.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Nitin Karan v. Union of India}} |last1=Kumar |first1=Nupur |title=Nitin Karan {{Abbr|&|and}} Thomas Joseph versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |date=8 December 2022 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |last2=Grover |first2=Anand |last3=Bhatt |first3=Rohin |url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Nitin_Karani_v._Union_of_India-Redacted.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516094154/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Nitin_Karani_v._Union_of_India-Redacted.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Kajal v. Union of India}} |last1=Pujari |first1=Anindita |title=Kajal {{Abbr|&|and}} Bhawna versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |date=16 January 2023 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |last2=Chakravorty |first2=Amritananda |last3=Samson |first3=Mihir |last4=Munoth |first4=Shreya |last5=Menon |first5=Aswathi |last6=Cherukamalli |first6=Sitamsini |url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Kajal-v.-Union-of-India-Redacted.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516094144/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Kajal-v.-Union-of-India-Redacted.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Amburi Roy v. Union of India}} |last1=Pujari |first1=Anindita |title=Amburi Roy {{Abbr|&|and}} Aparna Saha versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |date=12 January 2023 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |last2=Sodhi |first2=Asawari |last3=Chakravorty |first3=Amritananda |url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Amburi-Roy-RedactedCompressed.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516094145/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Amburi-Roy-RedactedCompressed.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Akkai Padmashali v. Union of India}} |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Dushyant |title=Akkai Padmashali, Vyjayanti Vasanta Mogli {{Abbr|&|and}} Umesh P {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Uma P versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice |url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/AKKAI_-_377_WRIT_PETITION.pdf |date=25 January 2023 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |last2=Kothari |first2=Jayna |last3=Sharma |first3=Rohit |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331075628/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/AKKAI_-_377_WRIT_PETITION.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Rituparna Borah v. Union of India}} |last1=Kamra |first1=Aakarsh |title=Rituparna Borah, Chayanika Shah, Minakshi Sanyal, Maya Sharma {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}} versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |date=3 March 2023 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |last2=Grover |first2=Vrinda |last3=Sanap |first3=Suraj |last4=Banerjee |first4=Soutik |last5=Tulsiani |first5=Devika |last6=Tipnis |first6=Mannat |url=https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Rituparna-Borah-and-Ors.-v.-UoI_Redacted.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516094148/https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Rituparna-Borah-and-Ors.-v.-UoI_Redacted.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Harish Iyer v. Union of India}} |last1=Autade |first1=Kailas Bajirao |title=Harish Iyer versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |date=28 March 2023 |type=[[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |last2=Gandhi |first2=Dhruva}}
{{refend}}

==== Respondent ====
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Union of India (12 March 2023)}} |last1=Mehta |first1=Tushar |title=Union of India on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases. |date=12 March 2023 |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/03/Final-Same-Sex-Marriage-Counter.pdf |type=Counter Affidavit |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |last2=Agrawal |first2=Kanu |last3=Bhushan |first3=Gaurang |author-link=Tushar Mehta |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330140205/https://www.jurist.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/03/Final-Same-Sex-Marriage-Counter.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Union of India (12 April 2023)}} |last1=K.R. |first1=Saji Kumar |title=Joint Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice, Union of India on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases. |date=12 April 2023 |type=Counter Affidavit |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]]}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Union of India on Utkarsh Saxena (12 April 2023)}} |last1=K.R. |first1=Saji Kumar |title=Joint Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice, Union of India on Utkarsh Saxena {{Abbr|&|and}} Ananya Kotia versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |date=12 April 2023 |type=Counter Affidavit |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]]}}
{{refend}}

==== Intervenors ====
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind (01 April 2023)}} |last1=Madani |first1=Mahmood Asad |title=Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases. |publication-date=1 April 2023 |type=[[Intervention (law)|Intervention Application]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]]}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights (03 April 2023)}} |last1=Tomar |first1=Nisha |title=Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases. |url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/final-dcpcr-intervention-application-pages-1-39-1-467179.pdf |publication-date=3 April 2023 |type=[[Intervention (law)|Intervention Application]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |last2=Bhatia |first2=Gautam |last3=Manchanda |first3=Abhishek |access-date=9 April 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064832/https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/final-dcpcr-intervention-application-pages-1-39-1-467179.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|Telangana Markazi Shia Ulema Council (10 April 2023)}} |last1=Maqbool |first1=Ejaz |title=Telangana Markazi Shia Ulema Council on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases. |publication-date=10 April 2023 |type=[[Intervention (law)|Intervention Application]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]]}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (13 April 2023)}} |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Swarupama |title=National Commission for Protection of Child Rights on Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases. |publication-date=13 April 2023 |type=[[Intervention (law)|Intervention Application]] |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]]}}
{{refend}}

===Court orders===
====Supreme Court of India====
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|W.P.(C) No. 1011/2022 (13 Mar 2023)}} |last1=Supreme Court of India |title=Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice {{Abbr|&|and}} other connected cases |others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022 |url=https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2022/36593/36593_2022_1_43_42568_Order_13-Mar-2023.pdf |publication-date=13 March 2023 |type=Court Order |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |author1-link=Supreme Court of India |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316071738/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2022/36593/36593_2022_1_43_42568_Order_13-Mar-2023.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|W.P.(C) No. 260/2023 (03 Mar 2023)}} |last1=Supreme Court of India |title=Rituparna Borah, Chayanika Shah, Minakshi Sanyal, Maya Sharma, {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Anr.|Another}} {{Abbr|v.|Versus}} Versus Union of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice |others={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 260/2023 |url=https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2023/6680/6680_2023_1_18_42528_Order_03-Mar-2023.pdf |publication-date=3 March 2023 |type=Court Order |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |author1-link=Supreme Court of India |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307094416/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2023/6680/6680_2023_1_18_42528_Order_03-Mar-2023.pdf |url-status=live}}
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====High Court of Delhi====
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====High Court of Kerala====
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Mankatha

2026-05-01T05:57:28Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY:

{{short description|2011 Tamil film by Venkat Prabhu}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mankatha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Venkat Prabhu]]
| writer = Venkat Prabhu
| producer = [[Dhayanidhi Alagiri]]<br />Vivek Rathnavel
| starring = [[Ajith Kumar]]<br />[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]<br />[[Trisha Krishnan]]<br />[[Lakshmi Rai]]
| cinematography = [[Sakthi Saravanan]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]<br />[[N. B. Srikanth]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = [[Cloud Nine Movies]]
| distributor = [[Sun Pictures]]<br />Radaan Mediaworks
| released = {{Film date|2011|08|31|[[India]]|ref1=|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes<ref name="Bbfc.co.uk" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}24 crore<ref name="finances">{{cite news |last1=Kohli-Khandekar |first1=Vanita |date=31 August 2011 |title=B-town taps festive joie de vivre |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/b-town-taps-festive-joie-de-vivre-111102100060_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101162306/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/b-town-taps-festive-joie-de-vivre-111102100060_1.html |archive-date=1 January 2015 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}68–100 crore<ref name="moneycontrol">{{Cite web |date=24 January 2026 |title=Mankatha Re-Release sparks fan frenzy, crackers burst inside the theatre during Ajith's intro scene|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/mankatha-re-release-sparks-fan-frenzy-crackers-burst-inside-the-theatre-during-ajith-s-intro-scene-article-13789392.html |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref><ref name="toi2.0">{{cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title='Viswasam' – 'Bigil' to 'Mankatha' – 'Thuppakki': Five times when Vijay surpassed Ajith at the box office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/viswasam-bigil-to-mankatha-thuppakki-five-times-when-vijay-surpassed-ajith-at-the-box-office/photostory/76643009.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714103321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/viswasam-bigil-to-mankatha-thuppakki-five-times-when-vijay-surpassed-ajith-at-the-box-office/photostory/76643009.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mankatha''''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ŋ|ɡ|ɑː|θ|ɑː}}; {{Translation|Gambling}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime action film|action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] and produced by [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]]'s [[Cloud Nine Movies]]. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Raai Laxmi|Lakshmi Rai]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Ashwin Kakumanu]], [[Vaibhav Reddy]], [[Premji Amaren]], [[Mahat Raghavendra]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Aravind Akash]] and [[Subbu Panchu]]. It is Ajith's 50th film as a lead actor and the third and penultimate film of the production studio. The film follows Vinayak, a corrupt [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] in [[Mumbai]], who joins a gang of four to plan a heist of [[Betting controversies in cricket|cricket betting money]] in [[2011 Indian Premier League]].

The film had the tentative title of ''Thala 50,'' which was later officially announced in August 2010 under the initial official title ''Mangaatha'', however, it underwent a change to ''Mankatha'' due to [[numerology]] reasons. [[Principal photography]] commenced in October 2010. It was shot for the most part in [[Chennai]], the [[Dharavi]] slum in Mumbai and [[Bangkok]] and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by June 2011. Following speculations regarding the film's release, [[Sun Pictures]] under [[Kalanithi Maran]] acquired the theatrical rights and distributed the film via [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]'s Radaan Mediaworks. The film has music composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematography handled by [[Sakthi Saravanan]] and editing by [[Praveen K. L.]] and [[N. B. Srikanth]].

''Mankatha'' released worldwide on 31 August 2011 in theatres to critical acclaim and became the second biggest opening Tamil film after ''[[Enthiran]]'' at the time of release.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=16 September 2011 |title=Ajith's Mankatha gets the second biggest opening ever |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ajiths-mankatha-gets-the-second-biggest-opening-ever/846479/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714103306/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/ajiths-mankatha-gets-the-second-biggest-opening-ever/ |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 July 2012 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |date=10 September 2011 |title=Ajith is emperor of opening |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-is-emperor-of-opening-news-tamil-ljikwwaajbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128091908/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-is-emperor-of-opening-news-tamil-ljikwwaajbj.html |archive-date=28 January 2012 |access-date=24 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vinayak Mahadevan, a corrupt [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]] of [[Maharashtra Police]], is suspended for having saved a smuggler Faizal from [[encounter killing]]. Kamal Ekambaram, a police officer, commits suicide due to leaks of his [[Betting controversies in cricket|IPL gambling plans]]. Prithviraj, the new ACP, takes charge to end the betting scandals in [[Indian Premier League|IPL cricket]] in [[Mumbai]]. Prithvi then reveals that Kamal [[Faked death|faked his death]] in a secret mission to draw attention to the betting scandals and returned under the name Praveen Kumar. Arumuga Chettiyar, an influential yet illegal business dealer and Faizal's boss, owns "Golden Theatres" in Mumbai, which has been converted into a gambling den and is the front for all his illegal businesses. Chettiyar uses his links with crime bosses in Mumbai and tries to route through his old theater, a cash of over {{INRConvert|5|b}} to be used in betting.

Vinayak is introduced to Chettiyar through his girlfriend Sanjana, who is in love with Vinayak, but Vinayak only pretends to love her. Sumanth, a goon working for Chettiyar, hatches a conspiracy to rob the money with the company of his friends: Ganesh, a local [[Sub-Inspector|SI]]; Mahat, who owns a bar in Mumbai and Mahat's friend Prem, an [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] graduate. Vinayak befriends the boys at Sumanth's marriage with Suchithra. One late evening, Vinayak meets Prem, who becomes inebriated and reveals their heist plan. Vinayak starts spying on them and confronts them on the day of the planned heist. The four take him in, promising him a fifth of the share. However, Vinayak has other plans as he wants to kill his accomplices and take the money. He promises to help them and divide it between them. After looting the money, they leave the money in an abandoned godown.

Later, all of them celebrate the turn of events at Mahat's bar, but Sumanth is identified at the party by Faizal and is later caught by him. Sumanth is cornered by Chettiyar, who orders Faizal to kill him for his treachery, but is rescued in time by Ganesh and Vinayak, and the trio escape from the hideout, taking Chettiyar hostage. While driving back to the godown, Vinayak finds Sanjana on the way and brutally shoves Chettiyar out of the vehicle in front of her. Sanjana is engulfed in grief when she learns of Vinayak's true intentions. Upon reaching the godown, they discover that Mahat and Prem had escaped with the cash and are accompanied by Sona, another woman who loved Vinayak. The three men are confronted by Faizal and Chettiyar's men, but manage to evade them and escape. Later, Sumanth turns against Vinayak after he discovers that his wife had been kidnapped by Chettiyar.

After a brief scuffle, Sumanth runs into Prithvi, who takes him into custody and rescues his wife on the condition that he turns [[Turn state's evidence|approver]] and reveal everything. However, Sumanth is killed when Prithvi's wife Sabitha is kidnapped and threatened by Vinayak. Vinayak learns about Mahat and Prem's whereabouts through Ganesh, and along with him, starts pursuing them. Prithvi and the others follow suit, and all of them are holed up in a highway resort with the money. A sequence of events leads to the murders of the gang members one by one — Mahat is killed by Sona, who gets killed by Vinayak and Prem gets killed by Prithvi — with Ganesh and Vinayak remaining alive. A final fight ensues between Vinayak and Prithvi. At the final moment, Praveen throws a gun at Prithvi, who shoots Vinayak and a huge explosion rocks the shack, seemingly ending the fight.

After several days, the police receive information about Ganesh living in Thailand. Praveen arrives there, but comes across Vinayak. Praveen confronts him and calls up Prithvi to inform him of Vinayak's presence, but it is revealed that Prithvi and Vinayak have been best friends since their college days and took police training together. They had learnt about the betting money scheme by Chettiyar and operated the plan together, including Vinayak's faked death. Ganesh had also been killed by Vinayak as a part of the plan, and Prithvi and Vinayak escaped the explosion with the {{INRConvert|500|c}}, each taking {{INRConvert|250|c}} as their share. Prithvi informs Vinayak that their money is safe in the [[Bank of England]] and asks him to deal with Praveen. Vinayak snatches Praveen's gun and holds him at gunpoint, saying, "[[Game over]]".

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ajith Kumar]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Vinayak Mahadevan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Arjun Sarja]] as ACP Prithviraj IPS
* [[Trisha Krishnan]] as Sanjana Arumugam
* [[Lakshmi Rai]] as Sona
* [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]] as Suchitra Sumanth
* [[Andrea Jeremiah|Andrea]] as Sabitha Prithviraj
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] as Sumanth
* [[Ashwin Kakumanu]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Ganesh
* [[Premji Amaren]] as Prem
* [[Mahat Raghavendra]] as Mahat
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Arumuga Chettiyar
* [[Aravind Akash]] as Faizal
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Kamal Ekambaram/Praveen Kumar
* [[Ravikanth (Tamil actor)|Ravikanth]] as Chettiyar's assistant
* Boys Rajan as Special Squad officer
* [[Ramya Subramanian]] as Reporter (special appearance)
* [[Vijay Vasanth]] in a cameo appearance as the wine shop owner
* [[Debi Dutta]] as an item number "Machi, Open The Bottle"<ref name="Item number">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=Mar 2, 2011 |title=My item song is racier than Munni |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-02/news-interviews/28646699_1_thala-ajith-50th-film-kainaat-arora |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130401002303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-02/news-interviews/28646699_1_thala-ajith-50th-film-kainaat-arora |archive-date=2013-04-01 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kainaat shoots item number with Ajith |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kainaat-shoots-item-number-with-ajith-news-tamil-ldcjFofgdcb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305042554/http://www.sify.com/movies/kainaat-shoots-item-number-with-ajith-news-tamil-ldcjFofgdcb.html |archive-date=5 March 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kainaat Arora]] as an item number "Machi, Open The Bottle"<ref name="Item number" />
* [[Rachel White (actress)|Rachel White]] in a special appearance
* Dipali Singh in a special appearance
* [[Sakthi Saravanan]] in a special appearance
* [[Venkat Prabhu]] in a special appearance (uncredited cameo)
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as Arumuga Chettiyar's henchman (uncredited role)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Following the release of his film ''[[Aasal]]'' in February 2010, [[Ajith Kumar]] was signed by [[Dhayanidhi Alagiri]]'s [[Cloud Nine Movies]] for a project touted to be directed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Details of Gautham- Ajith film |url=http://sify.com/movies/details-of-gautham-ajith-film-news-tamil-kkfqObagbef.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604141518/http://www.sify.com/movies/details-of-gautham-ajith-film-news-tamil-kkfqObagbef.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=8 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> However, as Ajith participated in the [[2010 FIA Formula Two Championship season|2010 season]] of the [[FIA Formula Two Championship (2009–2012)|FIA Formula Two Championship]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], unwilling to wait, decided to shelve the film and opted to focus on another project,<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=I will not wait for Ajith: Gautham Menon |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14951870 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714135829/http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14951870 |archive-date=14 July 2012 |access-date=10 August 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> which prompted [[Venkat Prabhu]], who was keen on making a multi-starrer film featuring top stars, to sign the actor in his next film, after the director saw moderate success with his previous film, ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]''.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Prabhu had written three scripts, out of which the actor chose ''Mankatha'', in which he would portray a character "with grey shades".<ref name="timesofindia1">{{cite web |title=Article Window |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2011/05/02&PageLabel=21&EntityId=Ar02102&ViewMode=HTML |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214112035/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2011%2F05%2F02&PageLabel=21&EntityId=Ar02102&ViewMode=HTML |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Venkat Prabhu later disclosed that Ajith was never considered for the role when he wrote the first draft of the script but that he kept his "usual gang of boys in mind" while creating the characters.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=14 August 2011 |title=Ajith was not the first choice for 'Mankatha' |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/ajith-was-not-first-choice-mankatha-621 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011210058/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/ajith-was-not-first-choice-mankatha-621 |archive-date=11 October 2012 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> [[Vaibhav Reddy]] suggested that a "big hero" should play the protagonist, with actor [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Sathyaraj]] being considered first for the role.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |title=Mankatha crew meets the media |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-crew-meets-the-media-news-tamil-limqGghighh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223012310/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-crew-meets-the-media-news-tamil-limqGghighh.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Ajith had called Prabhu at that time and expressed interest in performing a role similar to [[Joker (The Dark Knight)|The Joker]] character played by [[Heath Ledger]] in the 2008 American [[superhero film]] ''[[The Dark Knight]]''. With the protagonist role in ''Mankatha'' incidentally being such a character, Ajith immediately accepted the role, turning the film into a high-profile production.<ref name="deccanchronicle1" /><ref name="autogenerated2" /><ref>{{cite web |date=21 August 2011 |title=Show Buzz |url=http://www.hindu.com/rp/2011/08/21/stories/2011082150030100.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216133605/http://www.hindu.com/rp/2011/08/21/stories/2011082150030100.htm |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=1 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Prabhu further emphasised that the script had been altered due to Ajith's entry and he had incorporated "certain elements" that Ajith's fans would expect in a film and also said that "I approached Mankatha as a fan and asked myself how I would want to see Ajith sir on screen and then set out".<ref>{{cite web |author=Rao, Subha J. |date=21 August 2011 |title=In the big league |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/in-the-big-league/article2377301.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216093928/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/in-the-big-league/article2377301.ece |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=1 June 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

===Pre-production===
The film officially commenced on 2 August 2010 with the formal launch and a simple pooja held at the [[AVM Studios]], Chennai, coinciding with Ajith Kumar's 18th anniversary of his entry into the film industry. The film's title, initially being ''Mangaatha'', derived from a popular Indian traditional [[card game]], underwent a minor change in its spelling, due to [[numerology|numerological]] reasons. During the pre-production stage, while Venkat Prabhu was still working on the [[scriptment]], sources claimed the film to be on the lines of [[Steven Soderbergh]]'s heist film ''[[Ocean's Eleven (2001 film)|Ocean Eleven]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=Ajith & Venkat Prabhu joins for Mangatha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-venkat-prabhu-joins-for-mangatha-news-tamil-kkfqj8igffe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223045403/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-venkat-prabhu-joins-for-mangatha-news-tamil-kkfqj8igffe.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The story was later reported to revolve around a mafia gang gambling during the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] season.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=Mankatha unit goes to Mumbai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-unit-goes-to-mumbai-news-tamil-lcejsicaced.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207165614/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-unit-goes-to-mumbai-news-tamil-lcejsicaced.html |archive-date=7 February 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In June 2011, reports emerged that the film was a [[remake]] of the 2008 [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] ''[[Jannat (2008 film)|Jannat]]'' that was based on [[match fixing]]. However, Dhayanidhi and Venkat Prabhu quickly denied the news and assured that ''Mankatha'' was original.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2011 |title=Ajith-starrer Mankatha is original: Venkat |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-16/news-interviews/29664660_1_jingle-yuvan-song |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915014203/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-16/news-interviews/29664660_1_jingle-yuvan-song |archive-date=15 September 2012 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Upon completion of filming, Venkat Prabhu named it as "his favourite film so far" and "close to my heart".<ref>{{cite web |date=14 July 2011 |title=Mankatha is close to my heart – Venkat Prabhu |url=http://southscope.in/tamil/news/mankatha-close-my-heart-venkat-prabhu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914035558/http://southscope.in/tamil/news/mankatha-close-my-heart-venkat-prabhu |archive-date=14 September 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |publisher=Southscope.in}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The film was supposed to be a "[[all-star|multi-starrer]]", with several leading Indian actors expected to appear in it, which is a rare occurrence and would be the first of its kind in the [[Tamil film industry]].<ref name="sify1">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Mankatha- A Mega multi-starrer |url=http://sify.com/movies//fullstory.php?id=14952672 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611012041/http://www.sify.com/movies//fullstory.php?id=14952672 |archive-date=11 June 2015 |access-date=10 August 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Telugu actor [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] was first approached to essay a powerful character as a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI officer]],<ref name="timesofindia1" /> being initially confirmed by the director during the launch of the film. He had also conveyed interest in remaking the film into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and playing Ajith's role in return, but since he could not adjust his [[call sheet]], he was forced to pull out,<ref name="timesofindia1" /> with [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] replacing him in November 2010.<ref name="Mank">{{cite web |author=Chowdhary, Y. Sunita |date=3 August 2016 |orig-date=10 September 2011 |title=On gambling and gunfire |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-gambling-and-gunfire/article2442175.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216093928/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-gambling-and-gunfire/article2442175.ece |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=1 June 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In an interview from August 2010, Venkat Prabhu had affirmed that [[Mohan Babu]]'s son, [[Manoj Manchu]], [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], Venkat Prabhu's younger brother, [[Premji Amaren]], who had been part of all his brothers' films, and a newcomer [[Mahat Raghavendra]], a childhood friend of producer Dhayanidhi Alagiri,<ref>{{cite web |date=17 September 2010 |title=Of true friends and fake celebs |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/true-friends-and-fake-celebs-406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207021520/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/true-friends-and-fake-celebs-406 |archive-date=7 December 2010 |access-date=10 September 2011 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> were signed to portray Ajith's [[sidekick]]s in the film.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |title=Venkat launches his fourth film with Ajith |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-10/news-interviews/28282711_1_film-mankatha-tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925061759/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-10/news-interviews/28282711_1_film-mankatha-tamil |archive-date=25 September 2012 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, Manoj Manchu couldn't accept the offer due to a shoulder injury and was eventually replaced by [[Vaibhav Reddy]], appearing in the third consecutive Venkat Prabhu film,<ref name="Mank" /> while in December 2010, sources revealed that another newcomer [[Ashwin Kakumanu]], who previously was seen in ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]'', was roped in for the fourth role, replacing Ganesh Venkatraman.<ref>{{cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=25 December 2010 |title=Itsy Bitsy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article979128.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925054849/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article979128.ece |archive-date=25 September 2011 |access-date=25 December 2010 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> [[Nandha Durairaj]] later stated that he was offered the role as well, but had to reject it since he was busy shooting for ''[[Vellore Maavattam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Malini |first=Shankaran |date=10 August 2011 |title=I don't speak punch dialogues |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article482417.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218144922/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article482417.ece |archive-date=18 December 2013 |access-date=17 December 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] was also considered for the film only to reject due to busy schedules.<ref>{{cite web |author=Manigandan, K. R. |date=26 November 2021 |orig-date=29 September 2012 |title=A day to remember |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-day-to-remember/article3948820.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212645/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-day-to-remember/article3948820.ece |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=1 June 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] in 2013 revealed that he was initially roped in to play the police officer role but that Venkat Prabhu replaced him with Arjun after Ajith became part of the project.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2017 |orig-date=5 October 2013 |title=Actor Jai was robbed |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Actor-Jai-was-robbed/articleshow/23578400.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005120801/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Actor-Jai-was-robbed/articleshow/23578400.cms |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=17 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Prabhu termed the film as "male-oriented", attaching less importance and significance to the female characters in the film.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Early reports suggested that [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and [[Anushka Shetty]] were initially approached for the lead female roles,{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} while in July 2010, reports surfaced that [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Neetu Chandra]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=16 July 2010 |title=Double delight for Neetu |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-16/news-interviews/28288002_1_neetu-chandra-telugu-film-theeratha-vilayattu-pillai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801000416/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-16/news-interviews/28288002_1_neetu-chandra-telugu-film-theeratha-vilayattu-pillai |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=16 July 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Lakshmi Rai]] were supposedly signed for the roles.<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Lakshmi Rai in Mangatha |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14950304 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724010058/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14950304 |archive-date=24 July 2010 |access-date=21 July 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Lakshmi Rai turns Ajith's arm candy |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/lakshmi-rai-turns-ajith%E2%80%99s-arm-candy-939 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112123603/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/lakshmi-rai-turns-ajith%E2%80%99s-arm-candy-939 |archive-date=12 November 2010 |access-date=24 July 2010 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> However, the following month Neetu Chandra opted out of the film,<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Ajith to make a style statement in Mankatha |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ajith-make-style-statement-mankatha-253 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929023624/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ajith-make-style-statement-mankatha-253 |archive-date=29 September 2010 |access-date=26 September 2010 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> refusing the project due to unavailability of dates. Subsequently, [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] was signed to portray Sanjana, Ajith's love interest, pairing with him for the third time,<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Trisha joins Mankatha |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14957270 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923010645/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14957270 |archive-date=23 September 2010 |access-date=20 September 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> with Lakshmi Rai being confirmed later, who was signed on to play an important and "lengthy role".<ref>{{cite news |date=12 November 2010 |title=Lakshmi Rai's a busy bee! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-12/news-interviews/28259776_1_busy-bee-lakshmi-rai-actress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730225604/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-12/news-interviews/28259776_1_busy-bee-lakshmi-rai-actress |archive-date=30 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Venkat Prabhu revealed that changes in the script resulted in changes of the female characters' personalities, clarifiying that Trisha was not the replacement for Neetu Chandra and that the characters offered to both were different, while adding that Trisha's role was specifically written for her.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |author=Srinivasan, Lata |date=8 September 2011 |title=Trisha-Lakshmi face off! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/news-interviews/30129618_1_venkat-prabhu-lakshmi-rai-ajith |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524030309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/news-interviews/30129618_1_venkat-prabhu-lakshmi-rai-ajith |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=10 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Srinivasan, Lata |date=10 September 2011 |title=Trisha's on Mankatha high! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-10/news-interviews/30139190_1_trisha-mankatha-uma-krishnan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801085253/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-10/news-interviews/30139190_1_trisha-mankatha-uma-krishnan |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=10 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Prabhu further stated that Lakshmi Rai was first chosen to play Ashwin's pair, which was dropped when the screenplay was altered, and that she was eventually offered the role of Sona, resolving that Rai was not given a choice to select between the roles of Sanjana and Sona, as the actress had claimed post the film's release.<ref name="toi" /> Earlier, reports had claimed that model and actress [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] was also roped in for a guest role.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Neha |date=2011-02-07 |title=Jacqueline Fernandez Photo Gallery – Exclusive Photos of the Murder 2 Actress |url=https://bollywoodgaram.com/88271/jacqueline-fernandez-photo-gallery-exclusive-photos-murder-2-actress/ |accessdate=2025-04-13 |work=Bollywood Garam}}</ref> In November 2010, [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] was reported to be added to the cast to be paired opposite Arjun,<ref>{{cite web |title=Arjun replaces Nag in Mankatha? |url=http://sify.com/movies/arjun-replaces-nag-in-mankatha-news-tamil-klriPVeejba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020153420/http://www.sify.com/movies/arjun-replaces-nag-in-mankatha-news-tamil-klriPVeejba.html |archive-date=20 October 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> however the role was later finalised with [[Andrea Jeremiah]] portraying that character.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2011 |title=Andrea's role in 'Mankatha' |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5154938 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214112019/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5154938 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=21 March 2013 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> She was also expected to perform a song for the soundtrack album.

Other additions to the cast in the following months included [[Subbu Panchu]], who rose to fame with his appearance in ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' and would essay a police officer character,<ref>{{cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=3 April 2011 |title=Subbu laughs his way to the box office |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/subbu-laughs-his-way-box-office-693 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004904/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/subbu-laughs-his-way-box-office-693 |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], enacting also a character with negative shades as the father of Trisha's character,{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} and [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]], playing Vaibhav's pair.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anjali wants to do commercial cinema |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-17/news-interviews/28370956_1_thoonga-nagaram-anjali-madurai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916173338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-17/news-interviews/28370956_1_thoonga-nagaram-anjali-madurai |archive-date=2011-09-16 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sources claimed that Venkat Prabhu himself would also enact a pivotal role in the film,{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} while reports suggesting that [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] would appear in a [[cameo role]] were dismissed by the producer, who clarified that [[Vijay Vasanth]] would appear in a pivotal role.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Concerning the film crew, Venkat Prabhu renewed his previous associations with his cousin [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], for the background score and soundtrack of ''Mankatha'',<ref name="TheTimesofIndia(2020-10-16)">{{cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja: 'Mankatha' theme music is my all-time favorite |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-mankatha-theme-music-is-my-all-time-favorite/articleshow/78697472.cms |accessdate=2025-04-13 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Sakthi Saravanan]], who would handle the cinematography, and [[Praveen K. L.]], who along with [[N. B. Srikanth]], would take care of the editing.<ref name="RT-Cast&Crew">{{cite web |title=Mankatha: Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mankatha/cast-and-crew |accessdate=2025-04-13 |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]}}</ref> [[Vasuki Bhaskar]]<ref name="deccanchronicle1" /> and Kalyan remained the [[costume designer]] and the main choreographer,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalyan |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/kalyan/IEIN035421 |accessdate=2025-04-13 |work=BookMyShow}}</ref> respectively, with Shoby joining the latter for a couple of songs, while Selva was assigned as the [[stunt coordinator]].<ref name="TheNewIndianExpress(2012-05-16)">{{cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title='Mankatha's single track becomes a big hit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/May/24/mankathas-single-track-becomes-a-big-hit-256170.html |accessdate=2025-04-13 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Filming ===

The film was launched on 2 August 2010 at [[AVM Studios]] in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{cite web |date=Aug 4, 2010 |title=Ajith and Venkat kickstart Mangaatha! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-and-venkat-kickstart-mangaatha-news-tamil-kkguTbhhdia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140305073945/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-and-venkat-kickstart-mangaatha-news-tamil-kkguTbhhdia.html |archive-date=5 Mar 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> with [[principal photography]] commencing on 25 October in Chennai.<ref name="sify3">{{cite web |date=2010-10-25 |title=Mankatha starts rolling |url=http://sify.com/movies/mankatha-starts-rolling-news-tamil-kkznKVjbaeh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028081350/http://sify.com/movies/mankatha-starts-rolling-news-tamil-kkznKVjbaeh.html |archive-date=28 October 2010 |access-date=8 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Several days earlier, a test shoot was conducted with Premji Amaren, Mahat Raghavendra and Vaibhav Reddy taking part in it. Following shoots, involving Ajith, Trisha and Premji, along the [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai]] (OMR), and at Ajith's home, a duet song, picturized on Ajith and Trisha, featuring [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] special effects, was filmed in early November, in a Chennai studio nearby the [[East Coast Road]].<ref name="sify4">{{cite web |date=Nov 7, 2010 |title=Ajith's Mankatha in full swing |url=http://sify.com/movies/ajith-s-mankatha-in-full-swing-news-tamil-klgpP8eficf.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214125123/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-mankatha-in-full-swing-news-tamil-klgpP8eficf.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=8 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> From 10 November onwards, the "introduction" song was shot for five days in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], with Ajith, [[Lakshmi Rai]] and some foreigners participating.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajith and Mankatha team in Bangkok |url=http://sify.com/movies/ajith-and-mankatha-team-in-bangkok-news-tamil-klkkeubaefh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113044752/http://sify.com/movies/ajith-and-mankatha-team-in-bangkok-news-tamil-klkkeubaefh.html |archive-date=13 November 2010 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |title=Mankatha shoot in Chennai |url=http://sify.com/movies/mankatha-shoot-in-chennai-news-tamil-kmgjQJfhhfc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210073410/http://sify.com/movies/mankatha-shoot-in-chennai-news-tamil-kmgjQJfhhfc.html |archive-date=10 December 2010 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film's second schedule was planned to begin on 6 December 2010 in a studio in [[Chennai]],<ref name="autogenerated3" /> which was slightly delayed due to heavy rain, and started couple of days later. This led to speculation that the film had been shelved due to financial constraints, which was quickly denied by Venkat Prabhu. During the schedule, resembling the [[Dharavi]] slum in [[Mumbai]] was erected in a Chennai studio.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mankatha is not dropped: Venkat Prabhu |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-18/news-interviews/28243843_1_film-nagarjuna-rumours |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730143858/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-18/news-interviews/28243843_1_film-nagarjuna-rumours |archive-date=2013-07-30 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ajith's Mankatha in full swing |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-mankatha-in-full-swing-news-tamil-kmssAnachjd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221223554/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-mankatha-in-full-swing-news-tamil-kmssAnachjd.html |archive-date=21 December 2010 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Ajith also performed one of the action choreographies with the use of a body mounted camera, weighing around 30 kg.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} In late December, the third song, a "high-spirited peppy number", was shot for five days, with Shobi choreographing the steps. An [[item number]], titled "Machi, Open The Bottle", it featured actresses [[Debi Dutta]] and Kainaat Arora dancing to the song along with Ajith and the rest of the gang.<ref name="Item number" /> In January 2011, the crew was shooting at Binny Mills in [[Perambur]]. [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] happened to be shooting for ''[[Velayudham]]'' at a nearby location and Ajit met him.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sangeetha |first=P |date=2011-01-06 |title=Actor Ajith and Vijay, who were shooting on adjoining sets in Binny Mills for Mankatha and Velayudham respectively, met yesterday and bonded on the sets. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/actor-ajith-and-vijay-who-were-shooting-on-adjoining-sets-in-binny-mills-for-mankatha-and-velayudham-respectively-met-yesterday-and-bonded-on-the-sets-/articleshow/7227779.cms |accessdate=2025-04-15 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The schedule was wrapped up by early February, with which approximately fifty per cent of the film was reportedly completed.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

The remaining part of the film was supposedly to be shot during the third and last schedule to be held in [[Mumbai]], which was to start in late February.<ref>{{cite news |title=I'm yet to find Mr Right: Trisha |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-09/news-interviews/28544010_1_trisha-actress-venkat-prabhu-s-mankatha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730143907/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-09/news-interviews/28544010_1_trisha-actress-venkat-prabhu-s-mankatha |archive-date=2013-07-30 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, sourced clarified that the subsequent schedule, too, would be held in Chennai only, with filming being carried on at the Padmanabha Theatre in North Chennai. In late March, the crew eventually moved to Mumbai, where the filming was held for nearly two weeks, mostly at the [[Dharavi]] slum. The climax portion was planned to be filmed at [[Madurai]], which was considered as "apt" for the "action-oriented" sequence, but was eventually filmed in Chennai as well, while the remaining scenes were to be canned in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Janani |first=K. |date=27 April 2011 |title=Mankatha shifts its base from Madurai |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/mankatha-shifts-its-base-madurai-527 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208005209/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/mankatha-shifts-its-base-madurai-527 |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> During the first week of June, Ajith had reportedly completed his portion, with his last day shoot being held in Hyderabad,{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} while sources confirmed that filming was still being carried on later that month in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2011 |title=Mankatha delayed? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-delayed-news-news-lgrlyjjfgfb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822163940/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-delayed-news-news-lgrlyjjfgfb.html |archive-date=22 August 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Shooting was further extended, with the crew leaving for [[Bangkok]] again in late June for a ten-day schedule to shoot the pending scenes, including a lengthy fight sequence and a song, involving Premji and Lakshmi Rai. Despite earlier announcement that Ajith had finished his portions, a "special scene" featuring Ajith in a different look was filmed on one day during the first week of July. Principal photography ended by June 2011.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2011 |title=Ajith completes Mankatha shoot |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ajith-completes-mankatha-shoot-205036866.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104210445/https://www.yahoo.com/news/ajith-completes-mankatha-shoot-205036866.html |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref>

===Post-production===
''Mankatha''{{'s}} [[post-production]] works commenced by mid-June 2011,<ref>{{cite web |author=Galatta |date=23 June 2011 |title=Mankatha in post production |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/mankatha-post-production-125626530.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511012916/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/mankatha-post-production-125626530.html |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=9 September 2011 |publisher=Yahoo!}}</ref> and were carried on for over one month. Earlier, an animation sequence lasting about 4 minutes was being created by specialised technicians, while [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] special effects were included in a song and action scenes, which was cited as the reason for the delay. By early August, all actors but Ajith had finished [[dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] for their characters, including Trisha, who on Venkat Prabhu's insistence, dubbed for herself in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last=Janani |first=K. |date=9 August 2011 |title=Trisha dubs for Mankatha |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/trisha-dubs-mankatha-463 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916091139/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/trisha-dubs-mankatha-463 |archive-date=16 September 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Thus, Mankatha became only the third Tamil film to feature her original voice. Rekhs, who had previously subtitled films including ''[[Enthiran]]'' and ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'', subtitled ''Mankatha'' during the first week of August, while Yuvan Shankar Raja worked on the [[Re-recording (filmmaking)|re-recording]],<ref>{{cite news |date=3 August 2011 |title=Yuvan's going global |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-03/news-interviews/29846253_1_music-composer-new-project-yuvan-shankar-raja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524040054/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-03/news-interviews/29846253_1_music-composer-new-project-yuvan-shankar-raja |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> being assisted by Premji.

==Music==
{{Main|Mankatha (soundtrack)}}
The film score and soundtrack of ''Mankatha'' were composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]],<ref name="sify3" /> becoming his fourth collaboration with Venkat Prabhu and Ajith as well.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} The soundtrack, consists of eight tracks, including one [[Theme music]] track and one [[Electronic dance music|club mix]], with lyrics penned by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], and [[Gangai Amaran]] and renowned poet [[Subramanya Bharathi]]'s grandson, Niranjan Bharathi.<ref>{{cite web |author=Raghavan, Nikhil |date=6 August 2011 |title=Itsy Bitsy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy/article2330555.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910224805/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy/article2330555.ece |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=1 June 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> As earlier done in ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' and ''[[Goa (soundtrack)|Goa]]'', a [[promotional single|promotional track]] too was planned, which however did not materialise in last minute. Prior to the official soundtrack launch, a [[single (music)|single track]], "Vilaiyaadu Mankatha", was released in mid-May 2011. The music rights were secured by [[Sony Music]] who had reportedly offered {{INR}} 10 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yuvan's Mankatha audio to rock |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-s-mankatha-audio-to-rock-news-tamil-ldpjJeeciii.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824010342/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-s-mankatha-audio-to-rock-news-tamil-ldpjJeeciii.html |archive-date=24 August 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The soundtrack album, following several postponements,<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2011 |title=A b'day gift for Thala! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/A-bday-gift-for-Thala/articleshow/7814209.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915014443/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-29/news-interviews/29357006_1_50th-film-ajith-gift |archive-date=15 September 2012 |access-date=31 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> was released on 10 August 2011 at [[Radio Mirchi]]'s Chennai station,<ref>{{cite news |title=Mankatha audio launch! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Mankatha-audio-launch/articleshow/9562887.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923130835/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-11/news-interviews/29875481_1_idhu-semma-hot-machi-yuvan-listeners |archive-date=23 September 2012 |access-date=22 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while two days later the team arranged a press meet, showcasing two songs and the trailer of the film.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> The album was reported to have achieved record breaking sales.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 August 2011 |title=Media Newsletter, Press Releases, Online Press Release, Media Press Releases |url=http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/?id=50918_Record+breaking+sales+of+Mankatha+film+album |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814095041/http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/?id=50918_Record+breaking+sales+of+Mankatha+film+album |archive-date=14 August 2017 |access-date=9 September 2011 |publisher=Afaqs.com}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
Even before beginning the [[principal photography]], a short [[teaser trailer]] was shot on the day of the launch itself, since it coincided with [[Aadi Perukku]] and was considered an auspicious day.<ref name="indiatimes1" /> The first teaser was screened along with the film ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'', another [[Cloud Nine Movies]] distribution that released on 20 August 2010.<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Ajit's Mankatha trailer unveiled |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14954091&cid=2363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903015532/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14954091&cid=2363 |archive-date=3 September 2010 |access-date=22 August 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> During [[Diwali]] 2010, the first look [[Film poster|posters]] of ''Mankatha'' were published in newspapers.<ref name="sify4" /> A teaser featuring the song "Vilaiyaadu Mankatha" was released on Ajith's birthday, on 1 May 2011 on [[YouTube]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajith plays Vinayak in Mankatha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-plays-vinayak-in-mankatha-news-tamil-lfcjRJbgejd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824015323/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-plays-vinayak-in-mankatha-news-tamil-lfcjRJbgejd.html |archive-date=24 August 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> after plans of releasing the film or the [[soundtrack]] on that day had failed. As the teaser garnered high response, the song was released as a [[single (music)|single track]] on 20 May 2011, creating positive media response.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Where is 'Mankatha's music? |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article390816.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218144926/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article390816.ece |archive-date=18 December 2013 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ''Mankatha'' [[merchandise]] were launched for sale after the 50th day. Items included exclusive [[sun glasses]], [[t-shirts]], [[hand cuffs]], and [[pendants]], etc. – all on a [[limited edition]] basis.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

== Release ==
''Mankatha'' was given a [[U/A certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] after heavy censorship of profane words.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=31 August 2011 |title=Mankatha rid of 'four-letter-word' |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/mankatha-rid-four-letter-word-461 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831140605/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/mankatha-rid-four-letter-word-461 |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The [[British Board of Film Classification]] issued a [[15 (British Board of Film Classification)|15 certificate]] with an advice that it "contains strong threat and violence".<ref name="Bbfc.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2011 |title=Mankatha – Strictly No Rules |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mankatha-strictly-no-rules-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzg0ndy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714103306/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mankatha-strictly-no-rules-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzg0ndy |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[BBFC]]}}</ref> Later, the distributor reduced violence in three reels and secured a 12A classification for theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mankatha – Strictly No Rules |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/mankatha-strictly-no-rules-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114153111/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/mankatha-strictly-no-rules-film |archive-date=14 January 2020 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[BBFC]] |quote=Distributor chose to reduce the violence in three reels (gunshots, strong blows and injury detail) in order to achieve a 12A classification.}}</ref> During the late production stage, reports indicated that ''Mankatha'' faced "political pressure" following the change in government after the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Mankatha release, a political issue? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/is-mankatha-release-a-political-issue-news-tamil-lhwloydghci.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122194410/http://www.sify.com/movies/is-mankatha-release-a-political-issue-news-tamil-lhwloydghci.html |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> with sources claiming that the film did not find any buyers in [[Tamil Nadu]], since it was produced by the grandson of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] president [[M. Karunanidhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=No buyers for Mankatha? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/No-buyers-for-Mankatha/articleshow/9393575.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524040850/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-28/news-interviews/29824080_1_dayanidhi-alagiri-film-release |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=24 July 2011 |title=Mankatha runs into trouble |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/chennai/mankatha-runs-trouble-555 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724021350/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/chennai/mankatha-runs-trouble-555 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Cloud Nine Movies began negotiations with other production houses to sell the domestical theatrical rights, however talks with [[UTV Motion Pictures]] and [[Gemini Film Circuit]] resulted in failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mankatha on September 1? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-on-september-1-news-tamil-liqkL5djbdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122155828/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-on-september-1-news-tamil-liqkL5djbdc.html |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> On 22 August 2011, Gnanavelraja confirmed that his production house [[Studio Green]], had purchased the Indian domestic theatrical and the television rights of the film at an undisclosed record amount.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mankatha snapped up by Studio Green |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-snapped-up-by-studio-green-news-tamil-liwvfIeccce.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122171343/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-snapped-up-by-studio-green-news-tamil-liwvfIeccce.html |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

However, in a turn of events, Studio Green cancelled the deal the very next day due to "various reasons" which Gnanavel Raja did not want to elaborate, in spite of posters in newspapers featuring Studio Green's logo.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Studio Green out of Mankatha deal |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/studio-green-out-of-mankatha-deal-news-tamil-liyjPHjajbe.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824162027/http://www.sify.com/movies/studio-green-out-of-mankatha-deal-news-tamil-liyjPHjajbe.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=24 August 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Times of India'' reported that Azhagiri bought back the rights, since Gnanavel Raja had planned to sell the satellite rights to [[Jaya TV]], a channel run by the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|opposition party]], [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2011 |title=Sun Pictures back in the game |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Sun-Pictures-back-in-the-game/articleshow/9731425.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524044728/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-25/news-interviews/29926681_1_satellite-rights-sun-pictures-coo-hansraj-saxena |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 24 August, Azhagiri announced that [[Kalanidhi Maran]]'s [[Sun Pictures]] had bought the theatrical and satellite rights of the film and would distribute it along with Cloud Nine Movies. [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] was said to have negotiated the deal and united the production houses to release the film jointly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2011 |title=K- Family unites to release Mankatha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/k-family-unites-to-release-mankatha-news-tamil-lizkKhjibje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122144303/http://www.sify.com/movies/k-family-unites-to-release-mankatha-news-tamil-lizkKhjibje.html |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=25 August 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Mankatha'' thus became the first Ajith film under [[Sun Pictures]] banner as well as their first release after the assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govardan |first=D. |title=Sun Pictures takes a big-budget gamble with Mankatha |url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/films/sun-pictures-takes-big-budget-gamble-mankatha-754 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004103318/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/films/sun-pictures-takes-big-budget-gamble-mankatha-754 |archive-date=4 October 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=[[Financial Chronicle]]}}</ref> Actress [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]'s Radaan Mediaworks distributed the film to Tamil Nadu theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2011 |title=Radaan acquires Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of Mankatha |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/radaan-acquires-tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-mankatha-131127832.html |accessdate=April 26, 2025 |work=Yahoo!}}</ref>

Dhayanidhi Azhagiri announced that the film would be a worldwide release with [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]] in English, simultaneously opening across Singapore, Malaysia, [[Sri Lanka]], United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada and many other parts of Middle East and Europe.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} The film was also dubbed into [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] as ''Gambler'' and released in [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 9 September 2011. Noted Telugu producer Bellamkonda Suresh acquired the film's Telugu dubbing rights by late August 2011 and released the Telugu dubbed version across 225 screens, enabling the biggest opening for a dubbed version of a Tamil film.<ref name="r1">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2011 |title=Mankatha dubbed into Telugu as Gambler! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-dubbed-into-telugu-as-gambler-news-news-ljfkKagjaei.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113195310/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-dubbed-into-telugu-as-gambler-news-news-ljfkKagjaei.html |archive-date=13 January 2014 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film became scheduled for a release on 1 September 2011 in order to cash in on the [[Vinayaka Chaturthi]]-[[Ramadan]] weekend,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mankatha confirmed on September 1? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-confirmed-on-september-1-news-tamil-litqLbdijaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223165742/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-confirmed-on-september-1-news-tamil-litqLbdijaa.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> before [[Ayngaran International]] eventually finalised 31 August 2011 as the release date in overseas theatres few days later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayngaran announces Mankatha date! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ayngaran-announces-mankatha-date-news-tamil-liwk5ohhedi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223142659/http://www.sify.com/movies/ayngaran-announces-mankatha-date-news-tamil-liwk5ohhedi.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In the United States, the film was released at 34 theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2011 |title=Mankatha getting released in the US |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-getting-released-in-the-us-news-tamil-li3nu7hbhhi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223162733/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-getting-released-in-the-us-news-tamil-li3nu7hbhhi.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Re-release ===
The film was re-released on 23 January 2026, after 15 years of its original release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2026 |title=Ajith Kumar's blockbuster 'Mankatha' re-releases in theatres to roaring fanfare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ajith-kumar-mankatha-re-release-venkat-prabhu-yuvan-shankar-raja/article70541464.ece |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2026 |title='Mankatha' re-release storms the internet; Venkat Prabhu's emotional post seizes attention, Ajith fans turn theatres into a festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mankatha-re-release-storms-the-internet-venkat-prabhus-emotional-post-seizes-attention-ajith-fans-turn-theatres-into-a-festival/articleshow/127256450.cms |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Box office===
''Mankatha'' released in about 1,000 screens worldwide and the film had a solo opening in [[Tamil Nadu]] on 31 August. It was said to have collected {{INR}}25.2 crore nett from 370 screens in Tamil Nadu during the opening five-day weekend, and around {{INR}}30 crore nett in its first week.<ref name="autogenerated4" /> The film became the biggest Tamil grosser of the year as well as that of Ajith's career,<ref name="sify5">{{cite web |title=Mankatha takes best opening of 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-takes-best-opening-of-2011-news-tamil-ljbmvmccafa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009130200/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-takes-best-opening-of-2011-news-tamil-ljbmvmccafa.html |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> while also garnering the second-highest opening for a Tamil film, after ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010).<ref name=":0" /> In [[Chennai]] city alone, the film earned {{INR}}2.72 crore in the first weekend from 19 screens. The multiplexes gave it the maximum number of shows including morning shows in all screens.<ref name="sify6">{{cite web |date=4 September 2011 |title=Chennai Box-Office – Special Festival weekend (August 31 to September 4, 2011) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14978423&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907073444/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14978423&cid=13525926 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Mankatha'' recovered its cost of production in two weeks, making it the fastest film in recent times to turn profitable.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=Ajith – The most wanted actor in K'wood |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-the-most-wanted-actor-in-k-wood-news-tamil-ljuqx9abgigsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013807/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-the-most-wanted-actor-in-k-wood-news-tamil-ljuqx9abgigsi.html |archive-date=7 November 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

At the Mayajaal multiplex, ''Mankatha'' was screened in all 14 screens on the first day, resulting in 70 shows per day, all being sold out,<ref name="sify5" /> while Sathyam Cinemas reported a net of {{INR}}0.34 crore from two screens for the five-day weekend.<ref name="sify6" /> The film grossed {{INR}}6.5 crore in 19 days in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2011 |title=Chennai Box-Office – September 16 to 18 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14979624&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231052429/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14979624&cid=13525926 |archive-date=31 December 2011 |access-date=17 December 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |quote=[Mankatha] has grossed approximately Rs 6.5 Crore in 19 days}}</ref> The Telugu version ''Gambler'', which released in 225 screens.<ref name=r1 /> In [[Kerala]], the film was released in the original language in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Palakkad]] districts on 31 August while a dubbed version released all over the state on 9 September, opening at first rank, outclassing other Malayalam releases. The film bought for {{INR}}0.6 crore in Kerala was expected to get distributor share of {{INR}}1.4 crore.<ref name="sify7">{{cite web |date=13 September 2011 |title=Kerala Box- Office-(August 30 to September 11) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14978996&cid=14625530 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113074335/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14978996&cid=14625530 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |access-date=14 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The Telugu version got high opening compared to other mainstream films<ref>{{cite news |title=Mankatha scores in Telugu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Mankatha-scores-in-Telugu/articleshow/9945440.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524030105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-11/news-interviews/30141650_1_mankatha-telugu-box-office |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=14 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was successful at the [[Bangalore]] box office.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 September 2011 |title=Bengaluru Box office (September 9 to 11) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14978910&cid=14635444 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113074309/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14978910&cid=14635444 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |access-date=14 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film opened at second rank in [[Malaysia]], grossing $803,666 in its first weekend, with a per screen average of $19,602 (highest per screen average)<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaysia Box Office September 1–4, 2011 |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2011&wk=35&p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924081424/http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2011&wk=35&p=.htm |archive-date=24 September 2011 |access-date=14 September 2011 |publisher=boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> claiming the second-highest opening weekend for a Tamil film. After four weeks, the film grossed {{INR}}0.6 crore in [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mankatha |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fMANKATHA01&country=MY&wk=2011W38&id=_fMANKATHA01&p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521182345/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fMANKATHA01&country=MY&wk=2011W38&id=_fMANKATHA01&p=.htm |archive-date=21 May 2013 |access-date=5 November 2011 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the film grossed $179,054 from 16 screens, opening at No.1 spot<ref>{{cite web |title=Overseas Box Office :2011-09-07 09:37:28 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902041318/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/index.html |archive-date=2 September 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> and No.4 in the all-time chart{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Overall the film grossed $1,104,911 in Malaysia in six weeks, and $268,533 in UK at the end of the third week.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mankatha |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=UK&wk=2011W38&id=_fMANKATHA01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521183136/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=UK&wk=2011W38&id=_fMANKATHA01 |archive-date=21 May 2013 |access-date=5 November 2011 |publisher=Boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> [[Sun Pictures]], the distributors declared that ''Mankatha'' grossed {{INR}}80 crore worldwide in thirty days, nearing the end of its run. [[Sify]] termed the film as a [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] as well as the year's biggest commercial success.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} The film completed a 50-day run at the box office and was ranked as second highest grosser in [[Tamil cinema]] behind [[Enthiran]] at the time of its release.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2021 |title=Billa' to 'Mankatha': Seven of 'Thala' Ajith's films that left a mark |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/billa-mankatha-seven-thala-ajiths-films-left-mark-148133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192825/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/billa-mankatha-seven-thala-ajiths-films-left-mark-148133 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 October 2011 |title=Mankatha celebrates 50 days |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-celebrates-50-days-news-tamil-lktkzvhjcai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228022652/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-celebrates-50-days-news-tamil-lktkzvhjcai.html |archive-date=28 December 2011 |access-date=17 December 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', the film grossed ₹100 crore at the worldwide box office in its final run.<ref name="toi2.0" /> However, ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' stated that the film made only {{INR}}68 crore in its lifetime.<ref name="moneycontrol" />

''Mankatha'' was re-released in theatres on January 23, 2026, to coincide with its 15th-anniversary year. The re-release was met with a massive fan response at the box office.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ajith-kumar-mankatha-re-release-venkat-prabhu-yuvan-shankar-raja/article70541464.ece Ajith Kumar's Mankatha re-release] ''The Hindu''.</ref>

===Critical response===
''Mankatha'' received generally positive reviews with critics lauding Ajith's performance. Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it a "gutsy" and "engaging game of cat and mouse that springs no surprises", adding that Venkat Prabhu had "laid out a filling spread this time".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=3 September 2011 |title=Arts / Cinema : A gutsy game! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2420824.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123015512/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2420824.ece |archive-date=23 November 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 as well, claiming that Ajith "sparkles in his 50th film".<ref>{{cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=3 September 2011 |title=Mankatha: Ajith sparkles in his 50th film |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/mankatha-ajith-sparkles-his-50th-film-069 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234938/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/mankatha-ajith-sparkles-his-50th-film-069 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=9 September 2011 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> N Venkateswaran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5, saying "Ajith is the soul of the movie and the others have nothing much to do, with the exception of Arjun." and called it "a good watch, especially because of Ajith's baddie act."<ref name="toi review">{{cite news |last=Venkateshwaran |first=N. |title=Mankatha movie review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/12146091.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722105533/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/12146091.cms |archive-date=22 July 2013 |access-date=21 March 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> S. Viswanath of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' said, "Mankatha is strictly for Ajith fans, who has a wholesome blast, puffing, bulldozing his way and bedding belles by the dozen like there is no tomorrow."<ref>{{cite web |last=Viswanath |first=S |date=2 September 2011 |title=Mankatha |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/187973/mankatha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118134744/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/187973/mankatha.html |archive-date=18 January 2013 |access-date=21 March 2013 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, saying "If Mankatha works even just a bit, it's because of Ajith, whose charisma shines through. Watch it only for him. The rest really don't matter."<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2011 |title=Review: Mankatha works only because of Ajith |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mankatha/20110831.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309061745/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mankatha/20110831.htm |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=9 September 2011 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]''s critic highlighted that Ajith "steals the thunder and plays the emotionless bad man, to perfection", further adding that he looked "smashing and his scorching screen presence is unmatchable", while the reviewer criticised the script as being "dull", and concluded "for die-hard fans of Ajith who don't have a problem with an unforgivable 2 hours 40 minutes running time and juvenile comedy, this might be a treat. For others though, it's strictly average entertainment."<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Review:Mankatha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-review-tamil-14978052.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629171600/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-review-tamil-14978052.html |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=9 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 September 2011 |title=Mankatha: Ajith plays his cards right, finally | Cometh The Hour, Kamath The Man |url=http://sudhishkamath.com/2011/09/01/mankatha-ajith-plays-his-cards-right-finally/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214105220/http://sudhishkamath.com/2011/09/01/mankatha-ajith-plays-his-cards-right-finally/ |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=21 March 2013 |publisher=Sudhishkamath.com}}</ref> Akhila Krishnamurthy of [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] said, "The thing about testosterone is it can either excite or frustrate. There is no in-between. Tamil superstar Ajith's much-anticipated 50th film is a very "male film", no doubt. There's a heist, a few chases, gunfights, cusswords, three good-looking women and a salt-and-pepper-haired protagonist, who is naughty at forty. Only, none of it excites."<ref>{{cite web |title=Mankatha (Tamil) | Akhila Krishnamurthy |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?278241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221183546/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?278241 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |access-date=21 March 2013 |publisher=Outlookindia.com}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[The Times of India|Chennai Times Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |22 June 2012
|Best Actor
|[[Ajith Kumar]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2012 |title=The Chennai Times Film Awards 2011 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14318349.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811133040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14318349.cms |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |work=The Times of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|Best Youth Film
|[[Dayanidhi Azhagiri|Dhayanidhi Alagiri]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Newcomer (Male)
|[[Ashwin Kakumanu]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Negative Role (Female)
|[[Raai Laxmi|Lakshmi Rai]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |19 February 2012
|Best Debut Actor
|[[Mahat Raghavendra]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-09-27 |title=Mahat signed next movie with Madhura Sreedhar |url=https://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/09/mahat-signed-next-movie-with-madhura.html |accessdate=2025-04-30 |work=KollyInsider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Vijay wins Edison Award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Feb/14/vijay-wins-edison-award-340091.html |accessdate=2025-04-30 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|Best Comedian
|[[Premgi Amaren]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="4" |[[59th Filmfare Awards South|7 July 2012]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Alagiri|[[Dhayanidhi Alagiri]]}}
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2012 |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811102950/http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2012 |title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811103446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[Venkat Prabhu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Ajith Kumar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|[[Lakshmi Rai]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[International Tamil Film Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |3 March 2012
|[[ITFA Best Movie Award|Best Film]]
|[[Dhayanidhi Alagiri]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramchander |date=2012-03-05 |title=Ajith's Mankatha wins top honours at International Tamil Film Awards |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2012/ajith-mankatha-international-tamil-film-awards-050312.html |accessdate=2025-04-30 |work=FilmiBeat}}</ref>
|-
|[[ITFA Best Director Award|Best Director]]
|[[Venkat Prabhu]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[ITFA Best Supporting Actor Award|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Premgi Amaren]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[ITFA Best Cinematographer Award|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[Sakthi Saravanan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[ITFA Best Female Playback Award|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Suchitra]] for "Vaada Bin Laada"
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" |4 August 2012
|Best Upcoming Lyricist
|Niranjan Bharathi for "Nee Naan"
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards Background |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811130934/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/index.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards Winners |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811131047/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/winners.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=Radio Mirchi}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards Listener's Choice |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/listners_choice.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811131053/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/listners_choice.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=Radio Mirchi}}</ref>
|-
|Technical Sound Engineer
|M. Kumaraguparan
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|21{{ndash}}22 June 2012]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ajith Kumar]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=28 June 2012 |title=The South Shines |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811115724/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA Awards: 2011 Winners |url=http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811120512/http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil
|[[S. P. B. Charan]] for "Nee Naan"
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |[[6th Vijay Awards|16 June 2012]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ajith Kumar]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2012 |title=6th Annual Vijay Awards: Complete list of winners |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811113839/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
|[[Venkat Prabhu]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
|''Mankatha''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for "Vilaiyaadu Mankatha"
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

== Legacy ==
Google Zeitgeist 2011, a compilation of the year's most frequent search queries, placed ''Mankatha'' at 7th rank, becoming the only Tamil film to secure a place in the list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mankatha makes it to Google's Top 10 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Mankatha-makes-it-to-Googleamp39s-Top-10/articleshow/11156220.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524024327/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-18/news-interviews/30530758_1_ajith-s-mankatha-tamil-film-google-zeitgeist |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=21 December 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Zeitgeist 2011 |url=http://www.googlezeitgeist.com/en/top-lists/in/movies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175920/http://www.googlezeitgeist.com/en/top-lists/in/movies |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=28 December 2011 |publisher=Googlezeitgeist.com}}</ref> Sudhish Kamath of ''[[The Hindu]]'' included ''Mankatha'' in his list "Year of Anti-Hero" stating that "Mankatha earns its place here simply because it took a fairly dark genre like noir and celebrated evil minus the darkness" and also went to write that "this comic heist film is the best thing Ajith has ever done since Billa".<ref>{{cite web |author=Kamath, Sudhish |date=18 October 2016 |orig-date=1 January 2012 |title=The year of the anti-hero |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-year-of-the-antihero/article2763626.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714103428/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-year-of-the-anti-hero/article11642218.ece |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=1 June 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ajith's appearance, dubbed the "salt-and-pepper look", was widely praised, leading to him reusing the same appearance in most of his subsequent films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-01 |title=Happy Birthday, Thala: The times when Ajith slayed in the salt-and-pepper look |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/happy-birthday-thala-the-times-when-ajith-slayed-in-the-salt-n-pepper-look-5704052/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113032701/https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/happy-birthday-thala-the-times-when-ajith-slayed-in-the-salt-n-pepper-look-5704052/ |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This look eventually became a trendsetter for Tamil heroes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-22 |title=From callow young man to salt-and-pepper style icon: The transformation of Ajith |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/callow-young-man-salt-and-pepper-style-icon-transformation-ajith-67200 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824224311/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/callow-young-man-salt-and-pepper-style-icon-transformation-ajith-67200 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] and [[Cell Murugan]] dress similar to Vinayak Mahadev in ''[[Killadi]]'' (2015). The background score is reused.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Killadi |date=January 30, 2015 |last=Venkatesh (director) |first=A. |medium=Motion picture |time=}}</ref>
The verse "Aadama Jaichomada" from "Machi Open The Bottle" inspired a film [[Aadama Jaichomada|of the same name]].<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://screen.yahoo.com/tamil-movie-aadama-jaichomada-053000382.html |title=Tamil Movie Aadama Jaichomada |publisher=Yahoo! Screen |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000748/https://screen.yahoo.com/tamil-movie-aadama-jaichomada-053000382.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The scene where Vinayak gets excited by the collection of money was parodied in ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=Tamizh Padam 2 movie review: This spoof forgives no one | regional movies | Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamizh-padam-2-movie-review-this-spoof-forgives-no-one/story-40Z5vwIREZ9aXbv3PWTgXK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215014659/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamizh-padam-2-movie-review-this-spoof-forgives-no-one/story-40Z5vwIREZ9aXbv3PWTgXK.html |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Mojo title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Venkat Prabhu}}

[[Category:2010s chase films]]
[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:2011 controversies]]
[[Category:2011 crime action films]]
[[Category:2011 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venkat Prabhu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about gambling]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
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[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vandavasi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:22:41Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Starting some entry with sources!

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|12.5|N|79.62|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Vandavasi
| map_image = 1971 delimitation vandavasi lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Vandavasi constituency, 1971 delimitation.
|established = 1962
|abolished = 2009
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|assembly_cons =
|electors = 12,13,662
|reservation = None
}}
'''Vandavasi''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament of India) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> After delimitation in 2009, it is defunct.

==Assembly segments==
Vandavasi Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-08
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2008-10-31
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
#[[Tiruvannamalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvannamalai]] (moved to [[Tiruvannamalai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruvannamalai]] constituency)
#[[Polur (State Assembly Constituency)|Polur]] (moved to [[Arani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arani]] constituency)
#[[Vandavasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Vandavasi]] (SC) (moved to [[Arani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arani]] constituency)
#[[Peranamallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Peranamallur]] (defunct)
#[[Melmalayanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Melmalayanur]] (defunct)
#[[Gingee (State Assembly Constituency)|Gingee]] (moved to [[Arani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arani]] constituency)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| A.Jayaraman
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[G. Viswanathan | G Viswanathan]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[G. Viswanathan | G Viswanathan]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Venugopal]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[D. Pattuswamy]]
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[L. Balaraman | L Balaraman]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[L. Balaraman | L Balaraman]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[M. Krishnasamy]]<ref name=election1991>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[L. Balaraman | L Balaraman]]
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[M. Durai]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1998 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref>
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[M. Durai]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[N. Ramachandran Gingee]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#1999|1999]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|50.8}}
{{bar percent|[[#1998|1998]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|49.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|47.7}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.7}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.2}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.4}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.9}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.7}}
}}
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Vandavasi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]
|votes = 394,903
|percentage = 56.12
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Rajalakshmi R.
|votes = 243,470
|percentage = 34.60
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Punniyakotti P.
|votes = 23,609
|percentage = 3.36
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Vinayagam S.
|votes = 14,473
|percentage = 2.06
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 151,433
|percentage = 21.52
|change = +12.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 703,669
|percentage = 62.35
|change = +0.80
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|swing = +56.12
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|'''M.Durai'''
|'''345,539'''
|'''50.8%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|M.Krishnasamy
|286,342
|42.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
|K.Wahab
|36,844
|5.4%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|59,197
|8.7%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|679,992
|61.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===General Election 1998===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|'''M.Durai'''
|'''327,010'''
|'''49.0%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
|L.Balaramam
|261,935
|39.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|M.Krishnasamy
|34,827
|5.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|Karuppasamy
|21,219
|3.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|G.S.Chandrabose
|545
|0.1%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|65,075
|9.8%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|667,287
|62.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] '''gain''' from [[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1996===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
|'''L.Balaraman'''
|'''342,184'''
|'''47.7%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|M.Krishnasamy
|168,880
|23.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|P.Senthamizhan
|106,388
|14.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|A.Chinnadurai
|39,449
|5.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
||BJP]]

|4,986
|0.7%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|173,306
|24.1%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|717,844
|69.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]] '''gain''' from [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1991===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''M.Krishnasamy'''
|354451
|'''53.7%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam }}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|D.Venugopal
|177,356
|26.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|Kasilanga Durai
|99,163
|15.0%
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent}}|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|K.Pandurangam
|2,519
|0.4%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|}}"|
|Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam
|K.V.Murugesan
|2,382
|0.4%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|S.Appadurai
|2,232
|0.3%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|177,095
|26.8%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|660,560
|68.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===General Election 1989===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''L.Balaraman'''
|'''313,160'''
|'''46.2%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|D.Venugopal
|212,988
|31.4%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|Kasilingam
|128,318
|18.9%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|K.Punithavathi
|3,476
|0.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}"|
|Tharasu Makkal Mandram
|S.Manavalan
|3,005
|0.4%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|100,172
|14.8%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|677,686
|69.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress }}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===General Election 1984===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''L.Balaraman'''
|'''341,267'''
|'''59.4%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|R.K.Pandian
|206,375
|35.9%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|134,892
|23.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|574,975
|75.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===General Election 1980===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''D.Pattusamy'''
|'''285,549'''
|'''61.0%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|Venugopal Gounder
|158,395
|33.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party }}"|
|[[Indian National Congress (U)|INC(U)]]
|R.A.Natrajan
|5,327
|1.1%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|127,154
|27.2%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|468,039
|65.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''gain''' from [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1977===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|'''Venugopal Gounder'''
|'''267,930'''
|'''57.0%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[Duraimurugan]]
|186,798
|39.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|JagaDeva gounder
|4,010
|0.9%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|81,132
|17.2%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|470,355
|68.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''gain''' from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1971===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|'''G.Viswanathan'''
|'''230,003'''
|'''55.9%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organization)}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress (Organization)|INC(O)]]
|M.K.Gounder
|182,659
|45.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|Maniazhilan
|25,114
|6.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|J.P.Ganesa Mudhaliar
|2,897
|0.7%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|87,955
|21.4%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|411,640
|76.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===General Election 1967===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|'''G.Vishwanathan'''
|'''213,537'''
|'''53.0%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|M.K.Gounder
|132,878
|33.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|P.S.Gounder
|31,008
|7.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|K.M.K.Nayagar
|8,998
|2.2%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|80,659
|20.0%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|386,421
|73.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] '''gain''' from [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1962===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''Jayaraman'''
|'''111,053'''
|'''37.7%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|}}"|
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|M.Krishnasami
|100,256
|34.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
|[[Swatantra Party |SWP]]
|Pulavar Mani
|57,190
|19.4%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|Gangadaran
|13,414
|4.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|10,797
|3.7%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|281,913
|67.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Win''' (New Seat)
!
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Vandavasi]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Election Commission of India]] -http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vandavasi (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Sabrang Communications

2026-04-26T03:58:02Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Starting a article needs work!

{{Short description|Indian organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Sabrang Communications
| bgcolor = 
| fgcolor = 
| image =
| image_border =
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| map2 =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = 1993
| extinction = 
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| status = 
| purpose = Combat communalism and caste-based discrimination
| headquarters =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| coordinates = 
| region_served =
| num_members =
| language = 
| general_secretary = 
| leader_title = 
| leader_name = 
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Javed Anand]]|[[Teesta Setalvad]]}}
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = 
| affiliations = 
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|http://www.sabrangindia.in/}}
| remarks =
| former_name =
}}
'''Sabrang Communications''' is an organization founded in 1993 that publishes the monthly ''[[Communalism Combat]]'' magazine and that operates KHOJ, a secular education program, in schools in [[Mumbai]], India.{{sfn|About Us}}
''Communalism Combat'' is edited by [[Javed Anand]] and [[Teesta Setalvad]].{{sfn|Kapoor|1995|p=11}}
The Khoj programs try to help children to get past identity labels.{{sfn|Peer|2007|p=212}}

==Foundation==

Javed Anand left his job as a Bombay-based journalist in the mainstream press and founded ''Communalism Combat'' in 1993 to fight religious intolerance and communal violence.{{sfn|Peer|2007|p=229}}
His decision followed the December 1992 destruction of the [[Babri Mosque]] by Hindu fundamentalists.{{sfn|Albert|2000|p=113}}
''Communalism Combat'' first appeared in August 1993.{{sfn|Peer|2007|p=229}}
Javed Anand and Teesta Setalvad, founders of Sabrang, are also founders of the NGO "Citizens for Peace and Justice", which fights communalism through the courts.{{sfn|Peer|2007|p=218}}

==Objectives and activities==

Sabrang says its purpose is "to provide information on, analyse and expose the machinations of communal politics in India, on the subcontinent and abroad and to publicise the attempt of secular individuals, groups and organisations engaged in fighting them".{{sfn|About Us}}
Sabrang also aimed to create new books on Indian history as an alternative to official accounts that distort or truncate reality. Part of the objective would be to destroy traditional stereotypes.{{sfn|Albert|2000|p=114}}
Another project begun in 1996 was named "Aman", which means "Olive Branch". It encouraged correspondence between Indian and Pakistani children as a way to start overcoming the hostility that has existed between the two countries since partition in 1947.{{sfn|Albert|2000|p=115}}

In 2006 the [[Ford Foundation]] gave a grant of $200,000 to Sabrang Communications "to address communalism and caste-based discrimination in India through active research, Web-based information dissemination, development of civil society networks and media strategies".{{sfn|Ford Foundation 2006}}

==Controversy==

A report published in ''[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]'' on 28 June 2013 quoted unnamed sources as saying that significant amounts of money donated to the Sabrang Trust to help riot victims had been diverted to the bank accounts of Javed Anand and Teesta Setalvad, and to Sabrang Communications.{{sfn|Dave|2013}}

==Publications==

In 1998 Sabrang published ''Damning Verdict: Report of the Srikrishna Commission'' on the riots in Mumbai in December 1992 and January 1993, and the 12 March 1993 bomb blasts.{{sfn|Breckenridge|2002|p=80}}
Following ongoing communal violence in [[Gujarat]], in 2000 Sabrang published ''Saffron on the rampage: Gujarat's Muslims pay for the Lashkar's deeds''.{{sfn|Ghassem-Fachandi|2012|p=304}}
In 2002 Sabrang and South Asia Citizens Web published ''The Foreign Exchange of Hate: IDRF and the American Funding of Hindutva'', which investigated how funding raised by the [[India Development and Relief Fund]] (IDRF) in the USA was being distributed in India. It found that most of the money went to [[Sangh Parivar]] for use in education, tribal or cultural activities.{{sfn|Tow|Chin|2009|p=289}}
The report alleged that [[Ekal Vidyalaya]] one-teacher schools that the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) had launched in the 1990s with funding from overseas charities had the goal of "Hinduizing" tribals and spreading hatred against Indian minorities.{{sfn|Kurien|2007|p=151}}

The 2002 Sabrang report included a diagram that illustrated how the US/UK and Indian components of the ''sangh parivar'' were related.
The report may have contributed to growing criticism of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) by prominent overseas Indians, and to the decision by the US State and Justice departments to begin investigations of the IDRF for illicit donations and money laundering.{{sfn|Davies|Nyland|2004|p=106}}
The IDRF issued a counter-report denying the implied accusation in the Sabrang report that tribal activists, who had played a major role in the violence in Gujarat in 2002, were linked to US funding sources.{{sfn|Cady|Simon|2007|p=110}}
In the rebuttal the IDRF said [[Hindutva]] was simply a framework for maintaining identity in societies where Hindus are small minorities.{{sfn|Blanco|Zlotnik|2006|p=83}}

==References==
{{Reflist |colwidth=30em}}
;Sources
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|About Us}}
|url=http://www.sabrang.com/aboutus.htm
|title=About Us
|publisher=Sabrang Communications
|access-date=2012-03-20}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VI3V0LN5rEcC&pg=PA113
|language=French
|title=Se former à l'interculturel: expériences et propositions
|first=Odile |last=Albert
|publisher=ECLM |year=2000 |isbn=2843770238}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrAsn_uSSxgC&pg=PA83
|language=Spanish
|title=Migraciones: nuevas movilidades en un mundo en movimiento (Migration: new mobilities in a moving world)
|first1=María Cristina |last1=Blanco |first2=Hania |last2=Zlotnik
|publisher=Anthropos Editorial |year=2006 |isbn=8476587902}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btNATYNY1hAC&pg=PA80
|title=Cosmopolitanism
|first=Carol Appadurai |last=Breckenridge
|publisher=Duke University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0822328992}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpwoZl-3PVMC&pg=PA110
|title=Religion and conflict in South and Southeast Asia: disrupting violence
|first1=Linell Elizabeth |last1=Cady |first2=Sheldon W. |last2=Simon
|publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2007 |isbn=978-0415397346}}
*{{cite news|first=Nayan |last=Dave|title=NGOs pocket funds for riot victims? |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/ngos-pocket-funds-for-riot-victims.html |newspaper=The Pioneer
|date=28 June 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9xyPjnszC8C&pg=PA106
|title=Globalization in the Asian region: impacts and consequences
|first1=Gloria |last1=Davies |first2=Chris |last2=Nyland
|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1845422198}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Ford Foundation 2006}}
|url=http://67.199.6.194/pdfs/library/ar2006.pdf
|title=Annual Report 2006
|author=Ford Foundation
|access-date=2012-03-20}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFnjJa_xefsC&pg=PA304
|title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India
|first=Parvis |last=Ghassem-Fachandi
|publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2012
|isbn=978-1400842599}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/62266481/21/Sabrang-Communications-Pvt-Ltd
|title=Resources Against Communalism and Religious Fundamentalism in India
|date=April 1995
|first=Harsh |last=Kapoor
|access-date=2012-03-20}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONMxZc5_saYC&pg=PA151
|title=A place at the multicultural table: the development of an American Hinduism
|first=Prema A. |last=Kurien |author-link=Prema Kurien
|publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0813540566}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0J4T6Rt-90C&pg=PA212
|title=Communal violence in Gujarat: Rethinking the role of communalism and institutionalized injustices in India
|first=Yasmeen |last=Peer
|year=2007 |isbn=978-0549517535}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTk6_HXg5E8C&pg=PA289
|title=ASEAN, India, Australia: towards closer engagement in a new Asia
|first1=William T. |last1=Tow |first2=Kin Wah |last2=Chin
|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |isbn=978-9812309631}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/(docid)/A7661410D7597B46E5256C53001AB8EB
|title=The Foreign Exchange of Hate – IDRF and the American Funding of Hindutva
|publisher=Sabrang Communications &Publishing Pvt. Ltd.; South Asia Citizens Web
|year=2002 |access-date=2012-03-20}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.letindiadevelop.org/thereport/synopsis.shtml
|author=Ramesh N. Rao
|author-link=Ramesh N. Rao
|author2=Narayanan Komerath
|author2-link=Narayanan Komerath
|author3=Chitra Raman
|author4=Beloo Mehra
|author5=Sugrutha Ramaswamy
|name-list-style=amp
|title=A Factual Response to the Hate Attack on the India Development and Relief Fund (IDRF)
|publisher=Friends of India
|access-date=2012-03-20}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.sabrang.com/cc/archive/2009/april09/ekal%20vidyalya.pdf
|title=Training to Hate: The Ekal Vidyalaya Way
|work=Communalism Combat |publisher=Sabrang Communications
|date=April 2009
|access-date=2012-03-20}}
{{Refend}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Organizations established in 1993]]
[[Category:Magazine publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1993]]

Johan Joachim Michelsen

2026-04-25T08:58:25Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Created

{{Short description|Governor of Dannemarksnagore from 1702 to 1706}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Johan Joachim Michelsen
| office = Governor of Dannemarksnagore
| order = 3rd
| monarch = [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV]]
| predecessor = [[Thomas Schmertz]]
| successor = [[Jacob Panck]]
| term_start = 26 July 1702
| term_end = 28 October 1706
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = Denmark–Norway
| death_date = 28 October 1706
| death_place = [[Dannemarksnagore]], Danish India
}}'''Johan Joachim Michelsen'''{{Efn|{{IPA|da|johan jo:akim megəlsən}}}} (alternatively spelled '''Michelson'''; {{Died in|28 October 1706}}) was a Danish assistant and [[governor of Dannemarksnagore]] from 26 July 1702 to his death on 28 October 1706.

Michelsen began as the [[Danish East India Company]]'s chief assistant ({{Lang|da|overassistent}}) in the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]], and in 1702, he became governor of the Danish [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Dannemarksnagore]], following [[Thomas Schmertz]]'s resignation. During his tenure, the colony experienced economic difficulties, and he eventually became indebted to [[Armenian merchantry#New Julfa|Armenian merchants]], with whom he entered into various contracts for cargo.

Michelsen died in Dannemarksnagore on 28 October 1706, with his accounts in disorder, which had to be managed by his successor, [[Jacob Panck]], and [[Christen Brun-Lundegaard]].

== Career ==
Johan Joachim Michelsen began his career in the [[Danish East India Company]] as chief assistant ({{Lang|da|overassistent}}) in the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]], being described as an old but thoughtful man. On 26 July 1702, Michelsen became [[Opperhoofd|''opperhoved'']] of the Danish [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] of [[Dannemarksnagore]] in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] after the resignation of [[Thomas Schmertz]], with a monthly salary of 25 [[Danish rigsdaler]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=91}}

=== Collaboration with Armenians ===
{{See also|Armenians in Bengal}}

==== Contract regarding ''Dronning Louise'' ====
[[File:Armenian danish contract.png|thumb|245x245px|The contract between Johan Joachim Michelsen and [[Armenian merchantry|Armenian merchants]] from 18 November 1703]]In 1703, he bought a ship from the ''[[Louis XIV's East India Company|Compagnie des Indes]]''{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|p=404}} named ''Dronning Louise'', together with a couple of [[Armenian merchantry#New Julfa|Armenian merchants]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=91}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|pp=404, 407–408}} Michelsen wanted to restore the Danish trade and viewed the Armenians as likely partners,{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|p=409}} as the colony had economic difficulties.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=91}}{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|pp=403–404, 409}}{{Efn|Since the Danes had little [[Capital (economics)|capital]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=91}}{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|pp=403–404, 409}} their vessels' space for cargo was often greater than the Danes' needs, making [[Armenian merchantry#New Julfa|Armenian merchants]] regular partners, as the Armenians thereby could transport their goods on Danish vessels.{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|p=409}}}} As a result, on 18 November 1703, a contract was made between the Danes and Armenians,{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|pp=406–408}} in which ''Dronning Louise'' would transport a whole Armenian cargo of mainly sugar worth 300,000 [[Rupee|rupees]]{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|p=404}} for 5,920 rupees in return.{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|pp=404, 407–408}} ''Dronning Louise'' was determined to depart from [[Kulpi]] for [[Bandar Abbas]] on 9 January 1704, and the Armenians blessed the ship and the coming voyage:{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|pp=406–408}}
{{Blockquote|text=In the name of God. May the Lord God provide good success and [a safe] passage. With the Help of God, on [18 November 1703], we the underwritten people freighted the Danish East India Company ship the ''Louiz'' so that with God’s [protection] it may find a safe passage to Bandar Abbas [...] on [9 January, the ship will] lift anchor from Kulpi...|author=Cossius Petrus, Avetis, Oscan, Gabriel, Hovanjan}}However, in 1704,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=91}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} the ship ran aground{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} during its voyage near [[Palmyras Point]] in bad weather, making the Armenians lose half their cargo.{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|p=404}} Hereafter, the Armenians requested the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] government to force the Danes to pay at least the 5,920 rupees back,{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|p=404}} which Michelsen, however, could not repay, as he had mainly bought the ship with the {{Abbr|D.E.I.C.|Danish East India Company}}'s money{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=91}} without the approval of the Tranquebar's [[Privy council|Privy Council]] (''{{Langx|da|secrete råd|label=none}}'').{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}

==== Letter to Shah Soltan Hoseyn ====
Consequently, Michelsen's debt grew,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} and with assistance from an Armenian, he subsequently sent a letter to the [[Shah of Iran]], [[Soltan Hoseyn]], requesting certain trading rights, which is mentioned in an anonymous [[memorandum]] to [[Frederick IV of Denmark|King Frederick IV of Denmark]]{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=106, 110, 369}}{{Sfn|Danish National Archives|1980}} from between 1702 and May 1704:{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=110}}

{{Blockquote|text=When I was present in [[Safavid Iran|Persia]] at the [[Ali Qapu|royal residence]] in [[Ispahan]], it came to pass that {{abbr|Mons.|[[Monsieur]]}} Michelsen, director of the [Danish] East India Company from Bengal, sent a letter to Persia to the {{bracket|[[shah]]}} through an Armenian, in which he petitioned to be granted certain privileges in Persia for the purpose of trade...{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=106}}|author=Anonymous}}

Soltan Hoseyn was very interested in establishing contact with King Frederick and, therefore,{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=107}} agreed to the request if the Danes aided Persia against [[piracy in the Persian Gulf]].{{Sfn|Diller|1999|pp=107–108}} Particularly, the Danes were to provide a manned [[bomb vessel]] and [[fire ship]], for which expenses Soltan Hoseyn was willing to pay;{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=107}} nevertheless, despite aid being easily provideable, this proposal could not improve the Company's economy.{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=110}}

==== Contract regarding ''Printz Jørgen'' ====
Afterwards, another contract was reached between the Danes and two Armenians on 19 May 1705 following some negotiations, in which the vessel ''Printz Jørgen'' was to transport an Armenian cargo worth 8,000 [[Pagoda (coin)|pagodas]] from Dannemarksnagore to Bandar Abbas.{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|p=403}} Although the ship reached Tranquebar in the fall of 1705, it had almost no cargo in return.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=91–92}}

Similarly, in the fall of 1704,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=91}} the ''Gyldenløve'' was sent from Dannemarksnagore{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=91}} to Tranquebar{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} without cargo,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=91}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} which spread rumors that the ship was forced to use a [[ballast tank]], instead of regular cargo, to stabilize itself.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} These incidents damaged the Company's reputation,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|pp=24–25}} which was mockingly said to have a "water trade" by other European companies in Bengal.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} Accordingly, Michelsen is referred to as having acted arbitrarily,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=92}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} with Indian historian Lalit Mohan Mitra calling him incompetent and claiming he did little to further Danish trade in Dannemarksnagore.{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} Meanwhile, Danish colonial historian [[Kay Larsen]] says he was unlucky,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} highlighting ''Dronning Louise's'' grounding.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=91}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}

== Accounts and debt ==
Michelsen died in Dannemarksnagore on 28 October 1706{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=92, 96}} and was succeeded by [[Jacob Panck]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} who started negotiating with Michelsen's creditors.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} After his death, an [[auction]] took place in Michelsen's house,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=92}} revealing that he had been practicing [[embezzlement]]{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} and that his accounts were in complete disorder,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=92, 96}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} owning only 1,100 rupees while being in debt to multiple merchants, including Armenian Cossia Petrus, to whom he owed 6,243 rupees.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}}

Michelsen's debt eventually became a [[Casus belli|''casus belli'']] for the Mughal government to [[Siege of Dannemarksnagore (1707)|besiege Dannemarksnagore in 1707]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} and most of his debt was paid in the same year{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} by the later [[governor of Tranquebar]], [[Christen Brun-Lundegaard]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} who confiscated Michelsen's belongings for 871 Danish rigsdaler, 8 [[fanam]], and 30 [[Cash (currency)|cash]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}}

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Johan Sigismund Hassius}}
* {{Annotated link|Bernt Pessart}}

== Notes and citations ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== References ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |author-link=Kay Larsen |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, residenter, kommandanter og chefer |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=Governors, Residents, Commanders and Chiefs |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De dansk-ostindiske koloniers historie – De Bengalske loger & Nikobarerne |publisher=Centralforlaget & Peter Hansens Forlag |year=1908 |volume=2 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=History of the Danish East Indian Colonies – The Bengali lodges & the Nicobar Islands |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite book |last=Diller |first=Stephan |url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&q=brun&pg=PA216&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=dannemarksnagore&f=false |title=Die Dänen in Indien, Südostasien und China (1620-1845) |date=1 June 1999 |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-447-04123-2 |series=South China and Maritime Asia |volume=8 |location=Wiesbaden, Germany |language=de |trans-title=The Danes in India, Southeast Asia and China (1620–1845) |issn=0945-9286}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Lalit Mohan |url=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/6/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.63290/2015.63290.A-Guide-To-Nalanda.pdf |title=The Danes in Bengal |publisher=Prabartak Publishers |year=September 1952 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata, India |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite book |author=[[Danish National Archives]] |url=https://arkivalieronline.rigsarkivet.dk/en/billedviser?epid=18482972#234853,44736189 |title=Sources of the History of North Africa, Asia and Oceania in Denmark |publisher=[[K. G. Saur Verlag]] |others=Compiled by Carl Rise Hansen |year=1980 |isbn=3-598-21474-X |series=Guides to the Sources for the History of the Nations. 3rd Series |volume=3 |location=Munich, Germany / New York / London / Paris |pages=335 |translator-last=Møeller |translator-first=Mogens}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Aslanian |first=Sebouh David |author-link=Sebouh David Aslanian |last2=Subrahmanyam |first2=Sanjay |author-link2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |date=7 April 2025 |title=Uneasy Partnership |url=https://www.academia.edu/128756792/Uneasy_Partnership_A_Note_on_Armenian_Danish_Commercial_Collaboration_in_the_Indian_Ocean_ca_1700 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=68 |issn=0022-4995 |eissn=1568-5209 |via=Academia}}
{{refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michelsen, Johan Joachim}}
[[Category:17th-century births]]
[[Category:1706 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Dannemarksnagore]]
[[Category:Governors of Danish India]]
[[Category:People from Danish India]]

Jnan Chandra Ghosh

2026-04-23T09:54:51Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Created

{{Short description|Anomaly of strong electrolyte, First Director of Indian Institute of technology Kharagpur}}
{{for|the musician|Jnan Prakash Ghosh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Jnan Chandra Ghosh
| honorific_suffix = {{small|D.Sc., F.N.I.}}
| image = Jnan Chandra Ghosh.jpg
| caption = Jnan Chandra Ghosh
| other_names = Sir J. C. Ghosh<br />Jnanendra Chandra Ghosh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1894|9|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Giridih]], [[Chota Nagpur Division]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1959|1|21|1894|9|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[India]]
| field = [[Chemistry]]
| work_institution = [[Dhaka University]]<br>[[Indian Institute of Science]]<br>[[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]]<br>[[University of Calcutta]]
| alma_mater = [[Rajabazar Science College]]<br>([[University of Calcutta]])
| academic_advisors = [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Anomaly of strong electrolytes
| religion =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
| signature = Signature of Jnan Chandra Ghosh.svg
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Jnan Chandra Ghosh''' or '''Jnanendra Chandra Ghosh''' (4 September 1894 – 21 January 1959) was an Indian [[chemist]] best known for his contribution to the development of scientific research, industrial development and technology education in India.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Shaping of Indian Science: Indian Science Congress Association Presidential Addresses, Vol 1: 1914-1947 |page=457 | publisher =Universities Press (India) Private Limited |year=2003 |isbn= 978-81-7371-432-0}}</ref> He served as the director of the newly formed Eastern Higher Technical Institute in 1950, which was renamed as [[IIT Kharagpur]] in 1951. He was also the director of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] Bangalore and Vice Chancellor of the [[University of Calcutta]].

He was also known for his resolution of the anomaly of [[strong electrolyte]]s and the dissociation - ionization theory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=F.I.C|first=Henry J. S. Sand D. Sc Ph D.|date=1923-02-01|title=XXVI. On the anomaly of strong electrolytes with special reference to the theories of J. C. Ghosh|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|volume=45|issue=266|pages=281–292|doi=10.1080/14786442308634114|issn=1941-5982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=F.I.C|first=Henry J. S. Sand D. Sc Ph D.|date=1923-01-01|title=IX. On the anomaly of strong electrolytes with special reference to the theories of J.C. Ghosh|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|volume=45|issue=265|pages=129–144|doi=10.1080/14786442308634096|issn=1941-5982}}</ref>

Ghosh's other important contributions include his extensive study of [[photocatalyst]]s under the influence of polarised light and developments of Fischer–Tropsch reaction for the synthesis of hydrocarbons.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=GHOSH|first1=J. C.|last2=SASTRY|first2=S. L.|date=October 1945|title=Chromium Oxide as a Promoter in Catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis|journal=Nature|volume=156|issue=3965|page=506|doi=10.1038/156506b0|issn=1476-4687|bibcode=1945Natur.156..506G|s2cid=4001520|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=GHOSH|first1=J. C.|last2=SASTRI|first2=M. V. C.|date=1951|jstor=24214924|journal=Current Science|volume=20|issue=12|pages=316–318|title=The Adsorption of Synthesis Gas and ITS Components on Fischer—Tropsch Catalysts}}</ref> Dr. Ghosh made contributions in the field of the application of [[Differential Thermal Analysis]] (D.T.A) as a tool for the systematic study of solid catalysts.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=14 Application of Differential Thermal Analysis to the Study of Solid Catalysts -- Systems Cr2O3, Fe2O3, and Cr2O3-Fe2O3|last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=S.K.|last2=Ramachandran|first2=V.S.|last3=Ghosh|first3=J.C.|pages=114–122|doi=10.1016/s0360-0564(08)60160-1|title = Proceedings of the International Congress on Catalysis|volume = 9|series = Advances in Catalysis|year = 1957|isbn = 9780120078097}}</ref>

He also successfully guided research work on technical problems relating to the production from Indian raw materials of phosphatic fertilisers, ammonium sulphate, [[formaldehyde]], potassium chlorate, etc. During his active career in building scientific research, technical education and industrial development, he was the Head of the Department of Chemistry at [[Dacca University]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিবেদক |first=নিজস্ব |date=2017-08-29 |title=বিস্মৃত এক বাঙালি বিজ্ঞানী |url=https://nagorik.prothomalo.com/durporobash/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> the Director of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] at Bangalore, the Director of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]], the Vice Chancellor of [[Calcutta University]], and the Director-general of Industries and Supplies, Government of India.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[Jnan Chandra Ghosh Polytechnic|Jnan Chandra Ghosh polytechnic]] , a government technical education institute providing diploma in engineering is named after him , located at mominpur area of Kolkata.

==Biography==
[[File:Jnanendra_Chandra_Ghosh.jpg|thumb|left|c. 1919]]
Jnan Chandra Ghosh was born in a [[Bengali Kayastha]] family in Giridih, Jharkhand, [[British India]].<ref name="dnb">{{Citation |title=Dictionary of National Biography (Supplement) Vol II (E-L) | first =N. R. | last = Ray |page=55 | publisher =Institute of Historical Studies |year=1990 }}</ref> The son of Ram Chandra Ghosh, J C Ghosh belonged to a family of mica mine owners and mica merchants.<ref name="dnb" /> He had his initial schooling at [[Giridih]] High School, where he stood first in the Chotnagpur Division in 1909 and enrolled in [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]. At Presidency College, he was among the finest students who would later become famous scientists.

In 1911, Jnan Chandra got fourth position in I.Sc. examination, while his other famous classmates [[Satyendranath Bose]] topped the list and [[Meghnad Saha]] got the third position.<ref>{{Citation |title=S N Bose : The Man and His Work Part II : Life, Lectures and Addresses, Miscellaneous Pieces | first =S | last = Bose |page=20 | publisher =S N Bose National Center for Basic Science |year=1994 }}</ref> He passed both B.Sc. and M.Sc. as first in the first class in Chemistry and during this time he came under inspiring influence of [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray]]. The Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University, Sir [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]] invited Jnan Ghosh to join as a lecturer even before the results were published. After his M.Sc. he was appointed as a lecturer of the Chemistry Department of newly founded [[Rajabazar Science College]], Calcutta.

The Sir Tarak Nath Palit Scholarship and Premchand Raychand student of the year award enabled J C Ghosh to travel to England for his doctoral degree at University College of Science in London.<ref>{{Citation |title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: v. XV, Pt. 1: Science, Technology, Imperialism and War | editor-first =Jyoti Bhusan | editor-last = Das Gupta |page=830 | publisher =Pearson Education India |year=2007 }}</ref> In London, he took up research on various problems of photochemistry and he led to the exposition of theory of anomaly of strong electrolytes and the ionization theory. His scientific research drew appreciation from many famous scientists such as [[Max Planck]], [[William Henry Bragg|William Bragg]] and [[Walther Nernst]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The Shaping of Indian Science: Indian Science Congress Association Presidential Addresses, Vol 1: 1914-1947 |page=458 | publisher =Universities Press (India) Private Limited |year=2003 |isbn= 978-81-7371-432-0}}</ref>

In 1918, he was awarded D.Sc. for his research on strong electrolytes. During his stay in London, he worked for some time under [[Frederick G. Donnan]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Career==
[[File:M N Saha, J C Bose, J C Ghosh, Snehamoy Dutt, S N Bose, D M Bose, N R Sen, J N Mukherjee, N C Nag.jpg|thumbnail|Jnan Chnadra Ghosh with other scientists at Calcutta University]]
In 1921, J C Ghosh returned to India and joined the newly established [[Dacca University]] as professor and Head of the Department of Chemistry. He served Dacca University for about twenty years, with successes in research and in building a school of Physical Chemistry. The most intensive research was carried out in the field of photo-chemistry, bio-chemistry and agricultural chemistry. He also served as dean of the Faculty of Sciences in 1924 and Provost of the Dacca University Hall from 1925 until the end of his stay.

In 1939, he was summoned to succeed [[C V Raman]] as the Director of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] at Bangalore. At IISc too, J C Ghosh developed the institute rapidly by introducing engineering studies such as Aeronautical Engineering, Internal Combustion Engineering, Metallurgy and Power and High Voltage Engineering. During his service at IISC, he was knighted in 1943, chiefly for his war services.<ref name="obit">{{cite journal |author= N. R. Dhar |date=1959 |title=Sir J. C. Ghosh |journal= Nature |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |volume=183 |issue= 4662|pages=645–646 |doi=10.1038/183645a0 |bibcode=1959Natur.183..645D|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35841|page=2|date=29 December 1942}}</ref>

He pioneered research on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for obtaining liquid fuel from carbon monoxide and hydrogen and step-wise mechanism of ammonia synthesis from its elements, nitrogen and hydrogen. The findings were published in a book titled ''Some Catalytic Gas Reactions of Industrial Importance''.

Inspired by his mentor [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray]], J C Ghosh was committed to development of industries in India.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mahanti |first=Subodh |title=Jnan Chandra Ghosh - Pioneer of Technological Education in India |journal=Dream 2047 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=32–34 |publisher=Vigyan Prasar |location=New Delhi |date=February 2008 |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/feb2008/Dream%202047%20Feb%202008%20English.pdf |issn=0972-169X |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009200115/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/feb2008/Dream%202047%20Feb%202008%20English.pdf |archive-date= 9 October 2015 }}</ref> Towards that goal, he led research work on technical problems relating to the production from Indian raw materials of phosphatic fertilisers, ammonium sulphate, formaldehyde, and potassium chlorate. He transitioned to the role of Director-General of Industry and Supply (1947-1950) and collaborated with international experts that laid the basis of heavy industries of steel, petroleum, machine tools and radar industries. During this period, he also served as a member of the [[All India Council of Technical Education]] and there he felt the inadequacy of quality trained persons for large-scale industrial development. The need for technical education led to the establishment of a technology institute and J C Ghosh became the first Director of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]]. J C Ghosh built a strong foundation with a cosmopolitan environment and brought the right people from across India and all over the world. He believed in close interaction between teachers, students and administration.

At his highest intense involvement at IIT, Kharagpur, he was called upon to lead his alma mater, Calcutta University. At the news of his departure, the students at IIT, Kharagpur went on a mass strike. Sir J C Ghosh addressed the students on the lawns of the students' residence, Patel Hall, and broke down in the middle of his speech and cried.
In 1954, he left for Calcutta to become Vice Chancellor, Calcutta University where he started focusing on the improvements of living conditions of the students. In 1954, the Government of India awarded [[Padma Bhushan]] on him in recognition of his ability and service to the country.<ref>{{Citation |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis | first =Kunal | last = Chakrabarti |page=200 | publisher =Scarecrow Press |year=2013 |isbn= 978-0-8108-5334-8}}</ref>
After a year, he was inducted into the Planning Commission and was placed in charge of Education, Scientific Research and Health. Since May 1955, Dr. Ghosh had served with great distinction as a Member of the Planning Commission. He took part in all the stages of the preparation of the [[Five-Year Plans of India|Second Five Year Plan]] and had a large share in working out proposals for the expansion of facilities for technical education at various levels. He died in harness on 21 January 1959.<ref>[http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/E-2028-1959-0011-91092.pdf] Planning Commission Notification, Jan 23, 1959</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist|1}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|title=Professor Jnan Chandra Ghosh |url=http://insaindia.org/deceaseddetail.php?id=F000269 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121409/http://insaindia.org/deceaseddetail.php?id=F000269 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}
* {{cite web | title = An institution builder | url =http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/seta/2002/12/12/stories/2002121200120300.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20030517213054/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/seta/2002/12/12/stories/2002121200120300.htm| url-status =dead| work = [[The Hindu]] | archive-date =2003-05-17}}
* [https://www.amazon.com/catalytic-reactions-industrial-importance-Honorarium/dp/B0006FFBF8/ Some Catalytic Gas Reactions of Industrial Importance]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Jnan Chandra}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali chemists]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:People from New Alipore]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Dhaka]]

Kapati

2026-04-22T04:24:26Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Created

{{short description|Indian [[Kannada]]-language suspense thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kapati
| image = Kapati film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = {{ubl|[[Ravikiran D]]|Chethan SP}}
| producer = [[Dayal Padmanabhan]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sukrutha Wagle]]|Dev Devaiah|Sathvik Krishnan}}
| music = Johan shevanesh
| cinematography = {{ubl|[[Vikram Yoganand]] | Sathish Rajendran}}
| studio = D-pictures
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|7}}
}}
'''''Kapati''''' ({{translation|Fraud / Deceiver}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[suspense thriller]] film directed by debutant Ravikiran D and Chethan SP. It was produced by [[Dayal Padmanabhan]] under D-pictures. [[Sukrutha Wagle]] and Dev Devaiah take center stage in the lead roles, while Sathvik Krishnan plays a gripping antagonist. The music is composed by Johan Shevanesh, while cinematography and editing were handled by Sathish Rajendran and [[Vikram Yoganand]].

== Plot ==
Priya is fighting sadness in her family's home while odd things start happening all around her. Priya has no idea that her battle is in line with the evil powers of the dark web. A pair of aspirational boys, Suman and Chakri, take advantage of the shadowy corners of the internet to amass fortune. Suman and Chakri's quest for wealth simultaneously takes a sinister turn. Suman uses more subdued techniques, but Chakri resorts to brutality in order to increase revenues.

Ethical boundaries become hazy as Priya's life collides with the lads' growing dangers on the dark web, and repercussions follow. Suman struggles with morals, while Priya's safety is put in danger by Chakri's avarice.

== Cast ==
* [[Sukrutha Wagle]] as Priya
* Dev Devaiah as Suman
* Sathvik Krishnan as Chakri
* Shakar Narayan as Priyas father
* Zeeshan as Priya's Brother
* Pavan Venugopal as Doctor
* Nanda Gopal as Rowdy
* Phani Kumar as Priya's Fiance

== Production ==
The film was scripted in 2023, ''KAPATI'' initially began production under 16MM Stories, founded by Chethan SP and Ravikiran. However, after a few days of shooting, the project was taken over by D Pictures, a production house renowned for its critically acclaimed and award-winning films. Under the leadership of [[Dayal Padmanabhan]], a visionary filmmaker with a remarkable portfolio, the film evolved into a gripping psychological thriller that pushes creative boundaries.

The casting process began with [[Sukrutha Wagle]], who was the first choice for the lead role. After her onboarding, the team identified the exceptionally talented Dev and Satvik to complete the ensemble.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A comeback to remember for Sukrutha Wagle with three big releases |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1216602 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221075940/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1216602 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Filming wrapped up in mid-2024, with an initial plan for a late 2024 release. However, to ensure a more impactful launch, the team decided to release ''KAPATI'' on 7 March 2025—promising an unforgettable cinematic experience for audiences<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-08-03 |title=Kapati's unique take on the dark web is new for Kannada cinema |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/03/kapati-s-unique-take-on-the-dark-web-is-new-for-kannada-cinema |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804032559/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/03/kapati-s-unique-take-on-the-dark-web-is-new-for-kannada-cinema |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
Kapati was released across the [[Karnataka]] state on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kapati releases trailer, locks release date |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/kapati-releases-trailer-locks-release-date/ar-AA1A20EQ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=MSN}}</ref> The movie was screened both in the multiplex and single screen theatres. With positive critic reviews and public response, the movie went on to become one of the decent hits of the year 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser Of Sukrutha Wagle's Kannada Movie Kapati Promises Intense Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/teaser-of-sukrutha-wagles-kannada-movie-kapati-promises-intense-thriller-8987670.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and stated that "It is worth a watch for those who enjoy psychological thrill and movies that explore new themes such as the darknet."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |author=Y Maheswara Reddy |title=Kannada Movie Review– Kapati: Weaving a dark web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-kapati-weaving-a-dark-web/articleshow/118766547.cms |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312075340/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-kapati-weaving-a-dark-web/articleshow/118766547.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Sridevi S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave three out of five stars, stating that "Kapati is a film that gives us a reality check about how technology has progressed in both good and bad ways, and also how it is fuelling psychotic behaviour among people with mental health disorders. Kapati falls under the info-tainer genre that comes attached with thriller elements. It is indeed a fresh concept in the Kannada film industry, and is recommended to be watched in theatres."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kapati Movie Review: A thrilling sneak-peek into digital cruelty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kapati/movie-review/118766023.cms |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2025-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312070425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kapati/movie-review/118766023.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Times Now]]'' appreciated citing "''Kapati'' explores this shadowy digital world without overwhelming the audience with jargon. More than just a lesson on the Darknet, the film delivers an engaging experience"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Kapati Movie Review: Access The Darknet On The Big Screen, Which Comes Attached With A Decent Thriller |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kapati-movie-review-access-the-darknet-on-the-big-screen-which-comes-attached-with-a-decent-thriller-review-118743497 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reviewed "If you think the internet is just a tool, think again. Kapati ensures you never look at your screen the same way again".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-03-07 |title=Kapati Movie Review: A gripping journey through deceit and digital shadows |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/features/2025/Mar/07/kapati-movie-review-a-gripping-journey-through-deceit-and-digital-shadows |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308133852/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/features/2025/Mar/07/kapati-movie-review-a-gripping-journey-through-deceit-and-digital-shadows |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]

Kamlesh Gill

2026-04-20T01:48:24Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Created

{{short description|Indian actress of Hindi films (born 1937)}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamlesh Gill
| birth_place = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|4 April 1937}}
| years active = 2005–present
| occupation = [[actor]]
}}
'''Kamlesh Gill''' is an Indian actress of [[Hindi films]], best known for the films ''[[Vicky Donor]]'' (2012),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/meet-kamlesh-gill-vicky-donors-progressive-biji/251166-8-66.html |title=Meet Kamlesh Gill, Vicky Donor's progressive 'biji' |publisher=CNN-IBN |accessdate=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221094518/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/meet-kamlesh-gill-vicky-donors-progressive-biji/251166-8-66.html |archive-date=21 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' (2014) and ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014).

She was nominated for [[Screen Award for Best Comedian]] and [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Zee Cine Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance in ''[[Vicky Donor]]''.<ref name="Kamlesh Gill thanks Vicky Donor for making her famous">{{cite news |last1=Hindustan Times |title=Kamlesh Gill thanks Vicky Donor for making her famous |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kamlesh-gill-thanks-vicky-donor-for-making-her-famous/story-eevFlgxXSe6vuf9sXRY2IJ.html |access-date=2 November 2023 |date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102125154/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kamlesh-gill-thanks-vicky-donor-for-making-her-famous/story-eevFlgxXSe6vuf9sXRY2IJ.html |archive-date=2 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year !! Film !! Role(s)
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Socha Na Tha]]'' || Grandma
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!]]'' ||Old Woman
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' ||Harleen's Grandmother
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Vicky Donor]]'' || Biji<ref name="Vicky Donor's 'drinking mom' is a hit among fans">{{cite news|last1=NDTV|title=Vicky Donor's "drinking mom" is a hit among fans|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-donors-drinking-mom-is-a-hit-among-fans-624873|accessdate=2 November 2023|work=|date=5 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102124518/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-donors-drinking-mom-is-a-hit-among-fans-624873|archivedate=2 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' || Dadi
|-
| 2014 || ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' || Guest Appearance
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' || Special Appearance
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]'' ||Special Appearance
|-
| 2016-19 || ''[[The Aam Aadmi Family]]'' ||Dadi<br>(17 episodes; [[The Viral Fever|TVF]] series)
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Behen Hogi Teri]]'' ||Dadi
|-
|2018
|''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''
|Dadi
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Shimla Mirchi]]''
||Dadi
|-
|2020
|''[[Bhangra Paa Le]]''
|Nimmo's Grandmother
|-
|2020
|''[[Gul Makai]]''
|Malala's Grandmother
|-
|2020
|''[[Jawaani Jaaneman]]''
|Mrs. Malika
|-
| 2021
| ''[[The White Tiger (film)|The White Tiger]]''
|Granny
|-
|}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDB name|5010331}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Kamlesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Amlarem Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:59Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding basic stub basic info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amlarem
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 7
| map_image = Amlarem Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Lahkmen Rymbui]]
| party = {{Party index link|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:39149}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Amlarem''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]], a north east state of [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It falls under [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="election">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/amlarem.html |title= Amlarem (Meghalaya) Assembly Constituency Elections |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref> and its MLA is [[Lahkmen Rymbui]] of [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |title=Meghalaya Assembly Election 2018 Result |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Stephanson Mukhim]]<ref name="election"/>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Lahkmen Rymbui]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3694-meghalaya-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2018 - Meghalaya - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Meghalaya Assembly elections results 2023: Check full list of winners">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-results-2023-winners-list-https-indianexpress-com-article-opinion-columns-supreme-court-censure-on-renaming-games-8473818/|title=Meghalaya Assembly elections results 2023: Check full list of winners|last1=The Indian Express|date=2 March 2023|access-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220134117/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-results-2023-winners-list-https-indianexpress-com-article-opinion-columns-supreme-court-censure-on-renaming-games-8473818/|archive-date=20 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Meghalaya election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-winner-list-2023-npp-bjp-tmc-congress-candidate-list-for-meghalaya-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidates-parties-101677727601523.html|title=Meghalaya election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise|last1=Hindustan Times|date=2 March 2023|access-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220134201/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-winner-list-2023-npp-bjp-tmc-congress-candidate-list-for-meghalaya-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidates-parties-101677727601523.html|archive-date=20 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| Lahkmen Rymbui
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Amlarem<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lahkmen Rymbui]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=17,803 |percentage=49.60% |change={{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stephanson Mukhim |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=17,746 |percentage=49.44% |change={{increase}}8.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=328 |percentage=0.91% |change={{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=57 |percentage=0.16% |change= {{decrease}}8.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,895 |percentage=91.69% |change= {{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,149 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Amlarem<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lahkmen Rymbui]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=14,766 |percentage=49.53% |change={{increase}}25.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stephanson Mukhim |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=12,135 |percentage=40.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holando Lamin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,238 |percentage=4.15% |change={{decrease}}24.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riang Lenon Tariang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=867 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=469 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,631 |percentage=8.83% |change= {{increase}}4.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,810 |percentage=92.23% |change= {{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,320 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}16.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Amlarem<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Stephanson Mukhim |party=Independent politician |votes=8,297 |percentage=33.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lahkmen Rymbui]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,163 |percentage=28.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riang Lenon Tariang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,067 |percentage=24.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dunno Nongpluh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,424 |percentage=13.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,134 |percentage=4.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,951 |percentage=91.22% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,354 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[West Jaintia Hills district]]
*[[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.29|92.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:West Jaintia Hills district]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ajit Kumar Mohanty

2026-04-19T16:25:21Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding the biography v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajit Kumar Mohanty
| office1 = Director of the<br>
[[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]
| term_start1 = 12 March 2019
| term_end1 = 15 September 2023
| successor1 = Vivek Bhasin
| predecessor1 = [[Kamlesh Nilkanth Vyas]]
| office = [[Secretary to the Government of India]], [[Department of Atomic Energy|Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)]] and Chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]]
| term_start = 3 May 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Kamlesh Nilkanth Vyas]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|10|11}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]]
| awards =
| image = Ajit Kumar Mohanty.jpg
}}

'''Ajit Kumar Mohanty''' (born 11 October 1959) is an [[India]]n [[Nuclear physics|nuclear physicist]] currently serving as [[Secretary to the Government of India]], [[Department of Atomic Energy|Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)]] and Chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Ajit Kumar Mohanty, Chairman, AEC & Secretary DAE {{!}} Department Of Atomic Energy {{!}} India |url=https://dae.gov.in/dr-ajit-kumar-mohanty-chairman-aec-secretary-dae/#:~:text=AEC%20&%20Secretary%20DAE-,Dr.,Wednesday,%20May%203,%202023. |access-date=2024-09-25 |language=en}}</ref> Previously, he served as the Director of the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) from March 2019 till September 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-01 |title=Odia physicist Ajit Kumar Mohanty new chairman of Atomic Energy Commission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odia-physicist-new-chairman-of-atomic-energy-commission/articleshow/99887540.cms |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He has made contributions to several areas of nuclear physics covering collision energy from the sub-Coulomb barrier to the relativistic regime using the Pelletron accelerator at [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), [[PHENIX]], and [[Compact Muon Solenoid|CMS]] experiments at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] (BNL), [[United States|USA]] and [[CERN]], Geneva.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Shri Vivek Bhasin, Director, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre |url=https://www.barc.gov.in/leaders/index.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.barc.gov.in}}</ref>

He held several honorary positions at various organizations. He served the Indian Physics Association (IPA) as General Secretary and later as its president. He had been the Spokesperson for India-[[Compact Muon Solenoid|CMS]] collaboration, Director, [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]], and Director, Physics Group, [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]]. He has twice been the [[CERN]] Scientific Associate, first during 2002-2004 and again during 2010–2011.<ref name=":2" />

== Education and career ==
He completed his undergraduate studies in 1979, earning a degree with Honours in Physics from MPC College of [[Baripada]]. He pursued his postgraduate studies at [[Ravenshaw University|Ravenshaw College, Cuttack]] in 1981. He joined the Nuclear Physics Division at the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) in 1983. He later obtained his doctorate from [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]].<ref name=":0" /> As of September 2024, he has h-index of 227 and have more than 243,000 citations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A K Mohanty |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=W5IHf-4AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AK Mohanty - AD Scientific Index 2025 |url=https://www.adscientificindex.com/scientist/ak-mohanty/4974621 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.adscientificindex.com}}</ref>

== Awards ==
He received the Young Physicist Award from the [[Indian Physical Society]] in 1988, the [[Indian National Science Academy]] Young Scientist Award in 1991, and the Homi Bhabha Science and Technology Award from the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] in 2001. In 2021, he was conferred an Honorary Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt.) Honoris Causa by [[Utkal University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Meet The Secretary {{!}} Department Of Atomic Energy {{!}} India |url=https://dae.gov.in/meet-the-secretary/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=Nuclear power to play greater role in India's energy mix: AEC chairman Ajit Mohanty - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/nuclear-power-to-play-greater-role-in-indias-energy-mix-aec-chairman-ajit-mohanty/113442124 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-04-30 |title=Odia physicist Ajit Mohanty appointed as atomic energy secretary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/Apr/30/odia-physicist-ajit-mohanty-appointed-as-atomic-energy-secretary-2570839.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is a fellow of [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]] and Indian National Academy of Engineering of India.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Ajit Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian nuclear physicists]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mushtaq Bukhari

2026-04-16T05:14:15Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding first info more to come...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mushtaq Bukhari
| office = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Surankote Assembly constituency|Surankote]]
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2008
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Vice Chairman of Pahari Advisory Board
| term_start2 = 2010
| term_end2 = 2013
| office3 = [[Cabinet Minister]] for Social Welfare, [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024)
| other_party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (until 2022)
| birth_date = c. 1949
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|10|2|1949}}
| death_place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Syed Mushtaq Ahmad Shah Bukhari''' was an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="0:1">{{cite news |last1=Sehran |first1=Sohil |title=Jammu and Kashmir assembly elections: Who is Mushtaq Bukhari? BJP compares him to Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-elections-who-is-mushtaq-bukhari-bjp-compares-him-to-mahatma-gandhi-and-nelson-mandela-101726388656486.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> He represented the [[Surankote Assembly constituency]] in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] and served two terms, winning elections in 1996 and 2002.<ref name="0:2">{{cite news |last1=Bhargav |first1=Sumit |title=Former minister Mushtaq Bukhari passes away |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/former-minister-mushtaq-bukhari-passes-away/ |publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]] |date=October 3, 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mushtaq Bukhari served as a [[cabinet minister]] in the state government with the Social Welfare Department portfolio.<ref name="0:2"/> He was also appointed as the Vice Chairman of the Jammu & Kashmir Advisory Board for the Development of Pahari Speaking People from 2010 to 2013,<ref>{{cite web |title=List Of Hon'ble Vice Chairman |url=https://www.jkpahariboard.org/formervc.php}}</ref> where he worked on issues related to the [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Pahari]]-speaking population. He was affiliated with the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] for nearly four decades. In February 2022, he resigned from the party following differences with the leadership regarding the demand for [[Scheduled Tribe]] (ST) status for the Pahari community.<ref name="0:1"/>

Bukhari was recognised as a religious figure within the Muslim community and was referred to as Peer Sahab. He had influence among the Pahari community, which has a presence in [[Rajouri]], [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]], [[Baramulla]], and [[Kupwara]] districts.<ref name="0:1"/>

In February 2024, he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khajuria |first1=Ravi Krishan |title=Jammu's Pahari leader Syed Mushtaq Bukhari joins BJP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jammus-pahari-leader-syed-mushtaq-bukhari-joins-bjp-101708032914514.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> and contested the 2024 Assembly elections from the Surankote constituency, where he lost.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mushtaq Ahmed Shah Bukhari - Surankote - Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-and-kashmir/surankote-constituency/candidate-list/mushtaq-ahmed-shah-bukhari |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=2024}}</ref> He died on 2 October 2024 after a prolonged illness at the age of 75.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khajuria |first1=Sanjay |title=BJP's Surankote candidate dies of heart attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjps-surankote-candidate-dies-of-heart-attack/articleshow/113885395.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=October 3, 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bukhari, Mushtaq}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1996–2002]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim politicians]]
[[Category:People from Poonch District, India]]

Tosham Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:03Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Starting basic article first draft!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Tosham
|type= SLA
| map_image = Tosham Assembly constituency map.svg

|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|mla = [[Shruti Choudhry]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata party ]]
|alliance = 
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|region =
|state = [[Haryana]]
|district = [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani-Mahendragarh]]
|constituency_no = 58
|established = 1967 
| electors = 2,22,757
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''[[Tosham]]''' Assembly constituency is one of the 90 [[Haryana Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (State Assembly) constituencies in [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/AC%20Distwise.pdf|title=District Wise Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana website|accessdate=15 March 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163531/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/AC%20Distwise.pdf|archivedate=21 July 2011}}</ref>

==Overview==
Tosham (constituency number 58) is one of the 6 Assembly constituencies located in [[Bhiwani district]].<ref name="ceo1"/> This constituency covers the entire Tosham [[tehsil]] and part of Bhiwani tehsil.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=153, 157}}</ref>

Tosham is part of [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani-Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with eight other Assembly segments, namely, [[Loharu Assembly constituency|Loharu]], [[Badhra Assembly constituency|Badhra]], [[Dadri (Haryana Assembly constituency)|Dadri]] and [[Bhiwani Assembly constituency|Bhiwani]] in this district and [[Ateli Assembly constituency|Ateli]], [[Mahendragarh Assembly constituency|Mahendragarh]], [[Narnaul Assembly constituency|Narnaul]] and [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhry]] in [[Mahendragarh district]].<ref name="eci1"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ch. Jagan Nath Badagar
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}} <ref>Election Commission of India, results, 1962 elections</ref>
|-
|[[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bansi Lal|Chaudhary Bansi Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2|[[Surender Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1986^
|[[Bansi Lal|Ch. Bansi Lal]]
|-
|[[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| colspan="4" |''Election annulled''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/bjps-dharambir-wins-bhiwani-mahendergarh-seat/articleshow/69472017.cms|title = BJP's Dharambir wins Bhiwani-Mahendergarh seat | Chandigarh News - Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bansi Lal|Ch. Bansi Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Surender Singh]]
|-
|2005^
|rowspan=4|[[Kiran Choudhry]]
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Shruti Choudhry]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
^By election

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shruti Choudhry]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=76,414 |percentage=47.55% |change={{increase}}10.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anirudh Chaudhry]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,157 |percentage=38.68% |change={{decrease}}11.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Ranjan Parmar |party=Independent politician |votes=15,859 |percentage=9.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Bhardwaj |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=2,175 |percentage=1.35% |change={{decrease}}3.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,645 |percentage=1.02% |change={{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=490 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,257 |percentage=8.87% |change= {{decrease}}3.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,60,692 |percentage=72.57% |change= {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,22,757 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2019"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kiran Choudhry]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=72,699 |percentage=49.72 |change={{increase}}11.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Ranjan Parmar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=54,640 |percentage=37.37|change={{increase}}36.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sita Ram |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=7,522 |percentage=5.14 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Lara |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,513 |percentage=3.09 |change={{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla Rani |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=2,094 |percentage=1.43 |change={{decrease}}23.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Hindustani |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=865 |percentage=0.59 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,059 |percentage=12.35 |change={{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,46,204 |percentage=69.93 |change= {{decrease}}11.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,09,063 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2019"/>

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2014"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kiran Choudhry]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=58,218 |percentage=38.46 |change={{decrease}}19.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla Rani |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=38,477 |percentage=25.42 |change={{increase}}10.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajbir Singgh Lala |party=Independent politician |votes=38,427 |percentage=25.39 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Pal Tanwar |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=5,907 |percentage=3.90 |change={{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Bhagwan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,971 |percentage=1.30 |change={{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gunpal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,822 |percentage=1.20 |change={{decrease}}2.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,741 |percentage=13.04 |change= {{decrease}}29.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,51,357 |percentage=81.39 |change= {{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,85,970 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2014"/>

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2009"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham<ref name="ceo2">{{cite web |title=General Elections to Haryana Assembly 2009 (11th Vidhan Sabha) |url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/Gist%20_HVS_2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163619/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/Gist%20_HVS_2009.pdf |archivedate=21 July 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kiran Choudhry]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,290 |percentage=57.63 |change={{decrease}}41.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Col. Gajraj Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=16,183 |percentage=14.97 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Singh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=14,233 |percentage=13.17 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Lara |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,369 |percentage=7.74 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meena Kumari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,460 |percentage=3.20 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,107 |percentage=42.66 |change= {{decrease}}56.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,08,088 |percentage=68.19 |change= {{decrease}}20.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,58,501 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}41.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2009"/>

===Assembly By-election 2005===
 <section begin="Assembly By-election 2005"/>
{{Election box begin|title= 2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election: Tosham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kiran Choudhry]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,25,858 |percentage=99.36 |change={{increase}}45.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangal Singh Khreta |party=Independent politician |votes=338 |percentage=0.27 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra |party=Independent politician |votes=208 |percentage=0.16 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,25,520 |percentage=99.09 |change= {{increase}}77.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,26,674 |percentage=88.82 |change= {{increase}}14.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,42,617 |ref = |change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly By-election 2005"/>

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,480 |percentage=53.97% |change={{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar Lamba |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=34,868 |percentage=32.74% |change={{increase}}18.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Col. Mangal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,985 |percentage=4.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dayal |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=3,140 |percentage=2.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,254 |percentage=2.12% |change={{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,057 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan |party=Lok Dal |votes=645 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,612 |percentage=21.23% |change= {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,06,509 |percentage=74.68% |change= {{decrease}}2.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,42,617 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary|Dharambir]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,132 |percentage=52.24% |change={{increase}}13.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=28,335 |percentage=30.13% |change={{decrease}}23.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Lamba |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=12,991 |percentage=13.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=897 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup |party=Independent politician |votes=672 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramehar |party=Independent politician |votes=572 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,797 |percentage=22.11% |change= {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,052 |percentage=76.74% |change= {{increase}}4.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,641 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bansi Lal]] |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=47,274 |percentage=53.60% |change={{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary|Dharambir]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,472 |percentage=39.09% |change={{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder |party=Samata Party |votes=2,685 |percentage=3.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh |party=Janata Dal |votes=647 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=507 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,802 |percentage=14.52% |change= {{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,194 |percentage=74.29% |change= {{increase}}8.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,829 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bansi Lal]] |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=38,272 |percentage=55.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary|Dharambir]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,507 |percentage=36.72% |change={{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Nanu Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=1,735 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhpal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,513 |percentage=2.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=552 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,765 |percentage=18.38% |change= {{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,463 |percentage=65.03% |change= {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,549 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary|Dharambir]] |party=Lokdal |votes=32,547 |percentage=49.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bansi Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,361 |percentage=46.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=772 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=333 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,186 |percentage=3.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,743 |percentage=69.71% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,898 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1986 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1986 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Tosham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bansi Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=81,298 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup |party=Independent politician |votes=479 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=330 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=211 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=80,819 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,283 |percentage=60.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Lokdal |votes=7,655 |percentage=13.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup |party=Independent politician |votes=7,145 |percentage=13.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,750 |percentage=5.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagbir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,399 |percentage=2.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhanwar Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=1,078 |percentage=1.97% |change={{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Har Karan |party=Independent politician |votes=557 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,628 |percentage=46.84% |change= {{increase}}42.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,711 |percentage=66.63% |change= {{decrease}}4.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,407 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=SUNDER SINGH
|party=Independent politician |votes=23,814 |percentage=49.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jangbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=21,640 |percentage=44.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhanwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,073 |percentage=2.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Dayal |party=Independent politician |votes=560 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balvir Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=458 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjan Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=402 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=292 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,174 |percentage=4.48% |change= {{decrease}}42.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,576 |percentage=70.61% |change= {{decrease}}3.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,564 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}22.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bansi Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,934 |percentage=71.17% |change={{increase}}41.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=10,440 |percentage=24.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gigrai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,391 |percentage=3.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=697 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,494 |percentage=47.15% |change= {{increase}}43.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,462 |percentage=75.09% |change= {{increase}}16.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,599 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}41.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bansi Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,109 |percentage=29.94% |change={{increase}}29.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jangbir Singh |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=7,860 |percentage=25.84% |change={{increase}}25.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deva Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=6,090 |percentage=20.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagam Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=4,326 |percentage=14.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banwari Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,790 |percentage=9.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehatab |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=0.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,249 |percentage=4.11% |change= {{decrease}}11.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,423 |percentage=58.01% |change= {{decrease}}8.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,932 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tosham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bansi Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,511 |percentage=33.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. R. D. Ram |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=6,142 |percentage=18.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,758 |percentage=17.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjan Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,732 |percentage=11.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sultan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,766 |percentage=8.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,743 |percentage=5.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,160 |percentage=3.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=402 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=210 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parbhati |party=Independent politician |votes=208 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,369 |percentage=15.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,875 |percentage=68.72% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,278 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tosham]]
* [[Tosham rock inscription]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Bhiwani district topics}}
{{coord|28.87|75.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Bhiwani district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Shanti Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:36:03Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Starting the data added tags!

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Shanti Nagar
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 163
| map_image = 163-Shanti Nagar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[N. A. Haris]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|preceded_by = S. Raghu
|district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Central]]
|established = 1966
|electors = {{formatnum:220880}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = None
}}

'''Shanti Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 9, 2017}}</ref> The Prominent leaders of this area are [[N. A. Haris]] of [[Indian National Congress]] & Former Mayor of Bengaluru City (2019-20), [[M Goutham Kumar]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. Nanjappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. R. Sreenivasulu Nayudu
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || P. K. Ranganathan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || P. D. Govinda Raj || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || C. Kannan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || M. Muniswamy
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || D. G. Hemavathy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || M. Muniswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[S. Raghu]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[N. A. Haris]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{Cite web | title=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10163.htm?ac=163 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602053731/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10163.htm?ac=163 | access-date=2025-01-02 | archive-date=2023-06-02}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. A. Haris]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,030 |percentage = 50.87% |change = {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Shivakumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,905 |percentage = 44.93% |change = {{increase}}10.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mathai. K |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,604 |percentage = 1.34% |change = {{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,483 |percentage = 1.24% |change = {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Manjunath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 825 |percentage = 0.69% |change = {{decrease}}10.49 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,125 |percentage = 5.94% |change = {{decrease}}9.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,022 |percentage = 54.34% |change = {{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,970}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,880 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. A. Haris]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,009 |percentage = 49.42% |change = {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Vasudevamurthy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,804 |percentage = 34.43% |change = {{increase}}24.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. R. Sridhar Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 13,569 |percentage = 11.18% |change = {{decrease}}19.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Renuka Vishwanathan |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 2,658 |percentage = 2.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,386 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,205 |percentage = 14.99% |change = {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,421 |percentage = 53.72% |change = {{decrease}}4.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 121,420}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,046 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. A. Haris]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,342 |percentage = 49.03% |change = {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Vasudevamurthy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 34,155 |percentage = 30.82% |change = {{increase}}26.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Venkateshmurthy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,930 |percentage = 9.86% |change = {{decrease}}25.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. V. Ramesh Yadav |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 911 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhu Bosco |party = National People's Party |votes = 873 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,187 |percentage = 18.21% |change = {{increase}}1.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,734 |percentage = 57.80% |change = {{increase}}13.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,828}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,474 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. A. Haris]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,423 |percentage = 52.35% |change = {{increase}}11.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. U. Mallikarjuna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,626 |percentage = 35.32% |change = {{decrease}}10.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Francis Jackson |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,561 |percentage = 4.39% |change = {{decrease}}7.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Narasimharaj |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,295 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. A. Pugazhendi |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 1,256 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Muniswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,170 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Rajendra |party = Independent politician |votes = 582 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhu Bosco |party = Independent politician |votes = 496 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,797 |percentage = 17.03% |change = {{increase}}12.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,420 |percentage = 44.25% |change = {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,039}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,981 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Raghu]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,483 |percentage = 45.33% |change = {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Muniswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,005 |percentage = 40.62% |change = {{decrease}}5.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sreedharan. B. G |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,707 |percentage = 11.79% |change = {{increase}}8.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Chandrashekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 565 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,478 |percentage = 4.71% |change = {{decrease}}4.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,880 |percentage = 42.79% |change = {{decrease}}5.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,870}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,657 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.26 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Muniswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,751 |percentage = 45.89% |change = {{increase}}15.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Raghu]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,418 |percentage = 36.48% |change = {{increase}}14.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. G. Hemavathy |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 9,393 |percentage = 12.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Boraiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,674 |percentage = 3.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Chandrashekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 863 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Vijayakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 546 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,333 |percentage = 9.41% |change = {{increase}}8.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,910 |percentage = 48.40% |change = {{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,910}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,965 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. G. Hemavathy |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,722 |percentage = 31.29% |change = {{increase}}5.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Muniswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,001 |percentage = 30.25% |change = {{decrease}}30.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Shivaram |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,092 |percentage = 21.74% |change = {{increase}}20.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Kannan |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,185 |percentage = 11.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chinnaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,314 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Archana |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 700 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Thambideva |party = Independent politician |votes = 507 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 721 |percentage = 1.04% |change = {{decrease}}34.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,513 |percentage = 50.22% |change = {{decrease}}2.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,416}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,088 |percentage = 1.54% |change = {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,396 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.08 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}29.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Muniswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,828 |percentage = 61.16% |change = {{increase}}20.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. G. Hemavathy |party = Janata Dal |votes = 17,788 |percentage = 25.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. K. Kuppuraj |party = Janata Party |votes = 6,165 |percentage = 8.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Muddaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,175 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Gurulingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 976 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Govindaraju |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 650 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,040 |percentage = 35.76% |change = {{increase}}28.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,379 |percentage = 53.14% |change = {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,027}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,352 |percentage = 3.25% |change = {{increase}}2.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,204 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}20.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Kannan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,090 |percentage = 40.85% |change = {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. G. Hemavathy |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,598 |percentage = 33.75% |change = {{decrease}}26.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. K. Kuppuraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,924 |percentage = 16.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. M. Sampangiramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,722 |percentage = 5.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Cholan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,708 |percentage = 3.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,492 |percentage = 7.10% |change = {{decrease}}21.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,672 |percentage = 49.46% |change = {{decrease}}7.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,176}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 496 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,424 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.75 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}19.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. D. Govinda Raj |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,404 |percentage = 59.90% |change = {{increase}}26.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. K. Ranganathan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,142 |percentage = 30.85% |change = {{increase}}28.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Kanagarajan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,930 |percentage = 3.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Ramanuja |party = Independent politician |votes = 837 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rama Murty. N |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 836 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 478 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Krishna Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 462 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,262 |percentage = 29.05% |change = {{increase}}21.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,173 |percentage = 56.68% |change = {{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,089}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 84 |percentage = 0.17% |change = {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,762 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.75 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}19.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. K. Ranganathan |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,851 |percentage = 40.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindaraja. P. D |party = Janata Party |votes = 14,511 |percentage = 33.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. K. Kuppuraj |party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 5,397 |percentage = 12.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandyan. M |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 4,105 |percentage = 9.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kempamma. T |party = Independent politician |votes = 943 |percentage = 2.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharmalingam. A. M |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 855 |percentage = 1.95% |change = {{decrease}}39.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,340 |percentage = 7.63% |change = {{decrease}}3.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,651 |percentage = 61.63% |change = {{increase}}13.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,771}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 880 |percentage = 1.97% |change = {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,452 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Sreenivasulu Nayudu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,346 |percentage = 41.53% |change = {{increase}}8.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Shivashankara |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,342 |percentage = 29.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. K. Ranganathan |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,892 |percentage = 14.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Nanjappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 4,083 |percentage = 11.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Devarajan |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 712 |percentage = 2.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,004 |percentage = 11.59% |change = {{increase}}10.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,280 |percentage = 48.53% |change = {{decrease}}4.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,540}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,699 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shanti Nagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Nanjappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,345 |percentage = 32.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Nanjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,898 |percentage = 31.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. K. Ranganathan |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,806 |percentage = 19.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Anatha Krishna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 4,770 |percentage = 13.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. K. Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 686 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 447 |percentage = 1.30% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,753 |percentage = 52.86% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,505}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,633 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.96|77.60|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Mysore State]]

Anwaruddin Khan

2026-04-14T14:51:06Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding first details added tags - done

{{Short description|Nawab of the Carnatic from 1744 to 1749}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox noble
| name = Anwaruddin Khan
| title = [[Nawab]]
| image =
| caption =
| CoA =
| succession = [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of the Carnatic]]
| reign = 1744 – 3 August 1749
| tenure =
| full name = Muhammad Khan-i-Jahan Anwar rud-din Khan
| birth_name = Anwaruddin
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1672}}
| birth_place = [[Gopamau]], [[Hardoi district]], [[Awadh]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1749|8|3|1672|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ambur]], [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| predecessor = [[Saadatullah Khan II]]
| successor = [[Chanda Sahib]] <br>[[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]]
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| religion =
| signature =
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Carnatic Sultanate]]
| branch = [[Nawab of Arcot]]
| rank = [[Faujdar]], [[Subedar]], [[Ispahsalar]], [[Wali]]
| battles = [[Carnatic Wars]]
}}
}}
[[File:Death of the Nabob of the Carnatic by Paul Philippoteaux.jpg|thumb|Death of the Nabob of the Carnatic in a battle against the French in 1749, by [[Paul Philippoteaux]] ]]

'''Anwaruddin Khan''' (1672 – 3 August 1749), also known as '''Muhammad Anwaruddin''', was the first [[Nawab of Arcot]] of the second dynasty. He belonged to a family of [[Shaikhs of Uttar Pradesh|Qannauji Sheikhs]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-1FAQAAIAAJ&q=kanauji |title= Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Muzaffarnagar |page=42 |publisher= Government of Uttar Pradesh |date=1988 }}</ref> He was a major figure during the first two [[Carnatic Wars]].
He was also [[Subedar]] of [[Thatta]] from 1721–1733.

==Life==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
Nawab Anwaruddin Khan was born at [[Gopamau]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newabs |url=https://princeofarcot.org/nawabs.html#7th |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Prince of Arcot}}</ref> a place in the [[Hardoi district]] of [[Awadh]], in 1672. He was the son of Haji Muhammad Anwar ud-din Khan.

His official name at the height of his power was ''Amin us-Sultanat, Siraj ud-Daula, Nawab Haji Muhammad Jan-i-Jahan Anwar ud-din Khan Bahadur, Shahamat Jang, Subadar of the Carnatic''.

He went to [[Delhi]] and enlisted in the imperial army and soon rose to a high position. He was the Yameen-us-Sultanat (right-hand man) of [[Asaf Jah I]] (a.k.a. Nizam-ul-Mulk, Mir Qmar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi), the first [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].

He was also the Governor of [[Eloore]] and [[Rajamundry]] after 1725, Minister of [[Hyderabad]], [[Faujdar]] of [[Korah]] and [[Jehanabad|Jahanabad]]. He was granted the titles of Anwar ud-din Khan Bahadur by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] 'Alamgir, Shahamat Jang by Emperor [[Shah Alam I]], and Siraj ud-Daula by Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]]. He was sometimes Naib-wazir of the Empire, Faujdar of [[Srikakulam]], [[Rajamahendravaram]] and [[Machlipatnam]] in 1724 and Nazim of Hyderabad from 1725–1743.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

Muhammad Anwaruddin was appointed to Faujdar of Chicacole, Naib Subadar and [[regent]] of the Carnatic during the minority of [[Saadatullah Khan II]] on 28 March 1744. After the death of, Anwaruddin was appointed by the nizam as his representative and [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] in July 1744. Thus he became the founder of the Second Dynasty of the Nawab of the Carnatic. Anwaruddin maintaining a cordial relationship with the [[East India Company]] would come into conflict with the [[France|French]] after the death of Nizam-ul-Mulk in 1748.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

In 1746, the French and the English fought to achieve supremacy over each other in India in the [[First Carnatic War]]. The [[Carnatic region]] became the arena of their action.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

In 1746, the French [[Battle of Madras|captured]] the British post at [[Madras]], and threatened but were unable to take that at [[Cuddalore]]. Muhammad Anwaruddin had warned both parties against attacking each other, but the French had disregarded his warning, and [[Joseph François Dupleix]], the French governor-general, had placated him by offering him Madras.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

However, after its capture, Dupleix rescinded the offer, and Muhammad Anwarudding sought to capture it from them. He sent an army of 10,000 men under his son Mahfuz Khan. They fought against the 300-man French force in the [[Battle of Adyar]] on the banks of the [[Adyar River]], and lost.<ref>{{cite book|author=D.P. Ramachandran|title=Empire's First Soldiers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q7EiZmcMPMC&pg=PA1|year=2008|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-0-9796174-7-8|page=1}}</ref> The decisive French victory demonstrated the effectiveness of well-trained European forces in combating poorly trained Indian troops.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

Muhammad Anwaruddin received overtures for support from both from the English and the French, but supported the English. The French wanted to reduce the growing influence of the English in the Carnatic, so they supported Husayn Dost Khan, alias [[Chanda Sahib]], as the rightful Nawab of the Carnatic against Muhammad Anwaruddin.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

While the British and the French supported their respective candidates for the Nawabship, they also took sides in the conflict over succession to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. After the death of Nizam-ul-Mulk in 1748, there arose a rivalry between [[Nasir Jung]], his second son, and [[Muzaffar Jang]], his grandson. Muzaffar Jang came to the south with a strong force and allied himself with Chanda Sahib and the French.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

The aging Nawab Muhammad Anwaruddin, supported by the English, met the French army at [[Ambur]] on 3 August 1749 and was killed in [[Battle of Ambur|the battle]] at the age of 77. He was mentioned as the oldest soldier to die on battlefield in "Ripley's Believe It or Not," although erroneously described as 107 years old at the time. Ripley stated that the Nawab died of gunshot wounds but that has not been independently verified.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Carnatic Wars]]
*[[Nawab]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef| rows = 2 | before = [[Saadatullah Khan II]] }}
{{s-ttl| rows= 2| title = [[Nawab of the Carnatic]]
| years = July 1744 – 3 August 1749 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Chanda Sahib]] <br />(Recognised by the French) }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]] <br />(Recognised by the British) }}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan}}
[[Category:1672 births]]
[[Category:1749 deaths]]
[[Category:Nawabs of the Carnatic]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:People from Hardoi]]

Muktsar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:49Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding some info w/ infobox

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sri Muktsar Sahib
| map_image = 86-Muktsar.svg
| mla = [[Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:188889}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 86
| established = 1951
}}
'''Sri Muktsar Sahib Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 86) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|access-date= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archive-date= 23 April 2016}}</ref> Since 2022, [[Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar]] of [[Aam Aadmi Party]] is the MLA.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muktsar gets ruling party MLA after 2 decades |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/muktsar-gets-ruling-party-mla-after-2-decades-377293 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

== List of MLAs ==
Chronological list of members of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/muktsar.html|title=Elections in India - Sri Muktsar Sahib, Punjab|access-date=6 Feb 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center"
!Election Year
! Name
! width=75|Portrait
!Political party<br /><small>(Alliance)</small>
|- align="center"
| 1951
| Bhag Singh
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|- align="center"
| 1957
| rowspan="2" | Harcharan Singh
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="4px" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|- align="center"
|1962
|- align="center"
|1967
|Guruev Singh
|bgcolor=“{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}” |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|- align="center"
| 1972
| Ujagar Singh
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="4px" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|- align="center"
| 1977
| Kanwarjit Singh
|- align="center"
|1980
|[[Harchand Singh Brar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" width="4px" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|- align="center"
| 1985
|[[Gurbinder Kaur Brar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="4px" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|- align="center"
|1987
|[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
|
|[[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
|- align=center
|1992
|[[Harcharan Singh Brar|Harcharan Singh]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|- align=center
|1997
|[[Harnirpal Singh]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|- align=center
|2002
|Sukhdarshan Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" width="4px" |
|Independent
|- align="center"
|2007
|[[Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar|Kanwarjit Singh]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="4px" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|- align="center"
|2012
|Karan Kaur
|- align="center"
|2017
|[[Kanwarjit Singh Rozy Barkandi|Kanwarjit Singh Barkandi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022 Assembly election]]: Sri Muktsar Sahib }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|votes=76,321|percentage=51.09|change={{increase}}28.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Kanwarjit Singh Rozy Barkandi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SAD Candidates List For Punjab Assembly Election |url=https://www.oneindia.com/sad-candidates-list-for-punjab-assembly-election/ |website=Oneindia}}</ref>|votes=42,127|percentage=28.20|change={{decrease}}2.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Karan Kaur Brar<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>|votes=14,290|percentage=9.57|change={{decrease}}15.53}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rajesh Pathela<ref>{{cite web |title=BJP Candidate List for Punjab Assembly Election |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bjp-candidates-list-for-punjab-assembly-election/ |website=Oneindia}}</ref>|votes=10,634|percentage=7.2|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:34194}}
|percentage = 22.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:149390}}
|percentage = 78.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:189274}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }} {{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Assembly Election, 2017]]: Sri Muktsar Sahib<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Kanwarjit Singh Rozy Barkandi]]|votes={{formatnum:44894}}|percentage=30.5|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karan Kaur|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:36914}}|percentage=25.10|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar]]|votes={{formatnum:33201}}|percentage=22.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Sukhdarshan Singh Mrar|votes={{formatnum:28204}}|percentage=19.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes={{formatnum:858}}|percentage=0.5|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:7980}}|percentage=5.5|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:146226}}|percentage=83.5|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:176112}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]
*[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.47|74.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Anne Warner (Australian politician)

2026-04-07T01:15:52Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding some biography initial version - done

{{short description|Australian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Anne Warner (New Hampshire politician)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name = Anne Warner
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|AM}}
| image = Anne_Warner_2016.jpg
| constituency_AM1 = [[Electoral district of Kurilpa|Kurilpa]]
| assembly1 = Queensland Legislative
| term_start1 = 22 October 1983
| term_end1 = 1 November 1986
| predecessor1 = [[Sam Doumany]]
| successor1 = Seat abolished
| constituency_AM2 = [[Electoral district of South Brisbane|South Brisbane]]
| assembly2 = Queensland Legislative
| term_start2 = 1 November 1986
| term_end2 = 15 July 1995
| predecessor2 = [[Jim Fouras]]
| successor2 = [[Anna Bligh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|12|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| birth_name = Anne Marie Warner
| party = [[Australian Labor Party (Queensland Branch)|Labor]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| occupation = [[Union organiser]]
| relations =
}}

'''Anne Marie Warner''' {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AM}} (born 5 December 1945) is an Australian former politician who served in the [[Queensland Legislative Assembly]] from 1983 to 1995. She was a government minister under [[Wayne Goss]] from 1989 to 1995.

==Early life==
Warner was born in [[Lucknow]], [[India]],<ref name=qp>{{cite web|title=Former Members|publisher=[[Parliament of Queensland]]|year=2015|url=http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=450|accessdate=19 January 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119104813/http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=450|archivedate=19 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and is of [[Anglo-Indian]] descent.<ref>James Jupp, 2001, ''The Australian People: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins'', Melbourne, Cambridge University Press, pp. 438.</ref> She was a social welfare union organiser before entering politics.

==Political career==
Warner was elected to the [[Legislative Assembly of Queensland]] for [[Electoral district of Kurilpa|Kurilpa]] in 1983, and for [[Electoral district of South Brisbane|South Brisbane]] in 1986. She was Minister for Family Services and Minister for Aboriginal and Islander Affairs in the [[Australian Labor Party (Queensland Branch)|Labor Party]] government of [[Wayne Goss]] from 1989 until her retirement in 1995.<ref name=qp/> Her party activity included being a branch President and President of her Electorate Executive, a State Conference delegate and Convenor of the Women's Policy Committee. Warner is married and has three children.<ref name=qp/>

During Warner's six years in opposition, she spoke vociferously on a wide range of issues including civil rights, education, government maladministration, corruption, and child welfare.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} Throughout her parliamentary career she showed great concern for minority groups and women, especially disadvantaged women, and their right to be free from any sort of discrimination.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au-qld}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Sam Doumany]]}}
{{s-ttl |title = Member for [[Electoral district of Kurilpa|Kurilpa]]|years=1983–1986}}
{{s-non|reason=Abolished}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jim Fouras]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member for [[Electoral district of South Brisbane|South Brisbane]]|years=1986–1995}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Anna Bligh]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warner, Anne}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Australian people of Anglo-Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Queensland]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Australia]]
[[Category:Women members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Australian politicians of Indian descent]]

{{Australia-Labor-Queensland-MP-stub}}

Anantapur Urban mandal

2026-04-06T02:46:32Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding some info first draft - done

{{one source|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anantapur Urban mandal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.68|N|77.60|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapuramu]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapuramu]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Anantapur Urban mandal''' is a [[mandal]] in [[Anantapur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is administered under [[Anantapuramu revenue division]] and its headquarters are located at [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]]. It is formed on 8 May 2023 by dividing Anantapur mandal into Anantapur Urban and [[Anantapur Rural mandal|Anantapur Rural]] mandals.<ref name="division">{{Cite web |title=Bifurcation of Anantapuram mandal |url=https://apegazette.cgg.gov.in/uploadGazette_view?filePath=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2FwZWdhemV0dGUuY2dnLmdvdi5pbi9zZWFyY2hBbGxHYXpldHRlcyIsImlhdCI6MTc3Mjg4MjY0Mywic3ViIjoiL1VwbG9hZHMvQVBHQVpFVFRFL2dhemV0dGVzLzE2ODM1NTAzMzI3MDAucGRmIn0.8p4-uZM9xIQsNlzqFrOXTO5mAxqclsAkg3hKU0S3NgU |date=2023-05-08 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=AP Gazette}}</ref>
== Towns and villages ==
The mandal consists of the following.<ref name="division"/>

# Anantapur Municipal Corporation (consisting 28- Rev. Wards With 74 Ward Sachivalayams)
# A.Narayanapuramu
# Anantapur Village
# Kakkalapalli (Part i.e., Rudrampeta Grama Panchyat)
# [[Papampeta]]-Part

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Anantapur district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Anantapur district]]

Mendi Rang Lagyo

2026-04-04T16:20:31Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding basic post nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mendi Rang Lagyo poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| name = Mendi Rang Lagyo
| director = [[Manhar Raskapur]]
| producer = Bipin Gajjar
| writer = [[Chaturbhuj Doshi]]
| cinematography = Bipin Gajjar
| music = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1960}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
}}

'''''Mendi Rang Lagyo''''' is a 1960 Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-language romantic film directed by [[Manhar Raskapur]] starring [[Rajendra Kumar]] and [[Usha Kiran]].<ref name=":RH1995"/> It is particularly remembered for its soundtrack by Gujarati music composer [[Avinash Vyas]] featuring songs sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Manna Dey]] and [[Mahendra Kapoor]].<ref name="indiancine">{{cite web|url=http://indiancine.ma/JPG/info|title=Mehndi Rang Lagyo (Manhar Raskapur) 1960 – Indiancine.ma |publisher=indiancine.ma|accessdate=2015-08-28}}</ref><ref name=":RH1995"/> The film was produced by Bipin Gajjar and written by Chaturbhuj Doshi.

== Cast ==
The principal cast is as follows:<ref name=":RH1995">{{cite book |last1=Raghuvasnhi |first1=Harish |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ ગીતકોશ (૧૯૩૨ – ૧૯૯૪)|trans-title=Gujarati Film Geet Kosh (1932 – 1994) |date=March 1995 |publisher=Harish Raghuvanshi |location=Surat |page=53 |edition=First}}</ref>
* [[Rajendra Kumar]]
* [[Usha Kiran]]
* [[Upendra Trivedi]]
* Chandravadan Bhatt
* [[Satish Vyas (actor)|Satish Vyas]]
* Keshav
* Toral Divetia
* Kiran Lal
* [[Chandrakant Sangani]]
* [[Honey Chhaya]]
* Jayesh Desai
* B. M. Vyas
* Bhimjibhai
* Narayan Ragjor
* Jaya Bhatt
* Niharika Divetia
* Madan Saigal
* Mamta Bhatt
* Nitin Shah
* [[Upendra Trivedi]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Harish |title=મેંદી રંગ લાગ્યો |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%e0%aa%ae%e0%ab%87%e0%aa%82%e0%aa%a6%e0%ab%80-%e0%aa%b0%e0%aa%82%e0%aa%97-%e0%aa%b2%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%97%e0%ab%8d%e0%aa%af%e0%ab%8b/ |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's music was composed by [[Avinash Vyas]], and features songs sung by famous [[Bollywood]] singers like [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Mahendra Kapoor]]. The ''[[Garba (dance)|Garba]]'' song "Mehndi Te Vavi Malve" is still very popular and is played during celebrations especially weddings and [[Navratri]].<ref name="deshgujarat">{{cite web|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2007/11/15/1960-gujarati-film-mehandi-rang-lagyoall-songsvideo/|title=1960 Gujarati film Mehandi Rang Lagyo:All Songs(Video) | Desh Gujarat |date=15 November 2007 |publisher=deshgujarat.com|accessdate=2015-08-28}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Saurabh |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મો : રાખનાં રમકડાં અને પંખીડાંનું પીંજરું |url=https://sandesh.com/supplement/gujarati-movies-ash-toys-and-birdcage |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Sandesh |language=gu}}</ref> Other songs of film too became very popular.<ref name=":0" />

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| all_music =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Aa Mumbai Chhe
| lyrics1 = Avinash Vyas
| extra1 = [[Manna Dey]]
| length1 = 3:31
| title2 =Raste Rajalti Varta
| lyrics2 =Avinash Vyas
| extra2 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length2 = 3:26
| title3 =Dard Ekaje Chhe
| lyrics3 =Avinash Vyas
| extra3 = Manna Dey
| length3 = 3:19
| title4 = Ghunghate Dhankiyo Ek Kodiyu
| lyrics4 =Chatrabhuj Doshi
| extra4 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length4 = 3:21
| title5 = Mehndi Te Vavi Malve - Garbo
| lyrics5 = Traditional (Folk)
| extra5 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Pinakin Shah, Chorus
| length5 = 6:22
| title6 = Mehndi Te Vavi Malve - Garbo
| lyrics6 = Traditional
| extra6 = Lata Mangeshkar, Manna Dey
| length6 = 3:00
| title7 = Mehndi Rang Lagyo
| lyrics7 = Traditional
| extra7 = Lata Mangeshkar, Chorus
| length7 = 3:55
| title8 =Nayan Chakchoor Chhe
| lyrics8 =Avinash Vyas
| extra8 = Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| length8 = 3:28
| title9 = Pandadu Lilu Ne Rang Rato
| lyrics9 =Avinash Vyas
| extra9 = Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
| length9 = 3:18
| title10 = Pandadu Lilu Ne Rang Rato
| lyrics10 =Avinash Vyas
| extra10 = Jayesh Nayak, Seema Trivedi
| length10 = 4:10
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{YouTube|zQG-kf9ZRzA|''Mehand Rang Lagyo''}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

[[Category:Films scored by Avinash Vyas]]
[[Category:1980 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1960s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
{{India-film-stub}}

Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran

2026-04-04T13:47:55Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding basic stub initial version - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Indian name|Aishwariyaa|Bhaskaran}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shanta Meena
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|05|27}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chembarathi-actor-stebin-jacob-wishes-his-on-screen-mother-aishwarya-bhaskaran-on-her-birthday/articleshow/69518012.cms|title=Chembarathi actor Stebin Jacob wishes his on-screen mother Aishwarya Bhaskaran on her birthday|date=27 May 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Bhaskaran|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]}}
| relatives = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Y. V. Rao]] (grandfather)|[[Kumari Rukmani]] (grandmother)|[[Nungambakkam Janaki]](great grandmother)}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Tanveer Ahmed|1994|1996|end=divorced}}
| children = 1
| years active = 1989–1995<br/>1999–present
| occupation = [[Actor]]
}}

'''Shanta Meena''', known professionally as '''Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran''', is an Indian actress who has acted in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] movies and along with several [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television soap operas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/107153/ |title=കണ്ണീരൊഴുക്കാന്‍ ഞാനില്ല, Interview – Mathrubhumi Movies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219051114/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/107153/ |archive-date=19 December 2013 |work=Mathrubhumi.com |date=17 June 2010}}</ref> She is the eldest daughter of actress [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and Bhaskaran.

==Career==

Aishwariyaa's first film was ''Oliyampukal'' (1991), followed by ''[[Mamagaru]]'' (1991), ''[[Rasukutty]]'' (1992) and ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]'' (1992). She played a double role in ''[[Butterflies (1993 film)|Butterflies]]'' (1993) and also made her Hindi debut in ''[[Gardish]]'' (1993), which was a remake of the Malayalam movie ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]''. Early in her career, she turned down opportunity to work with [[Mani Ratnam]] in ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' (1993).<ref name="rediff" />

Following her marriage in 1994, Aishwariyaa quit the film industry and chose to prioritise bringing up a family. However her marriage fell apart and she became addicted to drugs as a result of her husband's addiction, which made it difficult for her to re-enter the film industry after her divorce in 1996. After undergoing a rehabilitation process, she chose to continue her education in computer science and joined to work with the [[NIIT]] in 1997 and prioritised her work as a software engineer.<ref name="rediff" /> She then accepted an offer to be a part of a television show produced by [[Suresh Chandra Menon]], after being convinced by her friend, actress [[Revathi]]. After a four-year sabbatical from films as a result of her marriage, childbirth and divorce, Aishwariyaa made a comeback in [[R. Parthiban]]'s ''[[House Full (1999 film)|House Full]]'' (1999) portraying an inspector-in-charge of the bomb disposal squad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/16ss.htm |title=Dub a dub a dub |date=16 January 1999 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> She continued to portray supporting roles in films such as ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' (1999), ''[[Sathyameva Jayathe]]'' (2000) and ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'' (2000) during the turn of the century.<ref name="rediff" />

==Personal life==
Aishwariyaa was born as Shanta Meena to Bhaskaran and actress [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]. She has a stepsister (Samyuktha) from her mother's third marriage with [[Sivachandran]].

She was married to Tanveer Ahmed in 1994 and later divorced him in 1996. The couple have a daughter born in 1995.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/03ais.htm |title=I don't want to act with half-baked idiots any longer |work=Rediff.com |date=March 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-101922 |title=കണ്ണീരൊഴുക്കാന്‍ ഞാനില്ല – articles, infocus_interview – Mathrubhumi Eves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119195351/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-101922 |archive-date=19 January 2011 |work=Mathrubhumi.com |date=3 March 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;As actress
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989 ||''[[Adavilo Abhimanyudu]]'' || Shanti || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||Telugu debut
|-
|''Hosa Kavya'' || Usha|| [[Kannada]] ||Kannada debut
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990 || ''[[Oliyampukal]]''|| Kunjumol || [[Malayalam]] ||Malayalam debut
|-
|''[[Prema Zindabad]]'' || Bharathi || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Nyayangal Jayikkattum]]'' ||Saraswati's daughter || rowspan="5" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Tamil debut
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1991 || ''[[Mill Thozhilali]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
|''[[Thaiyalkaran]]'' || Kaveri ||
|-
|''[[Marikozhundhu]]'' || Marikozhundhu,<br />Chithra ||
|-
|''[[Naan Pudicha Mappillai]]'' ||Rasathi ||
|-
|''[[Mamagaru]] '' || Rani || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Oorellam Un Pattu]]'' || Shanthi || rowspan="5" | Tamil ||
|-
|''Ponnukku Sethi Vandhachu''|| Uma ||
|-
|''Anbulla Thangachikku''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1992 || ''[[Rasukutty]]'' || Rukmani ||
|-
|''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]'' || Meera ||
|-
|''[[Subba Rayudi Pelli]]'' || Lalitha || rowspan="5" | Telugu ||
|-
|''Ahankari''|| Neeli/Neelu ||
|-
| ''Pellante Noorella Panta''|| Roja ||
|-
|''Seetapathi Chalo Tirupathi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Brahma]]'' || Saraswathi ||
|-
|''Kizhaku Veluthachu'' || Meenakshi || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1993 || ''Poranthaalum Aambalayaa Porakkakoodaathu''|| Meenatchi ||
|-
|''[[Jackpot (1993 film)|Jackpot]]'' || Sindhu Gautham Krishna || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Butterflies (1993 film)|Butterflies]]'' || Anju Nambyar,<br />Manju Nambyar ||
|-
|''[[Gardish]]'' || Vidya P. Bhalla || [[Hindi]] ||Hindi debut
|-
|''[[Thanga Pappa]]'' || Gowri || rowspan="7" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Ulle Veliye]]'' || Meena ||
|-
|''[[Yajaman]]'' || Ponni ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Makkal Aatchi]]'' || Manjula ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 ||''[[House Full (1999 film)|House Full]]'' || Christine ||
|-
| ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Savithri ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000 || ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'' || Sunitha's sister ||
|-
|''[[Narasimham (film)|Narashimham]]'' || Anuradha || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Sathyameva Jayathe]]'' || Nancy ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2001 || ''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]''||Radhika|| Tamil||
|-
|''[[Sharja To Sharja]]'' || Kalyani || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Praja]]'' ||Maya Mary Kurien ||
|-
|''Jollyman'' || Aish|| rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Panchatanthiram]]'' || Janaki ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 || ''The King Maker Leader'' || Vasanthy Nambiar || Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]'' || Pinni(step mother)|| Telugu ||
|-
|''The Fire'' || Neena Cheriyan || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2004 || ''[[Agninakshathram (2004 film)|Agninakshathram]]'' || Aswathi Warrier ||
|-
|''[[M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi]]'' || Shalini || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[New (film)|New]]'' || Seema ||
|-
|''[[Naani]]'' ||Priya's friend || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Kuthu]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005 || ''[[Dhairyam (2005 film)|Dhairyam]]'' || Mallika's Mother || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Priyasakhi]]'' || Priya's Mother || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || Sound Saroja Akka ||
|-
|''[[Englishkaran]]'' || Padma||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2006 || ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'' || Elizabeth || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
|''Thanthra'' || Vedavadhi ||
|-
|''[[Manasu Palike Mouna Raagam]]'' || Ranii || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Paramasivan]]'' || Malar's stepmother ||Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Pandavaru]]'' || Nagamani || Kannada ||
|-
|''Paisalo Paramatma'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2007 || ''[[Inspector Garud]]'' || Maya Gopinath || Malayalam ||
|-
|''Sringaram: Dance of Love'' || Mirasu's wife || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]'' || Sakkara Pandi's Wife ||
|-
|''[[Sabari (2007 film)|Sabari]]'' || Vajravelu's Wife ||
|-
|''[[Sri Mahalakshmi]]'' || Advocate || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]'' || Durga || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' || Anuradha (Abhi's mother) ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]'' || Diana ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || '' Abhishapt '' || Nurse || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Jhummandi Naadam]]'' || Ardhangi || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
|''Buridi'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Manushyamrugam|Manushya Mrugam]]'' || Mary || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''[[Madirasi]]'' || Ragini ||
|-
|''Theni Maavattam'' || Eeswari|| rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Uchithanai Muharnthaal]]'' ||Security Guard ||
|-
|''[[Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?]]'' || Amrutha Valli's mother|| Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''For Sale'' || Achamma || rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla]]'' || Lakshmi/Sainuthatha ||
|-
|''[[Maad Dad]]'' || Sosamma ||
|-
|''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]'' || Uncredited <br/>Archive footage ||From ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Poojai]]'' || Mrs. Sivakkozhnthu || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Un Samayal Arayil]]'' / ''Oggarane'' / ''Ulavucharu Biriyani'' || Asha ||Tamil / Kannada / Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015|| ''[[Aambala]]'' || Nadu Ponnu || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[MGR Sivaji Rajini Kamal]]'' || Aishwarya ||
|-
|''[[Savaale Samaali]]'' || Special appearance||in song sequence
|-
|''[[Bhale Manchi Roju]]'' || Shakti's wife|| Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]'' || Manimaaran's wife || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]'' || Nagamani || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017|| ''[[Kuttram 23]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ticket (2017 film)|Ticket]]'' || Sona ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]'' || Fishfry Lakshmi || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Saamy 2]]'' || Shanthi || Tamil ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' || Vikram's Mother || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu]]'' || Arun's mother ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Yaanai]]'' || Selvi's mother || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Dada (2023 film)|Dada]]'' || Manikandan's mother ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Rajakili]]'' || Thamaraiselvi [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2025 || ''9AM To 9PM Valentines Day'' || ||
|-
||[[Kannappa (film)|''Kannappa'']]|| Maremma || rowspan="2" |Telugu
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet Aishwarya as Maremma from Prabhas, Vishnu Manchu starrer Kannappa; first look poster will leave you spellbound|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/meet-aishwarya-as-maremma-from-prabhas-vishnu-manchu-starrer-kannappa-first-look-poster-will-leave-you-spellbound-1349650|website=Pinkvilla}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2026 || ''[[Mrithyunjay]]'' || Jay's aunt || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mrityunjay-movie-review-an-illogical-and-implausible-crime-thriller-1941896|title=Mrityunjay Movie Review: An Illogical and Implausible Crime Thriller|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=March 6, 2026|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Leader (2026 film)|Leader]]'' || Meera's mother || Tamil ||
|-
|}

;As dubbing artist
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Rohini film credits as dubbing artist
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Actress
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Other notes
|-
|2000|| ''[[Hey Ram]]''||[[Rani Mukerji]]||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]||Dubbed Version<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdVMBoqCWnQ|title=Actress Aishwarya tells whether her voice is plus or minus {{!}} Alitho Saradaga|website=youtube}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
===Serials===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1997|| ''Naniyar'' || || [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]] || rowspan="3" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 1998|| ''Janani'' || || [[Jaya TV]]||
|-
|1999 || ''Nizhalgal'' || || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||
|-
|2000 || ''Devatha'' || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || [[Malayalam]]||
|-
|2001 || ''Theadathey Thulainthu Povai'' || Stella || [[Raj TV]] || rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|2002 || ''Kathiravan'' || Senchulakshmi || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|-
|2003 || ''Olangal''||Aishwarya|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || rowspan="3" |[[Malayalam]]||
|-
|2004 || ''Mizhi Thurakkumbol'' ||Varada ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2004–2005|| ''[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattath Kathanaar]]'' || Thirumala/Yakshi ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2004–2006 || ''Muhurtham'' || Aishwarya || rowspan="2" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|2005–2006 || ''Raja Rajeswari'' || Padmalakshmi ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2005 || ''Kavyaanjali'' || || [[Surya TV]] || rowspan="6" |[[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|''Mandrake'' || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
|2006 || ''Sathyam'' || Ancy || [[Kairali TV]] ||
|-
|2006–2007 || ''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' || Mahishi || rowspan="2" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
|2008–2011 || ''[[Paarijatham (2008 TV series)|Paarijatham]]'' || Lalitha Bhai||
|-
| 2009 || ''Kadhaparayum Kavyaanjali'' || || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
|2010–2012 || ''[[Thendral]]'' || Bhuvaneswari a.k.a. Bhuvana|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || rowspan="5" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|2011 || ''Nagamma'' || Amman || [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]] ||
|-
|2013–2014 || ''Mama Mapillai'' || Aishwarya || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|-
|2013 || ''Manathil Uruthi Vendum'' || || [[Jaya TV]] ||
|-
|2013–2014 || ''[[Kurinji Malar]]'' || Kalpana || [[Kalaignar TV]] ||
|-
|2015–2016 || ''4 the People'' || [[Professor|Prof.]] Vasundara Das ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|2015–2017 || ''Nandini vs Nandini'' || Baby || [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV Plus]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
|2017–2019 || ''[[Azhagu (TV series)|Azhagu]]'' || Vasantha || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|2018–2020 || ''[[Chembarathi (TV series)|Chembarathi]]'' || Thrichambarath Akhilandeswari || [[Zee Keralam]] || [[Malayalam]] ||Replaced by [[Thara Kalyan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-14 |title=Chembarathi: Thara Kalyan makes a dashing entry as 'Akhilandeshwari' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chembarathi-thara-kalyan-makes-a-dashing-entry-as-akhilandeshwari/articleshow/76960034.cms |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2021 || ''[[Jothi (TV series)|Jothi]]'' || Sambhavi || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || rowspan="3" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| Photo Presence
|-
|''Ninaithale Inikkum'' || || [[Zee Tamil]]||Cameo appearance
|-
|2022–2023 || ''[[Jamelaa (TV series)|Jamelaa]]'' || Saleema || [[Colors Tamil]]||
|-
|2023 – present|| ''[[Sukhamo Devi (TV series)|Sukhamo Devi]]'' || Chandroth Prabhavathi || rowspan="2" | [[Flowers TV]]||rowspan="2" |[[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|2024 – 2025|| ''[[Panchagni (TV series)|Panchagni]]'' || Chandroth Prabhavathi|| Extended Cameo Appearance
|}

===Shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Language
!Notes
|-
| 2003|| ''Anthakshari'' || Host || [[Raj TV]] || rowspan="2"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|2005 || ''Sakalakala Velloori'' || Judge || [[Jaya TV]] ||
|-
|2010 || ''Rani Maharani'' || Participant || [[Surya TV]] || rowspan="3"| [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|2017 || ''Comedy Super Night 2'' || Herself || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] ||
|-
|2019|| ''Comedy Stars'' || Judge || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2021 || ''Start Music'' || Contestant || rowspan="2"| [[Star Vijay]]|| rowspan="2"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|''[[Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani]]'' || Judge ||
|-
|''[[Alitho Saradaga]]'' || Guest || [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV Plus]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2022 || ''Joker Poker'' || Participant || [[Zee Tamil]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|''Oru Kodi'' || Contestant || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' || Guest || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Language
|-
|2017|| ''Mana Mugguri Love Story''|| Swathi 's mother|| [[YuppTV]]|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2018 || ''Gangstars'' || Priyamvadha || [[Amazon Prime Video]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2020 || ''Dear u brother u'' || Amma || [[YouTube]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1027293| Aishwarya }}
* [https://www.facebook.com/aishukitchen Aishu's Kitchen on Facebook]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140221164439/http://aishu-kitchen.com/ Aishu's Kitchen – Portal]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aishwarya (Actress)}}
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Dogri

2026-04-02T14:27:02Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding initial entry more to come

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in [[Dogri language|Dogri]]. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp | title=..:: SAHITYA : Sahitya Akademi Prize :: }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Translator
! Title of the translation
! Original Title
! Original Language
! Genre
! Original Author
! class=unsortable| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1989 || [[Ram Nath Shastri]] || ''Mitti Di Gaddi'' || ''[[Mrichchakatikam]]'' || Sanskrit || Play || [[Shudraka]] ||
|-
| 1990 || Vishwanath Khajuri || ''Neela Kamal'' || ''[[Maila Anchal]]'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Phanishwar Nath Renu]] ||
|-
| 1991 || Shyamlal Sharma || ''Shakuntala Natak'' || ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijnanashakuntalam]]'' || Sanskrit || Play || [[Kalidasa]] ||
|-
| 1996 || Usha Vyas || ''Patjhar Di Awaz'' || ''Patjhar Di Awaz'' || Urdu || Short Stories || [[Qurratulain Hyder]] ||
|-
| 1997 || (Late) Narender Sharma || ''Volga Thama Ganga'' || ''[[Volga Se Ganga]]'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] ||
|-
| 1998 || Shakti Sharma || ''Alok Parva'' || ''Alok Parva'' || Hindi || Essays || [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]] ||
|-
| 1999 || [[Padma Sachdev]] || ''Akhar Gaas'' || ''Shabdar Akash'' || Oriya || Poetry || [[Sitakant Mahapatra]] ||
|-
| 2000 || Hans Raj Pandotra || ''Gosain De Bagha Da Bhoot'' || ''Gosain Baganer Bhoot'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 2001 || Mohan Singh || Machhere || ''[[Chemmeen (novel)|Chemmeen]]'' || ''Malayalam'' || Novel || [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] ||
|-
| 2004 || Jitendra Sharma || ''Laio Phi Suno'' || ''Baaz Goyee'' || Urdu || Short Stories || Surendra Prakash ||
|-
| 2008 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award'''''
|-
| 2009 || Om Goswami || ''Agg Goah'' || ''[[Agnisakshi (novel)|Agnisakshi]]'' || Malayalam || Novel || [[Lalithambika Antharjanam]] ||
|-
| 2010 || Prakash Premi || ''Dehri Da Deeva'' || ''[[Marhi Da Deeva (novel)|Marhi Da Deeva]]'' || Punjabi || Novel || [[Gurdial Singh]] ||
|-
| 2011 || [[Jitendra Udhampuri]] || ''Do Gaz Zameen'' || ''Do Gaz Zameen'' || Urdu || Novel || Abdus Samad || <ref name="Scoop News">{{cite web | url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=23321 | title=Another National Honour for Padam Shri Dr. Jitendra Udhampuri | publisher=Scoop News | date=28 August 2011 | access-date=2022-03-30}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || Shashi Pathania || ''Namen Juge De Baras'' || ''Naven Jug De Waris'' || Punjabi || Short Stories || Mohinder Singh ‘Sarna’ ||
|-
| 2013 || [[Veena Gupta]] || ''Kalkatte Di Kahani: Via Bypass'' || ''Kali Katha Vai Bypass'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Alka Saraogi]] || <ref name="sahitya-akademi1">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2013|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2014-08-22|page=2}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Yashpaul Nirmal || ''Mian Deedo'' || ''Deedo Jamwal'' || Punjabi || Play || Kripa Sagar || <ref name="sahitya-akademi2">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize Presentation|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2015-09-04|page=1}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || [[Chhatrapal]] || ''Kinne Pakistan'' || ''[[Kitne Pakistan]]'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamaleshwar]] || <ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Krishan Sharma || ''Kaale Kaan Te Kaala Pani'' || ''Kavve Aur Kaala Pani'' || Hindi || Short Stories || [[Nirmal Verma]] ||
|-
| 2017 || Yash Raina || ''Pichhlag'' || ''Angaliat'' || Gujarati || Novel || [[Joseph Macwan]] ||
|-
| 2018 || [[Narsingh Dev Jamwal]] || Pahkeru || Pakheru || Urdu || Short Stories || Ramlal || <ref name="Jammu Virasat">{{cite web |first= |title= Narsingh Dev Jamwal : Interesting things to know |url= https://www.jammuvirasat.com/2019/03/17/narsingh-dev-jamwal-interesting-things-to-know/ |website=www.jammuvirasat.com|language= en|format= |date= 17 March 2019|access-date=2022-03-30}}</ref><ref name="sahitya-akademi3">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Translationprize_14-15-June-2019.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2018|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-03-30}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Rattan Lal Basotra || ''Satisare Di Kahaani'' || ''Katha Satisar'' || Hindi || Novel || Chandarkanta || <ref name="sahitya-akademi5">{{Cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|title= Press Note : Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2019|website=www.indiaculture.nic.in|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || Puspito Mukhopadhyay || ''Galib Patrabali'' || ''Khutut E Galib'' || Urdu || Collection of Letters by [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]] || Khaliq Anjum || <ref name="sahitya-akademi4">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-18}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Neelam Sarin || ''Pakistan Di Hakikat Kanne Ru-Ba-Ru'' || ''Pakistan Ki Hakikat Se Ru-Ba-Ru'' || Hindi || Travelogue || Satish Verma || <ref name="dailyexcelsior">{{cite web |title=Dr Sarin's book selected for Sahitiya Akademi Award |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dr-sarins-book-selected-for-sahitiya-akademi-award/ |website=www.dailyexcelsior.com|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Nirmal Vinod || ''Dehra Ch Ajj Bi Ugade N Saarhe Boohte'' || Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra || English || Short Stories || [[Ruskin Bond]] || <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Sushma Rani || ''Dhan Delhi De Keengre'' || ''Dhaawaan Dilli De Kingrey'' || Punjabi || Noval || Baldev Singh || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|title = ..:: SAHITYA : Sahitya Akademi Prize ::}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Archana Kesar || ''Tamas'' || ''Tamas'' || Hindi || Noval || [[Bhisham Sahni]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2113771 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref>

|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#Dogri Akademi Translation Prizes For Dogri Language]
{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}

[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Dogri]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]

Southeast Asia

2026-03-29T07:56:44Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: general enhanced intro after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Subregion of the Asian continent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox continent
| title = Southeast Asia
| image = Southeast Asia (orthographic projection).svg
| area = {{convert|4545792|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| elevation_max_ft = 19,295
| elevation_max_point = [[Hkakabo Razi]]
| population = {{IncreaseNeutral}} {{UN_Population|South-Eastern Asia}} ([[List of continents and continental subregions by population#Distribution of populations by the United Nations geoscheme|3rd]]){{UN_Population|ref}}
| density = {{convert|135.6|/km2|abbr=on}}
| GDP_nominal = $3.317 trillion ([[exchange rate]])<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=516,522,536,544,548,518,566,576,578,537,582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|date=April 2022 |publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP = $9.727 trillion<ref name=ACIF2013>{{cite book|title=ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF) 2013|date=Feb 2014|publisher=ASEAN|location=Jakarta|isbn=978-602-7643-73-4|page=1|edition=6th|url=http://www.asean.org/images/resources/2014/May/2.%20Feb%202014%20-%20ASEAN%20Community%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904103519/http://www.asean.org/images/resources/2014/May/2.%20Feb%202014%20-%20ASEAN%20Community%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>
| GDP_per_capita = $5,017 (exchange rate)<ref name="IMF" />
| HDI = {{increase}} 0.723
| ethnic_groups = '''[[List of Indigenous peoples#Southeast Asia|Indigenous (Southeast Asians)]]'''<br />{{hlist|[[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]]|[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]|[[Negrito]]|[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]|[[Tai peoples|Tai]]}}
'''[[East Asian people|East Asians]]'''<br />'''[[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asians]]'''
| religions =
* [[Islam in Southeast Asia|Islam]] (majority in [[Islam in Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Islam in Malaysia|Malaysia]] and [[Islam in Brunei|Brunei]])
* [[Buddhism in Southeast Asia|Buddhism]] (majority in [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Buddhism in Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Cambodia]] and [[Buddhism in Laos|Laos]]; plurality in [[Buddhism in Singapore|Singapore]])
* [[Christianity]] (majority in the [[Christianity in the Philippines|Philippines]] and [[Catholic Church in Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]])
* Other: [[Confucianism]], [[folk religion]],{{efn|Majority [[Vietnamese folk religion|in]] Vietnam}} [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Hinduism]], [[irreligion]], [[Taoism]]
|demonym = [[Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]]
|countries = {{collapsible list
| list_style = text-align:left;
| title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|11 countries]]

| 1 = {{flag|Brunei}}
| 2 = {{flag|Cambodia}}
| 3 = {{flag|Indonesia}} (excluding [[Western New Guinea]])
| 4 = {{flag|Laos}}
| 5 = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| 6 = {{flag|Myanmar}}
| 7 = {{flag|Philippines}}
| 8 = {{flag|Singapore}}
| 9 = {{flag|Thailand}}
| 10 = {{flag|Timor-Leste}}
| 11 = {{flag|Vietnam}}
}}

|languages = {{collapsible list
| list_style = text-align:left;
| title = Official languages
| [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Filipino language|Filipino]]
| [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
| [[Lao language|Lao]]
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| [[Malay language|Malay]]
| [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
}}
{{collapsible list
| title = Other native languages
| titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;
| bullets = true
| '''[[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]''':<br />[[Arabic language|Arabic]] ([[Indonesian Arabic]])
| '''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]''':
{{hlist
| [[Mon language|Mon]]
| [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| [[Aslian languages|Aslian]]
}}
| '''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]''':
{{hlist
| [[Javanese language|Javanese]]
| [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
| [[Madurese language|Madurese]]
| [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
| [[Buginese language|Buginese]]
| [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]
| [[Batak languages|Batak]]
| [[Banjar language|Banjar]]
| [[Balinese language|Balinese]]
| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
| [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
| [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]
| [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]
| [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]
| [[Waray language|Waray]]
| [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]
| [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]
| [[Bikol languages|Bikol]]
| [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]]
| [[Cham language|Cham]]
| [[Iban language|Iban]]
| [[Bidayuh language|Bidayuh]]
| [[Dusun language|Dusun]]
| [[Kadazan language|Kadazan]]
| [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang/Lundayeh]]
| [[Moken languages|Moken]]
}}
| '''[[Creole languages|Creoles]]''':
{{hlist
| [[Betawi language|Betawi]]
| [[Ambonese Malay|Ambonese]]
| [[Chavacano]]
| [[Tok Pisin language|Tok Pisin]]
| [[Kristang language|Kristang]]
}}
| '''[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]''':
{{hlist
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
}}
| '''[[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]]''':
{{hlist
| [[Aka-Jeru language|Aka-Jeru (Present Great Andamanese)]]
}}
| '''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]''':
{{hlist
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| English
| French
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| Spanish
| [[Hindustani language|Hindi/Urdu]]
| Dutch
}}
| '''[[Ongan languages|Ongan]]''':
{{hlist
| [[Onge language|Onge]]
| [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]
| [[Sentinelese language|Sentinelese]] ?
}}
| '''[[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]]''':
{{hlist
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
| [[Lao language|Lao]]
| [[Shan language|Shan]]
}}
| '''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]''':
{{hlist
| [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
| [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]]
| [[Karen languages|Karen]]
| [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
| [[Cantonese]]
| [[Min Chinese|Min]]
| [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]
}}
|[[Languages of Asia]] – All of the languages of Asia
}}
|time = {{collapsible list
| title = {{nowrap|5 time zones}}
| titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;
| {{bulleted list
| [[UTC+5:30|'''UTC+5:30''': Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| [[UTC+6:30|'''UTC+6:30''': Cocos (Keeling) Islands • Myanmar]]
| [[UTC+7|'''UTC+7:00''': Cambodia • Christmas Island • Indonesia • Laos • Thailand • Vietnam]]
| [[UTC+8|'''UTC+8:00''': Brunei • Indonesia • Malaysia • Philippines • Singapore]]
| [[UTC+9|'''UTC+9:00''': Indonesia • Timor-Leste]]
}}
}}
|internet = [[.bn]], [[.id]], [[.kh]], [[.la]], [[.mm]], [[.my]], [[.ph]], [[.sg]], [[.th]], [[.tl]], [[.vn]]
|calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 6, 8 & 9]]
|cities =

{{Collapsible list
| title = List
| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Bandung]]
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]]
| {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Cebu]]
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]]
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh City]]
| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]]
| {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]]
| {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Yangon]]
}}
|m49 = <code>035</code> – South-eastern Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – [[World]]
|footnotes =

|image_caption=Geopolitical map of Southeast Asia, including [[Western New Guinea]], which is geographically part of [[Oceania]]|dependencies={{flagicon|Christmas Island}} [[Christmas Island]]<br />{{flagicon|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]<br />{{Flagicon|India}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]}}

'''Southeast Asia'''{{Efn|Also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia, or SEA}} is the geographical [[United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia|southeastern region]] of [[Asia]], consisting of the regions that are situated south of [[China]], east of the [[Indian subcontinent]], and northwest of [[mainland Australia]], which is part of [[Oceania]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map_of_southeast_asia.htm | title = Map of Southeast Asia Region | author = Klaus Kästle | date = 10 September 2013 | website = Nations Online Project | publisher = One World – Nations Online | access-date = 10 September 2013 | quote = Southeast Asia is a vast subregion of Asia, roughly described as geographically situated east of the Indian subcontinent, south of China, and northwest of Australia. The region is located between the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal in the west, the Philippine Sea, the South China Sea, and the Pacific Ocean in the east. | archive-date = 20 September 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130920020837/http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map_of_southeast_asia.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by [[East Asia]], to the west by [[South Asia]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]], to the east by Oceania and the [[Pacific Ocean]], and to the south by [[Australia (continent)|Australia]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]. Apart from the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] and two out of [[Atolls of the Maldives|26 atolls]] of the [[Maldives]] in South Asia, [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] is entirely in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. [[Timor-Leste]] and the southern portion of [[Indonesia]] are the parts of Southeast Asia that lie south of the [[equator]].

The region lies near the intersection of [[Plate tectonics|geological plates]], with both heavy seismic and volcanic activities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Whelley |first1=Patrick L. |last2=Newhall |first2=Christopher G. |last3=Bradley |first3=Kyle E. |date=2015 |title=The frequency of explosive volcanic eruptions in Southeast Asia |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=77 |issue=1 |article-number=1 |doi=10.1007/s00445-014-0893-8 |pmc=4470363 |pmid=26097277 |bibcode=2015BVol...77....1W }}</ref> The [[Sunda plate]] is the main plate of the region, featuring almost all Southeast Asian countries except [[Myanmar]], northern [[Thailand]], northern [[Laos]], northern [[Vietnam]], and northern [[Luzon]] of the [[Philippines]], while the Sunda plate only includes western Indonesia to as far east as the Indonesian province of [[Bali]]. The mountain ranges in Myanmar, Thailand, [[Peninsular Malaysia]], and the Indonesian islands of [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Bali]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], and [[Timor]] are part of the [[Alpide belt]], while the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia as well as [[Timor-Leste]] are part of the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]]. Both seismic belts meet in Indonesia, causing the region to have relatively high occurrences of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, particularly in the [[List of earthquakes in the Philippines|Philippines]] and [[List of earthquakes in Indonesia|Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chester|first1=Roy|title=Furnace of Creation, Cradle of Destruction: A Journey to the Birthplace of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Tsunamis|publisher=AMACOM|isbn=978-0-8144-0920-6|date=16 July 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/furnaceofcreatio00ches}}</ref>

It covers about {{cvt|4,500,000|km2}}, which is 8% of [[Eurasia]] and 3% of Earth's total land area. Its total population is more than {{#expr:floor({{replace|{{UN_Population|South-Eastern Asia}}|,||}}/1e6)}} million, about 8.5% of the world's population. It is the third most populous geographical region in Asia after South Asia and East Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/asia-population/|title=Population of Asia (2018)|website=worldometers.info|language=en|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106164745/http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/asia-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> The region is culturally and ethnically diverse, with hundreds of languages spoken by different ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zide; Baker|first1=Norman H.; Milton E.|title=Studies in comparative Austroasiatic linguistics|date=1966|publisher=Foreign Language Study}}</ref> The eleven countries in the region are members of the [[ASEAN|Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), a regional organisation established for economic, political, military, educational, and cultural integration among its members.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ASEAN Member States - ASEAN {{!}} ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY ONE COMMUNITY |url=https://asean.org/asean/asean-member-states/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810104747/https://asean.org/asean/asean-member-states/ |archive-date=2019-08-10 |access-date=2025-09-02 |work=ASEAN {{!}} ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY ONE COMMUNITY |language=en-US}}</ref>

Southeast Asia is one of the most culturally diverse regions of the world. There are many different languages and ethnicities in the region. Historically, Southeast Asia was significantly influenced by [[Greater India|Indian]], [[East Asian cultural sphere|Chinese]], [[Islam in Southeast Asia|Muslim]], and [[European colonisation of Southeast Asia|colonial]] cultures, which became core components of the region's cultural and political institutions. Most modern Southeast Asian countries were colonised by European powers. European colonisation exploited natural resources and labour from the lands they conquered, and attempted to spread European institutions to the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-30 |title=The economic impact of colonialism |url=http://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/economic-impact-colonialism |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=CEPR |language=en}}</ref> Several Southeast Asian countries were also briefly occupied by the [[Empire of Japan]] during [[World War II]]. The [[aftermath of World War II]] saw most of the region decolonised. Today, Southeast Asia is predominantly governed by independent states.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paseng |first=Rohayati |title=Research Guides: Southeast Asia Research Guide: Imperialism, Colonialism, & Nationalism |url=https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105536&p=687513 |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709151235/https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105536&p=687513 }}</ref>

==Definition==
The region, together with part of South Asia, was well known by Europeans as the [[East Indies]] or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Chinese sources referred to the region as ''[[Nanyang (region)|Nanyang]]'' ("{{linktext|lang=zh|南洋}}"), which literally means the "Southern Ocean". The mainland section of Southeast Asia was referred to as [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]] by European geographers due to its location between China and the Indian subcontinent and its having cultural influences from both neighbouring regions. In the 20th century, however, the term became more restricted to territories of the former [[French Indochina]] (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). The maritime section of Southeast Asia is also known as the [[Malay Archipelago]], a term derived from the European concept of a [[Malay race]].<ref name=Wallace>{{Cite book | last = Wallace | first = Alfred Russel | author-link = Alfred Russel Wallace | title = The Malay Archipelago | publisher = Macmillan | year = 1869 | location = London | page = 1 }}</ref> Another term for [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] is ''[[Malay Archipelago#Insulindia|Insulindia]]'' (Indian Islands), used to describe the region between Indochina and [[Australasia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lach; Van Kley|first1=Donald F.; Edwin J|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III|date=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-46768-9}}</ref>

The term "Southeast Asia" was first used in 1839 by American pastor Howard Malcolm in his book ''Travels in South-Eastern Asia''. Malcolm only included the Mainland section and excluded the Maritime section in his definition of Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite book | date=1996 | first1=Joshua | last1=Eliot | title=Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore Handbook | publisher=Trade & Trade & Travel Publications | location=New York City | first2=Jane | first3=Sebastian | last2=Bickersteth | last3=Ballard}}</ref> The term was officially used in the midst of [[World War II]] by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], through the formation of [[South East Asia Command]] (SEAC) in 1943.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Park; King|first1=Seung-Woo; Victor T.|title=The Historical Construction of Southeast Asian Studies: Korea and Beyond |date=2013 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-4414-58-6}}</ref> SEAC popularised the use of the term "Southeast Asia", although what constituted Southeast Asia was not fixed; for example, SEAC excluded the [[Philippines]] and a large part of [[Indonesia]] while including [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]]. However, by the late 1970s, a roughly standard usage of the term "Southeast Asia" and the territories it encompasses had emerged.<ref name="emmerson"/> Although from a cultural or linguistic perspective the definitions of "Southeast Asia" may vary, the most common definitions nowadays include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below.

All eleven states of Southeast Asia are members of the [[ASEAN|Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN). [[Papua New Guinea]] has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer. Sovereignty issues exist over some [[South China Sea Islands|islands in the South China Sea]].

===Political divisions===
[[File:Southeast Asia Political Map World Factbook 2020.png|thumb|A political map of Southeast Asia]]


====Sovereign states====
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! scope="col" | State
! scope="col" | Area<br />({{abbr|km<sup>2</sup>|square kilometres}})
! scope="col" | [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(2025)<ref name="Population">{{cite web |date=16 October 2025 |title=South-Eastern Asia Population (LIVE) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/south-eastern-asia-population/ |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=worldometer}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Density<br />({{abbr|/km<sup>2</sup>|per square kilometre}})
! scope="col" | HDI<br />(2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2026 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128235545/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2026 |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Capital
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | {{Country|Brunei}}
| 5,765<ref name="CIAGov-BN">{{cite web |title=East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Brunei – The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/ |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721102115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 455,500
| {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Brunei Darussalam}}|R}}/5765 round 0}}
| 0.837
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | {{Country|Cambodia}}
| 181,035<ref name="CIAGov-KH">{{cite web |title=East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Cambodia – The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610095311/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 17,577,760
| {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Cambodia}}|R}}/181035 round 0}}
| 0.606
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Phnom Penh]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | {{Country|Indonesia}}
| 1,904,569<ref name="CIAGov-ID">{{cite web |title=East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Indonesia – The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/ |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413004319/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 284,438,782
| {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Indonesia}}|R}}/1904569 round 0}}
| 0.728
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Jakarta]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | {{Country|Laos}}
| 236,800<ref name="CIAGov-LA">{{cite web |title=East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Laos – The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/ |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307193820/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 7,647,000
| {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Lao People's Democratic Republic}}|R}}/236800 round 0}}
| 0.617
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Vientiane]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | {{Country|Malaysia}}
| 329,847<ref name="CIAGov-MY">{{cite web |title=East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Malaysia – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/ |website=cia.gov |access-date=16 October 2021 |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015225421/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 34,231,700
| {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Malaysia}}|R}}/329847 round 0}}
| 0.819
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kuala Lumpur]] {{anchor|Kuala Lumpur}}[[#Putrajaya|*]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | {{Country|Myanmar}}
| 676,578<ref name="CIAGov-MM">{{cite web |title=East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Burma – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |website=cia.gov |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201171209/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 51,316,756
| {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Myanmar}}|R}}/676578 round 0}}
| 0.609
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Nay Pyi Taw]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | {{Country|Philippines}}
| 300,000<ref name="CIAGov-PH">{{cite web |title=East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Philippines – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |website=cia.gov |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820022910/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 114,123,600
| {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Philippines}}|R}}/300000 round 0}}
| 0.720
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Manila]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | {{Country|Singapore}}
| 719.2<ref name="CIAGov-SG">{{cite web |title=East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Singapore – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/singapore/ |website=cia.gov |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320131051/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/singapore |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 6,110,200
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Singapore}}|R}}/719.200 round 0}}}}
| 0.946
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Singapore]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | {{Country|Thailand}}
| 513,120<ref name="CiaGov-TH">{{cite web |title=East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Thailand – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/ |website=cia.gov |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164345/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 65,859,640
| {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Thailand}}|R}}/513120 round 0}}
| 0.798
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bangkok]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | {{Country|Timor-Leste}}
| 14,874<ref name="CIAGov-TL">{{cite web |title=East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Timor-Leste – The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/timor-leste/ |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110035005/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/timor-leste |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 1,391,221
| {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Timor-Leste}}|R}}/14874 round 0}}
| 0.634
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Dili]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | {{Country|Vietnam}}
| 331,210<ref name="CIA-Gov-VN">{{cite web |title=East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Vietnam – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=cia.gov |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610173010/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 101,343,800
| {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Viet Nam}}|R}}/331210 round 0}}
| 0.766
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Hanoi]]
|}
{{small|{{anchor|Putrajaya}}[[#Kuala Lumpur|*]] Administrative centre in [[Putrajaya]].}}

[[File:Location-Asia-UNsubregions.png|thumb|upright=1.15|right|The [[United Nations Statistics Division|UN Statistics Division]] for Asia are based on convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division - Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)|publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]|access-date=24 July 2010|date=6 May 2015|archive-date=13 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041240/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{legend|#0000E0|[[North Asia|Northern Asia]]}}
{{legend|#E000E0|[[Central Asia]]}}
{{legend|#FFFF20|[[East Asia|Eastern Asia]]}}
{{legend|#00E000|[[Western Asia]]}}
{{legend|#E00000|[[South Asia|Southern Asia]]}}{{legend|#FFC000|'''South-eastern Asia'''}}]]

===Geographical divisions===

Southeast Asia is geographically divided into two subregions, namely [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] (or the Indochinese Peninsula) and [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].

'''Mainland Southeast Asia includes''':
{{Div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Cambodia]]
* [[Laos]]
* [[Myanmar]]
* [[Peninsular Malaysia]]
* [[Thailand]]
* [[Vietnam]]
{{Div col end}}

'''Maritime Southeast Asia includes''':
{{Div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Brunei]]
* [[East Malaysia]]
* [[Indonesia]]
* [[Philippines]]
* [[Singapore]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=nationsonline.org |first=klaus kaestle- |title=Singapore - A Country Profile - Nations Online Project |url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/singapore.htm |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=www.nationsonline.org |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Timor-Leste]]
{{Div col end}}

While [[Peninsular Malaysia]] is geographically situated in [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], it shares many similar cultural and ecological affinities with surrounding islands, thus it is often grouped with them as part of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Southeast Asia {{!}} Map, Islands, Countries, Culture, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Southeast-Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424080510/https://www.britannica.com/place/Southeast-Asia |archive-date=2021-04-24 |access-date=2025-09-02 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Geographically, the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of India is also considered a part of Maritime Southeast Asia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} Eastern [[Bangladesh]] and [[Northeast India]] have strong cultural ties with Mainland Southeast Asia and are sometimes considered transregional areas between South Asia and Southeast Asia (see also: [[Eastern South Asia]] and [[Asian relations with Northeast India#Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian relations with Northeast India]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baruah|first1=Sanjib|title=Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> To the east, [[Hong Kong]] is sometimes regarded as part of Southeast Asia.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/wxinfo/aws/100_Upper_Air/kings-park-past-and-present.html|title=Centennial Upper Air Observation in Hong Kong cum 70th Anniversary of King's Park Meteorological Station|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052321/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/wxinfo/aws/100_Upper_Air/kings-park-past-and-present.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcsb/doclib/showcasing_mrcc_e.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052325/https://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcsb/doclib/showcasing_mrcc_e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200611/14/P200611140143.htm|title=Hong Kong Cultural Centre Open House on Sunday|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902183024/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200611/14/P200611140143.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr02-03/english/counmtg/hansard/cm1106ti-translate-e.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052255/https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr02-03/english/counmtg/hansard/cm1106ti-translate-e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emsd.gov.hk/minisites/voice/en/issue39/p_text.html|title=VoiceLink38|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052304/https://www.emsd.gov.hk/minisites/voice/en/issue39/p_text.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199911/30/1130224.htm|title=Hong Kong Oratorio Society Holds Christmas Concert|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052319/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199911/30/1130224.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dsd.gov.hk/EN/Files/movie/stanley_sewage_treatment_worksEN20140620065030.docx |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052322/https://www.dsd.gov.hk/EN/Files/movie/stanley_sewage_treatment_worksEN20140620065030.docx |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=July 2025}} Similarly, [[Christmas Island]] and the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] have strong cultural ties with Maritime Southeast Asia and are sometimes considered transregional areas between Southeast Asia and Australia/Oceania. On some occasions, [[Sri Lanka]] has been considered a part of Southeast Asia because of its cultural and religious ties to Mainland Southeast Asia.<ref name="emmerson">{{cite journal |last1=Emmerson |first1=Donald K |date=1984 |title=Southeast Asia: What's in a Name? |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1017/S0022463400012182 |jstor=20070562 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1= Friborg|first1=Bastian|title=Southeast Asia: Myth or Reality pg 4|date=2010}}</ref> The eastern half of the island of [[New Guinea]], which is not a part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included as a part of Maritime Southeast Asia, and so are [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and [[Palau]], which were all parts of the [[Spanish East Indies]] with strong cultural and linguistic ties to the region, specifically, the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Inoue, Yukiko|title=Teaching with Educational Technology in the 21st Century: The Case of the Asia-Pacific Region: The Case of the Asia-Pacific Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU-9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|year=2005|publisher=Idea Group Inc (IGI)|isbn=978-1-59140-725-6|page=5|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729210244/https://books.google.com/books?id=nU-9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref>

Timor-Leste and the eastern half of Indonesia (east of the [[Wallace Line]] in the region of [[Wallacea]]) are considered to be geographically associated with Oceania due to their distinctive faunal features. Geologically, the island of [[New Guinea]] and its surrounding islands are considered as parts of the [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]], connected via the [[Sahul Shelf]]. Both [[Christmas Island]] and the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] are located on the [[Australian plate]], south of the [[Sunda Trench]]. Even though they are geographically closer to Maritime Southeast Asia than [[mainland Australia]], these two [[states and territories of Australia|Australian external territories]] are not geologically associated with Asia as none of them is actually on the [[Sunda plate]]. The [[United Nations|UN]] [[United Nations Statistics Division|Statistics Division]]'s [[United Nations geoscheme|geoscheme]], which is a UN [[political geography]] tool created specifically for statistical purposes,<ref name="m49">{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Methodology |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=unstats.un.org}}</ref> has classified both island territories as parts of [[Oceania]], under the [[United Nations geoscheme for Oceania#UNSD subregions|UNSD subregion "Australia and New Zealand"]] ([[Australasia]]).

Some definitions of Southeast Asia may include [[Taiwan]]. Taiwan has sometimes been included in Southeast Asia as well as East Asia but is not a member of [[ASEAN]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Nation Reborn? Taiwan's Belated Recognition of Its Southeast Asian Heritage |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/a-nation-reborn-taiwans-belated-recognition-of-its-southeast-asian-heritage/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Likewise, a similar argument could be applied to some [[South China|southern parts of mainland China]], as well as [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], may also considered as part of Southeast Asia as well as East Asia but are not members of [[ASEAN]].<ref name=":5" />

{{Clear}}

{{Oceans and seas in Southeast Asia}}

{{Location map many
| Southeast Asia
| width = 600
| float = center
| border = #AAC6D5
| caption = <div style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;">Islands in Southeast Asia</div>
| alt = Location map of islands, island chains, and archipelagos in Southeast Asia
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =

| 
| label1 = Sumatra
| label1_size = 
| position1 = top
| background1 = 
| mark1 = Blue pog.svg
| mark1size =
| link1 = Sumatra
| lat1_deg = 0
| lat1_min = 
| lat1_sec = 
| lat1_dir = S
| lon1_deg = 102
| lon1_min = 
| lon1_sec = 
| lon1_dir = E

| 
| label2 = Simeulue
| label2_size = 60
| position2 = top
| background2 = 
| mark2 = Blue pog.svg
| mark2size = 5
| link2 = Simeulue
| lat2_deg = 2
| lat2_min = 37
| lat2_sec = 48
| lat2_dir = N
| lon2_deg = 96
| lon2_min = 5
| lon2_sec = 24
| lon2_dir = E

| 
| label3 = Krakatoa
| label3_size = 60
| position3 = top
| background3 = 
| mark3 = Blue pog.svg
| mark3size = 5
| link3 = Krakatoa Archipelago
| lat3_deg = 6
| lat3_min = 6
| lat3_sec = 7
| lat3_dir = S
| lon3_deg = 105
| lon3_min = 25
| lon3_sec = 22
| lon3_dir = E

| 
| label4 = Bangka
| label4_size = 60
| position4 = top
| background4 = 
| mark4 = Blue pog.svg
| mark4size = 5
| link4 = Bangka Belitung Islands
| lat4_deg = 2
| lat4_min = 8
| lat4_sec = 0
| lat4_dir = S
| lon4_deg = 106
| lon4_min = 7
| lon4_sec = 0
| lon4_dir = E

| 
| label5 = Riau Islands
| label5_size = 60
| position5 = top
| background5 = 
| mark5 = Blue pog.svg
| mark5size = 5
| link5 = Riau Islands
| lat5_deg = 3
| lat5_min = 56
| lat5_sec = 0
| lat5_dir = N
| lon5_deg = 108
| lon5_min = 9
| lon5_sec = 0
| lon5_dir = E

| 
| label6 = Enggano
| label6_size = 60
| position6 = top
| background6 = 
| mark6 = Blue pog.svg
| mark6size = 5
| link6 = Enggano Island
| lat6_deg = 5
| lat6_min = 24
| lat6_sec = 4
| lat6_dir = S
| lon6_deg = 102
| lon6_min = 14
| lon6_sec = 42
| lon6_dir = E

| 
| label7 = Mentawai Islands
| label7_size = 60
| position7 = top
| background7 = 
| mark7 = Blue pog.svg
| mark7size = 5
| link7 = Mentawai Islands Regency
| lat7_deg = 2
| lat7_min = 11
| lat7_sec = 0
| lat7_dir = S
| lon7_deg = 99
| lon7_min = 39
| lon7_sec = 0
| lon7_dir = E

| 
| label8 = Nias
| label8_size = 60
| position8 = top
| background8 = 
| mark8 = Blue pog.svg
| mark8size = 5
| link8 = Nias
| lat8_deg = 1
| lat8_min = 6
| lat8_sec = 0
| lat8_dir = N
| lon8_deg = 97
| lon8_min = 32
| lon8_sec = 0
| lon8_dir = E

| 
| label9 = Borneo
| label9_size = 
| position9 = top
| background9 = 
| mark9 = Blue pog.svg
| mark9size =
| link9 = Borneo
| lat9_deg = 0
| lat9_min = 
| lat9_sec = 
| lat9_dir = S
| lon9_deg = 114
| lon9_min = 
| lon9_sec = 
| lon9_dir = E

| 
| label10 = Java
| label10_size = 
| position10 = top
| background10 = 
| mark10 = Blue pog.svg
| mark10size =
| link10 = Java
| lat10_deg = 7
| lat10_min = 20
| lat10_sec = 
| lat10_dir = S
| lon10_deg = 109
| lon10_min = 37
| lon10_sec = 
| lon10_dir = E

| 
| label11 = Madura
| label11_size = 60
| position11 = top
| background11 = 
| mark11 = Blue pog.svg
| mark11size = 5
| link11 = Madura
| lat11_deg = 7
| lat11_min = 3
| lat11_sec = 37
| lat11_dir = S
| lon11_deg = 113
| lon11_min = 24
| lon11_sec = 0
| lon11_dir = E

| 
| label12 = Sulawesi
| label12_size = 
| position12 = top
| background12 = 
| mark12 = Blue pog.svg
| mark12size =
| link12 = Sulawesi
| lat12_deg = 2
| lat12_min = 0
| lat12_sec = 
| lat12_dir = S
| lon12_deg = 121
| lon12_min = 0
| lon12_sec = 
| lon12_dir = E

| 
| label13 = Sulu Archipelago
| label13_size = 60
| position13 = top
| background13 = 
| mark13 = Blue pog.svg
| mark13size = 5
| link13 = Sulu Archipelago
| lat13_deg = 6
| lat13_min = 
| lat13_sec = 
| lat13_dir = N
| lon13_deg = 121
| lon13_min = 
| lon13_sec = 
| lon13_dir = E

| 
| label14 = Mindanao
| label14_size = 
| position14 = top
| background14 = 
| mark14 = Blue pog.svg
| mark14size =
| link14 = Sulawesi
| lat14_deg = 8
| lat14_min = 0
| lat14_sec = 
| lat14_dir = N
| lon14_deg = 125
| lon14_min = 0
| lon14_sec = 
| lon14_dir = E

| 
| label15 = Visayan Islands
| label15_size = 60
| position15 = top
| background15 = 
| mark15 = Blue pog.svg
| mark15size = 5
| link15 = Visayas
| lat15_deg = 10
| lat15_min = 
| lat15_sec = 
| lat15_dir = N
| lon15_deg = 123
| lon15_min = 30
| lon15_sec = 
| lon15_dir = E

| 
| label16 = Mindoro
| label16_size = 60
| position16 = top
| background16 = 
| mark16 = Blue pog.svg
| mark16size = 5
| link16 = Mindoro
| lat16_deg = 12
| lat16_min = 55
| lat16_sec = 49
| lat16_dir = N
| lon16_deg = 121
| lon16_min = 5
| lon16_sec = 40
| lon16_dir = E

| 
| label17 = Luzon
| label17_size = 
| position17 = top
| background17 = 
| mark17 = Blue pog.svg
| mark17size =
| link17 = Luzon
| lat17_deg = 16
| lat17_min = 0
| lat17_sec = 
| lat17_dir = N
| lon17_deg = 121
| lon17_min = 0
| lon17_sec = 
| lon17_dir = E

| 
| label18 = Catanduanes
| label18_size = 60
| position18 = top
| background18 = 
| mark18 = Blue pog.svg
| mark18size = 5
| link18 = Catanduanes
| lat18_deg = 13
| lat18_min = 48
| lat18_sec = 
| lat18_dir = N
| lon18_deg = 124
| lon18_min = 15
| lon18_sec = 
| lon18_dir = E

| 
| label19 = Polillo
| label19_size = 60
| position19 = top
| background19 = 
| mark19 = Blue pog.svg
| mark19size = 5
| link19 = Polillo Islands
| lat19_deg = 14
| lat19_min = 51
| lat19_sec = 
| lat19_dir = N
| lon19_deg = 122
| lon19_min = 4
| lon19_sec = 
| lon19_dir = E

| 
| label20 = Babuyan
| label20_size = 60
| position20 = top
| background20 = 
| mark20 = Blue pog.svg
| mark20size = 5
| link20 = Babuyan Islands
| lat20_deg = 19
| lat20_min = 15
| lat20_sec = 
| lat20_dir = N
| lon20_deg = 121
| lon20_min = 40
| lon20_sec = 
| lon20_dir = E

| 
| label21 = Batanes
| label21_size = 60
| position21 = top
| background21 = 
| mark21 = Blue pog.svg
| mark21size = 5
| link21 = Batanes
| lat21_deg = 20
| lat21_min = 35
| lat21_sec = 
| lat21_dir = N
| lon21_deg = 121
| lon21_min = 54
| lon21_sec = 
| lon21_dir = E

| 
| label22 = Maluku Islands
| label22_size = 60
| position22 = top
| background22 = 
| mark22 = Blue pog.svg
| mark22size = 5
| link22 = Maluku Islands
| lat22_deg = 3
| lat22_min = 
| lat22_sec = 
| lat22_dir = S
| lon22_deg = 129
| lon22_min = 
| lon22_sec = 
| lon22_dir = E

| 
| label23 = Tanimbar
| label23_size = 60
| position23 = top
| background23 = 
| mark23 = Blue pog.svg
| mark23size = 5
| link23 = Tanimbar Islands
| lat23_deg = 7
| lat23_min = 30
| lat23_sec = 
| lat23_dir = S
| lon23_deg = 131
| lon23_min = 30
| lon23_sec = 
| lon23_dir = E

| 
| label24 = Barat Daya
| label24_size = 60
| position24 = top
| background24 = 
| mark24 = Blue pog.svg
| mark24size = 5
| link24 = Barat Daya Islands
| lat24_deg = 7
| lat24_min = 45
| lat24_sec = 
| lat24_dir = S
| lon24_deg = 126
| lon24_min = 15
| lon24_sec = 
| lon24_dir = E

| 
| label25 = Atauro
| label25_size = 60
| position25 = top
| background25 = 
| mark25 = Blue pog.svg
| mark25size = 5
| link25 = Atauro
| lat25_deg = 8
| lat25_min = 14
| lat25_sec = 24
| lat25_dir = S
| lon25_deg = 125
| lon25_min = 34
| lon25_sec = 48
| lon25_dir = E

| 
| label26 = Rote
| label26_size = 60
| position26 = bottom
| background26 = 
| mark26 = Blue pog.svg
| mark26size = 5
| link26 = Rote Island
| lat26_deg = 10
| lat26_min = 45
| lat26_sec = 
| lat26_dir = S
| lon26_deg = 123
| lon26_min = 08
| lon26_sec = 
| lon26_dir = E

| 
| label27 = Timor
| label27_size = 
| position27 = bottom
| background27 = 
| mark27 = Blue pog.svg
| mark27size =
| link27 = Timor
| lat27_deg = 9
| lat27_min = 14
| lat27_sec = 
| lat27_dir = S
| lon27_deg = 124
| lon27_min = 56
| lon27_sec = 
| lon27_dir = E

| 
| label28 = Savu
| label28_size = 60
| position28 = top
| background28 = 
| mark28 = Blue pog.svg
| mark28size = 5
| link28 = Savu
| lat28_deg = 10
| lat28_min = 29
| lat28_sec = 
| lat28_dir = S
| lon28_deg = 121
| lon28_min = 54
| lon28_sec = 
| lon28_dir = E

| 
| label29 = Flores
| label29_size = 60
| position29 = top
| background29 = 
| mark29 = Blue pog.svg
| mark29size = 5
| link29 = Flores
| lat29_deg = 8
| lat29_min = 40
| lat29_sec = 29
| lat29_dir = S
| lon29_deg = 121
| lon29_min = 23
| lon29_sec = 4
| lon29_dir = E

| 
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| 
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| 
| label34 = Lombok
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| 
| label35 = New Guinea
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}}

==History==
{{Main|History of Southeast Asia}}

===Prehistory===
[[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|The depiction of a bull found in the [[Lubang Jeriji Saleh]], [[Indonesia]], in 2018, is considered among the world's oldest known figurative paintings. The painting is estimated to have been created around 40,000 to 52,000 years ago, or even earlier.]]
[[File:Situs Megalitikum Gunung Padang Cianjur.jpg|thumb|[[Gunung Padang]], the largest megalithic site in Southeast Asia.]]

The region was already inhabited by ''[[Homo erectus]]'' from approximately 1,500,000 years ago during the [[Middle Pleistocene]] age.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=First Islanders: Prehistory and Human Migration in Island Southeast Asia|last=Bellwood|first=Peter|date=10 April 2017|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-119-25154-5|edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Distinct ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' groups, ancestral to Eastern non-African (related to East Asians as well as Papuans) populations, reached the region by between 50,000BC to 70,000BC, with some arguing earlier.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lipson|first1=Mark|last2=Reich|first2=David|date=April 2017|title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=34|issue=4|pages=889–902|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |pmc=5400393|pmid=28074030}}</ref><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite journal|last1=Larena|first1=Maximilian|last2=Sanchez-Quinto|first2=Federico|last3=Sjödin|first3=Per|last4=McKenna|first4=James|last5=Ebeo|first5=Carlo|last6=Reyes|first6=Rebecca|last7=Casel|first7=Ophelia|last8=Huang|first8=Jin-Yuan|last9=Hagada|first9=Kim Pullupul|last10=Guilay|first10=Dennis|last11=Reyes|first11=Jennelyn|date=30 March 2021|title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=13|article-number=e2026132118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |pmc=8020671|pmid=33753512|bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Rock art]] (parietal art) dating from 40,000 to 60,000 years ago (which is currently the world's oldest) has been discovered in the caves of [[Sulawesi]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=11 December 2019 |title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y |pmid=31827284 |hdl=10072/397337 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Kiona N.|date=9 November 2018|title=The world's oldest figurative drawing depicts a wounded animal|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/11/the-worlds-oldest-figurative-drawing-depicts-a-wounded-animal/|access-date=6 January 2022|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109201742/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/11/the-worlds-oldest-figurative-drawing-depicts-a-wounded-animal/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'' also lived in the area up until at least 50,000 years ago, after which they became extinct.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Morwood, M. J. | author2=Brown, P.| author3= Jatmiko| author4= Sutikna, T.| author5= Wahyu Saptomo, E.| author6= Westaway, K. E.| author7= Rokus Awe Due| author8= Roberts, R. G.| author9= Maeda, T.| author10= Wasisto, S.| author11= Djubiantono, T. | date = 13 October 2005 | title = Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 437 | pages = 1012–1017 | doi = 10.1038/nature04022 | pmid=16229067 | issue=7061| bibcode=2005Natur.437.1012M }}</ref> During much of this time the present-day islands of [[Western Indonesia]] were joined into a single landmass with the [[Malay Peninsula]] known as [[Sundaland]] due to much lower sea levels. The [[Gulf of Thailand]] was dry land which connected Sundaland with [[Mainland Southeast Asia]].

Distinctive [[Ancient East Eurasians|Basal-East Eurasian]] (Eastern non-African) ancestry was recently found to have originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively, giving rise to both Oceanian (Papuan related) and basal East Asian ([[Onge]] and [[Tianyuan man|Tianyuan]] related) lineages.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" />

Ancient remains of hunter-gatherers in Maritime Southeast Asia, such as one Holocene hunter-gatherer from [[South Sulawesi]], had ancestry from both the Oceanian-related and East Asian-related branches of the Eastern non-African lineage. The hunter-gatherer individual had approximately ~50% "Basal-East Asian" ancestry, modeled as [[Onge]] or [[Tianyuan man|Tianyuan]]-like ancestry, and was positioned in between the Andamanese Onge and the Papuans of Oceania. The authors concluded that the presence of this ancestry in the Holocene hunter-gatherer suggests that East Asian-related admixture from [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] into [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] may have taken place long before the expansion of [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] societies. Geneflow of East Asian-related ancestry into [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]] could be estimated to ~25,000BC (possibly even earlier).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carlhoff |first1=Selina |last2=Duli |first2=Akin |last3=Nägele |first3=Kathrin |last4=Nur |first4=Muhammad |last5=Skov |first5=Laurits |last6=Sumantri |first6=Iwan |last7=Oktaviana |first7=Adhi Agus |last8=Hakim |first8=Budianto |last9=Burhan |first9=Basran |last10=Syahdar |first10=Fardi Ali |last11=McGahan |first11=David P. |date=August 2021 |title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=596 |issue=7873 |pages=543–547 |bibcode=2021Natur.596..543C |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6 |hdl=10072/407535 |pmc=8387238 |pmid=34433944 |quote=The [[qpGraph]] analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Figs. 7–11). |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The pre-Neolithic Oceanian-related populations of Maritime Southeast Asia were largely replaced by the expansion of various East Asian-related populations, beginning about 50,000BC to 25,000BC years ago from Mainland Southeast Asia. East Asian-related ancestry was already widespread across Southeast Asia by 15,000BC, predating the expansion of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Austronesian peoples]].<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/>

Samples dated to {{circa|10,000}}–2000 BCE from the [[Hoabinhian]] hunter-gatherer lithic techno-complex in Mainland Southeast Asia, which predated the Austronesian and Austroasiatic expansions, display the closest genetic affinities to basal East Asian lineages related to the Upper Paleolithic [[Tianyuan man]] from northern China, as well as the prehistoric [[Jōmon people|Jōmon peoples]] of Japan. Compared to modern populations, they share the closest affinities to the [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]] [[Onge]] and [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]], and the [[Semang]] (also known as "Malaysian [[Negritos]]") and [[Maniq people|Maniq]] in the interior of the Malay Peninsula.<ref>the Hoabinhian is a lithic techno-complex from the late Pleistocene to Holocene, found in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia. {{harvcol|Zeitoun|Bourdon|Latsachack|Pierret|Singthong|Baills|Forestier|2019|p=143}}</ref><ref name="McColl20182">{{cite journal |last1=McColl |first1=Hugh |last2=Racimo |first2=Fernando |last3=Vinner |first3=Lasse |last4=Demeter |first4=Fabrice |last5=Gakuhari |first5=Takashi |last6=Moreno-Mayar |first6=J. Víctor |last7=van Driem |first7=George |last8=Gram Wilken |first8=Uffe |last9=Seguin-Orlando |first9=Andaine |last10=de la Fuente Castro |first10=Constanza |last11=Wasef |first11=Sally |last12=Shoocongdej |first12=Rasmi |last13=Souksavatdy |first13=Viengkeo |last14=Sayavongkhamdy |first14=Thongsa |last15=Saidin |first15=Mohd Mokhtar |display-authors=5 |year=2018 |title=The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia |url=https://researchmgt.monash.edu/ws/files/344873217/343042905_oa.pdf |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) |volume=361 |issue=6397 |pages=88–92 |bibcode=2018Sci...361...88M |doi=10.1126/science.aat3628 |hdl=10072/383365 |pmid=29976827 |hdl-access=free |last16=Allentoft |first16=Morten E. |last17=Sato |first17=Takehiro |last18=Malaspinas |first18=Anna-Sapfo |last19=Aghakhanian |first19=Farhang A. |last20=Korneliussen |first20=Thorfinn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Dang |last2=Duong |first2=Nguyen Thuy |last3=Ton |first3=Nguyen Dang |last4=Van Phong |first4=Nguyen |last5=Pakendorf |first5=Brigitte |last6=Van Hai |first6=Nong |last7=Stoneking |first7=Mark |date=1 September 2020 |title=Extensive Ethnolinguistic Diversity in Vietnam Reflects Multiple Sources of Genetic Diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=2503–2519 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa099 |hdl=21.11116/0000-0006-4AD8-4 |pmc=7475039 |pmid=32344428 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Göllner |first1=Tobias |last2=Larena |first2=Maximilian |last3=Kutanan |first3=Wibhu |last4=Lukas |first4=Helmut |last5=Fieder |first5=Martin |last6=Schaschl |first6=Helmut |year=2022 |title=Unveiling the Genetic History of the Maniq, a Primary Hunter-Gatherer Society |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=14 |issue=4 |article-number=evac021 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evac021 |pmc=9005329 |pmid=35143674}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kusuma |first1=Pradiptajati |last2=Cox |first2=Murray P. |last3=Barker |first3=Graeme |last4=Sudoyo |first4=Herawati |last5=Lansing |first5=J. Stephen |last6=Jacobs |first6=Guy S. |date=28 November 2023 |title=Deep ancestry of Bornean hunter-gatherers supports long-term local ancestry dynamics |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/ef9e05b0-b0d3-423b-ae2f-2bba0a379aee/download |journal=Cell Reports |language=English |volume=42 |issue=11 |article-number=113346 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113346 |pmid=37917587 |pmc=7618103 }}</ref>
[[File:The proposed route of Austroasiatic and Austronesian migration into Indonesia and the geographic distribution of sites that have produced red-slipped and cord-marked pottery.png|left|thumb|The [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Austronesian expansion]]s into Maritime Southeast Asia.]]
In the late [[Neolithic]], the [[Austronesian people]]s, who form the majority of the modern population in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Timor-Leste, migrated to Southeast Asia from [[Taiwan]] in the first seaborne human migration known as the [[Austronesian expansion|Austronesian Expansion]]. They arrived in the northern Philippines between 7,000 BC to 2,200 BC and rapidly spread further into the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] and [[Borneo]] by 1500 BC; [[Island Melanesia]] by 1300 BC; and to the rest of [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], southern [[Vietnam]], and [[Palau]] by 1000 BC.<ref name="Bellwood 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |title=The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages |journal=Scientific American |date=1991 |volume=265 |issue=1 |pages=88–93 |jstor=24936983|bibcode=1991SciAm.265a..88B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88 }}</ref><ref name="hill&serjeanston1989">{{cite book|title=The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-19-857695-2|editor=Hill|editor-first=Adrian V.S.|series=Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7|editor2=Serjeantson|editor-first2=Susan W.|editor-link2=Susan Serjeantson}}</ref> They often settled along coastal areas, replacing and assimilating the diverse preexisting peoples. The remainders of these preexisting populations, known as Negritos, form small minority groups in geographically isolated regions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman |title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean |url-access=registration |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |location= New Haven and London |isbn=978-0-300-10518-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/5 5–7]}}</ref><ref name="Matsumura2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsumura H, Shinoda KI, Shimanjuntak T, Oktaviana AA, Noerwidi S, Octavianus Sofian H, Prastiningtyas D, Nguyen LC, Kakuda T, Kanzawa-Kiriyama H, Adachi N, Hung HC, Fan X, Wu X, Willis A, Oxenham MF | display-authors = 6 | title = Cranio-morphometric and aDNA corroboration of the Austronesian dispersal model in ancient Island Southeast Asia: Support from Gua Harimau, Indonesia | journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 13 | issue = 6 | article-number = e0198689 | date = 22 June 2018 | pmid = 29933384 | pmc = 6014653 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0198689 | bibcode = 2018PLoSO..1398689M | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/>

The [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] peoples of Southeast Asia have been [[sailor|seafarers]] for thousands of years. They spread eastwards to [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]], as well as westwards to [[Madagascar]], becoming the ancestors of modern-day [[Malagasy peoples|Malagasy]], [[Micronesian people|Micronesians]], [[Melanesians]], and [[Polynesians]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500|last=Hall|first=Kenneth R.|date=16 January 2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-6761-0|location=Lanham|language=en}}</ref> Passage through the Indian Ocean aided the colonisation of Madagascar, as well as commerce between Western Asia, eastern coast of India and Chinese southern coast.<ref name=":22" /> Gold from [[Sumatra]] is thought to have reached as far west as Rome. [[Pliny the Elder]] wrote in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' about [[Chryse and Argyre]], two legendary islands rich in gold and silver, located in the Indian Ocean. Their vessels, such as the [[vinta]], were capable to sail across the ocean. [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]]'s voyage records how much more manoeuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the European ships.<ref name="Bergreen.L_Magellan">Laurence Bergreen, Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe, HarperCollins Publishers, 2003, hardcover 480 pages, {{ISBN|978-0-06-621173-2}}</ref> A [[Enrique of Malacca|slave]] from the [[Sulu Sea]] was believed to have been used in the [[Magellan expedition]] as a translator.

Studies presented by the [[Human Genome Organisation]] (HUGO) through genetic studies of the various peoples of Asia show empirically that there was a single migration event from Africa, whereby the early people travelled along the south coast of Asia, first entered the Malay Peninsula 50,000–90,000 years ago. The Orang Asli, in particular the [[Semang]] who show Negrito characteristics, are the direct descendants of these earliest settlers of Southeast Asia. These early people diversified and travelled slowly northwards to China, and the populations of Southeast Asia show greater genetic diversity than the younger population of China.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8406506.stm | work=BBC News | title=Genetic 'map' of Asia's diversity | date=11 December 2009 | access-date=5 November 2010 | archive-date=29 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129232943/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8406506.stm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-25 |title=Geneticist clarifies role of Proto-Malays in human origin |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/187435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181033/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/187435 |archive-date=2018-07-27 |access-date=2025-09-02 |work=Malaysiakini |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Solheim and others have shown evidence for a ''Nusantao'' maritime trading network ranging from [[Vietnam]] to the rest of the archipelago as early as 5000 BC to 1 AD.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Solheim |first1=Wilhelm |title=Taiwan, Coastal South China and Northern Viet Nam and the Nusantao Maritime Trading Network |journal=Journal of East Asian Archaeology |date=2000 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=273–284 |doi=10.1163/156852300509727 }}</ref> The [[Bronze Age]] [[Dong Son culture]] flourished in [[Northern Vietnam]] from about 1000 BC to 1 BC. Its influence spread to other parts Southeast Asia.<ref>Nola Cooke, Tana Li, James Anderson – The Tongking Gulf Through History – Page 46 2011 -"Nishimura actually suggested the Đông Sơn phase belonged in the late metal age, and some other Japanese scholars argued that, contrary to the conventional belief that the Han invasion ended Đông Sơn culture, Đông Sơn artifacts, ..."</ref><ref>Vietnam Fine Arts Museum 2000 "... the bronze cylindrical jars, drums, Weapons and tools which were sophistically carved and belonged to the World-famous Đông Sơn culture dating from thousands of years; the Sculptures in the round, the ornamental architectural Sculptures ..."</ref> The region entered the [[Iron Age]] era in 500 BC, when iron was forged also in northern Vietnam still under Dong Son, due to its frequent interactions with neighbouring [[China]].<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Vietnam, tamburo di song da, detto tamburo Moulié, cultura di Sông Dông Son II, I millennio ac. 01.JPG|thumb|Bronze drum from [[Sông Đà (Mường Lay)|Sông Đà]], northern Vietnam. Mid-1st millennium BC]]

Most Southeast Asian people were originally [[animism|animist]], engaged in ancestors, nature, and spirits worship. These belief systems were later supplanted by [[Hinduism]] and Buddhism after the region, especially coastal areas, came under contact with [[Indian subcontinent]] during the first century.<ref name="jgonda">[[Jan Gonda]], The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in {{Google books|X7YfAAAAIAAJ|Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions|page=1}}, pp. 1–54</ref> Indian Brahmins and traders brought Hinduism to the region and made contacts with local courts.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA587|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614174028/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA587|url-status=live}}</ref> Local rulers converted to Hinduism or Buddhism and adopted Indian religious traditions to reinforce their legitimacy, elevate ritual status above their fellow chief counterparts and facilitate trade with South Asian states. They periodically invited Indian Brahmins into their realms and began a gradual process of [[Indianized kingdom|Indianisation]] in the region.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC|title=A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500|last=Hall|first=Kenneth R.|date=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-6762-7|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=1 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201044039/https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Vanaik 1997">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYtKhu6rktAC&pg=PA147|title=The Furies of Indian Communalism: Religion, Modernity, and Secularization|last=Vanaik|first=Achin|date=1997|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-85984-016-0|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203937/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYtKhu6rktAC&pg=PA147|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Montgomery 2002">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkeOLTrPDI0C&pg=PA68|title=The Lopsided Spread of Christianity: Toward an Understanding of the Diffusion of Religions|last=Montgomery|first=Robert L.|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97361-2|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203801/https://books.google.com/books?id=RkeOLTrPDI0C&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shaivism]] was the dominant religious tradition of many southern Indian Hindu kingdoms during the first century. It then spread into Southeast Asia via the [[Bay of Bengal]], Indochina, then Malay Archipelago, leading to thousands of Shiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with [[Buddhism]] in the region.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions|author=Jan Gonda|publisher=BRILL Academic|year=1975|isbn=978-90-04-04330-5|pages=3–20, 35–36, 49–51|author-link=Jan Gonda|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085012/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bisschopoup2">{{cite web|title=Shaivism|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0051.xml|access-date=6 January 2022|website=obo|language=en|archive-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102174639/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0051.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Theravada Buddhism]] entered the region during the third century, via maritime trade routes between the region and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2-TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|title=Archaeology of Religion: Cultures and Their Beliefs in Worldwide Context|last=Steadman|first=Sharon R.|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-43388-2|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731153605/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2-TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref> Buddhism later established a strong presence in [[Funan]] region in the fifth century. In present-day mainland Southeast Asia, Theravada is still the dominant branch of Buddhism, practised by the Thai, Burmese, and [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Cambodian Buddhists]]. This branch was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture. [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]] established presence in Maritime Southeast Asia, brought by Chinese monks during their transit in the region en route to [[Nalanda]].<ref name=":3" /> It is still the dominant branch of Buddhism practised by Indonesian and [[Buddhism in Malaysia|Malaysian Buddhists]].

The spread of these two Indian religions confined the adherents of Southeast Asian indigenous beliefs into remote inland areas. The [[Maluku Islands]] and New Guinea were never Indianised and its native people were predominantly animists until the 15th century when [[Islam]] began to spread in those areas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Timme|first=Elke|title=A Presença Portuguesa nas Ilhas das Moluccas 1511 – 1605|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QMCpUCxFrUC&pg=PA3|year=2005|publisher=GRIN Verlag|isbn=978-3-638-43208-5|page=3|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203037/https://books.google.com/books?id=2QMCpUCxFrUC&pg=PA3|url-status=live}}</ref> While in Vietnam, Buddhism never managed to develop strong institutional networks due to strong Chinese influence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Church|first=Peter|title=A Short History of South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8wDgAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-06249-3|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729213629/https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8wDgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In present-day Southeast Asia, Vietnam is the only country where [[Vietnamese folk religion|its folk religion]] makes up the plurality.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 December 2012|title=The Global Religious Landscape|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|access-date=6 January 2022|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US|archive-date=19 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719060225/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php|title=Global Religious Landscape|publisher=The Pew Forum|access-date=4 May 2014|archive-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101080244/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php}}</ref> Recently, Vietnamese folk religion is undergoing a revival with the support of the government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roszko|first=Edyta|date=1 March 2012|title=From Spiritual Homes to National Shrines: Religious Traditions and Nation-Building in Vietnam|journal=East Asia|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=25–41|doi=10.1007/s12140-011-9156-x }}</ref> Elsewhere, there are [[ethnic groups in Southeast Asia]] that resisted conversion and still retain their original animist beliefs, such as the [[Dayak people|Dayaks]] in [[Kalimantan]], the [[Igorot people|Igorots]] in Luzon, and the [[Shan people|Shans]] in eastern Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World: From Australasia to Taiwan|last=Baldick|first=Julian|date=15 June 2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-366-8|location=London|language=en}}</ref>

=== Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms era ===
{{Main|Greater India|History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia}}
[[File:Hinduism Expansion in Asia 2023.svg|thumb|Hinduism expansion in Asia, from its heartland in Indian Subcontinent, to the rest of Asia, especially Southeast Asia, started circa 1st century marked with the establishment of early Hindu settlements and polities in Southeast Asia.]]
After the region came under contact with the Indian subcontinent {{circa|400 BCE}}, it began a gradual process of [[Greater India|Indianisation]] where Indian ideas such as religions, cultures, architectures, and political administrations were brought by traders and religious figures and adopted by local rulers. In turn, Indian Brahmins and monks were invited by local rulers to live in their realms and help transforming local polities to become more Indianised, blending Indian and indigenous traditions.<ref name=":32">{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Kenneth R. |title=A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC |year=2010 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-0-7425-6762-7 |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201044039/https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Vanaik 1997"/><ref name="Montgomery 2002"/> [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] became the elite language of the region, which effectively made Southeast Asia part of the [[Indosphere]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mahbubani|first1=Kishore|last2=Sng|first2=Jeffery|title=The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IanWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|year=2017|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-981-4722-49-0|page=19|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731130306/https://books.google.com/books?id=IanWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the region had been Indianised during the first centuries, while the Philippines later Indianised {{circa|ninth century}} when the [[Kingdom of Tondo]] was established in Luzon.<ref name="Postma">{{cite journal|last=Postma|first=Antoon|date=27 June 2008|title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary|url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=40|issue=2|pages=182–203|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010144524/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018|url-status=live}}</ref> Vietnam, especially its northern part, was never fully Indianised due to the many periods of [[Vietnam under Chinese rule|Chinese domination]] it experienced.<ref>Viet Nam social sciences 2002 Page 42 Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam – 2002 "The first period of cultural disruption and transformation: in and around the first millennium CE (that is, the period of Bac thuoc) all of Southeast Asia shifted into strong cultural exchanges with the outside world, on the one hand with Chinese ..."</ref>

The first Indian-influenced polities established in the region were the [[Pyu city-states]] that already existed circa second century BCE, located in inland Myanmar. It served as an overland trading hub between India and China.<ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Preet|title=My Myanmar Years: A Diplomat's Account of India's Relations with the Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7WqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28|year=2015|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-626-3|page=28|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729230331/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7WqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28|url-status=live}}</ref> Theravada Buddhism was the predominant religion of these city states, while the presence of other Indian religions such as Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism were also widespread.<ref name="mat-31-34">Aung-Thwin 2005: 31–34{{full|date=February 2026}}</ref><ref name="mha-15-17">Htin Aung 1967: 15–17{{full|date=February 2026}}</ref> In the first century, the [[Funan]] states centered in the [[Mekong Delta]] were established, encompassed modern-day Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, and eastern Thailand. It became the dominant trading power in mainland Southeast Asia for about five centuries, provided passage for Indian and Chinese goods and assumed authority over the flow of commerce through Southeast Asia.<ref name=":22"/> In maritime Southeast Asia, the first recorded Indianised kingdom was [[Salakanagara]], established in western Java circa second century CE. This Hindu kingdom was known by the Greeks as ''Argyre'' (Land of Silver).<ref>{{cite book|last=Iguchi|first=Masatoshi|title=Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFvsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|year=2017|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-78462-885-7|page=116|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731145852/https://books.google.com/books?id=rFvsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Borobudur, Java, Indonesia, 20220817 1028 8800.jpg|thumb|[[Borobudur]] temple in [[Central Java]], Indonesia]]
By the fifth century CE, trade networking between East and West was concentrated in the maritime route. Foreign traders were starting to use new routes such as the [[Strait of Malacca|Malacca]] and [[Sunda Strait]]s due to the development of maritime Southeast Asia. This change resulted in the decline of Funan, while new maritime powers such as [[Srivijaya]], [[Tarumanagara]], and [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]] emerged. Srivijaya especially became the dominant maritime power for more than 5 centuries, controlling both [[Strait of Malacca]] and [[Sunda Strait]].<ref name=":22" /> This dominance started to decline when Srivijaya were [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|invaded by Chola Empire]], a dominant maritime power of Indian subcontinent, in 1025.<ref name="C. Majumdar 1961 pp. 338-342">{{cite journal |last1=Majumdar |first1=R. C. |author-link1=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=1961 |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=338–342 |doi=10.2307/3249234 |jstor=3249234 }}</ref> The invasion reshaped power and trade in the region, resulted in the rise of new regional powers such as the [[Khmer Empire]] and [[Kahuripan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Rila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA76 |title=Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism |publisher=Primus Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-93-80607-20-7 |page=76 |author-link=Rila Mukherjee |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729231954/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA76 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Continued commercial contacts with the [[Mid-Imperial China|Chinese Empire]] enabled the Cholas to influence the local cultures. Many of the surviving examples of the [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Hindu cultural influence]] found today throughout Southeast Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions.{{NoteTag|The great temple complex at [[Prambanan]] in Indonesia exhibit a number of similarities with the South Indian architecture.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''The CōĻas'', 1935, p. 709.</ref>}}
[[File:Angkor Wat reflejado en un estanque 08.jpg|left|thumb|[[Angkor Wat]] in [[Siem Reap]], [[Cambodia]]]]
As Srivijaya influence in the region declined, The Hindu Khmer Empire experienced a golden age during the 11th to 13th century CE. The empire's capital [[Angkor]] hosts majestic monuments—such as [[Angkor Wat]] and [[Bayon]]. Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor, during its peak, was the largest pre-industrial urban centre in the world.<ref name="Evans2007">{{cite journal |first1 = Damian |last1 = Evans |display-authors=etal |date=9 April 2009 |title=A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia |journal=PNAS|volume=104|issue=36|pages=14277–82|doi=10.1073/pnas.0702525104|pmc=1964867|pmid=17717084|bibcode=2007PNAS..10414277E |doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[Champa]] civilisation was located in what is today central Vietnam, and was a highly Indianised Hindu kingdom. The [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] launched a massive conquest against the [[Cham (Asia)|Cham people]] during the [[1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa]], ransacking and burning Champa, slaughtering thousands of Cham people, and forcibly assimilating them into Vietnamese culture.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |url = https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-13793-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/110 110]}}</ref>

[[File:Bayon Angkor Relief1.jpg|thumb|[[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] army [[Khmer–Cham wars|waging war]] with [[war elephant]]s against the [[Champa|Cham]] in the 12th century, stone relief at the [[Bayon]]]]

During the 13th century CE, the region experienced [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol invasions]], affecting areas such as the Vietnamese coast, inland Burma and [[Java]]. In 1258, 1285 and 1287, the Mongols attempted to invade [[Đại Việt]] and [[Champa]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc|last=Chapuis|first=Oscar|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-313-29622-2|page=85}}</ref> The invasions were unsuccessful, yet both Dai Viet and Champa agreed to become tributary states to [[Yuan dynasty]] to avoid further conflicts.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bulliet|first1=Richard|last2=Crossley|first2=Pamela|last3=Headrick|first3=Daniel|last4=Hirsch|first4=Steven|last5=Johnson|first5=Lyman|title=The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8CiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA336|year=2014|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-285-96570-3|page=336|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731142610/https://books.google.com/books?id=h8CiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA336|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mongols also invaded [[Pagan Kingdom]] in Burma from 1277 to 1287, resulted in fragmentation of the Kingdom and rise of smaller [[Shan States]] ruled by local chieftains nominally submitted to Yuan dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gazetteerupperb01hardgoog|title=Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States|last=Hardiman|first=John Percy|date=1900|publisher=superintendent, Government printing, Burma|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Bernice Koehler Johnson|title=The Shan: Refugees Without a Camp, an English Teacher in Thailand and Burma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLDRmhtWouQC&pg=PA11|year=2009|publisher=Trinity Matrix Publishing|isbn=978-0-9817833-0-7|page=11|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729195828/https://books.google.com/books?id=mLDRmhtWouQC&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 1297, a new local power emerged. [[Myinsaing Kingdom]] became the real ruler of Central Burma and challenged the Mongol rule. This resulted in the second Mongol invasion of Burma in 1300, which was repulsed by Myinsaing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kohn|first=George Childs|title=Dictionary of Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TLjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT446|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-95501-4|page=446|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729192630/https://books.google.com/books?id=1TLjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT446|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Whiting |first=Marvin C. |title=Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC-1912 AD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJQiAz3qTCgC&pg=PA408 |year=2002 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-22134-9 |page=408 |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729192217/https://books.google.com/books?id=JJQiAz3qTCgC&pg=PA408 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mongols would later in 1303 withdrawn from Burma.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hardiman |first=John Percy |url=https://archive.org/details/gazetteerupperb01hardgoog |title=Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States |publisher=superintendent, Government printing, Burma |year=1900}}</ref> In 1292, the Mongols sent envoys to the [[Singhasari]] kingdom in Java to ask for submission to Mongol rule. Singhasari rejected the proposal and injured the envoys, enraged the Mongols and made them sent a large invasion fleet to Java. Unbeknownst to them, Singhasari collapsed in 1293 due to a revolt by [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]], one of its vassals. When the Mongols arrived in Java, a local prince named [[Raden Wijaya]] offered his service to assist the Mongols in punishing Kadiri. After Kadiri was defeated, Wijaya turned on his Mongol allies, ambushed their invasion fleet and forced them to immediately leave Java.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT60 |title=Southeast Asia: Past and Present |last=SarDesai |first=D. R. |year=2012 |publisher=Avalon Publishing |isbn=978-0-8133-4838-4 |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729194508/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT60 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74seAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214 |title=History of Asia |last=Rao |first=B. V. |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-207-9223-4 |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731153416/https://books.google.com/books?id=74seAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the departure of the Mongols, Wijaya established the [[Majapahit Empire]] in eastern Java in 1293. Majapahit would soon grow into a regional power. Its greatest ruler was [[Hayam Wuruk]], whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when other kingdoms in the southern [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Borneo]], [[Sumatra]], and [[Bali]] came under its influence. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of [[Sulawesi]], [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], and some areas of [[western New Guinea]] and southern [[Philippines]], making it one of the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.<ref name="miksic2">{{cite book|author1-link=John N. Miksic |title = Ancient History |series = Indonesian Heritage Series |volume = 1 |first = John |last = Miksic |publisher = Archipelago Press / Editions Didier Millet |year=1999 |isbn=978-981-3018-26-6 }}</ref>{{rp|page=107}} By the 15th century CE however, Majapahit's influence began to wane due to many war of successions it experienced and the rise of new Islamic states such as [[Samudera Pasai Sultanate|Samudera Pasai]] and [[Malacca Sultanate]] around the strategic [[Strait of Malacca]]. Majapahit then collapsed around 1500. It was the last major Hindu kingdom and the last regional power in the region before the arrival of the [[Europeans]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtpkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|title=The Private Sector's Role in Poverty Reduction in Asia|last=Hipsher|first=Scott|year=2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-85709-449-0|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203939/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtpkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC&pg=PA28 |title=Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia |last=Federspiel |first=Howard M. |year=2007 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-3052-6 |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203803/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Spread of Islam===
{{Main|Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia|Islam in Southeast Asia}}
[[File:Masjid Tua Wapauwe Kaitetu.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wapauwe Old Mosque]] is the oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia, and the second oldest in Southeast Asia, built in 1414]]

[[Islam]] began to make contacts with Southeast Asia in the eighth-century CE, when the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] established trade with the region via sea routes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDABDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT113|title=Who Was Muhammad?: An Analysis of the Prophet of Islam in Light of the Bible and the Quran|last=Hardt|first=Doug|date=2016|publisher=TEACH Services, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4796-0544-6|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203137/https://books.google.com/books?id=EDABDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ok5zuaeBtJcC&pg=PA73|title=Daily Life Through Trade: Buying and Selling in World History|last=Anderson|first=James|date=21 March 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36325-2|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729202946/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ok5zuaeBtJcC&pg=PA73|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YjrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT58|title=Islam: Faith and History|last=Ayoub|first=Mahmoud|date=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-452-0|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203412/https://books.google.com/books?id=0YjrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT58|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it only began to spread into the region centuries later. In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]. The Indian [[Chola]] navy crossed the ocean and attacked the [[Srivijaya]] kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram ([[Kedah Kingdom|Kedah]]); the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day [[Sumatra]] and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional [[Hindu]] faith, and converted to Islam with the [[Sultanate of Kedah]] established in 1136. [[Samudera Pasai]] converted to Islam in 1267, the King of Malacca [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]] married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. [[Indonesia]]n religious leader and Islamic scholar [[Hamka]] (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam in Indonesia and [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral [[Zheng He]]."<ref>{{cite book|last=Wang Ma|first=Rosey|title=Chinese Muslims in Malaysia: History and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jK8ltwAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies, Academia Sinica|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904021807/https://books.google.com/books?id=jK8ltwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslims as far as Ottoman Turkey reached Southeast Asia that Melchor Davalos a Spanish officer in Manila, remarked:<ref name="MelchorDavalos" />

{{Blockquote|text=Persians and Arabs and Egyptians and Turks brought [Muhammad's] veneration and evil sect here, and even Moors from Tunis and Granada came here, sometimes in the armadas of Campson [Kait Bey], former Sultan of Cairo and King of Egypt... Thus it seems to me that these Moros of the Philippine Islands [are] mainly those who, as had been said, come from Egypt and Arabia and Mecca, and are their relatives, disciples and members, and every year they say that Turks come to Sumatra and Borneo, and to Ternate, where there are now some of those defeated in the famous battle which Señor Don Juan de Austria won.<ref name="MelchorDavalos">{{cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Emma Helen |last2=Robertson |first2=James Alexander |title=The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 |date=1903 |publisher=A. H. Clark Company |location=Cleveland |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16531/16531-h/16531-h.htm#d0e1458 |volume=6 |page=60 |chapter=Letter from Melchor Davalos to Felipe II, June 20, 1585}}</ref>|author=Melchor Davalos}}

There are several theories to the [[Islamization]] process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India, and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from South Arabia ([[Hadhramaut]]) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in [[Indonesia]], [[Singapore]], and [[Malaysia]]. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, [[Arab Singaporeans|Arab-Singaporean]], and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, [[Malacca Sultanate]], embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes. [[Gujarati Muslims]] played a pivotal role in establishing Islam in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gujarat helped establish Islam in SE Asia {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ampnbspGujarat-helped-establish-Islam-in-SE-Asia/articleshow/11262585.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203230825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ampnbspGujarat-helped-establish-Islam-in-SE-Asia/articleshow/11262585.cms |archive-date=2019-12-03 |access-date=2025-09-02 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

===Trade and colonization===
[[File:StraitOfMalacca2.jpg|thumb|[[Strait of Malacca]]]]

Trade among Southeast Asian countries has a long tradition. The consequences of colonial rule, struggle for independence, and in some cases war influenced the economic attitudes and policies of each country.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=282|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>

====Chinese====
{{See also|List of tributaries of Imperial China|Bamboo network|Chinese Empire}}

From 111 BC to 938 AD, northern Vietnam was under Chinese rule. Vietnam was successfully governed by a series of Chinese dynasties including the [[Han dynasty|Han]], [[Eastern Han]], [[Eastern Wu]], [[Cao Wei]], [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin]], [[Liu Song]], [[Southern Qi]], [[Liang dynasty|Liang]], [[Sui dynasty|Sui]], [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], and [[Southern Han]].

Records from Magellan's voyage show that [[Brunei]] possessed more [[cannon]] than European ships, so the Chinese must have been trading with them.<ref name="Bergreen.L_Magellan" />

Malaysian legend has it that a Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess, [[Hang Li Po]], to Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marry [[Mansur Shah of Malacca|Sultan Mansur Shah]] after the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. [[Hang Li Poh's Well]] (constructed 1459) is now a tourist attraction there, as is [[Bukit Cina]], where her retinue settled.

The strategic value of the [[Strait of Malacca]], which was controlled by [[Sultanate of Malacca]] in the 15th and early 16th century, did not go unnoticed by Portuguese writer [[Tomé Pires]], who wrote in the ''Suma Oriental'': "Whoever is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of [[Venice]]."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4QYAQAAMAAJ |title=The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 |date=1944 |publisher=The Hakluyt Society |location=London |page=287 |language=en |lccn=47018369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145456/https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/The_Suma_Oriental_of_Tome_Pires.html?id=H4QYAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> (Venice was a major European trading partner, and goods were transported there via the Strait.)

====European====
{{See also|European colonisation of Southeast Asia}}

[[File:Fort Cornwallis Eck.JPG|thumb|[[Fort Cornwallis]] in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] marks the spot where the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] first landed in [[Penang]] in 1786, thus heralding the [[British Empire|British colonisation]] of [[British Malaya|Malaya]]]]

Western influence started to enter in the 16th century, with the arrival of the Portuguese in Malacca, [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], and the Philippines, the latter being settled by the Spaniards years later, which they used to [[Manila Galleons|trade between Asia and Latin America]]. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch established the [[Dutch East Indies]]; the [[French Indochina]]; and the British [[Straits Settlements|Strait Settlements]]. By the 19th century, all Southeast Asian countries were colonised except for [[Thailand]].

[[File:Kopparmynt, 1646-1667. 2 kas, 2 doit. Holländska Indien - Skoklosters slott - 108653.tif|thumb|upright|[[Duit]], a coin minted by the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]], 1646–1667. 2 kas, 2 duit]]

[[Chronology of European exploration of Asia|European explorers]] were reaching Southeast Asia from the west and from the east. Regular trade between the ships sailing east from the Indian Ocean and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products, such as [[honey]] and [[hornbill]] beaks from the islands of the archipelago. Before the 18th and 19th centuries, the Europeans mostly were interested in expanding trade links. For the majority of the populations in each country, there was comparatively little interaction with Europeans and traditional social routines and relationships continued. For most, a life with subsistence-level agriculture, fishing and, in less developed civilisations, hunting and gathering was still hard.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=286|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>

Europeans brought [[Christianity]] allowing Christian missionaries to become widespread. Spain, although a European power, sent the [[Spanish Filipinos|most colonists]] and have sourced a significant portion of them from the [[Latin American Asian|Americas]]. This was so, that, Casimiro Díaz once wrote:<ref name="Diaz1635" />

{{Blockquote|text="He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."<ref name="Diaz1635">{{cite book
| last = Díaz
| first = Casimiro
| editor-last1 = Blair
| editor-first1 = Emma Helen
| editor-last2 = Robertson
| editor-first2 = James Alexander
| title = The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898, Volume XXV, 1635–1636
| chapter = Augustinians in the Philippines, 1616–41
| url = https://www.gutenberg.org/files/35165/35165-h/35165-h.htm
| year = 1905
| publisher = Arthur H. Clark Company
| location = Cleveland
| page = 289
| access-date = March 24, 2026
}}</ref>|author=Casimiro Díaz}}

Thailand also allowed Western scientists to enter its country to develop its own education system as well as start sending royal members and Thai scholars to get higher education from [[Europe]] and [[Russia]].

====Japanese====
{{See also|Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|Empire of Japan|Japanese war crimes}}

During World War II, [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] invaded most of the former western colonies under the concept of "[[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]". However, the [[Shōwa period|Shōwa occupation regime]] committed violent actions against civilians such as live human experimentation,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/vivisection-japan-philippines-a00304-20200723-lfrm|title=The Cruel Vivisections Japanese Performed on Filipinos in WWII}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2006/11/27/national/vivisection-on-filipinos-admitted/ | title=Vivisection on Filipinos admitted | date=27 November 2006 | access-date=15 April 2023 | archive-date=2 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602072725/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2006/11/27/national/vivisection-on-filipinos-admitted/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laguardia.edu/maus/files/ethics-ch-16.pdf|title=JAPANESE BIOMEDICAL EXPERIMENTATION DURING THE WORLD-WAR-II ERA|website=laguardia.edu|first=Sheldon H.|last=Harris|author-link=Sheldon H. Harris|access-date=15 April 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324223814/https://www.laguardia.edu/maus/files/ethics-ch-16.pdf}}</ref><ref>Gold, Hal (2011). Unit 731 Testimony (1st ed.). New York: Tuttle Pub. p. 97. ISBN 978-1462900824.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100210f3.html|title= - The Japan Times|website=japantimes.co.jp}} {{dead link|date=June 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/1796044.stm | title=Unit 731: Japan's biological force | date=February 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://apjjf.org/-Christopher-Reed/2177/article.html | title=The United States and the Japanese Mengele: Payoffs and Amnesty for Unit 731 | date=14 August 2006 }}</ref> sexual slavery under the brutal "[[comfort women]]" system,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/29/939811000/philippine-survivor-recounts-her-struggle-as-a-comfort-woman-for-wartime-japan|title=Philippine Survivor Recounts Her Struggle As A 'Comfort Woman' For Wartime Japan|newspaper=NPR.org|publisher=NPR|access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IsBB-RVTlQC&dq=comfort+gay+philippines+japan&pg=PR9|title=The Other Empire: Literary Views of Japan from the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia|year=2008|publisher=The University of the Philippines Press|isbn=978-971-542-562-9|access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://verafiles.org/articles/mystery-missing-comfort-woman-statue|title=The mystery of the missing comfort woman statue|date=27 August 2019 |publisher=Vera Files|access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mosbergen |first=Dominique |date=29 August 2017 |title=Harrowing Story Of Filipina Women Enslaved In Japan's Wartime Rape Camps |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/comfort-women-philippines-m-evelina-galang_us_57232d48e4b0f309baf08490 |work=Huffington Post |location=New York, New York |access-date=30 March 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |agency=Kyodo News |date=20 November 2015 |title=Filipino 'comfort women' survivors stage rally in Manila |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/nation/metro-manila/11/20/15/filipino-comfort-women-survivors-stage-rally-in-manila |work=ABS CBN News |access-date=30 March 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |last=Whaley |first=Floyd |date=29 January 2016 |title=In Philippines, World War II's Lesser-Known Sex Slaves Speak Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/world/asia/japan-philippines-comfort-women-emperor-akihito.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://apjjf.org/2021/5/Shin.html | title=Voices of the "Comfort Women": The Power Politics Surrounding the UNESCO Documentary Heritage | date=March 2021 }}</ref> the [[Manila massacre]] and the implementation of a system of [[Unfree labour|forced labour]], such as the one involving four to ten million ''[[romusha]]'' in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029)|access-date=6 January 2022|website=lcweb2.loc.gov|title=Archived copy|archive-date=30 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030225658/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+id0029%29|url-status=live}}</ref> A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dower |first1=John W. |author-link=John W. Dower |title=War Without Mercy: Race And Power In The Pacific War |date=1986 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-394-75172-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=296 |quote=According to the U.N. Working Group for Asia and the Far East, "the total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from hunger, disease, and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, and 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands."}}</ref> The Allied powers who then defeated Japan (and other allies of [[Axis powers|Axis]]) in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II]] then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.

====Indian====
{{See also|British rule in Burma}}
[[Gujarat]], India had a flourishing trade relationship with Southeast Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |last=Prabhune |first=Tushar |date=27 December 2011 |title=Gujarat helped establish Islam in SE Asia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ampnbspGujarat-helped-establish-Islam-in-SE-Asia/articleshow/11262585.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203230825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ampnbspGujarat-helped-establish-Islam-in-SE-Asia/articleshow/11262585.cms |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=15 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=[[Ahmedabad]]}}</ref> The trade relationship with Gujarat declined after the Portuguese invasion of Southeast Asia in the 17th century.<ref name=toi/>

====American====
{{See also|United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands|Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Commonwealth of the Philippines}}

The United States took the Philippines from Spain in 1898. Internal autonomy was granted in 1934, and independence in 1946.<ref>H. W. Brands, ''Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines: 1890-1990'' (1992)</ref>

===Contemporary history===
Most countries in the region maintain national autonomy. [[Democracy|Democratic forms of government]] are practised in most Southeast Asian countries and human rights is recognised but dependent on each nation state. Socialist or [[Communist state|communist countries]] in Southeast Asia include Vietnam and Laos. [[ASEAN]] provides a framework for the integration of commerce and regional responses to international concerns.

China has asserted broad claims over the [[South China Sea]], based on its [[nine-dash line]], and has [[Great Wall of Sand|built artificial islands]] in an attempt to bolster its claims. China also has asserted an [[exclusive economic zone]] based on the [[Spratly Islands]]. The [[Philippines]] challenged China in the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] in [[The Hague]] in 2013, and in ''[[Philippines v. China]]'' (2016), the Court ruled in favour of the Philippines and rejected China's claims.<ref>{{cite web|last=Liow|first=Joseph Chinyong|date=12 July 2016|title=What does the South China Sea ruling mean, and what's next?|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2016/07/12/what-does-the-south-china-sea-ruling-mean-and-whats-next/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623141104/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2016/07/12/what-does-the-south-china-sea-ruling-mean-and-whats-next/|archive-date=23 June 2018|access-date=6 January 2022|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Euan Graham, [https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils/global_memos/p38227 The Hague Tribunal's South China Sea Ruling: Empty Provocation or Slow-Burning Influence?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135823/https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils/global_memos/p38227 |date=10 March 2018 }}, Lowy Institute for International Policy (18 August 2016).</ref>

====Indochina Wars====
{{Expand section|date=September 2024}}

==Geography==
{{See also|Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|List of Southeast Asian mountains|Southeast Asian Massif}}

[[File:Southeast asia.svg|thumb|Relief map of Southeast Asia]]

Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and is also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]]). Geologically, the [[list of islands of Indonesia|Indonesian Archipelago]] is one of the most [[volcanology|volcanically]] active regions in the world. Geological [[Tectonic uplift|uplifts]] in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in [[Puncak Jaya]] in [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]], Indonesia at {{convert|5030.|m|ft|abbr=off}}, on the island of [[New Guinea]]; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is [[Hkakabo Razi]] at {{convert|5967.|m|ft|abbr=off}} and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, [[Mount Everest]].

The [[South China Sea]] is the major body of water within Southeast Asia. The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Singapore, have integral rivers that flow into the South China Sea.

[[Mayon Volcano]], despite being dangerously [[list of active volcanoes in the Philippines|active]], holds the record of the world's most perfect cone which is built from past and continuous [[types of volcanic eruptions|eruption]].<ref name="Davis">Davis, Lee (1992). Natural disasters: from the Black Plague to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. New York, NY: Facts on File Inc. pp. 300–301.</ref>

===Boundaries===
{{Further|Boundaries between the continents of Earth}}

Geographically, Southeast Asia is bounded to the southeast by the [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]], the boundary between these two regions is most often considered to run through [[Wallacea]].
[[File:OutlineWorldMap-Ekert4WinkelTripel-Meridian127-EastHemisphere.svg|thumb|World Map in outline centred on Southeast Asia, [[Pacific Asia]], [[Melanesia]] and [[Australia]].]]
Geopolitically, the boundary lies between Papua New Guinea and the [[regions of Indonesia|Indonesian region]] of [[Western New Guinea]] (Papua and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]). Both countries share the island of [[New Guinea]].

Islands to the east of the Philippines make up the region of [[Micronesia]]. These islands are not biogeographically, geologically or historically linked to mainland Asia, and are considered part of Oceania by the [[United Nations]], ''[[The World Factbook]]'', and other organisations.<ref name="stats">{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |title=Methodology: Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49) |website=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]}}</ref> The Oceania region is politically represented through the [[Pacific Islands Forum]], a governing body which, up until 2022, included Australia, [[New Zealand]] and all independent territories in [[Melanesia]], Micronesia, and [[Polynesia]]. Several countries of Maritime Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia and the Philippines, are dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, but none have full membership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forumsec.org/who-we-arepacific-islands-forum/|title=The Pacific Islands Forum – Forum Sec}}</ref>

Maritime Southeast Asia was often grouped with Australia and Oceania in the mid to late 1800s, rather than with mainland Asia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Martin W. |last2=Wigen |first2=Kären E. |quote=As is explained in note 71 (this chapter), insular Southeast Asia was often grouped with Oceania instead of with Asia in the middle and late 1800s.| title=The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography |date=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |page=223 |isbn=978-0-520-20742-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLT8X5E3bZIC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22malay+archipelago%22+excluded&pg=PA223 |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> The term Oceania came into usage at the beginning of the 1800s, and the earlier definitions predated the advent of concepts such as Wallacea.

The non-continental Australian external territories of [[Christmas Island]] and [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] are sometimes considered part of Maritime Southeast Asia, as they lie in much closer proximity to western Indonesia than they do to mainland Australia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=M. Athyal |first1=Jesudas |title=Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=40 |isbn=978-1-61069-250-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RfYBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22christmas+island%22+%22in+southeast+asia%22&pg=PA40 |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wildlifetourism.org.au/christmas-island-australias-gem-in-the-indian-ocean/|title=Christmas Island – Australia's Gem In The Indian Ocean}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/christmas/pub/bird-brochure.pdf|title=Christmas and Cocos Keeling Islands Birding Guide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819191359/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/christmas/pub/bird-brochure.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> They have a [[multiculturalism|multicultural]] mix of inhabitants with Asian and [[European Australian]] ancestry, and were uninhabited when discovered by the British during the 17th century.<ref name="gov">{{cite web|url=https://ecat.ga.gov.au/geonetwork/srv/api/records/a05f7892-8f70-7506-e044-00144fdd4fa6|title=BMR Cruise 107: Seabed Morphology and Offshore Resources around Christmas Island, Indian Ocean|website=Product catalogue}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/marine/pub/scientific-publications/archive/conservation-christmas-cocos.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305182602/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/marine/pub/scientific-publications/archive/conservation-christmas-cocos.pdf |url-status=live |title=Conservation values in Commonwealth waters of the Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Island remote Australian territories |archive-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=CSIRO |date=August 2009 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> The islands lie within the bounds of the [[Australian Plate]], and are defined by ''The World Factbook'' as the westernmost extent of Oceania.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cocos-keeling-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617072843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cocos-keeling-islands/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2022 |title=Cocos (Keeling) Islands - The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date=24 June 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/christmas-island/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032949/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/christmas-island/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2021|title=Christmas Island|date=24 June 2022|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref> The United Nations also include these islands in their definition of Oceania, under the same subregion as Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="stats"/>

===Climate===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Southeastern Asia 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Southeast Asia map of the [[Köppen climate classification]]]]

Most of Southeast Asia has a [[tropical climate]] that is hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shifts in winds or [[monsoon]]s. The [[tropical rain belt]] causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rainforest is the second largest on Earth (with the [[Amazon rainforest]] being the largest). Exceptions to the typical tropical climate and forest vegetation are:
# Places such as [[Northern Vietnam]] with a [[subtropical climate]] that is sometimes influenced by [[cold waves]] which move from the northeast and the [[Siberian High]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worlddata.info/asia/vietnam/climate.php |title=Vietnam Climate |website=WorldData.info |access-date=2023-11-24}}</ref>
# mountain areas in the northern region and the higher islands, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures
# the [[Dry Zone (Myanmar)|"dry zone"]] of central Myanmar in the [[rain shadow]] of the [[Arakan Mountains]], where annual rainfall can be as low as {{convert|600|mm|in|0|disp=or}}, which under the hot temperatures that prevail is dry enough to qualify as [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]].
# Southern areas in [[South Central Coast]] of Vietnam is marked with hot [[semi-arid climate]] due to weak monsoon activities and high temperature throughout the year. Annual rainfall of this region varies between {{convert|400|mm|in|0|disp=or}} to {{convert|800|mm|in|0|disp=or}}, with an 8-month dry season.

==== Climate change ====
{{Main|Climate change in Asia}}
[[File:Cheung 2023 fishery projections.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Under the highest-emission scenario, Southeast Asian countries would see substantial reductions in seafood available from their [[exclusive economic zone]]s by 2050<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cheung |first1=William W. L. |last2=Maire |first2=Eva |last3=Oyinlola |first3=Muhammed A. |last4=Robinson |first4=James P. W. |last5=Graham |first5=Nicholas A. J. |last6=Lam |first6=Vicky W. Y. |last7=MacNeil |first7=M. Aaron |last8=Hicks |first8=Christina C. |date=30 October 2023 |title=Climate change exacerbates nutrient disparities from seafood |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=1242–1249 |doi=10.1038/s41558-023-01822-1 |doi-access=free|pmid=37927330 |pmc=10624626 |bibcode=2023NatCC..13.1242C }}</ref> ]]

Southeast Asia lags behind on [[climate change mitigation|mitigation measures]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Sagbakken |first2=Haakon Fossum |last3=Chan |first3=Hoy-Yen |last4=Merdekawati |first4=Monika |last5=Suryadi |first5=Beni |last6=Utama |first6=Nuki Agya |last7=Vakulchuk |first7=Roman |title=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox |journal=Energy and Climate Change |date=December 2021 |volume=2 |article-number=100019 |doi=10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019 |hdl=11250/2734506 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> even though it is one of the most [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable]] regions to [[climate change]] in the world.<ref name="Overland2020">{{Cite book|last=Overland|first=Indra|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312|title=Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier|date=6 November 2017|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065717/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_ASEAN_International_Affairs_Risk_and_Opportunity_Multiplier|url-status=live}}</ref> Climate change has already caused an increase in ''heavy'' [[precipitation]] events (defined as 400 mm or more in a day)<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1464}} and greater increases are expected in this region. Changes in rainfall and runoff will also affect the quality of water supply used by the [[irrigation]] systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/41587621-d96e-4aed-8b22-e714bcecd58e|title=Climate Change Impacts - South East Asia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205837/https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/41587621-d96e-4aed-8b22-e714bcecd58e|archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Under a high-warming scenario, heat-related deaths in the region could increase by 12.7% by 2100.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1508}} Among the elderly in [[Malaysia]], annual heat-related deaths may go from less than 1 per 100,000 to 45 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/926013/retrieve |title=Climate and Health Country Profile – 2015 Malaysia |publisher=World Health Organization |date=2015 |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref>{{rp|1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-08/15868-WB_Malaysia%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |title=Climate Risk Country Profile: Malaysia (2021) |author1=World Bank Group |author2=Asian Development Bank |date=2021 |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref>{{rp|23}}

[[Sea level rise]] is a serious threat. Along Philippine coasts, it occurs three times faster than the global average,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ines |first=Jezreel |date=2023-07-04 |title=In troubled waters: Rising sea levels threaten sinking town's survival |url=https://www.rappler.com/environment/in-troubled-waters-rising-sea-levels-threaten-sinking-town-survival/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Rappler |language=en-US}}</ref> while 199 out of 514 cities and districts in [[Indonesia]] could be affected by tidal flooding by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-03 |title=Photos: Where once were mangroves, Javan villages struggle to beat back the sea |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/07/photos-where-once-were-mangroves-javan-villages-struggle-to-beat-back-the-sea/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Bangkok]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]] and [[Jakarta]] are amongst the 20 coastal cities which would have the world's highest annual flood losses in the year 2050.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> Due to [[land subsidence]], Jakarta is [[Flooding in Jakarta|sinking]] so much (up to {{cvt|28|cm|in|frac=2}} per year between 1982 and 2010 in some areas<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abidin |first1=Hasanuddin Z. |last2=Andreas |first2=Heri |last3=Gumilar |first3=Irwan |last4=Fukuda |first4=Yoichi |last5=Pohan |first5=Yusuf E. |last6=Deguchi |first6=T. |title=Land subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its relation with urban development |journal=Natural Hazards |date=11 June 2011 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=1753–1771 |doi=10.1007/s11069-011-9866-9 |bibcode=2011NatHa..59.1753A }}</ref>) that by 2019, the government had committed to relocate the [[capital of Indonesia]] to another city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/05/03/seas-rise-indonesia-is-moving-its-capital-city-other-cities-should-take-note/|title=As seas rise, Indonesia is moving its capital city. Other cities should take note.|last=Englander|first=John|date=3 May 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref>

Climate change is also likely to pose a serious threat to the region's fisheries:<ref name="Overland2020" />
3.35 million fishers in the Southeast Asia are reliant on [[coral reef]]s,<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1479}} and yet those reefs are highly vulnerable to even low-emission climate change and will likely be lost if global warming exceeds {{convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}}<ref name="ArmstrongMcKay2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Armstrong McKay |first1=David|last2=Abrams |first2=Jesse |last3=Winkelmann |first3=Ricarda |last4=Sakschewski |first4=Boris |last5=Loriani |first5=Sina |last6=Fetzer |first6=Ingo|last7=Cornell|first7=Sarah |last8=Rockström |first8=Johan |last9=Staal |first9=Arie |last10=Lenton |first10=Timothy |date=9 September 2022 |title=Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points |journal=Science |volume=377 |issue=6611 |article-number=eabn7950 |doi=10.1126/science.abn7950 |pmid=36074831 |hdl=10871/131584 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ArmstrongMcKayExplainer">{{Cite web |last=Armstrong McKay |first=David |date=9 September 2022 |title=Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer |url=https://climatetippingpoints.info/2022/09/09/climate-tipping-points-reassessment-explainer/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=climatetippingpoints.info |language=en}}</ref> By 2050–2070, around 30% of the region's aquaculture area and 10–20% of aquaculture production may be lost.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10">Shaw, R., Y. Luo, T. S. Cheong, S. Abdul Halim, S. Chaturvedi, M. Hashizume, G. E. Insarov, Y. Ishikawa, M. Jafari, A. Kitoh, J. Pulhin, C. Singh, K. Vasant, and Z. Zhang, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter10.pdf Chapter 10: Asia]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012.</ref>{{rp|1491}}

[[File:Spreading ridges volcanoes map-en.svg|thumb|Map showing the divergent plate boundaries (oceanic spreading ridges) and recent sub-aerial [[volcano]]es (mostly at convergent boundaries), with a high density of volcanoes situated in [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].]]

===Environment===
{{See also|Southeast Asian coral reefs|Wallace Line}}
[[File:Komodo dragon at Komodo National Park.jpg|thumb|Komodo dragon in [[Komodo National Park]], Indonesia]]
[[File:Pithecophaga jefferyi.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Philippine eagle]]]]
[[File:The Mayon Volcano.jpg|thumb|The [[Mayon|Mayon Volcano]], Philippines]]

The vast majority of Southeast Asia falls within the warm, humid tropics, and its climate generally can be characterized as monsoonal. The animals of Southeast Asia are diverse; on the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]], the [[orangutan]], the [[Asian elephant]], the [[Malayan tapir]], the [[Sumatran rhinoceros]], and the [[Bornean clouded leopard]] can also be found. Six subspecies of the [[binturong]] or ''bearcat'' exist in the region, though the one endemic to the island of [[Palawan]] is now classed as vulnerable. Tigers of three different subspecies are found on the island of Sumatra (the [[Sumatran tiger]]), in peninsular Malaysia (the [[Malayan tiger]]), and in Indochina (the [[Indochinese tiger]]); all of which are endangered species. The [[Komodo dragon]] is the largest living species of lizard and inhabits the islands of [[Komodo (island)|Komodo]], [[Rinca]], [[Flores]], and [[Gili Motang]] in Indonesia. The [[Philippine eagle]] is the [[national bird]] of the Philippines. It is considered by scientists as the largest eagle in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Langne |first=Kaine |date=2023-04-02 |title=go8 |url=https://go8.ad |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=go8.ad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2012 |title=Climate Reality Watch Party 2016 |url=http://www.haribon.org.ph/index.php?view=article&id=223:the-largest-eagle-in-the-world&option=com_content&Itemid=119 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820234906/http://www.haribon.org.ph/index.php?view=article&id=223%3Athe-largest-eagle-in-the-world&option=com_content&Itemid=119 |archive-date=20 August 2018 |access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> and is endemic to the Philippines' forests. The [[wild water buffalo]], and on various islands related dwarf species of ''[[Bubalus]]'' such as [[anoa]] were once widespread in Southeast Asia; nowadays the [[domestic Asian water buffalo]] is common across the region, but its remaining relatives are rare and endangered. The [[mouse deer]], a small tusked deer as large as a toy dog or cat, mostly can be found on Sumatra, Borneo (Indonesia), and in Palawan (Philippines). The [[gaur]], a gigantic wild ox larger than even wild water buffalo, is found mainly in Indochina. There is very little scientific information available regarding Southeast Asian amphibians.<ref>{{Cite book|page=68|title=Southeast Asian Biodiversity in Crisis|author=Navjot S. Sodhi|author2=Barry W. Brook|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-83930-3}}</ref>

Birds such as the [[green peafowl]] and [[drongo]] live in this subregion as far east as Indonesia. The [[babirusa]], a four-tusked pig, can be found in Indonesia as well. The [[hornbill]] was prized for its beak and used in trade with China. The horn of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China as well.

The [[List of islands of Indonesia|Indonesian Archipelago]] is split by the [[Wallace Line]]. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only a few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent [[soil erosion]] but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the [[Javan rhinoceros]] face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.

The shallow waters of the [[Southeast Asian coral reefs]] have the highest levels of [[biodiversity]] for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish, and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the [[Raja Ampat]] (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's "center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity". The [[whale shark]], the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of [[sea turtle]]s can also be found in the [[South China Sea]] and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines.

The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found. These rainforest areas are currently being logged-over, especially in Borneo.

While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, [[Deforestation in Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation]] which causes habitat loss for various [[endangered species]] such as orangutan and the [[Sumatran tiger]]. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and [[Flora|plant species]] in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web|last=Young|first=Emma|title=Biodiversity wipeout facing South East Asia|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3973-biodiversity-wipeout-facing-south-east-asia/|access-date=6 January 2022|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> At the same time, [[haze]] has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in [[1997 Southeast Asian haze|1997]] and [[2006 Southeast Asian haze|2006]] in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by "[[slash and burn]]" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the [[ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution]] to combat haze pollution.

The [[2013 Southeast Asian haze]] saw API levels reach a hazardous level in some countries. Muar experienced the highest [[Air pollution index|API]] level of 746 on 23 June 2013 at around 7 am.<ref>[[2013 Southeast Asian haze#Air Pollution Index readings]]</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:The port of Singapore.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Singapore]] is the busiest [[transshipment]] and [[List of busiest container ports|container port]] in the world, and is an important transportation and shipping hub in Southeast Asia]]

Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First, [[Spain|Spaniards]] ([[Manila galleon]]) who sailed from the Americas and [[Kingdom of Portugal]], then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]] and parts of Borneo, the French into [[Indochina]], and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines. An economic effect of this imperialism was the shift in the production of commodities. For example, the rubber plantations of Malaysia, Java, Vietnam, and Cambodia, the tin mining of Malaya, the rice fields of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, and the Irrawaddy River delta in Burma, were a response to the powerful market demands.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=287|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>

The [[overseas Chinese]] community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from [[southern China]] settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries.<ref name="Weidenbaum2328">{{cite book |author=Murray L Weidenbaum |url=https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid/page/23 |title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press |isbn=978-0-684-82289-1 |pages=23–28 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the [[Communist Revolution]] in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.<ref name="Weidenbaum">{{cite book|author=Murray L. Weidenbaum|title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid/page/4|url-access=registration|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press|isbn=978-0-684-82289-1|pages=4–8}}</ref> In 2022, Malaysian petroleum industry through its oil and gas company, [[Petronas]], was ranked eighth in the world by the Brandirectory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil & Gas 50 2022 {{!}} Brand Value Ranking League Table {{!}} Brandirectory |url=https://brandirectory.com/rankings/oil-and-gas/table |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=brandirectory.com |language=en}}</ref> Seventeen telecommunications companies contracted to build the [[Asia-America Gateway]] submarine cable to connect Southeast Asia to the US<ref>{{cite web |author=Sean Yoong |title=17 Firms to Build $500M Undersea Cable |website=International Business Times |date=27 April 2007 |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20070427/malaysia-undersea-cable.htm |access-date=28 July 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042505/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20070427/malaysia-undersea-cable.htm |archive-date =27 September 2007}}</ref> This is to avoid disruption of the kind caused by the cutting of the undersea cable from Taiwan to the US in the [[2006 Hengchun earthquakes]].[[File:2022 Proton Persona 1.6L Executive CVT.jpg|thumb|[[Proton Persona]] is one of the indigenously developed car model by Malaysian automobile manufacturer [[Proton Holdings|Proton]] ]]
Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, "tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet."<ref>[http://pub.unwto.org:81/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1240/1240-1.pdf Background overview of The National Seminar on Sustainable Tourism Resource Management] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324004538/http://pub.unwto.org:81/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1240/1240-1.pdf |date=24 March 2012 }}, Phnom Penh, 9–10 June 2003.</ref> Since the early 1990s, "even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries."<ref>Hitchcock, Michael, et al. Tourism in South-East Asia. New York: Routledge, 1993</ref> In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.<ref>WDI Online</ref> Furthermore, Vietnam is considered as a growing [[Power (international relations)|power]] in Southeast Asia due to its large foreign investment opportunities and the booming tourism sector.

By the early 21st century, [[Indonesia]] had grown to an [[emerging markets|emerging market]] economy, becoming the [[Economy of Indonesia|largest economy]] in the region. It was classified a [[newly industrialised country]] and is the region's singular member of the [[G20|G-20 major economies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.g20.org/en/il-g20.html|title=About the G20|publisher=[[G20]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111145853/https://www.g20.org/en/il-g20.html|archive-date=11 January 2021|language=en|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product (GDP) for 2020 was US$1,088.8 billion (nominal) or $3,328.3 billion (PPP) with per capita GDP of US$4,038 (nominal) or $12,345 (PPP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IDN/WEO|title=Indonesia Datasets - World Economics Outlook (October 2020)|publisher=IMF|language=en|date=October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134832/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IDN/WEO|archive-date=27 January 2021|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> By GDP per capita in 2023, Singapore is the leading nation in the region with US$84,500 (nominal) or US$140,280 (PPP), followed by Brunei with US$41,713 (nominal) or US$79,408 (PPP) and Malaysia with US$13,942 (nominal) or US$33,353 (PPP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> Besides that, Malaysia has the lowest cost of living in the region, followed by Brunei and Vietnam.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Mercer's 2020 Cost of Living Survey {{!}} Mercer ASEAN |url=https://www.asean.mercer.com/newsroom/mercer-2020-cost-of-living-survey-asean.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.asean.mercer.com |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214200327/https://www.asean.mercer.com/newsroom/mercer-2020-cost-of-living-survey-asean.html }}</ref> On the contrary, Singapore is the costliest country in the region, followed by Thailand and the Philippines.<ref name="auto"/>

Stock markets in Southeast Asia have performed better than other bourses in the Asia-Pacific region in 2010, with the Philippines' [[PSE Composite Index|PSE]] leading the way with 22 per cent growth, followed by Thailand's [[SET Index|SET]] with 21 per cent and Indonesia's [[JSX Composite|JKSE]] with 19 per cent.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE68Q0BL20100927 | work=Reuters | title=SE Asia Stocks-Jakarta, Manila hit record highs, others firm | date=27 September 2010 | access-date=2 July 2017 | archive-date=2 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202012019/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE68Q0BL20100927 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/278869/bull-market-lifts-pse-index-top-rank-among-stock-exchanges-asia Bull Market Lifts PSE Index to Top Rank Among Stock Exchanges in Asia | Manila Bulletin]. Mb.com.ph (24 September 2010). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.</ref>

Southeast Asia's GDP per capita is US$4,685 according to a 2020 [[International Monetary Fund]] estimates, which is comparable to [[South Africa]], [[Iraq]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name=":12"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Country
![[Currency]]
![[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(2020)<ref name="Population"/><ref name="2020census">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf|page=9|publisher=Statistics Indonesia|title=Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020|language=id|date=21 January 2021|access-date=21 January 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122154418/https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf|archive-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
![[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]]<br />(2020) $ billion<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=World Economic Outlook (December 2020) – Nominal GDP|publisher=IMF|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019141723/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>
![[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP per capita]]<br />(2020)<ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=World Economic Outlook (December 2020) – Nominal GDP per capita|publisher=IMF|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111084550/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>
![[Economic growth|GDP growth]]<br />(2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=World Economic Outlook (December 2020) – Real GDP growth|publisher=IMF|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114112122/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>
![[Inflation]]<br />(2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=World Economic Outlook (December 2020) – Inflation rate, average consumer prices|publisher=IMF|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114112153/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>
![[List of countries by GDP sector composition|Main industries]]
|-
|{{Country|Brunei}}
|'''B$''' [[Brunei dollar]]
| style="text-align:right" |437,479
| style="text-align:right" |$10.647
| style="text-align:right" |$23,117
| style="text-align:right" |0.1%
| style="text-align:right" |0.3%
|Petroleum, petrochemicals, fishing
|-
|{{Country|Cambodia}}
|'''៛''' [[Cambodian riel|Riel]] '''US$''' [[United States Dollar|US Dollar]]
| style="text-align:right" |16,718,965
| style="text-align:right" |$26.316
| style="text-align:right" |$1,572
| style="text-align:right" |-2.8%
| style="text-align:right" |2.5%
|Clothing, gold, agriculture
|-
|{{Country|Indonesia}}
|'''Rp''' [[Indonesian rupiah|Rupiah]]
| style="text-align:right" |270,203,917<ref name="2020census"/>
| style="text-align:right" |$1,088.768
| style="text-align:right" |$4,038
| style="text-align:right" |-1.5%
| style="text-align:right" |2.1%
|Coal, petroleum, palm oil
|-
|{{Country|Laos}}
|'''₭''' [[Lao kip|Kip]]
| style="text-align:right" |7,275,560
| style="text-align:right" |$18.653
| style="text-align:right" |$2,567
| style="text-align:right" |0.2%
| style="text-align:right" |6.5%
|Copper, electronics, Tin
|-
|{{Country|Malaysia}}
|'''RM''' [[Malaysian ringgit|Ringgit]]
| style="text-align:right" |32,365,999
| style="text-align:right" |$336.330
| style="text-align:right" |$10,192
| style="text-align:right" |-6%
| style="text-align:right" |-1.1%
|Electronics, petroleum, petrochemicals, palm oil, automotive
|-
|{{Country|Myanmar}}
|'''K''' [[Burmese kyat|Kyat]]
| style="text-align:right" |54,409,800
| style="text-align:right" |$70.890
| style="text-align:right" |$1,333
| style="text-align:right" |2%
| style="text-align:right" |6.1%
|Natural gas, agriculture, clothing
|-
|{{Country|Philippines}}
|'''₱''' [[Philippine peso|Peso]]
| style="text-align:right" |109,581,078
| style="text-align:right" |$367.362
| style="text-align:right" |$3,373
| style="text-align:right" |-8.3%
| style="text-align:right" |2.4%
|Electronics, timber, automotive
|-
|{{Country|Singapore}}
|'''S$''' [[Singapore dollar]]
| style="text-align:right" |5,850,342
| style="text-align:right" |$337.451
| style="text-align:right" |$58,484
| style="text-align:right" |-6%
| style="text-align:right" |-0.4%
|Electronics, petroleum, chemicals
|-
|{{Country|Thailand}}
|'''฿''' [[Thai baht|Baht]]
| style="text-align:right" |69,799,978
| style="text-align:right" |$509.200
| style="text-align:right" |$7,295
| style="text-align:right" |-7.1%
| style="text-align:right" |-0.4%
|Electronics, automotive, rubber
|-
|{{Country|Timor-Leste}}
|'''US$''' [[United States dollar|US dollar]]
| style="text-align:right" |1,318,445
| style="text-align:right" |$1.920
| style="text-align:right" |$1,456
| style="text-align:right" |-6.8%
| style="text-align:right" |0.9%
|Petroleum, coffee, electronics
|-
|{{Country|Vietnam}}
|'''₫''' [[Vietnamese đồng|Đồng]]
| style="text-align:right" |97,338,579
| style="text-align:right" |$340.602
| style="text-align:right" |$3,498
| style="text-align:right" |2.9%
| style="text-align:right" |3.8%
|Electronics, clothing, petroleum
|}

==Energy==
Traditionally, the Southeast Asian economy has heavily relied on fossil fuels. However, it has begun transitioning towards clean energy. The region possesses significant renewable energy potential, including solar, wind, hydro, and pumped hydro energy storage. Modeling indicates that it could achieve a 97% share of solar and wind energy in the electricity mix at competitive costs ranging from $US 55 to $115 per megawatt-hour.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Bin |last2=Blakers |first2=Andrew |last3=Stocks |first3=Matthew |last4=Do |first4=Thang Nam |date=2021-12-01 |title=Low-cost, low-emission 100% renewable electricity in Southeast Asia supported by pumped hydro storage |journal=Energy |volume=236 |article-number=121387 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2021.121387 |bibcode=2021Ene...23621387L |hdl=1885/296681 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The energy transition in Southeast Asia can be characterized as demanding, doable, and dependent.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Do |first=Thang Nam |date=May 2024 |title=Insider perspectives on Southeast Asiaʼs clean energy transition |journal=Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |article-number=e390 |doi=10.1002/app5.390 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This implies the presence of substantial challenges, including financial, technical, and institutional barriers. However, it is feasible, as evidenced by Vietnam's remarkable achievement of installing about 20 GW of solar and wind power in just three years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Do |first1=Thang Nam |last2=Burke |first2=Paul J. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Hoang Nam |last4=Overland |first4=Indra |last5=Suryadi |first5=Beni |last6=Swandaru |first6=Akbar |last7=Yurnaidi |first7=Zulfikar |title=Vietnam's solar and wind power success: Policy implications for the other ASEAN countries |journal=Energy for Sustainable Development |date=December 2021 |volume=65 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/j.esd.2021.09.002 |bibcode=2021ESusD..65....1D |hdl=1885/248804 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> International cooperation plays a crucial role in facilitating this transition.<ref name=":6" />

==Demographics==
[[File:South Eastern Asia population pyramid 2023.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of South East Asia in 2023]]
[[File:Southeast Asia population distribution.png|thumb|Population distribution of the countries of Southeast Asia (with Indonesia split into its major islands).]]

Southeast Asia has an area of approximately {{convert|4500000|km2|mi2}}. As of {{UN_Population|Year}}, around {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN_Population|South-Eastern Asia}}|,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million people live in the region, more than a fifth live (143 million) on the Indonesian island of [[Java]], the most densely populated large island in the world. [[Indonesia]] is the most populous country with {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN_Population|Indonesia}}|,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million people (~40% of South East Asia), and also the fourth most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million [[overseas Chinese]] also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in [[Christmas Island]], Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also as the [[Hoa people|Hoa]] in Vietnam. People of Southeast Asian origins are known as Southeast Asians or Aseanites.

===Ethnic groups===
{{Main|Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia}}
[[File:Kecak in Pura Dalem Ubud 1.jpg|thumb|[[Balinese people]] of [[Indonesia]]]]

The peoples of Southeast Asia are mainly divided into four major ethnolinguistic groups: the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]], Austroasiatic (or Mon-Khmers), [[Tai peoples|Tai]] (part of the wider [[Kra-Dai]] family) and Tibeto-Burman (part of greater [[Sino-Tibetan]] language family) peoples. There is also a smaller but significant number of [[Hmong–Mien]], [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidians]], [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]], Eurasians and Papuans, which also contributes to the diversity of peoples in the region.

The [[Orang Asli|Aslians]] and [[Negrito]]s were believed to be one of the earliest inhabitants in the region. They are genetically related to [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuans]] in Eastern Indonesia, Timor-Leste and [[Australian Aborigines|Aboriginal Australians]]. In modern times, the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in [[Java]], Indonesia. The second-largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia are the [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (Kinh people) with around 86 million people, mainly inhabiting Vietnam but also forming a significant minority in neighbouring Cambodia and Laos. The [[Thai people|Thais]] are the third largest with around 59 million people, forming the majority in Thailand.

[[Indonesia]] is politically and culturally dominated by the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] ethnic groups (both native to Java), but the country also has hundreds of ethnic groups scattered throughout the archipelago, such as the [[Madurese people|Madurese]], [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]], [[Bugis]], [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Makassar people|Makassarese]], [[Dayak people|Dayak]], [[Minahasan people|Minahasan]], [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]], [[Malay Indonesian|Malay]], [[Betawi people|Betawi]], [[Torajan people|Torajan]] and [[Ambonese people|Ambonese]] peoples.

In Malaysia, the country is demographically divided into [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]], who make up more than half of the country's population; the [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]], at around 22%; other [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]]s, at 12%; and [[Malaysian Indians|Indians]], at around 6%. In [[East Malaysia]], the [[Dayaks]] (mainly [[Iban people|Ibans]] and [[Bidayuh]]s) make up the majority in the state of [[Sarawak]], while the [[Kadazan-Dusun]]s make up the majority in [[Sabah]]. In [[Labuan]], the [[Bruneian Malay people|Bruneian Malays]] and [[Kedayan]]s are the largest groups. Overall, the [[Ethnic Malay|Malays]] are the majority in Malaysia and Brunei and form a significant minority in Indonesia, [[Thai Malays|Southern Thailand]], [[Burmese Malays|Myanmar]], and [[Malay Singaporean|Singapore]]. In Singapore, the demographics of the country is similar to that of its West Malaysian counterparts but instead of Malays, it is the [[Chinese Singaporean|Chinese]] that are the majority, while the Malays are the second largest group and [[Indian Singaporean|Indians]] third largest.

Within the Philippines, the country has no majority ethnic groups; but the four largest ethnolinguistic groups in the country are the [[Visayan people|Visayans]] (mainly [[Cebuano people|Cebuanos]], [[Waray people|Warays]] and [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynons]]), [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]], [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]] and [[Bicolano people|Bicolanos]]. Besides the major four, there are also the [[Moro people]]s of [[Mindanao]], consisting of the [[Tausug people|Tausug]], [[Maranao people|Maranao]], [[Yakan people|Yakan]] and [[Maguindanao people|Maguindanao]]. Other regional groups in the country are the [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangans]], [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinans]], [[Surigaonon people|Surigaonons]], [[Ifugao people|Ifugao]], [[Kalinga people|Kalinga]], [[Kamayo people|Kamayo]], [[Cuyonon people|Cuyonon]] and [[Ivatan people|Ivatan]].

In mainland Southeast Asia, the [[Bamar|Burmese]] accounts for more than two-thirds of the population in Myanmar, but the country also has several regional ethnic groups which mainly live in [[Administrative Divisions of Myanmar#States|states]] that are specifically formed for ethnic minorities. The major regional ethnic groups in Myanmar are the Tai-speaking [[Shan people]], [[Karen people]], [[Rakhine people]], [[Chin people]], [[Kayah people]] and Indo-Aryan-speaking [[Rohingya people]] living on the westernmost part of the country near the border with [[Bangladesh]]. In neighbouring Thailand, the Thais are the largest ethnic group in the country but is divided into several regional Tai groups such as Central Thais, [[Northern Thai people|Northern Thais or Lanna]], [[Southern Thai|Southern Thais or Pak Thai]], and Northeastern Thai or [[Isan people]] (which is ethnically more closely related to [[Lao people]] than to Central Thais), each have their own unique dialects, history and culture. Besides the Thais, Thailand is also home to more than 70 ethnolinguistic groups of which the largest being Patani Malays, [[Northern Khmers]], Karen, [[Hmong people|Hmongs]] and [[Thai Chinese|Chinese]].

Cambodia is one of the most homogeneous countries in the area, with [[Khmer people|Khmers]] forming more than 90% of the population but the country also has a large number of ethnic [[Cham people|Chams]], [[Vietnamese Cambodians|Vietnamese]] and various inland tribes categorised under the term [[Khmer Loeu]] (Hill Khmers).

===Religion===
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2025}}
{{See also|Buddhism in Southeast Asia|Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Islam in Southeast Asia|Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia|Muslim Southeast Asia|Christianity in Asia}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Southeast Asia (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=18 May 2013 |access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 40.08
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Buddhism]]
|value2 = 28.41
|color2 = Gold
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 21.33
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = [[Chinese folk religion|Folk religion]]
|value4 = 4.16
|color4 = Red
|label5 = No religion
|value5 = 4.70
|color5 = Grey
|label6 = [[Hinduism]]
|value6 = 1.09
|color6 = Darkorange
|label7 = Other
|value7 = 0.23
|color7 = Purple
}}

Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions and the region is home to many world religions including Abrahamic, Indian, East Asian and Iranian religions. By population, [[Islam]] is the most practised faith with approximately 240 million adherents, or about 40% of the entire population, concentrated in [[Indonesia]], [[Brunei]], [[Malaysia]], [[Southern Thailand]], and in the [[Southern Philippines]]. Indonesia is the most populous Muslim-majority country in the world. Meanwhile, Islam is constitutionally the official religion in Malaysia and Brunei.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia - Religion {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Malaysia/Religion |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/oman-muscat/SitePages/bruneiintroduction.aspx#:~:text=Islam%20is%20the%20official%20religion,been%20since%20the%2014th%20century. |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.mfa.gov.bn}}</ref>

There are approximately 190–205 million Buddhists in Southeast Asia, making it the second-largest religion in the region. Approximately 28 to 35% of the world's Buddhists reside in Southeast Asia. [[Buddhism]] is predominant in Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Singapore, and adherents may come from Theravada or Mahayana schools. Ancestor worship and [[Confucianism]] are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Taoism and Chinese folk religions such as Mazuism are also widely practised by the overseas Chinese community in Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. In certain cases, they may include Chinese or local deities in their worshipping practises such as Tua Pek Kong, Datuk Keramat and many more.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2025}}

[[Christianity]] is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia, and Timor-Leste. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=5 facts about Catholicism in the Philippines|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/09/5-facts-about-catholicism-in-the-philippines/|access-date=5 July 2021|website=Pew Research Center|date=9 January 2015 |language=en-US|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625213623/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/09/5-facts-about-catholicism-in-the-philippines/|url-status=live}}</ref> Timor-Leste is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of [[Indonesia]]n<ref name="Taylor, Jean Gelman 2003, p.381">{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/381 381]|isbn=978-0-300-10518-6}}</ref> and Portuguese rule. In October 2019, the number of Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, in Southeast Asia reached 156 million, of which 97 million came from the [[Philippines]], 29 million from [[Indonesia]], 11 million from [[Vietnam]], and the rest from [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Timor-Leste]], [[Singapore]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]] and [[Brunei]]. In addition, Eastern Orthodox Christianity can also be found in the region. In addition, Judaism is practised in certain countries such as in the Philippines, Singapore and Indonesia due to the presence of Jewish diaspora. There is a small population of Parsis in Singapore who practise [[Zoroastrianism]], and [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] is also practised by very small population in Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore and Thailand.

No individual Southeast Asian country is religiously homogeneous. Some groups are protected ''de facto'' by their isolation from the rest of the world.<ref name=indigenous >{{cite news|first1=Euan|last1=McKirdy|first2=Sugam|last2=Pokharel|date=21 November 2018|title=North Sentinel Island tribespeople believed to have killed trespassing US 'missionary'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/21/asia/andaman-nicobar-us-missionary-killed-intl/index.html|access-date=6 January 2022|website=CNN|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112071854/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/21/asia/andaman-nicobar-us-missionary-killed-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as [[Bali]]. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, [[New Guinea]], [[Flores]], and [[Timor]]. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia, etc. [[Garuda]], the [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] who is the mount (''vahanam'') of [[Vishnu]], is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on [[Palawan]]; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on [[Mindanao]]. [[Balinese Hinduism]] is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as [[animism]] and local culture is incorporated into it. Meanwhile, Hindu community in Malaysia and Singapore are mostly South Indian diaspora, hence the practices are closely related to the Indian Hinduism. Additionally, Sikhism is also practised by significant population especially in Malaysia and Singapore by North Indian diaspora specifically from Punjab region. Small population of the Indian diaspora in the region are Jains and can be found in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in Timor-Leste and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of [[Sarawak]] in East Malaysia, Highland Philippines, and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka ([[Indra]]) is revered as a ''[[nat (spirit)|Nat]]''. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with a strong emphasis on [[veneration of the dead|ancestor worship]]. Vietnamese folk religions are practised by majority of population in Vietnam. Caodaism, a monotheistic syncretic new religious movement, is also practised by less than one percent of the population in Vietnam. Due to the presence of Japanese diaspora in the region, the practice of Shinto has growingly made appearance in certain countries such as in Thailand.

The religious composition for each country is as follows: Some values are taken from the ''[[CIA World Factbook]]'':<ref>{{cite web|title=Field Listing – Religions|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=24 February 2007|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220203407/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=175 | Country
! Religions
|-
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|'''Islam''' (81%), Buddhism, Christianity, others (indigenous beliefs, etc.)
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|'''Buddhism''' (97%), Islam, Christianity, Animism, others
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|'''Islam''' (87%), Protestantism (7.6%), Roman Catholicism (3.12%), Hinduism (1.74%), Buddhism (0.77%), Confucianism (0.03%), others (0.4%)<ref name='indoCIA'>{{Citation|title=Indonesia|date=29 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413004319/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|title=Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]]|date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221250/https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|archive-date=3 September 2020|access-date=24 September 2020|language=id}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|'''Buddhism''' (67%), Animism, Christianity, others
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|'''Islam''' (61.3%), Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar|name=Myanmar (Burma)}}
|'''Buddhism''' (89%), Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism, others
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|'''Roman Catholicism''' (80.6%), Islam (6.9%-11%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncmf.gov.ph|title=National Commission on Muslim Filipinos|website=ncmf.gov.ph|access-date=14 July 2016|archive-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119145842/http://www.ncmf.gov.ph/}}</ref> Evangelicals (2.7%), {{lang|tl|Iglesia ni Cristo|italic=no}} (Church of Christ) (2.4%), Members Church of God International (1.0%), Other Protestants (2.8%), Buddhism (0.05%-2%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.info/wbd/country.php?country_id=55|title=World Buddhist Directory – Presented by BuddhaNet.Net|author=BuddhaNet|website=buddhanet.info|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-date=13 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313170431/https://www.google-analytics.com/urchin.js|url-status=live}}</ref> Animism (0.2%-1.25%), others (1.9%)<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf |website=psa.gov.ph |publisher=Philippine Statistical Authority |access-date=26 July 2020 |date=Oct 2015 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010131/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|'''Buddhism''' (31.1%), Christianity (18.9%), Islam (15.6%), Taoism (8.8%), Hinduism (5%), others (20.6%)
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|'''Buddhism''' (93.5%), Islam (5.4%), Christianity (1.13%), Hinduism (0.02%), others (0.003%)
|-
|{{flag|Timor-Leste}}
|'''Roman Catholicism''' (97%), Protestantism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
| '''[[Vietnamese folk religion]]''' (45.3%), '''Buddhism''' (16.4%), Christianity (8.2%), Other (0.4%), Unaffiliated (29.6%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-percentages/|title=Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Percentages|date=18 December 2012|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518013537/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-percentages/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Languages===
{{See also|Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages|Sino-Tibetan languages|Austroasiatic languages|Austronesian languages|Hmong–Mien languages|Tai–Kadai languages}}

Each of the languages has been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade, immigration, and historical colonisation as well. There are nearly 800 native languages in the region.

The language composition for each country is as follows (with official languages in '''bold'''):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country/Region !! Languages
|-
|width=175| {{flag|Brunei}}
|'''Malay''', '''English''', Chinese, Tamil, Indonesian and indigenous Bornean dialects ([[Iban language|Iban]], [[Murutic language]], [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang]].)<ref>{{Citation|title=Brunei|date=29 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721102115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|'''Khmer''', English, French, Teochew, Vietnamese, Cham, Mandarin, others<ref>{{Citation|title=Cambodia|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610095311/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|'''Indonesian''', [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[batak languages|Batak]], [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Buginese language|Buginese]], [[Banjar language|Banjar]], [[Papuan languages|Papuan]], [[Dayak language|Dayak]], [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Ambonese language|Ambonese]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]], [[betawi language|Betawi]], [[Madurese language|Madurese]], [[Musi language|Musi]], [[Manado Malay|Manado]], [[Sasak language|Sasak]], [[makassarese language|Makassarese]], [[Batak Dairi]], [[Karo language (Indonesia)|Karo]], [[Mandailing language|Mandailing]], [[Jambi Malay]], [[mongondow language|Mongondow]], [[Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]], [[ngaju language|Ngaju]], [[kenyah language|Kenyah]], [[nias language|Nias]], [[North Moluccan Malay|North Moluccan]], [[Uab Meto]], [[Bima language|Bima]], [[Manggarainese language|Manggarai]], [[Toraja-Sa'dan language|Toraja-Sa'dan]], [[komering language|Komering]], [[tetum language|Tetum]], [[Rejang language (Indonesia)|Rejang]], [[Muna language|Muna]], [[Sumbawa language|Sumbawa]], [[Bangka Malay]], [[Osing dialect|Osing]], [[Gayo language|Gayo]], [[Bungku-Tolaki languages]], [[Moronene language|Moronene]], [[Bungku language|Bungku]], [[Bahonsuai language|Bahonsuai]], [[Kulisusu language|Kulisusu]], [[Wawonii language|Wawonii]], [[Mori Bawah language|Mori Bawah]], [[Mori Atas language|Mori Atas]], [[Padoe language|Padoe]], [[Tomadino language|Tomadino]], [[Lewotobi language|Lewotobi]], [[Tae' language|Tae']], [[mongondow language|Mongondow]], [[lampung language|Lampung]], [[Tolaki language|Tolaki]], [[Ma'anyan language|Ma'anyan]], [[Simeulue language|Simeulue]], [[gayo language|Gayo]], [[buginese language|Buginese]], [[mandar language|Mandar]], [[minahasan language|Minahasan]], [[Enggano language|Enggano]], [[ternate language|Ternate]], [[tidore language|Tidore]], [[mairasi language|Mairasi]], [[East Geelvink Bay languages|East Cenderawasih Language]], [[lakes plain languages|Lakes Plain Languages]], [[Tor-Kwerba languages|Tor-Kwerba]], [[Nimboran languages|Nimboran]], [[Skou languages|Skou/Sko]], [[Border languages (New Guinea)|Border languages]], [[Senagi languages|Senagi]], [[Pauwasi languages|Pauwasi]], [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Hokkien]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]].

Indonesia has over 700 languages in over 17,000 islands across the archipelago, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country on the planet,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vistawide.com/languages/20_countries_most_languages.htm|title=Top 20 Countries by Number of Languages Spoken|website=vistawide.com|access-date=28 May 2016|archive-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025452/http://www.vistawide.com/languages/20_countries_most_languages.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> slightly behind Papua New Guinea. The official language of Indonesia is Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), widely used in educational, political, economic, and other formal situations. In daily activities and informal situations, most Indonesians speak in their local language(s). For more details, ''see: [[Languages of Indonesia]]''.
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|'''Lao''', French, Thai, Vietnamese, Khmu, Hmong, Phuthai, Bru, Tai Lü, Akha, Iu Mien and others<ref>{{Citation|title=Laos|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307193820/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|'''Malaysian''', [[Malaysian English|'''English''']], [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Daro-Matu language|Daro-Matu]], [[Kedah Malay]], [[Sabah Malay]], [[Brunei Malay]], [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan Malay]], [[Pahang Malay]], [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Banjar language|Banjar]], [[Buginese language|Buginese]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hokkien]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Fuzhou dialect|Fuzhounese]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Malayalam]], [[Arabic]], [[Brunei Bisaya]], [[Okolod language|Okolod]], [[Kota Marudu Talantang language|Kota Marudu Talantang]], [[Kelabit language|Kelabit]], [[Lotud language|Lotud]], [[Terengganu Malay]], [[Semelai language|Semelai]], [[Southern Thai language|Thai]], [[Iban language|Iban]], [[Kadazan language|Kadazan]], [[Dusunic languages|Dusun]], [[Kristang language|Kristang]], [[Bajau language|Bajau]], [[Jakun language|Jakun]], [[Mah Meri language|Mah Meri]], [[Batek language|Batek]], [[Melanau language|Melanau]], [[Semai language|Semai]], [[Temuan language|Temuan]], [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang]], [[Temiar language|Temiar]], [[Penan language|Penan]], [[Tausug language|Tausug]], [[Iranun language|Iranun]], [[Lundayeh language|Lundayeh/Lun Bawang]], and others<ref>{{Citation|title=Malaysia|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127015620/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''see: [[Languages of Malaysia]]''
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar|name=Myanmar (Burma)}}
|'''Burmese''', Shan, Kayin (Karen), Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Kayah, Mandarin, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu and other ethnic languages.<ref>{{Citation |title=Burma |date=2024-07-08 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718135404/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |url-status=dead |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/BM |title=Country: Myanmar (Burma) |website=Joshua Project |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911195440/https://joshuaproject.net/countries/BM |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|'''Filipino''' ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]), [[Philippine English|'''English''']], [[Bisayan languages]] ([[Aklanon language|Aklanon]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]], [[Capiznon language|Capiznon]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Waray language|Waray]], [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]], [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]], [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]], [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]], [[Butuanon language|Butuanon]], [[Tausug language|Tausug]]), [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]], [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Bikol languages|Bikol]], [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]], [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]], [[Maranao language|Maranao]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Chavacano]] and others<ref>{{Citation |title=Philippines |date=2024-07-10 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720134511/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |archive-date=July 20, 2024 |url-status=dead |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref>

''see: [[Languages of the Philippines]]''
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|'''English''', '''Malay''', '''Mandarin Chinese''', '''Tamil''', Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, Japanese, Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, Indonesian, Boyanese, Buginese, Javanese, Balinese, [[Singlish]] creole and others<ref>{{Citation |title=Singapore |date=2024-07-11 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/singapore/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720133151/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/singapore/ |archive-date=July 20, 2024 |url-status=dead |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref>

''see: [[Languages of Singapore]]''
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|'''Thai''', Isan, Northern Khmer, Malay, Karen, Hmong, Teochew, Minnan, Hakka, Yuehai, Burmese, Iu Mien, Tamil, Bengali, Urdu, Arabic, Shan, Tai Lü, Phuthai, Mon and others<ref>{{Citation|title=Thailand|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164345/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Timor-Leste}}
|'''Portuguese''', '''Tetum''', Mambae, Makasae, Tukudede, Bunak, Galoli, Kemak, Fataluku, Baikeno, others<ref>{{Citation|title=Timor-Leste|date=29 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/timor-leste/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118042329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/timor-leste/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|'''Vietnamese''', Cantonese, Khmer, Hmong, Tày, Cham and others<ref name="CIA-Gov-VN"/>
|}

===Cities===
{{See also|List of cities in ASEAN by population}}

* [[Bandar Seri Begawan|Brunei-Muara]] {{small|([[Bandar Seri Begawan]]/[[Muara, Brunei|Muara]])}}, {{flag|Brunei}}
* [[Phnom Penh|Phnom Penh City]] {{small|(Phnom Penh/[[Kandal Province|Kandal]])}}, {{Flag|Cambodia}}
* [[Dili]] {{small|([[Dili]])}}, {{flag|Timor-Leste}}
* [[Jabodetabekpunjur]] {{small|([[Jakarta]]/Bogor ([[Bogor|City]] and [[Bogor Regency|Regency]])/[[Depok]]/Tangerang ([[Tangerang|City]] and [[Tangerang Regency|Regency]])/[[South Tangerang]]/Bekasi ([[Bekasi|City]] and [[Bekasi Regency|Regency]])/small part of [[Cianjur Regency|Cianjur]])}}, {{flag|Indonesia}}
* [[Surabaya metropolitan area|Gerbangkertosusila]] {{small|([[Surabaya]]/[[Sidoarjo Regency|Sidoarjo]]/[[Gresik Regency|Gresik]]/[[Mojokerto]]/[[Lamongan Regency|Lamongan]]/[[Bangkalan Regency|Bangkalan]])}}, {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* [[Bandung Basin]] {{small|(Bandung ([[Bandung|City]] and [[Bandung Regency|Regency]])/[[Cimahi]]/[[West Bandung]]/small part of [[Sumedang]])}}, {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* [[Mebidangro]] {{small|([[Medan]]/[[Binjai]]/[[Deli Serdang]]/[[Karo Regency|Karo]])}}, {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* [[Vientiane|Vientiane Prefecture]] {{small|([[Vientiane]]/[[Tha Ngon]])}}, {{flag|Laos}}
* [[Greater Kuala Lumpur]]/[[Klang Valley]] {{small|([[Kuala Lumpur]]/[[Selangor]])}}, {{Flag|Malaysia}}
* [[George Town Conurbation]] {{small|([[Penang]]/[[Kedah]]/[[Perak]])}}, {{Flag|Malaysia}}
* [[Iskandar Malaysia]] {{small|([[Johor]])}}, {{Flag|Malaysia}}
* [[Greater Kota Kinabalu]] {{small|([[Sabah]])}}, {{Flag|Malaysia}}
* [[Yangon Region]] {{small|([[Yangon]]/[[Thanlyin]])}}, {{flag|Myanmar}}
* [[Metro Manila]] {{small|([[Manila]]/[[Quezon City]]/[[Makati]]/[[Taguig]]/[[Pasay]]/[[Caloocan]] and 11 others)}}, {{flag|Philippines}}
* [[Metro Davao]] {{small|([[Davao City]]/[[Digos]]/[[Tagum]]/[[Island Garden City of Samal]])}}, {{flag|Philippines}}
* [[Metro Cebu]] {{small|([[Cebu City]]/[[Mandaue]]/[[Lapu-Lapu City]]/[[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] and 11 others)}}, {{flag|Philippines}}
* [[Singapore]], {{flag|Singapore}}
* [[Bangkok Metropolitan Region]] {{small|([[Bangkok]]/[[Nonthaburi (city)|Nonthaburi]]/[[Samut Prakan]]/[[Pathum Thani]]/[[Samut Sakhon]]/[[Nakhon Pathom]])}}, {{flag|Thailand}}
* [[Eastern Economic Corridor]] {{small|([[Chachoengsao]]/[[Chonburi]]/[[Rayong]])}}, {{flag|Thailand}}
* [[Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area]] {{small|([[Ho Chi Minh City]]/[[Vũng Tàu]]/[[Bình Dương, Ho Chi Minh City|Bình Dương]]/[[Đồng Nai Province|Đồng Nai]])}}, {{Flag|Vietnam}}
* [[Hanoi Capital Region]] {{small|([[Hanoi|Hà Nội]]/[[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]]/[[Hạ Long]])}}, {{Flag|Vietnam}}
* [[Da Nang|Da Nang City]] {{Small|([[Đà Nẵng]]/[[Hội An (city)|Hội An]]/[[Huế]])}}, {{Flag|Vietnam}}

<gallery mode="packed" style="margin-top:1.5rem; font-size:88%; line-height:130%" widths="150" heights="100" perrow="3" caption="Night skylines">
File:Moonrise over kuala lumpur.jpg|[[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
File:0008871 - Krung Thep Bridge 001.jpg|[[Bangkok]], Thailand
File:Skyline of the Central Business District of Singapore with Esplanade Bridge.jpg|[[Singapore]]
File:View from Grand Hyatt Manila overlooking Bonifacio Global City and Makati skylines at sunset.jpg|Manila, Philippines
File:Saigon skyline night view.jpg|[[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam
File:SCBD, Jakarta.jpg|[[Jakarta]], Indonesia
</gallery>

{{Largest cities in Southeast Asia location map|align=center}}

==Culture==
{{See also|Southeast Asian cinema|Southeast Asian Games|Southeast Asian music}}
[[File:Burmese puppetry.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Burmese puppet performance]]

The culture in Southeast Asia is diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Burmese, Cambodian, Laotian, Thai ([[Greater India|Indic]]) and Vietnamese ([[East Asian cultural sphere|Sinic]]) cultures. While in Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]], Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. In addition, Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Vietnam and Singapore show more Chinese influence<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001478/147804eb.pdf |title=Introduction to Vietnamese culture |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=23 August 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617214630/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001478/147804eb.pdf }}</ref> in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in [[East Asian cultural sphere|China's sphere of influence]] for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is most prominently evident through the Tamil migrants,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.microsite.nl.sg/PDFs/BiblioAsia/BIBA_0303Oct07a.pdf |title=Indian Migration into Malaya and Singapore During the British Period |first=Makeswary |last=Periasamy |magazine=biblioasia |issn=0219-8126 |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=October 2007 |pages=4–11 |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021102125/http://www.microsite.nl.sg/PDFs/BiblioAsia/BIBA_0303Oct07a.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2012 }}</ref> which influenced, to some extent, the [[cuisine of Singapore]]. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India – only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples. Moreover, Vietnam is also categorised under the [[East Asian cultural sphere]] along with China, Korea, and Japan due to a large amount of Chinese influence embedded in their culture and lifestyle.

[[File:Paddy field Viet Nam.jpg|thumb|[[Paddy field]] in Vietnam]]

[[Paddy field|Rice paddy]] agriculture has existed in Southeast Asia for millennia, ranging across the subregion. Some dramatic examples of these rice paddies populate the [[Banaue Rice Terraces]] in the mountains of Luzon in the [[Philippines]]. Maintenance of these paddies is very labour-intensive. The rice paddies are well-suited to the monsoon climate of the region.

[[Stilt house]]s can be found all over Southeast Asia, from Thailand and Vietnam to Borneo, to Luzon in the Philippines, to Papua New Guinea. The region has diverse metalworking, especially in Indonesia. This includes weaponry, such as the distinctive [[kris]], and musical instruments, such as the [[gamelan]].

===Influences===
The region's chief cultural influences have been from some combination of [[Islam]], [[Culture of India|India]], and [[Culture of China|China]]. Diverse cultural influence is pronounced in the Philippines, derived particularly from the period of Spanish and American rule, contact with Indian-influenced cultures, and the Chinese and Japanese trading era.

As a rule of thumb, the peoples who ate with their fingers were more likely influenced by the culture of India, for example, than the culture of China, where the peoples ate with [[chopstick]]s; tea, as a beverage, can be found across the region. The [[fish sauce]]s distinctive to the region tend to vary.

===Arts===
[[File:Royal Ballet Camboda Apsara Mera.jpg|thumb|The [[Royal Ballet of Cambodia]] (Paris, France 2010)]]

The [[Southeast Asian arts|arts of Southeast Asia]] have an affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, [[Khmer classical dance|Cambodian royal ballet]] represented them in the early seventh century before the [[Khmer Empire]], which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. The [[Apsara Dance]], famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance.

Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being the ''[[wayang]]'' from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia are quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite large-scale conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices, culture, art, and literature. An example is the {{Lang|jv|[[wayang kulit]]}} (shadow puppet) and literature like the ''[[Ramayana]]''. The {{Lang|jv|wayang kulit}} show has been recognised by [[UNESCO]] on 7 November 2003 as a [[Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]].

It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind, the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves—joyous, earthy, yet divine. The [[Tai peoples|Tai]], coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and [[Mon people|Mon]] traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with [[culture of China|Chinese]] arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their [[lacquerware]].

====Music====
{{Main|Music of Southeast Asia}}
[[File:Angklung-arumba.jpg|thumb|right|The ''[[angklung]]'', designated as a [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]]]

Traditional music in Southeast Asia is as varied as its many ethnic and cultural divisions. The main styles of traditional music include court music, folk music, music styles of smaller ethnic groups, and music influenced by genres outside the geographic region.

Of the court and folk genres, [[gong chime]] ensembles and orchestras make up the majority (the exception being lowland areas of Vietnam). ''[[Gamelan]]'' and ''[[angklung]]'' orchestras from ''[[Indonesia]]''; ''[[piphat]]'' and ''[[pinpeat]]'' ensembles of Thailand and Cambodia; and the ''[[kulintang]]'' ensembles of the southern Philippines, [[Borneo]], [[Sulawesi]] and [[Timor]] are the three main distinct styles of musical genres that have influenced other traditional musical styles in the region. String instruments are also popular in the region.

On 18 November 2010, UNESCO officially recognised the ''angklung'' as a ''Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity'', and encouraged the Indonesian people and government to safeguard, transmit, promote performances and to encourage the craftsmanship of ''angklung'' making.

====Writing====
{{Main|Writing systems of Southeast Asia|Baybayin|Jawi script|S.E.A. Write Award|Thai alphabet}}
[[File:Thai manuscript Jim Thompson Museum IMG 7170.jpg|thumb|left|[[Thai script|Thai]] manuscript from before the 19th-century writing system]]

The history of Southeast Asia has led to a wealth of different authors, from both within and without writing about the region.

Some of the earliest writing systems of Southeast Asia stem from those of [[Culture of India|India]]. This is shown through [[Brahmic family|Brahmic]] forms of writing present in the region, such as the [[Balinese script]] shown on split palm leaves called ''lontar'' (see image to the left – magnify the image to see the writing on the flat side, and the decoration on the reverse side).

[[File:Pura Puseh 05153.jpg|thumb|Sign in [[Balinese script|Balinese]] and [[Latin script|Latin]] script at a [[Hindu]] temple in [[Bali]]]]

The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be [[abugida]]s, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia.

In Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore, the Malay language is now generally written in the Latin script. The same phenomenon is present in Indonesian, although different spelling standards are utilised (e.g. 'Teksi' in Malay and 'Taksi' in Indonesian for the word 'Taxi').

The use of Chinese characters, in the past and present, is only evident in Vietnam and more recently, Singapore and Malaysia. The adoption of [[chữ Hán]] in Vietnam dates back to around 111 BC when it was occupied by the Chinese. A Vietnamese script called [[chữ Nôm]] used modified chữ Hán to express the Vietnamese language. Both chữ Hán and chữ Nôm were used up until the early 20th century.

[[Rapa Nui]] is an Austronesian language like those of Indonesian, Tagalog, and many other Southeast Asian languages. [[Rongorongo]] is presumed to be the script of Rapa Nui and if proven so, would place it as one of very few [[inventions of writing]] in human history.<ref>{{cite book | title=Writing and Script: A Very Short Introduction | author=Robinson, Andrew | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2009 | section=The death of RongoRongo | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcXH52jICOEC| isbn=978-0-19-157916-5 }}</ref>

====Sports====
{{See also|SEA Games}}

[[Association football]] is the most popular sport in the region, with the [[ASEAN Football Federation]], the region's primary regulatory body, formed on 31 January 1984, in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia. The [[AFF Championship]] is the largest football competition in the region since its inaugural in [[1996 AFF Championship|1996]], with [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]] holding the most titles in the competition with seven titles. The current reigning winner is [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]], who defeated Thailand in the [[2024 ASEAN Championship|2024]] final. Thailand has had the most numerous appearances in the [[AFC Asian Cup]] with 7 while the highest-ranked result in the Asian Cup for a Southeast Asian team is second place in the [[1968 AFC Asian Cup|1968]] by [[Myanmar national football team|Myanmar]] in [[Iran]]. [[Dutch East Indies national football team results|Indonesia]] is the only Southeast Asian team to have played in the [[1938 FIFA World Cup]] as the [[Dutch East Indies national football team results|Dutch East Indies]].

ASEAN has also committed to preserving [[traditional sports and games]] (TSG) in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting and Safeguarding Traditional Sports and Games in ASEAN: Challenges, Opportunities, and Strategies |url=https://asean.org/book/promoting-and-safeguarding-traditional-sports-and-games-in-asean-challenges-opportunities-and-strategies/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=asean.org}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|Cambodia|Indonesia|Laos|Malaysia|Myanmar|Philippines|Singapore|Thailand|Timor-Leste|Vietnam}}
* [[ASEAN|Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN)
* [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]
* [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]
* [[Western Southeast Asia]]
** [[East and Southeast Asian relations with Northeast India]]
* [[List of firsts in Southeast Asia]]
* [[Military build-up in Southeast Asia]]
* [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]]
* [[Southeast Asian Games]]
* [[Tiger Cub Economies]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Cited works===
* {{Cite journal |last=Zeitoun |first=V. |last2=Bourdon |first2=E. |last3=Latsachack |first3=K. O. |last4=Pierret |first4=A. |last5=Singthong |first5=S. |last6=Baills |first6=H. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |date=2019 |title=Discovery of a new open-air Hoabinhian site in Luang Prabang province (Lao PDR). Dating and technological study of the lithic assemblage |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/fr/periodiques/comptes-rendus-palevol/18/fasc1/discovery-new-open-air-hoabinhian-site-luang-prabang-province-lao-pdr-dating-and-technological-study-lithic-assemblage |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |language=fr |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=142–157 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2018.05.003}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Acharya, Amitav. ''The making of Southeast Asia: International relations of a region'' (Cornell UP, 2013).
* Ang, Cheng Guan. ''Southeast Asia After the Cold War: A Contemporary History'' (Singapore: NUS Press, 2019) [https://hdiplo.org/to/E291 online review]
* Ang, Cheng Guan. ''Southeast Asia's Cold War: An Interpretive History'' (University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2018). [https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XX-39.pdf online review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707163420/https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XX-39.pdf |date=7 July 2021 }}
* Barwise, J. M., and Nicholas J. White. ''A traveller's history of Southeast Asia'' (2002) [https://archive.org/details/travellershistor00jmba online]
* Cady, John F. ''Southeast Asia: its historical development'' (McGraw-Hill, 1964) [https://archive.org/details/southeastasiaits0000cady online]
* Cady, John F. ''The roots of French imperialism in Eastern Asia'' (1954) [https://archive.org/details/rootsoffrenchimp0000cady online]
* Coedes, George. ''The Making of South East Asia'' (2nd ed. U of California Press, 1983).
* Dutt, Ashok K. ''Southeast Asia: A Ten Nation Region'' (1996) [https://www.amazon.com/Southeast-Asia-Nation-Region-Aug-1996/dp/B0108E8D7Y/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&dchild=1&qid=1602997636&refinements=p_28%3ASoutheast+Asia%3A+A+Ten+Nation+Region%2C&s=books&sr=1-1&unfiltered=1 excerpt]
* Embree, Ainslie T., ed. ''Encyclopedia of Asian history'' (1988)
** [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0003unse/page/n5/mode/2up vol. 1 online]; [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0002unse/page/n5/mode/2up vol 2 online]; [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0003unse_l9c1/page/n5/mode/2up vol 3 online]; [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000embr vol 4 online]
* Heidhues, Mary Somers. ''Southeast Asia : a concise history'' (2000) [https://archive.org/details/southeastasiacon0000some/page/n3/mode/2up online]
* Leinbach, Thomas R., and Richard Ulack. ''Southeast Asia: diversity and development'' (Prentice Hall, 1999) [https://archive.org/details/southeastasiadiv00thom online].
* Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia''. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).
* Osborne, Milton. ''Region of revolt: focus on Southeast Asia'' (Elsevier, 2013). [https://archive.org/details/regionofrevoltfo0000osbo online]
* Osborne, Milton (2010; first published in 1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4fzDN4374JUC ''Southeast Asia: An Introductory History''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729195150/https://books.google.com/books?id=4fzDN4374JUC |date=29 July 2020 }} Allen & Unwin. {{ISBN|978-1-74237-302-7}} [https://archive.org/details/southeastasiaint0000osbo online]
* Osborne, Milton. ''River at risk: the Mekong and water politics of China and Southeast Asia'' (Longueville Media, 2004).
* Reid, Anthony (1999). ''Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia'' Silkworm Books. {{ISBN|978-974-7551-06-8}}
* Swearer, Donald K. ''The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia'' (2nd ed. 2010) [https://archive.org/details/buddhistworldofsoutheastasiadonaldswearerk.sunny_883_t online]
* Ulack, Richard, and Gyula Pauer. ''Atlas of Southeast Asia'' (Macmillan, 1989) [https://archive.org/details/atlasofsoutheast00ulac online].
* Williams, Lea E. ''Southeast Asia : a history'' (1976) [https://archive.org/details/southeastasiahis00will online]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q11708|voy=Southeast Asia}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121017052205/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/physical/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf Topography of Southeast Asia in detail] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120916231056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf previous version])
* {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121212135345/http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/sasian.html|date=12 December 2012|title=Southeast Asian Archive at the University of California, Irvine}}
* [https://sea.lib.niu.edu/ Southeast Asia Digital Library] at Northern Illinois University
* {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20030225003006/http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/seaexhibit/|date=25 February 2003|title="Documenting the Southeast Asian Refugee Experience", exhibit at the University of California, Irvine, Library}}
* [https://seasiavisions.library.cornell.edu/ Southeast Asia Visions, a collection of historical travel narratives] Cornell University Library Digital Collection
* [https://aseanta.org/en Official website of the ASEAN Tourism Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926060345/https://aseanta.org/en |date=26 September 2023 }}
* [https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/42850 Art of Island Southeast Asia], a full text exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art

{{Southeast Asian topics}}
{{Regions of Asia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Southeast Asia| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Asia-Pacific]]

Khajurgaon

2026-03-26T15:57:15Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khajurgaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Khajurgāon
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Lalganj block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Khajurgaon Mu. (#861) in Lalganj CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.071982|N|80.932433|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.722
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5916
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khajurgaon''' is a village in [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=288–306 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> It is located on the bank of the [[Ganges]],<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> 12 km from Lalganj, the block and [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 5,916 people, in 1,067 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 5 primary schools and 1 community health centre.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It serves as the headquarters of a [[nyaya panchayat]] which also includes 12 other villages.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

Khajurgaon historically served as the seat of a [[taluqdar]]i estate belonging to a branch of the Saibasi [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> The estate was one of the largest in the district, and its holders claimed seniority over all the descendants of the legendary Bais raja Tilok Chand.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>

Khajurgaon has a bazar known as Raghunathganj,<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> and it hosts both a permanent market and a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> The haat is held twice per week, on Tuesdays and Saturdays, and it mostly involves trade in cloth and vegetables.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

==History==
Khajurgaon historically served as the fortified capital of the Ranas of Khajurgaon, who were historically one of the most powerful [[taluqdar]]i dynasties in the district.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=69, 71–3, 185 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> They were the leaders of the Saibasi clan of the [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]] Rajputs, who claimed descent from the legendary Tilok Chand through his younger son Harhar Deo.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> Later Saibasi dynasts, perhaps because of the ascendancy of Khajurgaon over the elder branch at [[Murarmau]], would claim that they were in fact the senior branch of the entire Bais clan.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> According to their account, Harhar Deo was actually the elder son of Tilok Chand, but he was away at Delhi when his father died and thus lost the title of Raja to his brother.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> Upon his return, however, Harhar Deo was able to secure the greater share of the estate for himself, and he adopted the title of [[Rana (title)|Rana]] for himself — a title which his descendants at Khajurgaon would continue to use through the 20th century.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>

Harhar Deo's two sons, Khem Karan and Karan Rai, are respectively the ancestors of the Saibasi and Naihasta branches of the Bais.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> Khem Karan's grandson, Rana Doman Deo, ruled from Chiloli and had eight sons, of whom the eldest was Ajit Mal, who became the Rana of Khajurgaon.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> Ajit Mal's grandson, Rana Amar Singh, joined forces with the Naihasta clan under Chet Rai of [[Kurri Sudauli]] to recover their former lands in the [[pargana]]s of [[Patan, Uttar Pradesh|Patan]] and [[Bihar, Unnao|Bihar]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> Together they were able to defeat the rulers of [[Daundia Khera]] and [[Purwa]], but they later had a falling-out and Chet Rai left.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> Amar Singh was then defeated in battle by Achal Singh of Purwa.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> More disastrously, he was then defeated by Chhabile Ram of [[Allahabad]] in a battle near [[Dalmau]] sometime around 1710, and lost possession of his lands to the latter.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>

Only after some 20 years had passed (i.e. around 1730) was Amar Singh's grandson, Pahar Singh, able to take possession of Khajurgaon again, along with three other villages.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> Pahar Singh's reign was marked by constant fighting with his neighbours, and at one point the fort at Khajurgaon was seized by Chet Rai.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> His descendants, however, became very powerful and by the time of the British takeover of Awadh in 1856 the Rana of Khajurgaon was the largest landowner in [[Baiswara]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> This Rana was Raghunath Singh, who died in 1861 and was succeeded by his son Shankar Bakhsh Singh who then held the Khajurgaon estate until his death in 1897.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>

At the turn of the 20th century, Khajurgaon was described as mostly notable as the headquarters of the taluqa of the same name.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> It had the Rana's residence, a [[dispensary]] maintained by the estate, and a large primary school.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> Its population as of 1901 was 2,638, including a Muslim minority of 183.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> At that time, the Rana of Khajurgaon held a vast estate comprising 130 villages in the district, spread across the parganas of Dalmau, [[Rae Bareli]], [[Khiron]], and [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]], along with the [[Ibrahimganj]] estate of 2 villages in [[Lucknow district]] and the [[Karohia]] property of 2 villages in [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> In addition, the Rana also held a [[usufruct]]uary mortgage over 97 villages in the Murarmau taluqa.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Khajurgaon (as "Khajur Gaon") as comprising 10 hamlets, with a total population of 2,751 people (1,333 male and 1,418 female), in 593 households and 579 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=112–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 3,251 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 14 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Dalmau]] and the [[thana]] of Dalmau.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Khajurgaon as comprising 10 hamlets, with a total population of 2,771 people (1,342 male and 1,429 female), in 560 households and 515 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=175, lxxvi-lxxvii of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 2,251 [[acre]]s and it had a hospital, medical practitioner, and post office at the time.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Average attendance of the twice-weekly market was about 100 people.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Khajurgaon as having a population of 3,803 people, in 772 households, and having an area of 490.49 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=156–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Khajurgaon Mu. as having a total population of 4,556 people (2,239 male and 2,317 female), in 783 households and 779 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 196–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 470 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 911, or 20% of the total; this group was 49% male (442) and 51% female (469).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 1,376, or 30% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 32% (1,028 men and 438 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 1,154 people were classified as main workers (1,051 men and 103 women), while 63 people were classified as marginal workers (5 men and 58 women); the remaining 3,339 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 639 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 272 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 36 household industry workers; 28 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 7 [[construction worker]]s; 87 employed in trade and commerce; 14 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 71 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Pagalpanti (2019 film)

2026-03-19T18:37:46Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: corrected intro and updated info

{{short description|2019 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pagalpanti
| image = Pagalpanti film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anees Bazmee]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]]<br />[[Abhishek Pathak]]<br />[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]<br />[[Kumar Mangat Pathak]]
| writer = '''Story and Screenplay:'''<br/>[[Anees Bazmee]]<br/>Rajiv Kaul<br/>Praful Parekh<br/>'''Dialogues:'''<br/>[[Anees Bazmee]]
| starring = [[Anil Kapoor]]<br />[[John Abraham]]<br />[[Ileana D'Cruz]]<br />[[Arshad Warsi]]<br />[[Urvashi Rautela]]<br />[[Pulkit Samrat]]<br />[[Kriti Kharbanda]]<br />[[Saurabh Shukla]]<br />[[Inaamulhaq]]
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />[[Sajid–Wajid]]<br />[[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br />[[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br />Nayeem-Shabir <br />'''Score:'''<br />Sajid–Wajid
| cinematography = Sunil Patel
| editing = Prashant Singh Rathore
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />[[Panorama Studios]]
| distributor = [[Panorama Studios| Panorama Studios Distribution LLP]]<br/>Anand Pandit Motion Pictures<ref>{{cite news|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1192313807453863938|publisher=Taran Adarsh|date=7 November 2019|title=Anand Pandit Motion Pictures join hands with Panorama Studios International... Acquire #India distribution rights of #Pagalpanti... 22 Nov 2019 release.|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref><br>[[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|11|22|ref1=<ref name=":m1"/>}}
| runtime = 149 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/pagalpanti-2019 | title=Pagalpanti (2019) | website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | access-date=20 November 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹72 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5737|title=Pagalpanti|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}49.17 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pagalpanti/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|title= Pagalpanti Box Office|website=Bollywood Hungama|date= 22 November 2019|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''''Pagalpanti''''' ({{translation|Madness}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Anees Bazmee]] and produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]] and [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] under the banner of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] along with Kumar Mangat Pathak and Abhishek Pathak under the banner of [[Panorama Studios]].<ref name="toiset">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pagalpanti-john-abraham-and-ileana-dcruzs-comedy-entertainer-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/69516272.cms|title=Pagalpanti': John Abraham and Ileana D'cruz's comedy entertainer to release on this date |newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 May 2019|access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref> The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Anil Kapoor]], [[John Abraham]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Urvashi Rautela]], [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]] and [[Saurabh Shukla]] in the lead roles.<ref name="indexp">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anil-kapoor-john-abraham-anees-bazmee-pagalpanti-5570740/|publisher=Indian Express|date=5 February 2019|title=Anil Kapoor and John Abraham to feature in Anees Bazmee's multi-starrer Pagalpanti|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pagalpanti/cast/|title=Pagalpanti Cast & Crew|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref>

Principal photography of the film commenced on 17 February 2019 in [[London]].<ref name=":f1"/><ref>{{Cite web|first=Onkar |last=Kulkarni |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/how-mubarakan-inspired-pagalpantis-team-to-shoot-the-film-in-london/articleshow/71634222.cms |title=How Mubarakan inspired Pagalpanti's team to shoot the film in London – Times of India|work=The Times of India |date=17 October 2019 |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Onkar |last=Kulkarni|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anees-bazmee-the-cast-of-pagalpanti-is-already-telling-me-to-begin-the-films-sequel/articleshow/71582017.cms|title=Anees Bazmee: The cast of Pagalpanti is already telling me to begin the film's sequel – Times of India|work=The Times of India|date=15 October 2019 |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref> It was theatrically released in India on 22 November 2019.<ref name=":m1"/>

== Plot ==
Raj Kishore is plagued by bad luck, which also follows his longtime friends Jagmohan aka "Junky" and Chandrakanth alias "Chandu". Any venture the trio engage in results in losses or setbacks; even their fire-cracker shop burns down on its inaugural day. The trio fool Sanjana by making her fall in love with Raj and getting them a bank loan to start a new package delivery business. Having similarly been fooled by them before, her uncle catches wind of them and demands their money back. The trio escapes and inadvertently ends up making their first delivery: an expensive sports car for Janhvi, the daughter of a gangster Raja Sahab, and the niece of WiFi Bhai, Raja's brother-in-law. They deliver the car in a destroyed condition for which Raja Sahab and his goons torture them. They offer their services as servants, a suggestion which WiFi Bhai accepts; he convinces Raja Sahab to hire them against the wishes of their astrologer, who is aware of Kishore's lousy luck. They get employed as disposable servants; Junky and Chandu are used for testing food that Raja Sahab's and WiFi Bhai's enemies may have poisoned, while Raj serves as their decoy during travel. In the process, Chandu and Janhvi fall for each other.

During one of their traveling assignments, old enemies Tulli and Bulli Seth attack their convoy, revealing that WiFi Bhai is a coward. Fed up with their constant rivalry, businessman-turned-don Niraj Modi, who absconded India after taking huge loans, proposes to end their conflict by offering each party ₹700 crores to invest. By their continued stroke of lousy luck, Raj, Junky and Chandu end up causing a fire that burns the whole stack of money. In a bid to save what's left of their money, Raja Sahab and WiFi Bhai send the trio to bet on their lucky horse. They instead overhear a conversation about another horse and bet on it, which instead loses the race. Unable to pay Raja Sahab and WiFi Bhai, the trio escape with Janhvi and Sanjana and her uncle following them. The group ends up on a glue truck where Janhvi's lips get stuck to Chandu's cheeks, and Sanjana and her uncle get stuck on their backs. They arrive in an abandoned house where they meet Kavya, staying there posing as a ghost after facing rejection in her acting career. There, Raj accidentally discovers a basement where Niraj keeps his stockpiles of cash. The trio steals the money and arrives at Raja Sahab and WiFi Bhai's house just when they are about to be executed by Niraj for not paying them. They settle the money and buy out Niraj's properties.

Eventually, Niraj discovers that the trio pulled a fast one on him by stealing his own money to buy his properties. He arrives at Raja Sahab's house and threatens to kill them all. Raj reminds him that his money is not his own but stolen from [[India]] and Raj himself is an ex-employee of one of the banks Niraj took loans from and thus was one of many people who lost jobs because of Niraj. Raj also goads Niraj's henchmen into keeping the money for themselves. A skirmish ensues involving three escaped lions and concludes with detectives arriving to take Niraj into custody. Raj, Junky and Chandu reconcile their differences with Raja Sahab and WiFi Bhai. They live happily ever after.

== Cast ==
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as WiFi Bhai
* [[John Abraham]] as Raj Kishore
* [[Arshad Warsi]] as Jag "Junky" Mohan
* [[Pulkit Samrat]] as Chandra "Chandu" Kanth
* [[Ileana D'Cruz]] as Sanjana Paul
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Janhvi Singh (Few lines as [[Mona Ghosh Shetty]])
* [[Urvashi Rautela]] as Kavya Pratap
* [[Saurabh Shukla]] as Raja Singh aka Raja Saab
* [[Inaamulhaq]] as Niraj Modi (A character based on [[Nirav Modi]])
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakhir Hussain]] as Tulli Seth
* [[Ashok Samarth]] as Bulli Seth
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Mr. Paul aka Mama Ji
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Baba Jani
* [[Dolly Bindra]] as Mrs. Singh, Raja Saab's wife
* [[Jameel Khan]] as Pandit Ji (Priest)
* Kanchan Pagare as Bad News Guy

==Production==
[[File:Urvashi Rautela, Anil Kapoor, Kriti Kharbanda, Ileana D'Cruz.jpg|thumb|[[Urvashi Rautela]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] during trailer event of the film]]

=== Development ===
''Pagalpanti'' was announced on 21 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/anees-bazmee-is-ready-to-shoot-next-film-pagalpanti|title=संजय और अनिल में 'पागलपंती' की रेस, देखते हैं किसमें है कितना दम|date=5 September 2018|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> In April 2019, Bazmee shared his experience of shooting in London. In a statement he said, "Shooting in London was not less than a roller-coaster ride. We had a few difficulties considering the weather conditions there."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/anees-bazmees-pagalpanti-experience-in-london-2192561.html|title=Anees Bazmee's 'Pagalpanti' experience in London|date=4 April 2019|website=Zee News}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography began in February 2019 in London.<ref name=":f1">{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-anil-kapoor-ileana-dcruz-kriti-kharbanda-to-start-shooting-for-pagalpanti-in-london/articleshow/67966665.cms|title=JOHN ABRAHAM, ANIL KAPOOR, ILEANA D'CRUZ, KRITI KHARBANDA TO START SHOOTING FOR PAGALPANTI IN LONDON|website=Mumbai Mirror India Times|date=13 February 2019|access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> The London schedule lasted two months and ended in the final week of April 2019, wrapping up principal photography.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/urvashi-rautela-wraps-up-her-next-comedy-pagalpanti-in-london/articleshow/69080239.cms|title=Urvashi Rautela wraps up her next comedy 'Pagalpanti' in London|website=Times of India|date=28 April 2019|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/anil-kapoor-on-working-with-arshad-warsi-he-is-an-integral-part-of-our-pagalpanti-1472159-2019-03-07|title=Anil Kapoor on working with Arshad Warsi: He is an integral part of our Pagalpanti|date=7 March 2019|website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="indexp" /><ref name=":f1" /> John Abraham was injured while filming an action scene for the film in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/john-abraham-injured-on-the-sets-of-pagalpanti-wont-shoot-for-next-few-weeks/videoshow/69489069.cms|title=John Abraham injured on the sets of 'Pagalpanti', won't shoot for next few weeks|website=Times of India |date=24 May 2019|access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> The production filmed scenes in [[Faversham]], where Market Street doubled as a busy [[London]] market and Guild Hall was converted into a fireworks shop. [[Chatham Historic Dockyard|The Historic Dockyard]] Chatham was used for a car chase scene along Slip 5, Museum Square, Ropery Street and Anchor Wharf.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kent Film Office Pagalpanti (2019) article|url=https://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/filmed-in-kent/2019/11/pagalpanti-2019/|author=Kent Film Office|date=22 November 2019|website=Kent Film Office|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>

==Marketing and release==
Ahead of the release of the film a sequel has been planned. Kumar Mangat, the producer said "It is going to be a big franchise, and our team has started work on the script for part two...."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anil-kapoor-john-abrahams-pagalpanti-reportedly-gets-a-sequel-ahead-of-22-november-release-6507971.html|title=Anil Kapoor, John Abraham's Pagalpanti gets a sequel ahead of 22 November release|publisher=First Post|date=24 April 2019|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/exclusive-womens-day-special-john-abraham-ileana-dcruz-starrer-pagalpanti-female-dominated-crew-anees-bazmee-praises/?|title=EXCLUSIVE: Women's Day Special – John Abraham, Ileana D'Cruz starrer Pagalpanti has a female dominated crew and Anees Bazmee is all PRAISES for them!|date=8 March 2019|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/anees-bazmee-reveals-interesting-details-john-abrahams-character-pagalpanti/|title=Anees Bazmeereveals interesting details about John Abraham's character in Pagalpanti|date=12 March 2019|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref> The first teaser poster was released on 18 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/teaser-poster-john-abraham-anil-kapoor-starrer-pagalpanti-released-check-206191/|title=Teaser poster of John Abraham and Anil Kapoor starrer 'Pagalpanti' released, Check it out here|website=Indian Wire|date=18 October 2019}}</ref> On the same day the character posters of the ensemble cast were released.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/from-john-abraham-to-ileana-dcruz-here-are-the-character-posters-of-the-pagalpanti-team/articleshow/71648341.cms|title=From John Abraham to Ileana D'cruz; Here are the character posters of team 'Pagalpanti'|access-date=10 February 2021|work=The Times of India|date=18 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/pagalpanti-character-posters-john-abraham-ileana-dcruz-anil-kapoors-set-for-a-laugh-riot/21932164|title=Pagalpanti character posters: John Abraham, Ileana D'Cruz, Anil Kapoor all set for a laugh riot|date=18 October 2019|work=mid-day|access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>

The release date of the film was advanced and was released on 22 November 2019.<ref name=":m1">{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-pushes-release-date-of-pagalpanti-to-make-way-for-nikkhil-advanis-marjaavaan/articleshow/71002154.cms|title=John Abraham pushes release date of Pagalpanti to make way for Nikhil Advani's Marjaavaan|date=5 September 2019|publisher=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>

==Reception==

''Pagalpanti'' received generally negative reviews from critics.

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it 2.5 stars out of 5 and praised the background score, cinematography, production design and costumes but criticized the writing, direction, music and VFX.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pagalpanti/critic-review/pagalpanti-movie-review/|title=Pagalpanti Movie Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=22 November 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3 stars out of 5, praising the action sequences and cinematography, writing, placement of songs and the characterization of heroines.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/pagalpanti/movie-review/72170755.cms|title=Pagalpanti Movie Review : A hotchpotch of bumbling characters|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> Priyanka Sinha Jha from ''[[News18]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and praised Arshad Warsi and Brijendra Kala but criticized the writing, heroines and clichéd humor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pagalpanti-movie-review-anees-bazmees-madcap-comedy-misses-the-mark-2396871.html|title= Pagalpanti Movie Review: Anees Bazmee's Madcap Comedy Misses the Mark|first=Priyanka Sinha|last=Jha|date=12 March 2020|work=[[News18]]|access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Times Now]]'' similarly gave it 2 stars out 5 and praised the performances, a few jokes, cinematography and production values. The criticism was aimed at the length, writing and editing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/pagalpanti-movie-review-john-abraham-anil-kapoor-arshad-warsi-ileana-dcruz-urvashi-rautela-film-funny-in-parts/518225|title=Pagalpanti Movie Review: John Abraham, Anil Kapoor and Arshad Warsi film is bland, loud but a bit funny|work=[[Times Now]]|date=22 November 2019|access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref> The Magic PR Gave It A 4 out of 5 praising songs, writing, the interval and said "johny par paisa laga do, Join the Pagalpanti gang for a full laughter riot."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://themagicpr.com/2019/11/22/pagalpanti-review-by-priyanka-raina-is-johny-par-paisa-laga-do.html|title= Pagalpanti movie review: Anees Bazmee's Action Comedy Hits The Mark|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref>

Vinamra Mathur from ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and found it unintentionally funny.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/pagalpanti-movie-review-there-are-precisely-three-laughs-in-this-comedy-and-two-of-them-are-unintentional/22136169|title=Pagalpanti Movie Review: There Are Precisely Three Laughs In This Comedy, And Two Of Them Are Unintentional|website=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave it 1 star out of 5 and criticized the humor, VFX, labelled the script as a "stuff of pre-schooler dreams" and found the performances to be "better suited for a school play."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/pagalpanti-review/20191122.htm|title=Pagalpanti review|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref> Jyoti Sharma Bawa from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' criticized the humor, writing, dialogues, music, heroines and forced patriotism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bawa |first1=Jyoti Sharma |title=Pagalpanti movie review: The joke is on John Abraham's film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pagalpanti-movie-review-the-joke-is-on-john-abraham-s-film/story-MB7Ax16s4xtUjRuPQwRvOJ.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pagalpanti
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sajid–Wajid]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and Nayeem-Shabir
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2019|11|21}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/pagalpanti-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1488782931|title=Pagalpanti (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018–2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:44
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|bsoz_u5g0T8|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Sajid–Wajid]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and Nayeem-Shabir, with lyrics written by [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], Arafat Mehmood, Yo Yo Honey Singh and Danish Sabri.

The song "Tum Par Hum Hai Aatke" from the film ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]'' which was originally composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]], lyrics by Sudhakar Sharma and sung by [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], was recreated by Tanishk Bagchi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mankad |first1=Himesh |title=Pagalpanti: John Abraham, Ileana D'Çruz reviving Salman Khan, Kajol's chartbuster 'Tumpar Hum Hain Atke' from Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-ileana-druz-reviving-salman-khan-kajols-chartbuster-tumpar-hum-hain-atke-from-pyar-kiya-toh-darna-kya/articleshow/71730868.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com |date=24 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pagalpanti-song-tum-par-hum-hai-atke-john-abraham-ileana-d-cruz-recreate-salman-khan-kajol-s-hit-21-year-old-number/story-t0Aqz12mqj9TvGxDPIGFxN_amp.html|title=Pagalpanti song Tum Par Hum Hai Atke: John Abraham, Ileana D'Cruz recreate Salman Khan-Kajol's hit 21-year-old number|website=Hindustan Times|date=24 October 2019|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pagalpanti-song-tum-par-hum-hai-atke-john-abraham-illeana-dcruz-groove-to-rehash-of-salman-kajols-1998-track-7549651.html/amp|title=Pagalpanti song Tum Par Hum Hai Atke: John Abraham, Illeana D'cruz groove to rehash of Salman-Kajol's 1998 track|website=Firstpost.com|date=24 October 2019|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref>

The song "Bimar Dil" from the film ''[[ChaalBaaz]]'' which was originally composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]] and sung by [[Mohammed Aziz]] and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], was also recreated by Bagchi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pagalpanti-song-bimar-dil-urvashi-rautela-turns-into-a-bewitching-ghost-in-this-remake-of-sunny-deol-sridevis-hit-song/articleshow/71966965.cms|title=Urvashi Rautela turns into a bewitching ghost in this remake of Sridevi's hit song|website=Mumbai Mirror|date=8 November 2019|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>

The title track, "Pagalpanti", composed by [[Sajid–Wajid]], has its theme music sampled from the title track of Bazmee's 2007 film ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Himesh |last=Mankad |author-link=Himesh Mankad|title=Sajid Wajid: Pagalpanti is like Tom and Jerry |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-film-is-like-a-tom-and-jerry-fight/articleshow/72148150.cms |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=21 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 17:44
| extra_column=Singer(s)
| title1 = Tum Par Hum Hai Atke
| extra1 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Neha Kakkar]]
| music1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| lyrics1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| length1 = 2:58
| title2 = Walla Walla
| extra2 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Neeti Mohan]], Nayeem Shah
| music2 = Nayeem-Shabir
| lyrics2 = Arafat Mehmood
| length2 = 3:46
| title3 = Thumka
| extra3 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| music3 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| lyrics3 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| length3 = 2:50
| title4 = Bimar Dil
| extra4 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Asees Kaur]]
| music4 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| lyrics4 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| length4 = 5:00
| title5 = Pagalpanti (Title Track)
| extra5 = [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid Khan]], Ipsitaa, Rahul Kothari
| music5 = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| lyrics5 = Danish Sabri
| length5 = 3:10
}}

==Box office==
''Pagalpanti''{{'}}s opening day domestic collection was {{INR}}4.75 crore. On the second day, the film collected ₹6.50 crore. On the third day, the film collected ₹8.25 crore, taking total opening weekend collection to ₹19.50 crore.<ref name="bo" />

{{As of|2019|12|23}}, with a gross of {{INR}}39.3 crore in India and {{INR}}9.87 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of {{INR}}49.17 crore.<ref name="bo" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
* {{IMDb title|9495690}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|pagalpanti}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/pagalpanti}}

{{Anees Bazmee}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anees Bazmee]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sajid–Wajid]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Panorama Studios films]]

Dharamshala

2026-03-17T23:00:37Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Updated and refined page content

{{Short description|Winter capital of Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the town in Himachal Pradesh|other uses|Dharamshala (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dharamshala
| other_name = Dharamsala
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a=Dharamshala 03 (Cropped).jpg

|photo2b=McLeod Ganj Dharamkot Dharmsala Himachal Pradesh India April 2014.jpg
|photo2a=Panoramic view of McLeod Ganj during winters, 2005.jpg
|photo3a=Bhagsu nag temple.jpg
|photo3b=Main Street Temple - McLeod Ganj - Himachal Pradesh - India (26207379983).jpg
|photo4a=Dharamshala stadium,himachal pradesh.jpg
|size=300
|position=center
|spacing=2
|color=#FFFFFF
|border=1
|color_border = white
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = <div style="background:#CEE0F2;"> '''From top, left to right:<br />''' Skyline of Dharamsala, [[Mcleodganj]] during winter, [[Triund]], [[Bhagsu]]nag Temple, [[Kalachakra]] Temple, [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Stadium]]</div>
| nickname = Dhasa
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh##Location within India
| coordinates = {{coord|32|12|55|N|76|19|07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| named_for = Derives its name from an old Hindu sanctuary, called ''Dharamsàla'' which once stood there.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s348aedb8880cab8c45637abc7493ecddd/uploads/2018/03/2018032931.pdf#page=104 |title=Gazetteer of the Kangra District |date=1883–1884 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press}}</ref>
| seat_type = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of legislative Assembly]]
| seat = Sudhir Sharma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/491|title=Details {{!}} eVidhan- Himachal Pradesh|website=hpvidhansabha.nic.in}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = Dharamshala Municipal Corporation<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edharamshala.in/ |title=Home |website=edharamshala.in}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 81.60
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1457
| population_total = 53,543
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edharamshala.in/Content/Demographics |title=Demographics – MCD-Dashboard-Document Management System}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Himachal Pradesh by population|2nd in HP]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 176 215
| area_code = +91- 01892
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP]]- 39(RLA), 68(RTO), 01D/02D(Taxi)
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| website = {{URL|edharamshala.in}}
| elevation_max_m =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Western Pahari|Pahari]] [[Kangri language|(Palampuri Kangri)]]<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Onkar Singh Nehria
}}

'''Dharamshala''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑːr|ə|m|ʃ|ɑː|l|ə}}, {{IPA|hi|d̪ʱərmʃaːlaː|lang}}; also spelled '''Dharamsala''') is a town in the [[India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It serves as the [[List of countries with multiple capitals#Subnational and supernational capitals|winter capital]] of the state and the [[Public administration|administrative headquarters]] of the [[Kangra district]] since 1855.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notification, Government of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://himachal.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/21_l892s/Dharamshala-50740507.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/its-official-dharamshala-is-second-capital-of-himachal-pradesh-4551546/ |title=It's official, Dharamshala is second capital of Himachal Pradesh |date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=hillpost2017>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hillpost.in/2017/01/dharamshala-declared-second-capital-of-himachal/107991/ |title=Dharamshala Declared Second Capital of Himachal |first=Arvind |last=Sharma |website=hillpost.in |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> The town also hosts the [[14th Dalai Lama]] and the [[Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan government-in-exile]]. Dharamshala was a [[municipal council]] until 2015, when it was upgraded to a [[Dharamshala Municipal Corporation|municipal corporation]].

The town is located in the [[Kangra Valley]], in the shadow of the [[Dhauladhar]] range of the [[Himalayas]] at an altitude of {{convert|1457|m}}. References to Dharamshala and its surrounding areas are found in ancient [[Hindu scripture]]s such as [[Rig Veda]] and [[Mahabharata]]. The region was under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] influence before it was captured by the [[Sikh Empire]] in 1785. The [[East India Company]] captured the region for the British following the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] of 1846, from when it became part of [[Punjab Province (British India)|the British Indian province of the Punjab]]. Post [[Independence of India|Indian Independence]] in 1947, it remained as a small hill station. In 1960, the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] was moved to Dharamshala when the 14th Dalai Lama established the Tibetan administration-in-exile after [[Dalai Lama's escape from China|he had to flee Tibet]].

In 2015 Dharamshala was included in the Smart Cities Mission<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities |url=https://smartcities.gov.in/about-the-mission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharamshala Smart City |url=https://smartcities.gov.in/node/111}}</ref> and hence will soon have smart solutions implemented for infrastructure and clean environment.

Dharamshala can be viewed as a twin settlement. Upper Dharamshala, located at an elevation of approximately 1,830 metres, is home to the official residence and headquarters of the 14th Dalai Lama. This area, which includes the well-known suburbs of [[McLeod Ganj]] and Forsyth Ganj, still reflects a distinctly colonial character, echoing its British-era legacy. In contrast, Lower Dharamshala, situated at around 1,380 metres, has evolved into a bustling commercial hub, serving as the town's primary centre for trade and business.<ref name="HPTDC">{{Cite web |title=Dharamshala – Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (HPTDC) |url=https://hptdc.in/index.php/dharamshala/ |website=hptdc.in |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>

The economy of the region is highly dependent on [[agriculture]] and [[tourism]]. The town is now a major hill station and spiritual centre.

As of 2024, Dharamshala is the second most populous city in Himachal Pradesh, with a population of approximately 53,543, ranking only after the state capital, [[Shimla]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://edharamshala.in/Content/AboutUs |website=Dharamshala Municipal Corporation |access-date=22 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | publisher = |accessdate = 2012-07-07 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Dharamshala'' ([[Devanagari]]: धर्मशाला; [[ITRANS]]: Dharmashala; [[IAST]]: Dharmaśālā) is a [[Hindi]] word derived from [[Sanskrit]] that is a compound of the words ''[[dharma]]'' (धर्म) and ''shālā'' (शाला), literally 'House or place of Dharma'. In common usage, the word refers to a shelter or rest house for spiritual pilgrims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dharmsala|title=Dharmsala, meaning|publisher=Merriam Webster|access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> When permanent settlements were established in the region, there was one such rest house from which the settlement took its name.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_307.gif |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |chapter=Dharmsala |volume=XI |pages=301–302 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 |via=Digital South Asia Library}}</ref>

Due to a lack of uniform observance of conventions for Hindi [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] and [[Devanagari transliteration|transliteration of the script used]] to write it, [[Devanagari]], the name of the town has been variously [[romanised]] in English and other languages as ''Dharamshala'', ''Dharamsala'', ''Dharmshala'' and ''Dharmsala''.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> These four permutations result from two variables: the transcription of the word धर्म (dharma)—particularly the second syllable (र्म) and that of the third syllable (शा). A strict transliteration of धर्म as written would be 'dharma' {{IPA|[ˈdʱərmə]}}. In the modern spoken Hindi of the region, there is a common [[Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]] in which the vowel and consonant sounds in the second syllable of certain words (including धर्म) are transposed, which changes 'dharma' to 'dharam' pronounced somewhere between {{IPA|[ˈdʱərəm]}} and {{IPA|[ˈdʱərm]}}. Regarding the third syllable, the Devanagari श corresponds to the English ''sh'' sound, {{IPAblink|ʃ}} and thus शाला is transcribed in English as 'shala'. Therefore, the most accurate phonetic transcription of the Hindi धर्मशाला into Roman script for common (non-technical) English usage is either 'Dharamshala' or, less commonly, 'Dharmshala', both of which render the ''sh'' ({{IPA|/ʃ/}}) sound of ''श'' in English as 'sh' to convey the correct native pronunciation, 'Dharam''sh''ala' {{IPA|[dʱərəmˈʃaːlaː]}} or 'Dharm''sh''ala' ({{IPA|[dʱərmˈʃaːlaː]}}). Regardless of spelling variations, the correct native pronunciation is with the ''sh'' sound ({{IPA|/ʃ/}}).<ref name="multiconverter">[http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/table.html Mapping table with 7 methods] of Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari used by [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html ILTP-DC for Sanskrit]. [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html Sanskrit transliteration tool. Convert from one scheme to another]. Maintained by the 'Indian Language Technology Proliferation and deployment centre' (ILTP-DC) of the government of India. Works with 7 systems: Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system, and IAST, Devanagari.</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
References to Dharamshala and its surrounding areas are found in ancient [[Hindu scripture]]s such as [[Rig Veda]] and [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="HP">{{Cite web|url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/history/|title=History of Kangra|access-date=22 October 2023|publisher=Government of Himachal Pradesh}}</ref> There are mentions of the region by [[Pāṇini]] in 4th century BC and by [[China|Chinese]] traveller [[Heun Tsang|Xuanzang]] during the reign of king [[Harshavardhana]] in 7th century AD.<ref>{{cite book|title=Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history|first=Omacanda|last=Hāṇḍā|year=2001|page=43|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|isbn=81-85182-03-5}}</ref> The indigenous people of the Dharamshala area (and the surrounding region) are the [[Gaddis]], a predominantly [[Hindu]] group who traditionally lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic [[transhumance|transhumant]] lifestyle.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Wzkj0Wad8pumyLNu5nkfGK/A-journey-with-Gaddi-pastoralists.html |title=A journey with Gaddi Pastoralists|date=6 October 2016|newspaper=Live Mint|access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

The region was subject to attacks from Mughal rulers [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 1009 and [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] in 1360. In 1566, [[Akbar]] captured the region and brought it under the Mughal rule. As the Mughal rule disintegrated, [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] chieftain [[Jai Singh Kanheya|Jai Singh]] brought the region to his control and gave it to [[Sansar Chand]] of the Katoch dynasty, legitimate [[Rajput]] prince in 1785. [[Gurkhas]] invaded and captured the region in 1806 before being defeated by [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1809. The Katoch dynasty was reduced to the status of [[jagirdar]]s under the treaty of Jawalamukhi signed between Chand and Singh in 1810. Post the death of Chand, Ranjit Singh annexed the region into the Sikh empire.<ref name="HP"/>

===British occupation===
The [[East India Company]] captured the region following the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] of 1846. Under the [[British Raj]], the regions were part of [[Punjab Province (British India)|the undivided British Indian province of the Punjab]], and were ruled by the [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|governors of Punjab]] from [[Lahore]].<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> In 1860, the 66th [[Gurkha]] [[Light Infantry]] was moved from [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] to Dharamshala, which was at first made a subsidiary [[cantonment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcllo.com|title=Mcledoganj Information|publisher=mcllo.com|access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> The Battalion was later renamed [[1st Gurkha Rifles]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Parker |first=John |title=The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers |publisher=Headline Book Publishing |location=London |date=2005|isbn=978-0-7553-1415-7|page=45}}</ref> Dharamshala became a popular [[hill station]] in the British Raj era.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> The [[1905 Kangra earthquake]] devastated the Kangra Valley, destroying the cantonment, much of the infrastructure of the region, and killing nearly 20,000 people: 1,625 at Dharmasala, including 15 foreigners and 112 of the Gurkha garrison.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> Many of the Gurkhas were part of the [[Indian National Army]] founded by [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] taking part in the [[Indian Independence movement]].{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

===Post independence===
[[File:20170821 133842000 iOS.jpg|thumb|The architecture in Dharamsala has a Buddhist influence]]
Post [[Independence of India|Indian Independence]] in 1947, it remained as a small hill station. On 29 April 1959, the 14th [[Dalai Lama]] [[Tenzin Gyatso]] established the Tibetan administration-in-exile in [[Mussoorie]] when [[Dalai Lama's escape from China|he had to flee Tibet]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/when-dalai-lamas-date-with-india-began-in-mussoorie-in-one-april.html |title=When Dalai lama's date with India began in Mussoorie in one April |first=Jaskiran |last=Chopra |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (India)]]|date=7 April 2016 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> In May 1960, the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] was moved to Dharamshala when [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], then [[Prime Minister of India]] allowed him and his followers to settle in [[McLeod Ganj]] north of Dharamshala.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1959 |url=https://time.com/3742242/dalai-lama-1959/|title=How and Why the Dalai Lama Left Tibet|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tears of Blood: A Cry for Tibet|last=Craig|first=Mary|publisher=Counterpoint|date=1999|isbn=978-1-5824-3025-6|location=Washington, D.C.|page=142|oclc=41431635}}</ref> There they established the "[[Government of Tibet in exile|government-in-exile]]" in 1960 and the [[Namgyal Monastery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-usa-tibet-idUSKBN18617F |title=U.S. lawmakers not backing down on human rights for Tibet, Pelosi says |first=Douglas |last=Busvine |work=[[Reuters]]|date=10 May 2017|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> In 1970, the Dalai Lama opened the [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives]] which is one of the most important institutions for [[Tibetology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibetanlibrary.org/contact/|title=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives|publisher=Tibetan Library|access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref>

Several thousand [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] exiles have now settled in the area where monasteries, temples, and schools have come up. It has become an important tourist destination with many hotels and restaurants, leading to growth in tourism and commerce.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://petzenia.com/blog/best-bird-watching-spots-india/ |title=Some of the Best Bird Watching Spots in India |date=4 December 2016 |work=Petzenia Blog |access-date=10 October 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010212346/https://petzenia.com/blog/best-bird-watching-spots-india/|url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2017, Dharamshala was made the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh with the legislative assembly located at [[Sidhbari]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dharamsala-declared-second-capital-of-himachal-pradesh-1650683 |title=Dharamsala Declared Second Capital of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[NDTV India]]|date=19 January 2017|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Dharamsala-valley.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Kangra Valley]] from Bhagsu Nag]]
[[File:Sunset in Dharamshala.jpg|thumb|Sunset from Maximus mall overlooking Dharamshala valley ]]
Dharamshala has an average elevation of {{cvt|1457|m|ft}}, covering an area of almost {{cvt|8.51|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite report|title=Area of Dharamshala Town|url=http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/DevPlanDharamshala.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424075155/http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/DevPlanDharamshala.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> Dharamsala is located in the [[Kangra Valley]], in the shadow of the [[Dhauladhar]] mountains. The town is divided into two distinct sections "Lower Dharamshala" and [[McLeod Ganj]] with a narrow road surrounded by [[pine]], [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[oak]], and [[rhododendron]] connecting the regions.<ref>{{cite book|title=India Forts, Palaces, the Himalaya|first1=Vanessa|last1=Betts|first2=Victoria|last2=McCulloch| year=2013|page=240|isbn=978-1-9072-6374-3|publisher=Footprint}}</ref>

==Climate==
Dharamshala has a [[monsoon]] influenced, [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cwa''). Summer begins in early April and peaks in May when temperatures can reach {{cvt|36|°C}} and lasts until the start of June. From June to mid-September is the [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon season]], when up to {{cvt|3000|mm}} of rainfall can be experienced, making Dharamshala one of the wettest places in the state. Autumn is mild and lasts from October to the end of November.

Autumn temperatures average around {{cvt|16|-|17|°C}}. Winter starts in December and continues until late February. Snow and sleet are common during the winter in upper Dharamshala (including McLeodganj, Bhagsu Nag, and Naddi). Lower Dharamshala receives little frozen precipitation except for hail. Historically, the Dhauladhar mountains used to remain snow-covered all year long; however, in recent years they have been losing their snow blanket during dry spells.<ref>{{cite book|title=Climate Change and its Ecological Implications for the Western Himalaya|last=Chopra|first=V. L.|year=2013|page=145|isbn=978-9-3873-0735-3|publisher=Scientific Publishers}}</ref>
{{Dharamshala weatherbox}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|width=300px
|title=Religions in Dharamsala<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/230-kangra.html |title=Kangra District Religion Data – Census 2011}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|69.18}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Yellow|27.70}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|Darkkhaki|1.28}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|1.85}}}}

As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Dharamshala had a population of 30,764. In 2015, the area under the administration of the municipal body was expanded with a revised population of 53,543 in 10,992 households.<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://ud-hp.in/pdf/POPULATION%20AS%20PER%20CENSUS%202011.pdf|title=ULB Population Himachal Pradesh (2011 census)|publisher=Government of Himachal Pradesh|access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. Dharamshala has an average literacy rate of 87%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 90% and female literacy is 83%. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age with a [[sex ratio]] of 941.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=1 November 2008 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref> [[Hinduism]] is the most followed religion followed by [[Buddhism]]. [[Hindi]] is the official language while other languages spoken include [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]], [[Kangri language|Kangri]], [[Punjabi Language|Punjabi]], [[English language|English]], [[Lhasa Tibetan]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Pahari language|Pahari]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture of Dharamsala - People, Language, Food, Art & Culture|url=https://www.ftd.travel/dharamsala-culture|access-date=14 May 2021|website=FTD travel|language=en-us}}</ref>

==Administration and politics==
Dharamshala became a [[municipal corporation]] in 2015; before that it had been a [[municipal council]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/Dharamsala-Municipal-Council-upgraded-to-Municipal-Corporation/articleshow/49040526.cms|title=TOI article |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 September 2015|access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> The corporation has 17 wards under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edharamshala.in/Content/Wards |title=Municipal Corporation Website – Wards |date=2 March 2020}}</ref> The current [[mayor]] is Onkar Singh Nehria of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), elected in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BJP's Onkar Nehria is Dharamsala Mayor|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bjps-onkar-nehria-is-dharamsala-mayor-238557|access-date=22 October 2023|date=4 August 2022|newspaper=Tribune|language=en}}</ref> The town is part of the [[Dharamshala Assembly constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Dharamshala Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dharamshala.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= 1 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimination of Parliamentary constituencies, 2008|work=Election commission of India|access-date=1 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118160217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2017}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:20170821 133215000 iOS.jpg|thumb|A trekking trail in Dharamsala]]
The economy of the region is highly dependent on [[agriculture]] and [[tourism]]. The main crops grown in the valley are [[rice]], [[wheat]], and [[tea]]. Dharamshala has many tea plantations which produce the [[Kangra tea]] which has been granted [[geographical indication]] status.<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite news |title=Kangra's cup of tea is losing its aroma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kangra-s-cup-of-tea-is-losing-its-aroma/story-JmvDHitd4ehHaPyIPHb66H.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=17 May 2019}} |2={{cite web |title=Our Story|url=https://www.dharmsala.com/pages/our-story |website=Dharmsala Tea Company|access-date=11 October 2018}} |3={{citation|title=State Wise Registration Details of GI Applications |publisher=Office of the Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks |page=1 |work=Geographical Indication Registry |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201065403/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf |archive-date= 1 February 2016}} }}</ref>

Dharamshala is a major hill station and spiritual center.<ref>{{cite book|title=Intersections of Tourism, Migration, and Exile |date=2022 |isbn=9781-0-0082-1444 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|first1=Kathleen M. |last1=Adams |first2=Natalia |last2=Bloch}}</ref> It hosts a number of trekking trails across the [[Himalayas]] into the upper [[Ravi River|Ravi]] Valley and [[Chamba district]]. Trekking trails include [[Hiking|hikes]] to Indrahar Pass (4,342 meters or 14,245&nbsp;ft) Toral Pass ({{cvt|4575|m|disp=or}}), Bhimghasutri Pass ({{cvt|4580|m|disp=or}}), Dharamshala—Bleni Pass ({{cvt|3710|m|disp=or}}), Kareri Lake, Himani Chamunda, Thatarna and [[Triund]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA489 |title=The Rough Guide to India |publisher=Rough Guide Travel Guides |date=2003 |first=David |last=Abram |isbn=9781843530893 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siddhiyoga.com/dharamsala-full-experience-beyond-yoga |title=Dharamsala: The Full Experience Beyond Yoga |first=Meera |last=Watts |website=siddhiyoga.com |date=17 April 2019|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>

==Culture and attractions==
Dharamshala is home to the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]] and houses numerous culturally significant sites:

* The Tibet Museum, located next to the Tsuglagkhang Complex in McLeod Ganj, displays rare photographs and archival materials chronicling Tibetan history, culture, and exile. It is managed by the Department of Information and International Relations of the Central Tibetan Administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Tibet Museum |url=https://tibetmuseum.org |website=The Tibet Museum |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
* [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]] is a [[cricket]] stadium<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cricket ground, Dharamsala |url=http://himachal.us/2007/11/15/cricket-ground-dharamsala/3611/media/photo-news/rsood |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807002500/http://himachal.us/2007/11/15/cricket-ground-dharamsala/3611/media/photo-news/rsood |archive-date=7 August 2009 |access-date=12 May 2009}}</ref> situated at an altitude of 1317m, it is one of the highest altitude cricket stadiums.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/himachal-pradesh-cricket-association-stadium-dharamsala-58056 |access-date=22 October 2023 |publisher=ESPN cricinfo}}</ref> It has a capacity of 23,000 and serves as the home ground to the [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team]] and [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] team [[Kings XI Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |title=HotStar Live Cricket Match Online Today, IPL 2016 Live Streaming, Sony Six Live Telecast, Sony ESPN: ICC T20 World Cup 2016 Venues |url=http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-venues.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201115131/http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-venues.html |archive-date=1 February 2016 |publisher=t20wclivestream2016.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HotStar Live Cricket Match Online Today, IPL 2016 Live Streaming, Sony Six Live Telecast, Sony ESPN: ICC T20 World Cup 2016 Schedule |url=http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-schedule.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201114439/http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-schedule.html |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=13 January 2016 |publisher=t20wclivestream.in}}</ref>
* [[Naddi]] Viewpoint, located ~3&nbsp;km from McLeod Ganj in Naddi village (2,000 m), offers panoramic views of the Dhauladhar range, especially at sunrise and sunset. It is popular for stargazing, short treks (e.g. to Triund), and a serene rural experience.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naddi View Point |url=https://www.topplacesindia.com/states/himachal-pradesh/attractions/naddi-viewpoint |website=TopPlacesIndia |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
* [[St. John in the Wilderness Church (Dharamshala)|St. John in the Wilderness Church]], a Neo-Gothic Protestant church built in 1852 at Forsyth Gunj, is surrounded by deodar forest and features Belgian stained-glass windows. The bell tower was replaced in 1915 after the 1905 Kangra earthquake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit St John in the Wilderness Church in Dharamshala |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/himachal-pradesh/dharamshala/st-john-in-the-wilderness-church |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhagsu|Bhagsu Nath Temple]], dedicated to Lord Shiva, lies ~2&nbsp;km above McLeod Ganj near Bhagsunag. The ancient temple complex includes sacred pools fed by Tiger‑head fountains and is associated with the Bhagsu Nag legend.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhagsunath Temple |url=https://www.yatra.com/india-tourism/attractions-in-dharamshala/bhagsunath-temple |website=Yatra.com |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
* [[Hari Kothi]], a heritage bungalow in Kotwali Bazaar, was built in the early 20th century and has hosted figures like Swami Vivekananda and Annie Besant. Today, it functions as a boutique homestay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hari Kothi: A House of History |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/hari-kothi-house-of-history-367495 |work=The Tribune |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
* The McLeod Ganj tea gardens and surrounding hillside plantations are part of the Kangra Valley tea region, known for producing pale, sweet brew that has gained attention for its unique flavour in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tea Garden, Dharamshala |url=https://www.tripinvites.com/places/dharamshala/bhagsunath-temple/ |website=TripInvites |date=22 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
* [[Norbulingka Institute]], established in 1995 in Sidhpur near Dharamshala, preserves Tibetan arts and culture. It features workshops in thangka painting, woodcarving, and hosts the Seat of Happiness Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norbulingka Institute - Preserving Tibetan Arts and Culture |url=https://india.norbulingka.org/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Norbulingka Institute of Tibetan Culture (India) |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Peepal Farm]], located near Dhanotu village (~30&nbsp;km from Dharamshala), is an animal rescue centre and organic farm that also promotes sustainable living. It offers volunteering opportunities in animal welfare and natural farming.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Peepal Farm |url=https://peepalfarm.org |website=Peepal Farm |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
* [[Kotwali Bazar|Kotwali Bazaar]], Traditional shopping streets are located here. Malls and multiplex cinemas are found on the National Highway Road in the Chilgari area, near Kotwali Bazaar and the main bus stand. [[Dharamshala International Film Festival|DIFF]] was established in 2012 to promote contemporary art, cinema and independent media practices in the Himalayan region.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali Khan |first=Murtaza |date=9 November 2018 |title=The warmth of human stories |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-warmth-of-human-stories/article25444062.ece |access-date=17 May 2019 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Transport==
Dharamshala is well connected by road to major cities in North India. The [[Himachal Road Transport Corporation]] (HRTC) operates regular bus services, including luxury and superfast coaches to [[Shimla]], [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Pathankot]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]. Private operators and local taxis also provide service to nearby destinations within Kangra district and the wider Himachal Pradesh region.

A ropeway system called the Dharamshala Skyway, inaugurated in January 2022, connects Dharamshala with McLeod Ganj, significantly reducing travel time and easing traffic congestion on steep, narrow roads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharamshala Skyway Inauguration |url=https://hprtc.in/ |website=Himachal Pradesh Ropeway and Rapid Transport Corporation Ltd |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>

===Road===
National Highway [[National Highway 503 (India)|NH 503]] starts from Dharmashala and connects the town to [[Hoshiarpur]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] via Kangra. State highways link the town with [[National Highway 154 (India)|NH 154]] running from [[Pathankot]] to [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dharamshala is well connected by road, with luxury buses regularly operating from major cities like [[Delhi]] and [[Shimla]]. The [[Himachal Road Transport Corporation|Himachal Pradesh Road Transport Corporation]] (HRTC) runs a daily luxury coach service between Delhi and Dharamshala. In addition, both public and private buses are available from the main Dharamshala Bus Stand, providing connectivity to various towns and cities across Himachal Pradesh and beyond.<ref name="HPTDC"/>

==Air==
The nearest airport is [[Kangra Airport]] (also known as Gaggal Airport, IATA: DHM), located about 15&nbsp;km southwest of Dharamshala. It offers direct flights to Delhi and Chandigarh, and seasonal services to other northern cities. The airport handled over 200,000 passengers in the 2023–24 financial year, according to the Airports Authority of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traffic Summary: Kangra Airport |url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/kangra |website=Airports Authority of India |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>

The nearest major international airport is [[Chandigarh International Airport]], approximately 250&nbsp;km away by road.

==Rail==
While Dharamshala does not have a direct railway station, the nearest major railhead is [[Pathankot Junction]], about 85&nbsp;km away. The [[Kangra Valley Railway]], a narrow-gauge line built during the colonial era, connects Pathankot with Joginder Nagar. The closest station on this line to Dharamshala is [[Chamunda Marg]], located approximately 21&nbsp;km from the town. From Pathankot, taxis and buses are available for onward travel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kangra Valley Railway |url=https://www.irctc.co.in |website=IRCTC |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Toy Trains in Himachal: A Heritage Journey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/heritage-toy-trains-in-himachal-pradesh/article66305847.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>

===Ropeway===
A {{cvt|1.8|km}} long ropeway called ''Dharamshala Skyway'' connecting Dharamshala and Mcleodganj via cable car was inaugurated in January 2022.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/now-you-can-take-a-cable-car-ride-between-dharamshala-and-mcleodganj-news-44794|title=Dharamshala Skywalk Inaugurated|date=21 January 2022|work=Outlook|access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref>

==Education==


*[[Central University of Himachal Pradesh]]
*[[Government College of Teacher Education Dharamsala]]

==Notable people==


*[[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]]
*[[Chandrarekha Dhadwal]] (born 1951), writer, poet, novelist and retired lecturer
*[[Tenzin Gyatso]], 14th [[Dalai Lama]]
*[[Alfred W. Hallett]], artist
*[[Kishan Kapoor]], Member of Parliament
*[[Chandresh Kumari Katoch]], former minister of cultural and external affairs government of India.
*[[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] (1889–1967), former [[Chief Justice of India]]
*[[Sudhir Sharma]], politician.
*[[Sher Jung Thapa]] Indian Army

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://himachaltourism.gov.in|Himachal Pradesh Tourism Official Website}}

{{commons category|Dharamshala}}{{Wikivoyage|Dharamsala}}{{Himachal Pradesh topics}}{{Authority control}}

{{Kangra district}}

[[Category:Dharamshala| ]]
[[Category:1849 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kangra district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1849]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist places]]
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Himachal Pradesh]]

Dharamshala

2026-03-17T23:00:37Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Updated and refined page content

Indira Sant

2026-03-09T04:54:54Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: correct page to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

'''Indira Sant''' (4 January 1914 – 13 July 2000) was a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] poet from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

She was a versatile writer, poet and storyteller. To this day, she is well-known for her detail-orientated poetry. The immense love she had for nature helped her artfully portray ideas of love, separation, loneliness, and deep emotions shrouded in vivid imagery and words that capture one’s feelings to the fullest.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/AksharBharti-Marathi-10th-English-Medium-.pdf |title=मराठी अक्षरभारती |publisher=[[Balbharti]] |year=2018 |location=Pune |pages=३३ |language=Marathi |trans-title=Marathi Aksharbharti}}</ref>

==Life==

Indira studied at [[Rajaram College]]<ref>[http://rajacollkop.org/Departments.html Rajaram College: Department of Marathi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101111057/http://rajacollkop.org/Departments.html |date=2011-01-01 }}</ref> in [[Kolhapur]].

==Works==
;Poems
* ''Shele'' (शेले) (1951)
* ''Mendi'' (मेंदी) (1955)
* ''Mrugajal'' (मृगजळ) (1957)
* ''Ranga Bawari'' (रंगबावरी) (1964)
* ''Bahulya'' (बाहुल्या) (1972)
* ''Garbhareshim'' (गर्भरेशीम) (1982)
* ''Malan Gatha'' (मालन गाथा)
* ''Wamsh Kusum'' (वंशकुसुम)
* ''Marawa'' (मारवा)
* ''Nirakar'' (निराकार)
* ''Ghungurwala'' (घुंघुरवाळा)
* Chitkada (चित्कळा)

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* http://www.aathavanitli-gani.com/Lists/Lyrics%20Details/Indira%20Sant.htm

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sant, Indira}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi]]
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]

Indo-Scythian art

2026-03-01T23:21:03Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Post

{{Short description|Art flourished during reign of Indo-Scythian rulers in Pakistan and northwestern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| header=Indo-Scythian art
| total_width=300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = MathuraLionCapital.JPG
| caption1 = The [[Mathura lion capital]], a dynastic production, advertising the rule of [[Rajuvula]] and his relatives, as well as their sponsorship of Buddhism. 2 BCE-6 CE.<ref>Dated 2 BCE-6 CE in Fig.213 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171 |language=en}}</ref>
| footer=
{{Location map+
|South Asia
| width=280 
| float = center
| border = none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| places =
{{Annotation|text-align=center|75|110|[[Western Satraps|WESTERN<br>SATRAPS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|70|[[Northern Satraps|NORTHERN<br>SATRAPS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|60|30|[[Indo-Scythians|Early<br>INDO-<br>SCYTHIANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|Location of the Scythians in India: early [[Indo-Scythians]], [[Northern Satraps]] and [[Western Satraps]], over a period from the 1st century BCE to the early 5th century CE.<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (e) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
}}
}}
'''Indo-Scythian art''' developed under the various dynasties of Indo-Scythian rulers in [[Pakistan]] and northwestern [[India]], from the 1st century BCE to the early 5th century CE, encompassing the productions of the early [[Indo-Scythians]], the [[Northern Satraps]] and the [[Western Satraps]]. It follows the development of [[Indo-Greek art]] in northwestern India. The Scythians in India were ultimately replaced by the [[Kushan Empire]] and the [[Gupta Empire]], whose art form appear in [[Kushan art]] and [[Gupta art]].

==Early Indo-Scythian art (1st century BCE)==
[[File:AzesIIFineCoin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A coin of the Indo-Scythian king [[Azes]], 1st century BCE.]]
In the 1st century BCE, the Indo-Scythians established a kingdom in the northwest, based near [[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]], replacing the [[Indo-Greeks]]. They then expanded to [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] in the east, and to [[Saurashtra (region)|Surastrene]] ([[Gujarat]]) in the southwest.<ref>''The dynastic art of the Kushans'', John Rosenfield, p 130</ref>

=== Gandhara and Punjab ===
The presence of the Scythians in north-western India during the 1st century BCE was contemporary with that of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]s there, and it seems they initially recognized the power of the local Greek rulers.

[[Maues]] first conquered [[Gandhara]] and [[Taxila (ancient)|Taxila]] around 80 BCE, but his kingdom disintegrated after his death. In the east, the Indian king [[Vikrama]] retook [[Ujjain]] from the Indo-Scythians, celebrating his victory by the creation of the [[Vikrama era]] (starting 58 BCE). Indo-Greek kings again ruled after Maues, and prospered, as indicated by the profusion of coins from Kings [[Apollodotus II]] and [[Hippostratos]]. Not until [[Azes I]], in 55 BC, did the Indo-Scythians take final control of northwestern India, with his victory over Hippostratos.

==== Stone palettes ====
{{main|Stone palette}}
[[File:MET_1987_142_111.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|A [[stone palette]] of the type found in the Early Saka layer at [[Sirkap]]]]
Several stone sculptures have been found in the Early Saka layer (Layer No4, corresponding to the period of Azes I, in which numerous coins of the latter were found) in the ruins of [[Sirkap]], during the excavations organized by [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]].
Several of them are toilet trays (also called [[Stone palette]]s) roughly imitative of earlier, and finer, Hellenistic ones found in the earlier layers. Marshall comments that "we have a praiseworthy effort to copy a Hellenistic original but obviously without the appreciation of form and skill which were necessary for the task". From the same layer, several statuettes in the round are also known, in very rigid and frontal style.

==== Bimaran casket ====
{{Main|Bimaran casket}}
[[File:BimaranCasket2.JPG|thumb|The [[Bimaran casket]], representing the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] surrounded by [[Brahma (Buddhism)|Brahma]] (left) and [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]] (right) was found inside a [[stupa]] with coins of [[Azes]] inside. [[British Museum]].]]
[[Azes]] is connected to the [[Bimaran casket]], one of the earliest representations of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]. Alternatively, the casket may have been dedicated by the slightly later Indo-Scythian ruler [[Kharahostes]], or his son [[Mujatria]].<ref name="Joe Cribb">[https://www.academia.edu/15209723/DATING_AND_LOCATING_MUJATRIA_AND_THE_TWO_KHARAHOSTES DATING AND LOCATING MUJATRIA AND THE TWO KHARAHOSTES] by Joe Cribb, 2015, p.27 et sig</ref> The casket was used for the dedication of a [[stupa]] in Bamiran, near [[Jalalabad]] in [[Afghanistan]], and placed inside the stupa with several coins of Azes. This event may have happened during the reign of Azes (60–20 BCE), or slightly later. The Indo-Scythians are otherwise connected with Buddhism (see [[Mathura lion capital]]), and it is indeed possible they would have commended the work.

=== Buddhist monuments ===
{{main|Buner reliefs|Butkara Stupa}}
Indo-Scythian soldiers in military attire are sometimes represented in Buddhist friezes in the art of Gandhara (particularly in [[Buner reliefs]]). They are depicted in ample tunics with trousers, and have heavy straight swords as weapons. They wear pointed hoods or the Scythian cap (see [[Pointed hat]]), which distinguishes them from the Indo-Parthians who only wore a simple fillet over their bushy hair,<ref>Wilcox and McBride (1986), p. 12.</ref> and which is also systematically worn by Indo-Scythian rulers on their coins. With the right hand, some of them are forming the [[Mudra|Karana mudra]] against evil spirits. In Gandhara, such friezes were used as decorations on the pedestals of Buddhist [[stupas]]. They are contemporary with other friezes representing people in purely Greek attire, hinting at an intermixing of Indo-Scythians (holding military power) and Indo-Greeks (confined, under Indo-Scythian rule, to civilian life).

Another relief is known where the same type of soldiers are playing musical instruments and dancing, activities which are widely represented elsewhere in Gandharan art: Indo-Scythians are typically shown as reveling devotees.

Excavations at the [[Butkara Stupa]] in [[Swat, Pakistan|Swat]] by an Italian archaeological team have yielded various Buddhist sculptures thought to belong to the Indo-Scythian period. In particular, an [[Indo-Corinthian capital]] representing a Buddhist devotee within foliage has been found which had a reliquary and coins of [[Azes]] buried at its base, securely dating the sculpture to around 20 BC.<ref>The Turin City Museum of Ancient Art [http://www.palazzomadamatorino.it/nuovo3/mostre/index.php?lang=2 Text and photographic reference: Terre Lontane O2] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212064946/http://www.palazzomadamatorino.it/nuovo3/mostre/index.php?lang=2 |date=12 December 2006 }}</ref> A contemporary pilaster with the image of a Buddhist devotee in Greek dress has also been found at the same spot, again suggesting a mingling of the two populations.<ref>For the pilaster showing a man in Greek dress [[:File:ButkaraPilaster.jpg]].</ref> Various reliefs at the same location show Indo-Scythians with their characteristic tunics and pointed hoods within a Buddhist context, and side by side with reliefs of standing Buddhas.<ref>Facenna, "Sculptures from the sacred area of Butkara I", plate CCCLXXI. The relief is [[:File:ButkaraDoorJamb.jpg|this one]], showing Indo-Scythians dancing and reveling, with on the back side a relief of a standing Buddha (not shown).</ref>

<gallery>
File:Buner reliefs Scythian bacchanalian cropped.jpg|One of the [[Buner reliefs]] showing Scythian soldiers dancing. [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].
File:Scythian_devotee_Butkara_I.jpg|Scythian devotee, [[Butkara Stupa]]
File:Indo-GreekStupaIII.jpg|Highly decorated [[Buddhist]] [[stupa]]s during the late [[Indo-Greek]]/Indo-Scythian period. [[Butkara stupa]], [[Swat, Pakistan|Swat]], 1st century BC.<ref>Source:"Butkara I", Faccena</ref>
Image:BajaurCasket.jpg|The [[Bajaur casket]] was dedicated by [[Indravarman]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] notice [http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38111]</ref>
</gallery>

==Art of Mathura under the Northern Satraps (circa 60 BCE-90 CE)==
{{main|Art of Mathura}}
From around 70 BCE, the region of Mathura fell to the [[Indo-Scythian]] Northern Satraps under [[Hagamasha]], [[Hagana]] and then [[Rajuvula]].<ref name="SRQ9">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=9–10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA9 |language=en}}</ref> During this time, Mathura is described as "a great center of [[Indo-Scythians|Śaka]] culture in India".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pran Gopal |last2=Paul |first2=Debjani |title=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations |journal=East and West |volume=39 |issue=1/4 |date=1989 |pages=130 |jstor=29756891 }}</ref> Little is known precisely from that period on terms of artistic creation. The Indo-Scythian [[Rajuvula]], ruler of Mathura, created coins which were copies of the contemporary [[Indo-Greek]] ruler [[Strato II]], with effigy of the king and representation of [[Athena]] on the obverse.<ref name="The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans">{{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA135 |language=en}}</ref> Indo-Scythians are known to have sponsored Buddhism, but also other religions, as visible from their inscriptions and archaeological remains in northwestern and western India, as well as from their contributions to pre-Kushana sculpture in Mathura.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neelis |first1=Jason |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks - PDF |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |location=Boston |page=110 |url=https://docplayer.net/54757333-Early-buddhist-transmission-and-trade-networks.html#show_full_text}}</ref> Mathura became part of the [[Kushan Empire]] from the reign of [[Vima Kadphises]] (90-100 CE) and then became the southern capital of the Kushan Empire.

===End of 1st century BCE===
{{See also|Mathura lion capital}}
[[File:Mathura lion capital, Asia, G33 South Asia.jpg|thumb|The [[Mathura lion capital]] on display in the Sir [[Joseph Hotung]] Gallery for China and South Asia, at the [[British Museum]].]]
Some works of art dated to the end of the 1st century BCE show very delicate workmanship, such as the sculptures of Yakshis.<ref>Dated 20 BCE in Fig.200 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171 |language=en}}</ref> At the very end of this period the Indo-Scythian ruler [[Rajuvula]] is also known for the famous [[Mathura lion capital]] which records events of the Indo-Scythian dynasty as well as their support of Buddhism. It is also an interesting example of the state of artistic attainment in the city of Mathura at the turn of our era. The capital portrays two lions reminiscent of the lions of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]], but in a much cruder style. It also displays at its center a Buddhist [[triratna]] symbol, further confirming the involvement of Indo-Scythian rulers with Buddhism. The triratna is contained in a [[flame palmette]], an element of Hellenistic iconography, and an example of [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art]].<ref name="AK2014"/>

The fact that the Mathura lion capital is inscribed in [[Kharoshthi]], a script used in the far northwest around the area of [[Gandhara]], attests to the presence of northwestern artists at that time in Mathura.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bracey |first1=Robert |title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017 |date=2018 |publisher=The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford |page=143 |url=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85.2.2 (1 of 7).jpg|Yashi with onlookers, dated 20 BCE.<ref>Dated 20 BCE in Fig.200 in {{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|page=Fig.200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171|language=en}}</ref>
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85.2.2 (2 of 7).jpg|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85.2.2 (3 of 7).jpg|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85.2.2 (6 of 7).jpg|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.
</gallery>

===Mathura sculpture styles in the 1st century CE===
The abundance of dedicatory inscriptions in the name of [[Sodasa]], the [[Indo-Scythian]] ruler of Mathura, and son of [[Rajuvula]] (eight such inscriptions are known, often on sculptural works),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Śrivastava |first1=Vijai Shankar |title=Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume |date=1981 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9780391023581 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKJiBUFrmfoC&pg=RA1-PA95 |language=en}}</ref> and the fact that Sodasa is known through his coinage as well as through his relations with other Indo-Scythian rulers whose dates are known, means that Sodasa functions as a historic marker to ascertain the sculptural styles at Mathura during his rule, in the first half of the 1st century CE.<ref name="SRQ">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=168–179 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA168 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AK2014">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajit |title=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |date=2014 |volume=2 |pages=223‐241 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10237709 |language=en}}</ref> These inscriptions also correspond to some of the first known epigraphical inscriptions in [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86–87}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Damsteegt |first1=Th |title=Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit: Its Rise, Spread, Characteristics and Relationship to Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit |date=1978 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004057258 |page=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA209 |language=en}}</ref> The next historical marker corresponds to the reign of [[Kanishka]] under the Kushans, whose reign began circa 127 CE.<ref name="SRQ"/> The sculptural styles at Mathura during the reign of Sodasa are quite distinctive, and significantly different from the style of the previous period circa 50 BCE, or the styles of the later period of the [[Kushan Empire]] in the 2nd century CE.<ref name="SRQ"/>

====In-the-round statuary====
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=330|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Mora sculptures (c. 15 CE)
| image1 = Mora Vrishni Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg
| image2 = Mora carved doorjamb, circa 15 CE, Mathura.jpg
| footer=The [[Mora well inscription]] of Great Satrap [[Sodasa]] (15 CE) is associated with three statue remains and a decorated doorjamb, all thought to be related to a temple built for the [[Vrishni heroes]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |page=437 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA437 |language=en}}</ref> Left: torso said to be probably a figure of one of the five Vrishni heroes, Mora, circa 15 CE, [[Mathura Museum]].<ref name="SRQMora">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |pages=211–213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA212 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VSA253">"We have actually discovered in the excavations at the Mora shrine stone torsos representing the Vrishni Heroes (...) Their style closely follows that of the free-standing Yakshas in that they are carved in the round. They are dressed in a ''dhoti'' and ''uttaraya'' and some types of ornaments as found on the Yaksha figures, their right hand is held in ''ahbayamudra''..." in "{{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Vasudeva Sharana |title=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A.D |date=1965 |publisher=Prithivi Prakashan |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJo0AQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>This statue appears in Fig.51 as one of the statues excavated in the Mora mound, in {{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=151–152 and Fig.51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA151 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Epigraphia Indica Vol.24">{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=H. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 |date=1937 |pages=199–200 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/page/n237}}</ref> Right: Mora carved doorjamb with [[Scroll (art)|grapevine design]], also circa 15 CE.<ref name="SRQ171">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171 |language=en}}</ref>
| footer_align = center
}}
Several examples of in-the-round statuary have been found from the period of Sodasa, such as the torsos of "[[Vrishni heroes]]", discovered in Mora, about 7 kilometers west of Mathura.<ref name="SRQ211">Dated 15 CE in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |pages=211–214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA212 |language=en}}</ref> These statues are mentioned in the [[Mora Well Inscription]] nearby, made in the name of the Northern Satrap [[Sodasa]] circa 15 CE, in which they are called ''[[Bhagavata]]m''.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211">{{cite book|author=Doris Srinivasan|title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA211 |year=1997|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10758-4|pages=211–214, 308–311 with footnotes}}</ref><ref name="Quintanilla2007p260">{{cite book|author=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC |year=2007|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-15537-4|page=260}}</ref><ref name=Vemsani203>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|pages=202–203}}</ref> The statue fragments are thought to represent some of the five Vrishni heroes, possibly ancient kings of Mathura later assimilated to [[Vishnu]] and his avatars,<ref name="VSA253"/><ref name="JMR151">{{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=151–152 and Fig.51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA151 |language=en}}</ref> or, equally possible, the five Jain heroes led by [[Akrura|Akrūra]], which are well attested in Jain texts.<ref name="SRQ211"/> In fact, the cult of the Vrishnis may have been cross-sectarian, much like the cult of the Yakshas.<ref name="SRQ211"/>

The two uninscribed male torsos that were discovered are both of high craftsmanship and in Indian style and costume.<ref name="JMR151"/> They are bare-chested but wear a thick necklace, as well as heavy hearrings.<ref name="SRQ211"/> The two torsos that were found are similar with minor variations, suggesting they may have been part of a series, which is coherent with the Vrishni interpretation.<ref name="Epigraphia Indica Vol.24">{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=H. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 |date=1937 |pages=199–200 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/page/n237}}</ref> They share some sculptural characteristics with the [[Yaksha]] statues found in Mathura and dating to the 2nd and 1st century BCE, such as the sculpting in the round, or the clothing style, but the actual details of style and workmanship clearly belong to the time of Sodasa.<ref name="SRQ211"/><ref name="VSA253"/> The Vrishni statues also are not of the colossal type, as they would only have stood about 1.22 meters complete.<ref name="SRQ211"/> The Mora Vrishnis function as an artistic benchmark for in-the-round statues of the period.<ref name="SRQ211"/>

<gallery>
File:1st Jaina Tirthankara Rishabhanatha Torso - Circa 1st Century CE - ACCN 00-B-36 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 4958.JPG|1st Jaina Tirthankara [[Rishabhanatha]] torso - Circa 1st Century
File:Four Fold Jain Image with Suparshvanath and Three Other Tirthankaras - Circa 1st Century CE - ACCN 00-B-67 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6023.JPG|Four-fold Jain image with [[Suparshvanath]] and three other [[Tirthankara]]s - Circa 1st Century CE
File:Goat-headed Jain Mother Goddess - Circa 1st Century CE - ACCN 00-E-2 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 5991.JPG|Goat-headed Jain Mother Goddess, circa 1st Century CE
</gallery>

====Jain reliefs====
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=230|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| header=Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa
| image1 = Amohini relief, Mathura, circa 15 CE.jpg
| caption1 = Jain [[Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa]] or "Amohini relief", inscribed "in the reign of Sodasa", circa 15 CE. [[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.1<ref name="SRQ171">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171 |language=en}}</ref>
| image2 = Mahakshatrapasa Sodasa.jpg
| caption2 = [[Brahmi]] inscription in the tablet:<br>[[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg|15px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg|12px]]</sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka s.svg|16px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka sho.jpg|20px]][[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|16px]]<br>''Mahakṣatrapasa Śodāsa''<br>"Great [[Satrap]] [[Sodasa]]"
}}
Many of the sculptures from this period are related to the [[Jain]] religion, with numerous relief showing devotional scenes, such as the [[Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa]] in the name of Sodasa.<ref name="SRQ"/> Most of these are votive tablets, called [[ayagapata]].<ref name="Smith">The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140 Plate XIV]</ref>

Jain votive plates, called "[[Ayagapata]]s", are numerous, and some of the earliest ones have been dated to circa 50-20 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=403, Fig. 146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA403 |language=en}}</ref> They were probably prototypes for the first known Mathura images of the Buddha.<ref name="SRQ200"/> Many of them were found around the [[Kankali Tila]] Jain stupa in Mathura.

Notable among the design motifs in the [[ayagapata]]s are the pillar [[capital (architecture)|capitals]] displaying "Persian-Achaemenian" style, with side volutes, [[flame palmette]]s, and recumbent lions or winged sphinxes.<ref>The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140 Plate VII]</ref><ref>"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian-Achaemenian style" in {{cite book |title=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery |date=1949 |publisher=The Museum |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-moE4Cjv50C |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg|The [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]] [[Parsvanatha ayagapata]], Mathura circa 15 CE, [[Lucknow Museum]].<ref name="SRQ200">{{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|pages=200–201|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA201|language=en}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com"/>
File:"Sihanamdika ayagapata", Jain votive plate, Kankali Tila, Mathura dated 25-50 CE.jpg|"Sihanāṃdikā ayagapata", Jain votive plate, dated 25-50 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|page=410, Fig. 156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA410|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology|journal=Artibus Asiae|date=2000|volume=60|issue=1|pages=79–137 Fig.21|doi=10.2307/3249941|issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249941 }}</ref>
File:Holi relief, Mathura, c1st century CE.jpg|Jain votive plaque with [[Jain stupa]], the "Vasu Śilāpaṭa" ayagapata, 1st century CE, excavated from Kankali Tila, Mathura.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology|journal=Artibus Asiae|date=2000|volume=60|issue=1|pages=79–137 Fig.26|doi=10.2307/3249941|issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249941 }}</ref>
File:Jain Narrative Relief Panel, mid 2nd century BCE.-1st century CE (18.4 x 61.6 cm) Brooklyn Museum 87.188.5.jpg|[[Jain]] relief showing monks of the ''[[ardhaphalaka]]'' sect. Early 1st century CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|pages=174–176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA174|language=en}}</ref>
File:Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.jpg|Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.<ref>Dated 15 CE in Fig.222 in {{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|page=Fig.222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA201|language=en}}</ref>
File:Persian Achaemenian style capitals in Mathura 15-50 CE.jpg|"[[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Achaemenian]]" style [[capital (architecture)|capitals]] appearing in [[ayagapata]]s, Mathura, 15-50 CE.<ref>"the massive pillars in the Persian Achaemenian style" in {{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Chimanlal Jaichand|title=Jainism in north India, 800 B.C.-A.D. 526|date=1932|publisher=Longmans, Green and co.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InkrAAAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian-Achaemenian style" in {{cite book|title=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery|date=1949|publisher=Baroda Museum|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-moE4Cjv50C|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Ajit|title=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association|journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology|date=2014|volume=2|pages=223‐241|url=https://www.academia.edu/10237709|language=en}}</ref>
File:Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg|The [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]] [[Parsvanatha]] (detail of an [[ayagapata]]), highly similar to the Isapur Buddha, Mathura circa 15 CE, [[Lucknow Museum]].<ref name="BRILL"/><ref name="books.google.com"/>
File:Sculpture panel showing a Jain stupa and torana, Mathura 75-100 CE.jpg|''Sivayasa Ayagapata'', with [[Jain stupa]] fragment, [[Kankali Tila]], 75-100 CE.
</gallery>

====Grapevine and garland designs (circa 15 CE)====
A decorated doorjamb, the [[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription|Vasu doorjamb]], dedicated to deity [[Vāsudeva]], also mentions the rule of Sodasa, and has similar carving to the Mora doorjamb, found in relation with the [[Mora well inscription]] in a similar chronological and religious context. The decoration of these and many similar doorjambs from Mathura consists in [[Scroll (art)|scrolls of grapevines]]. They are all dated to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE and constitute a secure dated artistic reference for the evaluation of datation of other Mathura sculptures.<ref name="SRQ171"/> It has been suggested that the grapevine design had been [[:File:Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg|introduced from the Gandhara area]] in the northwest, and maybe associated with the northern taste of the Satrap rulers.<ref name="RB142">{{cite book |last1=Bracey |first1=Robert |title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017 |date=2018 |publisher=The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford |pages=142–143 |url=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149}}</ref> These designs may also be the result of the work of northern artists in Mathura.<ref name="RB142"/> The grapevine designs of Gandhara are generally considered as originating from [[Hellenistic art]].<ref>"Honeysuckle, grapevine, triton and acanthus mouldings are some of the Hellenistic features." in {{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ramesh Chandra |last2=Ghosal |first2=Pranati |title=Buddhism and Gandhāra Art |date=2004 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-7305-264-4 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMufAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="300px" heights="100px">
File:Vasu doorjamb horizontal.jpg|The [[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription|Vasu doorjamb]], dedicated to [[Vāsudeva]] "in the reign of Sodasa", [[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. [[Mathura Museum]], GMM 13.367<ref name="SRQ171"/>
File:Mora doorjamb designs Mathura, 1st century CE.jpg|Reliefs of the [[Mora well inscription|Mora doorjamb]] with [[Scroll (art)|grapevine design]], Mora, near [[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. [[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.526.<ref name="SRQ171"/> Similar scroll designs are known [[:File:Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg|from Gandhara]], [[:File:Pataliputra scroll.jpg|from Pataliputra]], and [[:File:South_Arabian_-_Relief_with_Vines_-_Walters_2167.jpg|from Greco-Roman art]].
File:Garland bearers and Romaka Jataka 25-50 CE Mathura Museum.jpg|[[Garland bearers]] and Buddhist "Romaka" [[Jataka]], in which the Buddha in a previous life was a [[pigeon]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-1930-3|page=226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtqvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|language=en}}</ref> 25-50 CE.<ref>Dated 25-50 CE in {{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|page=Fig. 288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA199|language=en}}</ref> Similar [[garland-bearer]] designs are known [[:File:Peshawar Museum Yakshas and Garlands.jpg|from Gandhara]], [[:File:Amaravati garland bearer.jpg|from Amaravati]] and [[:File:Greco-Roman garland bearers.jpg|from Greco-Roman art]].
</gallery>

====Calligraphy (end 1st century BCE - 1st century CE)====
[[File:Svamisya Mahakshatrapasya Sudasasya (cleaned).jpg|thumb|upright=1.38|{{center|A sample of the new calligraphic style introduced by the Indo-Scythians: fragment of the [[Mirzapur stele inscription]], in the vicinity of [[Mathura]], circa 15 CE.<ref name="ReferenceA">Buddhist art of Mathurā, Ramesh Chandra Sharma, Agam, 1984 Page 26</ref><ref name="TPV"/><br>[[File:Gupta ashoka svaa.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta ashoka mi.jpg|12px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg|22px]]</sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg|15px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg|12px]]</sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg|13px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg|22px]]</sub> [[File:Gupta ashoka shu.jpg|18px]][[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|16px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg|22px]]</sub><br>''Svāmisya Mahakṣatrapasya Śudasasya''<br>"Of the Lord and Great Satrap [[Sodasa|Śudāsa]]"<ref name="RCS">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ramesh Chandra |title=Buddhist art of Mathurā |date=1984 |publisher=Agam |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OvVAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>The former calligraphic style would have been: '''𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀫𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀫𑀳𑀓𑁆𑀰𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀧𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀰𑀼𑀤𑀸𑀲𑀲𑁆𑀬'''</ref>}}]]
The calligraphy of the [[Brahmi script]] had remained virtually unchanged from the time of the [[Maurya Empire]] to the end of the 1st century BCE.<ref name="TPV">{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Thakur Prasad |title=The Palaeography Of Brahmi Script |date=1971 |pages=82–85 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.130329/page/n91}}</ref> The Indo-Scythians, following their establishment in northern India introduced "revolutionary changes" in the way Brahmi was written.<ref name="TPV"/> In the 1st century BCE, the shape of Brahmi characters became more angular, and the vertical segments of letters were equalized, a phenomenon which is clearly visible in coin legends and made the script visually more similarly to Greek.<ref name="TPV"/> In this new typeface, the letter were "neat and well-formed".<ref name="TPV"/> The probable introduction of ink and pen writing, with the characteristic thickenned start of each stroke generated by the usage of ink, was reproduced in the calligraphy of stone inscriptions by the creation of a triangle-shaped form at the beginning of each stroke.<ref name="TPV"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA34 |language=en}}</ref> This new writing style is particularly visible in the numerous dedicatory inscriptions made in Mathura, in association with devotional works of art.<ref name="TPV"/> This new calligraphy of the Brahmi script was adopted in the rest of the subcontinent of the next half century.<ref name="TPV"/> The "new-pen-style" initiated a rapid evolution of the script from the 1st century CE, with regional variations starting to emerge.<ref name="TPV"/>

====First images of the Buddha (from circa 15 CE)====
[[File:Isapur Buddha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The "Isapur Buddha", probably the earliest known representation of the Buddha (possibly together with the [[:File:Butkara I stupa in-situ seated Buddha.jpg|Butkara seated Buddha]] statue at the [[Butkara Stupa]], [[Swat District|Swat]]), on a railing post, dated to circa 15 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=199–206, 204 for the exact date |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA199 |language=en}}</ref>]]
From around the 2nd-1st century BCE at [[Bharhut]] and [[Sanchi]], scenes of the life of the Buddha, or sometimes of his previous lives, had been illustrated [[aniconism in Buddhism|without showing the Buddha himself]], except for some of his symbols such as the empty throne, or the ''Chankrama'' pathway.<ref name="NNB">"This aniconic tradition was shortly to disappear and the iconic types of the Buddha made their sudden appearance apparently simultaneously in the so-called Hellenic school of Gandhara and the Indian school of Mathura." {{cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Narendra Nath |title=Buddhism in the History of Indian Thoughts |date=1993 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-017-7 |page=266 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PMGAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref> This artistic device ended with the sudden appearance of the Buddha, probably rather simultaneously in [[Gandhara]] and [[Mathura]], at the turn of the millennium.<ref name="NNB"/>

Possibly the first known representation of the Buddha (the [[Bimaran casket]] and the [[Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin]] are other candidates), the "Isapur Buddha" is also dated on stylistic grounds to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE; he is shown on a relief in a canonical scene known as ''"[[Lokapala]]s offer Alms Bowls to the Buddha Sakyamuni"''.<ref name="SRQ199">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=199–206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA199 |language=en}}</ref> The symbolism of this early statue is still tentative, drawing heavily on the earlier, especially Jain, pictural traditions of Mathura, still far from the exuberant standardized designs of the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref name="SRQ199"/> It is rather unassuming and not yet monumental compared to the Buddha sculptures of the following century, and may represent one of the first attempts to create a human icon, marking an evolution from the splendid aniconic tradition of Buddhist art in respect to the person of the Buddha, which can be seen in the art of [[Sanchi]] and [[Bharhut]].<ref name="SRQ199"/> This depiction of the Buddha is highly similar to [[Jain]] images of the period, such as [[:File:Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg|the relief]] of [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]] [[Parsvanatha]] on an [[ayagapata]], also dated to circa 15 CE.<ref name="BRILL">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA201 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=406, photograph and date |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA406 |language=en}}</ref>

It is thought that the images of Jain saints, which can be seen in Mathura from the 1st century BCE, were prototypes for the first Mathura images of the Buddha, since the attitudes are very similar, and the almost transparent very thin garment of the Buddha not much different visually from the nakedness of the [[Jinas]].<ref name="SRQ200"/> Here the Buddha is not wearing the monastic robe which would become characteristic of many of the later Buddha images.<ref name="SRQ200"/> The cross-legged sitting posture may have derived from earlier reliefs of cross-legged ascetics or teachers at [[Bharhut]], [[Sanchi]] and [[Bodh Gaya]].<ref name="CRA"/> It has also been suggested that the cross-legged Buddhas may have derived from the depictions of seated Scythian kings from the northwest, as visible in the coinage of [[Maues]] (90-80 BCE) or [[Azes I|Azes]] (57-10 BC).<ref name="CRA">"It has also been suggested that the early seated Buddha images owe something to the first-century BC representations of seated kings, as seen on coins of the northwest (nos 27 and 28)." [[:File:Maues seated with elephant holding victory wreath.jpg|Maues sitting cross-legged]] and [[:File:Coin_of_the_Indian-Scythian_king_Azes_I.jpg|Azes sitting cross-legged]] in {{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Trust |first2=Ancient India and Iran |last3=Museum |first3=Fitzwilliam |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust |isbn=978-0-9518399-1-1 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

There has been a recurring debate about the exact identity of these Mathura statues, some claiming that they are only statues of [[Bodhisattava]]s, which is indeed the exact term used in most of the inscriptions of the statues found in Mathura. Only one or two statues of the Mathura type are known to mention the Buddha himself.<ref name="JHR207">{{cite journal |last1=Rhi |first1=Ju-Hyung |title=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=54 |issue=3/4 |date=1994 |pages=207–225 |jstor=3250056 |doi=10.2307/3250056 }}</ref> This could be in conformity with an ancient Buddhist prohibition against showing the Buddha himself in human form, otherwise known as [[aniconism in Buddhism]], expressed in the ''[[Sarvastivada]] [[vinaya]]'' (rules of the early Buddhist school of the [[Sarvastivada]]): ''""Since it is not permitted to make an image of the Buddha's body, I pray that the Buddha will grant that I can make an image of the attendant Bodhisattva. Is that acceptable?" The Buddha answered: "You may make an image of the Bodhisattava""''.<ref name="From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beg">{{cite journal |last1=Rhi |first1=Ju-Hyung |title=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=54 |issue=3/4 |date=1994 |pages=220–221 |doi=10.2307/3250056 |jstor=3250056 }}</ref> However the scenes in the Isapur Buddha and the later [[:File:Indrasala Buddha with Indra, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg|Indrasala Buddha]] (dated 50-100 CE), refer to events which are considered to have happened ''after'' the Buddha's enlightenment, and therefore probably represent the Buddha rather than his younger self as a Bodhisattava, or a simple attendant Bodhisattva.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=237, text and note 30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA237 |language=en}}</ref>

=====Other reliefs=====
[[File:The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|"Indrasala architrave", detail of the Buddha in [[Indrasala Cave]], attended by the Vedic deity [[Indra]]. 50-100 CE.<ref name="SRQ237"/>]]
The Buddhist "Indrasala architrave", dated 50-100 CE, with a scene of the Buddha at the [[Indrasala Cave]] being attended by [[Indra]], and a scene of devotion to the [[Bodhi Tree]] on the other side, is another example of the still hesitant handling of the human icon of the Buddha in the Buddhist art of Mathura.<ref name="SRQ237"/> The Buddhist character of this architrave is clearly demonstrated by the depiction of the [[Bodhi Tree]] inside its specially built temple at [[Bodh Gaya]], a regular scene of Buddhist since the reliefs of [[Bharhut]] and [[Sanchi]].<ref name="SRQ237"/> The depiction of the Buddha in meditation in the [[Indrasala Cave]] is also characteristically Buddhist.<ref name="SRQ237"/> The Buddha already has the attributes, if not the style, of the later "Kapardin" statues, except for the absence of a [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]].<ref name="PDM122"/>

[[File:Indrasala architrave, Mathura Museum.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3|Buddhist "Indrasala architrave", with Buddha and [[Bodhi Tree]] in the center of each side, dated 50-100 CE, before the Kushan period.<ref name="SRQ237">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=237–239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA237 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mathura Museum Catalogue |date=1910 |page=163 |url=https://archive.org/details/MathuraMuseumCatalogue/page/n233}}</ref> The Buddha is attended by Vedic deity [[Indra]] on the side of the [[Indrasala Cave]].<ref name="SRQ237"/>]]

=====Vedic deities=====
Besides the hero cult of the [[Vrishni heroes]] or the cross-sectarian cult of the [[Yakshas]], [[Hindu art]] only started to develop fully from the 1st to the 2nd century CE, and there are only very few examples of artistic representation before that time.<ref name="PPG125">{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pran Gopal |last2=Paul |first2=Debjani |title=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations |journal=East and West |date=1989 |volume=39 |issue=1/4 |page=125 |issn=0012-8376|jstor=29756891 }}</ref> The three Vedic gods [[Indra]], [[Brahma]] and [[Surya]] were actually first depicted in Buddhist sculpture, as attendants in scenes commemorating the life of the Buddha, even when the Buddha himself was not yet shown in human form [[Aniconism in Buddhism|but only through his symbols]], such as the scenes of his Birth, his [[Trāyastriṃśa|Descent from the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven]], or his retreat in the [[Indrasala Cave]].<ref name="PPG125"/> These Vedic deities appear in Buddhist reliefs at Mathura from around the 1st century CE, such as [[:File:Indrasala_Buddha_with_Indra,_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg|Indra attending the Buddha]] at [[Indrasala Cave]], where Indra is shown with a [[mitre]]-like crown, and joining hands.<ref name="PPG125"/>

=====Early "Kapardin" statuary (end of 1st century CE)=====
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=350|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Early "Kapardin" statuary
| image1 = Mathura Katra fragment A-66.jpg
| caption1 = Katra fragment of a Buddha stele in the name of a "Kshatrapa lady" named Naṃda ([[File:Mathura Katra fragment A-66 inscription 'Namdaye Kshatrapa'.jpg|70px]] ''Naṃdaye Kshatrapa'').<ref name="PDM122"/><ref>For a modern image see Figure 9 in {{cite journal |last1=Myer |first1=Prudence R. |title=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=1986 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=121–123 |doi=10.2307/3249969 |issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249969 }}</ref><ref name="Mathura Inscriptions">{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=Heinrich |title=Mathura Inscriptions |date=1960 |pages=31–32 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108369/page/n37}}</ref>
| image2 = Amohaasi_Bodhisattva,_Mathura.jpg
| caption2 = "Katra Bodhisattava stele" with inscription, dated to the Northern Satraps period.<ref name="PDM122"/>
| footer=
}}
The earliest types of "Kapardin" statuary (named after the "kapardin", the characteristic tuft of coiled hair of the Buddha) showing the Buddha with attendants are thought to be pre-Kushan, dating to the time of the "Kshatrapas" or
Northern Satraps.<ref name="PDM122"/> Various broken bases of Buddha statues with inscriptions have been attributed to the Kshatrapas.<ref name="PDM122"/> A fragment of such a stele was found with the mention of the name of the donor as a "Kshatrapa lady" named Naṃda who dedicated the Bodhisattva image "for the welfare and happiness of all sentient beings for the acceptance of the [[Sarvastivada]]s", and it is considered as contemporary with the famous "Katra stele".<ref name="PDM122">{{cite journal |last1=Myer |first1=Prudence R. |title=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=1986 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=111–113 |doi=10.2307/3249969 |issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249969 }}</ref><ref name="Mathura Inscriptions">{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=Heinrich |title=Mathura Inscriptions |date=1960 |pages=31–32 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108369/page/n37}}</ref>

One of these early examples shows the Buddha being worshipped by the Gods [[Brahma]] and [[Indra]].<ref name="PDM122"/>

The famous "Katra Bodhisattava stele" is the only fully intact image of a "Kapardin" Bodhisattva remaining from the Kshatrapa period, and is considered as the foundation type of the "Kapardin" Buddha imagery, and is the "classical statement of the type".<ref name="PDM122"/>

In conclusion, the canonical type of the seated Bodhisattva with attendants commonly known as the "Kapardin" type, seems to have developed during the time the [[Indo-Scythian]] Northern Satraps were still ruling in Mathura, before the arrival of the Kushans.<ref name="PDM124">{{cite journal |last1=Myer |first1=Prudence R. |title=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=1986 |volume=47 |issue=2 |page=114 |doi=10.2307/3249969 |issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249969 }}</ref> This type continued during the Kushan period, down to the time of [[Huvishka]], before being overtaken by fully-dressed types of Buddha statuary depicting the Buddha wearing the monastic coat "Samghati".<ref name="PDM124"/>

===Coinage of the Northern Satraps===
<gallery>
File:Hagamasha.jpg|Coin of satrap Hagamasha. '''Obv.''' Horse to the left. '''Rev.''' Standing figure with symbols, legend ''Khatapasa Hagāmashasa''. 1st century BCE.
File:Hagana and Hagamasha.jpg|Joint coin of Hagana and Hagamasha. '''Obv.''': Horse to left. '''Rev.''' Thunderbolt, legend ''Khatapāna Hagānasa Hagāmashasa''. 1st century BCE.
File:Rajuvula_coin_with_Greek_legend.jpg|Coin of [[Rajuvula]], c. 10 CE
File:Bhadrayasha_coin.jpg|Coin of [[Bhadrayasha]], early 1st century CE
File:Sodasa_coin_from_Mathura.jpg|Coin of [[Sodasa]], early 1st century CE
</gallery>

==Art of Western India under the Western Satraps (circa 2nd-4th centuries CE)==
===Construction of Buddhist caves===
The [[Western Satraps]] are known for the construction and dedication of numerous Buddhist caves in Central India, particularly in the areas of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name="WH"/><ref name="FI">Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA150 p.150]</ref> It is thought that [[Nahapana]] ruled at least 35 years in the region of [[Karla, Ratnagiri|Karla]], [[Junnar]] and [[Nasik]], giving him ample time for construction works there.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay|date=1986|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bombay|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zgUAQAAMAAJ|language=en|quote=If Konow is right, then the length of time for Ksatrapa rule in the Nasik-Karla-Junnar region would be at least thirty-fire years.}}</ref>

Numerous inscriptions in the caves are known, which were made by the family of Nahapana: six inscriptions in [[Nasik Caves]], one inscription at [[Karla Caves]], and one by Nahapana's minister in the [[Manmodi Caves]] at [[Junnar]].<ref>Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Zoroastrianism, Suresh K. Sharma, Usha Sharma, Mittal Publications, 2004 [https://books.google.com/books?id=bmu3vZOSp_IC&pg=PA112 p.112]</ref><ref>The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, John M. Rosenfield [https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA131 p.131]</ref> At the same time, "[[Yavana]]s", Greeks or [[Indo-Greeks]], also left donative inscriptions at the [[Nasik Caves]], [[Karla Caves]], [[Lenyadri]] and [[Manmodi Caves]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West|date=2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004255302|page=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXdfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|language=en}}</ref>

====Great Chaitya hall at Karla Caves====
{{see also|Karla Caves}}
In particular, the [[chaitya]] cave complex of the [[Karla Caves]], the largest in [[South Asia]], was dedicated in 120 CE by the Western Satraps ruler [[Nahapana]].<ref name="WH">World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fg-lGID3WpQC&pg=PA42 p.42]</ref><ref name="SA">Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums, by George Michell, Roli Books Private Limited, 1 mai 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT72 p.72]</ref><ref name="GM">"This hall is assigned to the brief period of [[Kshatrapas]] rule in the western Deccan during the 1st century." in Guide to Monuments of India 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu - by George Michell, Philip H. Davies, Viking - 1989 Page 374</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="Great Chaitya hall at Karla" style="border:1px #aaa solid">
File:Karla Amit R Mahadik 01.jpg|Hall of the Great Chaitya Cave at Karla (120 CE)<ref name="WH" />
Karla Caves,Pune,Maharashtra - panoramio (14).jpg|Right row of columns
File:Caves, Temple and inscription (Karla Caves).jpg|Chaitya roof
File:Fine carvings 2.jpg|Capitals
File:Karla Amit R Mahadik 02.jpg|Donative inscription by a [[Yavana]] ("[[Indo-Greek]]") named Vitasamghata.<ref>Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.367557 p.326 Inscription No1]</ref>
</gallery>

====Cave No.10 of Nasik, the 'Nahapana Vihara'====
{{see also|Nasik Caves|Nasik inscription of Ushavadata}}
Parts of the [[Nasik Caves]], also called Pandavleni Caves, were also carved during the time of Nahapana.<ref name="FI"/>

The inscriptions of cave no.10 in the [[Nasik Caves]] near [[Nasik]], reveal that in 105-106 CE, Kshatrapas defeated the Satavahanas after which Kshatrapa [[Nahapana]]’s son-in-law and Dinika's son- [[Ushavadata]] donated 3000 gold coins for this cave as well as for the food and clothing of the monks. Usabhdatta's wife (Nahapana's daughter), Dakshmitra also donated one cave for the Buddhist monks. Cave 10 - 'Nahapana Vihara' is spacious with 16 rooms.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120" caption="[[Nasik Caves]], cave No. 10" style="border:1px #aaa solid">
036 Cave 10, Front (33928302236).jpg|Front
037 Cave 10, Verandah (33125843084).jpg|Veranda
038 Cave 10, Interior (33928438936).jpg|Interior
039 Cave 10, Chaitya and Umbrellas (33928437976).jpg|Chaitya and Umbrellas
040 Cave 10, Inscription (33928437016).jpg|Inscription
</gallery>

Two inscriptions in Cave 10 mention the building and the gift of the whole cave to the [[Samgha]] by [[Ushavadata]], the [[Saka]]<ref>Ushavadata also presents himself as a [[Saka]] in inscription 14a of Cave No.10 of the [[Nasik Caves]]: "[Success !] By permanent charities of Ushavadata, the Saka, [son of Dinika], son-in-law of king Nahapana, the [Kshahara]ta Kshatrapa...." in Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.85-86]</ref> son-in-law and viceroy of Nahapana:

[[File:Nasik_Cave_inscription_No_10.jpg|thumb|[[Nasik Caves|Nasik Cave]] inscription No.10. of Nahapana, Cave No.10.]]
{{blockquote|Success! [[Ushavadata]], son of Dinika, son-in-law of king Nahapana, the Kshaharata Kshatrapa, (...) inspired by (true) religion, in the Trirasmi hills at [[Govardhan Hill|Govardhana]], has caused this cave to be made and these cisterns.|[[:File:Nasik_Cave_inscription_No_10.jpg|Inscription No.10 of Nahapana]], Cave No.10, Nasik<ref>Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.78-79]</ref>}}
{{blockquote|Success! In the year 42, in the month Vesakha, [[Ushavadata]], son of Dinika, son-in-law of king Nahapana, the Kshaharata Kshatrapa, has bestowed this cave on the [[Samgha]] generally....|[[:File:Nasik Cave inscription No 12.jpg|Inscription No.12 of Nahapana]], Cave No.10, Nasik<ref>Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.82-83]</ref>}}

According to the inscriptions, Ushavadata accomplished various charities and conquests on behalf of his father-in-law. He constructed rest-houses, gardens and tanks at Bharukachchha ([[Bharuch|Broach]]), Dashapura ([[Mandasor]] in [[Malva]]), [[Govardhan Hill|Govardhana]] (near [[Nasik]]) and Shorparaga ([[Sopara]] in the [[Thane|Thana]] district).

====Junnar dedication====
A dedication in the [[Lenyadri|Lenyadri complex]] of the [[Junnar]] caves (inscription No. 26 in Cave VI of the Bhimasankar group of caves), mentions a gift by Nahapana's prime minister Ayama in the "year 46":

{{blockquote|The meritorious gift.... of Ayama of the Vachhasagotra, prime minister of the King Mahakshatrapa the lord Nahapana|Junnar inscription No. 26, 124 CE<ref name="Sharma">Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Zoroastrianism, by Suresh K. Sharma, Usha Sharma [https://books.google.com/books?id=bmu3vZOSp_IC&pg=PA114 p.114]</ref>}}

This inscription, the last one of the reign of Nahapana, suggests that Nahapana may have become an independent ruler since he is described as a King.<ref name="Sharma"/>

===Other contributions to Buddhism===
[[File:Head of Buddha Shakyamuni LACMA M.79.8.jpg|thumb|Head of Buddha Shakyamuni, [[Devnimori]], [[Gujarat]] (375-400). Derived from the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]], an example of the Western Indian art of the Western Satraps.<ref name="JIABS"/><ref>[http://collections.lacma.org/node/242276 Los Angeles County Museum of Art description]</ref>]]
Under [[Rudrasimha II]], the Western Satraps are known to have maintained their presence in the [[Central India]]n areas of [[Vidisha]]/[[Sanchi]]/[[Eran]] well into the 4th century: during his rule, in 319 CE, a Saka ruler inscribed the [[Kanakerha inscription]],<ref>Marshall, The Monuments of Sanchi [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798 p.392]</ref> on the hill of [[Sanchi]] mentioning the construction of a well by the Saka chief and "righteous conqueror" (''dharmaviyagi mahadandanayaka'') [[Sridharavarman]] (339-368 CE).<ref name="Shaw 58">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR58 p58-59]</ref> Another inscription of the same Sridhavarman with his military commander is known from [[Eran]].<ref name="Shaw 58"/> These inscriptions point to the extent of Saka rule as of the time of Rudrasimha II.

The construction of Buddhist monuments in the area of [[Gujarat]] during the later part of Western Satrap rule is attested with the site of [[Devnimori]], which incorporates [[vihara]]s and a [[stupa]]. Coins of Rudrasimha were found inside the [[Buddhist]] [[stupa]] of Devnimori.<ref name="Schastok 28">{{cite book|last1=Schastok|first1=Sara L.|title=The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India|date=1985|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004069411|pages=23–31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC&pg=PA24|language=en}}</ref> The Buddha images in Devnimori clearly show the influence of the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]],<ref name="JIABS">The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 4 1981 Number I [https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8536/2443 An Exceptional Group of Painted Buddha Figures at Ajanṭā, p.97 and Note 2]</ref> and have been described as examples of the Western Indian art of the Western Satraps.<ref name="JIABS"/> It has been suggested that the art of Devnimori represented a Western Indian artistic tradition that was anterior to the rise of [[Gupta Empire]] art, and that it may have influenced not only the latter, but also the art of the [[Ajanta Caves]], [[Sarnath]] and other places from the 5th century onward.<ref name="Schastok 28"/>

Overall, the Western Satraps may have played a role in the transmission of the [[Gandhara art|art of Gandhara]] to the western [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brancaccio|first1=Pia|title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion|date=2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004185258|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA107|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Indian art}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ancient Indian art]]
[[Category:Indo-Scythian peoples|art]]

Deepti Naval

2026-02-26T05:24:47Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: refined references based on references

{{short description|Indian-American actress (born 1952)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2011}}
{{COI|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepti Naval
| image = Deepti Naval in 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Naval in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|2|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]]
| othername = Dipti Naval
| alma_mater = [[Hunter College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|director|writer}}
| years_active = 1978–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Prakash Jha]]|1985|2002|reason=divorced}}
| children = 1
}}
'''Deepti Naval''' (born 3 February 1952) is an Indian-American actress, director, and writer, predominantly active in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! Deepti Naval: Character actors are now the big stars - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-deepti-naval-character-actors-are-now-the-big-stars/articleshow/80662387.cms |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Mankermi |first1=Shivani }}</ref>

Her major contribution has been in the area of art cinema, winning critical acclaim for her sensitive and 'close to life' characters that emphasized the changing roles of women in India. She is the first [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] actress to make her debut in the Hindi film industry.<ref name="kt"/>

==Early life==
Naval was born on 3 February 1952<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2020 |title=Happy B'day Deepti Naval; Lesser known facts about the Chashme Buddoor actress |url=https://www.orissapost.com/happy-bday-deepti-naval-lesser-known-facts-about-the-chashme-buddoor-actress/ |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}{{better source needed|date=July 2021}}</ref> in [[Amritsar, Punjab]], [[India]], but she later moved to [[New York City]] when her father got a teaching job at [[City University of New York]] in 1971.<ref name="kt">{{Cite news |title=Actor Deepti Naval traces her life beyond the movies in her new memoir |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/books/actor-deepti-naval-traces-her-life-beyond-the-movies-in-her-new-memoir |date=28 July 2022 |website=The Khaleej Times }}</ref> She studied fine arts at [[Hunter College]].<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/style/not-just-a-pretty-face/cid/1549777 |title=Not just a pretty face |date=12 December 2004 |access-date=23 July 2021 |work=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>

==Acting career==

Naval made her debut in 1978 with [[Shyam Benegal]]'s film ''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]''. Two years later, she played a lead role in ''[[Ek Baar Phir]]''.<ref name="Telegraph"/> Alongside [[Smita Patil]] and [[Shabana Azmi]], she became an actress in 1980s [[Parallel cinema]], playing roles in films like ''[[Kamla (film)|Kamla]]'' (1984) or ''[[Ankahee (1985 film)|Ankahee]]'' (1985).<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010208/main8.htm |title=The art of being Deepti Naval |date=8 February 2001 |access-date=24 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110842/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010208/main8.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Chashme Buddoor Cast.jpg|thumb|[[Farooq Sheikh]], Deepti Naval and [[Rakesh Bedi]] at the special screening of ''[[Chashme Baddoor (2013 film)|Chashme Buddoor]]'' (2013)]]
Starting with ''[[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|Chashme Buddoor]]'' in 1981, she was often cast with [[Farooq Sheikh]] and they became an iconic on-screen couple of the early 1980s, with films such as ''Chashme Buddoor'', ''[[Saath Saath (film)|Saath Saath]]'', {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kissi Se Na Kehna]]}}, ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]'', ''[[Rang Birangi]]'' and ''[[Faasle]]''. Three decades later, they reunited in ''[[Tell Me O Kkhuda]]'' (2011). Their last film together was ''[[Listen... Amaya]]'' which was released in 2013, the year Shaikh died.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/deepti-naval-farooque-shaikh-was-not-sick-at-all/20131228.htm |title=Deepti Naval: Farooque Shaikh was not sick at all - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=28 December 2013 |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021053550/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/deepti-naval-farooque-shaikh-was-not-sick-at-all/20131228.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

While she was very prolific in the 1980s, her career slowed down in the 1990s and she explored other art forms.<ref name="Tribune"/> She came back in the 2000s with social dramas like ''[[Bawandar]]'' and ''[[Firaaq]]'', and won Best Actress awards in several international film festivals for her roles in ''[[Leela (2002 film)|Leela]]'' (2002), ''[[Memories in March]]'' (2010) and ''Listen... Amaya'' (2013).<ref name="awkarachi"/><ref name="awmadrid"/><ref name="awnewyork"/> She was also recognized as the 2007 Tribute Honoree of the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/newsletters/newsletter67.htm |title=IFFLA Pays Tribute to Deepti Naval |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114450/http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/newsletters/newsletter67.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Mostly present in Hindi cinema, Naval also acted in other Indian languages, as with ''[[Marhi Da Deeva (1989 film)|Marhi Da Deeva]]'' and ''[[Mane (film)|Mane]]'', which respectively won the award for Best Feature Film in [[Punjabi (language)|Punjabi]] and Best Feature Film in [[Kannada]] at the 1990 [[National Film Awards]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |title=37th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002235001/http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> She was to make her debut in a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] movie under director [[Sanjoy Nag]] but the film - ''Memories in March'' - was eventually shot in English.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/a-journey-of-discovery/article1595524.ece |title=A journey of discovery |date=3 April 2011 |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012014231/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/A-journey-of-discovery/article14668662.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> She has also acted in [[Odia language|Odia]] movie "Ei Sangharsh"(1990).

Naval has been active on TV with a few telefilms and serials such as ''Sauda'' (1992), ''Tanaav'' (1994) or ''Muqammal'' (2003). She came back in 2011 with the daily soap opera ''[[Mukti Bandhan]]'' on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Deepti-Naval-back-on-TV/articleshow/8744555.cms |title=Deepti Naval back on TV |date=6 June 2011 |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204005944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Deepti-Naval-back-on-TV/articleshow/8744555.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She made her theater debut in 2015 with the poetic stage show ''Ek Mulaqaat'' in which she played the celebrated Punjabi writer [[Amrita Pritam]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://wwv.asianage.com/arts/when-sahir-visited-amrita-cold-winter-night-742 |title=When Sahir visited Amrita on a cold, winter night |date=1 October 2015 |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160203073304/http://wwv.asianage.com/arts/when-sahir-visited-amrita-cold-winter-night-742 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2019, Naval appeared in an episode of [[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]], a web series on Amazon Prime directed by [[Zoya Akhtar]].

==Other work==
Naval made her directorial debut with ''[[Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish]]'' starring [[Manisha Koirala]] and [[Rajit Kapur]]. The film won the Best Screenplay Award at the 2009 [[New York Indian Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaac.us/MIAAC2009/awards.htm |title=Awards |quote=''Two Paise for Sunshine, Four Annas for Rain'' by Deepti Naval |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717220622/http://www.iaac.us/MIAAC2009/awards.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> which released on Netflix in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150516/jsp/t2/story_20272.jsp |title=Words of Love |date=16 May 2015 |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204941/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150516/jsp/t2/story_20272.jsp |url-status=dead}}</ref> She also wrote and directed ''Thoda Sa Aasmaan'', a TV serial centred around strong female characters, and produced a travel show, ''The Path Less Travelled''.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

Her first selection of poems in Hindi, ''Lamha Lamha'' was published in 1983. In 2004, MapinLit published a new collection called ''Black Wind and Other Poems''.<ref name="Telegraph"/> Naval is also the author of a collection of short stories, ''The Mad Tibetan'', published in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/amitabh-bachchan-launches-deepti-navals-book-the-mad-tibetan/868250/ |title=Amitabh Bachchan launches Deepti Naval's book 'The Mad Tibetan' |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160203073238/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/amitabh-bachchan-launches-deepti-navals-book-the-mad-tibetan/868250/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Naval is also a painter and photographer with several exhibitions to her credit. Her works as a painter include the controversial ''Pregnant Nun''.<ref name="lesser">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Lesser-known-facts-about-Deepti-Naval/photostory/40601201.cms |title=Lesser known facts about Deepti Naval |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502043700/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Lesser-known-facts-about-Deepti-Naval/photostory/40601201.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She also runs the Vinod Pandit Charitable Trust, set up in memory of her late companion, for the education of the girl child.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deeptinaval.com/profile.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 October 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308081532/http://www.deeptinaval.com/profile.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Naval was married to the filmmaker [[Prakash Jha]] and the two have an adopted daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deepti Naval reflects on her divorce with director Prakash Jha and how went into depression because of it, reveals taking help for mental health is more difficult for celebrities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/deepti-naval-reflects-on-her-divorce-with-director-prakash-jha-and-how-went-into-depression-because-of-it-reveals-taking-help-for-mental-health-is-more-difficult-for-celebrities/articleshow/123455529.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="lesser"/> Naval was later in a relationship with the late Vinod Pandit, the nephew of [[Jasraj|Pandit Jasraj]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/aug/24deepti.htm |title=Movies: 'I was keen to come back' |work=Rediff.com |date=24 August 2002 |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=15 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815150223/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/aug/24deepti.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, she is an [[America]]n citizen.<ref name="ToI-Hafeez-Citizen-10">{{Cite web |first=Mateen |last=Hafeez |date=30 August 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Working-in-Bollywood-for-years-but-shy-of-citizenship/articleshow/6458769.cms |title=Working in Bollywood for years, but shy of citizenship? |website=The Times of India |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1988, [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]], Best Supporting Actress, ''[[Mirch Masala]]''{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}
* 2003, Best Supporting Actress Award at the Karachi Film Festival<ref name="awkarachi" />
* 2012, Best Actress Award at the Imagine India Film Festival (Spain)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Archives |first1=FP |title=Santhosh Sivan's 'Urumi' bags award in Spain |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/santhosh-sivans-urumi-bags-award-in-spain-331989.html}}</ref>
* 2013, Best Actress Award at the New York Indian Film Festival<ref name="awnewyork" />

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]''|| Rashid's wife ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Jallian Wala Bagh]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1980 || ''[[Hum Paanch (film)|Hum Paanch]]'' || Lajiya ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Baar Phir]]'' || Kalpana Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981 || ''[[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|Chashme Buddoor]]'' || Neha Rajan ||
|-
| ''Chirutha'' || Chirutha ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1982 || ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]'' || Tanu ||
|-
| ''[[Saath Saath (film)|Saath Saath]]'' || Geetanjali Gupta 'Geeta' ||
|-
| ''[[Shriman Shrimati]]'' || Veena ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1983 || ''[[Rang Birangi]]'' || Anita Sood ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Baar Chale Aao]]'' || Gulab D. Dayal ||
|-
| ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]'' || Sandhya Sabnis ||
|-
| ''[[Kissi Se Na Kehna]]'' || Dr. Ramola Sharma ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1984 || ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]'' || Asha Joshi ||
|-
| ''Kanoon Kya Karega'' || Mrs. Anju Gautam Mehra ||
|-
| ''[[Kamla (film)|Kamla]]'' || Kamla ||
|-
| ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (film)|Hip Hip Hurray]]'' || Teacher Anuradha Roy||
|-
| ''[[Yeh Ishq Nahin Aasaan]]'' || Sahira ||
|-
| ''[[Wanted: Dead or Alive (1984 film)|Wanted: Dead or Alive]]'' || Angela ||
|-
| ''[[Andhi Gali]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1985 || ''[[Damul]]'' || Mahatmain ||
|-
| ''[[Faasle]]'' || Sheetal ||
|-
| ''Telephone ''|| Rajni ||
|-
| ''Cricketer'' || Sheela ||
|-
| ''[[Holi (1984 film)|Holi]]'' || Professor Sehgal ||
|-
| ''[[Ankahee (1985 film)|Ankahee]]'' || Indu Agnihotri ||
|-
| ''[[Aurat Pair Ki Juti Nahin Hai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1986 || ''Aashiana'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Begaana (1986 film)|Begaana]]'' || Asha ||
|-
| ''[[Nasihat]]'' || Sunita||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987 || ''Meraa Suhaag'' || || Special appearance<ref>According to the film's opening credits.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mirch Masala]]'' || Saraswati, Mukhiya's wife ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1988 || ''Abhishapt'' || ||
|-
| ''Shoorveer'' || Nanda (Shankar's Wife) ||
|-
| ''[[Main Zinda Hoon]]'' || Bina Tiwari||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1989 || ''[[Didi (1989 film)|Didi]]'' || Didi || Directed by Tapan Sinha
|-
| ''[[Marhi Da Deeva (1989 film)|Marhi Da Deeva]]'' || Bhan Kaur/Bhani || Punjabi film
|-
| ''Jism Ka Rishta'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990 || ''Ei Sangharsh'' || || [[Odia film|Odia Film]]
|-
| ''[[Ghar Ho To Aisa]]'' || Sharda V. Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1991 || ''[[Mane (film)|Mane]]'' || Geeta || Kannada film
|-
| ''[[Ek Ghar]]'' || Geeta|| Hindi version of Mane
|-
| ''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]'' || Aarti ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''[[Current (1992 film)|Current]]'' || Sita ||
|-
| ''[[Yalgaar]]'' || Sunita (Deepak's wife) ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Mr. Azaad]]''|| Rajlaxmi (Azaad's mother) ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995 || ''[[Dushmani: A Violent Love Story]]'' || Rama Oberoi ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Vikraanta]]'' || Harnam's Wife ||
|-
| ''[[Guddu (film)|Guddu]]'' || Kavita Bahadur ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Sautela Bhai]]'' || Saraswati |Saraswati
|Delayed release
|-
| 1999 || ''Kabhi Pass Kabhi Fail'' || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Bawandar]]'' || Shobha Devi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Leela (2002 film)|Leela]]'' || Chaitali || Winner – Best Supporting Actress Award at the 2003 [[Karachi Film Festival]]<ref name="awkarachi">{{cite web |url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/jan%202004/letter_from_pakistan.htm |title=Letter From Pakistan- December 2003 – January 2004 |date=January 2004 |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928125259/http://www.the-south-asian.com/jan |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shakti: The Power]]'' || Shekhar's mother ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Freaky Chakra]]'' || Ms. Thomas ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Anahat (film)|Anahat]]'' || Mahattarika || Marathi film
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Yatra (2006 film)|Yatra]]'' || Smita D. Joglekar/Sharda ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Firaaq]]'' || Arati ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Tell Me O Kkhuda]]'' || Mrs. R. Kapoor ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Memories in March]]'' || Arati S. Mishra || Winner – Best Actress Award at the 2012 ImagineIndia Film Festival (Spain)<ref name="awmadrid">{{cite web |url=http://www.imagineindia.net/2012/eng/ |title=ImagineIndia 2012 Awards |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203135628/http://www.imagineindia.net/2012/eng/ |archive-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011 || ''Trapped in Tradition: Rivaaz'' || Paro ||
|-
| ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' || Rahila Qureshi ||
|-
| ''Bhindi Baazaar Inc.'' || Bano ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2013 || ''[[Mahabharat (2013 film)|Mahabharat]]'' || [[Kunti]] || voice role
|-
| ''[[B.A. Pass]]'' || Mrs. Suhasini || Special appearance<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/deepti-naval-makes-friendly-appearance-in-ba-pass/218603 |title=Deepti Naval makes friendly appearance in 'BA Pass' |date=18 June 2013 |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062220/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/deepti-naval-makes-friendly-appearance-in-ba-pass/218603 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aurangzeb (film)|Aurangzeb]]'' || Mrs. Ravikant Phogat ||
|-
| ''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]'' || Mrs. Kamdhar || Nominated – [[Apsara Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|-
| ''[[Listen... Amaya]]'' || Leela || Winner – Best Actress Award at the 2013 [[New York Indian Film Festival]]<ref name="awnewyork">{{cite web |url=http://www.iaac.us/nyiff2013/winners.htm |title=Winners |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=1 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301035007/http://www.iaac.us/nyiff2013/winners.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014 || ''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]'' || Girls hostel warden<ref>{{cite web |title=Yaariyan movie review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/yaariyan-movie-review-914 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117211255/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/yaariyan-movie-review-914 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ||
|-
| ''[[19th January (film)|19th January]]'' || Naseema ||
|-
| ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' || Jai and Viren's mother (Shikka Nanda ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015 || ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]'' || Ammaji ||
|-
| ''[[Heartless (2014 film)|Heartless]]'' || Mother of the protagonist ||
|-
| ''[[Tevar]]'' || Pintoo's mother ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Lion (2016 film)|Lion]]'' || Saroj Sood
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://theknockturnal.com/dev-patel-lion-ny-premiere/ |title=Exclusive: Dev Patel, Priyanka Bose and Deepti Naval Talk 'Lion' At NY Premiere - The Knockturnal |date=21 November 2016 |work=The Knockturnal |access-date=7 January 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107233217/https://theknockturnal.com/dev-patel-lion-ny-premiere/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Mother Teresa & Me]]'' || Mother Superior ||
|-
| ''[[Goldfish (2023)|Goldfish]]'' || Sadhana Tripathi ||
|-
|2025 ||''[[Raat Akeli Hai: The Bansal Murders]]'' ||Geeta Vohra aka Guru Ma ||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 1985
| ''Apna Jahan''
| Shanti A. Sahani
| Television film
|-
| 1991–1992
|''[[Kahkashan]]''
|
|
|-
| 1992
|''Sauda''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''Tanaav''
|Mrs Malik
|
|
|-
|1995
|''Thoda sa Aasman''
|
|
|-
|2003–2004
|''Muqammal''
|Sumeesha
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Mukti Bandhan]]''
|Parimeeta
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai]]''
|Kalyani Gaikwad
|
|-
|2017
|''[[The Boy with the Topknot]]''
|Sathnam's Mother
|Television film
|-
|2019
|''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''
|Gayatri Mathur
|Guest
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|''[[Pawan & Pooja]]''
|Pooja Kalra
|
|-
|''[[Criminal Justice: Behind Closed Doors]]''
|Vijaya 'Vijji' Chandra
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naval, Deepti}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:People who lost Indian citizenship]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Hunter College alumni]]
[[Category:Artist authors]]
[[Category:21st-century American writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People with Overseas Citizenship of India]]

Kiran Desai

2026-02-17T05:40:01Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: update

{{Short description|Indian author (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox writer 
| image = Kiran Desai, author reading on behalf of Salman Rushdie, at the 2024 National Book Awards finalist reading 6 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| name = Kiran Desai
| caption = Desai reading on behalf of [[Salman Rushdie]] at the 2024 [[National Book Awards]] finalist reading
| pseudonym =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = [[Novelist]]
| nationality = Indian
| period = 1998–present
| genre =
| alma_mater = [[Columbia University]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''[[The Inheritance of Loss]]''|''[[Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard]]''}}
| awards = {{awards|[[Man Booker Prize]]|2006}}
| relatives = [[Anita Desai]] (mother)
}}

'''Kiran Desai''' is an Indian author. Her novel ''[[The Inheritance of Loss]]'' won the [[2006 in literature|2006]] [[Man Booker Prize]] and the [[National Book Critics Circle]] Fiction Award.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kiran Desai|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/people/kiran-desai|work=The Man Booker Prizes|publisher=The Booker Prize Foundation|access-date=23 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014120110/http://themanbookerprize.com/people/kiran-desai|archive-date=14 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Hillel2007-09-03" /> In 2015, ''[[The Economic Times]]'' named her one of 20 most influential global Indian women.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/global-indian-women-top-20-india-born-globally-successful-women-from-business-and-arts/articleshow/45745323.cms| title=Global Indian Women: Top 20 India-born & globally successful women from business and arts | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=5 January 2015 | access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Kiran Desai is the daughter of author [[Anita Desai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Snider |first=Suzanne |date=Winter 2006–07 |title=A Proud Inheritance |url=https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/proud-inheritance |access-date=21 September 2025 |magazine=[[Columbia University|Columbia Magazine]]}}</ref> Kiran was born in [[Delhi]], then lived in [[Punjab]] and in [[Mumbai]], where she studied at [[Cathedral and John Connon School]].{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Desai left India at 14, and she and her mother lived in England for a year before moving to the United States.<ref name=":0" /> She studied creative writing at [[Bennington College]], [[Hollins University]], and [[Columbia University]].<ref name="BoldType-interview" />

==Literary career==
[[File:Kiran Desai 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|Kiran Desai during book tour in 2013]]
Desai's first novel, ''[[Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard]]'', was published in 1998.<ref name="BookBrowse" /> It won the [[Betty Trask Award]],<ref name="societyofauthors" /> a prize given by the [[Society of Authors]] for best new novels by citizens of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] under the age of 35.<ref name="christchurch-lib" />

Her second book, ''[[The Inheritance of Loss]]'' (2006), was widely praised by critics throughout [[Asia]], Europe, and the United States. It is set in the [[Himalayas]] and explores themes of identity, culture clash, and [[colonialism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=17 Famous Asian Authors: Immerse Yourself In Asian Culture |url=https://becomeawritertoday.com/famous-asian-authors/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=becomeawritertoday.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> It won the 2006 [[Man Booker Prize]] and the 2006 [[National Book Critics Circle]] Fiction Award.<ref name="Hillel2007-09-03" /> Desai became the youngest woman to win the Booker Prize at age 35 (a record broken by [[Eleanor Catton]] in 2013).<ref>{{cite web |title=Facts & Figures {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/facts-figures |website=thebookerprizes.com|date=August 2023 }}</ref>

In 2008, Desai was a guest on ''[[Private Passions]]'', the biographical music discussion programme hosted by [[Michael Berkeley]] on [[BBC Radio 3]].<ref name="privatepassions" /> In 2007, she was the featured author at the inaugural Asia House Festival of Cold Literature.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=18 March 2020 |title=Kiran Desai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/authors/kiran-desai/articleshow/74688401.cms |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2008, the [[Gates Foundation]] project invited Desai to report on a community of sex workers in the coastal state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Kiran Desai">{{Cite web |title=Kiran Desai |url=https://www.americanacademy.de/person/kiran-desai/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=American Academy in Berlin |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2009, she received the Columbia University Medal for Excellence.<ref name="Kiran Desai" /> Desai was awarded a 2013 [[Berlin Prize]] Fellowship at the [[American Academy in Berlin]].<ref name=":1" />

In 2017, Desai said that she had been working for more than a decade on a new book "about power… about a young Indian woman out in India and the world".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Datta |first1=Sudipta |date=5 February 2017 |title=Two alone, two together |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Two-alone-two-together/article17194613.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> After a break of nearly two decades, her novel, ''[[The Loneliness of Sonia and Sunny]]'', was published in 2025 by [[Hogarth Press|Hogarth]], an imprint of [[Random House Publishing Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-18 |title=Kiran Desai to publish first novel since 'The Inheritance of Loss' came out nearly 20 years ago |url=https://apnews.com/article/kiran-desai-new-novel-inheritance-loss-ebbc6d4b0821f413ce08fb9d2abd5276 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McBain |first=Sophie |date=2025-09-20 |title=Kiran Desai: ‘I never thought it would happen in the US’ |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/sep/20/kiran-desai-i-never-thought-it-would-happen-in-the-us |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mars-Jones |first=Adam |date=2025-10-23 |title=Kebabs are consequential |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v47/n19/adam-mars-jones/kebabs-are-consequential |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=London Review of Books |language=en |volume=47 |issue=19 |issn=0260-9592}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-14 |title=Kiran Desai’s Long-Awaited Return Is a Transcendent Triumph |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/14/books/review/kiran-desai-the-loneliness-of-sonia-and-sunny.html |access-date=2025-10-15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Corrigan |first=Maureen |date=2025-10-03 |title='The Loneliness of Sonia and Sunny' is a terrific, tangled love story |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/10/03/nx-s1-5560818/the-loneliness-of-sonia-and-sunny-review-kiran-desai |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref> In September 2025, the novel was shortlisted for the [[2025 Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=‘Brilliantly human’: Kiran Desai and David Szalay make Booker prize shortlist|journal=[[The Guardian]] |last=Creamer |first=Ella |date=2025-09-23 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/sep/23/brilliantly-human-kiran-desai-and-david-szalay-make-booker-prize-shortlist}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
| title = [[Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard]]
| publisher = Faber and Faber
| year = 1998
| isbn = 0-571-19336-6
}}
* {{cite book
| title = [[The Inheritance of Loss]]
| publisher = Hamish Hamilton Ltd
| year = 2006
| isbn = 0-241-14348-9
}}
* {{cite book
| title = [[The Loneliness of Sonia and Sunny]]
| publisher = Hamish Hamilton Ltd
| year = 2025
| isbn = 9780307700155
}}

==See also==
* [[Desai]]
* [[Indians in the New York metropolitan area]]
* [[Indian English literature]]
* [[List of Indian writers|Indian Writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em
| refs =

<ref name="BoldType-interview">
{{cite web
| title = Bold Type: Interview with Kiran Desai
| publisher = Random House
| access-date = 2011-06-14
| url = http://www.randomhouse.com/boldtype/0599/desai/interview.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name="BookBrowse">
{{cite web
| title = Hullabaloo In The Guava Orchard
| publisher = BookBrowse
| access-date = 2011-06-14
| url = http://www.bookbrowse.com/reviews/index.cfm?book_number=317
}}
</ref>

<ref name="societyofauthors">
{{cite web
|title=Society of Authors — Prizes, Grants and Awards
|publisher=Society of Authors
|access-date=2011-06-14
|url=http://www.societyofauthors.net/soa/page_id_sub.php4?parentid=7&pid=52&par_nm=Prizes,%20grants%20and%20awards
|archive-date=11 February 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211171127/http://www.societyofauthors.net/soa/page_id_sub.php4?parentid=7&pid=52&par_nm=Prizes%2C%20grants%20and%20awards
|url-status=usurped
}}
</ref>

<ref name="christchurch-lib">
{{cite web
| title = The Betty Trask Prize and Awards
| publisher = Christchurch City Libraries
| access-date = 2011-06-14
| url = http://library.christchurch.org.nz/LiteraryPrizes/BettyTrask/
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Hillel2007-09-03">
{{cite news
| title = Desai's 'Inheritance' Wins Book Critics Circle Award
| last = Italie
| first = Hillel
| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/08/AR2007030802042.html
| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]
| date = 2007-03-09
| access-date = 2013-08-23
}}
</ref>

<ref name="privatepassions">
[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00cwzgx BBC – Radio 3 – Private Passions]
</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kiran Desai}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://niralimagazine.com/2006/12/legacies-loss-literature/ Legacies, Loss and Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213084641/https://niralimagazine.com/2006/12/legacies-loss-literature/ |date=13 December 2017 }}, ''Nirali Magazine'', December 2006
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060526161904/http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Desai+Kiran SAWNET biography]
* [http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/jan/30inter1.htm Rediff interview]
* [https://jaiarjun.blogspot.com/2007/02/lunch-with-kiran-desai.html Lunch with Kiran Desai]
* [http://www.randomhouse.com/boldtype/0599/desai/interview.html Bold Type: Interview with Kiran Desai]
* [http://www.thecommentary.ca/ontheline/20071105b.html Kiran Desai interview with THECOMMENTARY.CA October 2007]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101001/http://www.americanacademy.de/home/person/kiran-desai Kiran Desai at the American Academy Berlin as Holtzbrinck Fellow]

{{Booker Prize}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Books}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Kiran}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American novelists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American women writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Bennington College alumni]]
[[Category:Booker Prize winners]]
[[Category:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University School of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hollins University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian people of German descent]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women writers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:National Book Critics Circle Award winners]]

Vaivasvata Manu

2026-02-14T07:15:05Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: update section to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Current Manu of Hinduism}}
{{about|the current Manu|the concept of Manu in Hindu mythology|Manu (Hinduism)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| image = Manu and Saptarishi.jpg
| type = Hindu
| alt = Manu
| caption = Matsya helps Vaivasvata Manu and the [[Saptarishi|Seven Sages]] escape from the divine deluge
| spouse = Shraddha
| father = [[Surya|Vivasvan]]
| mother = [[Saranyu]]
| children = [[Ikshvaku]], Dhrishta, Narishyanta, Dishta, Nriga, Karusha, Saryati, Nabhaga, Pranshu, Prisadhra<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vaivasvata-manu | title=Vaivasvata Manu: 3 definitions | date=29 June 2012 }}</ref><br>[[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241624.html | title=Story of Ilā | date=28 January 2019 }}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Chakshusha Manu]]
| successor = [[Savarni Manu]]
}}

'''Vaivasvata Manu''' ({{Langx|sa|वैवस्वत मनु}}), also referred to as '''Shraddhadeva''' and '''Satyavrata''', is the current [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]—the progenitor of the human race. He is the seventh of the 14 Manus of the current [[kalpa (aeon)]] of [[Hindu cosmology]]. In the [[Jainism|Jain religion]] he is also known as [[Nabhi|Nabhiraja]], the father of [[Rishabhanatha]] and the last [[Kulakara]].

He is the son of [[Vivasvan]] (also known as Surya), the Sun god, and his wife [[Saranyu]]. Forewarned about the divine flood by the [[Matsya]] [[avatara]] of [[Vishnu]], Manu saved mankind by building a boat that carried his family and the [[Saptarishi]] (the Seven Sages) to safety.<ref>[http://www.harekrsna.com/philosophy/incarnations/manus/manvantara.htm The Hare Krsnas – The Manus – Manus of the Present Universe]</ref> He was one of the wielders of [[Asi (Mahabharata)|Asi]] the primordial sword.

== Ancestry ==
According to the Puranas, the genealogy of Shraddhadeva is as follows:<ref>{{cite book|author=Francis Hamilton|title=Genealogies of the Hindus: extracted from their sacred writings; with an introduction and alphabetical index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-igwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA89|year=1819|publisher=Printed for the author|page=89 }}</ref>

# [[Brahma]].
# [[Marichi]], one of the 10 [[Prajapati]]s created by Brahma.
# [[Kashyapa]], son of Marichi and his thirteen wives, among which Kala is prominent. Kashyapa is regarded as one of the progenitors of humanity.
# [[Vivasvat]] or [[Surya]], son of [[Kashyapa]] and [[Aditi]].
# [[Vaivasvata]] Manu, the son of Vivasvat and [[Saranyu]] (Saṃjñā). He is also known as Satyavrata and Shraddhadeva.

==Legend==
Shraddhadeva is stated to be the king of the [[Dravida kingdom]] during the epoch of the ''[[Matsya Purana]]''.<ref name="Daniélou2003">{{cite book |author=Alain Daniélou |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani |url-access=registration |date=11 February 2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/19 19] }}</ref> According to the ''Matsya Purana'', [[Matsya]], the [[avatar|avatara]] of [[Vishnu]], first appeared as a ''shaphari'' (a small [[carp]]) to Shraddhadeva while he washed his hands in a river flowing down the [[Malaya Mountains]].<ref name="David2014">{{cite book |author=David Dean Shulman |title=Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d97_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |year=1980 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5692-3}}</ref>

The little fish asked the king to save him, and out of compassion, he put it in a water jar. It kept growing bigger and bigger, until the king first put it in a bigger pitcher, and then deposited it in a well. When the well also proved insufficient for the ever-growing fish, the king placed it in a tank (reservoir), that was two yojanas (16 miles) in height above the surface and on land, as much in length, and a yojana (8 miles) in breadth.<ref>DRISCOLL, Ian Driscoll; KURTZ, Matthew [https://books.google.com/books?id=M8cJgVGd6PIC&pg=PA139 ''Atlantis: Egyptian Genesis''], 2009.</ref><ref>Sacred Texts. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03186.htm Section CLXXXVI]</ref> As it grew further, the king had to put the fish in a river, and when even the river proved insufficient, he placed it in the ocean, after which it nearly filled the vast expanse of the great ocean.

It was then that Vishnu, revealing himself, informed the king of an all-destructive deluge which would be coming very soon.<ref name="Bhagavata Purana 8.24.12">''S'rîmad Bhâgavatam'' (''Bhâgavata Purâ''na)[https://www.srimadbhagavatam.org/canto8/chapter24.html Canto 8 Chapter 24 Text 12]</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQwXAAAAYAAJ&dq=Malaya+Manu+Matsya&pg=PA341|title=The story of Vedic India as embodied ... – Google Books|date=2008-03-14|access-date=2010-12-08|last1=Ragozin|first1=Zénaïde Alexeïevna}}</ref><ref>[[Matsya Purana]], Ch.I, 10–33</ref> The king built a huge boat which housed his family, the [[Saptarshi|Seven Sages]], nine types of seeds, and animals to repopulate the earth, after the deluge would end and the oceans and seas would recede. At the time of deluge, Vishnu appeared as a horned fish and [[Shesha]] appeared as a rope, with which the king fastened the boat to the horn of the fish.<ref>Matsya Purana, Ch.II, 1–19</ref>

The boat was perched after the deluge on the top of the highest peak of Himavat called Naubandhana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa|date=2000|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|others=Kisari Mohan Ganguli|isbn=81-215-0594-1|location=New Delhi|oclc=45040117}}</ref><ref name="MATSYA">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140326133426/http://www.vedicyagyacenter.com/vedic-scriptures-files/epic-pdf/MATSYA%20PURANA.pdf ''The Matsya Purana'']}}</ref> After the deluge, Manu's family and the seven sages repopulated the earth. According to the Puranas, Manu's story occurs before the 28 chaturyugas in the present Manvantara which is the 7th Manvantara. This amounts to 120 million years ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=G. P. Bhatt (ed.), The vayu purana, part-II, 1st ed., 784—789, tr. G. V. Tagare. In vol.38 of Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988.|url=https://www.mlbd.com/BookDecription.aspx?id=1728|access-date=10 April 2016|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121150747/https://www.mlbd.com/BookDecription.aspx?id=1728|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=J. L. Shastri (ed.), The kurma-purana, part-I, 1st ed., 47—52, tr. G. V. Tagare. In vol.20 of A.I.T.&M., Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1981.|url=https://www.mlbd.com/BookDecription.aspx?id=1728|access-date=10 April 2016|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121150747/https://www.mlbd.com/BookDecription.aspx?id=1728|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=J. L. Shastri (ed.), The Narada purana, part-II, 1st ed., p. 699, tr. G. V. Tagare. In vol.16 of A.I.T.&M., Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1981.|url=https://www.mlbd.com/BookDecription.aspx?id=1728|access-date=10 April 2016|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121150747/https://www.mlbd.com/BookDecription.aspx?id=1728|url-status=dead}}</ref> A genealogical list in the ''Adi Parva'' of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' lists 43 generations (inclusive) between Manu and the hero [[Arjuna]] (who, according to different traditions, lived somewhere between 3200 and 1000 BC).<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahabharata |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01096.htm |language=English |chapter=Adi Parva, Sambhava Parva, Section XCV}}</ref>

This narrative is similar to other [[list of flood myths|flood myths]] like the [[Gilgamesh flood myth]] and the [[Genesis flood narrative]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Klaus K. Klostermaier |title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C&pg=PA97 |date=5 July 2007 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4 |page=97 }}</ref>

== Descendants ==
Shraddhadeva married Shraddha and had ten children including [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]] and [[Ikshvaku]], the progenitors of the [[Lunar dynasty|Lunar]] and [[Suryavansha|Solar]] dynasties, respectively.{{sfn|Thapar|2013|p=308-309}}

The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' states:<ref>[https://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/Mahabharata-VOL-1.pdf ''Mahabharata'' Book 1:Adi Parva:Sambhava Parva:Section LXXV], p. 183.</ref><ref name="Laws">[http://oaks.nvg.org/pv6bk4.html The Laws of Manu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417155321/http://oaks.nvg.org/pv6bk4.html |date=17 April 2013 }}, translated by George Bühler.</ref>
{{blockquote|And Manu was endowed with great wisdom and devoted to virtue. And he became the progenitor of a line. And in Manu's race have been born all human beings, who have, therefore, been called ''Manavas''. And it is of Manu that all men including Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras, and others have been descended, and are therefore all called Manavas. Subsequently, the Brahmanas became united with the Kshatriyas. And those sons of Manu that were Brahmanas devoted themselves to the study of the Vedas. And Manu begot ten other children named [[Ikshvaku]], Dhrishta, Narishyanta, Dishta, Nriga, Karusha, Saryati, Nabhaga, Pranshu, Prisadhra and a daughter [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]]. They all betook themselves to the practices of Kshatriyas (warriors). Besides these, Manu had fifty other sons on Earth. But we heard that they all perished, quarrelling with one another.<ref>{{cite book|author=Swami Parmeshwaranand|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLcv-Ow6Ux4C&pg=PA637|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-226-3}}, p. 638.</ref>}}

==Theosophy==
In [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]], the "Vaivasvata Manu" is one of the most important beings at the highest level of Initiation of the ancient Vedic sages, along with [[Maitreya (Theosophy)|Maitreya]], and the Maha Chohan. According to Theosophy, each [[root race]] has its own Manu who physically [[Reincarnation|incarnates]] in an advanced body of an individual of the old root race and physically progenerates with a suitable female partner the first individuals of the new root race.

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
{{manus}}
[[Category:Manus]]
[[Category:Kings in Indian mythology]]
[[Category:Legendary progenitors]]
[[Category:Mythological first humans]]
[[Category:Mythological swordfighters]]
[[Category:Flood myths]]
[[Category:Children of Surya]]

Srinagar Municipal Corporation (Uttarakhand)

2026-02-12T22:50:58Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Starting new stub and citations!

{{Short description|Civic body that governs the town of Srinagar in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{about|the municipal corporation in Uttarakhand|the municipal corporation of same name in Jammu and Kashmir|Srinagar Municipal Corporation}}
{{multiple issues|
{{notability|Institutions|date=February 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Srinagar Municipal Corporation
| native_name = श्रीनगर नगर निगम
| transcription_name = Srinagar Nagar Nigam
| area_total_km2 =
| legislature = Unicameral Legislature
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| body =
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader1 = Arti Bhandari
| leader2_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader2 = Nupur Sharma, [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)|PCS]]
| party1 = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| election1 = 7 February 2025
| party2 =
| election2 =
| members = 40
| structure1 = India Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| structure1_alt =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| structure2_alt =
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (18)'''
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (18)
'''Opposition (22)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (16)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (6)
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2025 Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation election|23 January 2025]]
| next_election1 = 2030
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Sri Bhavan, Sringar (proposed)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Srinagar Municipal Corporation'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-news-srinagar-became-the-ninth-municipal-corporation-of-state?src=story-related-auto |title=Uttarakhand News: Srinagar Became The Ninth Municipal Corporation Of State - उत्तराखंड: प्रदेश का नौवां नगर निगम बना श्रीनगर, नगर पालिका और 21 गांवों को मिलाकर हुआ गठन - Amar Ujala Hindi News Live |publisher=Amarujala.com |date= |access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/srinagar/story-srinagar-will-be-made-a-municipal-corporation-4502892.html |title=Srinagar will be made a municipal corporation - श्रीनगर को बनाया जाएगा नगर निगम |publisher=Livehindustan.com |date= |access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/dehradun-pauri-news-of-shrinagar-municipal-corporation-issue-protests-against-dhan-singh-rawat-3829857.html |title=Pauri news of shrinagar municipal corporation issue protests against dhan singh rawat - श्रीनगर नगर निगम मुद्दा : BJP-कांग्रेस पौड़ी में आमने-सामने, ऐसे हो रहा है मंत्री धनसिंह रावत का विरोध – News18 हिंदी |publisher=Hindi.news18.com |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref> is the civic body that governs the city of [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].

== Structure ==
This corporation consists of 40 wards and is headed by a [[mayor]] who presides over a deputy mayor and 39 other [[councillor|corporators]] representing the wards. The mayor is elected directly through a first-past-the-post voting system and the deputy mayor is elected by the corporators from among their numbers.

==List of mayors==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | S. No.
! Name
! colspan=3| Term
! colspan=2| Party
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1
|Arti Bhandari
|7 February 2025
|[[Incumbent]]
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2025|2|7}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|}

==Current members==
Srinagar Municipal Corporation has a total of 40 members or corporators, who are directly elected after a term of 5 years. The council is led by the Mayor. The latest elections were held in [[2025 Uttarakhand local elections|23 January 2025]]. The current mayor of Srinagar, Uttarakhand is [[Independent politician]] Arti Bhandari, who was also a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-rebel candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-2025-independent-candidate-aarti-bhandari-became-first-mayor-of-srinagar-2025-01-25|title=Uttarakhand Nikay Chunav: Who is Aarti Bhandari, the first mayor of Srinagar?|work=Amar Ujala|accessdate=25 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan=6 align=center bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |<span style="color:black;">'''Mayor: Arti Bhandari'''</span>
|-
! Ward No !! Ward Name !! Name of Corporator || colspan="2"|Party<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secresult.uk.gov.in/ElectionResultDashboard_main3|title=SEC Uttarakhand Election Result Portal 2025|work=SEC Uttarakhand|accessdate=28 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref>|| Remarks
|-
| 1 || Haddy May Dungripanth || Rajendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 2 || Farasu May Koteshwar || Vijay Kumar Chamoli || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 3 || Swit May Gahad || Usha Devi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 4 || Medical College Corridor Road || Kusumlata Bisht || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 5 || Base Hospital || Pooja Barthawal || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 6 || Lingwal Market May Tolyusain || Bhavna Chauhan || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 7 || Shivalay May Krishna Mandir || Guddi Devi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 8 || Nagaraja Sain || Meena Devi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 9 || Tolyusain May Kandai || Sunita Gairola || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 10 || Revdi Ghasia Mahadev || Ashish Negi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 11 || Dam Colony May Kothad || Anjana Dobhal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 12 || Agency Mohalla May Kevat Mohalla || Shubham Kumar Prabhakar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 13 || Banswada May Brahman Mohalla || Anjani Bhandari || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 14 || Upper Bazaar || Devendra Mani || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 15 || Thana Marg May Alaknanda Vihar || Anurag Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 16 || Pragati Vihar-1 || Raj Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 17 || Pragati Vihar-2 || Rekha Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 18 || Ganesh Bazaar May Ramlila Maidan || Jhabar Singh Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 19 || Bhagirathipuram || Rashmi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 20 || Kalyaneshwar Mandir May Sabzi Mandi || Ujjwal Agarwal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 21 || Niranjani Baang May Dak Bungalow || Anjana Rawat || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 22 || Mistri Mohalla || Kusumlata || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 23 || Bajiro Ka Bagh May Highdeal Colony || Deepak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 24 || Treasury Road May Tiwari Mohalla || Ramesh Ramola || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 25 || Glass House May University || Vikas Chauhan || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 26 || Kamleshwar Baghwan || Suraj Negi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 27 || Kedar Mohalla May Central School || Meena Aswal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 28 || Ragda Baghwan May Amrakanj || Jaipal Singh || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 29 || Upper Bhaktiyana May Sheetal Mata || Pooja Kimothi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 30 || Shakti Vihar Polytechnic || Himanshu Bahuguna || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 31 || Chauhan Mohalla May Fatehpureti || Sumit Singh Bisht || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 32 || Aithana Dang-1 || Pankaj Kumar Sati || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 33 || Aithana Dang-2 || Akshitesh Naithani || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 34 || Aithana Dang-3 || Dinesh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 35 || Aithana Dang-4 || Pravesh Chandra Chamoli || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 36 || Aithana Dang-5 || Pradeep Rana || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 37 || Anchal Dairy May Sinchai Vibhag || Dharma Singh Rawat || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 38 || Uphalda Upper || Narendra Singh Rawat || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 39 || Uphalda-2 || Surendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 40 || Vaidyagaon May Nakot || Sandeep Singh Rawat || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|}

==Election results==
The Srinagar Municipal Corporation holds direct elections every five years in the state and the latest elections were those held in the year 2025.

===Mayoral===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|Year
!rowspan="2"|No. of Wards
!colspan="5"|Winner
!colspan="5"|Runner Up
!rowspan="2"|Margin
|-
!colspan="2"|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!colspan="2"|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|[[2025 Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation election|2025]]
|40
|{{Party name with color|Independent}} (BJP rebel)
|Arti Bhandari
|7,956
|41.12
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Asha Upadhyay
|6,317
|32.17
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|1,639
|}

===Ward-wise===
====2025====
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| Srinagar Municipal Corporation
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] || 18 || ''New''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 16 || ''New''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 6 || ''New''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''40''' ||
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2025 Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation election|2025 Srinagar Municipal Corporation election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Jacqueline Bhabha

2026-02-07T20:08:42Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: correct information also and corrected details

{{short description|British academic, and an attorney|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|birth_name = Jacqueline Strimpel
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1951}}
|birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|citizenship = British
|other_names =
|known_for =
|alma_mater = [[Oxford University]] (BA, MSc)<br> [[The University of Law]]
|employer =
|occupation = [[Attorney at law|Attorney]], academic
|years_active =
|height =
|title =
|term =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|party =
|opponents =
|boards =
|spouse = [[Homi K. Bhabha]]
|partner =
|children = 3, including [[Satya Bhabha|Satya]]
|parents =
|relations =
|callsign =
|awards =
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Jacqueline Strimpel Bhabha''' (born 1951) is a British academic, and an attorney. She is the Jeremiah Smith, Jr. lecturer in law at [[Harvard Law School]] and teaches public policy at [[Harvard Kennedy School]].<ref name=JB-H-P-01>{{cite web|title=Bio of Jacqueline Bhabha|url=https://dl.lib.brown.edu/riamco/xml2pdffiles/US-RPB-ms2010.041.pdf|publisher=Dl.lib.brown.edu|accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref>

Her research and legal practice has focused on citizenship and rights of aliens, refugee law, trafficking, and smuggling. She is married to [[Homi K. Bhabha]], the critical theorist, and they have three children.

==Early life and education==
Bhabha was born '''Jacqueline Strimpel''' in [[Mumbai]] in 1951, the daughter of Jewish refugee parents who had moved to India to flee [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2005/05/jacqueline-bhabha.html |title=Jacqueline Bhabha |work=Harvard Magazine |date=12 July 2015 |accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref> The family moved to [[Milan]], Italy in 1961 when she was ten years old.

She matriculated at [[Bedales]], a British boarding school. Bhabha received a first class [[honours degree]] in philosophy and [[psychology]] from [[Oxford University]] in 1973, and an MSc in applied social studies in 1975 at the [[Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford]]. Despite claims made on her Harvard biography page and in other media that she holds a JD, she does not have a doctoral degree. Bhabha completed the Common Professional Examination to qualify as a solicitor at what was then the [[University of Law|College of Law]] in London.

==Career==
Bhabha started her career as a human rights lawyer in London and at the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in [[Strasbourg]]. In 1997, Bhabha entered academia when she joined the [[University of Chicago]] as the Director of the Human Rights Program – an appointment she continued till 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bio at Harvard {{!}} Institute of Politics – Professor Jacqueline Bhabha|url=http://www.iop.harvard.edu/professor-jacqueline-bhabha|publisher=Iop.harvard.edu|accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref>

She later joined [[Harvard Law School]] and become a lecturer in law. She serves as the Director of Research at the Francois Bagnoud Xavier Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard, and the University Adviser on Human Rights Education to the [[Provost (education)|Provost]] at [[Harvard University]]. She is also a lecturer on public policy at [[Harvard Kennedy School]].

In February 2022, Bhabha was one of 38 Harvard faculty to sign a letter to the [[Harvard Crimson]] defending Professor [[John Comaroff]], who had been found to have violated the university's sexual and professional conduct policies. The letter defended Comaroff as "an excellent colleague, advisor and committed university citizen" and expressed dismay over his being sanctioned by the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/2/4/comaroff-sanctions-open-letter/ |title=38 Harvard Faculty Sign Open Letter Questioning Results of Misconduct Investigations into Prof. John Comaroff | website=www.thecrimson.com | publisher=The Harvard Crimson | access-date=9 Feb 2022}}</ref> After students filed a lawsuit with detailed allegations of Comaroff's actions and the university's failure to respond, Bhabha was one of several signatories to say that she wished to retract her signature. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/08/metro/3-graduate-students-file-sexual-harassment-suit-against-prominent-harvard-anthropology-professor/ |title=3 graduate students file sexual harassment suit against prominent Harvard anthropology professor | website=www.bostonglobe.com | publisher=The Boston Globe | access-date=9 Feb 2022}}</ref>

==Publications==
*"Pertenecer a Europa: ciudadanía y derechos posnacionales"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/issj/rics159/bhabhaspa.html |title=International Social Science Journal | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>
*Co-author ''Women's Movement: Women Under Immigration, Nationality and Refugee Law'' (1994),
*Editor ''Asylum Law And Practice in Europe and North America'' (1992),
*Article ''Get Back to Where You Once Belonged: Identity, Citizenship and Exclusion in Europe'' Human Rights Quarterly (1998),
*Article ''Internationalist Gatekeepers? The tension between asylum advocacy and human rights''(2002),
*Article ''The Citizenship Deficit: On Being a Citizen Child'' (2003).
*Article ''Reforming Immigration Policy Boston'' Review (2005)
*Article ''Moving Babies: Globalization, Markets, and Transnational Adoption'' [[The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs]] (2004)

==Personal life==
She is married to [[Homi K. Bhabha]], the critical theorist.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eakin|first=Emily|title=Harvard's Prize Catch, a Delphic Postcolonialist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/17/arts/harvard-s-prize-catch-a-delphic-postcolonialist.html|accessdate=3 May 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 November 2001}}</ref> They have three children: Ishan, [[Satya Bhabha|Satya]] (an actor), and Leah.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hks.harvard.edu/about/faculty-staff-directory/jacqueline-bhabha Bhabha's Profile at Harvard Kennedy School]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050925034740/http://www.harvard-magazine.com/on-line/050549.html Profile Harvard Magazine]
* [http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0012/features/bhabha.html University of Chicago article]
* [https://library.brown.edu/collatoz/info.php?id=407/ Jacqueline Bhabha Papers] – Pembroke Center Archives, Brown University

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhabha, Jacqueline}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School faculty]]
[[Category:British Jews]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Bedales School]]
[[Category:Indian people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:British people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:British women lawyers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Law]]
[[Category:British women legal scholars]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People who lost Indian citizenship]]
[[Category:British solicitors]]

Gujarati script

2026-02-05T10:19:48Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Indian script}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = Gujarati
| languages = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Bhili]], [[Dungra Bhil language|Dungra Bhil]], [[Gamit language|Gamit]], [[Dhodia-Kukna language|Kukna]], [[Rajput Garasia]], [[Vaghri language|Vaghri]], [[Varli language|Varli]], [[Vasavi language|Vasavi]], [[Avestan]] <small>([[Zoroastrianism in India|Indian Zoroastrians]])</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Gujr|title=ScriptSource - Gujarati|access-date =2017-02-13}}</ref>
| time = {{circa|1592}}–present
| type = [[Abugida]]
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician script|Phoenician]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic script|Aramaic]] (Debated)
| fam5 = [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
| fam6 = [[Gupta script|Gupta]]
| fam7 = [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]]
| fam8 = [[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998 |page=41|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 }}</ref>
| sisters = [[Devanagari]]{{sfn|Mistry|1996|p=391}}<br>[[Modi script|Modi]]<br>[[Kaithi]]<br>[[Nandinagari]]<br>[[Gunjala Gondi]]
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A80.pdf U+0A80–U+0AFF]
| iso15924 = Gujr
| native_name = {{lang|gu|ગુજરાતી લિપિ}}
| sample = Gujarati Script Sample.svg
| imagesize = 200px
}}

{{brahmic}}
{{Writing systems in India}}
The '''Gujarati script''' ({{lang|gu|ગુજરાતી લિપિ}} {{lang|gu-latn|Gujarātī lipi}}) is an [[abugida]] for the [[Gujarati language]], [[Kutchi language]], and various other languages. It is one of the [[official scripts of the Indian Republic]]. It is a variant of the [[Devanagari]] script differentiated by the loss of the ''Shirorekhā'', the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a number of modifications to some characters.{{sfn|Mistry|1996|p=391}}

Gujarati [[numerical digit]]s are also different from their Devanagari counterparts.

==Origin==
The Gujarati script ({{lang|gu|ગુજરાતી લિપિ}}) was adapted from the [[Nagari script]] to write the Gujarati language. The Gujarati language and script developed in three distinct phases — 10th to 15th century, 15th to 17th century and 17th to 19th century. The first phase is marked by use of [[Prakrit]], [[Apabramsa]] and its variants such as [[Paisaci]], [[Shauraseni]], [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]] and [[Maharashtri]]. In second phase, [[Old Gujarati]] script was in wide use. The earliest known document in the Old Gujarati script is a handwritten manuscript ''Adi Parva'' dating from 1591 to 1592, and the script first appeared in print in a 1797 advertisement. The third phase is the use of script developed for ease and fast writing. The use of ''shirorekhā'' (the topline as in Devanagari) was abandoned. Until the 19th century it was used mainly for writing letters and keeping accounts, while the Devanagari script was used for literature and academic writings. It is also known as the ''śarāphī'' (banker's), ''vāṇiāśāī'' (merchant's) or ''mahājanī'' (trader's) script. This script became the basis of the modern script. Later the same script was adopted by writers of manuscripts. [[Jainism|Jain]] community also promoted its use for copying religious texts by hired writers.{{sfn|Mistry|1996|p=391}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Mahajans-ate-away-Gujaratis-top-line/articleshow/30755610.cms|last=Shastri|first=Parth|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Mahajans ate away Gujarati's 'top line'|date=2014-02-21|access-date =2014-03-05}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[Image:Guj Script Mahatma Gandhi 1.png|thumb|210px|Excerpt from "[[My experiments with truth]]" - the [[autobiography]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in its original Gujarati.]]
The Gujarati writing system is an [[abugida]], in which each base consonantal character possesses an inherent vowel, that vowel being ''a'' [ə]. For postconsonantal vowels other than ''a'', the vowel is applied with [[diacritic]]s, while for non-postconsonantal vowels (initial and post-vocalic positions), there are full-formed characters. With ''a'' being the most frequent vowel,{{sfn|Tisdall|1892|p=19}} this is a convenient system in the sense that it cuts down on the width of writing.

Following out of the aforementioned property, consonants lacking a proceeding vowel may condense into the proceeding consonant, forming ''compound'' or ''conjunct'' letters. The formation of these conjuncts follows a system of rules depending on the consonants involved.

In accordance with all the other [[Indic scripts]], Gujarati is written from left to right, and is not case-sensitive.

The Gujarati script is basically [[phoneme|phonemic]], with a few exceptions.{{sfn|Mistry|1996|p=393}} First out of these is the written representation of non-pronounced ''a'''s, which are of three types.
*Word-final a's. Thus {{lang|gu|ઘર}} "house" is pronounced ''ghar'' and not ''ghara''. The a's remain unpronounced before [[postposition]]s and before other words in compounds: {{lang|gu|ઘરકામ}} "housework" is ''gharkām'' and not ''gharakām''. This non-pronunciation is not always the case with conjunct characters: {{lang|gu|મિત્ર}} "friend" is truly ''mitra''.
*Naturally [[elision|elided]] ''a'''s through the combination of morphemes. The root {{lang|gu|પકડ઼}} ''pakaṛ'' "hold" when inflected as {{lang|gu|પકડ઼ે}} "holds" remains written as ''pakaṛe'' even though pronounced as ''pakṛe''. ''See [[Gujarati phonology#ə-deletion]]''.
*''a'''s whose non-pronunciation follows the above rule, but which are in single words not resultant of any actual combination. Thus {{lang|gu|વરસાદ}} "rain", written as ''varasād'' but pronounced as ''varsād''.

Secondly and most importantly, being of Sanskrit-based Devanagari, Gujarati's script retains notations for the obsolete (short ''i, u'' vs. long ''ī, ū''; ''r̥'', ''ru''; ''ś'', ''ṣ''), and lacks notations for innovations ({{IPA|/e/}} vs. {{IPA|/ɛ/}}; {{IPA|/o/}} vs. {{IPA|/ɔ/}}; clear vs. [[Breathy voice|murmured]] vowels).{{sfn|Mistry|2001|p=274}}

Contemporary Gujarati uses [[English punctuation]], such as the [[question mark]], [[exclamation mark]], [[comma]], and [[full stop]]. [[Apostrophe]]s are used for the rarely written [[clitic]]. [[Quotation mark]]s are not as often used for direct quotes. The full stop replaced the traditional [[vertical bar]], and the [[colon (punctuation)|colon]], mostly obsolete in its Sanskritic capacity (see [[Gujarati script#Non-vowel diacritics|below]]), follows the European usage.

===Use for Avestan===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
The [[Zoroastrians]] of India, who represent one of the largest surviving Zoroastrian communities worldwide, would transcribe [[Avestan]] in [[Nāgarī script|Nagri script]]-based scripts as well as the [[Avestan alphabet]]. This is a relatively recent development first seen in the {{Circa|12th century}} texts of Neryosang Dhaval and other Parsi Sanskritist theologians of that era, and which are roughly contemporary with the oldest surviving manuscripts in Avestan script. Today, Avestan is most commonly typeset in Gujarati script ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] being the traditional language of the Indian Zoroastrians). Some Avestan letters with no corresponding symbol are synthesized with additional diacritical marks, for example, the /z/ in ''zaraθuštra'' is written with /j/ + dot below.

===Influence in Southeast Asia===
Miller (2010) presented a theory that the indigenous scripts of [[Sumatra]] ([[Indonesia]]), [[Sulawesi]] (Indonesia) and the [[Philippines]] are descended from an early form of the Gujarati script. Historical records show that Gujaratis played a major role in the archipelago, where they were manufacturers and played a key role in introducing [[Islam]]. [[Tomé Pires]] reported a presence of a thousand Gujaratis in [[Malacca]] ([[Malaysia]]) prior to 1512.<ref name="Miller2010">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Christopher|title=A Gujarati Origin for Scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and the Philippines|journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society|volume=36|issue=1|year=2010|pages=276|issn=2377-1666|doi=10.3765/bls.v36i1.3917|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt4q6906nz/qt4q6906nz.pdf?t=o8eipw|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Gujarati letters, diacritics, and digits==

===Vowels===
[[Vowels]] (''svara''), in their conventional order, are historically grouped into "short" (''hrasva'') and "long" (''dīrgha'') classes, based on the "light" (''laghu'') and "heavy" (''guru'') syllables they create in traditional verse. The historical long vowels ''ī'' and ''ū'' are no longer distinctively long in pronunciation. Only in verse do syllables containing them assume the values required by meter.{{sfn|Mistry|1996|pp=391–392}}

Finally, a practice of using inverted ''mātra''s to represent [[English language|English]] {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}}'s has gained ground.{{sfn|Mistry|1996|p=393}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Vowel
!Diacritic with {{angbr|ભ}}
!Name of diacritic{{sfn|Tisdall|1892|p=20}}
|-
|{{letter|ch=અ|ch1=|ch2=|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|ə}}|iso=a}}
|ભ
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=આ|ch2=ા|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|ɑ̈}}|iso=ā}}
|ભા
|''kāno''
|-
|{{letter|ch1=ઇ|ch2=િ|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|i}}|iso=i}}
|ભિ
|''hrasva-ajju''
|-
|{{letter|ch1=ઈ|ch2=ી|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|i}}|iso=ī}}
|ભી
|''dīrgha-ajju''
|-
|{{letter|ch1=ઉ|ch2=ુ|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|u}}|iso=u}}
|ભુ
|''hrasva-varaṛũ''
|-
|{{letter|ch1=ઊ|ch2=ૂ|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|u}}|iso=ū}}
|ભૂ
|''dīrgha-varaṛũ''
|-
|{{letter|ch1=એ|ch2=ે|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|e}}|iso=e}}
|ભે
|''ek mātra''
|-
|{{letter|ch1=ઐ|ch2=ૈ|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|əj}}|iso=ai}}
|ભૈ
|''be mātra''
|-
|{{letter|ch1=ઓ|ch2=ો|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|o}}|iso=o}}
|ભો
|''kāno ek mātra''
|-
|{{letter|ch1=ઔ|ch2=ૌ|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|əʋ}}|iso=au}}
|ભૌ
|''kāno be mātra''
|-
|{{letter|ch1=અં|ch2=્ં|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|ä}}|iso=ṁ}}
|ભં
|''anusvār''
|-
|{{letter|ch1=અઃ|ch2=્ઃ|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|ɨ}}|iso=ḥ}}
|ભઃ
|''visarga''
|-
|{{letter|ch1=ઋ|ch2=ૃ|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|ɾu}}|iso=r̥}}
|ભૃ
|-
|{{letter|ch1=ઍ|ch2=ે|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|æ}}|iso=â}}
|ભૅ
|-
|{{letter|ch1=ઑ|ch2=ો|s=Gujr|ipa={{IPA|ɔ}}|iso=ô}}
|ભૉ
|}

ર ''r'', જ ''j'' and હ ''h'' form the irregular forms of રૂ ''rū'', રુ ''ru'', જી ''jī'' and હૃ ''hṛ''.

===Consonants===
Consonants (''vyañjana'') are grouped in accordance with the traditional, linguistically based [[Sanskrit]] scheme of arrangement, which considers the usage and position of the tongue during their [[pronunciation]]. In sequence, these categories are: [[Velar consonant|velar]], [[palatal]], [[retroflex]], [[Dental consonant|dental]], [[labial consonant|labial]], [[sonorant]] and [[fricative]]. Among the first five groups, which contain the [[Stop consonant|stop]]s, the ordering starts with the [[Aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]] [[Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]], then goes on through aspirated voiceless, [[unaspirated]] [[voiced]], and aspirated voiced, ending with the [[nasal stop]]s. They all have a Devanagari counterpart.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanskrit Alphabet |url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/sanskrit-alphabet.html |website=www.user.uni-hannover.de |access-date=14 March 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922132212/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/sanskrit-alphabet.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan="3"|
! colspan="4"| [[Plosive]]
! rowspan="3"| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
! rowspan="3"| [[Sonorant]]
! rowspan="3"| [[Sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan="2"| [[Voice (phonetics)|Voiceless]]
! colspan="2"| [[Voiced]]
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Unaspirated]]
! Aspirated
! [[Unaspirated]]
! Aspirated
|-
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ક | iso = ka | ipa = {{IPA|kə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ખ | iso = kha | ipa = {{IPA|kʰə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ગ | iso = ga | ipa = {{IPA|ɡə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ઘ | iso = gha | ipa = {{IPA|ɡʱə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ઙ | iso = ṅa | ipa = {{IPA|ŋə}} }}
| colspan="2"|
|-
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ચ | iso = ca | ipa = {{IPA|tʃə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = છ | iso = cha | ipa = {{IPA|tʃʰə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = જ | iso = ja | ipa = {{IPA|dʒə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ઝ | iso = jha | ipa = {{IPA|dʒʱə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ઞ | iso = ña | ipa = {{IPA|ɲə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ય | iso = ya | ipa = {{IPA|jə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = શ | iso = śa | ipa = {{IPA|ʃə}} }}
|-
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ટ | iso = ṭa | ipa = {{IPA|ʈə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ઠ | iso = ṭha | ipa = {{IPA|ʈʰə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ડ | iso = ḍa | ipa = {{IPA|ɖə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ઢ | iso = ḍha | ipa = {{IPA|ɖʱə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ણ | iso = ṇa | ipa = {{IPA|ɳə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ર | iso = ra | ipa = {{IPA|ɾə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ષ | iso = ṣa | ipa = {{IPA|ʂə}} }}
|-
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ત | iso = ta | ipa = {{IPA|t̪ə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = થ | iso = tha | ipa = {{IPA|t̪ʰə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = દ | iso = da | ipa = {{IPA|d̪ə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ધ | iso = dha | ipa = {{IPA|d̪ʱə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ન | iso = na | ipa = {{IPA|nə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = લ | iso = la | ipa = {{IPA|lə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = સ | iso = sa | ipa = {{IPA|sə}} }}
|-
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = પ | iso = pa | ipa = {{IPA|pə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ફ | iso = pha | ipa = {{IPA|pʰə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = બ | iso = ba | ipa = {{IPA|bə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ભ | iso = bha | ipa = {{IPA|bʱə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = મ | iso = ma | ipa = {{IPA|mə}} }}
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = વ | iso = va | ipa = {{IPA|ʋə}} }}
|
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Guttural consonant|Guttural]]
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = હ | iso = ha | ipa = {{IPA|ɦə}} }}
|-
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ળ | iso = ḷa | ipa = {{IPA|ɭə}} }}
|-
! rowspan="2"|
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = ક્ષ | iso = kṣa | ipa = {{IPA|kʂə}} }}
|-
| {{letter | s=Gujr | ch = જ્ઞ | iso = jña | ipa = {{IPA|ɡɲə}} }}
|}

* Letters can take names by suffixing કાર ''kār''. The letter ર ''ra'' is an exception; it is called રેફ ''reph''.{{sfn|Dwyer|1995|p=18}}
* Starting with ક ''ka'' and ending with જ્ઞ ''jña'', the order goes:{{sfn|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=668}}
:Plosives & Nasals (left to right, top to bottom) → Sonorants & Sibilants (top to bottom, left to right) → Bottom box (top to bottom)
*The final two are compound characters that happen to be traditionally included in the set. They are indiscriminate as to their original constituents, and they are the same size as a single consonant character.
* Written (V)''h''V sets in speech result in murmured V̤(C) sets (''see [[Gujarati phonology#Murmur]]''). Thus (with ''ǐ'' = ''i'' or ''ī'', and ''ǔ'' = ''u'' or ''ū''): ''ha'' → {{IPA|[ə̤]}} from {{IPA|/ɦə/}}; ''hā'' → {{IPA|[a̤]}} from {{IPA|/ɦa/}}; ''ahe'' → {{IPA|[ɛ̤]}} from {{IPA|/əɦe/}}; ''aho'' → {{IPA|[ɔ̤]}} from {{IPA|/əɦo/}}; ''ahā'' → {{IPA|[a̤]}} from {{IPA|/əɦa/}}; ''ahǐ'' → {{IPA|[ə̤j]}} from {{IPA|/əɦi/}}; ''ahǔ'' → {{IPA|[ə̤ʋ]}} from {{IPA|/əɦu/}}; ''āhǐ'' → {{IPA|[a̤j]}} from {{IPA|/ɑɦi/}}; ''āhǔ'' → {{IPA|[a̤ʋ]}} from {{IPA|/ɑɦu/}}; etc.
[[File:IndischePhonetik.png|thumb|Indian Phonetics]]

=== Indian Phonetics ===

# [[Guttural]]
# [[Palate|Palatal]]
# [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
# [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
# [[Labial consonant|Labial]]

===Non-vowel diacritics===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Diacritic
!Name
!Function
|-
|{{letter|s=Gujr|ch=ં}}
|''[[anusvāra]]''
|style="text-align:left"|Represents [[nasal vowel|vowel nasality]] or the [[nasal stop]] [[homorganic]] with the following stop.{{sfn|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=668}}
|-
|{{letter|s=Gujr|ch=ઃ}}
|''[[visarga]]''
|style="text-align:left"|A silent, rarely used Sanskrit holdover originally representing [h]. Romanized as ''ḥ''.
|-
|{{letter|s=Gujr|ch=્}}
|''[[virāma]]''
|style="text-align:left"|Strikes out a consonant's inherent ''a''.{{sfn|Mistry|1996|p=392}} Generally unwritten.
|}

===Numerals===
{{see also|Gujarati numerals}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Arabic<br />numeral
! Gujarati<br />numeral
! Name
|-
! 0
| ૦ || ''mīṇḍu or shunya''
|-
! 1
| ૧ || ''ekado or ek''
|-
! 2
| ૨ || ''bagado or bay''
|-
! 3
| ૩ || ''tragado or tran''
|-
! 4
| ૪ || ''chogado or chaar''
|-
! 5
| ૫ || ''pāchado or paanch''
|-
! 6
| ૬ || ''chagado or chah''
|-
! 7
| ૭ || ''sātado or sāt''
|-
! 8
| ૮ || ''āṭhado or āanth''
|-
! 9
| ૯ || ''navado or nav''
|}

==Conjuncts==
[[File:Gujarati shtra.png|thumb|Combination of consonants grouping in the order ષ (in gray), ટ (in blue) and ર (in red).]]
As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join as a 'conjunct'. The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within. While standardized for the most part, there are certain variations in clustering, of which the Unicode used on this page is just one scheme. The rules:{{sfn|Mistry|1996|p=393}}

*23 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke (ખ, ધ, ળ etc.). As first or middle fragments/members of a cluster, they lose that stroke. e.g. ત + વ = ત્વ, ણ + ઢ = ણ્ઢ, થ + થ = થ્થ.
**શ ''ś(a)'' appears as a different, simple ribbon-shaped fragment preceding વ ''va'', ન ''na'', ચ ''ca'' and ર ''ra''. Thus શ્વ ''śva'', શ્ન ''śna'', શ્ચ ''śca'' and શ્ર ''śra''. In the first three cases the second member appears to be squished down to accommodate શ's ribbon fragment. In શ્ચ ''śca'' we see ચ's [[Devanagari]] equivalent of च as the squished-down second member. See the note on ર to understand the formation of શ્ર ''śra''.
*ર ''r(a)''
**as a first member it takes the form of a curved upward dash above the final character or its ''kāno''. e.g. ર્ભ ''rbha'', ર્ભા ''rbhā'', ર્ગ્મ ''rgma'', ર્ગ્મા ''rgmā''.
**as a final member
***with છ ''chha'', ટ ''ṭa'', ઠ ''ṭha'', ડ ''ḍa'', ઢ ''ḍha'' and દ ''da'', it is two lines below the character, pointed downwards and apart. Thus છ્ર, ટ્ર, ઠ્ર, ડ્ર, ઢ્ર and દ્ર.
***elsewhere it is a diagonal stroke jutting leftwards and down. e.g. ક્ર, ગ્ર, ભ્ર. ત ''ta'' is shifted up to make ત્ર ''tra''. And as said before, શ ''ś(a)'' is modified to શ્ર ''śra''.
*Vertical combination of [[geminate]]s ''ṭṭa'', ''ṭhṭha'', ''ḍḍa'' and ''ḍhḍha'': ટ્ટ, ઠ્ઠ, ડ્ડ, ઢ્ઢ. Also, ટ્ઠ ''ṭṭha'' and ડ્ઢ ''ḍḍha''.
*As first shown with શ્ચ ''śca'', while Gujarati is a separate script with its own novel characters, for compounds it will often use the Devanagari versions.
**દ ''d(a)'' as द preceding ગ ''ga'', ઘ ''gha'', ધ ''dha'', બ ''ba'' (as ब), ભ ''bha'', વ ''va'', મ ''ma'' and ર ''ra''. The first six-second members are shrunken and hang at an angle off the bottom left corner of the preceding દ/द. Thus દ્ગ ''dga'', દ્ઘ ''dgha'', દ્ધ ''ddha'', દ્બ ''dba'', દ્ભ ''dbha'', દ્વ ''dva'', દ્મ ''dma'' and દ્ર ''dra''.
**હ ''h(a)'' as ह preceding ન ''na'', મ ''ma'', ય ''ya'', ર ''ra'', વ ''va'' and ઋ ''ṛ''. Thus હ્ન ''hna'', હ્મ ''hma'', હ્ય ''hya'', હ્ર ''hra'', હ્વ ''hva'' and હૃ ''hṛ''.
**when ઙ ''ṅa'' and ઞ ''ña'' are first members we get second members of ક ''ka'' as क (only in certain fonts), ચ ''ca'' as च and જ ''ja'' as ज. ઙ forms compounds through vertical combination. ઞ's strokeless fragment connects to the stroke of the second member, jutting upwards while pushing the second member down. Thus ઙ્ક ''ṅka'', ઙ્ગ ''ṅga'', ઙ્ઘ ''ṅgha'', ઙ્ક્ષ ''ṅkṣa'', ઞ્ચ ''ñca'' and ઞ્જ ''ñja''.
*The remaining vertical stroke-less characters join by squeezing close together. e.g. ક્ય ''kya'', જ્જ ''jja''.
*Outstanding special forms: ન્ન ''nna'', ત્ત ''tta'', દ્દ ''dda'' and દ્ય ''dya''.

The role and nature of [[Sanskrit]] must be taken into consideration to understand the occurrence of consonant clusters. The [[orthography]] of written Sanskrit was completely phonetic, and had a tradition of not separating words by spaces. [[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphologically]] it was highly [[Synthetic language|synthetic]], and it had a great capacity to form large compound words. Thus clustering was highly frequent, and it is Sanskrit loanwords to the Gujarati language that are the grounds of most clusters. Gujarati, on the other hand, is more [[Analytic language|analytic]], has phonetically smaller, simpler words, and has a script whose orthography is slightly imperfect (''a''-elision) and separates words by spaces. Thus evolved Gujarati words are less a cause for clusters. The same can be said of Gujarati's other longstanding source of words, [[Persian language|Persian]], which also provides phonetically smaller and simpler words.

An example attesting to this general theme is that of the series of ''d-'' clusters. These are essentially Sanskrit clusters, using the original Devanagari forms. There are no cluster forms for formations such as ''dta'', ''dka'', etc. because such formations weren't permitted in [[Sanskrit phonology]] anyway. They are permitted under [[Gujarati phonology]], but are written unclustered (પદત ''padata'' "position", કૂદકો ''kūdko'' "leap"), with patterns such as ''a''-elision at work instead.

{| class=wikitable align=center style="font-size:12pt"
|-
! !! ક !! ખ !! ગ !! ઘ !! ઙ !! ચ !! છ !! જ !! ઝ !! ઞ !! ટ !! ઠ !! ડ !! ઢ !! ણ !! ત !! થ !! દ !! ધ !! ન !! પ !! ફ !! બ !! ભ !! મ !! ય !! ર !! લ !! ળ !! વ !! શ !! ષ !! સ !! હ
|-
! ક
| ક્ક || ક્ખ || ક્ગ || ક્ઘ || ક્ઙ || ક્ચ || ક્છ || ક્જ || ક્ઝ || ક્ઞ || ક્ટ || ક્ઠ || ક્ડ || ક્ઢ || ક્ણ || ક્ત || ક્થ || ક્દ || ક્ધ || ક્ન || ક્પ || ક્ફ || ક્બ || ક્ભ || ક્મ || ક્ય || ક્ર || ક્લ || ક્ળ || ક્વ || ક્શ || ક્ષ || ક્સ || ક્હ
|-
! ખ
| ખ્ક || ખ્ખ || ખ્ગ || ખ્ઘ || ખ્ઙ || ખ્ચ || ખ્છ || ખ્જ || ખ્ઝ || ખ્ઞ || ખ્ટ || ખ્ઠ || ખ્ડ || ખ્ઢ || ખ્ણ || ખ્ત || ખ્થ || ખ્દ || ખ્ધ || ખ્ન || ખ્પ || ખ્ફ || ખ્બ || ખ્ભ || ખ્મ || ખ્ય || ખ્ર || ખ્લ || ખ્ળ || ખ્વ || ખ્શ || ખ્ષ || ખ્સ || ખ્હ
|-
! ગ
| ગ્ક || ગ્ખ || ગ્ગ || ગ્ઘ || ગ્ઙ || ગ્ચ || ગ્છ || ગ્જ || ગ્ઝ || ગ્ઞ || ગ્ટ || ગ્ઠ || ગ્ડ || ગ્ઢ || ગ્ણ || ગ્ત || ગ્થ || ગ્દ || ગ્ધ || ગ્ન || ગ્પ || ગ્ફ || ગ્બ || ગ્ભ || ગ્મ || ગ્ય || ગ્ર || ગ્લ || ગ્ળ || ગ્વ || ગ્શ || ગ્ષ || ગ્સ || ગ્હ
|-
! ઘ
| ઘ્ક || ઘ્ખ || ઘ્ગ || ઘ્ઘ || ઘ્ઙ || ઘ્ચ || ઘ્છ || ઘ્જ || ઘ્ઝ || ઘ્ઞ || ઘ્ટ || ઘ્ઠ || ઘ્ડ || ઘ્ઢ || ઘ્ણ || ઘ્ત || ઘ્થ || ઘ્દ || ઘ્ધ || ઘ્ન || ઘ્પ || ઘ્ફ || ઘ્બ || ઘ્ભ || ઘ્મ || ઘ્ય || ઘ્ર || ઘ્લ || ઘ્ળ || ઘ્વ || ઘ્શ || ઘ્ષ || ઘ્સ || ઘ્હ
|-
! ઙ
| ઙ્ક || ઙ્ખ || ઙ્ગ || ઙ્ઘ || ઙ્ઙ || ઙ્ચ || ઙ્છ || ઙ્જ || ઙ્ઝ || ઙ્ઞ || ઙ્ટ || ઙ્ઠ || ઙ્ડ || ઙ્ઢ || ઙ્ણ || ઙ્ત || ઙ્થ || ઙ્દ || ઙ્ધ || ઙ્ન || ઙ્પ || ઙ્ફ || ઙ્બ || ઙ્ભ || ઙ્મ || ઙ્ય || ઙ્ર || ઙ્લ || ઙ્ળ || ઙ્વ || ઙ્શ || ઙ્ષ || ઙ્સ || ઙ્હ
|-
! ચ
| ચ્ક || ચ્ખ || ચ્ગ || ચ્ઘ || ચ્ઙ || ચ્ચ || ચ્છ || ચ્જ || ચ્ઝ || ચ્ઞ || ચ્ટ || ચ્ઠ || ચ્ડ || ચ્ઢ || ચ્ણ || ચ્ત || ચ્થ || ચ્દ || ચ્ધ || ચ્ન || ચ્પ || ચ્ફ || ચ્બ || ચ્ભ || ચ્મ || ચ્ય || ચ્ર || ચ્લ || ચ્ળ || ચ્વ || ચ્શ || ચ્ષ || ચ્સ || ચ્હ
|-
! છ
| છ્ક || છ્ખ || છ્ગ || છ્ઘ || છ્ઙ || છ્ચ || છ્છ || છ્જ || છ્ઝ || છ્ઞ || છ્ટ || છ્ઠ || છ્ડ || છ્ઢ || છ્ણ || છ્ત || છ્થ || છ્દ || છ્ધ || છ્ન || છ્પ || છ્ફ || છ્બ || છ્ભ || છ્મ || છ્ય || છ્ર || છ્લ || છ્ળ || છ્વ || છ્શ || છ્ષ || છ્સ || છ્હ
|-
! જ
| જ્ક || જ્ખ || જ્ગ || જ્ઘ || જ્ઙ || જ્ચ || જ્છ || જ્જ || જ્ઝ || જ્ઞ || જ્ટ || જ્ઠ || જ્ડ || જ્ઢ || જ્ણ || જ્ત || જ્થ || જ્દ || જ્ધ || જ્ન || જ્પ || જ્ફ || જ્બ || જ્ભ || જ્મ || જ્ય || જ્ર || જ્લ || જ્ળ || જ્વ || જ્શ || જ્ષ || જ્સ || જ્હ
|-
! ઝ
| ઝ્ક || ઝ્ખ || ઝ્ગ || ઝ્ઘ || ઝ્ઙ || ઝ્ચ || ઝ્છ || ઝ્જ || ઝ્ઝ || ઝ્ઞ || ઝ્ટ || ઝ્ઠ || ઝ્ડ || ઝ્ઢ || ઝ્ણ || ઝ્ત || ઝ્થ || ઝ્દ || ઝ્ધ || ઝ્ન || ઝ્પ || ઝ્ફ || ઝ્બ || ઝ્ભ || ઝ્મ || ઝ્ય || ઝ્ર || ઝ્લ || ઝ્ળ || ઝ્વ || ઝ્શ || ઝ્ષ || ઝ્સ || ઝ્હ
|-
! ઞ
| ઞ્ક || ઞ્ખ || ઞ્ગ || ઞ્ઘ || ઞ્ઙ || ઞ્ચ || ઞ્છ || ઞ્જ || ઞ્ઝ || ઞ્ઞ || ઞ્ટ || ઞ્ઠ || ઞ્ડ || ઞ્ઢ || ઞ્ણ || ઞ્ત || ઞ્થ || ઞ્દ || ઞ્ધ || ઞ્ન || ઞ્પ || ઞ્ફ || ઞ્બ || ઞ્ભ || ઞ્મ || ઞ્ય || ઞ્ર || ઞ્લ || ઞ્ળ || ઞ્વ || ઞ્શ || ઞ્ષ || ઞ્સ || ઞ્હ
|-
! ટ
| ટ્ક || ટ્ખ || ટ્ગ || ટ્ઘ || ટ્ઙ || ટ્ચ || ટ્છ || ટ્જ || ટ્ઝ || ટ્ઞ || ટ્ટ || ટ્ઠ || ટ્ડ || ટ્ઢ || ટ્ણ || ટ્ત || ટ્થ || ટ્દ || ટ્ધ || ટ્ન || ટ્પ || ટ્ફ || ટ્બ || ટ્ભ || ટ્મ || ટ્ય || ટ્ર || ટ્લ || ટ્ળ || ટ્વ || ટ્શ || ટ્ષ || ટ્સ || ટ્હ
|-
! ઠ
| ઠ્ક || ઠ્ખ || ઠ્ગ || ઠ્ઘ || ઠ્ઙ || ઠ્ચ || ઠ્છ || ઠ્જ || ઠ્ઝ || ઠ્ઞ || ઠ્ટ || ઠ્ઠ || ઠ્ડ || ઠ્ઢ || ઠ્ણ || ઠ્ત || ઠ્થ || ઠ્દ || ઠ્ધ || ઠ્ન || ઠ્પ || ઠ્ફ || ઠ્બ || ઠ્ભ || ઠ્મ || ઠ્ય || ઠ્ર || ઠ્લ || ઠ્ળ || ઠ્વ || ઠ્શ || ઠ્ષ || ઠ્સ || ઠ્હ
|-
! ડ
| ડ્ક || ડ્ખ || ડ્ગ || ડ્ઘ || ડ્ઙ || ડ્ચ || ડ્છ || ડ્જ || ડ્ઝ || ડ્ઞ || ડ્ટ || ડ્ઠ || ડ્ડ || ડ્ઢ || ડ્ણ || ડ્ત || ડ્થ || ડ્દ || ડ્ધ || ડ્ન || ડ્પ || ડ્ફ || ડ્બ || ડ્ભ || ડ્મ || ડ્ય || ડ્ર || ડ્લ || ડ્ળ || ડ્વ || ડ્શ || ડ્ષ || ડ્સ || ડ્હ
|-
! ઢ
| ઢ્ક || ઢ્ખ || ઢ્ગ || ઢ્ઘ || ઢ્ઙ || ઢ્ચ || ઢ્છ || ઢ્જ || ઢ્ઝ || ઢ્ઞ || ઢ્ટ || ઢ્ઠ || ઢ્ડ || ઢ્ઢ || ઢ્ણ || ઢ્ત || ઢ્થ || ઢ્દ || ઢ્ધ || ઢ્ન || ઢ્પ || ઢ્ફ || ઢ્બ || ઢ્ભ || ઢ્મ || ઢ્ય || ઢ્ર || ઢ્લ || ઢ્ળ || ઢ્વ || ઢ્શ || ઢ્ષ || ઢ્સ || ઢ્હ
|-
! ણ
| ણ્ક || ણ્ખ || ણ્ગ || ણ્ઘ || ણ્ઙ || ણ્ચ || ણ્છ || ણ્જ || ણ્ઝ || ણ્ઞ || ણ્ટ || ણ્ઠ || ણ્ડ || ણ્ઢ || ણ્ણ || ણ્ત || ણ્થ || ણ્દ || ણ્ધ || ણ્ન || ણ્પ || ણ્ફ || ણ્બ || ણ્ભ || ણ્મ || ણ્ય || ણ્ર || ણ્લ || ણ્ળ || ણ્વ || ણ્શ || ણ્ષ || ણ્સ || ણ્હ
|-
! ત
| ત્ક || ત્ખ || ત્ગ || ત્ઘ || ત્ઙ || ત્ચ || ત્છ || ત્જ || ત્ઝ || ત્ઞ || ત્ટ || ત્ઠ || ત્ડ || ત્ઢ || ત્ણ || ત્ત || ત્થ || ત્દ || ત્ધ || ત્ન || ત્પ || ત્ફ || ત્બ || ત્ભ || ત્મ || ત્ય || ત્ર || ત્લ || ત્ળ || ત્વ || ત્શ || ત્ષ || ત્સ || ત્હ
|-
! થ
| થ્ક || થ્ખ || થ્ગ || થ્ઘ || થ્ઙ || થ્ચ || થ્છ || થ્જ || થ્ઝ || થ્ઞ || થ્ટ || થ્ઠ || થ્ડ || થ્ઢ || થ્ણ || થ્ત || થ્થ || થ્દ || થ્ધ || થ્ન || થ્પ || થ્ફ || થ્બ || થ્ભ || થ્મ || થ્ય || થ્ર || થ્લ || થ્ળ || થ્વ || થ્શ || થ્ષ || થ્સ || થ્હ
|-
! દ
| દ્ક || દ્ખ || દ્ગ || દ્ઘ || દ્ઙ || દ્ચ || દ્છ || દ્જ || દ્ઝ || દ્ઞ || દ્ટ || દ્ઠ || દ્ડ || દ્ઢ || દ્ણ || દ્ત || દ્થ || દ્દ || દ્ધ || દ્ન || દ્પ || દ્ફ || દ્બ || દ્ભ || દ્મ || દ્ય || દ્ર || દ્લ || દ્ળ || દ્વ || દ્શ || દ્ષ || દ્સ || દ્હ
|-
! ધ
| ધ્ક || ધ્ખ || ધ્ગ || ધ્ઘ || ધ્ઙ || ધ્ચ || ધ્છ || ધ્જ || ધ્ઝ || ધ્ઞ || ધ્ટ || ધ્ઠ || ધ્ડ || ધ્ઢ || ધ્ણ || ધ્ત || ધ્થ || ધ્દ || ધ્ધ || ધ્ન || ધ્પ || ધ્ફ || ધ્બ || ધ્ભ || ધ્મ || ધ્ય || ધ્ર || ધ્લ || ધ્ળ || ધ્વ || ધ્શ || ધ્ષ || ધ્સ || ધ્હ
|-
! ન
| ન્ક || ન્ખ || ન્ગ || ન્ઘ || ન્ઙ || ન્ચ || ન્છ || ન્જ || ન્ઝ || ન્ઞ || ન્ટ || ન્ઠ || ન્ડ || ન્ઢ || ન્ણ || ન્ત || ન્થ || ન્દ || ન્ધ || ન્ન || ન્પ || ન્ફ || ન્બ || ન્ભ || ન્મ || ન્ય || ન્ર || ન્લ || ન્ળ || ન્વ || ન્શ || ન્ષ || ન્સ || ન્હ
|-
! પ
| પ્ક || પ્ખ || પ્ગ || પ્ઘ || પ્ઙ || પ્ચ || પ્છ || પ્જ || પ્ઝ || પ્ઞ || પ્ટ || પ્ઠ || પ્ડ || પ્ઢ || પ્ણ || પ્ત || પ્થ || પ્દ || પ્ધ || પ્ન || પ્પ || પ્ફ || પ્બ || પ્ભ || પ્મ || પ્ય || પ્ર || પ્લ || પ્ળ || પ્વ || પ્શ || પ્ષ || પ્સ || પ્હ
|-
! ફ
| ફ્ક || ફ્ખ || ફ્ગ || ફ્ઘ || ફ્ઙ || ફ્ચ || ફ્છ || ફ્જ || ફ્ઝ || ફ્ઞ || ફ્ટ || ફ્ઠ || ફ્ડ || ફ્ઢ || ફ્ણ || ફ્ત || ફ્થ || ફ્દ || ફ્ધ || ફ્ન || ફ્પ || ફ્ફ || ફ્બ || ફ્ભ || ફ્મ || ફ્ય || ફ્ર || ફ્લ || ફ્ળ || ફ્વ || ફ્શ || ફ્ષ || ફ્સ || ફ્હ
|-
! બ
| બ્ક || બ્ખ || બ્ગ || બ્ઘ || બ્ઙ || બ્ચ || બ્છ || બ્જ || બ્ઝ || બ્ઞ || બ્ટ || બ્ઠ || બ્ડ || બ્ઢ || બ્ણ || બ્ત || બ્થ || બ્દ || બ્ધ || બ્ન || બ્પ || બ્ફ || બ્બ || બ્ભ || બ્મ || બ્ય || બ્ર || બ્લ || બ્ળ || બ્વ || બ્શ || બ્ષ || બ્સ || બ્હ
|-
! ભ
| ભ્ક || ભ્ખ || ભ્ગ || ભ્ઘ || ભ્ઙ || ભ્ચ || ભ્છ || ભ્જ || ભ્ઝ || ભ્ઞ || ભ્ટ || ભ્ઠ || ભ્ડ || ભ્ઢ || ભ્ણ || ભ્ત || ભ્થ || ભ્દ || ભ્ધ || ભ્ન || ભ્પ || ભ્ફ || ભ્બ || ભ્ભ || ભ્મ || ભ્ય || ભ્ર || ભ્લ || ભ્ળ || ભ્વ || ભ્શ || ભ્ષ || ભ્સ || ભ્હ
|-
! મ
| મ્ક || મ્ખ || મ્ગ || મ્ઘ || મ્ઙ || મ્ચ || મ્છ || મ્જ || મ્ઝ || મ્ઞ || મ્ટ || મ્ઠ || મ્ડ || મ્ઢ || મ્ણ || મ્ત || મ્થ || મ્દ || મ્ધ || મ્ન || મ્પ || મ્ફ || મ્બ || મ્ભ || મ્મ || મ્ય || મ્ર || મ્લ || મ્ળ || મ્વ || મ્શ || મ્ષ || મ્સ || મ્હ
|-
! ય
| ય્ક || ય્ખ || ય્ગ || ય્ઘ || ય્ઙ || ય્ચ || ય્છ || ય્જ || ય્ઝ || ય્ઞ || ય્ટ || ય્ઠ || ય્ડ || ય્ઢ || ય્ણ || ય્ત || ય્થ || ય્દ || ય્ધ || ય્ન || ય્પ || ય્ફ || ય્બ || ય્ભ || ય્મ || ય્ય || ય્ર || ય્લ || ય્ળ || ય્વ || ય્શ || ય્ષ || ય્સ || ય્હ
|-
! ર
| ર્ક || ર્ખ || ર્ગ || ર્ઘ || ર્ઙ || ર્ચ || ર્છ || ર્જ || ર્ઝ || ર્ઞ || ર્ટ || ર્ઠ || ર્ડ || ર્ઢ || ર્ણ || ર્ત || ર્થ || ર્દ || ર્ધ || ર્ન || ર્પ || ર્ફ || ર્બ || ર્ભ || ર્મ || ર્ય || ર્ર || ર્લ || ર્ળ || ર્વ || ર્શ || ર્ષ || ર્સ || ર્હ
|-
! લ
| લ્ક || લ્ખ || લ્ગ || લ્ઘ || લ્ઙ || લ્ચ || લ્છ || લ્જ || લ્ઝ || લ્ઞ || લ્ટ || લ્ઠ || લ્ડ || લ્ઢ || લ્ણ || લ્ત || લ્થ || લ્દ || લ્ધ || લ્ન || લ્પ || લ્ફ || લ્બ || લ્ભ || લ્મ || લ્ય || લ્ર || લ્લ || લ્ળ || લ્વ || લ્શ || લ્ષ || લ્સ || લ્હ
|-
! ળ
| ળ્ક || ળ્ખ || ળ્ગ || ળ્ઘ || ળ્ઙ || ળ્ચ || ળ્છ || ળ્જ || ળ્ઝ || ળ્ઞ || ળ્ટ || ળ્ઠ || ળ્ડ || ળ્ઢ || ળ્ણ || ળ્ત || ળ્થ || ળ્દ || ળ્ધ || ળ્ન || ળ્પ || ળ્ફ || ળ્બ || ળ્ભ || ળ્મ || ળ્ય || ળ્ર || ળ્લ || ળ્ળ || ળ્વ || ળ્શ || ળ્ષ || ળ્સ || ળ્હ
|-
! વ
| વ્ક || વ્ખ || વ્ગ || વ્ઘ || વ્ઙ || વ્ચ || વ્છ || વ્જ || વ્ઝ || વ્ઞ || વ્ટ || વ્ઠ || વ્ડ || વ્ઢ || વ્ણ || વ્ત || વ્થ || વ્દ || વ્ધ || વ્ન || વ્પ || વ્ફ || વ્બ || વ્ભ || વ્મ || વ્ય || વ્ર || વ્લ || વ્ળ || વ્વ || વ્શ || વ્ષ || વ્સ || વ્હ
|-
! શ
| શ્ક || શ્ખ || શ્ગ || શ્ઘ || શ્ઙ || શ્ચ || શ્છ || શ્જ || શ્ઝ || શ્ઞ || શ્ટ || શ્ઠ || શ્ડ || શ્ઢ || શ્ણ || શ્ત || શ્થ || શ્દ || શ્ધ || શ્ન || શ્પ || શ્ફ || શ્બ || શ્ભ || શ્મ || શ્ય || શ્ર || શ્લ || શ્ળ || શ્વ || શ્શ || શ્ષ || શ્સ || શ્હ
|-
! ષ
| ષ્ક || ષ્ખ || ષ્ગ || ષ્ઘ || ષ્ઙ || ષ્ચ || ષ્છ || ષ્જ || ષ્ઝ || ષ્ઞ || ષ્ટ || ષ્ઠ || ષ્ડ || ષ્ઢ || ષ્ણ || ષ્ત || ષ્થ || ષ્દ || ષ્ધ || ષ્ન || ષ્પ || ષ્ફ || ષ્બ || ષ્ભ || ષ્મ || ષ્ય || ષ્ર || ષ્લ || ષ્ળ || ષ્વ || ષ્શ || ષ્ષ || ષ્સ || ષ્હ
|-
! સ
| સ્ક || સ્ખ || સ્ગ || સ્ઘ || સ્ઙ || સ્ચ || સ્છ || સ્જ || સ્ઝ || સ્ઞ || સ્ટ || સ્ઠ || સ્ડ || સ્ઢ || સ્ણ || સ્ત || સ્થ || સ્દ || સ્ધ || સ્ન || સ્પ || સ્ફ || સ્બ || સ્ભ || સ્મ || સ્ય || સ્ર || સ્લ || સ્ળ || સ્વ || સ્શ || સ્ષ || સ્સ || સ્હ
|-
! હ
| હ્ક || હ્ખ || હ્ગ || હ્ઘ || હ્ઙ || હ્ચ || હ્છ || હ્જ || હ્ઝ || હ્ઞ || હ્ટ || હ્ઠ || હ્ડ || હ્ઢ || હ્ણ || હ્ત || હ્થ || હ્દ || હ્ધ || હ્ન || હ્પ || હ્ફ || હ્બ || હ્ભ || હ્મ || હ્ય || હ્ર || હ્લ || હ્ળ || હ્વ || હ્શ || હ્ષ || હ્સ || હ્હ
|}

==Romanization==
Gujarati is [[Romanization|romanized]] throughout [[Wikipedia]] in "standard [[oriental studies|orientalist]]" '''[[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]]''' as outlined in {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=xv}}. Being "primarily a system of '''''[[transliteration]]''''' from the Indian scripts, [and] based in turn upon [[Sanskrit]]" (cf. [[IAST]]), these are its salient features: [[Underdot|subscript dots]] for [[retroflex consonant]]s; [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]]s for etymologically, contrastively [[long vowel]]s; ''h'' denoting [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] [[Stop consonant|stop]]s. [[Tilde]]s denote [[nasalized vowel]]s and [[Underline|underlining]] denotes [[Breathy voice|murmured]] vowels.

[[Vowel]]s and [[consonant]]s are outlined in the tables below. Hovering the mouse cursor over them will reveal the appropriate [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbol. Finally, there are three Wikipedia-specific additions: ''f'' is used interchangeably with ''ph'', representing the widespread realization of {{IPA|/pʰ/}} as {{IPA|[f]}}; ''â'' and ''ô'' for novel characters ઍ {{IPA|[æ]}} and ઑ {{IPA|[ɔ]}}; ''ǎ'' for {{IPA|[ə]}}'s where [[elision]] is uncertain. See [[Gujarati phonology]] for further clarification.

{|
|-
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''[[Vowel]]s'''
! !![[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{tooltip|2=/i/|i/ī|dotted=no}}|| ||colspan="2"|{{tooltip|2=/u/|u/ū|dotted=no}}
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{tooltip|2=/e/|e|dotted=no}}||||{{tooltip|2=/o/|o|dotted=no}}
|-
|{{tooltip|2=/ɛ/|ɛ|dotted=no}}||{{tooltip|2=/ə/|a|dotted=no}}||{{tooltip|2=/ɔ/|ɔ|dotted=no}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| ||{{tooltip|2=/ɑ/|ā|dotted=no}}||
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|+'''[[Consonant]]s'''
!
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental consonant|Labio-<br>dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! colspan="2" | [[Post-alveolar|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align=center
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{tooltip|2=/p/|p|dotted=no}}<br>{{tooltip|2=/pʰ/|ph|dotted=no}}
| {{tooltip|2=/b/|b|dotted=no}}<br>{{tooltip|2=/bʱ/|bh|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{tooltip|2=/t̪/|t|dotted=no}}<br>{{tooltip|2=/t̪ʰ/|th|dotted=no}}
| {{tooltip|2=/d̪/|d|dotted=no}}<br>{{tooltip|2=/d̪ʱ/|dh|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{tooltip|2=/ʈ/|ṭ|dotted=no}}<br>{{tooltip|2=/ʈʰ/|ṭh|dotted=no}}
| {{tooltip|2=/ɖ/|ḍ|dotted=no}}<br>{{tooltip|2=/ɖʱ/|ḍh|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{tooltip|2=/k/|k|dotted=no}}<br>{{tooltip|2=/kʰ/|kh|dotted=no}}
| {{tooltip|2=/g/|g|dotted=no}}<br>{{tooltip|2=/gʱ/|gh|dotted=no}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|-align=center
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{tooltip|2=/tʃ/|c|dotted=no}}<br>{{tooltip|2=/tʃʰ/|ch|dotted=no}}
| {{tooltip|2=/dʒ/|j|dotted=no}}<br>{{tooltip|2=/dʒʱ/|jh|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| colspan="2" | {{tooltip|2=/m/|m|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{tooltip|2=/n/|n|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" | {{tooltip|2=/ɳ/|ṇ|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" | {{tooltip|2=[ɲ]|ñ|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" | {{tooltip|2=[ŋ]|ṅ|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
! [[Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
|
|
| colspan="2" |
| {{tooltip|2=/s/|s|dotted=no}}
|
| {{tooltip|2=/ʃ/; [ʂ] before /ʈ, ʈʰ/|ṣ|dotted=no}}
|
| {{tooltip|2=/ʃ/|ś|dotted=no}}
|
|
|
|
| {{tooltip|2=/ɦ/|h|dotted=no}}
|- align=center
! [[Flap consonant|Tap or Flap]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{tooltip|2=/ɾ/|r|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" | {{tooltip|2=[ɽ]|ṛ|dotted=no}}<br>{{tooltip|2=[ɽʱ]|ṛh|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
! [[Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{tooltip|2=/ʋ/|v|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{tooltip|2=/j/|y|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
! [[Lateral approximant|Lateral<br>approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{tooltip|2=/l/|l|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" | {{tooltip|2=/ɭ/|ḷ|dotted=no}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|}
|}

==Unicode==
Gujarati script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Gujarati is U+0A80–U+0AFF:

{{Unicode chart Gujarati}}

Further details regarding how to use Unicode for creating Gujarati script can be found on Wikibooks: [[b:Gujarati/How to use Unicode in creating Gujarati script|How to use Unicode in creating Gujarati script]].

==Gujarati keyboard layouts==
[[File:Gujarati InScript Keyboard Layout.jpg|thumb|580x580px|left|The standard Gujarati InScript bilingual keyboard layout to type Gujǎrātī Lipi in Windows OS based computers.|alt=The standard Gujarati InScript bilingual keyboard layout to type Gujǎrātī Lipi in Windows OS based computers.]]
[[Image:Guj Script Inscipt kb 01.PNG|[[INSCRIPT]] Keyboard - available for MS Windows, Linux, Unix, Solaris.]]

==ISCII==
The [[Indian Script Code for Information Interchange]] (ISCII) code-page identifier for Gujarati script is 57010.

==See also==
* [[Gujarati Braille]]
* [[Gujarati grammar]]
*Wikibooks: [[b:How to use Unicode in creating Gujarati script|How to use Unicode in creating Gujarati script]]
*[[Unicode and HTML]]
*[[Yudit]] - [[open source]] tool for editing in Gujarati and other Unicode scripts.
*[[b:Gujarati|Gujarati course in Wikibooks]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation
|last1= Cardona
|first1= George
|year=2003
|author-link1= George Cardona
|last2= Suthar
|first2= Babu
|author-link2= Babu Suthar
|chapter=Gujarati
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA659|editor1-last= Cardona
|editor1-first= George
|editor2-last= Jain
|editor2-first= Dhanesh
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
}}.
*{{Citation
|last = Dwyer
|first = Rachel
|year = 1995
|title = Teach Yourself Gujarati
|place = London
|publisher = Hodder and Stoughton
|url = http://www.racheldwyer.com/publications.html
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080102081737/http://racheldwyer.com/publications.html
|archive-date = 2008-01-02
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Masica
|first=Colin
|author-link=Colin Masica
|year=1991
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|place= Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Mistry
|first=P.J.
|year=2001
|chapter=Gujarati
|editor1-last= Garry
|editor1-first= Jane
|editor2-last= Rubino
|editor2-first= Carl
|title=An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present
|publisher=New England Publishing Associates
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Mistry
|first=P.J.
|year=1996
|chapter=Gujarati Writing
|editor1-last= Daniels
|editor2-last= Bright
|title=The World's Writing Systems
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=9780195079937}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Tisdall
|first=W.S.
|year=1892
|title=A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language : together with A short reading book and vocabulary
|url=https://archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00tisdiala
|publisher=London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trúbner
}}.

==External links==
{{commons category|Gujarati script}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150323184959/http://www.tdil.mit.gov.in/ TDIL]: Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, India
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081030045122/http://freenet-homepage.de/prilop/sanskrit-alphabet.html Gujarati/Sanskrit alphabet] with an extensive list of conjuncts
* [http://gu.wiktionary.org Gujarati Wiktionary]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090618120224/http://www.geocities.com/matthewblackwell/editors/gujaratiEditor2.htm Gujarati Editor]
* [https://archive.org/details/svarpnusandhnae00ojhgoog Example of Gujarati literature].

===Keyboard and script resources===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050416172647/http://www.indlinux.org/keymap/gujarati.php The India Linux Project - Gujarati]
* [http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/keyboards.mspx MS Windows keyboard layout reference for major world languages]
* Sun Microsystems reference: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050416224030/http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/817-2521/6mi67tj4k?a=view Indic keyboard layouts]
* Linux: [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217200227/http://rohini.ncst.ernet.in/IndiX/e_introduction.html Indic language support]
* Fedora project Gujarati keyboard layout: [http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/I18N/Indic/GujaratiKeyboardLayouts I18N/Indic/GujaratiKeyboardLayouts - Fedora Project Wiki]

{{Gujarati language}}
{{List of writing systems}}
{{Portal bar|Languages|India}}

[[Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes]]
[[Category:Gujarati language]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]

St. Anne's High School, Fort, Mumbai

2026-01-23T12:38:20Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Starting initial entry needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Anne's High School, Fort, Mumbai
| logo =
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| location = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| address = Madame Cama Road, Fort
| zipcode = 400 001
| coordinates =
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| schooltype = Day; Non-residential
| grades = Junior Preparatory to Class 10
| houses = St. Matthew (red), St. Mark (blue), St. Luke (yellow), St. John (green)
| colours = Red, Blue, Yellow and Green <br />{{color box|red}}{{color box|blue}}{{color box|yellow}}{{color box|green}}
| established = 1929
| founder = Religious of Jesus and Mary
| sister_school = Convent of Jesus and Mary, Fort, Mumbai (Fort Convent)
| principal = Sr. Flory Fargose
}}

'''St. Anne's High School, Fort, Mumbai,''' popularly known as ''St. Anne's, Fort'' is a private girls school in Mumbai, India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Anne's High School, Fort, Mumbai|url=http://annesmumbai.tripod.com/}}</ref> Established in 1929, the school is part of the global network of [[Convent of Jesus and Mary]] schools and is considered one of [[South Mumbai]]’s legacy schools.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 September 2019|title=90-year-old-south-mumbai-school-switches-to-icse|work=Mumbai Mirror|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/90-year-old-south-mumbai-school-switches-to-icse/articleshow/71343976.cms}}</ref>

The school is housed at Grosvenor House on Madame Cama Road in the heart of the historical [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]] neighbourhood of South Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cathedral of Holy Name, Mumbai - Schools|url=http://cathedraloftheholyname.org/schools/|website=Cathedral of the Holy Name}}</ref> The school is across the street from the [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai|National Gallery of Modern Art]] and the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] museum and is about ten minutes walking distance from the [[Gateway of India]], [[Oval Maidan]] and [[Cooperage Ground]], all historical landmarks of the city. The locality is home to several reputed schools of Mumbai like [[Campion School, Mumbai|Campion School]] and [[Fort Convent School, Mumbai|Fort Convent School]].

== History ==
The school was established on 11 June 1929 by the pioneering team of Mother Beatrice Marti Sr. Pauline Coelho and Sr. Ida Mendes of the [[Religious of Jesus and Mary|Congregation of the Religious of Jesus and Mary]], a [[Roman Catholic]] order founded by Claudine Thévenet ([[Mary of St. Ignatius]]) in Lyon, France in 1818.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Milestones – Stannes Fort|url=http://www.stannesfort.com/milestones/|website=www.stannesfort.com|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> The work of the Congregation started in India in November 1842 with the arrival of five French nuns at Agra. On 18 December 1850, nuns from the Congregation arrived in the [[Mazagaon]] neighbourhood of the erstwhile [[Bombay Presidency]] (now included in the mega-city of [[Mumbai]]), not far from the present St. Anne Church. The nuns of the Congregation went on to establish many educational institutions in Mumbai including the St. Anne's High School in Fort.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} St. Agnes' High School|url=https://stagneshighschool.org/about-us/history/|website=stagneshighschool.org|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>

=== Foundation and early years (1929 to 1942) ===
1929 - The school started operating from a large rented room in Derby Hotel at [[Colaba Causeway]] in June 1929. On the first day, 59 students were admitted to the school.<ref name=":0" />

1930 - As the number of students began to swell, the school moved to the second floor of Ormsby House on Ormiston road at [[Wellington Pier (Bombay)|Wellington Pier]], [[Colaba]]. At this time, 120 students were enrolled in the school. In the period that followed, the school began operating toddlers' classes from the ground floor of the building. In this year, the school was placed under the patronage of St. Anne's and was given its name.<ref name=":0" />

1931 - This was a significant year in the school's history as the first batch appeared for the Bombay matriculation examination. The school operated from Jer Villa (Steafan Hall) on Wodehouse Road in [[Colaba]] during this period.<ref name=":0" />

1934 - For the next 8 years, the school was housed at The Grange (Archbishop's house) on Wodehouse Road.<ref name=":0" />

1942 - The school came to be housed in the building that has been its abode ever since. The nuns of [[Religious of Jesus and Mary]] purchased Grosvenor House opposite the [[Cowasji Jehangir Hall]], Colaba in this year.<ref name=":0" />

== 21st Century ==
St. Anne's, Fort is a [[Christian Minority Institution]] claiming rights and privileges under Articles 29 and 30 of the [[Constitution of India]]. While, the school retains its unique Catholic identity, it is open to students from all castes and creeds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Anne's: Information|url=http://annesmumbai.tripod.com/gen_info.htm}}</ref> Today, the school has 930 students and 34 staff members.<ref name=":0" />

The school migrated from Maharashtra State Board Secondary and Higher Secondary (SSC) curriculum to Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) curriculum in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=90-year-old south Mumbai school switches to ICSE|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/90-year-old-south-mumbai-school-switches-to-icse/articleshow/71343976.cms|last=Gaikwad|first=Rahi|date=September 28, 2020|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> The ICSE curriculum was introduced for up to class VIII and the SSC classes will be discontinued by 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title=St Anne's High School moves to ICSE board|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/st-annes-high-school-moves-to-icse-board/articleshow/71357617.cms|date=29 September 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>

St Anne's, Fort shares the use of Sabina Chandrashekhar Memorial Municipal ground (formerly called Wellington Garden) with other schools in the neighbourhood. In 2014, Colaba residents and principals of the schools protested against Mumbai's civic body, [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]'s proposed construction of a municipal swimming pool on the grounds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colaba residents, schools protest plan for swimming pool in garden|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/colaba-residents-schools-protest-plan-for-swimming-pool-in-garden/|date=2014-02-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Kajal Aggarwal|Kajal Agarwa]]<nowiki/>l, [[Indian people|Indian]] film actress and model.
* [[Dhvani Desai]], Animation Filmmaker.
* [[Tanishaa Mukerji]], Indian film actress.
* [[Sanaya Irani]], Television actress, model.
* [[Shubhangi Swarup]], Indian print journalist, filmmaker, novelist and educationist<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shubhangi Swarup|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/authors/2198800/shubhangi-swarup|website=Penguin Random House Canada|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>
[[Namita Mundada]] Member of Legaslative Assembly

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Anne's High School, Fort, Mumbai}}
[[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1929]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1929 establishments in India]]

Bain Kuan

2026-01-09T09:41:45Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding basic article from scratch - done

{{short description|Village in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}

'''Bain Kuan'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Bainkuan|url=http://www.onefivenine.com|accessdate=2014-08-25}}</ref> is a small village in Tehsil [[Paonta sahib]], district [[Sirmaur district|Sirmour]], Himachal Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bain Kuan Village Population – Paonta Sahib – Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/23303-bain-kuan-himachal-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=census2011.co.in}}</ref> It is situated at Paonta-Jamniwala road which is further connected to NH-72 at Majra. This village comes under the Jamniwala ''[[Gram Panchayat]]''. This village is about {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} away from the [[Paonta sahib]]. The nearest villages are Jamniwala and Kishanpura. It is on the bank of the river [[Bata (river)|Bata]].

Pin code: 173025
STD Code: 01704
Language: Hindi, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
Time Zone: GMT+5:30
Altitude: 389m

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|30|27|17|N|77|35|22|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Villages in Sirmaur district]]

{{India-stub}}

Rabindra Sadan

2025-12-04T04:45:21Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: basic cleaned up section for clarity

{{Short description|Cultural centre and theatre in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox venue
| name = Rabindra Sadan
| image = Rabindra Sadan - Kolkata 2011-10-16 160515.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_size =
| caption = Rabindra Sadan, Kolkata
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| elevation =
| building_type =
| architectural_style =
| structural_system =
| ren_cost =
| client =
| owner = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| location = [[South Kolkata]], India
| address =
| coordinates =
| opened = {{Start date|1961|df=y}}
| renovated = 1999<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-owned-auditorium-rates-raised/cid/910348|title=STATE-OWNED AUDITORIUM RATES RAISED|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref> <br> 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rabindra-sadan-makeover-gets-90-day-deadline/articleshow/46267858.cms?from=mdr|title=Rabindra Sadan makeover gets 90-day deadline|date=17 February 2015|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>
| capacity = 1200 (Rabindra Sadan hall)
| acreage = 4.5 acres
| builder =
| cost =
| public_transit = [[Rabindra Sadan metro station]] ([[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]])
}}
'''Rabindra Sadan''' is a cultural centre and theatre complex in [[Kolkata]], India. It is located on [[AJC Bose Road|Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Road]] in [[South Kolkata]]. It is noted for its large stage which is a prime venue for [[Bengali theatre]] and [[Kolkata Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tributes-to-tagore-on-his-150th-birth-centenary-1380888 | title=Tributes to Tagore on his 150th birth centenary | publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] | date=9 May 2010 | author=PTI | access-date=18 November 2018 }}</ref> It was established in 1961 to mark the birth centenary of Nobel Laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]], its foundation was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 5 August 1961, and construction was completed in 1967. The venue has since become a major hub for Bengali cultural life, hosting theatre productions, concerts, and the [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]. Named in honor of Tagore, the complex has been renovated multiple times, most recently in 2022, and continues to serve as a significant center for artistic and literary expression in West Bengal.

== History ==
[[File:MoheenerGhoraguli-group.jpg|thumb|In 1979, [[Moheener Ghoraguli]] performed in a concert at Rabindra Sadan]]
Rabindra Sadan, a prominent cultural and theatre complex in [[Kolkata]], was conceptualized to commemorate the birth centenary of [[Nobel Prize winners in 1913|Nobel prize winner]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1961. The foundation stone was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 5 August 1961, and construction was completed in October 1967.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=Sahanawaz |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/CULTURE_AND_TRADITION_OF_WEST_BENGAL/V_IkEQAAQBAJ |title=CULTURE AND TRADITION OF WEST BENGAL |date=2024-09-27 |publisher=Self publishing |page=123 |language=en}}</ref> The centre was established as a major venue for Bengali theatre and cultural events, including the [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]. Named in honor of Tagore, who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913, Rabindra Sadan has since served as a nucleus for [[Culture of Bengal|Bengali cultural]] life. The structure has undergone multiple renovations in 1999, 2016, and most recently in 2022 to maintain its modernity and relevance.<ref name="Hussian">{{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=Sahanawaz |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Art_and_culture_of_west_Bengal/rwIREQAAQBAJ |title=Art and culture of west Bengal |date=2024-01-01 |publisher=Crown publishing |page=216 |language=en}}</ref>

== Features ==
The Rabindra Sadan has two storeys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/seagull-empire-at-rabindra-sadan-calcutta|title=Seagull Empire at Rabindra Sadan, Calcutta|website=Red Bull|access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref> The complex now houses the Rabindra Sadan stage, [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]], [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]], Gaganendra Pradarshanshala, [[Sisir Mancha]], Nazrul Academy etc. among other centers of cultural activities. Rabindrasadan Auditorium has seating capacity of around 1200 audience. The building is surrounded by serene and peaceful surroundings that create a welcoming atmosphere for visitors. As one enters the premises, the elegant architectural design stands out, reflecting the cultural importance of the space. The auditorium is specially designed with acoustics that enhance sound clarity and emotional impact, allowing every note and word to resonate effectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khatch |first=Nicholas |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Top_50_Best_Things_to_do_in_Kolkata_Indi/Fj3OEAAAQBAJ |title=Top 50 Best Things to do in Kolkata, India: The Most In-Depth Travel Guide to Kolkata, India |date=2023-07-31 |publisher=NK |language=en}}</ref> In addition to the main Rabindra Sadan stage, the complex houses several other institutions like Nandan, Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi, Gaganendra Pradarshanshala, Sisir Mancha, and the Nazrul Academy, making it a hub for diverse cultural activities.<ref name="Hussian"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rabindra Sadan}}
* [https://www.mapsofindia.com/kolkata/places-of-interest/famous-monuments/rabindra-sadan.html Rabindra Sadan profile]

{{Bengali theatre}}

{{Coord|22|32|30.65|N|88|20|40.86|E|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Theatres in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre]]
[[Category:Auditoriums in Kolkata]]

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla

2025-11-23T15:41:02Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: added the post needs work

{{Short description|Indian singing show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla 25 Years.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Latest 25th anniversary cover photo
| alt_name =
| genre = Singing show
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director = [[Avijit Sen]]
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Debojit Saha]] (2007—2008) <br /> [[Saheb Bhattacharya]] (2009—2011) <br /> [[Jisshu Sengupta]] (2012—2019) <br /> [[Abir Chatterjee]] (2020—2025)
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 22
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 90 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2006|12|04|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla''''' is a [[Bengali language]] singing reality show which airs on [[Zee Bangla]]. At very beginning it was hosted by actor [[Jisshu Sengupta]] from 2012 to 2019. The show is currently hosted by [[Abir Chatterjee]] from 2020 to present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-abir-chatterjee-to-host-sa-re-ga-ma-pa/articleshow/77606525.cms|title=Actor Abir Chatterjee to host 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa'|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Hosts==
{| class="wikitable"
!Season
!Year
!Host
|-
|1
|2006-
2007
|[[Debojit Saha]]
|-
|2
|2007
|Abhijit Ghoshal
|-
|3
|2007
|rowspan="2" |[[Debojit Saha]]
|-
|4
|2007
|-
|5
|2007-
2008
|[[Debojit Saha]]
|-
|6
|2008
|[[Debojit Saha]]/[[Aneek Dhar]]
|-
|7
|2008
|[[Aneek Dhar]]
|-
|8
|2009
| rowspan="2" |[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]
|-
|9
|2009
|-
|10
|2010
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
|-
|11
|2010
|[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]
|-
|12
|2011
|[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]/[[Aneek Dhar]]
|-
|13
|2012-13
| rowspan="6" |[[Jisshu Sengupta]]
|-
|14
|2013-14
|-
|15
|2014
|-
|16
|2015-16
|-
|17
|2016-17
|-
|18
|2018-19
|-
|19
|2020-21
| rowspan="4" | [[Abir Chatterjee]]
|-
|20
|2022-23
|-
|21
|2024-25
|-
|22
|2025-26
|}
== Seasons ==
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Season
!Year
!Winner
!Host
!Judges
!Ref.
|-
|1
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2006-2007
|2006-2007
|1st: [[Aneek Dhar]]
2nd: [[Trisha Parui]]

3rd: [[Rathijit Bhattacharya]]
|[[Debojit Saha]]
|[[Sipra Bose]], [[Ravindra Jain]], [[Ajoy Chakraborty]], [[Mitali Mukherjee (singer)|Mitali Mukherjee]], [[Banashree Sengupta]], [[Talat Aziz]], [[Usha Uthup]], [[Shantanu Moitra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla launches ‘Sa Re Ga Ma Pa’ for Bengali audience |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/zee-bangla-launches-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-for-bengali-audience-23882.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.exchange4media.com}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sat Sure Rupkatha
| rowspan="2" |2007
|1st: Sourav Sorkar
2nd: [[Anweshaa]]
|Abhijit Ghoshal
|[[Sudesh Bhosale]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Jolly Mukherjee]]/[[Zubeen Garg]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla to launch ‘Sat Sure Rupkatha Sa Re Ga Ma Pa’ for kids |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/advertising-news/zee-bangla-to-launch-sat-sure-rupkatha-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-for-kids-27737.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.exchange4media.com}}</ref>
|-
|3
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tumi Na Ami
|1st: Mollar, Oliva
2nd: Ahana, Chanchal
| rowspan="3" |[[Debojit Saha]]
|[[Madhushree]], [[Haimanti Sukla]]
|
|-
|4
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2007
|2007
|1st: Soumen Nandi
|[[Sipra Bose]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Shantanu Moitra]]
|
|-
|5
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2007-2008
| rowspan="2" |2008
|1st: Abhigyan
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Mitali Mukherjee (singer)|Mitali Mukherjee]]
|
|-
|6
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Viswa Shera
|1st: [[Dipanwita Chowdhury]]
|[[Debojit Saha]]/[[Aneek Dhar]]
|[[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Runa Laila]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla’s ‘Sa Re Ga Ma Pa’ all set to go global |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/advertising-news/zee-banglas-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-all-set-to-go-global-31545.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.exchange4media.com}}</ref>
|-
|7
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa shwopner shondhane
(Only for Blind participants)
|2008
|
|[[Aneek Dhar]]
| [[kumar Sanu]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]], [[Indranil Sen]]
|
|-
|8
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2009
| rowspan="2" |2009
|1st: [[Rahul Dutta]]
2nd: Ahenjita

3rd: Papri
| rowspan="2" |[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]
|[[Shantanu Moitra]], Jojo, [[Babul Supriyo]]
|
|-
|9
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Duet Champs
|1st: Rahul-Papri
|[[Usha Uthup]], [[Rupankar Bagchi]], [[Mohit Chauhan]]
|
|-
|10
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mr/Miss Universe
| rowspan="2" |2010
|1st: Sourav Das
2nd: [[Kinjal Chatterjee]]
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
|[[Amit Kumar]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Usha Uthup]], [[Haimanti Sukla]], [[Shantanu Moitra]]
|
|-
|11
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2010
|1st: Shreshthanshu Dutta
2nd: Niladri Chatterjee

3rd: Debasmita Roy
|[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]/
Kinjal Chatterjee
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Monali Thakur]], [[Haimanti Shukla]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Kavita Krishnamurti]], [[Haimanti Sukla]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The winners of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Little Champs 2010, aired on a private Bengali channel, has been announced. Talking about the winner, Sresthangshu Dutta, first runner-up Niladri Chatterjee and second runner-up Debasmita Roy, judge of the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-winners-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-little-champs-2010-aired-on-a-private-bengali-channel-has-been-announced-talking-about-the-winner-sresthangshu-dutta-first-runner-up-niladri-chatterjee-and-second-runner-up-debasmita-roy-judge-of-the-show-abhijeet-bhattacharya-said-they-are-a-powerhouse-of-talent-and-can-compete-at-the-national-level-the-kids-can-teach-elders-a-thing-or-two-in-music-im-floored-/articleshow/6591848.cms |access-date=2010-09-20 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|12
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2011
|2011
|Aishwarya Saha
|[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]/[[Aneek Dhar]]
|[[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Monali Thakur]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]/[[Babul Supriyo]], [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla launches 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2011 |url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-bangla-launches-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-2011.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526105612/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-bangla-launches-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-2011.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.esselnewsletter.com}}</ref>
|-
|13
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012
|2012-2013
|[[Shovan|Shovan Ganguly]] <br> Kushal Paul
| rowspan="6" |[[Jisshu Sengupta]]
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Joy Sarkar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla presents 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - Gane Gane Tomar Mone' |url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-bangla-presents-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-gane-gane-tomar-mone.html |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.esselnewsletter.com}}{{dead link|date=September 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|14
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2013
|2013
|[[Arunita Kanjilal]]
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Haimanti Shukla]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Joy Sarkar]], [[Akriti Kakar]], [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla presents Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2013 from 27th June 2013; Thurs to Sat 9:30 PM |url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-bangla-presents-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-2013-from-27th-june-2013-thurs-to-sat-930-pm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721180503/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-bangla-presents-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-2013-from-27th-june-2013-thurs-to-sat-930-pm.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 July 2013 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.esselnewsletter.com}}</ref>
|-
|15
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2014
|2014
|1st: [[Anwesha Dutta]]
2nd: Rik Basu
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|
|-
|16
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2015-16
|2015-16
|[Multiple Winners]
Soumya Chakraborty (Overall Winner),

[[Aditi Munshi]] (Viewer's Choice Winner),

[[Durnibar Saha]] (Winner of Modern Song Group), [[Dipan Mitra]] (Winner of Classical Song Group), Tulika-Gangadhar (Winner of Folk Song Group)
|[[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Monali Thakur]], [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Palash Sen]], [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa opening night applauded by Tolly biggies - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-opening-night-applauded-by-tolly-biggies/articleshow/47599086.cms |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla is back with a new season of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa! |url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-bangla-is-back-with-a-new-season-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109032046/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-bangla-is-back-with-a-new-season-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.esselnewsletter.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla launches new season of ‘Sa Re Ga Ma Pa’ - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/bengali/zee-bangla-launches-new-season-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa/articleshow/47612475.cms |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|17
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016-17
|2016-17
|1st: Jimut Roy
2nd: Subhashree Debnath

3rd: Sayam Paul
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Jeet Ganguli]], [[Palak Muchhal]], [[Madhushree]]
|
|-
|18
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2018-19
|2018-19
|1st: Ankita Bhattacharyya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Grand Finale: Ankita Bhattacharyya lifts the trophy - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-grand-finale-ankita-bhattacharyya-lifts-the-trophy/articleshow/70423720.cms |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>2nd: [[Gourab Sarkar]]
3rd: Mainul Ahsan Noble

|[[Srikanto Acharya]], [[Monali Thakur]], [[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singing reality show 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' to start its new season with promising talent - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/singing-reality-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-to-start-its-new-season-with-promising-talent/articleshow/65809851.cms |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|19
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2020-21
|2020-21
|1st: Arkodeep Mishra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa-র চ্যাম্পিয়ন অর্কদীপকে নিয়ে মিশ্র প্রতিক্রিয়া! উঠল সমালোচনা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/saregamapa-2020-winner-arkadip-mishra-niharika-nath-bags-second-position-netizens-protests-social-media-says-biased-and-wrong-judgement-274127-2021-04-19 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>2nd: Niharika Nath
3rd: Bidipta Chakraborty

Viewers Choice Award: Anushka Patra
| rowspan="4" |[[Abir Chatterjee]]
|[[Srikanto Acharya]], [[Akriti Kakkar]], [[Mika Singh]], [[Joy Sarkar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-29 |title=Zee Bangla Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2020 – The Grand Musical Festival is back! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-bangla-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-2020-the-grand-musical-festival-is-back-2313290.html |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=Abir Chatterjee-hosted Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2020 gears up for its grand premiere; here are some behind the scenes photos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/abir-chatterjee-hosted-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-2020-gears-up-for-its-grand-premiere-here-are-some-behind-the-scenes-photos/photostory/78312485.cms |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|20
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla 2022
|2022-23
|Winner: Ashmita Kar and Poddopolash Haldar
1st Runner Up- Albert Kabo Lepcha

2nd Runner Up- Sonia Gazmer
|[[Srikanto Acharya]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]], [[Shantanu Moitra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santanu Moitra, Richa Sharma, Pt. Ajoy Chakrabarty and Srikanta Acharya to be seen in ‘Sa Re Ga Ma Pa’ as judges - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/santanu-moitra-richa-sharma-pt-ajoy-chakrabarty-and-srikanta-acharya-to-grace-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-as-judges/articleshow/91757725.cms |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2022: আসছে 'সা রে গা মা পা'! সঞ্চালক আবির, বিচারক- গুরুর আসনে থাকছেন কারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-2022-coming-abir-chatterjee-host-bangla-music-reality-show-who-will-be-judges-and-gurus-telecast-date-and-details-soc-375599-2022-05-19 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singing reality TV series 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' to launch new season - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/singing-reality-tv-series-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-to-launch-new-season/articleshow/90665041.cms |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|21
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla 2024
|2024-25
|Senior Winner- Deyashini Roy
Junior Winner- Atanu Mishra

1st Runner Up(Senior)- Mayuri Darani and Sai Shastri

1st Runner Up(Junior)- Aishi Chakraborty

2nd Runner Up(Senior)- Satyajit Deb Roy

2nd Runner Up(Junior)- Anik Jana

|[[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Antara Mitra]], [[Javed Ali]], Jojo Mukherjee, [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]], [[Indradeep Dasgupta]], [[Iman Chakraborty]], [[Raghab Chatterjee]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title="Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla 2024: নতুন ফরম্যাট আসছে 'সা রে গা মা পা'-র সিজন ২০! কবে থেকে শুরু- কখন দেখা যাবে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-bangla-2024-first-telecast-date-time-grand-opening-video-music-reality-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-audition-participants-judges-video-soc-1013652-2024-05-24|date=24 May 2024|work=[[Aaj Tak]]|lang=bn}}</ref>
|-
|22
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla 2025
|2025-26
|
|[[Sreeradha Bandopadhyay]] , [[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Shantanu Moitra]] , [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]] , [[Rupam Islam]] , [[Jojo Mukherjee]] , [[Antara Mitra]] , [[Rupankar Bagchi]] , [[Subhamita Banerjee]]
|
|}

== Grand master ==
[[Asha Bhosle]] was the Grand Master for the 15th season in 2014. In 2023, [[Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty]] was present as the Grand Master.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa: সারেগামাপায় গুরুজির ভূমিকায় অজয় চক্রবর্তী, বিচারকের আসনেও নয়া চমক |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/tv-and-theater/ajoy-chakrabarty-will-be-guruji-in-coming-sa-re-ga-ma-pa/wb20220529101215360360064 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil]]
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi]]
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Kannada]]
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu]]
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa}}
{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series debuts]]

Chuck Chakrapani

2025-11-18T17:28:15Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding new page - done

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2017}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Chuck (TK) Chakrapani

| imagesize =
| caption = Chuck Chakrapani
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| education = [[Stirling University]], [[SV University]], [[University of Madras]]
| occupation = {{unbulleted list|President of Leger Analytics|Distinguished Visiting Professor, [[Ted Rogers School of Management]], Ryerson University, Canada| DataPrompt International, India}}
| website ={{URL|ChuckChakrapani.com}}
}}

'''Chuck Chakrapani''' is a research methodologist, educator, author, expert witness, and magazine and journal editor.<ref>Canadian Who's Who, 2013, University of Toronto Press, 2013.</ref> He is currently president of Leger Analytics,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://leger360.com/canada_en/legerstrategy.asp|title=Leger, the research intelligence group|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814142621/http://www.leger360.com/canada_en/legerstrategy.asp|archivedate= 14 August 2013}}</ref> and holds several concurrent positions in different countries: Distinguished Visiting professor at the [[Ted Rogers School of Management]], [[Ryerson University]] in Canada, and of DataPrompt International in India. He is a member of the board of directors of Marketing Research Institute International,<ref name="GeorgiacenterAbout">{{cite web|url=http://www.georgiacenter.uga.edu/mrii/about-us|title=About Us|date=3 December 2010 |publisher=georgiacenter.uga.edu|accessdate=26 March 2014}}</ref> a founding board member of Canadian Research Insights Council (CRIC), and of Certified Analytics and Insights Professionals (CAIP). Chuck is a writer, editor, and speaker on the subject of Stoic philosophy.

== Education and career ==

Chakrapani was educated in India ([[University of Madras]] [[SV University]] and at the [[London Business School]] in England. After a few years at Canadian Facts, then the largest research house in Canada, he became partner and managing director of Applied Marketing Statistics and was president of the research consultancy firm Standard Research Systems. In 2003 he was named the CEO of Millward Brown Canada. Between the years 2006 and 2010 he was the Research Mentor at the Ted Rogers School of Business and senior research fellow at the Centre for the Study of Commercial Activity. In 2010 he was appointed the president of Leger's Toronto offices and currently serves as the president of its analytic division. Between 1986 and 2010, he also served as the Founding Chairman of the Investors Association of Canada. Chakrapani provides expert witness testimony, especially in cases involving intellectual property issues.<ref>See, for example, Masterpiece Inc. v. Alavida Lifestyle Inc., Alticor Inc. v. Nutrative Pharmaceuticals Inc., and A&W Food Services of Canada Inc. v. McDonald's Restaurants of Canada Ltd. (last retrieved 11 November 2013)</ref>

Chakrapani is a fellow of the [[Royal Statistical Society]] and was elected a Fellow of the Marketing Research and Intelligence Association for his "outstanding contributions to Marketing Research in Canada".<ref>From the fellowship citation</ref>

== Editorships ==

Chakrapani was the editor of the Canadian Journal of Marketing Research published by the Marketing and Intelligence Association<ref name="Mria-Arim">{{cite web|url=http://mria-arim.com/|title=mria|publisher=arim.com|accessdate=26 March 2014}}</ref> for over 20 years until 2004. He edited ''Money Digest'' magazine published by the Investors Association of Canada between 1986 and 2002.<ref>iac.ca (last retrieved 1 August 2012)</ref> He was the editor of ''Marketing Research'', published by the American Marketing Association. Under his stewardship, ''Marketing Research'' earned the distinction of being the "world's best magazine,"<ref>''Marketing Research'', Fall 2003.</ref> an honour conferred by the UK-based Emerald Group, the largest publisher of technical journals in the world.

In 2012 he resigned his editorship in protest against perceived AMA censorship. The association refused to publish an article critical of AMA's Advanced Research Techniques Forum and two related articles, even though they were approved for publication in the "Back Talk" section by the editor-in-chief. In protest Chakrapani resigned his editorship of the magazine with the comment "if ''Marketing Research'' is a pamphlet for the AMA, I am certainly the wrong editor."<ref name="Inside Research, October 2012">Inside Research, October 2012</ref>

Because of the subsequent outcry about censorship both online and offline,<ref name="Inside Research, October 2012"/><ref>Greenline article</ref> the CEO wrote an explanatory note.<ref>Dennis Dunlap. (Editorial), Marketing Research, Fall 2012.</ref> In spite of the CEO's explanation, the controversy over censorship continued. Finally, as part of the negotiated approach, AMA agreed to allow Chakrapani to write the details of what happened.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Anatomy of a Censorship|journal=Marketing Research|date=Winter 2012|url=http://www.chuckchakrapani.com/Articles/PDF/anatomy-of-a-censorship.pdf|author=Chuck Chakrapani|accessdate=26 March 2014}}</ref> The article reproduced extracts from 28 emails that revealed exactly what transpired at the AMA and outside that led to the censorship action. AMA also agreed to publish the articles which were initially turned down.<ref>MR Paul's article</ref> Chakrapani was asked if he would like to resume his editorship of the magazine which he declined. The magazine has, since then, changed its name<ref>The magazine is now called Marketing Insights, put together by an AMA staff editor rather than by a professional editor (as at 2014).</ref> and its editorial mission.

== Publications ==

Chakrapani is the author of over a dozen books on marketing research and investing. He has authored over 100 articles on different topics.<ref name="ChuckchakrapaniArticlesDefault">{{cite web|url=http://www.chuckchakrapani.com/Articles/default.asp|title=Chuck Chakrapani – ARTICLES|publisher=chuckchakrapani.com|accessdate=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="ChuckchakrapaniBooksDefault">{{cite web|url=http://www.chuckchakrapani.com/Books/default.asp|title=Chuck Chakrapani – BOOKS|publisher=chuckchakrapani.com|accessdate=26 March 2014}}</ref> Some of his recent publications include:

===Books===
*''Practical Marketing Research'' (2020) with Ken Deal and Jordan Levitin.) Published by Standard Research Systems.
*''Analytics for Customer Insights'' (2018) Published by Standard Research Systems.
*''Business Statistics, 2nd Ed'' (2014) Published by Wiley (with Black and Castillo).
*''Modern Marketing Research Step-by-Step'' (2011) Online Edition. (Earlier edition published by [[Pearson Education]] in 2006.)
*''Statistics in Marketing Research'' (2005) Published by Arnold (UK). Distributed in the US by [[Oxford University Press]].
*''Marketing Research: State of Art Perspectives'' (2000). American Marketing Association.

===Papers===

*''Journal of Place Management and Development'' (2010 Highly Commended Paper Award)
*''On the validity of online panels''. Canadian Journal of Marketing Research, 24.1, 8–14. (Best research paper award Chris Commins Award for the best peer-reviewed paper published in CJMR in 2007)
Behavioral Economics: Three Tips to Better Questionnaires misspelled Tversky. It appears at "Tersky." https://uga.view.usg.edu/content/enforced4/1907600-GC90054MR/module%20intro%20to%20market%20research/extras/behavioral-economics-three-tips-to-better-questionnaires.pdf?_&d2lSessionVal=v78arJv5V3Ro9uGrtutRjPGL6&ou=1907600

== Stoicism ==

In addition to his activities in research and analytics, Chuck also has an interest in ancient Hellenistic philosophies, Stoicism in particular. He is the founder and editor of a monthly digital magazine, THE STOIC. [http://www.thestoicgym The Stoic Gym] He has published over 15 books on Stoic philosophy and has spoken at the Stoic international conference, Stoicon. Some of his books on Stoicism include:
*''Unshakable Freedom'' (2016) Published by The Stoic Gym.
*''The Good Life Handbook'' (2016) Published by The Stoic Gym.
*''How to be a Stoic When You Don’t Know How'' (2020) Published by The Stoic Gym.

== Teaching ==

While being active in the professional community, Chakrapani also taught in higher learning institutions such as [[University of Liverpool]], [[London Business School]], [[University of Guelph]] for the Marketing and Intelligence Association and for the [[American Marketing Association]]. He has been an invited speaker in several countries around the world. He is active in the educational activities of the [[Marketing Research Institute International (MRII)]], which offers marketing research courses online in collaboration with the [[University of Georgia]]. He was the master editor for their online courses Principles of Marketing Research and serves on the Board of MRII. Commenting on his active role in educational activities ''Vue'' (the official magazine of the Marketing Research and Intelligence Association) noted that "Chuck may have single-handedly taught the entire [[market research]] community in this country".<ref>''Vue'', September 2008, p</ref>

== Associations and awards ==

Chakrapani was, for several years, a member of the Board of Governors which adjudicated what is generally considered to be the most prestigious marketing research award: [[Charles Coolidge Parlin]] Marketing Research Award. He also headed the panel which awarded the David K. Hardin Memorial Award. He is considered one of the pioneers in applying analytic techniques to marketing and has been described as "one of the most respected names in the marketing research industry".<ref>Vue, April 2011</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==

*{{cite web|url=http://www.ChuckChakrapani.com|title=Chuck Chakrapani | BIOGRAPHY|publisher=ChuckChakrapani.com|accessdate=25 March 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.Leger360.com|title=Leger|publisher=Leger360.com|accessdate=25 March 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.georgiacenter.uga.edu/mrii|title=MRII Marketing Research Institute International|publisher=georgiacenter.uga.edu|accessdate=25 March 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.bgglobal.com/|title=BLACKSTONE GROUP – Home|publisher=bgglobal.com|accessdate=25 March 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.datapromptintl.com/|title=Professional. Precise. Prompt.|publisher=datapromptintl.com|accessdate=25 March 2014}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Living people]]
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Koyna Hydroelectric Project

2025-11-13T14:28:48Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: New

{{Short description|Power plant in India}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Koyna Hydroelectric Project
| image = Koynaa dam.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Koyna Dam
| location = Satara district, Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|17|24|06|N|73|45|05|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| status = Operational
| construction_began = 1954
| owner = Maharashtra State Water Resources Dept, Chief Engineer Electrical, Govt of Maharashtra
| operator = Maharashtra State Power Generation Company ltd
| website =
}}
[[File:Shivasagar.jpg|thumb|Shivasagar lake]]

The '''Koyna Hydroelectric Project''' is the [[List of power stations in India|largest]] [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] power plant in [[India]].<ref name="Largest_hydroelectric_power_plant_in_India">{{cite web|url=http://www.india-reports.com/articles/ElectricityInIndia/electricity_india_hydroelectric_largest_powerplant.aspx|title=Largest Hydroelectric Power Plants in India|access-date=20 August 2011|website=India Reports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105001630/http://www.india-reports.com/articles/ElectricityInIndia/electricity_india_hydroelectric_largest_powerplant.aspx|archive-date=5 January 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref> It is a complex project with four [[dam]]s including the largest dam on the [[Koyna River]], [[Maharashtra]], hence the name Koyna Hydroelectric Project. The project site is in [[Satara district]].

The Koyana Dam is situated near Koyananagar village. On river Koyana.

The total capacity of the project is {{nowrap|1,960 [[Megawatt|MW]]}}. The project consists of four stages of power generation. All the [[Electric generator|generator]]s are located in [[underground powerhouse]]s excavated deep inside the mountains of the [[Western Ghats]]. A dam foot [[power station|powerhouse]] also contributes to the [[electricity generation]]. Due to the project's electricity generating potential the Koyna River is considered as the life line of Maharashtra. The Sharavathi Pumped Storage Hydropower Project would be a larger project of 2000MWe in southern India and outside the Koyna plant.

The project takes advantage of the height of Western Ghats. Thus a very large [[hydraulic head]] is available over a very short distance.

==History==
In the early 20th century, there was a survey of the Koyna River as a potential hydro-electric source. After the [[World War I|First World War]], a hydro-electric project on the Koyna river was investigated by the [[Tata Group]]. The 1928 financial crisis caused the project to be shelved. In 1951 Koyna Dam division started to look into the project. The project was approved in 1953 and work commenced in early 1954. The second stage of the project was made using a [[World Bank]] loan (Project loan number 24-IN).<ref name="wb1970">{{cite book |title=report and recommendation to the Directors on a proposed credit to India for the Andhra Pradesh agricultural credit project |date=1 December 1970 |publisher=World Bank / International Development Association |location=Washington |page=2 |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/716001468034216122/pdf/multi0page.pdf |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Head Race T.jpg|thumb|Head race tunnel]]
[[File:Head Race Tu.jpg|thumb|Head race tunnel]]
[[File:Koyna Switchyard.jpg|thumb|Outdoor switchyard]]

The project is composed of four dams with the major contributors being the [[Koyna Dam]] and [[Kolkewadi Dam]]. The water from [[Shivasagar]] reservoir was formed by the Koyna Dam and is used in the 1st, 2nd and 4th stages. This water is drawn from head race tunnels situated below the reservoir. Then it travels through vertical pressure shafts to the [[underground powerhouse]]s. The discharged water from these stages is collected and stored in [[Kolkewadi Dam]] situated near village of [[Alore]]. The water is drawn from the [[penstocks]] of Kolkewadi Dam to an underground power station in the 3rd stage and then discharged to the Arabian Sea.

The electricity generated in all the stages is delivered to the main [[electrical grid]]. The project is run by the [[Maharashtra State Electricity Board]].

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit number !! Installed capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of commissioning !! Status
|-
| Stage I || 1 || 70 || 1962 May || Running <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infraline.com/Details/updated-april-2011pophali-hydro-power-stationpromoter-113247.htm|title=Updated: April 2011 Pophali Hydro Power Station Promoter|author=Infraline Energy Research|work=Infraline Energy|access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Stage I || 2 || 70 || 1962 August || Running
|-
| Stage I || 3 || 70 || 1963 January || Running
|-
| Stage I || 4 || 70 || 1963 February || Running
|-
| Stage II || 5 || 80 || 1967 June || Running
|-
| Stage II || 6 || 80 || 1966 November || Running
|-
| Stage II || 7 || 80 || 1966 June || Running
|-
| Stage II || 8 || 80 || 1966 March || Running
|-
| Stage III || 9 || 80 || 1975 July || Running
|-
| Stage III || 10 || 80 || 1976 January || Running
|-
| Stage III || 11 || 80 || 1977 May|| Running
|-
| Stage III || 12 || 80 || 1977 || Running
|-
| Stage IV || 13 || 250 || 1981 || Running
|-
| Stage IV || 14 || 250 || 1981 || Running
|-
| Stage IV || 15 || 250 || 1981 || Running
|-
| Stage IV || 16 || 250 || 1981 || Running <ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/3904|title=Koyna I-IV (Pophali) Hydro Power Plant India - GEO|access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|}

Besides this dam foot powerhouse part of power plant also produces 40 MW through two generating units of 20 MW each, totalling 1960 MW. Details of each stage are given below.

===Stage I and II===
The first stage of the project was approved in late 1953 and construction began in early 1954. Initially a two-stage construction was conceived. But the total generation capacity of the two stages was too large for load forecasts of that time. So a time lag of more than 10 years was proposed between the two stages. Within two years thereafter, it came to be noticed that the 10 years time tag between these two stages will not be affordable and to cope up with the power requirements, the two stages should be merged and both the stages should be constructed simultaneously. Hence, it was accepted that the two stages have to be executed as one.

The 1st and 2nd stages share same powerhouse with total eight [[Pelton turbine]] units. Each of the two stages has four turbines having capacity of 65 MW each for 1st stage and 75 MW each for 2nd stage. The water from Shivasagar reservoir is taken through an intake structure known as Navja tower near village of Navja into the head race tunnel. Then it travels towards the [[surge tank]]. It is further divided into four pressure shafts which run vertically downward delivering water to the turbines. Then the water is discharged into the tail race tunnel.

A dam foot powerhouse was also constructed which is used to generate electricity by the water which is discharged from the Koyna Dam for [[irrigation]] purpose. It has two [[Francis turbine]] units of 20 MW each. This powerhouse is run according to the irrigation requirements of the downstream areas.

The combined installed capacity of the two stages and the dam foot powerhouse is 600 MW.

===Stage III===
Initially a [[weir]] was proposed to divert the water coming out of tail race tunnel of Stage I and II. But it was later observed that the water still had a [[hydraulic head]] of about 120 m which could be used. To use this head, the [[Kolkewadi Dam]] was constructed at this location. It forms a balancing reservoir and maintains the head. This dam impounds the tail race water from Stage I and II. This water is drawn through [[penstocks]] and electricity is generated by four [[Francis turbine]] units with a capacity of 80 MW each. The tail race water from these stages then flows through a channel and joins the [[Arabian Sea]] near [[Chiplun]].

The installed generating capacity of this stage is 320 MW.

===Stage IV===
Later in the 1980s, the electricity demand of the Maharashtra increased tremendously resulting in inadequate power supply. The Planning Commission accorded approval to Stage IV with installation capacity of 4 × 250 [[Megawatt|MW]]. Thus, one more stage called Stage IV was added to power system of Stages I and II, thus converting the Koyna Power Station into a peaking power station complex with [[load factor (electrical)|load factor]] of about 18.7%. This scheme also draws water from the existing [[Shivasagar]] reservoir same as Stages I and II.

A nonconventional intake system was created by piercing the lake from the bottom by [[Rock blasting|blasting]] the rock plug using [[dynamite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Koyna.pdf|title=Under water lake tapping at Koyna project |access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> This double lake tapping process was the first of its kind in [[Asia]].<ref name="Lake_tapping">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/85410|title=Rane triggers lake tapping at Koyna|date=14 March 1999|access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref>

The water in head race tunnel is directly drawn from the reservoir and delivered to the head [[surge tank]]. Then four pressure shafts take the water downward vertically. The four huge [[Francis turbine]] units of 250 MW each generate electricity and tail race water is taken into the [[Kolkewadi Dam]] reservoir through tail race tunnel. A revolutionary gas insulated [[switchgear]] system is used in the [[underground powerhouse]] of this stage.

The installed capacity of this stage alone is 1000 MW. This stage is mostly used to cater for the peak hour demands of the [[electric grid]].

==Features==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable"| !! class="unsortable"| Stage I & II !! class="unsortable" | Stage III !! class="unsortable" | Stage IV
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:azure;" |'''Dam'''
|-
| Catchment area || {{Convert|891.78|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|25.04|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} || rowspan="4" | Capacity of stage I & II is utilised
|-
| Capacity || 2797 [[million cubic metre|MCM]] || 36 MCM
|-
| Max. height above foundation || 103.02 m || 63.30 m
|-
| Length || 807.72 m || 497.00 m
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:azure;" |'''Intake works'''
|-
| Head race tunnel length || 3748 m || 4551 m || 4230 m
|-
| Intake tunnel diameter || 6.4 m circular || 7.4 m D shape || {{nowrap|7 m × 9.50 m}} horseshoe shape
|-
| Discharge capacity || 164 m<sup>3</sup>/s || 170 m<sup>3</sup>/s || 260 m<sup>3</sup>/s
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:azure;" |'''Pressure shafts'''
|-
| Number || 4 || 4 || 4
|-
| Length(each) || 616 m || 192 m || 590 m
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:azure;" |'''Power house'''
|-
| Approach tunnel length || 864 m || 780 m || 988 m
|-
| Tail race tunnel length || 2215 m || 4543 m || 2314 m
|-
| Number of turbines || 4 (stage I) + 4 (stage II) + 2 (dam foot powerhouse) = 10 || 4 || 4
|-
| Type of turbine || Pelton (stage I & II) Francis (dam foot powerhouse) || Francis || Francis
|-
| Installed generation capacity || 600 MW || 320 MW || 1000 MW
|-
| style="background:azure;" | '''Switch yard''' || 4572 m || 340 m || {{nowrap|134 m × 18 m}} underground
|-
| style="background:azure;" | '''Load factor''' || 60% || 24% || 18% (1 + 2 & 4)
|}

*This is the largest completed [[hydroelectric]] project in [[India]].<ref name="Largest_hydroelectric_power_plant_in_India"/>
*The water used for generation of electricity joins the [[Arabian Sea]] near [[Chiplun]] while the water which discharges through the [[spillway]]s of the dam in [[monsoon season]] joins the [[Bay of Bengal]] through the [[Krishna River]].
*The process of double lake tapping was the first of its kind in [[Asia]].<ref name="Lake_tapping"/>
*All the components of the project such as [[power station|powerhouse]]s, head race and tail race tunnels, pressure shafts are constructed underground.
*The modern gas insulated [[switchgear]] system is used in 4th stage of the project.

==Future plans==
To utilise more water from the [[Shivsagar Lake|Shivasagar]] reservoir, another dam foot powerhouse is being constructed on the [[river|left bank]] of the dam. This [[power station|powerhouse]] will employ a [[pumped storage]] scheme. Also lake tapping is proposed for the intake system.

==Tourism==
The impounded water of the [[Koyna Dam]] though has submerged a significant amount of [[rain forest]] of the [[Western Ghats]], it has helped a lot to the surrounding forest by supplying water all round the year. Hence a wide [[biodiversity]] of plants and animals is observed in the evergreen forest surrounding the reservoir area.

===Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary===
[[File:Surge Well.jpg|thumb|A part of the evergreen forest in surrounding area of the project]]
{{Main|Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary}}

Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary has dense forests with three major sections, Vasota, Maharkhor and Indavli Met, and the sanctuary is endowed with natural protective boundaries – [[Shivasagar Lake]] on one side, and the slopes of the Western Ghats on both the sides. This protective cover has enabled the emergence of a diverse variety of flora and fauna in the sanctuary. Some of the endangered species of trees found in the sanctuary are ''Dhup'' (''[[Boswellia serrata]]''), ''[[Euphorbia longan]]'', and ''[[Elaeocarpus]]'' spp., apart from many other species of trees. The sanctuary has a diverse variety of fauna including tigers and panthers; gaurs and sambars; barking and mouse deer; pythons and cobras; common [[langur]]s and [[Indian giant squirrel]]s. Many species of birds are found in the sanctuary including brown capped woodpecker; [[Asian fairy bluebird]]; and [[crested goshawk]].

Another attraction of the sanctuary is [[Vasota Fort]] which lies deep in the forest and is located at a height of {{convert|1120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level. The legend states that the fort was constructed by [[Malwa]] king [[Bhoja|Raja Bhoja]] in 1170.

=== Nehru Memorial park ===
When the project work was nearing completion, on 10 April 1960, the then [[Prime Minister of India]] Pt. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited the Koyna Project. To commemorate this event a tableau was unveiled at his gracious hands on the right flank hillock of Koyna Dam.
This project came up with an idea of immortalizing this place and this event by constructing a beautiful park and naming it as "Nehru Memorial Park". This park is a major attraction for tourists. An upstream side view of dam is visible from this garden. There is an [[auditorium]] named 'Yashogatha' (meaning: story of success) which relives a small element of the tremendous efforts taken by the engineers and workers associated with project.

=== Ozarde falls ===
[[File:Ozarde Waterfall.jpg|thumb|Ozarda fall]]
Due to the large rainfall in the hilly region surrounding the reservoir, some beautiful falls are generated in the [[monsoon season]]. The largest of them is the Ozarda falls near Navaja village 10 km from Koyna. This is also a major attraction for tourists visiting in monsoon season.

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
* [[Koyna Dam]]
* [[Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[List of power stations in India]]
* [[List of conventional hydroelectric power stations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.koynaproject.org/}}

[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Underground power stations]]
[[Category:Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in India]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1962]]

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2025-10-28T19:29:27Z

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[[Category:WikiProject India templates|No]]
</noinclude>

Resham Tipnis

2025-10-08T04:38:50Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1972/73)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Resham Tipnis
| image = Resham Tipnis 2.jpg
| caption = Resham in 2020
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|20|1993}}<ref name="age"/>
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sanjeev Seth]]|1993|2004|reason=divorce}}
| partner =
| children = 2
| known_for = *''[[Shrimaan Shrimati (TV series)|Shrimaan Shrimati]]''
*''[[Tu Tu Main Main]]''
*''[[Sahib Biwi Aur Boss]]''
*''[[Bigg Boss Marathi 1]]'' .
| yearsactive = 1993-present
}}
'''Resham Tipnis''' is an Indian actress known for working in Hindi and Marathi television and films. She started her career with a small role of Anjali Sinha in the [[Shah Rukh Khan]] starrer film ''[[Baazigar]]'' in 1993.
She is best known for her roles in sitcoms ''[[Shrimaan Shrimati (TV series)|Shrimaan Shrimati]]'', ''[[Tu Tu Main Main]]'' and ''[[Sahib Biwi Aur Boss]]''.

She participated as a contestant on [[Bigg Boss Marathi]] Season 1 in 2018 and was eliminated a week before the grand finale.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marathi actresses celebrate friendship - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/While-we-often-hear-of-cat-fights-among-Bollywood-actresses-Marathi-actresses-are-more-of-a-gang-of-girls-partying-together/articleshow/22483364.cms? |access-date=24 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=4884186&page=15 |title=Resham Tipnis - Divas in anarkalis |access-date=17 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817155826/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=4884186&page=15 |archive-date=17 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She is also known for her role in [[Sony Entertainment Television]]'s ''[[Punyashlok Ahilyabai]]'' as Maharani Dwarka Holkar after an 8-year leap from July 2022 to October 2023.

==Personal life==
Tipnis married actor [[Sanjeev Seth]] in 1993 at the age of 20, but they divorced in 2004.<ref name="age">{{cite news |title=Resham and Sanjeev |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-lesser-known-facts-about-contestant-resham-tipnis-life/photostory/63803168.cms?picid=63803939 |access-date=24 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=17 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I regret my divorce: Resham Tipnis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/I-regret-my-divorce-Resham-Tipnis/articleshow/17532761.cms |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Olivera |first=Roshni K. |date=22 January 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Wedding-bells/articleshow/4011714.cms |title=Wedding bells! |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227155552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/wedding-bells/articleshow/4011714.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> They have two children Manav and Rishika.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mazumder |first1=Ranjib |title=Resham moves on... |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Resham-moves-on-/articleshow/15710502.cms |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=25 May 2007}}</ref> As of 2018, she is in a relationship with Sandesh Kirtikar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Resham Tipnis writes an adorable message on her son's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/resham-tipnis-writes-an-adorable-message-on-her-sons-birthday/articleshow/65952451.cms |access-date=24 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2018 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006023158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/resham-tipnis-writes-an-adorable-message-on-her-sons-birthday/articleshow/65952451.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP sources section|date=December 2020}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
|''Jiwalagaa''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Gauri
|
|-
|''[[Apan Yana Pahilat Ka]]''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Chhaya
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993
|''[[Baazigar]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|Anjali Sinha
|
|-
|''Bhishma Pratigyan''
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|Lead role
|
|-
|''Bharla Ha Malvat Raktana''
| rowspan="3" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Vimal
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''Satvapariksha''
|Menka/Meera
|
|-
|''Mrugjal - Ek Naslela Astitva''
|Sharmila Joglekar
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
|''[[Hathyar (2002 film)|Hathyar : Face to Face With Reality]]''

| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
|Jyoti Deshmukh
|
|-
|''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai|Mere Yaar ki Shaadi Hai]]''
|Neelima
|
|-
|''Aadhaar''
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|In the song 'Saajan Tuza Hay Kasa'
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Chimani Pakhar]]''
|Mrs. Karnik
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Ishq Hai Tumse]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|Anjali Bhabhi
|
|-
|''[[Khabardar (film)|Khabardar]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Item Girl in "Cham Cham Song"
|
|-
|2009
|''Man Sanmaan''
|Step Daughter-in-Law
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|City of Gold]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|Lavani Dancer (Special Appearance) in the Song "Tujya Girnicha Vajude Bhonga"
|''Lalbaug Parel: Mumbai Zaali Sonayachi as [[Marathi language|Marathi]] Film''
|-
|''Ladi Godi''
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Sridevi
|
|-
|2012
|''Arohi Goshta Tighanchi''
|Rashmi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Deewana Main Deewana]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|Basant's Sister-in-law
|
|-
|''[[Kho-Kho (2013 film)|Kho-Kho]]''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Pakya's women
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|Meghna Shah
|
|-
|''[[Premasathi Coming Suun]]''
| rowspan="5" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Antara's Mami
|
|-
|''Be Dune Saade Char''
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Bucket List (2018 film)|Bucket List]]''
|Lavina Mavera
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Suhani |title=Bucket List review: Madhuri Dixit's journey of self-discovery is hardly compelling |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bucket-list-review-madhuri-dixit-s-journey-of-self-discovery-is-hardly-compelling-1241535-2018-05-25 |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=India Today |date=25 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Lochya Zaala Re]]''
|Ruby
|
|-
|''[[Aflatoon (2023 film)|Aflatoon]]''
|Passenger
|Cameo appearance
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Language
|-
|1993-1999
|''[[Zee Horror Show]]''||Episodic Roles
| rowspan="10" |[[Hindi]]
|-
|1993
|''[[Campus]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2016 |title=Campus: TV actors recall working on the hit 1990s show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/campus-tv-actors-recall-working-on-the-hit-1990s-show/story-xXXt4JCbTQZyt9F7NlT0EK.html |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310001438/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/campus-tv-actors-recall-working-on-the-hit-1990s-show/story-xXXt4JCbTQZyt9F7NlT0EK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Anjali Narang
|-
|1994-1997
|''[[Shrimaan Shrimati (TV series)|Shrimaan Shrimati]]''
|Kokila's friend
|-
|1994-1996
|''[[Tu Tu Main Main]]''
|Guddie
|-
|1998
|''[[Gudgudee (TV series)|Gudgudee]]''
|Kanchan (raghu's wife)
|-
|1997-1998
|''Rani Ketaki Ki Kahani''
|Madan
|-
|2003-2004
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|Kesar Anupam Kapadia
|-
|2001
|''[[Chandan Ka Palna Resham Ki Dori]]''
|Shikha
|-
|2003-2004
|''[[Karishma – The Miracles Of Destiny]]''
|Natasha
|-
|2005
|''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]''
|Aarti Goyal
|-
|2005-2006
|''[[Ya Sukhano Ya]]''
|Grishma Sarangdhar
|Marathi
|-
|2006-2007
|''[[Ghar Ek Sapnaa]]''
|Trisha
| rowspan="9" |Hindi
|-
|2008-2009
|''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
|Devki
|-
|2009
|''[[Basera (2009 TV series)|Basera]]''
|Rasili Parikh
|-
|2013
|''[[Mujhse Kuchh Kehti...Yeh Khamoshiyaan]]''
|Asawari Bhosle
|-
|2013-2014
|''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]''
|Saroj
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Satrangi Sasural]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2014 |title=Zee TV's 'Satrangi Sasural' launched with fanfare (view pics) |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/zee-tv-satrangi-sasural-18672.html |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>
|Babita
|-
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|Sakku
|-
|2015-2016
|''[[Sahib Biwi Aur Boss]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2016 |title=Resham gets naughty at 40a |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/resham-gets-naughty-at-40/articleshow/50453204.cms |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|Mandodari
|-
|2017
|''[[Half Marriage (TV series)|Half Marriage]]''
|Janaki
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 1]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2018 |title=Meet the contestants of Bigg Boss Marathi |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/meet-the-contestants-of-bigg-boss-marathi-mahesh-manjrekar-5139089/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|Contestant (Semi finalist) (Evicted on Day 91)
| rowspan="5" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|''Assal Pahune Irsaal Namune''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Makarand's rendezvous with Bigg Boss ladies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/makarands-rendezvous-with-bigg-boss-ladies/articleshow/66075677.cms |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|Herself/Guest
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''Ek Tappa Out''<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2018 |title=Resham in Ek Tappa Out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/resham-in-ek-tappa-out/articleshow/70002971.cms |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|Mentor
|-
|''Ekdam Kadak''<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2019 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 1 contestants reunites on the sets of Ekdam Kadak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-1-winner-megha-dhade-reunites-with-housemates-on-the-sets-of-ekdam-kadak/articleshow/69325741.cms |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420214123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-1-winner-megha-dhade-reunites-with-housemates-on-the-sets-of-ekdam-kadak/articleshow/69325741.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Herself/Guest
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 2]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2019 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 2: Former winner Megha Dhade to enter the show with Resham Tipnis and Sushant Shelar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-2-former-winner-megha-dhade-to-enter-the-show-with-resham-tipnis-and-sushant-shelar/articleshow/70670111.cms |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128190633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-2-former-winner-megha-dhade-to-enter-the-show-with-resham-tipnis-and-sushant-shelar/articleshow/70670111.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Kuch Toh Hai: Naagin Ek Naye Rang Mein|Kuch Toh Hai]]''
|Rageshwari Khurana
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 3]]''
|Guest appearance
|Marathi
|-
|2021-2023
|''[[Aboli (TV series)|Aboli]]''
|Vijaya Rajadhyaksh
|Marathi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Brij Ke Gopal]]''
|Malathi
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
|''[[Punyashlok Ahilyabai]]''
|Dwarkabai Sahib Holkar
|-
|2024
|''[[Antarpaat]]''
|Vidula Salvi
|Marathi
|-
|2025
|''Pyaar Ki Raahein''
|Indu Shekhawat
|Hindi
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]
* [[Bigg Boss Marathi]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1923936|name=Resham Tipnis}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tipnis, Resham}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Marthoma Syrian Churches in the United States

2025-10-06T14:03:25Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding the info w/ infobox...

{{short description|none}}
[[File:Thomas Marthoma Ch 34 Morris Cres jeh.jpg|thumb|St Thomas Marthoma Church, Ludlow, Yonkers]]
Here is the list of Marthoma Syrian Churches in United States of America:
# St Thomas Marthoma Church, Ludlow, [[Yonkers]], [[New York (State)|New York]]
# [[St. Stephen's Mar Thoma Church]], [[East Brunswick]], [[New Jersey]]
# [[Mar Thoma Church, Philadelphia]], [[Fort Washington, Pennsylvania|Fort Washington]], [[Pennsylvania]]
# [[Christos Mar Thomas Church, Philadelphia|Christos Mar Thomas Church]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]
# [[Detroit Mar Thoma Church]], [[Southfield, Michigan|Southfield]], [[Michigan]]
# [https://chicagomarthoma.org/ Chicago Mar Thoma Church], [[Des Plaines]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
# [https://www.stthomasmtcchicago.org/ St. Thomas Mar Thoma Church, Chicago], [[Lombard, Illinois|Lombard]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
# [[Immanuel Mar Thoma Church, Virginia]], [[Virginia]]
# [[Mar Thoma Church of Dallas, Farmers Branch]], [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]
# [[Sehion Mar Thoma Church of Dallas]], [[Plano, Texas|Plano]], [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]
# [[Trinity Mar Thoma Church Houston]], [[Houston]], [[Texas]]
# [[St. Mark's Mar Thoma Church, Tampa]], [[Tampa]], [[Florida]]
# [[Mar Thoma Church of San Francisco]], [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
#[https://www.seattlemtc.org/ Mar Thoma Church of Greater Seattle], [[Kent, Washington|Kent]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]

{{morecat|date=March 2024}}
[[Category:Mar Thoma Syrian churches]]
[[Category:Lists of churches in the United States]]

Sneha Pandit

2025-09-12T02:02:20Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Starting a entry v1!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Sneha Pandit Dube.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Vasai Assembly constituency|Vasai]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Hitendra Thakur]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Sneha Dube Pandit''' is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. She is a [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Vasai Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Vasai, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Sneha Dube Pandit with 93745 defeats BVA's Hitendra Vishnu Thakur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/vasai-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638242-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasai Election Result 2024 LIVE: Sneha Dube Pandit of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/vasai-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130079.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Sneha Dube}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Economy of Kozhikode district

2025-08-22T07:00:35Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding location - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=January 2020}}
{{Original research|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''Kozhikode''' is one of the main commercial cities of [[Kerala]]. The economy is mainly business oriented. The city currently is the major trade hub of North Kerala with good connectivity through road, rail and air. It also has large timber yards along the banks of the [[Kallayi River]]. [[Kozhikode District]], with 8% of the state population, makes 12% contribution to the state's income. Nedungadi Bank, the first and oldest bank in the modern state of [[Kerala]], was established by [[Appu Nedungadi]] at Kozhikode in the year 1899.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=386}}

There has been a great leap in small-scale industries in Kozhikode district. Footwear industries have been flourishing in this city, and it has become a major non-leather footwear manufacturing hub in India.

==Building boom==
Kozhikode has witnessed a building boom in recent years. This is particularly evident in the number of malls and buildings built in recent years. The KSRTC bus terminal is the biggest bus terminal in Kerala. Kerala's first and second tallest buildings are under construction in kozhikode. It is also famous for timber trade and roof tiles manufacturing centre.

==Ports==
The District has an intermediate port at Kozhikode (including [[Beypore]]) and a minor port at [[Vatakara]]. In coast line of the Kozhikode port extends from [[Elathur, Kozhikode|Elathur]] cape to the south bank of Kadalundi river and treads roughly in straight line. This port has two Piers, but this cannot be used due to the dilapidated condition. Traffic is mainly dealt at Beypore port. Kozhikode Port has a Light House and a Signal Station. The godown at South Pier is used as transit sheds.

==Cyber parks==
Two IT "cyber parks" are under construction in Kozhikode. One is the UL cyber park (constructed and operated by ULCCS, a Kozhikode-based company). UL cyber park began operation in 2012 and will complete its first phase in 2013. The other park is run by the government, and will complete its first construction phase in 2014.
[[Cyberpark]], is a Government of Kerala organisation planned to build, operate and manage IT parks for the promotion and development of investment in IT and ITES industries in Malabar region of Kerala and will be the third IT hub in the state of [[Kerala]]. The two IT park will create a total 100,000(100000) direct job opportunities. It is in the process of setting up IT parks at Kozhikode, at the SEZs approved at Kannur and Kasargod. Its first project is the development of Cyberpark hub in Kozhikode with its spokes at Kannur and Kazargode IT parks.<ref name="calicut cyberpark">{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberparkkerala.org/index.php/cyber-park-kozhikode|title=calicut cyberpark}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/02/01/stories/2010020153161900.htm] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212074106/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/02/01/stories/2010020153161900.htm |date=12 February 2010 }}</ref> Other planned projects include the Birla IT park (at Mavoor) and Malaysian satellite city (at Kinaloor) where KINFRA has plans to set up a {{convert|400|acre|km2|adj=on}} industrial park.

==Shopping==

The city has a strong mercantile aspect. The main area of business was once ''Valiyangadi'' (Big Bazaar) near the railway station. As time progressed, it shifted to other parts of the city. These days, the commercial heart has moved to [[S. M. Street|''Mittai Theruvu'' (Sweetmeat Street or S. M. Street)]], a long street crammed with shops that sell everything from [[sari]]s to cosmetics. It also houses restaurants and sweetmeat shops. Today, the city has multiple shopping malls. Focus Mall (the first shopping mall in Kerala), [[Hilite Mall Calicut|HiLITE Mall]] (the second largest mall in Kerala) and RP Mall are a few among them.<ref>[http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/hilite-city-one-indias-largest-mixed-use-development-project-enters-li/42966 "HiLITE City, One of India's Largest Mixed Use Development Project Enters the Limelight"]. ''Business Wire''. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.</ref> Currently, new shopping malls are springing up all over the city. This has changed the consumer habits, shifting the centre of commerce from S. M. Street to these places.

==Economy of Vadakara town==
[[File:Madaply junction.jpg|thumb|Madappally Junction.]]
Since Vadakara is a coastal town, fishing is one of the main commercial activities. The Moorad River flows into the [[Arabian Sea]] at a point close to the town. Sand Banks, a sunset spot and a place of tourist interest, are located at the river mouth.
Vadakara mainly consists of 2 commercial hubs. The first hub is; centering the old bus stand with commercial establishments as old as hundred years. Recently the trend has shifted to the new bus stand area and the road towards Kannur. Many new establishments, including hospitals and flats are on the rise along the Nut street to PT Road highway junction, are planned over the coming years which will be the next commercial hub .
Nut Street is the largest market for coconut, areca nut etc. Produce flow to the collection outlets which are dried packed and transported to other states. as northern kerala is well known for the production of coconut, the nut street is always busy!
Hospitals include CO-OP Hospital, Asha Hospital, Janatha Hospital, Ceeyam Hospital and a new specialty hospital (Parco) at the PT road junction.
Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society is a unique labor cooperative initiative of Madappally area inspired by the Indian sage [[Vagbhatananda]]. The society was registered in 1925.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ulccsltd.com/|title=ULCCS - Ulccs|publisher=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam }}
{{refend}}

{{Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}
[[Category:Economy of Kozhikode district| ]]

Tiphia davidrajui

2025-05-28T13:25:14Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Starting first info more to come!

{{Short description|Species of wasp}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2023}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Tiphia
| species = davidrajui
| authority = Hanima & Girish Kumar, 2022
}}

'''''Tiphia davidrajui''''' is a species of wasp belonging to the family [[Tiphiidae]], subfamily [[Tiphiinae]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hanima |first=Raveendran K. P. |last2=Kumar |first2=P. Girish |last3=Hegde |first3=Vishwanath D. |date=2022-11-03 |title=Additions to the knowledge on the genus Tiphia Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Tiphiinae) from India with the description of ten new species |url=https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5204.1.1 |journal=Zootaxa |language=en |volume=5204 |issue=1 |pages=1–106 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5204.1.1 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The species is named after a naturalist from Kerala Mr. David V. Raju.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2022-11-04 |title=ഡേവിഡ് രാജു ഇനി വെറും ഒരു വ്യക്തിയുടെ പേരല്ല, 'കടന്നല്‍' ആണ് അവന്‍! |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/wasp-being-named-after-malayalam-naturalist-david-raju-197218 |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
It is observed in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.<ref name=":0" />

==Description==
Color is generally black with yellowish brown in antennae, inner side of fore and mid tibia and tarsi, and middle part of mandible and preapical denticle. This was grows up to 9.3–11.2 mm. Mandible doesn't have a preapical denticle and clypeus has median extension emarginated. Basal part of clypeus coarsely punctate and apical part is smooth. Dorsal side of pronotum doesn't have transverse carina. Lateral side of pronotum is smooth and has distinct transdiscal groove. The fore wing is brownish infumate with second cubital vein sinuous.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q115181194}}

[[Category:Tiphiidae]]

{{Apocrita-stub}}

Kasaragod Dwarf

2025-04-20T19:07:50Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY:

{{Short description|Breed of cattle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
[[File:കാസർഗോഡ് കുള്ളൻ Kasaragod dwarf cattle.jpg|thumb|250px|Kasaragod Dwarf, from [[Thiruvananthapuram]]]]
'''Kasaragod Dwarf''' is a breed of [[zebu]] (''Bos indicus'') [[cattle]] in [[Kerala]]. They originated in the mountain range of [[Kasaragod district]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vechur.org/kasaragod.html | title=Basic Knowledge Period Work }}</ref> They grow to a height of 1 metre on average and are therefore easy to maintain.<ref name="recognitioneffort">{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/states/kerala/2024/Nov/07/all-eyes-on-moos-efforts-right-on-track-to-recognise-kasaragods-dwarf-cow-breed |title= All eyes on moos! Efforts right on track to recognise Kasaragod's dwarf cow breed |date= 8 November 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express|accessdate=2025-01-01}}</ref> The cows are known for their high milking ability and give mineral rich milk with high feed to milk ratio. The cattle require almost zero inputs and can be free ranged. They are known for their intelligence and can find their way back to their homes after grazing.<ref name="recognitioneffort"/> They are one among the four prime dwarf cattles in India along with [[Malnad Gidda]], [[Punganur cattle|Punganur]], and [[Vechur cattle]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://deccanherald.com/content/428710/punjab-cm-bowled-over-kasargod.html/ | title=Punjab CM bowled over Kasargod cattle | date=September 2014 | publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Height averages at 107.3 cms. for males and 95.83 cms. for females. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://saveindiancows.org/kasargod-dwarf/ | title=Kasargod Dwarf | date=4 October 2018 }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Kasaragod Dwarf cow at Neelamperoor 01.jpg|Cow
File:Kasaragod Dwarf cow at Neelamperoor 02.jpg|Cow
File:Kasaragod Dwarf ox at Madikai Chathurakkinar-Vijayanrajapuram 02.jpg|Bull
File:Kasaragod Dwarf ox at Madikai Chathurakkinar-Vijayanrajapuram 03.jpg|Bull
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Cattle breeds of India}}

[[Category:Cattle breeds]]
[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Kerala]]
[[Category:Economy of Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Culture of Kasaragod district]]

{{India-agri-stub}}
{{cattle-stub}}

Mahmood Hasan Khan (sambhal)

2025-03-14T09:54:32Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: adding basic entry initial version...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{orphan|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahmood Hassan Khan
| office = [[3rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Republican Party of India]]
| constituency = [[Sambhal]]
}}
'''Mahmood Hasaan Khan''' is an Indian politician who is a member of the [[3rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] for the [[Sambhal Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Republican Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Mahmood Hasan Khan winner in Sambhal, Uttar pradesh Assembly Elections 1962: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1962/sambhal/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=Sambhal 1962 Assembly MLA Election Uttar Pradesh {{!}} ENTRANCE INDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/sambhal-constituency-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-1962-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1962 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1962.pdf}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mahmood Hasan}}
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Republican Party of India politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Kranti Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Sambhal]]

Shyam Barde

2025-02-28T16:28:15Z

AMARENDRA NATH ROY: Starting a details initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Shyam Barde''' (born 1976)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shyam Barde(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PANSEMAL (ST)(BARWANI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=363 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Pansemal Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Barwani district|Barwani District]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pansemal Constituency Election Results 2023: Pansemal Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/pansemal |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Barde is from [[Pansemal]], Barwani District, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of Kachrumal Barde. He completed his M.A. in Hindi Literature in 2002 at Government State College, [[Sendhwa]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Barde won from Pansemal Assembly constituency in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He polled 97,181 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Chandrabhaga Kirade of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 13,442 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Pansemal, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Pansemal सीट पर Shyam Barde ने Chandrabhaga Kirade (buaji ) कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/pansemal-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830334-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pansemal (ST) assembly election results 2023: Pansemal (ST) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/pansemal-st-assembly-result-12189 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Pansemal Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Shyam Barde Wins From Pansemal |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/pansemal-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-mp-assembly-election-results-news-1646968 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barde, Shyam}}

[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Barwani district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}