https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=ABGRemona5804008Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-17T12:49:12ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saadi_Love_Story&diff=531499Saadi Love Story2026-05-04T18:41:22Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Saadi Love Story<br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption =<br />
| director = [[Dheeraj Rattan]]<br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Eros Entertainment]]<br />
*Jimmy Shergill Productions<br />
*Aman Khatkar<br />
}}<br />
| writer = Dheeraj Rattan<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Diljit Dosanjh]]<br />
*[[Amrinder Gill]]<br />
*[[Surveen Chawla]]<br />
*[[Neetu Singh (born 1990)|Neetu Singh]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Jaidev Kumar]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = Manish More<br />
| studio = Jimmy Shergill Productions<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2013|01|11|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Punjabi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross =<br />
<br />
}}<br />
'''''Saadi Love Story''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] directed by [[Dheeraj Rattan]] and starring [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Surveen Chawla]] and [[Neetu Singh (born 1990)|Neetu Singh]]. [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] is the co-producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Sukhpal |title=Movie Review: Saadi Love Story Punjabi Movie |url=https://punjabimania.com/post/movie-review-saadi-love-story-punjabi-movie |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Punjabi Mania |language=en-US}}</ref> This is Dheeraj Rattan's debut movie as a director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Dheeraj Rattan's directorial debut in Saadi Love Story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/dheeraj-rattans-directorial-debut-in-saadi-love-story/articleshow/14019912.cms |access-date=2025-08-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-17 |title='Experimentation is must for directors' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/experimentation-is-must-for-directors/story-kFNVw15vhd3jpX4vtXPHaP.html |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Music for the film is given by [[Jaidev Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130102/ttlife1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/romancing-stories-in-punjabi-cinema/articleshow/18044191.cms|title=Romancing stories in Punjabi cinema|work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Preeti's sister has been hospitalized. Rajveer ([[Diljit Dosanjh]]) and Rajveer ([[Amrinder Gill]]) both show up and claim to be her boyfriend.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] as Rajveer / Billa<br />
* [[Amrinder Gill]] as Rajveer <br />
* [[Surveen Chawla]] as Preeti Kaur<br />
* [[Neetu Singh (born 1990)|Neetu Singh]] as Gurleen Kaur<br />
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Mr. Brar<br />
* [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] as Mrs. Brar <br />
* [[Navneet Nishan]] as Bhua ji<br />
* Navjot Brar as Navi<br />
* Mukesh Vohra<br />
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Rajveer (Guest appearance)<br />
* [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]] as Vikram (Guest appearance)<br />
* [[Neeru Bajwa]] as Tanya, Bride (Guest appearance)<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
The music is composed by Jaidev Kumar (of ''Dil Le Gayi Kudi Gujarat Di'' fame).<br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Saadi Love Story<br />
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Sumitra Iyer<br />
| title2 =Rubaru <br />
| extra2 = [[Amrinder Gill]] <br />
| title3 = Aaja Bhangra Pa Laiye <br />
| extra3 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Navraj Hans]], [[Simran Tripat]]<br />
| title4 = Saadi Love Story (Remix)<br />
| extra4 = [[Navraj Hans]]<br />
| title5 = Laltain Nachdi <br />
| extra5 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]], Sumitra Iyer<br />
| title6 = Saadi Love Story (Sad Version)<br />
| extra6 = [[Navraj Hans]]<br />
| title7 = Dhol Special<br />
| extra7 = [[Lehmber Hussainpuri]], [[Manak-E]], Sumitra Iyer <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|2746136}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Punjabi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._Balasubramanian&diff=497986E. Balasubramanian2026-05-04T08:23:18Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up some stub initial version - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = E. Balasubramanian<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2 May 2021<br />
| term_end = 4 May 2026<br />
| constituency = [[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem (South)]]<br />
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| predecessor = [[A. B. Sakthivel Mudaliar]]<br />
| successor = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''E. Balasubramanian''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem (South)]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211223082658/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC090.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC090.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=23 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Salem (South) Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a090|access-date= 1 May 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral performance ==<br />
{{transcluded section|source=Salem South Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{trim|{{#section-h:Salem South Assembly constituency|2021}}}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Balasubramanian, E}}<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}<br />
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khandavalli&diff=509559Khandavalli2026-05-03T10:01:23Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Adding a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Khandavalli<br />
| other_name = Durvasapuram<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16.7209964|N|81.7702425|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coor_pinpoint = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank =<br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode]]<br />
| postal_code = 534330<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP30 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| footnotes =<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Khandavalli''' is a village in [[Peravali]] mandal in [[East Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. [[Postal Index Number|Postal Index Code]] of this village is 534330.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Khandavalli had a population of 13884. The total population constitute, 6979 males and 6905 females with a sex ratio of 989 females per 1000 males. 1354 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 954. The average literacy rate stands at 69.90%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588538-khandavalli-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Khandavalli Population Census|accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
<br />
[[National Highway 216A (India)|NH216A]], [[Spur route|Spur road]] of [[National Highway 161A (India)|NH16]] passes through Khandavalli Village.<br />
<br />
This road Connects [[Eluru]], [[Gundugolanu]], [[Bhimadole]] [[Pulla, West Godavari district|Pulla]], [[Kaikaram]], [[Chebrolu, West Godavari district|Chebrolu]], [[Unguturu, West Godavari district|Ungaturu]], [[Tadepalligudem]], [[Duvva]], [[Tanuku]], Siddantam, [[Ravulapalem]], [[Vemagiri]], [[Kadiyapulanka]], and ends at [[Rajahmundry]].<br />
<br />
[[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] Connects buses service from [[Eluru]], [[Gundugolanu]], [[Bhimadole|Bhimadolu]], [[Pulla, West Godavari district|Pulla]], [[Kaikaram]], [[Chebrolu, West Godavari district|Chebrolu]], [[Unguturu, West Godavari district|Ungaturu]], [[Tadepalligudem]], [[Duvva]], [[Tanuku]], [[Ravulapalem]], Malleswaram, [[Achanta]] to Khandavalli village.<br />
<br />
Autos, Cabs are also available at Khandavalli Highway junction for passengers to travel to Tanuku and other near by towns .<br />
<br />
=== Nearest Railway Stations ===<br />
<br />
[[Tanuku railway station]] (TNKU), [[Nidadavolu Junction railway station]] (NDD), [[Palakollu railway station]] (PKO), [[Narasapur railway station]] (NS), [[Tadepalligudem railway station]] (TDD) are the main and major nearest railway station to Khandavalli village.<br />
<br />
==Eminent persons==<br />
* Famous Telugu writer [[Chilakamarti Lakshminarasimham]] was born here.<br />
* Film Actor Mass Maharaja [[Ravi Teja]] was born here.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in East Godavari district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{EastGodavari-geo-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2027_census_of_India&diff=4835362027 census of India2026-05-02T15:23:25Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Starting New Post W/ Infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|16th Indian census}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox census<br />
| name = 16th census of India<br />
| logo = {{Easy CSS image crop<br />
|image = Logo of the Census of India.jpg<br />
|desired_width = 220<br />
|align = center<br />
|crop_left_perc = 11<br />
|crop_right_perc = 11<br />
|crop_top_perc = 11<br />
|crop_bottom_perc = 11<br />
}}<br />
| logo_caption = Logo of the 2027 census of India<br />
| country = India<br />
| population = 1,473,718,565<br/>{{small|(expected)}}<ref>{{cite web | title=India Population (2026) | website=Worldometer | url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/ | access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref><br />
| date = 1 April 2026{{endash}}31 March 2027<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=4 June 2025 |title=Population Census-2027 to be conducted in two phases along with enumeration of castes |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2133845 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |pages=1}}</ref><br />
| least_populous = [[Sikkim]]<br/>{{small|(expected)}}<br />
| authority = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]<br />
| percent_change = {{increase}} 21.71%<br />
| region_type = state<br />
| most_populous = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br/>{{small|(expected)}}<br />
| previous_census = 2011 census of India<br />
| previous_year = 2011<br />
| next_census = <br />
| next_year = 2037<ref>{{cite news|title=जनगणना चक्र से भी खत्म हो सकती है ब्रिटिश गुलामी की छाप, जानिए क्या है 2037 का प्लान|url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-mark-of-british-slavery-can-also-be-eradicated-through-census-cycle-23869092.html|work=Jagran|date=18 January 2025|access-date=2 May 2026|language=hi}}</ref><br />
| website = {{URL|https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/|censusindia.gov.in}} <br> {{URL|https://se.census.gov.in}} (for Self-Enumeration)<br />
}}<br />
The '''2027 Census of India''', or the '''16th [[Indian census]]''', is being conducted in two phases: the House Listing and Housing Census, which commenced on 1 April 2026 and will continue until September 2026, followed by the Population Enumeration phase scheduled for February 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=Cabinet approves scheme of Conduct of Census of India 2027 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2202983&reg=3&lang=1 |work=pin.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
The census was originally planned for 2021, with house listing expected to begin in April 2020 and population enumeration on 9 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=Cabinet approves conduct of Census of India 2021 and updation of National Population Register |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-conduct-of-census-of-india-2021-and-updation-of-national-population-register/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704105213/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-conduct-of-census-of-india-2021-and-updation-of-national-population-register/ |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=pmindia.gov.in}}</ref> However, the exercise was repeatedly postponed, primarily due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], and was subsequently rescheduled for 2026–27.<br />
<br />
This 16th census includes [[Caste census|caste enumeration]] for the first time since 1931. In certain Himalayan and snow-bound regions, such as [[Ladakh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Uttarakhand]], enumeration activities are scheduled to begin earlier, from September 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-04 |title=Caste census exercise to start from March 1, 2027 across country |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/caste-census-exercise-to-start-from-march-1-2027-across-country/articleshow/121623189.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
The census will be serve as the basis for the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] exercise for redistribution of seats in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Smriti |date=29 October 2024 |title=Delayed for years, census process to start in 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delayed-for-years-census-process-to-start-in-2025-101730140255388.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> However, the [[Government of India]] had initially proposed to use data from the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]] for delimitation instead of waiting for the 2027 Census, in order to avoid delays and enable faster implementation of the [[One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Women’s Reservation]] provisions through the [[Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill, 2026]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Mausam |date=2026-04-17 |title=Parliament special session: Lok Sabha to consider Delimitation Bill, Amendments to Women Reservation Bill for passing {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/parliament-special-session-lok-sabha-to-consider-delimitation-bill-amendments-to-women-reservation-bill-for-passing-11776396221681.html |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>; the Bill was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 16 April 2026 but failed to secure the required special two-thirds majority of members present and voting, falling short by 56 votes, and consequently, as per the [[Delimitation Act, 2002]], it was determined that the 2027 Census would be used for the next delimitation exercise as well as for woman reservation.<br />
<br />
In September 2019, home minister [[Amit Shah]] announced that the census would be conducted digitally using a mobile application and in 16 languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/home-minister-amit-shah-says-mobile-app-will-be-used-in-census-2021-it-will-be-a-transformation-from-2105523|title=Digital Census In 2021; Amit Shah Proposes Idea Of Multipurpose ID Card|website=NDTV|date=23 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Census 2021 to be conducted in 16 languages|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=194609|access-date=2021-09-24|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is also the first Indian census to introduce self-enumeration, allowing residents to submit their details online through a dedicated portal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=31 March 2026 |title=Billion-plus people, three million officials, 33 questions - India begins huge census |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7vqnpqrgy3o |access-date=3 April 2026 |work=BBC}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Information collection==<br />
===House-listings===<br />
The House-listing schedule contains 31 questions:<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-01-16|title=Census 2021: 31 Questions You Will be Asked in First Phase|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/census-2021-31-questions-you-will-be-asked-in-first-phase-3910943/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-24|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116135819/https://www.india.com/news/india/census-2021-31-questions-you-will-be-asked-in-first-phase-3910943/ |archive-date=16 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India - ORGI Gazette Notification:2020 (Period of Houselisting Operation and Questions in Houselisting & Housing Census) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40545 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! No.<br />
! Information<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|Building Number (Municipal, local authority or census number)<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|Census House Number<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|Predominant material of floor, wall and roof of the census house<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|Ascertain use of census house<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|Condition of the census house<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|Household number<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|Total number of persons normally residing in the household<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|Name of the head of the household<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|Sex of the head of the household<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|Whether the head of the household belongs to SC/ST/Other<br />
|-<br />
!11<br />
|Ownership status of the census house<br />
|-<br />
!12<br />
|Number of dwelling rooms exclusively in possession of the household<br />
|-<br />
!13<br />
|Number of married couple(s) living in the household<br />
|-<br />
!14<br />
|Main source of drinking water<br />
|-<br />
!15<br />
|Availability of drinking water source<br />
|-<br />
!16<br />
|Main source of lighting<br />
|-<br />
!17<br />
|Access to latrine<br />
|-<br />
!18<br />
|Type of latrine<br />
|-<br />
!19<br />
|Waste water outlet<br />
|-<br />
!20<br />
|Availability of bathing facility<br />
|-<br />
!21<br />
|Availability of kitchen and LPG/PNG connection<br />
|-<br />
!22<br />
|Main fuel used for cooking<br />
|-<br />
!23<br />
|Radio/Transistor<br />
|-<br />
!24<br />
|Television<br />
|-<br />
!25<br />
|Access to Internet<br />
|-<br />
!26<br />
|Laptop/Computer<br />
|-<br />
!27<br />
|Telephone/Mobile phone/Smartphone<br />
|-<br />
!28<br />
|Bicycle/Scooter/Motorcycle/Moped<br />
|-<br />
!29<br />
|Car/Jeep/Van<br />
|-<br />
!30<br />
|Main cereal consumed in the household<br />
|-<br />
!31<br />
|Mobile number<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Population enumeration ===<br />
The population enumeration follows the housing census within a gap of six to eight months. During the second phase of census taking, each person is enumerated and her/his individual particulars like age, marital status, religion, schedule caste/schedule tribe, mother tongue, education level, disability, economic activity, migration, fertility (for female) are collected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census Division |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/node/378 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! No.<br />
! Information<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|Gender<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|Age<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|Marital status <br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|Child (for female) <br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|Religion <br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|Social group (SC, ST, OBC, Others)<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|Language (mother tongue and multilingualism) <br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|Education <br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|Physical disability <br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|Economic activity <br />
|-<br />
!11<br />
|Migration<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Enumeration methods==<br />
=== Digital enumeration ===<br />
In April 2019, at the conference of data users it was announced that 3.3 million enumerators would be enlisted and that they would be encouraged to use their own [[Smartphone|smart phones]], although a paper option will also be available, which the enumerators will then need to submit electronically.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=10 April 2019 |title=Census 2021 will be done via mobile app, says officials |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/apr/10/census-2021-will-be-done-via-mobile-app-says-officials-1962359.html |access-date=17 July 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> During the census exercise a census portal will be opened, allowing individuals to self-enumerate after logging in using their phone numbers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-10 |title=From 'pen-paper to digital': How India's first digital census will be conducted |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/from-pen-paper-to-digital-how-india-s-first-digital-census-will-be-conducted-11628578006454.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The building of a mobile app for conducting the census along with the creation of the census portal for information collection is aimed at doing away with paper records in the exercise, making India along with [[Vietnam]] and [[Eswatini]], one of the few countries who have tried to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-23 |title=Census 2021 to go digital, mobile app to be used for decadal headcount |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/census-2021-to-go-digital-mobile-app-to-be-used-for-decadal-headcount/story-Zctq9DNo6XctX13gfXkzuK.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==National Popularion Register (NPR)==<br />
The [[National Population Register]] (NPR) will be linked to this census.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/preparations-for-census-2021-npr-update-to-begin-from-april-1-ministry/article30999139.ece|title=Preparations for census 2021, NPR update to begin from April 1: Ministry|last=Awasthi|first=Prashasti|website=The Hindu Business Line|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07|date = 6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/no-training-being-imparted-for-npr-exercise-punjab-govt/article31010879.ece|title=No training being imparted for NPR exercise: Punjab government|date=2020-03-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The NPR was supposed to be updated along with the first phase of census between April and September 2020,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/34-queries-in-census-2020-form/article30965877.ece|title=34 queries in Census 2020 form|date=2020-03-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sudhi|first=K. s|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/census-authorities-for-updating-npr-in-state/article30924009.ece|title=Census authorities for updating NPR in State|date=2020-02-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> however that too has been postponed indefinitely.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=24 May 2023 |title=Update NPR to enumerate self during next Census |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/update-npr-to-enumerate-self-during-next-census/article66885408.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On 24 December 2019, the central Government approved {{INRConvert|39.41|b|year=2019}} for updating the NPR across India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/cabinet-approves-conduct-of-census-2021-and-npr-119122400704_1.html|title=Cabinet approves Rs 3,941 crore for NPR, Rs 8,754 crore for Census 2021|website=Business Standard|date=24 December 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Caste enumeration==<br />
The [[2011 census of India|15th Indian census]], taken in 2011, attempted to estimate the population based on [[Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011#Caste census published in July 2014|Socio-Economic and Caste Status]] for the first time since 1931. However, as the enumeration was based on recording the respondents' declaration, it led to creation of hundreds of thousands of [[caste]]/subcaste categories. For the 16th Indian census, the government was instead considering enumeration based on a list of [[Other Backward Class|educationally or socially disadvantaged castes]] (known as Other Backward Class) reported by each state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Move afoot to collect OBC data afresh in Census 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 January 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/move-afoot-to-collect-obc-data-afresh-in-census-2021/articleshow/67446207.cms}}</ref> However, in February 2020, the Indian government rejected the demand for OBC data as part of the 2021 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/real-reason-no-govt-wants-obc-count-in-census-it-will-reveal-inconvenient-truths/635541/|title=Real reason no govt wants OBC count in Census – it will reveal inconvenient truths|website=The Print|date=7 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/centre-rejected-demand-for-obc-data-in-census-2021-speaker-informs-maharashtra-assembly/article30941386.ece|title=Centre rejected demand for OBC data in Census 2021, Speaker informs Maharashtra Assembly|website=The Hindu|date=28 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2018, the then [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], [[Rajnath Singh]], announced that the 2021 census will have [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) data, for the first time since the [[Census of India prior to independence|1931 census]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/census-2021-will-collect-data-on-obcs/articleshow/65623895.cms|title=Census 2021 to collect OBC data, first since 1931|date=2018-09-01|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> Despite this announcement, the questionnaire presented in July 2019 did not have a specific OBC category.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Rahul|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/despite-promise-no-obc-category-yet-in-census-2021/articleshow/70459824.cms|title=Despite promise, no OBC category yet in census 2021|date=2019-07-31|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> Several state legislative assemblies passed resolutions for collecting OBC data including the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-assembly-passes-resolution-seeking-caste-based-census-1634996-2020-01-08|title=Maharashtra Assembly passes resolution seeking caste-based Census|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07|date=8 January 2020}}</ref> [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-09-10 |title=Odisha Assembly passes resolution seeking caste-based census |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-assembly-passes-resolution-caste-based-census-latest-national-news-updates-732971 |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/bihar-assembly-passes-resolution-for-caste-based-census-in-2021-808605.html|title=Bihar assembly passes resolution for caste-based Census in 2021|date=2020-02-27|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> while the [[government of Uttar Pradesh]], rejected the opposition's demand to pass such a resolution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/up-govt-rejects-demand-for-caste-based-census.html|title=UP govt rejects demand for caste-based census|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07|date=29 February 2020}}</ref> On 29 February 2020, central government refused to conduct caste census despite demands from states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-rebuffs-plea-on-census-caste-data/articleshow/74409727.cms|title=Govt rebuffs plea on Census caste data|last=Ghildiyal|first=Subodh|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07|date=29 February 2020}}</ref> Despite Centre's rejection, [[Maharashtra]] legislators were adamant for caste based census at least in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/despite-centres-rejection-maharashtra-legislators-unite-to-press-for-separate-census-for-obcs|title=Despite Centre's rejection, Maharashtra legislators unite to press for separate census for OBCs|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07|date=28 February 2020}}</ref> Protest march in support of OBC census was carried out in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/protest-rally-taken-out-for-implementation-of-central-reservation-policy/|title=Protest rally taken out for implementation of central reservation policy|date=2020-03-04|work=Daily Excelsior}}</ref> [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of State Social Justice and Empowerment]], [[Ramdas Athawale]] also demanded carrying of census counting every single caste in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/athawale-calls-for-caste-based-census/articleshow/74448408.cms|title=Athawale calls for caste-based census|last=Botekar|first=Abhilash|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07|date=3 March 2020}}</ref> On 6 June 2022 the [[Government of Bihar|Bihar government]] issued a notification to conduct a [[2022 Bihar caste-based survey|caste survey]], and began collecting data on 7 January following the dismissal of petitions against it in the supreme court.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=2023-01-20 |title=Bihar caste survey {{!}} Nitish Kumar welcomes Supreme Court decision |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-welcomes-scs-dismissal-of-pleas-against-bihar-caste-survey/article66413552.ece |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 2 October the Bihar government released preliminary data from the survey,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=2023-10-04 |title=The impact of the Bihar caste survey {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-the-impact-of-the-bihar-caste-survey/article67381656.ece |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> with the full detailed report being publicly released in the state assembly on 7 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2023 |title=Decoding findings of Bihar's caste survey report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/decoding-findings-of-bihars-caste-survey-report-101699396896631.html |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> On 26 June 2024, the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] unanimously adopted a resolution urging the Central government to immediately commence census work along with a caste based population census, however the Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]] declined to conduct a Bihar style caste survey, as any changes made to reservation based on a survey by the state government could be struck down by the courts, while contending that a full-fledged census can be legally only conducted by the Central government under the Census Act, 1948.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-26 |title=Tamil Nadu adopts resolution urging Centre to commence nationwide caste based population census |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/tamil-nadu-assembly-moves-resolution-seeking-nationwide-caste-census-791989 |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=[[DT Next]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Why Tamil Nadu is pressing Centre for a caste census |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/why-tamil-nadu-is-pressing-centre-for-caste-census-9416601/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In July 2024, Central Minister [[Chirag Paswan]] backed the demand for conducting a caste census as part of the 2021 census, however he opposed its data from being publicly revealed as he believed it will lead to division in society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-20 |title='Will Create Division': Chirag Backs Caste Census, But Says Data Should Not Be Made Public |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/chirag-paswan-backs-caste-census-data-not-made-public-division-in-society-ucc-one-nation-one-poll |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general elections]], the inclusion of a caste census became a key demand of the opposition [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA alliance]] led by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress' 2024 Manifesto Focuses On Unemployment, Promises Caste Census |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-2024-manifesto-focuses-on-unemployment-promises-caste-census-5378978 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
On April 30 2025, Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs decided to include caste enumeration ([[Caste Census|caste census]]) in forthcoming census exercise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=Caste census to be included in population survey: Cabinet's big decision |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/caste-census-to-be-included-in-national-census-announces-union-minister-ashwini-vaishnaw-2717516-2025-04-30 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The 2027 census will record individual's specific ''[[Jāti|jati]]'' rather than broad categories, like SC or ST.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shankar |first=Priyanka |date=1 April 2026 |title=History’s biggest census: Why India’s new population count is controversial |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2026/4/1/historys-biggest-census-why-indias-new-population-count-is-controversial |access-date=3 April 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |quote=The process will take place in the second phase of the census and will involve asking every individual their caste rather than simply recording whether someone belongs to an SC or ST as previous censuses have done. “This would be the first systematic, population-wide count of jati [caste] since 1931, which makes it a genuinely historic – and deeply contested – exercise,” Deshpande, the Ashoka University economist, said.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Delays ==<br />
The 2021 census is the first census to ever be postponed in India since its [[Census in British India|beginning under the British in 1872]].<ref name=":8" /> Even during the [[World War II|Second World War]], the census of India was held in 1941 as scheduled, although the tabulations of the results of the [[1941 Census of India|1941 census]] were incomplete compared to the detailed reports published after the 1931 census.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1941 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 1, India: Census Reports - 1941 |url=https://jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215532 |journal=South Asia Open Archives |language=en |volume=1 |pages=2|jstor=saoa.crl.28215532 }}</ref> Before the census, according to the rules, the boundaries of administrative units are to be frozen before conducting a census; this was initially supposed to have happened on 31 December 2019, with the states having to update these changes to the [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Registrar General of India]] by 31 January 2020. The house listing phase or the first phase of the census along with the NPR was to be conducted between April 1, 2020, and September 30, 2020, with the population enumeration or second phase in February 2021 and a revision round in March 2021.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Deadline for freezing administrative boundaries extended, no Census this year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/deadline-for-freezing-administrative-boundaries-extended-no-census-this-year-7970121/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However following the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the Central government postponed the house listing phase of the census exercise,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-16 |title=Parliament proceedings {{!}} First phase of Census postponed due to COVID-19 outbreak: Govt |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-first-phase-of-census-postponed-due-to-covid-outbreak-govt/article32621703.ece |access-date=2023-01-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> before the census in its entirety was postponed to 2022<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Amit |last1=Baruah |first2=Vijaita |last2=Singh |date=2021-01-31 |title=Government likely to postpone census to 2022 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-likely-to-postpone-census-to-2022/article33710753.ece |access-date=2023-01-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However the census was never conducted in 2022 as it was repeatedly delayed. The deadline to freeze administrative boundaries was first extended to 31 December 2020, then to 31 March 2021, then further extended to 30 June, then to 31 December of the same year until it was extended to 30 June 2022, after which it was extended to 31 December 2022, and then another extension was granted till 30 June 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Census to be delayed again, deadline for freezing of boundaries extended to June 30 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/census-delayed-again-deadline-for-freezing-of-boundaries-extended-to-june-30-8364829/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The exercise was then given a further extension to 1 January 2024,<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/census-delayed-deadline-administrative-boundaries-pushed-8697397/|title=Census to be delayed again, deadline for freezing administrative boundaries pushed to January 1, 2024|date=2 July 2023 }}</ref> this was followed by another extension to 30 June 2024.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2023-12-30 |title=With announcement of new notification, Census to be delayed till at least October 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/with-announcement-of-new-notification-census-to-be-delayed-till-at-least-october-2024/article67690661.ece |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Based on a Reuters report citing government officials, it was expected that the census would begin in September 2024, however no final approval was given for this timeline.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=India to begin delayed census in Sept as Modi looks to plug data gaps, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-begin-delayed-census-sept-modi-looks-plug-data-gaps-sources-say-2024-08-21/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><br />
<br />
=== Reasons for the delays ===<br />
The official rationale for the initial extensions of deadlines had been the COVID-19 pandemic, however this had been criticized as during 2021–22, twelve countries in Asia were able to conduct their decennial census including neighbouring Bangladesh and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Pramit |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to save the Census of India from disruptions and delays |url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/save-the-census-of-india-from-disruptions-and-delays-11672675469888.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> An analysis by [[The Hindu]] found that 143 countries had conducted their censuses after March 2020, with India being one of the only two countries which were yet to conduct their regular census exercise among the ten most populous countries in the world, at the time of the analysis, with the other being [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nihalani |first=Jasmin |date=2024-06-25 |title=India among a select few countries that have not conducted the Census {{!}} Data |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/india-among-a-select-few-countries-that-have-not-conducted-the-census-data/article68327672.ece |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
The delays have also been attributed by analysts to the linking of the census with the NPR exercise which is seen as the first step towards the controversial [[National Register of Citizens|National Register of Citizens (NRC)]], the decision to update the NPR and discussions on imposing a nationwide NRC were some of the key issues taken up by the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|CAA-NRC protests]]. The demands for a caste census have also been attributed as one of the reasons behind the continuous delays.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=No census before 2024 elections? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/no-census-before-2024-elections-101673016330496.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Impact of delays ===<br />
The continuous postponement of the census has led to many commentators and newspaper editorials demanding for it to conduct immediately as the information from census is the only way to gain granular data on the country, as sample surveys can only provide state or countrywide data rather than street or village or block level data, with some of these surveys also relying on census data. The lack of census data is said to be a major handicap for policy-makers as without it, they have to rely on outdated census data for local level planning. Many key welfare interventions in India such as the [[Public Distribution System (India)|Public Distribution System]] and the [[National Food Security Act, 2013|NFSA]] are reliant on census data, and having outdated data has led to the exclusion of many potential beneficiaries from them. Without data from the census, it is also difficult to validate the outcomes of government interventions using key metrics such as literacy, housing, fertility, urbanization, etc.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Postponing India's census is terrible for the country |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2023/01/05/postponing-indias-census-is-terrible-for-the-country |access-date=2023-01-16 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=Conduct census immediately |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/first-edit/conduct-census-immediately-1181643.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urgent need to get on with census process |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/editorials/2023/jan/11/urgent-need-toget-on-with-census-process-2536545.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=The New Indian Express|date=10 January 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The consequences of a delayed census |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/the-consequences-of-a-delayed-census |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The lack of updated census data also affects the quantum of [[Reservation in India|reservation]] for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] segments of the population and the delimitation of constituencies for elections.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Munjal |first=Diksha |date=2023-01-09 |title=Explained {{!}} The delay in the decennial Census |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-impact-of-census-2021-delay/article66358242.ece |access-date=2023-01-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Final results ==<br />
<br />
Following delays, the government of India announced in June 2025 that the house listing phase would begin in October 2026, with the population enumeration scheduled for March 2027. Provisional results are anticipated by late 2027, with the final report expected by late 2028, as the census typically requires more than a year to complete.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/22/long-delayed-population-census-may-start-in-september-likely-to-take-18-months-to-finish-report|title=Long Delayed Population Census may start in September|date=22 August 2024 |publisher=Indian Express|access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-govt-to-begin-delayed-census-in-september-results-expected-by-2026-report-101724250437715.html|title=India's delayed Census to begin in September 2024 with results expected by March 2026|work=Hindustan Times |date=21 August 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bihar caste-based survey 2023]]<br />
* [[Caste census]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
{{Census of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Censuses in India]]<br />
[[Category:2027 censuses|India]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narayan_Singh_Patta&diff=520519Narayan Singh Patta2026-04-23T06:24:34Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: starting first bio nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Bichhiya Assembly constituency|Bichhiya]]<br />
| term_start = 2008<br />
| term_end = 2013<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| predecessor = Pandit Singh Dhurwey<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Bichhiya Assembly constituency|Bichhiya]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2018<br />
}}<br />
'''Narayan Singh Patta''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a three time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]], [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]], and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Bichhiya Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bichhiya assembly election results 2023: Bichhiya Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/bichhiya-assembly-result-12105 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bichhiya Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Bichhiya Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/bichhiya-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patta, Narayan Singh}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devanti_Yadav&diff=496415Devanti Yadav2026-04-19T05:27:39Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up a post basic info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Devanti Yadav<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 14 November 2025<br />
| term_end = <br />
| constituency = [[Narpatganj Assembly constituency|Narpatganj]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Jai Prakash Yadav (politician)|Jai Prakash Yadav]]<br />
| term_start1 = 26 November 2010<br />
| term_end1 = 20 November 2015<br />
| constituency1 = [[Narpatganj Assembly constituency|Narpatganj]]<br />
| predecessor1 = Janardan Yadav<br />
| successor1 = [[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1960)|Anil Kumar Yadav]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Devanti Yadav''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. She was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[Narpatganj Assembly constituency]] in [[Araria district]]. She is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DEVANTI YADAV (Winner) NARPATGANJ (ARARIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=1649|access-date=2025-11-16|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BJP wins 89 seats in Bihar elections: Check full list of party winners constituency-wise|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-wins-89-seats-in-bihar-elections-check-full-list-of-bjp-winners-constituency-wise-101763108183961.html|date=2025-11-15|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Narpatganj Election Result 2025 Highlights: Devanti Yadav of BJP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/narpatganj-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-assembly-seat-winner-leading-mla-margin-9706059.html|date=2025-11-16|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Narpatganj Election Result 2025 Live: BJP's Devanti Yadav wins Narpatganj with 120557 votes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/narpatganj-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-vote-counting-bihar-jdu-nda-mahagathbandhan-rjd-baelb-2818993-2025-11-14|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="Narpatganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Narpatganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/narpatganj |access-date=24 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124174055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/narpatganj |archive-date=24 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Narpatganj">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Narpatganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0446.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124174757/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0446.htm |archive-date=24 November 2025 |access-date=24 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Devanti}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Araria district]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagamangala_Assembly_constituency&diff=519830Nagamangala Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:30:45Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: starting first stub basic info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Nagamangala<br />
|type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 191<br />
| map_image = 191-Nagamangala constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
|state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
|district = [[Mandya district|Mandya]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]<br />
|established = 1951<br />
|electors = {{formatnum:214272}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}<br />
|reservation = None<br />
|mla = [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]]<br />
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|preceded_by = Suresh Gowda<br />
}}<br />
'''Nagamangala Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || M. Shankaralinge Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1953 elections in India#Mysore|1953 By-election]] {{efn|Died in 1953}} || K. Singarigowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[T. Mariappa]]<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || T. N. Madappa Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. S. Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || T. N. Madappa Gowda<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 elections in India#Mysore|1972 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 27/07/1972}} || rowspan="2" | H. T. Krishnappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Chigarigowda<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 elections in India#Karnataka|1984 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 21/06/1984}} || rowspan="2" | H. T. Krishnappa<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="2" | [[L. R. Shivarame Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Suresh Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Suresh Gowda<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 90,634 |percentage = 47.17% |change = {{increase}}11.50 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 86,220 |percentage = 44.87% |change = {{decrease}}17.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudha Shivaramegowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,769 |percentage = 4.04% |change = {{increase}}2.98 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Mallikarjun (Fighter Ravi) |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,293 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 577 |percentage = 0.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.06 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,414 |percentage = 2.30% |change = {{decrease}}23.97 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 192,174 |percentage = 89.69% |change = {{increase}}1.83 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,146}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,272 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.67 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}14.77 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 112,396 |percentage = 61.94% |change = {{increase}}3.82 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,729 |percentage = 35.67% |change = {{decrease}}9.18 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gowda Dr. Parthasarathy. V |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,915 |percentage = 1.06% |change = {{increase}}0.35 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 647 |percentage = 0.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,667 |percentage = 26.27% |change = {{increase}}13.00 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 181,583 |percentage = 87.86% |change = {{increase}}6.22 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 181,472}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,678 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.93 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}3.82 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 89,203 |percentage = 58.12% |change = {{increase}}12.64 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,840 |percentage = 44.85% |change = {{decrease}}4.55 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murali Hoysala |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,190 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Parthasarathi. V. Gowd. A |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,085 |percentage = 0.71% |change = {{decrease}}1.16 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. N. Narasimhamurthy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,042 |percentage = 0.68% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,363 |percentage = 13.27% |change = {{increase}}9.35 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,928 |percentage = 81.64% |change = {{increase}}4.31 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 153,482}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,803 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.67 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.72 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,259 |percentage = 49.40% |change = {{increase}}5.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 63,766 |percentage = 45.48% |change = {{decrease}}3.64 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Jayaramegowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,618 |percentage = 1.87% |change = {{decrease}}0.47 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Krishnegowda |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,112 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnegowda. P. C |party = Independent politician |votes = 978 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,493 |percentage = 3.92% |change = {{decrease}}1.53 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,315 |percentage = 77.33% |change = {{increase}}2.47 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,195}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,441 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.65 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}0.28 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 54,847 |percentage = 49.12% |change = {{decrease}}4.89 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivarame Gouda. L. R |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,760 |percentage = 43.67% |change = {{increase}}4.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,928 |percentage = 2.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Shivamurthy Bhat. I |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,616 |percentage = 2.34% |change = {{increase}}0.89 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girigouda. H. J |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,582 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaramegowda. B. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 919 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,087 |percentage = 5.45% |change = {{decrease}}9.27 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,659 |percentage = 74.86% |change = {{decrease}}3.83 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,652}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,148 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.29 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}4.89 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 55,643 |percentage = 54.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[L. R. Shivarame Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,484 |percentage = 39.30% |change = {{increase}}35.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Narayanaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,107 |percentage = 2.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Md Krishnegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,637 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Dharanendra Babu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,493 |percentage = 1.45% |change = {{decrease}}26.75 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Chandregowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,060 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,159 |percentage = 14.72% |change = {{decrease}}2.49 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,450 |percentage = 78.69% |change = {{decrease}}0.40 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,016}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,333 |percentage = 2.21% |change = {{increase}}0.98 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,014 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.19 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}8.60 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[L. R. Shivarame Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 44,719 |percentage = 45.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Dharanendra Babu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,768 |percentage = 28.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. T. Krishnappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 17,107 |percentage = 17.37% |change = {{increase}}1.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjegowda |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,006 |percentage = 4.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narasegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,733 |percentage = 3.79% |change = {{decrease}}16.27 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,951 |percentage = 17.21% |change = {{decrease}}19.53 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,814 |percentage = 79.09% |change = {{increase}}1.58 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,472}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,227 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{decrease}}4.44 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,197 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.71 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}11.39 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[L. R. Shivarame Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 48,654 |percentage = 56.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Chandrashekar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,185 |percentage = 20.06% |change = {{decrease}}2.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. T. Krishnappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 13,576 |percentage = 15.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Puttegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,214 |percentage = 4.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Melagirigowda |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 953 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,469 |percentage = 36.74% |change = {{increase}}1.86 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,809 |percentage = 77.51% |change = {{increase}}7.43 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,658}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,151 |percentage = 5.67% |change = {{increase}}4.01 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,163 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.81 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.09 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. T. Krishnappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 36,856 |percentage = 57.89% |change = {{increase}}32.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Chandrashekar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,645 |percentage = 23.00% |change = {{increase}}7.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. N. Muddegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,190 |percentage = 8.15% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Dharanendra Babu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,663 |percentage = 5.75% |change = {{decrease}}6.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburajendra Prasad |party = Lokdal |votes = 2,598 |percentage = 4.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,211 |percentage = 34.88% |change = {{increase}}22.31 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,749 |percentage = 70.08% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,671}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,078 |percentage = 1.66% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,396 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}19.94 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly By-election 1984 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1984 elections in India#Karnataka|1984 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. T. Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,744 |percentage = 37.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kempamma(w) |party = Janata Party |votes = 15,879 |percentage = 25.38% |change = {{increase}}9.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. R. S. Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,516 |percentage = 15.21% |change = {{decrease}}9.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Babu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,726 |percentage = 12.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. T. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,941 |percentage = 6.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 938 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. N. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 484 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,865 |percentage = 12.57% |change = {{decrease}}21.98 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,568}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}21.08 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chigarigowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 36,966 |percentage = 59.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. T. Krishnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,332 |percentage = 24.48% |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. Thimmegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 10,033 |percentage = 16.02% |change = {{decrease}}14.91 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,634 |percentage = 34.55% |change = {{increase}}25.77 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,664 |percentage = 77.41% |change = {{decrease}}2.33 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,619}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,045 |percentage = 1.64% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,243 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.82 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}19.32 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. T. Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,721 |percentage = 39.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Singarigowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,475 |percentage = 30.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chigarigowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,586 |percentage = 24.42% |change = {{decrease}}19.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Chandrashekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 965 |percentage = 1.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. L. Byregowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 856 |percentage = 1.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marigowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 669 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,246 |percentage = 8.78% |change = {{decrease}}4.00 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,825 |percentage = 79.74% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,734}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,091 |percentage = 1.79% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,280 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{decrease}}16.68 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly By-election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 elections in India#Mysore|1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. T. Krishnappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 28,896 |percentage = 56.39% |change = {{increase}}20.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,348 |percentage = 43.61% |change = {{decrease}}14.13 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,548 |percentage = 12.78% |change = {{decrease}}9.08 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,244}}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.35 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Madappa Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,729 |percentage = 57.74% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. T. Krishnappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 15,365 |percentage = 35.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Nataraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,733 |percentage = 6.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,364 |percentage = 21.86% |change = {{increase}}2.51 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,657 |percentage = 61.60% |change = {{decrease}}9.21 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,827}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,870 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.42 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,428 |percentage = 57.59% |change = {{increase}}13.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Madappa Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,219 |percentage = 38.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Challapeddamalakondaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,771 |percentage = 4.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,209 |percentage = 19.35% |change = {{increase}}7.04 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,638 |percentage = 70.81% |change = {{increase}}0.16 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,418}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,041 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.48 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.44 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Madappa Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,275 |percentage = 56.15% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Singarigowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,050 |percentage = 43.85% |change = {{decrease}}8.40 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,225 |percentage = 12.31% |change = {{increase}}7.81 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,781 |percentage = 70.65% |change = {{increase}}3.58 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,325}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,643 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.03 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.90 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. Mariappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,985 |percentage = 52.25% |change = {{decrease}}6.90 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mariappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,607 |percentage = 47.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,378 |percentage = 4.50% |change = {{decrease}}13.81 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,592 |percentage = 67.07% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,592}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,612 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.90 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly By-election 1953 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1953 elections in India#Mysore|1953 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/1assemblymemberslist.htm |title=First Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[]] |archive-date= 3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703132258/https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/1assemblymemberslist.htm}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Singarigowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,458 |percentage = 59.15% |change = {{increase}}14.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Thimmegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,983 |percentage = 40.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,475 |percentage = 18.31% |change = {{increase}}7.15 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,441}}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}3.57 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shankaralinge Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,908 |percentage = 55.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Singarigowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,914 |percentage = 44.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,994 |percentage = 11.16% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,822 |percentage = 57.49% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,822}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,656 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Mandya district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
{{coord|12.83|76.76|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Mandya district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangita_Kumari_(field_hockey)&diff=532625Sangita Kumari (field hockey)2026-04-13T03:28:12Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up new biography.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}<br />
{{about||the Indian politician|Sangita Kumari (politician)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox field hockey player<br />
| name = Sangita Kumari<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| fullname = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|12|24}}<br />
| birth_place = Karangaguri, [[Simdega district|Simdega]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]] <br />
| height =<br />
| weight =<br />
| position = Forward<br />
| years1 = <br />
| clubs1 = Hockey Jharkhand<br />
| caps1 = <br />
| goals1 = <br />
| years2 = <br />
| clubs2 = [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]<br />
| caps2 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| years3 = <br />
| clubs3 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]<br />
| caps3 = <br />
| goals3 = <br />
| clubnumber = <br />
| nationalyears1 = 2016<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = 8<br />
| nationalgoals1 = 4<br />
| nationalyears2 = 2022–<br />
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]<br />
| nationalcaps2 = 71<br />
| nationalgoals2 = 30<br />
| medaltemplates = <br />
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Hangzhou]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|FIH Nations Cup]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Spain]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Ranchi]]|}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Rajgir]]|}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Sangita Kumari''' (born 24 December 2001)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/709/reports/teams |title=Team Details – INdia |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]] |website=tms.fih.ch |accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women hockey team]].<ref name="HIND">{{cite web |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/sangita-kumari-profile-2130 |title=SANGITA KUMARI |publisher=[[Hockey India]] |website=hockeyindia.org |accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="HA">{{cite web |url=https://hockeyaustralia.altiusrt.com/people/10236 |title=KUMARI Sangita |publisher=[[Hockey Australia]] |website=hockeyaustralia.altiusrt.com |accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Sangita Kumari was born in the village of Karangaguri Nawatoli in [[Simdega district]] in state of Jharkhand to Ranjit Majhi and Lakhmani Devi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/international-hockey-player-sangeeta-honored-the-village-elders-by-giving-them-dhoti-with-her-first-salary/articleshow/87555801.cms|title=पहली सैलरी मिली तो इंटरनेशनल हॉकी प्लेयर संगीता ने गांव के बुजुर्गों को गिफ्ट में दी धोती, बच्चों को गेंद|website=navbharat times|date=6 November 2021|accessdate=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/cwg-2022-sangita-kumari-fights-all-odds-to-represent-india-in-womens-hockey-5646421.html|title=CWG 2022: Sangita Kumari Fights All Odds to Represent India in Women's Hockey|website=news18|date= 29 July 2022|accessdate=4 August 2022}}</ref> She was selected in state women hockey training centre in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://yespunjab.com/womens-hockey-team-player-sangita-kumari-brave-all-odds-to-represent-india-in-cwg-2022/|title=Women's Hockey team player Sangita Kumari braves all odds to represent India in CWG 2022|website=yespunjab|date=29 July 2022|accessdate=4 August 2022|archive-date=29 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729065331/https://yespunjab.com/womens-hockey-team-player-sangita-kumari-brave-all-odds-to-represent-india-in-cwg-2022/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
===Under–21===<br />
In 2016, Sangita was named in the [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U–21]] squad for a [[2016 Women's Hockey Under–21 Invitational Tournament|five-nations]] tournament in [[Valencia]].<ref name="FIH">{{cite web |url=https://tms.fih.ch/people/16314 |title=KUMARI Sangita |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]] |website=tms.fih.ch |accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sangita was not named in the junior squad again until 2022, for the [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|FIH Junior World Cup]] in [[Potchefstroom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/junior-world-cup/women/fih-hockey-womens-junior-world-cup-2021-1301/teams/india-6153 |title=India |publisher=[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|FIH Junior World Cup]] |website=juniorworldcup.hockey |accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
===National team===<br />
Sangita made her senior debut for [[India women's national field hockey team|India]] in 2022. Her first appearance was during [[2021-22 Women's FIH Pro League|season three]] of the [[Women's FIH Pro League|FIH Pro League]], in India's homes matches against [[Spain women's national field hockey team|Spain]].<ref name="FIH"/> In her debut match, she scored her first international goal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/young-hockey-striker-sangita-kumari-eyeing-bigger-laurels-after-making-successful-india-debut/articleshow/90050795.cms |title=Young hockey striker Sangita Kumari eyeing bigger laurels after making successful India debut |publisher=[[Times of India]] |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=7 March 2022 |accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> In [[2022 Commonwealth Games]], Indian women hockey team won bronze medal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/special-feeling-to-return-home-with-cwg-medal-young-hockey-sensation-sangita-kumari-5732125.html|title=Special Feeling to Return Home with CWG Medal: Young Hockey Sensation Sangita Kumari|publisher=news118|date=11 August 2022|accessdate=11 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
===International goals===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" width=97%<br />
|-<br />
!style="font-size:95%;" data-sort-type=number|<br/>Goal<br />
!align=center|Date<br />
!Location<br />
!width=100|Opponent<br />
!data-sort-type="number" style="font-size:95%"|Score<br />
!data-sort-type="number" style="font-size:95%"|Result<br />
!Competition<br />
!{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || 27 February 2022 || [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]], India || {{fhw|ESP}} || align="center"|'''1'''–1 || align="center"|3–4 || [[2021-22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22 FIH Pro League]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://tms.fih.ch/players/16100 |title=India 3–4 Spain |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]] |accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{International Hockey Federation}}<br />
* [https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/sangita-kumari-profile-2130 Sangita Kumari] at [[Hockey India]]<br />
<br />
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}<br />
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asian Games}}<br />
{{India FHW Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Sangita}}<br />
[[Category:2001 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]<br />
[[Category:Women's field hockey forwards]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in field hockey]]<br />
[[Category:People from Simdega district]]<br />
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br />
<br />
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uday_Ananthan&diff=542304Uday Ananthan2026-04-10T12:08:51Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up new info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian filmmaker|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date = February 2014}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Uday Ananthan<br />
| image = Uday_Ananthan.jpg<br />
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], Kerala, India<br />
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter<br />
| yearsactive = 1991–<br />
| spouse = Jesny<br />
| parents = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Uday Ananthan''' is an Indian filmmaker who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He is best known for his 2007 film, ''[[Pranayakalam]]'', and ''Mrityunjayam'', a short film, which is part of the 2009 Malayalam [[anthology film]], ''[[Kerala Cafe]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=The season of love|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/06/stories/2007040600520200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090727/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/06/stories/2007040600520200.htm |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-04-06|archive-date=2007-10-01 }}</ref> In July 2016, his third directorial feature, ''[[White (2016 film)|White]]'', starring [[Mammootty]] and [[Huma Qureshi]] was released.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
*''[[Pranayakalam]]'' (2007)<br />
*''[[Kerala Cafe|Mrityunjayam]]'' (2009) (short film)<br />
*''[[White (2016 film)|White]]'' (2016)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2776729/<br />
* http://174.121.153.209/person/uday-ananthan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426050516/http://174.121.153.209/person/uday-ananthan |date=26 April 2012 }}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ananthan, Uday}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Harrer&diff=502493Heinrich Harrer2026-03-31T03:30:39Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Adding new article...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Austrian mountaineer and author (1912–2006)}}{{redirect|Harrer|the surname|Harrer (surname)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Heinrich Harrer<br />
| image = Harrer Frankfurt 1997.jpg<br />
| caption = Harrer in 1997<br />
| birth_name = Heinrich Josef Harrer<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|07|06|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Hüttenberg, Austria|Hüttenberg]], [[Austria-Hungary]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2006|01|07|1912|07|06|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Friesach]], Austria<br />
| resting_place =<br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --><br />
| nationality = <!--See MOS:INFONAT--><br />
| citizenship = <br />
| other_names =<br />
| known_for = ''[[Seven Years in Tibet]]'' (1952)<br />''[[The White Spider]]'' (1959)<br />
| education =<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Graz]]<br />
| employer =<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Mountaineer]]|[[Sportsperson|Sportsman]]|[[Geographer]]|Author}}<br />
| years_active =<br />
| spouse = {{plainlist|<br />
* {{marriage|Charlotte Wegener|1938|1943|reason=divorce}}<br />
* {{marriage|Margarethe Truxa|1953|1958|reason=divorce}}<br />
* {{marriage|Katharina Haarhaus|1962}}<br />
}}<br />
| children =<br />
| parents =<br />
| relations = [[Alfred Wegener]] (father-in-law)<br />
| signature =<br />
| website = [http://www.harrerportfolio.com www.harrerportfolio.com]<br />
}}<br />
'''Heinrich Harrer''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈhaʁɐ|lang}}; 6 July 1912 – 7 January 2006) was an Austrian [[mountaineer]], explorer, writer, [[Sportsperson|sportsman]], [[geographer]], and an [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] sergeant. He was a member of the four-man climbing team that made the first ascent of the North Face of the [[Eiger]], the "last problem" of the [[Alps]], in July 1938. Harrer and the team flew the Nazi flag atop the mountain.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chalupa |first=Cynthia |title=Race for the Magic Mountain: Mountaineering and the National Socialist Agenda in Europe |journal=The International Journal of Sport and Society |date=2010 |volume=1 |issue=3 |page=222 |doi=10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/v01i03/54037 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307766233 }}</ref> Harrer had joined the Nazi Party shortly after the [[Anschluss|annexation of Austria]] in March 1938, and was personally received by Hitler after the climb.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yanshi |first=Ren |title=Nazi Authors Seven Years in Tibet |url=http://il.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/200804/t20080414_1872462.htm |website=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the State of Israel |access-date=17 June 2024 }}</ref> A year later in 1939, he and the climbing team went on an expedition to the Indian Himalayas, where they were arrested by [[British Raj|British colonial authorities]] due to the outbreak of [[World War II]]. He eventually escaped to Tibet, staying there until 1951. He is the author of two autobiographical books, ''[[Seven Years in Tibet]]'' (1952) and ''[[The White Spider]]'' (1959).<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |title=Heinrich Harrer, 93, Explorer of Tibet, Dies |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/10/obituaries/10harrer.html |access-date=15 January 2012 |date=10 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206010412/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/10/obituaries/10harrer.html |archive-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Heinrich Harrer was born 6 July 1912 in [[Hüttenberg, Austria]], in the district of [[Sankt Veit an der Glan (district)|Sankt Veit an der Glan]] in the state of [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]]. His father, Josef Harrer, was a postal worker. From 1933 to 1938, Harrer studied [[geography]] and sports at the [[Karl-Franzens University]] in [[Graz]]. Harrer became a member of the traditional student corporation ATV Graz.<br />
<br />
In 1935, Harrer was designated to participate in the [[Alpine skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics|Alpine skiing competition]] at the [[1936 Winter Olympics]] in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]]. The [[Austria at the 1936 Winter Olympics|Austria]]n Alpine skiing team, however, boycotted the event due to a conflict regarding the skiing instructors' status as professionals. As a result, Harrer did not participate.<br />
<br />
In 1937, Harrer won the downhill event at the World Student Championships at [[Zell am See]].<ref name="telegraphobituary">{{cite news |title=Heinrich Harrer Obituary |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1507308/Heinrich-Harrer.html |access-date=14 January 2012 |date=9 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709214206/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1507308/Heinrich-Harrer.html |archive-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Eiger North Face==<br />
Mountain climbing was Harrer's true passion. Knowing an extraordinary feat of climbing could win him a place on a Himalayan expedition, Harrer and a friend, [[Fritz Kasparek]], resolved to be the first to climb the North Face of the [[Eiger]] (3,967 m, 13,025&nbsp;ft) in Switzerland. The near vertical wall, with its ice-field known as The White Spider, had claimed several lives; and the Bernese authorities even banned climbing it. Following his final university exams in July 1938, Harrer and Kasparek traveled to [[Kleine Scheidegg]] at the foot of the Eiger and set out on their climb. Halfway up the mountain, Harrer and Kasparek encountered another team making the attempt, [[Ludwig Vörg]] and [[Anderl Heckmair]] from Germany. The four decided to make the rest of the climb as a single team, with the experienced Heckmair leading.<ref name="telegraphobituary"/><br />
<br />
[[File:North face.jpg|thumb|Eiger North Face, Bernese Alps, Switzerland|262x262px]]<br />
Throughout the climb, the four men were constantly threatened by snow avalanches and rock falls. They were caught in an avalanche as they climbed the White Spider on the upper face, but all possessed sufficient strength to resist being swept off the face. The members successfully reached the summit at four o'clock in the afternoon 24 July 1938.<ref name="engel">Engel, Claire Eliane. ''A History of Mountaineering in the Alps''. London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd, 1950.</ref> This first ascent of the Eiger North Face was described by [[Italians|Italian]] climber [[Reinhold Messner]] as "a glorious moment in the history of mountaineering and a great sensation, since several climbers had previously perished on the Face",<ref>Messner, Reinhold. ''The Big Walls: From the North Face of the Eiger to the South Face of Dhaulagirl''. Crowood, 2001, p. 105. {{ISBN|1-86126-467-4}}</ref> made headlines around the world,<ref name="climbers">{{cite news |last=Streit |first=Clarence K. |title=Climbers Conquer Dread Eiger Peak |work=The New York Times |date=26 July 1938 |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B15F73B5C1B7A93C4AB178CD85F4C8385F9&scp=1&sq=eiger%201938&st=cse |access-date=15 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605090717/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B15F73B5C1B7A93C4AB178CD85F4C8385F9&scp=1&sq=eiger%201938&st=cse |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is recounted in Harrer's book ''[[The White Spider]]'', published in 1959.<br />
<br />
==Nazi involvement==<br />
In 1996, [[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] editor and filmmaker [[Gerald Lehner (journalist)|Gerald Lehner]] found in American archives the membership card of Harrer, who joined the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) in October 1933. After the ''[[Anschluss]]'' of March 1938, as [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] annexed [[Federal State of Austria|Austria]], he joined the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) on 1 April. He held the rank of ''[[Oberscharführer]]'' (Sergeant), and on 1 May he became a member of the [[Nazi Party]], which was required upon enlistment. After their ascent of the Eiger North Face, the four climbers were received by and photographed with [[Adolf Hitler]]. Harrer later said he wore his SS uniform only once, on the day of his marriage to Charlotte Wegener, daughter of the eminent explorer and scholar [[Alfred Wegener]].<ref name="nytimes"/> After returning to Europe in 1952, Harrer was cleared of any pre-war crimes and this was later supported by [[Simon Wiesenthal]].<ref name="telegraphobituary"/> In his memoir, ''Beyond Seven Years in Tibet'', Harrer called his involvement with the Nazi Party a mistake made in his youth, when he had not yet learned to think for himself.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUSFAAAACAAJ | title=Beyond Seven Years in Tibet | isbn=9781921196003 | last1=Harrer | first1=Heinrich | year=2007 | publisher=Labyrinth }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Internment in India==<br />
In 1939, Harrer joined a four-man expedition, led by [[Peter Aufschnaiter]], to the Diamir Face of the [[Nanga Parbat#Early attempts|Nanga Parbat]] with the aim of finding an easier route to the peak. Having concluded that the face was viable, the four mountaineers were in [[Karachi]], [[British Raj|India]] at the end of August, waiting for a freighter to take them home. The ship being long overdue, Harrer, Ludwig, and Hans Lobenhoffer tried to reach [[Pahlavi Iran|Persia (Iran)]], but several hundred kilometres north-west of Karachi they were arrested by [[British Raj|British colonial authorities]] as enemy aliens and escorted back to Karachi, where Aufschnaiter had stayed. Two days later, war was declared, and on 3 September 1939 all were put behind barbed wire to be transferred to a detention camp at [[Ahmednagar]] near [[Bombay]]. They considered escaping to [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Goa]], but when further transferred to [[Dehradun]] to be detained there for years with 1,000 other [[enemy aliens]], they found Tibet more promising, the final goal being the Japanese front in [[Burma]] or [[China]].<br />
<br />
Aufschnaiter and Harrer escaped and were re-captured a number of times before finally succeeding. On 29 April 1944, Harrer and six others, including [[Rolf Magener]] and Heins von Have (disguised as British officers), Aufschnaiter, the Salzburger Bruno Treipel (aka Treipl) and the Berliners Hans Kopp and Sattler (disguised as native Indian workers), walked out of the camp. Magener and von Have took the train to Calcutta and from there found their way to the [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Japanese army in Burma]].<ref name="rolf">{{cite news |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |title=Rolf Magener, German Escapee, Dies at 89 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/03/world/rolf-magener-german-escapee-dies-at-89.html?scp=1&sq=magener&st=cse |access-date=15 January 2012 |date=3 July 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061039/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/03/world/rolf-magener-german-escapee-dies-at-89.html?scp=1&sq=magener&st=cse |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |title=Rolf Magener |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1366795/Rolf-Magener.html |access-date=15 January 2012 |date=18 May 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605062349/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1366795/Rolf-Magener.html |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The others headed for the closest border via [[Landour]]. After Sattler gave up on 10 May, the remaining four entered Tibet on 17 May 1944, crossing the Tsang Chok-la Pass (5,896 m, 19,350&nbsp;ft) and thereafter split into two groups: Harrer and Kopp, Aufschnaiter and Treipel. On 17 June, Treipel, exhausted, bought himself a horse and rode back to the lowlands. Several months later, when the remaining three were still without visas for Tibet, Kopp also gave up and left for Nepal (where he was handed over to British colonial authorities within a few days).<ref name="telegraph"/><br />
<br />
==Seven years in Tibet==<br />
[[File:Potala palace22.jpg|thumb|262x262px|The [[Pargo Kaling]] chorten (front) were demolished during the [[Cultural Revolution]] and reconstructed by Lhasa authorities in 1995.<ref>[[Clare Harris (anthropologist)|Clare Harris]], ''The Museum of the Roof of the World: Art, Politics, and the Representation of Tibet'', University of Chicago Press, 2012, 314 p., p. 199: "The Lhasa authorities have made some attempt to reinstate it [the view] by rebuilding the three stupas of the Pargo Kaling (Western Gate) that was destroyed in the 1960s."</ref>]]<br />
[[Peter Aufschnaiter|Aufschnaiter]] and Harrer, helped by the former's knowledge of the [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan language]], proceeded to Tibet's capital city, [[Lhasa]], which they reached on 15 January 1946 (eight months after [[German Instrument of Surrender|Nazi Germany's surrender]]), having crossed [[Western Tibet]], the South-West with [[Gyirong County]], and the Northern [[Changthang]].<br />
<br />
In 1948, Harrer became a salaried official of the Tibetan government, translating foreign news and acting as the Court photographer. Harrer first met the [[14th Dalai Lama]] when he was summoned to the [[Potala Palace]] and asked to make a film about ice skating, which Harrer had introduced to Tibet.<ref name="telegraph"/> Harrer built a cinema for him, with a projector run off a Jeep engine. Harrer soon became the Dalai Lama's tutor in English, geography, and some science, and Harrer was astonished at how fast his pupil absorbed the Western world's knowledge.<ref name="telegraph"/> They shared the same birthday and a strong friendship developed between the two that would last the rest of Harrer's life.<ref name="tibet">{{cite web |title=His Holiness the Dalai Lama said Heinrich Harrer Will Always be Remembered by the Tibetan People |work=[[Central Tibetan Administration]] |url=http://tibet.net/2006/01/10/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-said-heinrich-harrer-will-always-be-remembered-by-the-tibetan-people/ |access-date=15 January 2012 |date=10 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730221533/http://tibet.net/2006/01/10/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-said-heinrich-harrer-will-always-be-remembered-by-the-tibetan-people/ |archive-date=30 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1952, Harrer returned to Austria where he documented his experiences in the books ''[[Seven Years in Tibet]]'' (1952) and ''Lost Lhasa'' (1953). ''Seven Years in Tibet'' was translated into 53 languages, and was a bestseller in the United States in 1954, selling three million copies.<ref name= "nytimes"/> The book was the basis of two films of the same title, [[Seven Years in Tibet (1956 film)|the first]] in 1956 and [[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|the second]] in 1997,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Hohlt |first=Jared |date=1997-10-10 |title=Seven Years in Tibet |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/1997/10/seven-years-in-tibet.html |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref> starring [[Brad Pitt]] in the role of Harrer.<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Seven Years in Tibet |publisher=[[IMDb]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120102/ |access-date=15 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111094441/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120102/ |archive-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In ''Seven Years in Tibet'', Harrer wrote:<br />
{{quote|Wherever I live, I shall feel homesick for Tibet. I often think I can still hear the cries of wild geese and cranes and the beating of their wings as they fly over Lhasa in the clear, cold moonlight. My heartfelt wish is that my story may create some understanding for a people whose will to live in peace and freedom has won so little sympathy from an indifferent world.<ref name="harrer">{{cite web |title=Heinrich Harrer Biography |work=Harrer Portfolio |url=http://www.harrerportfolio.com/HarrerBio.html |access-date=15 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123053359/http://www.harrerportfolio.com/HarrerBio.html |archive-date=23 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Later adventures==<br />
Following his return from Tibet, Harrer settled down in [[Kitzbühel]], Austria, and later in [[Liechtenstein]]. He took part in a number of ethnographic as well as mountaineering expeditions to [[Alaska]], the [[Andes]], and the [[Mountains of the Moon (Africa)|Mountains of the Moon]] in central Africa. In 1953 he explored the source of the [[Amazon River]] and made a first ascent of [[Ausangate]] (6384 m). In 1954, some with German-American [[Fred Beckey]], Harrer made the first ascents of [[Mount Deborah]] (3,761 m, 12,339&nbsp;ft), [[Mount Hunter (Alaska)|Mount Hunter]] (4,442 m, 14,573&nbsp;ft), and [[Mount Drum]] (3661 m), all in [[Alaska]]. In 1957, he explored the [[Congo River]] with the former king [[Leopold III of Belgium]].<br />
<br />
In February 1962, he was the leader of the team of four climbers who made the first ascent of the [[Carstensz Pyramid]] (4,884 m, 16,024&nbsp;ft; later named [[Puncak Jaya]]) on Papua, Indonesia (then [[Dutch New Guinea]]), the highest peak in Oceania and one of the [[Seven Summits]]. This and his pioneering expedition to reach the [[Neolithic]] stone axe quarries at Ya-Li-Me are recorded in his memoir ''I Come from the Stone Age''.<br />
<br />
In 1966, he met the [[Xingu peoples|Xingu Indians]] of Brazil's [[Mato Grosso]]. In 1972, Harrer crossed the island of [[Borneo]]. He also made expeditions to [[Nepal]], [[French Guiana]], [[Greenland]], [[Sudan]], [[India]], [[Ladakh]], [[Andaman Islands]], [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]] and [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Croston |first1=Roger |title=Heinrich Harrer: An Obituary: 6th July 1912 - 7th January 2006 |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=30/31 |issue=4/1 |pages=189–192 |jstor=43301153 |year=2005 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Harrer wrote more than 20 books about his adventures, some including photographs considered to be among the best records of traditional Tibetan culture. Harrer was also an excellent golfer, winning Austrian national championships in 1958 and 1970.<ref name="telegraphobituary"/><br />
<br />
==Private life==<br />
<br />
In December 1938, Harrer married Lotte Wegener (1920–1989), the daughter of [[Alfred Wegener]], German polar researcher and originator of the theory of [[continental drift]]. Her father had died on a Greenland expedition when she was 10. Their son Peter Harrer<ref name=":0" /> was born in December 1939, three months after Harrer was arrested by the British. Their marriage was dissolved in 1943 while he was still in India. In 1953, he married Margaretha Truxa (divorce in 1958), and in 1962 he married Katharina (Carina) Haarhaus (1922–2014), who remained his wife until his death.<br />
<br />
==Final years==<br />
[[File:Huettenberg Harrer Museum-2.jpg|thumb|The Heinrich Harrer Museum in Hüttenberg, Austria|262x262px]]<br />
In the early 1980s, he visited Tibet again, and wrote a sequel to ''Seven Years in Tibet'', titled ''Return to Tibet: Tibet After the Chinese Occupation''. The Kirkus Review of his sequel said: {{quote|In 1982 he was able to revisit Tibet during the 'Chinese-staged thaw,' and he was by turns heartbroken and inspired by what be observed: Valuable cultural treasures had been destroyed by the invaders, and stories of concentration camps, forced labor, and political murders sent him reeling. Yet the country's religion was still strong, and there continued both armed resistance to the Chinese and an unquashable national will.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/heinrich-harrer-5/return-to-tibet-tibet-after-the-chinese-occupat/|title=RETURN TO TIBET: TIBET AFTER THE CHINESE OCCUPATION|date=1 June 1998|website=Kirkus Reviews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117012316/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/heinrich-harrer-5/return-to-tibet-tibet-after-the-chinese-occupat/|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}} He later wrote his autobiography published in English as ''Beyond Seven Years in Tibet'' in 2007.<ref name="tibet"/> He made approximately 40 documentary films and founded the [[:de:Heinrich Harrer Museum|Heinrich Harrer Museum]] in [[Hüttenberg, Austria|Hüttenberg]], Austria dedicated to Tibet. In October 2002, the Dalai Lama presented Harrer with the [[International Campaign for Tibet]]'s [[Light of Truth Award]] for his efforts to bring the situation in Tibet to international attention.<ref name="harrer"/> Harrer died on 7 January 2006 in [[Friesach]], Austria at the age of 93.<ref name="nytimes"/><br />
<br />
==Honours and awards==<br />
* 1978: Honorary Medal in Gold of the city of [[Vienna]]<br />
* 1980: Gold Medal of the city of [[Graz]]<br />
* 1982: [[Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art]], 1st class<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | title = Reply to a parliamentary question | language = de | page = 648 | access-date = 3 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022192702/http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | archive-date = 22 October 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
* 1982: Grand Merit Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]<br />
* 1985: [[Golden Humboldt Medal]] (Germany)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.humboldt-gesellschaft.org/ehrungen.html#Medaille_Gold | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160308191206/http://www.humboldt-gesellschaft.org/ehrungen.html | title = Ehrungen | trans-title = honours | publisher= Humboldt-Gesellschaft | date= 9 March 2016 | language = de | archive-date = 2016-03-08 }}</ref><br />
* 2002: [[Light of Truth Award]] ([[International Campaign for Tibet]])<br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
*''[[Seven Years in Tibet]]'' (1952)<br />
*''Lost Lhasa'' (1953)<br />
*''[[The White Spider|The White Spider: The Classic Account of the Ascent of the Eiger]]'' (1959)<br />
* {{cite book |title=Tibet is My Country|url=https://archive.org/details/ThubtenJigmeNorbuHarrerHeinrichTibetIsMbOk.xyz}} (1961) – an autobiography of the Dalai Lama's older brother, [[Thubten Jigme Norbu]], as told to Harrer<br />
*''I Come from the Stone Age'' (1965)<br />
* {{cite book |title=Ladakh: Gods and Mortals Behind the Himalayas|year=1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/HeinrichHarrerLadakh.GtterUndMenschenHinterDemHimalaya}} (1980)<br />
*''Return to Tibet'' (1985)<br />
*''Return to Tibet: Tibet After the Chinese Occupation'' (1998)<br />
*''Denk ich an Bhutan'' (2005)<br />
*''Beyond Seven Years in Tibet: My Life Before, During, and After'' (2007)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Heinrich Harrer}}<br />
* [http://www.harrerportfolio.com/index.html Heinrich Harrer Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205114255/http://www.harrerportfolio.com/index.html |date=5 December 2018 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925030335/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article786458.ece Obituary] in ''[[The Times]]'', 9 January 2006<br />
* [https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/jan/09/guardianobituaries.johngittings Obituary] in ''[[The Guardian]]'', 9 January 2006<br />
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/10/obituaries/10harrer.html?scp=3&sq=eiger%201938&st=cse Obituary] in ''The New York Times'', 10 January 2006<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060113040239/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/07/entertainment/main1185582.shtml Obituary] CBS, 7 January 2006<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0364143|name=Heinrich Harrer}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130117085440/http://theopencritic.com/?p=3 Seven Years in Tibet, Book Review] at The Open Critic (1956)<br />
* [http://www.huettenberg.at/ Harrer Museum Huettenberg]<br />
* {{Find a Grave|12938702}}<br />
* [https://www.mediathek.at/redirect.json?hash=MnISlpUk&no_cache=1&searchQuery=2252&cHash=86332d76155654cc00cf04f96c0da342 Heinrich Harrer] (in German) from the online-archive of the [[Österreichische Mediathek]]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harrer, Heinrich}}<br />
[[Category:1912 births]]<br />
[[Category:2006 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Sankt Veit an der Glan District]]<br />
[[Category:Antisemitism in Austria]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian explorers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Austrian geographers]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian mountain climbers]]<br />
[[Category:Explorers of the Himalayas]]<br />
[[Category:Explorers of Tibet]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian travel writers]]<br />
[[Category:Sturmabteilung personnel]]<br />
[[Category:SS non-commissioned officers]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian anti-communists]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian Nazis]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian Roman Catholics]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian expatriates in Germany]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian expatriates in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian expatriates in India]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian expatriates in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian escapees]]<br />
[[Category:Escapees from British military detention]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian expatriates in Tibet]]<br />
[[Category:Austrian memoirists]]<br />
[[Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]<br />
[[Category:Explorers of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Climbing and mountaineering writers]]<br />
[[Category:Critics of Freemasonry]]<br />
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahmanandam&diff=471808Brahmanandam2026-03-27T00:47:57Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian}}<br />
{{Family name hatnote|Kanneganti|lang=Telugu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Brahmanandam<br />
| image = Brahmanandam at ANR Awards.png<br />
| caption = Brahmanandam in 2024<br />
| birth_name = Kanneganti Brahmanandam<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|2|1}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Sattenapalle]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}<br />
| yearsactive = 1985–present<br />
| works = [[Brahmanandam filmography|Full list]]<br />
| spouse = Lakshmi<br />
| children = 2, including [[Raja Goutham]]<br />
| honours = *[[Padma Shri]] (2009)<br />
*[[Guinness World Record]] (2011)<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kanneganti Brahmanandam''' (born 1 February 1956) is an [[Cinema of India|Indian actor]] and [[comedian]] known for his work in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=2022-02-01 |title=Birthday Special: 4 Reasons Why Brahmanandam is Telugu Cinema's Undisputed 'Comedy King' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/birthday-special-4-reasons-why-brahmanandam-is-telugu-cinemas-undisputed-comedy-king-1076730.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202005134/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/birthday-special-4-reasons-why-brahmanandam-is-telugu-cinemas-undisputed-comedy-king-1076730.html |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2022-02-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Recognised as one of India's finest and highest-paid comic actors,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-12 |title=This Telugu comedian has assets over Rs 320 crore: reports |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/this-telugu-comedian-has-assets-over-rs-320-crore-reports-4700398/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-02 |title=Check Out: Brahmi's Remuneration Per Movie |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/how-much-does-telugu-comedian-brahmanandam-charge-movie-whats-brahmis-net-worth |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=en}}</ref> he holds the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the most screen credits for a living actor, having appeared in over 1,000 films.<ref name="guinnessworldrecords">{{cite web |date=24 June 2010 |title=Most screen credits for a living actor |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/most-screen-credits-for-a-living-actor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117053522/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/most-screen-credits-for-a-living-actor |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=2014-01-25 |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Brahmanandam-breaks-1000-film-record/articleshow/46055975.cms Brahmanandam breaks 1000 film record] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202085722/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Brahmanandam-breaks-1000-film-record/articleshow/46055975.cms|date=2 February 2015}} - ''The Times of India'' Dated 29 January 2015 Retrieved 10 February 2015</ref> Brahmanandam has received numerous accolades, including six [[Nandi Awards]] and two [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]], and was honoured with the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 2009.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |date=26 January 2009 |title=Front Page : List of Padma awardees 2009 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/26/stories/2009012658391100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105031545/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/26/stories/2009012658391100.htm |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=2014-01-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |df=dmy-all}}</ref> He was also awarded an honorary doctorate by [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2009 |title=Smile, here's Brahmanandam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2009/jun/18/smile-heres-brahmanandam-59955.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
After completing his [[Master of Arts]] degree, Brahmanandam worked as a Telugu lecturer in [[Attili]] of [[West Godavari district]]. Simultaneously, he also worked in theatre and as a mimicry artist. He made his television debut in 1985 with [[DD Saptagiri|DD Telugu]]'s ''Pakapakalu'' which received appreciation from the audience''.''<ref name=":1" /> After watching his performance in the show, director [[Jandhyala]] cast him in the film ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (1987 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta!]]'' (1987), which became his breakthrough role.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=6 August 1999 |title=Rediff On The NeT: An interview with Telugu comedian Brahmanandam |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/aug/06brah.htm |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Brahmanandam was born on 1 February 1956 in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in [[Chaganti Vari Palem]] village, [[Sattenapalli]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-01|title= Birth village explained by Brahmandam garu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfZu6h51R6E&t=217s|access-date=2023-03-29|website=Youtube|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-01|title=Birthday Special: Unknown Facts about 'Brahmanandam'|url=https://english.sakshi.com/tollywood/2020/02/01/birthday-special-unknown-facts-about-brahmanandam|access-date=2020-09-13|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref> His parents are Nagalingachari and Lakshmi Narsamma.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-01 |title=Birthday Special! Brahmanandam: Tracing the journey of the popular comedian in Tollywood so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-special-brahmanandam-tracing-the-journey-of-the-popular-comedian-in-tollywood-so-far/photostory/67790174.cms |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> His father was a carpenter and Brahmanandam was one of eight children. He completed his [[Master of Arts]] degree and joined as a Telugu [[Lecturer#India|lecturer]] in [[Attili]] of [[West Godavari district]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
While working as a lecturer, Brahmanandam also worked in theatre and as a mimicry artist. Novelist and playwright [[:te:ఆదివిష్ణు విఘ్నేశ్వరరావు|Adi Vishnu]] introduced him to NCV Sashidhar of [[Doordarshan]] (DD). Soon after, he made his television debut in 1985 with [[DD Saptagiri|DD Telugu]]'s ''Pakapakalu.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2012-10-20|title=A funny bone of contention|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/286764/a-funny-bone-contention.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2008 |title=AP Film critics association felicitates Brahmanandam - Telugu cinema function |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmcritics-brahmanandam.html |access-date=2022-02-01 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> His performance in the show received good response from the audience.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=P|first=Sekhar Reddy|date=2021-11-13|title=బ్రహ్మానందంకు సినిమాల్లో ఆఫర్లు రావడానికి కారణమైన షో ఏంటో తెలుసా?|url=https://telugustop.com/interesting-facts-about-star-comedian-brahmanandam-%e0%b0%ac%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%b0%e0%b0%b9%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%ae%e0%b0%be%e0%b0%a8%e0%b0%82%e0%b0%a6%e0%b0%82|access-date=2022-02-01|website=TeluguStop.com|language=te}}</ref> After watching his performance in the show, director [[Jandhyala]] cast him in the film ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (1987 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta!]]'' (1987), which became a [[breakthrough role]] for him.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2019-02-01|title=Telugu lecturer to Guinness World Record holder|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-special-brahmanandam-tracing-the-journey-of-the-popular-comedian-in-tollywood-so-far/photostory/67790174.cms|access-date=2020-09-13|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> The same year he appeared in the successful films ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]'' and ''[[Swayam Krushi]]''. The first film he acted in was ''Sri Tatavataram'', second film was ''Satyagraham,'' and the third film was ''Aha Naa Pellanta!''.<ref name=":2" /> ''Sri Tatavataram'' released later in 1988.<br />
<br />
The following years he appeared in several Telugu films, of which, his performance in the films [[Vivaha Bhojanambu (1988 film)|''Vivaha Bhojanambu'']] (1988), ''[[Choopulu Kalisina Shubhavela]]'' (1988), ''[[Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha]]'' (1989), ''[[Muddula Mavayya]]'' (1989), ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Atiloka Sundari]]'' (1990), ''[[Bobbili Raja]]'' (1990) and ''[[Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata]]'' (1990) was well praised.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopalrao|first=Griddaluru|date=13 May 1988|title=వివాహ భోజనం కాదు చౌకబారు ప్లేటు భోజనం|language=te|trans-title=Not a wedding feast but a budget plate meal|pages=9|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1988/May/13-may-1988.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
Beginning from 1991, Brahmanandam has appeared in variety of comedic roles and a few intense roles. In 1991, he starred in major films such as ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]'' (1991) and ''[[Rowdy Alludu]]'' (1991)''.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Mannath|first=Malini|date=16 October 1992|title=Sridevi sizzles|pages=7|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1226,2087793|url-status=live|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924052232/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1226%2C2087793|archive-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>'' ''[[The Times of India]]'' considered the films ''[[Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]'' (1991), ''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1992 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]'' (1992), and ''[[Yamaleela]]'' (1994) as the films that one can never get bored of. Brahmanandam has appeared in each of these, with him being considered as one of the main reasons for these films to be successful.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-24|title=5 Telugu movies that you can never get bored, no matter how many times you watch them|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/5-telugu-movies-that-you-can-never-get-bored-no-matter-how-many-times-you-watch-them/photostory/74777949.cms|access-date=2022-02-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 1992, he has played the lead role in ''[[Babai Hotel]]'' for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=2017-01-04|title=Should they or shouldn't they?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Should-they-or-shouldn%E2%80%99t-they/article16987350.ece|access-date=2021-02-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
He won his first major award{{Em dash}}[[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian]] for his performance as Khan Dada in the film ''[[Money (1993 film)|Money]]'' (1993).<ref name=":0" /> Following the success of the film, a sequel to it, [[Money Money (film)|''Money Money'']] (1994) was also produced, in which Brahmanandam reprised his role. Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' in his review of the film [[Hello Brother (1994 film)|''Hello Brother'']] (1994) praised Brahmanandam's role and his performance.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopalrao|first=Griddaluru|date=6 May 1994|title=సరదా సరదా హాస్యం నరాలు మెలిపెట్టె శృంగారం: హలో బ్రదర్|language=te|pages=9|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1994/May/6-may-1994.pdf}}</ref> His further successful films of the following years include ''[[Alluda Majaka]]'' (1995), ''[[Intlo Illalu Vantintlo Priyuralu]]'' (1996), ''[[Bombay Priyudu]]'' (1996), ''[[Anaganaga Oka Roju]]'' (1997), ''[[Muddula Mogudu (1997 film)|Muddula Mogudu]]'' (1997), ''[[Bavagaru Bagunnara]]'' (1998), ''[[Aavida Maa Aavide]]'' (1998), ''[[Thammudu]]'' (1999), ''[[Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi]]'' (2000), ''[[Jayam Manade Raa]]'' (2000), ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]'' (2000), and ''[[Ammo! Okato Tareekhu]]'' (2000).<br />
<br />
At a felicitation ceremony in January 2008, he listed the following films as his top 11 films {{Em dash}} ''Aha Naa Pellanta!'' (1987), ''Vivaha Bhojanambu'' (1988), ''Chitram Bhalare Vichitram'' (1991), ''Pattukondi Chuddam'' (1997), ''Money'' (1993), ''Anaganaga Oka Roju'' (1997), ''[[Anna (1994 film)|Anna]]'' (1994), ''Amma'' (1991), ''Bavagaru Bagunnara'' (1998), ''[[Manmadhudu]]'' (2002), ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'' (2007).<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Brahmanandam married Lakshmi and has two sons, [[Raja Goutham]] and Siddharth.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Brahmanandam's son Raja Goutham opts for a family entertainer with yet another short filmmaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/brahmanandams-son-raja-goutham-opts-for-a-family-entertainer-with-yet-another-short-filmmaker/articleshow/70873459.cms |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2019, Brahmanandam underwent a successful heart bypass surgery at Asian Heart Institute (AHI) in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iconic Telugu comedian Brahmanandam undergoes bypass surgery in Mumbai; stable now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/popular-comedian-brahmanandam-undergoes-bypass-surgery-in-mumbai-stable-now/articleshow/67552928.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122131532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/popular-comedian-brahmanandam-undergoes-bypass-surgery-in-mumbai-stable-now/articleshow/67552928.cms |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=17 January 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Apart from acting, Brahmanandam is also an amateur [[Sculpture|sculptor]] and a [[Sketch (drawing)|sketch artist]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=Happy Birthday Brahmanandam: Not just an ace comedian, he is also a fantastic portrait artist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-brahmanandam-not-just-an-ace-comedian-he-is-also-a-fantastic-portrait-artist/articleshow/80628431.cms |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He also reads the philosophical writings of [[Swami Vivekananda]] and [[Jiddu Krishnamurti|Jiddu Krishnamurthi]] in his free time.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
==Awards and honours==<br />
;Civilian honors<br />
* In January 2009, the government of India bestowed [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award of India, on Brahmanandam for his contributions to art.<ref name="padmasree">{{cite news | title=Padmasri for Brahmanandam| work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><br />
'''Guinness Book'''<br />
* [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the most screen credits for a living actor.<ref name="guinnessworldrecords" /><ref>{{cite news |date=18 May 2011 |title=Brahmanandam felicitated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/Brahmanandam-felicitated/articleshow/8394114.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927184552/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-18/regional/29555329_1_films-brahmanandam-nagarjuna |archive-date=27 September 2012 |access-date=20 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
; [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian – Telugu]] – ''[[Manmadhudu]]'' (2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html|title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50|publisher=[[BSNL]]|access-date=2009-10-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]] – ''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]'' (2024)<ref name="Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2024">{{cite news |last1=Filmfare |date=4 August 2024 |title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804051630/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html |archivedate=4 August 2024 |accessdate=4 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024: Check out the winners">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=4 August 2024 |title=69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024: Check out the winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-check-out-the-winners/articleshow/112251936.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804052211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-check-out-the-winners/articleshow/112251936.cms |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
; [[Nandi Awards]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]] – ''[[Money (1993 film)|Money]]'' (1993)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|access-date=13 September 2020|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref><br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Anna (1994 film)|''Anna'']] (1994)<ref name=":0" /><br />
*[[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Comedian]] – ''[[Anaganaga Oka Roju]]'' (1995)<ref name=":0" /><br />
*[[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Comedian]] – ''[[Vinodam]]'' (1996)<ref name=":0" /><br />
*[[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Comedian]] – ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' (2008)<ref name=":0" /><br />
*[[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Comedian]] – ''[[Race Gurram]]'' (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2014|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2014.html|access-date=|website=APSFTVTDC}}</ref><br />
<br />
; [[CineMAA Awards]]<br />
* CineMAA Award for Best Comedian – ''[[Manmadhudu]]'', ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'', ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]'', ''[[Adhurs]]'' & ''[[Dookudu]]''<br />
<br />
; [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian – Telugu]] – ''[[Dookudu]]'' (2012)<br />
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian – Telugu]] – [[Baadshah (2013 film)|''Baadshah'']] (2014)<br />
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian – Telugu]] – ''[[Race Gurram]]'' (2015)<br />
; Other<br />
* Hyderabad Times Film Awards Best Actor in a Comic Role – ''Dookudu'' (2011)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-24/news-interviews/32382769_1_mahesh-babu-tamannaah-video | title=The Hyderabad Times Film Awards 2011 | date=24 June 2012 | access-date=26 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718191108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-24/news-interviews/32382769_1_mahesh-babu-tamannaah-video | archive-date=18 July 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
*[[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR]] – [[TV9 Telugu|TV9 National Film Award]] for Best Comedian – ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2014)<br />
*[[3rd IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam Supporting Male Actor – Telugu]] – ''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]'' (2024)<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{Main|Brahmanandam filmography}}<br />
<br />
Brahmanandam acted in more than 1,000 films.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0103977|name=Brahmanandam}}<br />
* {{Facebook | id= brahmanandam | name= Brahmanandam }}<br />
* {{Instagram | id= kannegantibrahmanandam1 }}<br />
{{Subject bar<br />
|commons = yes<br />
|commons-search = <br />
|d = yes<br />
|d-search = <br />
|portal1 = Biography<br />
|portal2 = <br />
}}<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu}}{{Nandi Award Best Male Comedian}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmanandham}}<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]<br />
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh&diff=447095Chamba, Himachal Pradesh2026-03-16T11:09:28Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Town in the Himachal Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{About|the municipality in [[Himachal Pradesh]]|its namesake district|Chamba district|other uses|Chamba (disambiguation){{!}}Chamba}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| official_name = Chamba<br />
| native_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |photo1a=Chamba city and river Ravi, Himachal Pradesh India.jpg |photo2b=Old Palace of Chamba (6132621207).jpg |photo2a=Chamba Chowgan during Minjar.jpg |photo3a=0051523 Hari Rai temple, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh 032.jpg |photo3b=0051723 Lakshmi Narayan group of temples, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh 051.jpg |photo4b=Pir Panjal & Chamera Lake.jpg<br />
|size=300<br />
|position=center<br />
|spacing=2<br />
|color=#FFFFFF<br />
|border=1<br />
|color_border = white<br />
}}<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| image_caption = <div style="background:#CEE0F2;"> '''From top, left to right:<br />'''Chamba city panaroma from uphill, View of [[Minjar Mela]] at night, Old Palace of Chamba, Hari Rai Temple, Lakshmi Narayan group of Temples, [[Chamera Dam|Chamera lake]]</div><br />
| image_flag = <br />
| flag_size = <br />
| image_seal = <br />
| seal_size = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| motto = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| mapsize = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India#Asia<br />
| pushpin_label_position = bottom<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|32|34|12|N|76|7|48|E|display=inline}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chamba district]]<br />
| established_title = Founded<br />
| established_date = around 920A.D.<br />
| government_footnotes = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| leader_title = <br />
| leader_name = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_magnitude = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_land_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 996<br />
| population_total = 19,933<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Himachal Pradesh by population|9 in HP]]<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = <br />
| population_note = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| postal_code_type = Post code<br />
| postal_code = 176310, 176314<br />
| area_code = +91-18992-xxxxx<br />
| registration_plate = '''HP-44, HP-45, HP-46, HP-47, HP-48, HP-57, HP-73, HP-81'''<br />
| website = {{URL|http://hpchamba.nic.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Native<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Chambeali]]<br />
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset = +5:30<br />
| blank_name = <br />
| blank_info = <br />
| name = Chamba<br />
}}<br />
'''Chamba''' is a town in the [[Chamba district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to the [[2001 Census of India|2001 Indian census]], Chamba has a population of 20,312. Located at an altitude of {{convert|1006|m|ft}} above mean sea level, the town is situated on the banks of the [[Ravi River]] (a major tributary of the Trans-[[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[Indus River]]), at its confluence with the Sal River.<br />
<br />
Though historical records date the history of the Chamba region to the [[Koli people|Koli]] tribes in the 2nd century BC, the area was formally ruled by the Maru dynasty, starting with the Raju Maru from around 500 AD, ruling from the ancient capital of [[Bharmour]], which is located {{convert|65|km|mi}} from the town of Chamba.<ref name="SS34">Sharma & Sethi (1997), p.34</ref> In 920, Raja Sahil Varman (or Raja Sahil Verman) shifted the capital of the [[Chamba State|kingdom]] to Chamba, following the specific request of his daughter Champavati<ref name=Bhatnagar/> (Chamba was named after her). From the time of Raju Maru, 67 Rajas of this dynasty ruled over Chamba until it finally merged with the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] in April 1948, although Chamba was under British suzerainty from 1846 to this time.<ref name="SS34"/><br />
[[File:Dance by Gaddi Womens.jpg|thumb|Gaddi Women dancing at Suhi Mela]]<br />
The town has numerous temples and palaces,<ref name=Bhatnagar>Bhatnagar (2008), pages&nbsp;39-44</ref><ref name=places>{{Cite web|url=http://hpchamba.nic.in/placeschamba.htm |title=Places of Interest in Chamba |access-date=28 October 2009 |publisher=National Informatics Centre: Government of Chamba district |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020003039/http://hpchamba.nic.in/placeschamba.htm |archive-date=20 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and hosts two popular jatras (fairs), the "Suhi Mata Mela" and the "Minjar Mela", which last for several days of music and dancing. Chamba is also well noted for its arts and crafts, particularly its [[Pahari painting]]s, which originated in the Hill Kingdoms of [[North India]] between the 17th and 19th century, and its handicrafts and textiles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/sikhism/art/hindu/index.html|title=Hindu Hill Kingdoms|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|access-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330034200/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/sikhism/art/hindu/index.html|archive-date=30 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/art/pahari.htm|title=Pahari''Kamat''}}</ref><ref name="B211">Bradnock (2000), p.211</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{See also|Chamba State}}<br />
<br />
===Early history===<br />
Chamba has an ancient history, which is inseparable from that of the surrounding district of Chamba. The earliest rulers were the Kolian tribes. In the 2nd century BC the [[Khasas]] and [[Audumbaras]] were in power in the region. In the 4th century AD during the [[Gupta period]], the [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakurs]] and [[Ranas]] ruled. From the 7th century, the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] or Rajput dynasty came into power.<ref name=history>{{Cite web|url=http://hpchamba.nic.in/history.htm|title=Chamba at Glance:History|access-date=28 October 2009|publisher=National Informatics Centre:Government of Chamba district}}</ref><br />
[[File:Narasimha Temple, Brahmaur, Chamba.jpg|thumb|left|Ancient [[Mandir]] Narasimha Temple,<br>[[Bharmaur]], the ancient capital of the district (1875).]]<br />
The recorded history of the Rajput rulers is traced to an eminent individual named Maru who is said to have moved to northwest India from Kalpagrama, around 500 AD.<ref name="B1623">Bharati (2001), pp.16-23</ref> He founded his capital in the Budhal river valley at a place called Brahmapura, which later became known as Bharmaur. Bharmaur is situated {{convert|75|km|mi}} to the east of the present day Chamba town. For three hundred years, kings of Rajput Dynasty ruled from their capital in Bharmour.<ref name="B1623"/><br />
<br />
However, in 920, Raja Sahil Varman (or Raja Sahila Verman), King of Bharmour, shifted his capital from Bharmour to a more centrally located plateau in the lower Ravi valley, and named the city Champavati, after his daughter.<ref name="B1623"/> There is some variation in the story to how exactly this transition came about in the historical records of Chamba. One version tells how Varman, who, after being childless for a significant period, had ten sons and a daughter, named "Champavati". It was Champavati who urged her father to build a new capital town in the valley.<ref name="B1623"/> However, obstacles stood in the way of relocating his capital, given that the king had previously granted the land in the modern Chamba vicinity to the Kanwan [[Brahmins]]. A solution was found in the form of offering a gift of eight copper coins called ''chaklis'' on the occasion of every marriage that took place in the Brahmin family, if they would agree to surrender their land to pave the way for the new capital.<ref name="B1623"/> With the land thus obtained, the new capital was built and named Champa after Chamapavati, the King's daughter, which, over the years, was simply shortened to "Chamba'.<ref name="B1623"/><br />
<br />
A variation of this origin of Chamba is that it originated as a hermitage which Champavati, a devout Hindu, used to frequent.<ref>Bharati (2001), pp.23-24</ref> The king, being suspicious of his daughter's fidelity, one day investigated and followed her to the hermitage, but surprisingly he found neither his daughter nor the hermit there. Suddenly he was said to have heard a voice which informed him that his suspicions were ill-founded, admonishing him and informing him that his daughter had been taken away from him permanently as a punishment for his lack of trust in her morals.<ref name="B24">Bharati (2001), p.24</ref> The King, fully chastened, sought redemption for his sin by expanding the hermitage into a temple, named in his daughter's honour and built a city around the temple. Today this temple, called the Champavati Temple, belongs to the Royal family and the King's daughter is venerated as a goddess. Every year, since 935, the Minjar festival or fair has been held.<ref name="lp">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/himachal-pradesh/chamba|title=Introducing Chamba|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|access-date=6 April 2010}}</ref> It lasts for 21 days, coinciding with the first day of [[Baisakhi]].<ref name="B24"/><br />
[[File:Chamba Valley.jpg|thumb|right|The remoteness and ruggedness of the [[Ravi River]] valley secured Chamba from successful invasions for around 1,000 years.]]<br />
Since Raja Sahil Varman, the dynasty ruled without successful invasion for around a millennium, until the British gained power.<ref name=history/><ref name=go>{{Cite web|url= http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/c/019pho000000127u00053000.html|title= CHAMBA: Gopal Singh, Raja of Chamba (ruled 1870-1873)|publisher= [[British Library]]|access-date= 9 November 2009|archive-date= 19 October 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211019152224/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/c/019pho000000127u00053000.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> The isolation of the town and its rugged hilly terrain is believed to have been a contributing factor to this unusual state of security. Later, Mughal emperors [[Akbar]] and [[Aurangzeb]] did attempt to annexe Chamba but were unsuccessful in subjugating this territory into their kingdoms. Raja Prithvi Singh (1641-1664 AD), who was on amiable terms with Emperor [[Shahjahan]] was instrumental in introducing the court lifestyles of the Mughals.<br />
<br />
===Modern history===<br />
<!-- [[File:Ranjitsingh.gif|thumb|left|Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]] who gave Chamba special privelages]] --><br />
In 1806, the combined forces of [[Gurkha]]s and local hills chiefs attacked the forces of [[Sansar Chand|Raja Sansar Chand]] in the battle and forced a crushing defeat on him along with family took shelter in the [[Kangra fort|Kangra Fort]]. The Gurkhas sieged the Kangra fort and ruthlessly looted the area between the fort of Kangra and Mahal Mohrian and virtually destroyed the villages. The siege of the fort continued for three years. In 1809, Raja [[Ranjit Singh]], the Sikh ruler of Lahore, on the request of Sansar Chand, waged war against the Gurkhas and defeated them. But Sansar Chand had to pay a heavy price whereby he had to lose Kangra fort and 66 villages to the [[Sikhs]].<ref>htm</ref> [[Ranjit Singh]] controlled the region and had even placed a garrison at Chamba, forced the hill states to pay tribute to them. Ranjit Singh deposed the hill princes, including the more powerful Kangra ruler, Sansar Chand Katoch, but spared Chamba, given that the Wazir Nathu of Chamba had been important as an ambassador in negotiations with Katoch in 1809 and had saved his life in 1817 by succumbing his horse to King Singh to escape during a winter campaign in Kashmir.<ref name=history/><br />
[[File:Chamba Valley, Himachal Pradesh, c1865.jpg|thumb|right|The Chamba Valley, c. 1865]]<br />
In 1845, the Sikh army invaded the British territory.<ref name=history/> The result was disastrous, with the British defeating the army, leaving Chamba in a poor position. Wazir Bagha of Chamba was important in negotiations in its aftermath, and the Rajas of Chamba, on the advice of Bagha, agreed to the British [[suzerainty]] as part of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in favour of an annuity of Rs 12,000.<ref name=history/> The [[Treaty of Lahore]] was signed in 1846, in which the Rajas agreed to cede the territory of Chamba district.<ref>Archer (1973), p.68</ref> From then on, relations with the British were cordial, and all of the Rajas of Chamba under British rule, Sri Singh, Gopal Singh, Sham Singh, Bhuri Singh, Ram Singh, and Laxman Singh, were on good terms with the British army officers.<ref name=history/><br />
<br />
Many progressive reforms and developments were made in Chamba under the British.<ref name=history/> In 1863, the first post office was established in Chamba as well as a daily mail service and a primary school.<ref name="chh">{{cite web|author=Pramanik, Prabal|url=http://www.chambaheritage.net/history.html|title=History of Chamba|publisher=Chamba Heritage|access-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029162731/http://www.chambaheritage.net/history.html|archive-date=29 October 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In December 1866, a hospital was opened by Doctor Elmslie of the Kashmir Medical Mission.<ref name="chh"/> In the late 1860s two new roads to [[Dalhousie Cantonment|Dalhousie]] via Kolri and Khajiar were built. Gopal Singh, who ruled from 1870 to 1873, after abdicating, was responsible for building the grand Jandarighat Palace as his summer residence.<ref name=go/><ref name="chh"/><br />
<br />
After India became an independent nation in August 1947, the princely state of Chamba finally merged with India on 15 April 1948 along with the other princedoms of [[Mandi State|Mandi]]-[[Suket State]], [[Sirmour State]] and all of those in the [[Shimla]] hills.<ref name=history/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Luca |title=Overview of Chamba District Himachal Pradesh |url=https://berlinpromi.de/uberblick-uber-den-bezirk-chamba-himachal-pradesh/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Berlinpromi.de |language=de}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography and climate==<br />
[[File:Chamba mountains.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Panorama of the upper part of the town and mountains surrounding it]]<br />
Chamba is the headquarters of the Chamba district, bordered by [[Kishtwar]] and [[Doda district|Doda]] districts of Jammu region in (union territory) of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to the north-west and in the west [[Ladakh]] and [[Lahaul]] and Bara Banghal to the north-east and east, [[Kangra district|Kangra]] to the south-east and [[Pathankot district]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] to the south. It has an average elevation of {{convert|1006|m|ft}}.<ref name=tourim>{{Cite web|url=http://www.himachalpradeshtourismindia.com/chamba/|title=About Chamba|access-date=28 October 2009|publisher=Himachal Pradesh Tourism Department|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831160704/http://www.himachalpradeshtourismindia.com/chamba/|archive-date=31 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
[[File:RaviRiver-Chamba.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Ravi River]] flowing through Chamba]]<br />
The town, the district and the valley where the town is located, share the name of Chamba. The town of Chamba is located at the junction of [[Ravi River]] and its tributary, the [[Sal River (India)|Sal River]], with the Shah Madar hill forming the backdrop on its eastern side.<ref name="B16">Bharati (2001), p.16</ref> The Ravi flows in east-west direction forming deep canyons. During the spring and summer months, the levels of the river rise significantly from snow melt and pose a flooding risk.<ref name="Tribune05">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050707/himachal.htm|title=Chamera power station shut down |publisher=The Tribune (Himachal Pradesh)|date=6 July 2005|access-date=6 April 2010}}</ref> Record levels were experienced in early July 2005, when the [[National Hydroelectric Power Corporation]] was forced to shut down the power generation on its 300-MW [[Chamera Power Station]].<ref name="Tribune05"/><br />
<br />
Located on the right bank of the Ravi river valley, built on successive flat terraces, the town is bounded topographically by the [[Dhauladhar]] and [[Zanskar|Pir Panjal]] ranges, south of the inner [[Himalayas]].<ref name="B16"/><ref>Bhatnagar (2008), p.40</ref> Chamba, despite its hill location, is well connected by road to the rest of the state and country, including [[Shimla]], [[Delhi]] and [[Chandigarh]] along several routes.<ref name="station"/><ref name=access>{{Cite web|url=http://hpchamba.nic.in/access.htm|title=Access to Chamba|access-date=29 October 2009|publisher=National Informatics Centre: Government of Chamba district|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208234406/http://hpchamba.nic.in/Access.htm|archive-date=8 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="ilct">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indialine.com/travel/himachalpradesh/chamba/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221213647/http://www.indialine.com/travel/himachalpradesh/chamba/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2005|title=Chamba Tourism|work=India Line|access-date=28 October 2009}}</ref> The nearest [[broad gauge]] railway stations are at Chakki Bank and Pathankot, the latter of which is {{convert|120|km|mi}} away by road.<br />
<br />
The temperatures in summer vary between {{convert|38|C|F}} and {{convert|15|C|F}} and in winter: {{convert|15|C|F}} and {{convert|0|C|F}}.<ref name=station>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shubhyatraindia.com/india-hill-stations/chamba-hill-station.html|title=Chamba Hill station|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715122137/http://www.shubhyatraindia.com/india-hill-stations/chamba-hill-station.html|archive-date=15 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The maximum temperature recorded in summer is {{convert|40.6|C|F}} and the minimum temperature in winter is {{convert|-1|C|F}}.<ref name=station/> Climatically March to June is said to be the best period to visit Chamba, which is a well known hill station.<ref name=station /> The average annual rainfall in the town is {{convert|785.84|mm|in}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hillresortsinindia.com/chamba.html|title=Chamba- Himachal Pradesh|publisher=Hill Resorts in India|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120181614/http://www.hillresortsinindia.com/chamba.html|archive-date=20 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Chamba, Himachal Pradesh (1961–1990, rainfall 1951–2000)<br />
| metric first = Yes<br />
| single line = Yes<br />
| Jan record high C = 25.3<br />
| Feb record high C = 26.2<br />
| Mar record high C = 29.9<br />
| Apr record high C = 38.5<br />
| May record high C = 42.3<br />
| Jun record high C = 38.6<br />
| Jul record high C = 39.5<br />
| Aug record high C = 36.6<br />
| Sep record high C = 35.2<br />
| Oct record high C = 32.6<br />
| Nov record high C = 28.3<br />
| Dec record high C = 25.0<br />
| year record high C = 42.3<br />
| Jan high C = 17.9<br />
| Feb high C = 20.5<br />
| Mar high C = 22.9<br />
| Apr high C = 28.8<br />
| May high C = 33.5<br />
| Jun high C = 32.3<br />
| Jul high C = 32.6<br />
| Aug high C = 30.7<br />
| Sep high C = 29.2<br />
| Oct high C = 28.2<br />
| Nov high C = 23.4<br />
| Dec high C = 19.7<br />
| year high C = 26.6<br />
| Jan low C = 4.2<br />
| Feb low C = 5.6<br />
| Mar low C = 7.3<br />
| Apr low C = 13.2<br />
| May low C = 17.3<br />
| Jun low C = 20.5<br />
| Jul low C = 21.5<br />
| Aug low C = 21.1<br />
| Sep low C = 18.5<br />
| Oct low C = 13.7<br />
| Nov low C = 8.9<br />
| Dec low C = 5.7<br />
| year low C = 13.1<br />
| Jan record low C = 0.1<br />
| Feb record low C = 0.4<br />
| Mar record low C = 2.1<br />
| Apr record low C = 0.0<br />
| May record low C = 6.0<br />
| Jun record low C = 8.5<br />
| Jul record low C = 8.0<br />
| Aug record low C = 10.5<br />
| Sep record low C = 5.0<br />
| Oct record low C = 1.0<br />
| Nov record low C = 0.5<br />
| Dec record low C = 0.0<br />
| year record low C = 0.0<br />
| rain colour = green<br />
| Jan rain mm = 73.6<br />
| Feb rain mm = 117.1<br />
| Mar rain mm = 159.8<br />
| Apr rain mm = 100.0<br />
| May rain mm = 88.4<br />
| Jun rain mm = 103.5<br />
| Jul rain mm = 169.2<br />
| Aug rain mm = 168.3<br />
| Sep rain mm = 101.7<br />
| Oct rain mm = 32.7<br />
| Nov rain mm = 25.8<br />
| Dec rain mm = 50.8<br />
| year rain mm = 1190.9<br />
|unit rain days = 2.5 mm<br />
| Jan rain days = 5.0<br />
| Feb rain days = 6.0<br />
| Mar rain days = 7.6<br />
| Apr rain days = 5.5<br />
| May rain days = 5.5<br />
| Jun rain days = 6.6<br />
| Jul rain days = 10.8<br />
| Aug rain days = 10.0<br />
| Sep rain days = 4.9<br />
| Oct rain days = 2.2<br />
| Nov rain days = 1.9<br />
| Dec rain days = 3.0<br />
| year rain days = 69.0<br />
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| Jan humidity = 77<br />
| Feb humidity = 75<br />
| Mar humidity = 78<br />
| Apr humidity = 67<br />
| May humidity = 58<br />
| Jun humidity = 62<br />
| Jul humidity = 78<br />
| Aug humidity = 81<br />
| Sep humidity = 80<br />
| Oct humidity = 73<br />
| Nov humidity = 72<br />
| Dec humidity = 75<br />
|year humidity = 73<br />
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200220045131/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 20 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf<br />
| title = Climate of Himachal Pradesh<br />
| work = Climatological Summaries of States Series - No. 15<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = January 2010<br />
| pages = 36–42<br />
| access-date = 8 March 2020<br />
| url-status = live<br />
}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref name="GR|India">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Chamba had a population of 20,312. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Chamba has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with a male literacy of 85% and female literacy of 77%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|title=Census of India|work=Chamba at Srno932|access-date=5 April 2010|publisher=Census of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004}}</ref> The administrative language is [[Hindi]], whereas the locally spoken language is [[Chambeali language|Chambeali]]. There are some speakers of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Pashto]], mostly of [[Sikh]] and [[Hindu]] descent, Those came here after partition in 1947.<br />
<br />
Away from the urban centre, the tribal people of Chamba (popularly known as [[Chambial]]) are divided into two major groups; the Gujjars and the Gaddis.<ref name="chd">{{cite web|author=Pramanik, Prabal|url=http://www.chambaheritage.net/tribal.html|title=Gaddis and Gujjars|publisher=Chamba Heritage|access-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029162825/http://www.chambaheritage.net/tribal.html|archive-date=29 October 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The [[Gujjars]], mainly nomads, came to Chamba across the state border from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] along the trade routes. They belong to nomadic herdsmen of the Muslim community, and travel to lowland Punjab in the autumn with their livestock to avoid the harsh winter of the Chamba hills.<ref name="chd"/> Their features are Turkic and have a distinct language known as [[Gojri]] and distinct culture aloof from the main town.<ref name="chd"/><br />
<br />
The Gaddis comprise several ethnic groups; namely the Brahmans, Rajputs, Thakurs, Rathis and the Khatris, who form the majority.<ref name="chd"/> They are agricultural peoples, and the name "Gaddi" means "shepherd".<ref name="chd"/> They mainly inhabit an area of the Chamba district in the [[Dhaula Dhar]] mountains, known as Brahmaur Wazarat or "Gadaran", located between Chamba and [[Kangra district|Kangra]]. "Gadar" means sheep, so their land is informally referred to as "Gadaran", literally meaning "sheep country".<ref name="chd"/> They are believed to have come to Chamba in the 10th century, although an influx of Gaddi people migrated to Chamba from [[Lahore]] in the 18th century, during the Mughal Empire.<ref name="B211"/> They are said to practice [[animism]] combined with the worship of Lord Shiva.<ref name="B211"/><br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
[[File:Gopal Singh, Raja of Chamba (ruled 1870-1873)..jpg|right|200px|thumb|Gopal Singh, Raja of Chamba (ruled 1870–1873)]]<br />
There have been a total of 67 rajas who have ruled Chamba district since the Principality of Bharmour was established in the 6th century, beginning with Raja Maru.<ref name="SS34"/> Indeed, it is believed to have been an isolated case in the history of India that the Chamba kingdom remained independent without interference for over 1000 years.<ref name="SS34"/> Before Raja Sahila Varman, however, the territorial extent of the state of Chamba was ill-defined and was more a loosely based territory, marked by disunity. Chamba state was run by Ranas, petty rulers who were allocated locally governed areas known as "fiefdoms" and treated them as their own virtually independent kingdoms.<ref name="SS34"/> It wasn't until the reign of Sahila Varman that these Raja lords were subjugated and the district of Chamba was consolidated formally as a unified entity.<ref name="SS35">Sharma & Sethi (1997), p.35</ref> The rajas of the Chamba Kingdom, ruling from the capital in Chamba divided the kingdom into 5 ''mandalas'', later termed ''wazarats''. These sub-territories consisted of Chamba, Bharmour, Bhatti, Churah and [[Pangi, Himachal Pradesh|Pangi]].<ref name="SS35"/><br />
<br />
==Landmarks and cityscape==<br />
The city layout can be distinctly demarcated into two zones; namely the 'Old Town' before the British introduced their urban architectural styles and the British period of contemporary monuments, bridges and buildings. In a study of the architecture of Chamba, instituted by the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH), with the objective of conserving and restoring individual heritage buildings, it has been observed that the urban architecture of Chamba evolved under three distinct phases. The first phase from 930, dating from the Rajput dynasty establishing the capital at Chamba until 1846, the second phase during the British period; and the third phase constituting the post independent period after its merger with the Indian Union in April 1948.<ref name=places/><ref>Bhatnagar (2008), p.43</ref><br />
<br />
===Monuments built prior to 1846===<br />
[[File:Chamba2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View of Chamba.]]<br />
[[File:Chamba Town.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Chamba Town.]]<br />
Buildings in Chamba were traditionally constructed using local materials. Buildings were made out of dry stone masonry, with the walls and floors of the older houses plastered with a concoction of clay and cow dung.<ref name="cha">{{cite web|author=Pramanik, Prabal|url=http://www.chambaheritage.net/traditional.html|title=Traditional architecture in Chamba|publisher=Chamba Heritage|access-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029162802/http://www.chambaheritage.net/traditional.html|archive-date=29 October 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Thick wooden beams were used to support the walls, paying attention to durability and to withstand earthquakes, and wooden [[cantilever]] construction was often used to support the [[veranda]]s.<ref name="cha"/> The staircases and doors were made from wood, with the doors often decorated in religious reliefs and flanked by two lamps to light it at night. Before the arrival of the British, who introduced [[slate]] roofs to Chamba, roofs were covered with planks, coated in clay.<ref name="cha"/> Few of these houses remain today, although a number still have wood-clay roofs in villages in the suburbs.<ref name="cha"/><br />
<br />
The old heritage monuments, which are palaces and temples are located in the old town (east of the [[Chaugan]]s), on the lower slopes of Shah Madar hill. They were built in the lower valley where the two rivers and steep thickly forested hillsides provided a strong defence. Located here is the 10th-century Champavati Temple, said to have marked the birth of the town, the Lakshmi Narayan group of temples (built from 10th-19th century), the 10th-century Sita Ram Temple, Bansi Gopal temple, Kharura Mohalla and Hari Rai temple, the 11th century Sui Mata Temple and Chamunda Devi Temple, and the Akhand Chandi palace, overlooking the Chaugan, which has since been converted into a college.<ref name="B212">Bradnock (2000), p.212</ref> Additions were made to the palace in the form of the Zenana Mahal and the Rang Mahal in the 18th century. The temples built in Chamba demonstrate a strong [[Kashmir]]i influence with their stone temple architecture and temple iconography.<ref name=places/><ref name="Bhatnagar p.42">Bhatnagar (2008), p.42</ref><ref name="Handa">Handa (2005), p.174</ref> Given their age however, only their unicellular layout with fluted pillars has been retained.<br />
<br />
====Champavati Temple====<br />
This temple was built by Raja Sahil Varman in memory of his daughter Champavati. The temple, located near the Police Post and the Treasury building, is built in the Shikhara style, with intricate stone carvings. It has a wheel roof and is as large as the Laxmi Narayan Temple. An idol of the goddess [[Mahishasuramardini]] (Durga) is worshipped in the temple. The walls of the temple are full of exquisite stone sculptures. On account of its historical and archaeological importance, the temple is maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=places/><ref name="B24"/><ref name="Champa">{{Cite web |title=Champavati Temple Chamba |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/himachal/champavati-temple-chamba.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Tourmyindia.com |publisher=}}</ref><br />
Champavati Temple, located in the heart of the city of Chamba, is a pilgrim destination for many Hindus. It is named after Champavati, the daughter of King Sahil Varman, the founder of the temple. The temple holds great historical and religious relevance for many Hindus. Champavati Temple enshrines an idol of Goddess Mahisasuramardini, the avatar of Goddess Durga. According to the legend, the daughter of King Sahil Varman Champavati was a religious person and used to visit temples and sadhu's ashrams regularly.<br />
<br />
The king, after getting suspicious of her actions, once followed her to a sadhu's place, with a dagger in his cloak. Once he reached the ashram, he found that there was no one inside. To his surprise, both the sadhu and his daughter Champavati had vanished. When he was about to return, he heard a voice saying that his daughter had been taken away as a punishment for his suspicion. The voice also asked him to build a temple, in the name of his daughter Champavati, if he wanted to avoid further familial calamities.<br />
<br />
The king ordered the construction of the Champavati Temple. Now, the temple is under the Archaeological Survey of India, for its historical and archaeological importance. The major attraction of the temple is its Shikhara style architecture. Stone carved walls, full of sculptures, make the temple an attractive tourist spot. The temple has a large wheel on the rooftop, which adores it and makes it a distinguished temple in North India. The Champavati Temple is often compared with Laxmi Narayan Temple, in its grandeur.<br />
<br />
====Lakshmi Narayan temples====<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = left<br />
| image1 = Laxminarayan temple of Chamba.jpg<br />
| width1 = 200<br />
| alt1 = <br />
| caption1 = <br />
| image2 = Chamba5.jpg<br />
| width2 = 175<br />
| alt2 = <br />
| caption2 = <br />
| footer = Laxmi Narayan temple in Chamba<br />
}}<br />
The Lakshmi Narayan temples complex, devoted to the [[Vaishnavite]] sect, includes the main Lakshmi Narayan temple, built in the 10th century by Raja Sahil Verman. It has been built to suit the local climatic conditions with wooden chatries and has a [[shikara]], and a sanctum sanctorum ([[Garbhagriha]]), with an [[antarala]] and a [[mantapa]]. A metallic image of [[Garuda]], the [[vahana]] (mount) of [[Vishnu]] is installed on the ''dwajastamba'' pillar at the main gate of the temple. In 1678, Raja Chhatra Singh adorned the temple roof with gold plated pinnacles, as a riposte to Auranagzeb, who had ordered demolition of this temple.<ref name=places/><br />
====Chamunda Devi Temple====<br />
{{hidden begin|title=Ma Chamunda|width=100%|border=1px solid black|ta2=right}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Maa Chamunda<br />
| image = Chumba. Bazar & Temples..jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Champa Devi Temple near old market place, 1860<br />
| map_type = India Himachal Pradesh<br />
| map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|32.148244|76.418566|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Kangra district]]<br />
| location = Chamunda, 176052<br />
| elevation_m = 1059.499000<br />
| deity = [[Chamunda]] Shakti Peeth<br />
| architecture = Hindu<br />
| temple_quantity = 1<br />
| monument_quantity = <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| year_completed = 1763<br />
| creator = Gaurav Gupta<br />
}}<br />
{{hidden end|ta2=right}}<br />
Chamunda Devi Temple is located in a prominent position on the spur of Shah Madar range of hills, opposite to the Chamba town. It was built by Raja Umed Singh, and was completed in 1762.<ref name="tc">{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismchamba.org/2010/01/chamunda-devi-temple-history/|title=Chamunda devi temple history|publisher=Tourism Chamba|access-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225135410/http://www.tourismchamba.org/2010/01/chamunda-devi-temple-history/|archive-date=25 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the only wooden temple with [[gabled roof]] (single storied) in Chamba, while all others in the town are built from stone in the north Indian [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] architectural style.<ref name="tc"/><br />
<br />
In the past, the temple was accessed through a stone paved steep path laid with 378 steps, but it is now approached by a {{convert|3|km|ft}} motorable road.<ref name=places/> The temple, a [[trabeated]] structure, is built on a high raised plinth, buttressed on all four sides, and has a rectangular layout on the outside. It exterior measures {{convert|9.22|m|ft}} x {{convert|6|m|ft}}, the inner square sanctum measures {{convert|3.55|m|ft}} x {{convert|3.55|m|ft}} and has a [[parikrama]] path (circumambulatory path) of {{convert|1.67|m|ft}} around the perimeter.<ref name=places/><ref name="tc"/><ref name="Handa 01">Handa (2001), pp.133-135</ref><br />
<br />
There is a mandap in the foreground of the temple of {{convert|5.1|m|ft}} x {{convert|6|m|ft}} size with an agni-kund or fire pit in the centre and a gable roof covered with slates.<ref name="tc"/> The mandapa has carvings in wood in its multi panelled ceiling with reliefs of human figures on the pillars and brackets. Votive bells are provided in the mandap entrance and it has a [[Nāgarī script|Nagari]] inscription, which records it as the offering from [[Pandit]] Vidhadhara to the goddess [[Chamunda]] deified in the temple on 2 April 1762, the date when the temple was consecrated.<ref name=places/><br />
====Akhand Chandi Palace====<br />
[[File:Akhand Chandi Palace.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Akhand Chandi Palace]]<br />
The Akhand Chandi Palace, noted for its distinct green roof, was built by Raja Umed Singh between 1747 and 1765 and used as his residence.<ref name="Akhand">{{Cite web |title=Akhand Chandi Palace Chamba |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/chamba/akhand-chandi-palace.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |publisher=Himachal Pradesh Tourism}}</ref> Later, Raja Sham Singh refurbished it with the assistance of British engineers. In 1879, the Darbar Hall (also named 'Marshal Hall' after the builder) was built.<ref name=places/> Raja Bhuri Singh added the Zenana Mahal (residence of Royal ladies). The building was exemplary of the fusion of Mughal and British architectural influences. In 1973, the Royal family of Chamba sold the palace to the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]], who in turn converted it into a Government College and District Library.<ref name=places/> Maintenance of the attractive palace, however, which has painted walls and glass work and intricate woodwork, has not been satisfactory, due to the lack of funds allocated to refurbish it.<ref name=Akhand/> The palace provides scenic views of the Chaugan, Laxmi Narayana Temple, Sui Mata, Chamunda Devi Temple, Rang Mehal, Hari Rai Temple and Bansi Gopal Temple.<ref name=places/><br />
<br />
===Monuments built after 1847===<br />
[[File:Chamba Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The lower, old part of the town and bridge]]<br />
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the British administration drew up an urban plan for the development of Chamba. They laid emphasis on the building of civic buildings around the Chaugan to conceal the unorthodox structural layout of the residential complexes. The western oriented development programme grew particularly active after the arrival of Major Blair Reid in January 1863, during the reign of Raja Shri Singh.<ref name="chde">{{cite web|author=Pramanik, Prabal|url=http://www.chambaheritage.net/development.html|title=Development of Chamba|publisher=Chamba Heritage|access-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029162721/http://www.chambaheritage.net/development.html|archive-date=29 October 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The next fourteen years in particular, until his retirement in March 1877, were characterised by large-scale building projects in Chamba, with Reid fully revising the administrative and revenue departments of Chamba and reorganising the state machinery to make development more efficient.<ref name="chde"/><br />
<br />
Orderly new building complexes with "simple visual discipline with white plastered walls, lancer arch windows, cornices, sloping sheet roofs, wooden eaves and deep verandahs were planned and built". Road communications were dramatically improved, with the approach road to the town being diverted, to provide a way for vehicular traffic to enter from the western end of the chaugan. A cabled suspension bridge was built across the Ravi River in the lower outskirts of the town, and many important public welfare projects were started,<ref name="chde"/> and well as many temples, gates, gardens and churches between 1863 and 1910. Notable works built during the colonial period include the temples in the Jansali Bazar, Gandhi Gate (Curzon Gate), Shiva Temple, the Chaugans, the Police Lines, the Church of Scotland, the Shyam Singh Hospital (built in 1891), Chamba Library, the Post Office building, Bhuri Singh Museum, the State Forces barracks, and the administrative buildings of the British period.<ref name="Bhatnagar p.42"/> Today, architectural materials have evolved considerably since ancient times and reinforced concrete structures are rapidly changing the skyline of the town.<ref name="cha"/><br />
<br />
====Chaugan====<br />
The Chaugan (a [[Sanskrit]] word meaning: "four sided") is the nucleus of all activity in Chamba, surrounded by impressive administrative buildings and a shopping arcade built during the British period, with the old Akhand Chandi palace standing nearby. It has a terraced grass green, and is exceptionally large for a hill station, measuring {{convert|800|m|ft}} length and {{convert|80|m|ft}} width/In 1890, the British converted five small chaugans into a single chaugan for use as an [[esplanade]] and sports complex, and today it is commonly used for [[cricket]] matches, [[picnic]]s and [[promenade]]s during the mid summer months.<ref name="lp"/> During the annual 'Minjar Mela' fair, the entire ground becomes a flea market. After the [[Dussera]] festival, the grounds are closed to the public until April, for maintenance purposes.<ref name=Bhatnagar/><ref name=places/><br />
<br />
====Church of Scotland====<br />
The Church of Scotland, a [[Presbyterian Church]], known as 'St. Andrew's Church', was established by the first missionary in Chamba, the Reverend William Ferguson, who served there between 1863 and 1873.<ref name=Scotland>{{Cite book |title=The Church of Scotland home and foreign mission record, Volume 24 |work= Chamba, laying the foundation stone of the New Church |page=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFErAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA136 |publisher=Church of Scotland|year=1899}}</ref><ref name=Church>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Church-of-Scotland-18419.htm|title=Church of Scotland|access-date=6 April 2010}}</ref> The foundation stone for building the new church was laid by the Raja of Chamba on 17 February 1899, in the presence of the Scottish reverend Dr. M'Clymont who had come from Scotland. The Raja had contributed a generous grant to build the church and ensured that it was exquisitely built in fine stone masonry.<ref name=Scotland/> The walls are supported by buttresses, and lancer arch windows provide light and ventilation. Several schools are run by the Mission located within the church precincts.<ref name=places/><ref name=Scotland/><br />
<br />
====Bhuri Singh Museum====<br />
[[File:Chamba4.jpg|thumb|left|The Bhuri Singh Museum]]<br />
The [[Bhuri Singh Museum]] at Chamba was established on 14 September 1908 in honour of the raja at the time, Raja [[Bhuri Singh]], who ruled Chamba from 1904 to 1919.<ref name=places/> J. Ph. Vogel, an eminent [[Indology|indologist]], and expert on the history of Chamba state, proposed the museum to preserve a number of valuable inscriptions, mostly in Sarda script, which contained some rare information about the medieval history of Chamba; the [[prashasti]]s (inscriptions) of Sarahan, Devi-ri-kothi and mul Kihar (fountain inscription) are still preserved in the museum.<ref name=places/> Bhuri Singh donated his family collection of paintings to the museum, including royal portraits which ranged from Basohli to Guler-Kangra in style, and embroidered Pahari miniatures.<ref name=places/> Numerous artefacts, important to the heritage of Chamba were added, including coins, hill jewellery and royal and traditional costumes, arms and armour, musical instruments and other items.<ref name=places/> The current museum was built in 1975 in concrete.<ref name=places/><br />
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==Culture==<br />
<br />
===Arts===<br />
{|class="wikitable" align="right" width="27%" style="font-size:90%; border:2px solid orange;"<br />
|+ Chamba miniature [[Pahari painting]]s<br />
|width="27%" align="center" valign="center"|[[File:Varaha avtar, killing a demon to protect Bhu, c1740.jpg|175px]]<br />
|width="2%" align="center" valign="center"|[[File:Shiva family.jpg|175px]]<br />
|-<br />
|valign="top"|[[Varaha]], the boar,<br>[[avatar]] (incarnate) of god [[Vishnu]]<br />
|valign="top"|[[Pahari painting]], 1800, of<br>[[Shiva]]'s family on the march<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Chamba miniature paintings====<br />
Chamba is noted for its miniature [[Pahari painting]]s,<ref name = "dogra">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C&dq=Chamba+school+Pahari+paintings&pg=PA112 Dogra legends of art & culture By Aśoka Jeratha pp. 112-4]</ref> where [[Basohli]] style of Pahari paintings took roots with Nikku, the artist of Basohli migrating from Guler to Chamba in the eighteenth century. Raja Udai Singh and Raja Jai Singh patronised this school of painting.<ref name=culture>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturenorthindia.com/hp/fine_arts.htm|title=Himachal Pradesh:Fine Arts- Chamba School|access-date=7 November 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071022043908/http://culturenorthindia.com/hp/fine_arts.htm |archive-date = 22 October 2007}}</ref> During the reign of Raja Charhat Singh, folk art developed and had a lasting influence on local artists. The paintings of Chamba encompass both miniatures and murals and the [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] influence is clearly discerned in these paintings.<ref name=culture/> Distinguished artists of Chamba who have painted in this art form include Lehru, Durga and Miyan Jara Singh. The paintings were generally painted with Hindu religious themes, particularly the legends of [[Hindu religion]] such as [[Radha Krishna]], [[Shiva]]-[[Parvati]], [[Rama]] Darbar, [[Yashoda]] and [[Krishna]], [[Gopis]], love scenes, deer, birds and women, Daya Saptashati and Krishna - [[Sudama]].<ref name = "dogra"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturenorthindia.com/hp/fine_arts.htm |title=FINE ARTS Himachal Pradesh|work=Chamba School|access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071022043908/http://culturenorthindia.com/hp/fine_arts.htm |archive-date = 22 October 2007}}</ref> Romantic ambiance of the monsoon season in Chamba has also been painted by the artists of Pahari miniature art, in various moods and styles in Basholi colours. They are displayed in the museums at Chamba and also at [[Shimla]] and [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hpchamba.nic.in/tourism.htm|title=Tourism|publisher=National Informatics Centre:Government of Chamba district|access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref><br />
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====Handicrafts and musical instruments====<br />
Chamba is an important centre for the making of traditional handicrafts, and the town has numerous small workshops maintained by the artisans. Many of the items produced are exquisite and lavish, a testament to the towns' aristocratic heritage.<ref name="ch">{{cite web|author=Pramanik, Prabal|url=http://www.chambaheritage.net/roster.html|title=Handicrafts of Chamba|publisher=Chamba Heritage|access-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029162746/http://www.chambaheritage.net/roster.html|archive-date=29 October 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref><br />
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Casting metalware in Chamba is an ancient tradition, dating back to the Bronze Age period, with items typically made out of copper or brass, and also iron, especially in the traditional making of implements and weapons by blacksmiths. Of particular note in this trade are the large plaques with reliefs, commonly used for wall decoration. The temple cupolas in Chamba district are often furnished with copper and brass items made in Chamba and often the golden [[kalasha]] or vessel crowning them is produced here.<ref name="ch"/><br />
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Chamba has its own unique traditional system of men's and women's footwear. Traditional footwear was originally made from locally produced leather but is today transported to Chamba from the south of India.<ref name="ch"/> Women's footwear is embroidered as is "vegetarian" footwear which is purposefully made without leather for use in places where leather is prohibited for religious reasons. [[Handkerchief]]s and [[shawl]]s are also made in abundance in Chamba. Traditionally hand-spun, they are designed in such a way as to make both sides of the cloth look identical, and are beautifully embroidered.<ref name="ch"/> Chamba shawls are woven on hand looms in wool and typically have a bright border in a traditional design.<ref name="ch"/> A similar woven design is used for making caps.<br />
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Traditional jewelry is made in gold and silver in Chamba as its pottery, typically kitchenware, utensils and earthen pots.<ref name="ch"/> Given Chamba's history of new immigration from other parts of the country and [[Tibet]], a variety of influences can be seen in the pieces of jewelry that are produced in Chamba.<ref name="ch"/> Chamba is also noted for its wood carvings, which, like the metal-ware is often used for iconography in temples, such as Chamunda Devi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Margabandhu, Chedarambattu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chamba,+Himachal+Pradesh|title=Indian Archaeological Heritage: Shri K.V. Soundara Rajan Festschrift, Chedarambattu Margabandhu, Volume 2|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|year=1991|page=595}}</ref> A "Nagara", a form of kettle drum is produced in Chamba as are [[cymbal]]s, bells and "Singa" or "Ransinga" (horns) produced in both straight and curved styles.<ref name="ch"/> Other instruments include Shankh, Nad, Beiunsuli, Saihna, Nag Pheni, Thali Ghada, Bhana, Karnal, Pohol, Dhons, Kahal, Kansi, Hasat Ghanta and Drugg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hpchamba.nic.in/folkinstruments.htm|title=Folk instruments|publisher=National Informatics Centre:Government of Chamba district|access-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804000747/http://hpchamba.nic.in/folkinstruments.htm|archive-date=4 August 2010}}</ref><br />
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===Festivals, fairs and dances===<br />
[[File:Chamba3.jpg|thumb|right|The Chaugan in Chamba, where fairs are held]]<br />
Chamba is one of those places where Basohli effect actually reached.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} Two ''melas'' or fairs, also known as Jatras, are of particular note in Chamba; "Suhi Mata Mela" and "Minjar Mela". A notable event of such fairs is when the 'chela'. a subordinate of the deity who is being worshipped goes into a trance and answers the queries and prayers of the devotees.<ref name=fairs>{{Cite web |url=http://hpchamba.nic.in/Fairs&festivals.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020827235344/http://hpchamba.nic.in/Fairs%26festivals.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 August 2002 |title=Fairs in Chamba |publisher=National Informatics Centre:Government of Chamba district |access-date=6 April 2010 }}</ref><br />
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An important festival held in Chamba is known as the "Suhi Mata Mela". It is held annually in March–April for four days to commemorate the sacrifice made by the queen of Chamba with her life, to bring water to the town. The legend associated with this festival and the Sui Mata temple, built in memory of the queen (wife of Raja Sahil Varman), relates to the sacrifice she made to fulfill a prophecy in a dream, which said that water from the Sarota stream could only be accessed through an aqueduct if the queen or her son was sacrificed. Rather than kill her own son she sacrificed her own life for the town. To commemorate this event, women and children take a lead role in the festival. An image of Champavati, with banners of the Rajput solar emblem, are taken by them in a procession, dancing and singing, through the Chaugan to the Suhi Mata temple.<ref name=places/><ref name="station"/><ref name=fairs/><br />
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Another popular festival held in Chamba is the "[[Minjar Mela]]", held on the second Sunday of the [[Shravana]] month, corresponding to the month of August in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. It marks the triumph of the Raja of Chamba over the ruler of [[Trigarta]] (now called as [[Kangra district|Kangra]]), in 935 AD and also celebrates the paddy and maize crops grown at this time of the year.<ref name="ilct"/> The festival commences with offerings of 'minjar', consisting of a bunch of paddy plant and golden silk wrapped in red fabric.<ref name="ilct"/> The offerings also include a [[rupee]], a seasonal fruit, and a [[coconut]].<ref name="ilct"/> This occasion is also celebrated with a flag hoisting ceremony at the Chaugan that initiates a week of cultural and social programmes.<ref name="ilct"/> The image of the deity, Lord Raghuvira, and more than 200 other deities, are taken in a procession, in a chariot pulled by ropes. Folk dances and music performances known as 'Kunjari Malhar' are part of the festivities. On the last day of the festival, a parade is held from the Akhand Chandi Palace to Ravi River, where offerings are made to the river.<ref name="ilct"/> This commemorates an event in which Raja Sahil Verman changed the course of the river, to make the Hari Rai temple accessible to all devotees.<ref name=fairs/><ref name=Minjar>{{Cite web|url=http://www.himachalpradeshtourismindia.com/chamba/minjarmelachamba.php|title=MinjarMelaChamba|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Himachal Tourism}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
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Chamba and the surrounding district have many local customs in dancing, illustrating the differences in geographical, anthropological and social cultures and religious beliefs in the area.<ref name="Sharma 04 p50">Sharma (2004), p.50</ref> A solo dance or a dance of two people such as the ''Pharati'' or ''Khad-dumbi'' is commonly performed during the ''Nuwala'' ceremony and other important occasions, such as marriages etc. and the ''Dangri'' and ''Sikri'' are said to be of note.<ref name="Sharma 04 p50"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Pramanik, Prabal|url=http://www.chambaheritage.net/festival.html|title=Festivals of Chamba|publisher=Chamba Heritage|access-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029162726/http://www.chambaheritage.net/festival.html|archive-date=29 October 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Notable male dances include the Gaddi and Gujjar dances, ''Dandaras'', ''Nat'', ''Ghorda'', ''Nachan'', ''Dharumsde'', the ''Khad-dumbi'' and the ''Chhinjhati''.<ref>Sharma (2004), p.08</ref> Notable female dances include the ''Ghurei'', ''Dangi'' and ''Kikli'', whilst dances such as the ''Shain'', ''Dhamal'', ''Sohal'', ''Sal Kukdi Nachan'', ''Ratege'' and ''Til-Chauti'' are performed by both sexes.<ref name="Sharma 04 p07">Sharma (2004), p.07</ref> Several forms of masked dance are also performed in Chamba, such as the ''Chhatradhi Jatar''.<ref name="Sharma 04 p07"/><br />
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===Costumes===<br />
Ancient people of Chamba were known to have worn a fine woolen blanket or ''chadar'' around the waist, to keep warm in the cold climate. It was often tied or girdled with a band or ''patka'', as evidenced by some archaeological discoveries in the area depicting this fashion.<ref name="S36">Sharma (1997), p.36</ref> The Gaddi people have traditionally worn white embroidered caps and loose-fitting white woolen garments known as a ''[[chola]]'', tied around the waist with a black wool rope.<ref name="B212"/> A local custom in Chamba was to give the Jogi of the Natha sect a cotton ''maikhal'' sheet to wear over the head during the ''Nuwala'' ceremony to honour [[Lord Siva]].{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} Chamba and the surrounding district have been well documented as being a producer of fine cloth and embroidered dresses for centuries.<ref name="S36"/><br />
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{{blockquote|"The Jakatas, the Milinda Panha and the Vinaya of the Mulasarvastivadins mention the beautifully embroidered Kotumbara clothes of the Audumbara country (Pathankot and Chamba) and the fine textiles captured in the lot of Kangra Fort in 1009 around the astonishment of the soldiers of Mahmud of Ghazni. A heavier, though not less luxurious type of embriodered dresses can be traced on the fountain stones, which had been erected by the local aristocracy of Churah, in western Chamba in the 11th to 12th centuries." - [[Hermann Goetz]]<ref name="S36"/>}}<br />
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Given the history of migrants arriving in Chamba from across Kashmir and Tibet over the centuries, today Chamba has a variety of traditional dresses, defined by the region to which they belong. The most traditional dress worn by [[Hindu]] women, on special occasions, is the ''[[pashwaj]]''. ''Pashwaj'' is a gown with a short bodice (blouse) covering up to the waist. A shirt is worn, below which the dress falls in many folds, nearly touching the ground. The typical casual dress though, however, is a ''pairahan'', with a ''chadar'' or ''[[dupatta]]'' (stole) worn over the head. The lower half of the body is covered by a pyjama, known as a ''suthan''.<ref name=Dress>{{Cite web |url=http://hpchamba.nic.in/dress&ornament.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020828004531/http://hpchamba.nic.in/dress%26ornament.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 August 2002 |title=Dress and Ornaments |access-date=6 April 2010 |publisher=National Informatics Centre }}</ref><br />
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[[Muslim]] women also generally wear similar dresses as the Hindu women. However, the one difference is that the tunic they wear is considerably shorter, just touching the knee. They don a small vest called an ''angi'', worn beneath the bodice. A small shirt or kurta is also common.<ref name=Dress/> Hindu men wear an ''angrakha'', long tunic that touches the knees. A cloth waist-band and tight fitting pajama and a small ''pagri'' (top hat) worn on top of the head completes their ensemble.<ref name=Dress/><br />
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==Music of Chamba==<br />
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Devotional songs known as 'Ainchali' are sung throughout the night. The 'Chella' is summoned who goes into a [[trance]] as soon as the sacrifices are referred to [[Lord Shiva]]. He is said to be possessed of the Lord himself. He answers the questions put to him by members of the family and their friends.<br />
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Chambyal (people of Chamba) enjoy the traditional folk music of their area. This consists of folk songs, dances and folklores and these are accompanied by various musical instruments. Their love for folk music is evident from their keen interest in folk music which is different from that of other regions. Folk songs of Gaddis can be categorised as marriage songs, festivity songs, love songs.<br />
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'''Marriage Songs'''<br />
The theme of the marriage songs is mostly related to the selection of groom and the girl's wishes regarding it. The songs which are sung at the time of wedding ceremony are known as 'Charlai' and these songs depict that the relatives of the bride and groom seek the blessings from the God.<br />
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'''Festivity Songs'''<br />
Chambyals celebrate many fairs and festivals with great pomp and show. They sing many songs which are usually accompanied by folk dances. Major folk songs are - 'Sukart and Ghanihar', 'Kunjadi Malhar' during Minjar Mela, 'Ainchali' on Nuala, songs related to [[Baisakhi]] at the time of 'Basoa' and 'Kunjadi' songs of the rainy season are sung during Patroru festival.<br />
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'''Love Songs''' <br />
These songs are of Shrinagar rasa. Mostly the feelings of separation, hard life of Gaddis, their social bindings and the tales of sacrifice, unsuccessful love etc. are depicted through these songs. Famous Love songs are, 'Kunju and Chanchlo', 'Phulmu and Ranjhu', 'Raja Gaddan' and 'Bhunku Gaddi' that are very popular among the city and the state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDxa5G2S0AwC|title=Tribal Melodies of Himachal Pradesh: Gaddi folk music|last=Sharma|first=Manorama|year=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788170249122}}</ref><br />
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==Wildlife Sanctuaries==<br />
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* [[Gamgul|Gamgul Siyabehi Wildlife Sanctuary]]: Covering an area of 108.40 square kilometers, Gamgul Siyabehi Wildlife Sanctuary, is located at a high altitude. It is situated in Chamba district. <br />
* [[Kalatop Khajjiar Sanctuary|Kalatop Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br />
* [[Kugti Sanctuary|Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary]]: It is the second largest<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary in Himachal–its natural springs, rare fauna & flora and more |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/kugti-wildlife-sanctuary-in-himachalits-natural-springs-rare-fauna-flora-and-more/photostory/82208455.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> sanctuary in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The famous Manimahesh Temple, annually visited by thousands of pilgrims, is also situate in Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary.<br />
* Sechu Tuan Nala Wildlife Sanctuary:<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2013 |title=Govt of Himachal Pradesh, Department of Forest |url=http://hpforest.gov.in/public/frontend/pdf/SechuTuanNallaWildLifeSanctuary_A1b.pdf}}</ref> Sprawled in an area of 390.20 square kilometers, Sechu Tuan Nalla wildlife sanctuary, is situated in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. This sanctuary is around 113 kilometers from Chamba town.<br />
* Tundah Wild Life Sanctuary:<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2013 |title=Govt of Himachal Pradesh, Department of Forests |url=http://hpforest.gov.in/public/frontend/pdf/TundahWildLifeSanctuary_A1b.pdf}}</ref> Spread over an area of 64 square kilometers, Tundah Wildlife Sanctuary was established in Chamba district to protect wildlife and its environment. It is 59 kilometers from the Chamba town.<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{cite book|author=Archer, W. G|title=Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills: A Survey and History of Pahari Miniature Painting|publisher=Sotheby Parke Bernet|year=1973|isbn=0-85667-002-2}}<br />
*{{Cite journal|last= Bhatnagar |first=Manu|publisher=UNESCO|title= Chamba Urban evolution of an ancient town in the Himalaya |pages=39–44|access-date=26 October 2009|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001622/162292E.pdf|journal=Journal of the Development and Research Organization for Nature, Arts and Heritage |volume=5 |issue=1|year=2008}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Bharati|first=K.R|title= Chamba Himalaya: amazing land, unique culture|access-date=26 October 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VO9cP6LYR8wC&q=Chamba|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2001|isbn= 81-7387-125-6}}<br />
*{{cite book|author=Bradnock, Robert & Roma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyZGp_YVzb8C&q=Akhand+Chandi+palace+college|title=Footprint Indian Himalaya Handbook:The Travel Guide|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|year=2000|isbn=1-900949-79-2}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Handa|first= O.C|title= Temple architecture of the western Himalaya: wooden temples|work=Chamunda Devi temple at Chamba|access-date=28 October 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KmaKomlI-UC&q=Chamba&pg=PA131|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2001|isbn=81-7387-115-9}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Handa|first= O.C|title= Gaddi land in Chamba: its history, art & culture : new light on the early ...|work= Gaddi Land in Chamba Stone temples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EaFNQ7Zfl8C&q=Chamba&pg=PA174|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2005|isbn=81-7387-174-4}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Scotland|first=Church of| title=The Church of Scotland home and foreign mission record, Volume 24|work= Chamba, laying the foundation stone of the New Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFErAAAAYAAJ&q=Church+of+Scotland%2C+Chamba&pg=RA1-PA136 |publisher=Church of Scotland|year=1899}}<br />
*{{cite book|author1=Sharma, K.P. |author2=Sethi, S.M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQwKtSFn9FMC&q=Costumes+and+ornaments+of+Chamba|title=Costumes and ornaments of Chamba|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1997|isbn=81-7387-067-5}}<br />
*{{cite book|author=Sharma, K.P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz4ZAxYR6igC&q=Folk+dances+of+Chamb%C4%81|title=Folk dances of Chambā|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2004|isbn=81-7387-166-3}}<br />
*Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Single Line Administration and Tribal Development in Himachal Pradesh, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, {{ISBN|978-3-8473-3461-3}}. <br />
*Rana, Kulwant Singh, Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Changing Cropping Pattern in the Tribal Areas of Himachal Pradesh: with special reference to Pangi Valley, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, {{ISBN|978-3-8473-7695-8}}. <br />
*Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Village Studies in Northern India: a case study of Devikothi, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, {{ISBN|978-3-8473-4743-9}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). ''History of the Panjab Hill States'', Vol. I. 1st edition: Govt. Printing, Pujab, Lahore, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter IV Chamba State, pp.&nbsp;268–339.<br />
* Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Single Line Administration and Tribal Development in Himachal Pradesh, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany,{{ISBN|978-3-8473-3461-3}}.<br />
* Rana, Kulwant Singh, Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Changing Cropping Pattern in the Tribal Areas of Himachal Pradesh: with special reference to Pangi Valley, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany,{{ISBN|978-3-8473-7695-8}}.<br />
* Negi, Baldev Singh (2012, Village Studies in Northern India: a case study of Devikothi, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany,{{ISBN|978-3-8473-4743-9}}<br />
* Ulrich Friebel, Trekking in Himachal Pradesh, NaturFreunde-Verlag Stuttgart 2001, {{ISBN|3-925311-23-8}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Chamba (Himachal Pradesh)|Chamba}}<br />
{{Commons category|Chamba}}<br />
* [http://hpchamba.nic.in/ Chamba district website]<br />
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{{Himachal Pradesh topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chamba, Himachal Pradesh| ]]<br />
[[Category:920 establishments]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chamba district]]<br />
[[Category:10th-century establishments in India]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reena_Madhukar&diff=530174Reena Madhukar2026-03-15T10:16:26Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian actress and model|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Reena Madhukar Aggarwal<br />
| image = Reena Aggarwal at the special screening of the film Behen Hogi Teri (15) (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Aggarwal at the special screening of ''[[Behen Hogi Teri]]'' in 2017<br />
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (person)|Model]]<br />
| years_active = 2009–present<br />
}}<br />
'''Reena Madhukar''' is an Indian [[actress]] who has appeared in [[Feature film|feature films]], [[television series]] and theatre productions.<br />
<br />
==Acting career==<br />
Reena made her television debut with the [[Disney Channel India]] show ''[[Kya Mast Hai Life]]'' in 2009. She then acted in the Marathi film ''[[Ajintha (film)|Ajintha]]'' in 2012, directed by Nitin Desai, as the second female lead. She also made her Bollywood debut with ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]'' in 2012. She played the role of Savita, a female police constable, in the film. After that, she was seen in the &TV show ''[[Agent Raghav - Crime Branch]]'' as the Forensic Doctor Aarti Mistry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/reena-agarwal-excited-for-agent-raghav---crime-branch/16503162 |title=Reena Agarwal excited for 'Agent Raghav - Crime Branch' |work=www.mid-day.com |date=2 September 2015 |accessdate=28 June 2018}}</ref> Her Marathi film ''[[Zhalla Bobhata]]'' was released on 6 January 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/reena-agrawal-in-another-hindi-film/articleshow/56644004.cms |title=Zhalla Bobhata heroine shares screen with Shruti Haasan |work=Times of India |date=18 January 2017 |accessdate=28 June 2018}}</ref> Her later films are ''[[Behen Hogi Teri]]'' (Hindi) and ''Dev Devharyat Nahi'' (Marathi).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/2084-marathi-actress-reena-aggarwal-to-act-with-shruti-hasan-and-rajkumar-rao-in-a-bollywood-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729222112/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/2084-marathi-actress-reena-aggarwal-to-act-with-shruti-hasan-and-rajkumar-rao-in-a-bollywood-film |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 July 2017 |title=Marathi Actress 'Reena Aggarwal' to Act with Shruti Hasan and Rajkumar Rao in a Bollywood Film |work=marathicineyug.com |accessdate=28 June 2018}}</ref> She has also acted in dramas and stage shows. Her acclaimed theatre drama performances include ''Mazi Bayko Mazi Mehuni'' in Marathi and ''Krishnapriya'' in Hindi. She also appeared in the promotional advertisement ''[[Kon Honar Crorepati|Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati 3]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati, Season 3 {{!}} Colors Marathi {{!}} Swapnil Joshi {{!}} Reena Madhukar {{!}} Promo | date=14 September 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5btZfaix6c |access-date=2023-10-23 |language=en}}</ref> and the music video ''Rang Priticha''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Rang Priticha - Marathi Song {{!}} Hrishikesh Ranade, Priyanka Barve {{!}} Reena Aggarwal, Ashish Dixit | date=16 November 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ8JPnSPfcU |access-date=2023-10-23 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, Reena had a role in the film ''31 Divas''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/team-31-divas-come-together-for-music-launch-of-the-film/articleshow/64694228.cms |title=Team 31 Divas come together for music launch of the film |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=22 June 2018 |accessdate=28 June 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Language <br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2012<br />
| ''[[Ajintha (film)|Ajintha]]'' <br />
| Kamala<br />
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]'' <br />
| Savita<br />
|[[Hindi]] <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='मन उडु उडु झालंय' मालिकेतील सानिका बद्दल हे माहित्येय का? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/know-more-facts-bout-man-udu-udu-zhala-tv-serial-sanika-reena-madhukar/articleshow/87738738.cms |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2017<br />
| ''[[Zhalla Bobhata]]'' <br />
| <br />
|Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Behen Hogi Teri]]''<br />
| Ritu Arora <br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Dev Devharyat Nahi '' <br />
| Vidya<br />
| rowspan="4" |Marathi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Developer |first=Web |title=Reena Aggarwal's Marathi film 'Dev Devharyat Nahi' based on true events |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/Reena-Aggarwal-Marathi-film-Dev-Devharyat-Nahi-based-on-true-events-Regional-cinema-news-18485192 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Mid-day|date=7 August 2017 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| ''31 Divas'' <br />
| Meera<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reena Madhukar- I-dont-have-any-restrictions-when-it-comes-to-choosing-any-role | date=12 November 2021 |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/html/marathi-movies/news/exclusive-interview-reena-madhukar-i-dont-have-any-restrictions-when-it-comes-to-choosing-any-role-324400.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16980708854710&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmibeat.com%2Fmarathi-movies%2Fnews%2Fexclusive-interview-reena-madhukar-i-dont-have-any-restrictions-when-it-comes-to-choosing-any-role-324400.html}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Chhapa Kata]]''<br />
|Archana<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=मकरंद अनासपुरेचा नवीन चित्रपट; 'छापा काटा' लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/makarand-anaspure-marathi-movie-chhapa-kata-will-release-soon-entertainment-news-amy-95-4066541/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Sur Lagu De]]''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-02 |title=Vikram Gokhale's last Marathi film 'Sur Lagu De' is all set to hit screens on 12 January 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/vikram-gokhales-last-marathi-film-sur-lagu-de-is-all-set-to-hit-screens-on-12-january-2024/articleshow/106478430.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Show !! Channel !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2009-2010 || ''[[Kya Mast Hai Life]]'' || [[Disney Channel India]] || Tia<br />
|-<br />
| 2012-2013 || ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' || [[Colors TV]] || Ashima<br />
|-<br />
| 2015-2016 || ''[[Agent Raghav - Crime Branch]]'' || [[& TV]] || Dr. Aarti Mistry<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2021–2022 <br />
|''[[Man Udu Udu Zhala]]''<br />
|[[Zee Marathi]]<br />
|Sanika Deshpande<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reena Madhukar makes marathi TV debut in Man Udu Udu Zhala |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/sep/3/31156/reena-madhukar-makes-marathi-tv-debut-in-man-udu-udu-zhala/amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From|work=Cinestaan.com|access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]] || [[Sony Pictures Television|Sony TV]] || Vedika<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|id=8631076|name=Reena Aggarwal}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Reena}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pune]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muni_(film)&diff=519083Muni (film)2026-03-12T06:47:24Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: starting new info w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2007 Indian film by Raghava Lawrence}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Muni film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Promotional poster<br />
| director = [[Raghava Lawrence]]<br />
| writer = [[Ramesh Khanna]]<br /><small>(dialogues)</small><br />
| screenplay = Raghava Lawrence<br />
| story = Raghava Lawrence<br />
| producer = [[Saran (director)|Saran]]<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Rajkiran]]<br />
*Raghava Lawrence<br />
*[[Vedhika]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[K. V. Guhan]]<br />
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]<br />
| music = <small>'''Original songs:'''</small><br />[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br /><small>'''Background Score:'''</small><br />[[S. P. Venkatesh]]<br />
| studio = Gemini Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|2007|03|09|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 153 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Muni''''' ({{translation|Sage}}){{Efn|Also the title character.}} is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy horror film]] directed by [[Raghava Lawrence]] and produced by [[Saran (director)|Gemini Productions]]. The film stars [[Rajkiran]], Lawrence and [[Vedhika]]. [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Kadhal Dhandapani]] and [[Kovai Sarala]] play supporting roles. It follows Ganesh, a man with [[Fear of ghosts|phasmophobia]], who gets possessed by the title character, who seeks revenge against an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] who killed him.<br />
<br />
''Muni'' was released on 9 March 2007 and became a box office success. It is the first instalment in the [[Kanchana (film series)|Kanchana film series]], and a spiritual successor, ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]'', was released in 2011.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Ganesh, a man with [[Fear of ghosts|phasmophobia]] who refuses to go out after 6 PM, moves into a new house with his mother, father, and wife Priya. All of a sudden, Ganesh is possessed by a ghost and starts behaving in a rude manner; his family cannot understand his behaviour, so they seek the help of a priest named Andaiyar. Andaiyar asks the ghost about his past. The ghost says that he is Muniyaandi and starts revealing his flashback.<br />
<br />
Muni was a kindhearted but poor man living in the slums with his daughter. His friend is [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Marakka Dhandapani, who uses Muni to win local elections and promises that he would give lands to the poor villagers. Dhandapani wins the election but cheats on Muni. Muni fights with Dhandapani, who kills Muni and his daughter. Dhandapani lies to the poor people by saying that Muni and his daughter fled with the money that he had given Muni for the welfare of the villagers.<br />
<br />
After hearing Muni's story Ganesh feels sorry for him and decides to help him, Ganesh requests Andaiyar to lie to his family that the ghost has left and andaiyar agrees. Ganesh now possessed by Muni manages to get a job as a bodyguard for Dhandapani's daughter but after he brutally kills Dhandapani's brother Dhandapani finds out that Ganesh is Muni and hires an exorcist named Mastaan Bhai to save himself. Bhai captures Muni and bargains with him, who agrees to let Dhandapani go if he repents and helps the poor villagers. In the climax, at Ayyanaar temple, Dhandapani confesses to the people that he killed Muni and his daughter. He then leaves money with the villagers. Muni talks with the people and eats the feast prepared by them. Bhai tells Muni to leave Ganesh's body, and he does. However, Dhandapani lied and was planning to get back all his money from the villagers. Ganesh, upon hearing this, kills Dhandapani. Bhai sees this act but does nothing, as he finally sees the injustice done by Dhandapani.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Rajkiran]] as Muniyandi "Muni"<br />
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] as Ganesh<br />
* [[Vedhika]] as Priya Ganesh<br />
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Andaiyar<br />
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Kandasamy<br />
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Priya's father<br />
* [[Kadhal Dhandapani]] as MLA Dhandapani<br />
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Kannamma<br />
* [[Bala Singh]]<br />
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Mastan Bhai<br />
* Vadivelu David as Murugesan<br />
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as House Broker<br />
* Kallukkul Eeram Ramanathan<br />
* Pudhupettai Suresh as Dhandapani's Brother<br />
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Priya's mother<br />
* Asha<br />
* Kavya<br />
* Neelima Naidu as Chandramukhi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Muni'' is the second film produced by Saran via Gemini Productions after ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2006 |title=Lawrence acts in 'Muni' under Saran's direction |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/31052006-2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901080620/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/31052006-2.shtml |archive-date=1 September 2011 |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=Cinesouth |language=en}}</ref> The film was launched with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] at [[AVM Studios]] in late June 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2006 |title=Pooja for 'Muni' starring Raj Kiran / with pics |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/28062006-4.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131170315/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/28062006-4.shtml |archive-date=31 January 2010 |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=Cinesouth |language=en}}</ref> In early January 2007, a song sequence was shot before a {{convert|40|feet|metres}} tall idol of [[Muneeswarar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2007 |title='Muni' song in front of 40 foot high idol |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/10012007-5.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131103355/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/10012007-5.shtml |archive-date=31 January 2010 |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=Cinesouth |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=12 January 2007 |title=Muni (Tamil – Bharadwaj) |url=https://milliblog.com/2007/01/12/muni-tamil-bharadwaj/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228080604/https://milliblog.com/2007/01/12/muni-tamil-bharadwaj/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muni (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/muni-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1337350767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/qolrl |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Assah Pussah<br />
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Priya Himesh]]<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]<br />
| length1 = 4:16<br />
| title2 = Suru Suru Susuravarthi<br />
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]<br />
| lyrics2 = Raghava Lawrence<br />
| length2 = 4:18<br />
| title3 = Gulla Gulla Dracula<br />
| extra3 = Bharadwaj<br />
| lyrics3 = Pa. Vijay<br />
| length3 = 4:23<br />
| title4 = Thalai Suthuthey Mami<br />
| extra4 = Bharadwaj, Kavitha<br />
| lyrics4 = Raghava Lawrence<br />
| note4 = Version 1<br />
| length4 = 4:50<br />
| title5 = Varranda Muni<br />
| extra5 = [[Mukesh Mohamed|Mukesh]]<br />
| lyrics5 = Pa. Vijay<br />
| length5 = 3:53<br />
| title6 = Thalai Suthuthey Mami<br />
| extra6 = Raghava Lawrence<br />
| lyrics6 = Raghava Lawrence<br />
| note6 = Version 2<br />
| length6 = 4:10<br />
| total_length = 25:50<!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Critical reception ==<br />
''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "On the whole, ''Muni'' does not make for great horror film. At best it provides some funny comedy time!!".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2007 |title=Muni |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/muni-review-tamil-pclwmDegajaaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929075938/http://www.sify.com/movies/muni-review-tamil-pclwmDegajaaa.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Lawrence's Telugu ventures were better crafted and presented. He hasn't revealed even half that potential here. Again, the attempt to blend comedy with the supernatural doesn't quite work out here. For, the film neither makes you laugh nor takes you to the edge of your seat. Minus it's gore and violence, 'Muni' at most could have turned out to be enjoyable fare for children!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=26 March 2007 |title=Muni |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/03muni.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011071159/http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/03muni.asp |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Rajkiran and Lawrence and other actors, Bharadwaj's music and Ramesh Khanna's dialogues and called the film as comedy express.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=1 April 2007 |title=முனி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-04-01/page/64/mode/2up |access-date=17 August 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=65 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Sriram Iyer of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Though the first half of the movie seems frivolous, it has, nevertheless contributed to building up the plot, which takes a serious turn in the second half where it ceases to be scary".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Sriram |date=12 March 2007 |title=''Muni'' is entertaining |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/12ssmuni.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216125651/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/12ssmuni.htm |archive-date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Muni'' exemplifies the multifarious skills of Raghava Lawrence. The only snag is he tries to showcase all of them at the same time. The choreographer, in particular, often tries to overtake the director, and in the process treatment suffers".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 March 2007 |title=Spirited session in progress -- Muni |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/23/stories/2007032300190200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707054140/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/23/stories/2007032300190200.htm |archive-date=7 July 2007 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Sequels ==<br />
{{Main|Kanchana (film series)}}<br />
The success of the film spawned three spiritual successors: ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]'' (2011), ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' (2015) and ''[[Kanchana 3]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |editor-last=Subhakeerthana |editor-first=S |title=Raghava Lawrence is back with 'Kanchana 4' |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/raghava-lawrence-is-back-with-kanchana-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614070437/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/raghava-lawrence-is-back-with-kanchana-4/ |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
{{Saran (director)}}<br />
{{Raghava Lawrence}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000s ghost films]]<br />
[[Category:2007 comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:2007 films]]<br />
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about spirit possession]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Raghava Lawrence]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Odia_films_of_the_1980s&diff=512604List of Odia films of the 1980s2026-03-09T22:06:35Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: starting a post needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Ollywood films}}{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
A list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Cuttack]] in the 1980s:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:81%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:21%;"| Title<br />
! style="width:16%;"| Director<br />
! style="width:22%;"| Cast<br />
! style="width:13%;"| Genre<br />
! style="width:28%;"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1980 in film|1980]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Danda Baalunga (1980 Oriya film)|Danda Balunga]]|| Mohammed Mohsin ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alibha Daga]]||[[Ramaraman Padhi]] ||[[Suresh Mahapatra]], [[Anita Das]]. [[Tandra Roy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anuraag (1980 Oriya film)|Anuraag]] || [[Nitai Palit]] ||[[Ajit Das]], [[Malvika Mohanty]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maa O Mamata]] || [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anuradha (Oriya film)|Anuradha]] || Shashidar ||[[Raghu Misra]], [[Jaya Swami]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Aparichita (1980 film)|Aparichita]] || [[Sadhu Meher]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maana Abhiman]] ||[[Biswajeet Das]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Jairam Samal]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Agni Parikshya]] || [[Balal Sen]] ||[[Sriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alibha Daga]] || [[Rama Nath Padhi]] ||[[Suresh Mahapatra]], [[Anita Das]], [[Tandra Roy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bata Abata]] || [[Brundaban Jena]] ||[[Ajit Das]], [[Bijaya Jena]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jai Maa Mangala]]''|| [[Akshya Mohanty]] ||[[Chakrapani (actor)|Chakrapani]], [[Roja Ramani]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rama Balarama]] || [[A. Sanjeevi]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Anita Das]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ramayana (1980 film)|Ramayana]]|| [[Gobind Tej]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[subhra pati]], || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Seeta Labkush]]|| [[Jagdish Chandra]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tapasya (1980 film)|Tapasya]]|| [[Nagen Roy]] ||[[Ajit Das]], [[Anita Das]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Trinatha Mela]]|| [[Krushna Chandra Rath]] ||[[Rabindra Kumar Rath]], [[Subhra Pati]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jhieenki Jhinka]]|| [[Brundaban Jena]] ||[[Ajit Das]], [[Jaya Swami]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kachaghara]]||[[Byomkesh Tripathi]] ||[[Bijayini Misra]], [[Surya Misra]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1981 in film|1981]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Akshi Tritiya]] || [[Babulal Doshi]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] ||||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bilwa Mangala]] ||[[J.H. Satar]] ||[[Radha Panda]] ||||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aragi (film)|Arati]] ||[[J.H. Satar]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Tandra Roy]], [[Anita Das]]||||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pujarini]] ||[[J. Adeni]] ||[[Niharika Sahu]]||||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Batashi Jhada]] || [[Ramesh Mohanty]] ||[[Kasi Ratha]], [[Jaya Swami]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Manasi]]''||[[Malaya Mitra]] ||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Tripura Misra]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kie Jite Kie Hare]] || [[Nitai Palit]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Devajani]]''|| [[Byomokesh Tripathy]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Sharabani Ray]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pooja (1981 film)|Pooja]] || [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sei Sura]]|| [[Niranjan Dey]] ||[[mahashweta Roy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tike hasa Tike Luha]]|| [[Sushila Mukherjee]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nila Saila]]||[[Akshaya Mohanty (Kashyap)]] ||[[Saudamini]], [[Radha Panda]], || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ulka (film)|Ulka]]|| [[Sruya Misra]] || [[Sruya Misra]], [[Gloria Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1982 in film|1982]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ashanta Graha]] || [[Sarat Pujari]]|| [[Hemant Das]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hisab Nikas]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-02 |title=Odisha: Noted actress Jharana Das passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-noted-actress-singer-jharana-das-passes-away/articleshow/95935279.cms |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Shriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Deepa Sahu]] || ||First [[Cinemascope]] film in [[Oriya language|Oriya]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Astaraga]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||Debut film of Aparajita mohanty<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mu tume O Se]] ||[[Kumar Anand]] || [[Sriram Panda]], [[Ajit Das]], [[Sujata Anand]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jwain Pua]]|| [[Dinen Gupta]] ||[[Sharat Pujari]], [[Uttam Mohanty]],Mithu Mukharji, [[Jharana Das]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Samaya Bada Balawan]] || [[Sisir Misra]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Shriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Roja Ramani]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Seeta Rati]]|| [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] ||[[Arun Nanda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Hemanta Das]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Baje Bainsi Nache Gunghura]]||[[Kelucharan Mohapatra]] ||[[Sangeeta Das]], [[Bibek Satpathy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1983 in film|1983]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aashar Akash]]|| [[Gadadhar Putti]] ||[[Bijaya Jena]], [[Ajit Das]] || ||<br />
|-|[[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]]|| [[Surya Misra]] || [[Surya Misra]], [[Gloria Mohanty]]|| ||<br />
<br />
<br />
| [[Jeebaku Debi Nahin]]|| [[Nisith Bannerjee]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhakta Salabega]] || [[Radha Panda]] ||Uttam Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jheeati Sita Pari]]||[[Bidhubhushan Nanda]]||Aparajita Mohanty, ||||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dekh Khabar Rakh Najar]]''|| [[Kumar Anand]] ||[[Surendra Khuntia]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Sriram Panda]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Abhilasa]] ||[[Sadhu Meher]]||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujata]], [[Jaya Swami]], [[Byomkesh Tripathi]], [[Niranjan]], [[Sadhu Meher]]||Drama||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalyani (1983 film)|Kalyani]]|| [[Samiran Dutta]] ||[[Hemant Das]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maha Sati Savitri (1983 film)|Maha Sati Savitri]]|| [[Sona Mukherjee]] ||[[Tapati Bhatacharya]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ram Rahim (film)|Ram Rahim]]|| [[Sushil Mukherjee]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], aparajita Mohanty, [[Uttam Mohanty]] || Drama ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Udaya Bhanu (film)|Udaya Bhanu]]|| [[Surya Misra]] || [[Surya Misra]], [[Gloria Mohanty]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Swapna Sagar]]|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Shriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Anita Das]] || ||First [[70mm]] film in [[Oriya language|Oriya]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Subarna Sita]] || [[Sisir Misra]] || [[Shriram Panda]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1984 in film|1984]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maya Miriga]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirad Mohapatra’s 1984 Classic ‘Maya Miriga’ Returns to the Big Screen |url=https://thewire.in/film/nirad-mohapatras-1984-classic-maya-miriga-returns-to-the-big-screen |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> || [[Nirad N. Mohapatra]]||[[Bansidhar Satpathy]], [[Kishori Debi]], [[Binod Mishra]] || ||<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Basanta Rasa]]||[[Gurudas]]/[[Bansidhar Phanda]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dheere Alua]]|| [[Sagir Ahmad]] ||[[Prithviraj Mishra]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee|Soumitra]][[Dipen Ghosh]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jeeban Sangam]]|| [[Jeeban Mahanta]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaga Balia]]|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Shriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Dolly Jena(Bijaya Jena)]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dora (1984 film)|Dora]]|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Shriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jaiphula]]''|| [[Sidhartha (director)|Sidhartha]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, Jaya Swami || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Hakima Babu]]''||[[Pranaba Das]] ||[[Ajit Das]], [[Bijaya Jena as Dolly Jena]], Jaya Swami, Bijay Mohanty || ||<br />
|- <br />
|''[[Janani (1984 film)|Janani]]''|| [[Mohammed Mohsin (director)|Mohammed Mohsin]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Niraba Jhada]] || [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] ||[[Hemanta Das]], [[Niranjan Patnaik]], [[Manimala (actress)|Manimala]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ninad]] || [[J. H. Sattar]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pratidhwani]] || [[P. C. Das]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Radha (1984 film)|Radha]] || [[J. H. Sattar]] ||[[Surya Misra]], || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Satya Harishchandra (1984 film)|Satya Harishchandra]] || [[C.S. Rao]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1985 in film|1985]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Babula]]|| [[Sadhu Meher]] ||Sarat Pujari || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gruhalakshmi (1985 film)|Gruhalakshmi]] || [[C.S. Rao]] ||Sriram Panda,Maheswata Roy || ||<br />
|-<br />
||[[Banaphul]]||[[Ghanshyam Mahapatra]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jaga Hatare Pagha]]''|| [[Mohammed Mohsin (director)|Mohammed Mohsin]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heera Nila]] || [[Prashant Nanda]] || [[Mahaswata]], [[Sriram Panda]], [[Bijaya Jena as Dolly Jena]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Klanta Aparahna]] || [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] ||[[Sachidananda Ratha]], [[Kanaka Panigrahi]], [[Kishori Devi]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chaka Bhaunri]]''|| [[Mohammed Mohsin (director)|Mohammed Mohsin]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Manini (1985 film)|Manini]]''||[[Ravi Kinnagi]]||[[Sriram Panda]], [[Talluri Rameshwari]], [[Debu Bose]], [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mamata Mage Mula]]|| [[Amiya Patnaik]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nala Damayanti (1985 film)|Nala Damayanti]] || [[Bibhuti Bhushan Misra]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Palatak]] || [[Prafulla Rath]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Para Jhia Ghara Bhangena]] || [[Ramesh Mohanty]] ||[[Shrabani Ray]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pooja Phula]] || [[J. H. Sattar]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sahari Bagha (1985 film)|Sahari Bagha]] || [[Mahamad Mahsin]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, Bijay mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shankha Sindura]] || [[Bijay Bhaskar]] ||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Samskara (film)|Sanskara]] || [[Uday Shankar Das]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sapana Banika]] || [[P. D. Shenay]] ||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Dipti Nath]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sata Kebe Luchi Rahena]] || [[Ramesh Mohanty]] ||Uttam Mohanty, Aparajita, Tandra Roy|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[School Master (1985 film)|School Master]] || [[Gobind Tej]] ||[[Gobind Tej]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sesha Pratikshya]] || [[Pranab Das]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1986 in film|1986]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bagula Baguli]] || [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Srikant]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|Kuhudi || [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Manisha (film)|Manisha]] || [[Braja Das]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Manisha (film)|Manisha]] || [[Jyoti Prakash]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Manika (film)|Manika]] || [[R. Asrar]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Eai Aama Sansara]]''||[[Sisir Misra]] || [[Bijay Mohanty,Shriram Panda]], [[Tandra roy]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sansara]] || [[Debi Prasad Das]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Trisandhya]]''|| [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paka Kambal Pot Chhota]]''||[[Prahsanta Nanda]] ||[[Prahsanta Nanda]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chamana Atha Guntha]]''|| [[Parbati Ghosh]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Parbati Ghosh]],Sarat Pujari || ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1987 in film|1987]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Phoola Chandana]]''|| [[Mohammed Mohsin (director)|Mohammed Mohsin]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty,Ajit Das || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Basanti Apa]]|| [[S. K. Kalim]] || ||||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kasturi (1987 film)|Kasturi]] || [[J. H. Sattar]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Badhu Nirupama]] || [[Jugala Devata]] || [[Shriram Panda]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhuli Huena]] || [[Bijay Mohanty]] || [[Shriram Panda]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Eai Ta Duniya]]''|| [[Mohammed Mohsin (director)|Mohammed Mohsin]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Golam Giri]] || [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaydeva]] || [[Shyamal Mukherjee]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jor Jara Mulak Tar]]|| [[Raju Misra]] ||Sriram Panda, Baisali, Uttam Mohanty, Hara Patnaik || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Majhi Pahacha]]|| [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sabu Mayare Baya]]|| [[Sabyasachi Mohapatra]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]],Pruthiraj Nayak,Baishali || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Tunda Baida]]''|| [[Gobind Tej]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty,Ajit Das || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhanga Silhat]]|| || [[Manjula Kanwar]]|| || Manjula Kanwar got best supporting actress in National film award 1987<br />
|-<br />
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1988 in film|1988]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Anyaya Sahibi Nahin]]''||[[Ashok Sharma (actor)|Ashok Sharma]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Shehnaz]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bada Bhauja]] || [[Rajani Kanta]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Sri Ram Panda]], [[Kalyani Mandal]], [[Baishali]], [[Jayee]], [[Debu brahma]], [[Debu Bose]], [[Asit Pati]], [[Baby Artist-Soni]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bahu Heba Emiti]] || [[Bijaya Bhaskar]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kichi Smruti Kichi Anubhuti]] || [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kurukshetra (1988 film)|Kurukshetra]] || [[Shriram Panda]] ||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Tripura Misra]], [[Ashru Mochon Mohanty]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|Kanyadaan || [[Arun Mohanty]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lal Pana Bibi]] || [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jahaku Rakhibe Ananta]] || [[Ashim Kumar]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Kanta Singh]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nishitha Swapna]] || [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Papa Punya]] || [[Sidhartha (director)|Sidhartha]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pua Moro Kala Thakura]] || [[RAju Misra]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Suna Chadhei]]|| [[Rabi Kinnagi]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Archana Jogelkar]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thili Jhia Heli Bahu]] || [[Bijay Bhaskar]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1989 in film|1989]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bhookha]] || [[Sabyasachi Mahapatra]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Swati Roy]], [[Sadhu Meher]]||Drama based on Sambalpuri novel by Manglu Charan Biswal ||First [[Sambalpuri language]] movie, Special Jury Award Best feature Film At 28th Gijjon International film Festival Spain<br />
|-<br />
|[[Akashra Aakhi]] || [[Pankaj Pani]] || Sriram Panda, Mihir Das, Ajaya Das,Jayee, || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaa Devi Sarbabhuteshu]] || [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Srikant]], Charanraj || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Andha Diganta]] || [[Manmohan Mahapatra]] ||[[Arun Nanda]], [[Jaya Swami]], [[Manimala Devi]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Naya Chakra]] || [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Asuchi Mo Kalia Suna]] || [[Raju Misra]] ||[[Shriram Panda]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bidhira Bidhan]] || [[Mahamad Mohsin]] || [[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Bijay Mohanty]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chaka Akhi Sabu Dekhuchi]] || [[Raju Misra]] || [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[ShreePrada]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mamata Ra Dori]]|| [[Mahamad Mahsin]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Micha Maya Ra Sansar]] || [[Uday Shankar Pani]] ||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Tandra Roy]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Panchu Pandav]] || [[Sisir Mohan Pati]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Shriram Panda]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Shrikant (actor)|Shrikant]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pratisodha Aparadh Nuhen]] || [[Binoda Nanda]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rajanigandha (1989 film)|Rajanigandha]] || [[Bijay Misra]] ||Uttam Mohanty || ||<br />
|-<br />
|Sagar || [[Raju Misra]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sasti]] || [[Brundaban Jena]] ||[[Bijaya Jena]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tathapi]] || [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raja Rani (1989 film)|Raja Rani]] || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Topaye sindura Dipata Shankha]]''|| [[J. H. Sattar]] ||[[Tapas Paul]] || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of Odia films by decade|1980s]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 1980s films|Odia]]<br />
[[Category:1980s in Indian cinema|Films, Odia]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sivalinga_Satchi&diff=536303Sivalinga Satchi2026-03-06T03:41:43Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up biography.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sivalinga Satchi<br />
| image = Sivalinga Sakshi 1942 Tamil Film.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[S. Nottani]]<br />
| writer = அ. வரதநஞ்சைய கவி<br/>டி. வி. சாரி<br />
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]]<br />
| starring = Ganesha Bhagavathar<br/>[[Kali N. Rathnam]]<br/>[[T. S. Durairaj]]<br/>[[C. T. Rajakantham]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| music = <br />
| distributor = [[Modern Theatres]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1942|01|01|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Sivalinga Satchi''''' is a 1942 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[S. Nottani]]. The film was produced by [[Modern Theatres]].<ref name="moviebuff-1">{{cite web |title=Sivalinga Satchi |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/sivalinga-satchi |publisher=Moviebuff}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar-1">{{cite web |title=முதலாளி! |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/boss/14703 |publisher=Dinamalar}}</ref><ref name="googlebooks-1">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OAEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF&pg=PA6-IA2|title=Modern Theatres T. R. Sundaram<br />
|last1=Manian<br />
|first1=Aranthai<br />
|date=15 October 2020<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* Ganesha Bhagavathar<br />
* [[Kali N. Rathnam]]<br />
* [[T. S. Durairaj]]<br />
* [[C. T. Rajakantham]]<br />
* [[P. A. Periyanayaki]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
[[List of Modern Theatres films]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|1}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/director/s-nottani S Nottani]<br />
* [https://www.veethi.com/india-people/p._a._periyanayaki-profile-11145-14.htm P. A. Periyanayaki]<br />
* [http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Aug10_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_K_V_Mahadevan.html Potpourri of titbits about Tamil cinema - K. V. Mahadevan]<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230416095737/https://spicyonion.com/tamil/movie/sivalinga-satshi/ சிவலிங்க சாட்சி (1942) பட விளக்கம்]}}<br />
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[[Category:1942 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1942 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:1942 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by S. Nottani]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
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{{1940s-Tamil-film-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subhas_Sarobar&diff=537746Subhas Sarobar2026-02-27T14:37:03Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: </p>
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<div>{{more footnotes|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}{{Short description|Lake in India}}<br />
'''Subhas Sarobar''' is a large [[artificial lake]] and public recreational area located in the eastern part of [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India. Also known locally as Beliaghata Lake, it is one of the city's prominent water bodies and green spaces. The lake is named after [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], a prominent leader in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence movement.]]<br />
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The lake complex covers approximately 73 acres, including the water body and the surrounding parkland. It is maintained by the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA)]]<mapframe latitude="22.567137" longitude="88.400331" zoom="15" width="440" height="256" />The lake is a popular spot for morning walkers, joggers, and nature enthusiasts. It also serves as a site for various cultural and religious activities, including [[Chhath Puja]], attracting thousands of devotees annually.<br />
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== Location ==<br />
Subhas Sarobar is situated in the [[Beliaghata]] area, adjacent to [[EM Bypass]], a major thoroughfare in Kolkata.<br />
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== History ==<br />
Originally a natural depression, the area was developed into an artificial lake during the post-independence era (50s) to improve urban infrastructure and create recreational spaces. It was later named Subhas Sarobar in honor of [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.]]<br />
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Over the years, the lake and its surroundings have undergone beautification and ecological restoration efforts by [[KMDA]] and other civic bodies to improve water quality and enhance biodiversity.<br />
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== Features ==<br />
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* Walking Tracks: Well-paved paths around the lake are used by local residents for walking and jogging.<br />
* Boating: Though not as prominent as Rabindra Sarobar, some boating facilities have existed periodically.<br />
* Gardens and open spaces: Landscaped gardens and seating areas make it a popular spot for families and picnickers.<br />
* Bird Watching: The lake attracts various migratory and resident bird species.<br />
* Religious functions: The lake is an important site for festivals like Chhath Puja.<br />
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== Environmental concerns ==<br />
Like many urban water bodies in India, Subhas Sarobar suffers from pollution, encroachments, and lack of maintenance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-17 |first=Prithvijit|last=Mitra|agency=TNN|title=Subhas Sarobar turns into sea of filth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/subhas-sarobar-turns-into-sea-of-filth/articleshow/49425566.cms |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Several restoration initiatives have been undertaken, including desilting, aeration, and community engagement programs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta|first=Naba |date=2020-11-18 |title=Feared environmental degradation and destruction of biodiversity at Rabindra Sarovar and Subhas Sarobar during ensuing Chhat Festival |url=https://nagarikmancha.org/feared-environmental-degradation-and-destruction-of-biodiversity-at-rabindra-sarovar-and-subhas-sarobar-during-ensuing-chhat-festival/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Nagarik Mancha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|agency=TNN|date=2020-11-07 |title=Fingers crossed for Kolkata's Subhas Sarobar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/fingers-crossed-for-subhas-sarobar/articleshow/79088593.cms |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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== Accessibility ==<br />
The lake is easily accessible via [[EM Bypass]], and the nearest metro station is [[Salt Lake Stadium metro station|Salt Lake Stadium.]] Multiple bus routes also serve the area.<br />
== In popular culture ==<br />
While Subhas Sarobar is not as widely referenced in [[Bengali literature|literature]] or [[Bengali cinema (India)|cinema]] as [[Rabindra Sarobar]], it has appeared in local news and photography projects as a symbol of urban serenity amid the chaos of Kolkata.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[List of lakes in India]]<br />
* [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]]<br />
* [[Salt Lake Stadium metro station]]<br />
* [[Kolkata Metro]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{Cite web |first=Nishi|last=Pulugurtha|date=2016-11-13 |title=Travel: Subhas Sarobar, Kolkata |url=https://cafedissensusblog.com/2016/11/13/travel-subhas-sarobar-kolkata/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Cafe Dissensus Everyday}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|title=Water Birds of Subhas Sarobar and their Diversity Assessment|journal=International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology|year=2023|url=https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/water-birds-of-subhas-sarobar-and-their-diversity-assessment-capacity-building|first1=Sriparna|last1=Bawali|first2=Shirsa|last2=Banerjee|first3=Lopamudra|last3=Barman|first4=Kavita|last4=Singh|first5=Tania|last5=Ghosh|first6=Shinjani|last6=Guin|first7=Morjina|last7=Khatun|first8=Aditi|last8=Biswas|doi=10.22214/ijraset.2023.54770 |doi-access=free}}<br />
* {{Cite web|website=[[City College Kolkata]]|year=2023|url= https://www.citycollegekolkata.org/documents/Zoology/Dept_Activity/20231218_Excursion_to_Subhash_Sarovar_Sem_5_Paper_DSEA-5-2_03012023.pdf|title=A Brief Activity Report on Geological Field Study at Subhash Sarovar Lake, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India}}<br />
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{{coord|22|34|07|N|88|24|03|E|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:Parks in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Artificial lakes of India]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulasi_in_Hinduism&diff=549813Tulasi in Hinduism2026-02-23T13:37:42Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: new info...</p>
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<div>{{short description|Personification of holy basil in Hinduism}}<br />
{{Redirect|Vrinda|the font|Vrinda (font)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox deity<!--Bharatpedia:WikiProject Hindu mythology--><br />
| type = Hindu<br />
| image = Vrinda Devi.jpg<br />
| name = Tulasi<br />
| deity_of = Personification of the [[Holy basil|Tulasi plant]] and the [[Gandaki River|Narayani River]]<br />
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Tulasi}}<br />
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Gandaki River|Narayani River]]<br />
| symbol = [[Holy basil|Tulasi plant]]<br />
| caption = [[Murti]] of Vrinda at [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan]]<br />
| abode = [[Bhuloka]], [[Vaikuntha]]<br />
| festivals = [[Tulasi Vivaha]]<br />
| mantra = <br />
| consort = * [[Vishnu]] (as Tulasi)<br />
* [[Jalandhara]] (as Vrinda)<br />
| Devanagari = तुलसी<br />
| parents = * Dharmadhvaja (father)<br />
* [[Kalanemi]] and Svarna (as Vrinda)<ref>{{cite book | author1=Veṭṭaṃmāṇi | url=https://archive.org/stream/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft#page/778/mode/1up | isbn=9780842608220 | title=Puranic encyclopaedia : A comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature | year=1975 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass }}</ref><br />
| other_names = Vrinda<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Ocimum tenuiflorum2.jpg|thumb|220px|''[[Holy basil]]'' plant that represents Tulasi.]]<br />
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{{Vaishnavism}}<br />
<br />
'''Tulasi''' ({{Langx|sa|तुलसी|translit=Tulasī}}), '''Tulsi''' or '''Vrinda''' ([[Holy Basil|holy basil]]) is a sacred plant in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] tradition. Hindus regard it as an earthly manifestation of the goddess Tulasi; she is regarded as the avatar of [[Lakshmi]], and thus the consort of the god [[Vishnu]]. In another iteration, as Vrinda, she is married to [[Jalandhara]]. The offering of its leaves is recommended in ritualistic worship of Vishnu and his avatars, like [[Krishna]] and [[Vithoba]].<br />
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Traditionally, the tulasi is planted in the center of the central courtyard of Hindu houses.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|pp=17–18}} The plant is cultivated for religious purposes, and for its essential oil.<br />
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==Nomenclature==<br />
In the [[Vedas]], Tulasi ("matchless") is known as ''Vaishnavi'' ("belonging to Vishnu"), ''Vishnu Vallabha'' ("beloved of Vishnu"),{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=14}} ''Haripriya'' ("beloved of Vishnu"), ''Vishnu Tulasi''. The Tulasi with green leaves is called ''[[Shri]]-Tulasi'' ("fortunate Tulasi") or ''Lakshmi-Tulasi''; Shri is also a synonym for [[Lakshmi]], Vishnu's spouse. This variety is also known as ''Rama-Tulasi'' ("bright Tulasi"); [[Rama]] is also one of the principal [[avatars]] of Vishnu. The Tulasi with dark green or purple leaves and purple stem is called ''Shyama-Tulasi'' ("dark ''Tulasi''") or ''Krishna-Tulasi'' ("dark Tulasi"); Krishna is also a prominent avatar of Vishnu. This variety is considered especially sacred to Krishna, as its purple color is similar to Krishna's dark complexion.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=14}}<ref name=Chatterjee>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Gautam |title=Sacred Hindu Symbols |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2001 |page=93 |isbn=978-81-7017-397-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ0XQHEkuIcC&pg=RA1-PA93}}</ref><br />
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One argument mooted is that goddess Lakshmi is also identical with Tulasi and hence it is also known as ''Lakshmi Priya'' ("beloved Lakshmi"). Tulasi is also identified with the wives of other incarnations of Vishnu, such as of [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]].<br />
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The name Tulasi is also believed to literally translate as "immeasurable". Tula means a scale or balance, where an item is place on one side and weights on the other to compare and measure the weight. Hence, Tulasi could also mean the one who cannot be measured or compared.<br />
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==Legends==<br />
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=== Lakshmi-Tulasi ===<br />
[[File:ಮನೆ ಅಂಗಳ ತುಳಸಿ ಕಟ್ಟೆ.JPG|thumb|An altar with tulasi plant for daily worship in a courtyard in India]]<br />
The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' regards [[Tulsi|Tulasi]] as a manifestation of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, and the principal [[Queen consort|consort]] of Vishnu. Once upon a time, King Vrishadhvaja—a devotee of the god [[Shiva]]—banned worship of all other deities except for that of his patron god. The agitated sun god, [[Surya]], cursed him that he would be abandoned by Lakshmi. Upset, Shiva pursued Surya, who fled, finally seeking shelter with Vishnu. Vishnu said to the deities that years had passed on earth. Vrishadhvaja and also his heir-son were dead and his grandchildren—Dharmadhvaja and Kushadhvaja—were now worshiping Lakshmi to gain her favor. Lakshmi rewarded their efforts by being born as their daughters Tulasi to Dharmadhvaja, and [[Vedavati]] to Kushadhvaja, respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sharmaao |first1=N. Raganatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RLDAgAAQBAJ&dq=lakshmi&pg=PT14 |title=Lakshmi |last2=Litent |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Litent |language=en}}</ref> In time, Tulasi gave up all her royal comforts, and went to [[Badrinath]] to perform a penance to gain Vishnu as her husband. The god [[Brahma]] was pleased with her penance, but told her that she would have to marry the [[daitya]] Shankhacuda (The reincarnation of Sridama, a devotee of Krishna) before she could marry Vishnu. Shankhacuda is regarded as an Aṃśāvatāra of Vishnu.<br />
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==== The Curse of Tulasi ====<br />
Shankhacuda, a mighty daitya, underwent a severe [[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapasya]] that pleased [[Brahma]]. He was granted the Viṣṇukavaca (the armour of Vishnu), and was blessed with another boon: As long as the Viṣṇukavaca was on his body, no one could slay him. Shankhacuda and Tulasi were soon married. His arrogance caused conflict with the devas, who petitioned Vishnu to relieve them. Vishnu granted his [[trishula]] to [[Shiva]], who slew Shankachuda with the weapon. Vishnu appeared in the form of Shankacuda to Tulasi, and the two sported, and ceased when Tulasi realised that he was an imposter. When she jumped to curse him, Vishnu appeared as his true form and spoke to her, after which Tulasi joined him to depart to [[Vaikuntha]]:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Tulasī |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc242015.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
{{Blockquote|text=You have been doing penance for a long time to get me as your husband. Your husband Śaṅkhacūḍa was the chief of my Pārṣadas, Sudāmā. It is time for him to go back to Goloka getting himself released from the curse. By this time Śiva would have killed him and he would have gone to Goloka as Sudāmā. You can now abandon your body and come with me to Vaikuṇṭha to enjoy life as my wife. Your body will decay and become a holy river named Gaṇḍakī; your hair will become the Tulasī plant, the leaves of which will be held sacred in all the three worlds.|title=[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]|source=Skandha 9}}<br />
In regional variations of this legend, Tulasi, in her anger and grief at her husband's demise, cursed Vishnu to be turned into stone. Vishnu turned into a stone, and resided on riverbank [[Gandaki River]]. The devotees of Vishnu call these sacred stones [[shaligrama]].<ref>Mani pp. 797–8</ref>{{Sfn|Deshpande|2005|p=203}}<br />
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=== Vrinda ===<br />
{{See also|Jalandhara}}<br />
The [[Skanda Purana]], [[Padma Purana]], as well as the [[Shiva Purana]] feature Tulasi in the tale of Vrinda and her husband, [[Jalandhara]]. Vrinda is the daughter of [[Kalanemi]], an asura. Vrinda is described to be pious, and a great devotee of god Vishnu. Jalandhara, an asura born from Shiva's rage, marries her. Angered by the outcome of the [[Samudra Manthana]], Jalandhara wages a successful war on the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], conquering [[Svarga]], and ruling as a virtuous monarch. However, after hearing details of [[Parvati|Parvati's]] beauty from [[Narada]], he demands Shiva hand her over to him. Infuriated, Shiva declares war on the asura, but finds him to be an invincible foe. After employing his illusory arts, the asura attempts to abduct Parvati in the guise of Shiva. She prays to Vishnu, and makes him realise that the asura was shielded from defeat by the chastity of his wife.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-02-27 |title=Fight between Śiva and Jalandhara [Chapter 20] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc371662.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Vrinda receives an ominous nightmare where she sees her husband seated on a buffalo, the sky enveloped in darkness, and a sun without lustre. Terrified of what it implied, she ran from forest to forest, forgetting herself. When a sage rescues her from two rakshasas, she begs him to inform her of the tidings of her husband's battle with Shiva. The sage's disciples produce the asura's hands, a head, and a headless trunk, upon which she falls into despair. She urges the sage to resuscitate her fallen husband, which he does. Witnessing her slain husband return to life, Vrinda sported with him for several days, until she eventually realised his true identity. She cursed Vishnu that his wife, too, would be separated from him (Which happens when [[Sita]] is abducted by [[Ravana]]) and [[Sati (practice)|self-immolates]], even as Vishnu attempts to stop her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-02-27 |title=Vṛndā's Self-immolation [Chapter 21] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc371663.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Her chastity broken, Shiva prevails over Jalandhara.<br />
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After the conclusion of the battle, Vishnu is still traumatised by the death of the beautiful Vrinda, and refuses to move from her pyre. The devas invoke [[Prakṛti|Prakriti]], the personified force of nature, who offers them three seeds to be planted where Vishnu stays, which represent the sattva, rajas, and tamas [[Guṇa|gunas]]. The seeds grow to become three plants, [[Myrobalan|Dhātrī]], [[Jasmine|Mālatī]], and [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|Tulasī]], who are personified as three women, [[Saraswati|Svarā]], Lakṣmī, and [[Parvati|Gaurī]]. Vishnu grows infatuated by the sight of these wondrous women. Since Mālatī is regarded to be "deceptive" (As she stems from Lakṣmī, who is already Vishnu's shakti), she is condemned. The goddesses of Dhātrī and Tulasī, however, bear genuine love for Vishnu, and make him forget about his misery. They accompany Vishnu to [[Vaikuntha]], and greatly please and delight him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Origin of Dhātrī and Tulasī [Chapter 23] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc371665.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-10-30 |title=The Greatness of Dhātrī and Tulasī [Chapter 105] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365684.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-10-16 |title=The Vanishing of Viṣṇu's delusion [Chapter 26] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc226167.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In a variation of this legend, Vrinda [[Sati (practice)|immolates]] herself in her husband's funeral pyre, but Vishnu ensures that she is incarnated in the form of tulasi plant upon the earth. She gains the status of a goddess named Tulasi, while her earthly form is the tulasi plant.{{Sfn|Littleton|2005|pp=1125–6}}{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=11}}<br />
<!-- could not verify: <br />
However, in both versions of the legend the status of goddess Tulsi, Vishnu's loved one is called by different names such as "Tulsidev, dev or deva". Hindus, also recognizing her loyalty to her husband Jalandhara, call her as "Tulsi Mata" in the same way as Ganga is called as "Ganga Mata" and cow is known "Gomata". --><br />
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=== Other Legends ===<br />
A [[Vaishnava]] legend relates the origin of the tulasi to the [[Samudra Manthana]], the churning of the cosmic ocean by the devas and the [[asuras]]. At the end of the churning, [[Dhanvantari]] rose from the ocean with [[amrita]] (the elixir of immortality). Vishnu procured it for the devas, when the asuras tried to steal it. Vishnu is regarded to have shed happy tears, the first of which fell in amrita, and formed the tulasi.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2005|p=203}}<br />
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In many folk narratives, no sexual intercourse occurs; instead, her chastity is considered broken simply by looking at Vishnu as she would look at her husband, or by touching his feet in the manner reserved for her husband.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulasi Devi's Significance in Hindu Religion and Households |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/blog/story-of-tulasi-devi/?srsltid=AfmBOorJoSKXjeSF7X3SoH-k_PwbwNdfUGqakoIRk8IZybWTvhmOtRjQ |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaste in the courtyard |work=The Times of India |date=14 January 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/chaste-in-the-courtyard/articleshow/10640584.cms |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref><br />
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==Worship==<br />
[[File:Aji 1976.jpg|right|thumb|A woman from [[Maharashtra]] watering tulasi in 1970s]]<br />
[[File:Tulsi Mata at "Muskaan" A-9 Amaltas Colony,Gwalior - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|A Tulasi Vrindavan in a house in Gwalior]]<br />
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===Provenance===<br />
Tulasi has been used for its therapeutic properties since circa 5000–4000 BCE.<ref name="Meenakshi 2019">Chauhan, Dr. Meenakshi (2019). [https://www.planetayurveda.com/library/tulsi-ocimum-sanctum/ "Tulsi, Holy Basil (Ocimum Sanctum)"]. ''Planet Ayurveda''. Accessed 27 September 2023.</ref> In the Rig Veda, Tulasi is mentioned and that is generally dated around to 1500 BCE.<ref name="Meenakshi 2019"/><br />
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Prakash and Gupta (2011: p.&nbsp;2) assert that:<br />
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{{blockquote|Tulasi has been used in India for around 5000 years and is acclaimed for its healing properties of the mind, body and spirit.<ref name="Prakash 2011">Prakash, S. & Gupta, N. (2011). "Tulasi: The Wonder Herb (Pharmacological Activities of Ocimum Sanctum)". ''Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research''.</ref><ref name="Singh 2014">Narendra Singh, Mahendra Kumar Mishra & Rajeshwar Singh (2014). "Tulsi: The Mother Medicine of Nature". ''International Journal of Herbal Medicine''.</ref>{{full citation needed|reason=Both citations missing volume/issue numbers|date=August 2024}}}}<br />
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Prakash and Gupta (2011) also cite various ancient scriptures and texts that mention the religious and medicinal significance of Tulasi, such as: the [[Rigveda]], the [[Padmapurana]], the [[Brahmavaivarta Purana]], the [[Skanda Purana]], and the [[Charaka Samhita]].<ref name="Prakash 2011"/><ref name="Singh 2014"/><br />
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===General worship===<br />
While tree worship is not uncommon in Hinduism, the tulasi plant is regarded as the holiest of all plants.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=8}} The tulasi plant is regarded as a threshold point between heaven and earth. A traditional prayer narrates that the creator-god Brahma resides in its branches, all Hindu pilgrimage centres reside in its roots, the [[Ganges]] flows within its roots, all deities are in its stem and its leaves, and that the most sacred Hindu texts, the [[Vedas]] are found in the upper part of the holy basil's branches.{{Sfn| Littleton|2005|pp=1125–6}}{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|pp=7, 9}} The tulasi herb is a centre of household religious devotion particularly among women and is referred to as the "women's deity" and "a symbol of wifehood and motherhood", it is also called "the central sectarian symbol of Hinduism" and [[Vaishnavite|Vaishnava]]s consider it as "the manifestation of god in the plant kingdom".{{Sfn|Deshpande|2005|p=203}}{{Sfn|Simoons |1998|pp=11–18}}<br />
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The tulasi plant is grown in or near several Hindu houses, especially by [[Brahmins]] and other Hindu [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]] of the Vaishnava sect. A house with a tulasi plant is sometimes considered a place of pilgrimage.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=17}} The [[sacred groves]] where these herbs are grown are also known as Vrindavana (grove of Tulasi), a miniaturised [[Tulasi chaura|Vrindavan]] is a raised cuboid stone or brick structure often in middle of the house's courtyard or in front of the house.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|pp=18–20}}<br />
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A person who waters and cares for the tulasi daily is believed to gain spiritual merit and the divine grace of Vishnu, even if he does not worship it. Traditionally, the daily worship and care of the plant is the responsibility of the women of the household. Though daily worship is prescribed, Tuesdays and Fridays are considered especially sacred for Tulasi worship. Rituals involve watering the plant, cleaning the area near the plant with water and cow dung and making offerings of food, flowers, incense, Ganges water, etc. [[Rangoli]] (decorative designs) of deities and saints are drawn near its foot. Devotees pray to Tulasi and [[pradakshina|circumambulate]] the plant while chanting [[mantra]]s. The tulasi plant is often worshipped twice in a day: in the morning and in the evening, when a lamp or candle is lit near the plant.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=20}}<br />
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In the 19th century, some families in [[Bengal]] regarded the plant as their [[Totem|spiritual guide]] or [[clan deity]]. In a [[British India]]n census, [[North-Western Provinces]] recorded themselves as Tulasi worshippers and not belonging to Hindus, Muslims or Sikhs.{{Sfn| Littleton|2005|pp=1125–6}}{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=8}}<br />
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In Orissa, on the first day of the Hindu month [[Vaishakha]] (April–May), a small vessel with hole at the bottom is filled with water and suspended over the tulasi plant with a steady stream of water, for the entire month. In this period, when a hot summer reigns, one who offers cool water to tulasi, or an umbrella to shelter it from the intense heat is believed to be cleansed of all sin. The stream of water also conveys wishes for a good monsoon.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|pp=20–2}}<br />
<br />
===Tulasi Vivaha===<br />
A ceremony known as [[Tulsi Vivah|Tulasi Vivaha]] is performed by the Hindus between [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]] (eleventh lunar day of the waxing moon of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]]) to [[Kartik Poornima]] (full moon in Kartika), usually on the eleventh or the twelfth lunar day. It is the ceremonial wedding of the tulasi plant to Vishnu, in the form of his image, Shaligrama, or a Krishna or Rama image. Both the bride and the groom are ritually worshipped and then married as per traditional [[Hindu wedding]] rituals. It marks the end of the four-month ''[[chaturmas]]ya'' period, which corresponds to the monsoon and is considered inauspicious for weddings and other rituals, so the day inaugurates the annual marriage season in [[India]].<ref name=Flood2003>{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2001 |page=331 |isbn=978-0-631-21535-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&pg=PA331}}</ref>{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=22}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-10-18|title=Tulsi Vivah|url=https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/113_tulsi-vivah.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Sanatan Sanstha|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Religious traditions==<br />
[[File:Tulsidevi01.jpg|thumb|[[Murti]] of the goddess]]<br />
[[File:Japa mala (prayer beads) of Tulasi wood with 108 beads - 20040101-01.jpg|thumb|275px|Set of japa mala, made from [[tulasi]] wood, with head bead in foreground.]]<br />
<br />
=== Vaishnavism ===<br />
Tulasi is especially sacred in the worship of Vishnu and his forms Krishna and Vithoba and other related Vaishnava deities.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2005|p=203}}{{Sfn|Simoons |1998|pp=11–18}} Garlands made of 10000 Tulasi leaves, water mixed with Tulasi, food items sprinkled with Tulasi are offered in veneration to Vishnu or Krishna.<br />
<br />
Vaishnavas traditionally use ''japa malas'' (a string of [[Hindu prayer beads]]) made from Tulasi stems or roots called ''Tulasi malas'', which are an important symbol of the initiation. ''Tulasi malas'' are considered to be auspicious for the wearer, and believed to connect him with Vishnu or Krishna and confer the protection of the deity. They are worn as a necklace or garland or held in the hand and used as a rosary. Tulasi's great connection with Vaishnavas is communicated with the fact that Vaishnavas are known as "those who bear the tulasi round the neck".{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|pp=14–6}} Some pilgrims carry tulasi plants in their hands throughout their pilgrimage to [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]], the legendary capital of Krishna and one of the seven most sacred Hindu cities.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=14}} Different sects consider the use of Tulasi in prayers to deities not related to Vishnu and is incarnations, differently. Some Vaishnavas consider the use of Tulasi for any other deities a sin.<br />
<br />
=== Shaivism ===<br />
There are conflicting accounts about Tulasi leaves being used in the worship of the god Shiva. While [[Aegle marmelos|Bael]] leaves are often offered to Shiva, some authors note that Tulasi may also be offered to him while others say Tulasi cannot be offered to him at all. Tulasi worship is sometimes regarded the worship of Shiva, conveying the deity's omnipresence. Shiva's aniconic symbol – the [[linga]] – is sometimes prescribed to have made from the black soil from the roots of the tulasi plant.<br />
<br />
=== Shaktism ===<br />
Tulasi is taboo in worship of the [[Devi]] – the supreme goddess, as the pungent aroma of the tulasi plant is believed to anger her.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=17}}<br />
<br />
=== Miscellaneous ===<br />
It is also not allowed for the worship of [[Hanuman]] as he is celibate and Tulasi is regarded as a goddess.<ref name="Chatterjee" /><br />
<br />
In [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], the tulasi plant represents all local deities and rituals to propitiate them are offered in front of the plant.<br />
<br />
The [[Nair|Nayars]] of [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] offer tulasi plants to pacify evil spirits.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=16}}<br />
<br />
==Importance==<br />
[[File:Thulasi ISKCONChennai.jpg|thumb|Divotees circumambulating a Tulasi Maadam at the [[ISKCON Temple, Chennai|ISKCON Temple]] in [[Chennai]]]]<br />
In the [[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavatam]], the significance of the Tulasi over other plants is described as:<br />
{{blockquote|Although flowering plants like the mandāra, kunda, kurabaka, utpala, campaka, arṇa, punnāga, nāgakeśara, bakula, lily and pārijāta are full of transcendental fragrance, they are still conscious of the austerities performed by tulasī, for tulasī is given special preference by the Lord, who garlands Himself with tulasī leaves|source=Srimad Bhagavatam, Canto 4, Chapter 15, Verse 19<ref>{{cite web |title=ŚB 3.15.19 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/3/15/19/ |website=vedabase.io |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224120838/https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/3/15/19/ |archive-date=2020-02-24 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Every part of the tulasi plant is revered and considered sacred, including the leaves, stem, flower, root, seeds and oil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=MarcMaurice |date=2014 |title=Tulsi - Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=251–259 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.146554 |doi-access=free |pmid=25624701 |pmc=4296439 |issn=0975-9476}}</ref> Even the soil around the plant is holy. The ''[[Padma Purana]]'' declares a person who is cremated with tulasi twigs in his funeral pyre gains moksha and a place in Vishnu's abode [[Vaikuntha]]. If a tulasi stick is used to burn a lamp for Vishnu, it is like offering the deities lakhs of lamps. If one makes a paste of dried tulasi wood (from a plant that died naturally) and smears it over his body and worships Vishnu, it is worth several ordinary pujas and lakhs of ''gaudanam'' (donation of cows).<ref>Mani p. 798</ref> Water mixed with the tulasi leaves is given to the dying to raise their departing souls to heaven.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2005|p=203}}<br />
<br />
Just as tulasi respect is rewarding, her contempt attracts the wrath of Vishnu. Precautions are taken to avoid this. It is taboo to urinate, excrete or throw waste water near the plant. Uprooting and cutting branches of the plant is prohibited.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|pp=22–3}} When the plant withers, the dry plant is immersed in a water body with due religious rites as is the custom for broken divine images, which are unworthy for worship.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2005|p=203}} Though tulasi leaves are necessary for Hindu worship, there are strict rules for it. A prayer of forgiveness may also be offered to Tulasi before the act.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|pp=22–3}}<br />
<br />
The word ''Tulasi'' is used in many place names and family names.{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=8}}<br />
<br />
==Tulasi Pujan Diwas==<br />
<br />
[[Asaram|Asaram Bapu]] started ''Tulasi Pujan Diwas'' on 25 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=क्रिसमस पर क्यों मना रहे हैं तुलसी पूजन दिवस |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-42478227 |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> This event should not be mistaken for [[Tulasi Vivaha]], which is observed by Hindus on days between [[Prabodhini Ekadashi|Kartika Ekadashi]] to [[Kartika Purnima|Kartik Purnima]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{commons category|Tulasī}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Littleton |first1=C. Scott |title=Gods, Goddesses, And Mythology, Volume 11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HC93q4gsOAwC&q=Tulsi+in+Hinduism&pg=PA1125 |year=2005 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=9780761475590 |pages=1124–26 }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Simoons |first=Frederick J. |title=Plants of life, plants of death |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |year=1998 |pages=7–40 |isbn=978-0-299-15904-7 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |author-link=Vettam Mani |title=Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/797 797]}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Aruna |title=India: A Divine Destination |publisher=Crest Publishing House |year=2005 |isbn=81-242-0556-6 |page=203 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |year=1998 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143414216 |page=424 }}<br />
<br />
{{Worship in Hinduism}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ocimum]]<br />
[[Category:Sacred trees in Hinduism]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]<br />
[[Category:Trees in mythology]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainik_School,_Tilaiya&diff=446302Sainik School, Tilaiya2026-02-21T06:28:57Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: minor update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian defence services preparatory school}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| established = {{Start date|1963|09|16|df=yes}}<br />
| name = Sainik School Tilaiya<br />
| logo =<br />
| nickname = SSTILAIYA<br />
| team_name = Tilaiyans<br />
| seal_image = <br />
| image = Sainik school tilaiya.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| motto = अग्रे सरत सर्वदा<br />
| motto_translation = Forward Ever<br />
| address = Sainik School Tilaiya, P.O. Tilaiya Dam<br />
| region = Central Zone<br />
| city = Tilaiya Dam, [[Koderma, Jharkhand]]<br />
| postal_code = 825413<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.332|85.517|display=title,inline}}<br />
| other_names = SST<br />
| former_name = <!-- or | former_names = --><br />
| schooltype = Military Preparatory Institution<br />
| type = Defence Nursery<br />
| founder = Lt. Col LEG Smith<br />
| closed = <br />
| school_board = [[C.B.S.E.]]<br />
| years = VI to XII<br />
| feeder_to = [[National Defence Academy]], [[Indian Naval Academy]]<br />
| authority = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]]<br />
| oversight = [[Sainik Schools|Sainik Schools Society]]<br />
| principal = Col S Mohanrao R<br />
| headmaster = Lt. Col Lalnunsiama<br />
| head = <!-- use | head_label = to override the default label --><br />
| staff = <br />
| faculty = <br />
| grades_label = 6 to 12<br />
| gender = Boys & Girls<br />
| enrollment = 850+<br />
| enrolment_as_of = Cadets of SST<br />
| language = English<br />
| campus_size = {{cvt|285|acre}}<br />
| houses = #Aryabhatta<br />
#Ashoka<br />
#Gautam<br />
#Kunwar Singh<br />
#Magadh<br />
#Maurya<br />
#Mithila<br />
#Nalanda<br />
#Patliputra<br />
#Rajgir<br />
#Vaishali<br />
#Vikram<br />
| colors = Red and grey<br />
| teams = Tilaiyans<br />
| publication = <br />
| newspaper = <br />
| yearbook = The Tilaiyans<br />
| affiliation = C.B.S.E.<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.sainikschooltilaiya.org}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Sainik School Tilaiya Emblem.jpg|thumb|The official emblem of Sainik School, Tilaiya.]]<br />
[[File:SCHOOL FRONT VIEW.jpg|thumb|The front gate of Sainik School, Tilaiya.]]<br />
<br />
'''Sainik School Tilaiya''', [[Jharkhand]], India, is a public boarding school established and managed by the [[Sainik School|Sainik Schools Society]] under [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. It is a preparatory school for entry into the defence services — [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA), [[Khadakwasla, Pune]] and [[Indian Naval Academy]] (INA), [[Ezhimala, Kerala]].<br />
<br />
'''Honour Code:'''<br />
<br />
<small>"''As a Tilaiyan, I will be truthful, trustworthy, honest and forthright under all circumstances. I will not lie cheat, mislead, or deceive anyone. When I commit a mistake I shall honestly own up of my own free will''."</small><br />
<br />
== History and location ==<br />
The laying of the foundation stone of Sainik School was on 16 Sept 1963. The school was created by the efforts of the then Union Defence Minister, Late [[V K Krishna Menon]], the then Chief Minister of Bihar, Late [[K B Sahay]] and the Principal Lt Col LEG Smith. Today, it is top ranking nursery to the [[National Defence Academy (India)|NDA]].<br />
<br />
Located nearly a kilometre away from Tilaiya dam in the district of [[Koderma]], Sainik School Tilaiya is {{cvt|18|km}} from the nearest rail head – Koderma on the Howrah – Delhi chord line nearer to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]. The [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chhotanagpur Plateau]] and [[Jhumri Tilaiya|Tilaiya]] provide a backdrop to the school.<br />
<br />
== Admission ==<br />
Entrance to Sainik School, Tilaiya is competitive and coordinated nationally by the [[National Testing Agency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aissee.nta.nic.in/WebInfo/Page/Page?PageId=1&LangId=P |title=All India Sainik Schools Entrance Exam (AISSEE) - About Us |access-date=2021-06-02|website=aissee.nta.nic.in}}</ref> Students can apply for admissions in Class VI and Class IX. The written exam in Class VI covers questions on mathematics, English (or Hindi) and mental reasoning. The written exam in Class IX includes science and social sciences as subjects, in addition to mathematics, English and mental reasoning. Selected applicants go through interviews and medical examinations before being offered admissions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Entrance Exams {{!}} Sainik School Tilaiya|url=http://www.sainikschooltilaiya.org/entrance-exams/|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> The likely number of vacancies in every academic year is 120 for Class VI and 20 for Class IX.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview {{!}} Sainik School Tilaiya|url=https://www.sainikschooltilaiya.org/overview/|access-date=2021-06-02|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, Sainik School Tilaiya became one of the five Sainik Schools in the country to welcome girls in the academy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Sainik School Tilaiya to welcome girls from academic session 2020-21|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/sainik-school-tilaiya-to-welcome-girls-from-academic-session-2020-21.html|access-date=2021-06-02|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref> Academic session 2021-22 will have the first girl cadets in the school.<br />
<br />
==Notable alumni==<br />
{{None}}<br />
* [[Awadhesh Kumar Bharti|Air Marshal Awadhesh Kumar Bharti]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Jyoti |date=2025-05-25 |title=Sainik School to Operation Sindoor, Air Marshal Bharti is Purnea's pride. 'See! He is on TV' |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/sainik-school-to-operation-sindoor-dgao-bharti-is-purneas-pride-see-he-is-on-tv/2634710/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Air Marshal AK Bharti Education: झारखंड के इस स्कूल से पढ़ें हैं पाकिस्तान के छक्के छुड़ाने वाले एयर मार्शल भारती, बिहार से भी है नाता |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/education/air-marshal-ak-bharti-education-sainik-school-tilaiya-nda-role-in-operation-sindoor-purnia-bihar |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> AVSM, VM, [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)]], [[Indian Air force]]<br />
* [[Prakash Jha]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=MPost|date=2012-09-13|title=Old boys get together|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/old-boys-get-together-7474|access-date=2021-12-07|website=www.millenniumpost.in|language=en}}</ref>– film producer, actor, director and screenwriter Known Movies ([[Damul]], [[Mrityudand]], [[Gangaajal]], [[Apaharan]], [[Rajniti]])<br />
* [[Chandrashekhar Prasad]] – student leader, former president of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] [[students' union]], whose assassination led to large student protests in India.<br />
*[[Shiva Kirti Singh|Justice Shiva Kirti Singh]] - Hon'ble Judge of the Supreme Court of India.<br />
* [[Manjul Sinha]] – Indian television director.<br />
* [[Manish Tiwary]] – film director ([[Dil Dosti Etc]])<br />
* [[Shaibal Gupta]], [[Padma Shri]] – founder member- secretary of [[Asian Development Research Institute]], Patna<br />
* Manoj Kumar, Ministry of Women and Child Development<br />
* Dheeraj Kumar, IAS<br />
* [[Neeraj Kumar (police officer)|Neeraj Kumar]], IPS<br />
* Kumar Gaurav, IFS<br />
* Mahendra Kumar, IAS<br />
* Lt. Gen.(Retd.) Shashank Shekhar Mishra, PVSM, AVSM, VSM, [[Kumaon Regiment]], [[Indian Army]]<br />
<br />
== Curriculum and life ==<br />
The school resources allow cadets to develop their skills in sports, academics and other extracurricular activities. Sainik School, Tilaiya is famous for emphasis on extracurricular activities. Infrastructure in Sainik Schools include [[running track]]s, cross-country tracks, indoor games, [[parade]] grounds, boxing rings, [[Shooting range|firing ranges]], [[canoeing]] clubs, [[horse riding]] clubs, [[mountaineering]] clubs, [[Backpacking (wilderness)|trekking]] and [[hiking]] club, obstacles courses, [[Association football|football]], [[Field hockey|hockey]] and [[cricket]] fields, as well as [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]] courts. Cadets also become a part of [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]]. A cadet who completes their 12th standard usually possess a [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] B certificate.<br />
<br />
The academic instruction imparted at the school prepares cadets (as they are called in the school) for the following examinations:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Curriculum {{!}} Sainik School Tilaiya|url=http://www.sainikschooltilaiya.org/curriculum/|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
* All India Secondary School Examination (Class – X),<br />
* All India Senior School Certificate Examination (Class – XII) conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi under the 10+2 pattern of school education,<br />
* Union Public Service Commission Examination for admission to the National Defence Academy and other Defence Academies,<br />
* Scholarship holders take the NDA Entrance Examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission during the +2 stage after passing Class XI. Since there is an emphasis on Science Stream in the NDA curriculum, Sainik Schools cater only to the science stream subjects in Classes XI and XII.<br />
<br />
Other activities include co-curricular activities and Socially Useful Productive Work, sports and NCC training.<br />
<br />
=== House===<br />
The cadets are arranged into houses which are groups with which they live for seven years. There are twelve houses: Magadh, Gautam, Aryabhatta, Vikram, Patliputra, Vaishali, Kunwar Singh, Mithila, Maurya, Ashoka, Nalanda and Rajgir. There are Inter-House competitions for almost every sport and co-curricular activity which turn fierce at times. At the end of each academic year, the best performing house is awarded "Cock House" trophy. Winning it thrice consequently makes the house "Rooster House". Kunwar Singh house is the only Rooster House as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boarding Houses {{!}} Sainik School Tilaiya|url=http://www.sainikschooltilaiya.org/boarding-houses/|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are two baby houses which host Class-VI cadets for a year when they join: Baidyanath and Parasnath. A new house with name 'Rani Laxmi Bai' has been established for girl cadets.<br />
<br />
== Departments ==<br />
* Arts and Crafts<br />
* Biology<br />
* Chemistry<br />
* Computer Science<br />
* English<br />
* Mathematics<br />
* Physics<br />
* Hindi and Sanskrit<br />
* Social Science<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20120306071812/http://www.sainikschooltilaiya.org/sweb/Index.aspx}} [https://youtube.com/@sainikschooltilaiya7086?si=obbjFJGoBfcyCir7 Official YouTube Channel]<br />
<br />
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]<br />
[[Category:Sainik schools]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:1963 establishments in Bihar]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadag_district&diff=448234Gadag district2026-02-17T03:17:01Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Expanded article with relevant info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Gadag}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Gadag district<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = The City of Publication<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]] of [[Karnataka]]<br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br />
|size=250<br />
|photo1a = 11th century Brahma Jinalaya temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 11.jpg<br />
|photo1b = 11th century Trikuteshvara temple, Gadag, Karnataka India - 70.jpg<br />
|photo2a = 12th century Dodda Basappa temple, Dambal, Karnataka India - 127.jpg<br />
|photo2b = 11th century Someshwara temple, Lakshmeswar, Karnataka India - 13.jpg<br />
|photo3a = Bar-headed Geese in Magadi lake by Samad Kottur.jpg<br />
}}<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Jain Temple, Lakkundi|Brahma Jinalaya]] at [[Lakkundi]], [[Trikuteshwara Temple, Gadag|Trikuteshwara temple]], Someshwara temple in [[Lakshmeshwara|Lakshmeswar]], [[Magadi Bird Sanctuary]], Dodda Basappa Temple at [[Dambal]]<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-point = none<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|15.4|N|75.75|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}}[[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Karnataka|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi division|Belagavi]]<br />
| established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Gadag-Betageri]]<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title = Deputy Commissioner<br />
| leader_name = C. N. SREEDHARA. IAS &lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])}}<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = &lt;sup&gt;'''†'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 4656<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 1064570<br />
| population_as_of = 2001<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = 209<br />
| population_demonym = Gadagian<br />
| population_footnotes = &lt;sup&gt;'''†'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br />
| postal_code = 560047<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 08372XXXXXX<br />
| registration_plate = KA-26<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = .969 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = 64%<br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical wet and dry]] &lt;small&gt;([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])&lt;/small&gt;<br />
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]<br />
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|631|mm|in}}<br />
| website = {{URL|gadag.nic.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gadag district''' is a [[List of districts in Karnataka|district]] in the state of [[Karnataka, India]]. It was formed on 24 August 1997, when it was split from [[Dharwad district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Gadag District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://gadag.nic.in/en/history/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2011, it had a population of 1064570 (of which 35.21 percent was urban). The overall population increased by 13.14 percent from 1991 to 2001. Gadag district borders [[Bagalkot district]] on the north, [[Koppal district]] on the east, [[Vijayanagara district]] on the southeast, [[Haveri district]] on the southwest, [[Dharwad district]] on the west and [[Belgaum District]] on the northwest. It is famous for the many monuments (primarily Jain and Hindu temples) from the [[Western Chalukya Empire]]. It has seven talukas: [[Gadag]], [[Gajendragad]], [[Ron, Karnataka|Ron]], [[Shirhatti]], [[Nargund]], [[Lakshmeshwar]] and [[Mundargi]].Major Rivers Flowing through Gadag are Tugabhadra Malaprabha and Major Hills like gajendragada hills, Naragunda hills and evergreen Kappatagudda HilLa<br />
<br />
=={{anchor|Historical places in Gadag District}}Historical sites==<br />
[[Image:Gadag Trikuteshwara temple complex 3.JPG|thumb|left|150px|alt=Old, dark building with ornate carvings|Saraswati temple at Trikuteshwara temple complex, Gadag]]<br />
[[Image:Someshwara temple at Lakshmeshwara.jpg|thumb|alt=Tall, dome-shaped building against blue sky|Someshwara temple at Lakshmeshwara|left]]<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}<br />
;[[Gadag]]<br />
The town has 11th and 12th century monuments. The temple of Veera Narayana and the [[Trikuteshwara]] complex are sites of religious and historic importance. One of the two main Jain temples is dedicated to [[Mahavira]].<br />
[[Trikuteshwara Temple, Gadag|''Trikuteshwara temple complex'']]:<br />
The Trikuteshwara temple was built by the early [[Chalukyas]] between the sixth and the eighth centuries, exemplifying Chalukya architecture. The temple is dedicated to [[Saraswati]].<br />
[[Veeranarayana Temple, Gadag|''Veeranarayana Temple'']]:<br />
The temple, believed to have been built during the 11th century, attracts many devotees.<br />
;[[Lakshmeshwara]]<br />
Lakshmeshwara is in [[Shirahatti]] taluka and is known for its Hindu &amp; Jain temples and mosques. The Someshwara temple complex has a number of temples to [[Shiva]] in its fort-like compound.<br />
;[[Sudi, India|Sudi]]<br />
Chalukya monuments include the Jodi Gopura and twin towered Mallikarjuna temple and large Ganesha and [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] statues.&lt;ref name="GoK"/&gt;<br />
<br />
'''[[Hulkoti]]'''<br />
<br />
Known for the co-operative movement in Karnataka, [https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2021/Jan/05/karnataka-village-bags-first-rank-in-national-survey-on-standard-of-living-in-rural-areas-2245770.html Hulkoti got a score of 90% for providing clean water for drinking, good roads, having 82.23% literacy and a good drainage system.]<br />
;[[Lakkundi]]<br />
About {{convert|12|km}} from Gadag, Lakkundi was the residence of the Chalukyan kings. It is known for its 101 [[stepwell]]s (known as ''kalyani'' or ''pushkarni'') and its Hindu &amp; Jain temples. A sculpture gallery is maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<br />
;[[Dambal]]<br />
Dambal is known for its 12th-century Chalukya [[Doddabasappa Temple]].<br />
;[[Gajendragad]]<br />
This is the biggest city after Gadag in Gadag district. [[Gajendragarh|Gajendragad]] is known for its hill fort and Kalakaleshwara temple, Nagavi, the famous Yellammadevi temple and a hill-view choultry under construction. It is 55&amp;nbsp;km from Gadag and is a politically rich village.<br />
;[[Harti (Gadag district)|Harti]]<br />
Harti has a number of Hindu temples. The Shri Basaveshwara Temple has an annual festival featuring a procession. Other temples, such as the Parvati Parameshwara temple (Uma Maheshwara Temple), have stone carvings from the Chalukya period.<br />
;[[Kotumachagi]]<br />
About {{convert|22|km}} from Gadag, the agricultural village is also known for its Someswar and Durgadevi temples. [[Chamarasa]], author of the ''[[Prabhulingaleele]]'', was born nearby.<br />
;[[Naregal, Gadag|Naregal]]<br />
Home to the largest [[Jain]] temple built by the [[Rastrakuta dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jainsamaj.org/literature/monuments-071004.htm |title=Jain monuments in North Karnataka |publisher=Dr. A. V. Narasimha Murthy |access-date=25 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823080541/http://jainsamaj.org/literature/monuments-071004.htm |archive-date=23 August 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
;[[Hombal]]<br />
About {{convert|12|km}} from Gadag, the village is known for old temples.<br />
;[[Belavanaki]]<br />
[[File:Rayar temple.jpg|left|thumb|153x153px|Rayara Temple Belavanaki]]Belavanaki is about 33&amp;nbsp;km from Gadag. The village is known for the statue of Veerabhadra which is considered to be best sculpture of its kind in recent times. Earlier, the village was part of Belavalanaadu-300 or Belvola-300 therefore from that its name was derived. It is also the Birthplace of well known social activist [[S. R. Hiremath]].<br />
;[[Ron, Karnataka|Ron]]<br />
Ron's historic monuments include Anantsayee Gudi, Isvara Gudi, Isvara Temple, Kala Gudi, Lokanatha Temple, Mallikarjuna Gudi, Parsvanath Jain temple and the Somlingesvara temple.<br />
;[[Kurtakoti]]<br />
About {{convert|16|km}} from Gadag, the agricultural village is known for the Shri Ugra Narsimha, Dattatreya, Virupakhshalinga and Rama temples. Statues of Rama, Lakshmana and Sita were installed by [[Brahma Chaitanya]]. Writer and critic [[Kirtinath Kurtakoti]] hailed from the area.<br />
;[[Nargund]]<br />
Nargund is an over 1000 year old hilltop fort from the times of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]]. In 1674, Maratha ruler Chatrapati [[Shivaji]] built a citadel here. It is also known for its role in the [[1857 revolt]] when [[Bhaskar Rao Bhave]], the ruler of Nargund revolted against the British,&lt;ref name="GoK"&gt;{{Cite web|author=|url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/gadag/|title=Gadag|publisher=Government of Karnataka}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the 1980s' Peasant movement during Gundu Rao's Chief Ministership of Karnataka and also as the birthplace of senior leader of Jana Sangh [[Jagannathrao Joshi]].<br />
;Doni Tanda<br />
About {{convert|24|km}} from Gadag, and known for [[wind power]] generation.<br />
;Beladhadi<br />
About {{convert|10|km}} from Gadag, and known for its Shri Rama Temple and statues of Sri Rama, Lakshmana and Sita<br />
;Antur Bentur<br />
About {{convert|23|km}} from Gadag, the agricultural village is known for the Shri Jagadguru Budimahaswamigala Sanstan math Antur Bentur – Hosalli. The [[matha]] is cared for by both Muslims and Hindus.<br />
<br />
==Gadag inscription==<br />
* The 'Gadag inscription'&lt;ref name="maharashtra.gov.in"&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/History-I/chapter_9.pdf|title=Chapter 9. The Calukyas and the Kalacuryas of Kalyani. History – Ancient Period, Chalukya|access-date=10 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; of [[Vikramaditya VI]], records that ''Taila took the head of '''Panchala'''''{{Clarify|reason=who or what is that?|date=October 2025}} ''by the terror of the pride of his arm in battle''.{{Vague|reason=what does this even mean?|date=October 2025}}<br />
* The inscription&lt;ref name="maharashtra.gov.in"/&gt; reveals that the battle was fought on the bank of the Godavari &amp; ocean river and a certain Keshava (son of Madhava), fought in the battle and ''won Taila’s admiration''.<br />
* At the command of Sattiga (Satyashraya) in 1006 A.D., a Lenka Keta fell fighting at the battle of '''Unukallu''', probably against the [[Cholas]]. An inscription',&lt;ref name="maharashtra.gov.in"/&gt; dated in ''Saka 930 (1008 A.D.)'' of the reign of ''Satyashraya'' refers to the siege of the agrahara Kaldugu in the '''Belvola 300''' by ''Desinga'' and the destruction of the forces because of the treachery of king ''Perggade''.<br />
* The inscription&lt;ref name="maharashtra.gov.in"/&gt; of Ballala recounts his victory as "And by force, he, the strong one, defeated with cavalry only, and deprived of his sovereignty, the general Brahmana whose army was strengthened by an array of elephants and who acquired 60 tusked elephants with a single tuskless elephant, when, on account of an insult, he was tearing the royal fortune from the family of the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]]."<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,52,503|13=1911|14=3,31,414|15=1921|16=3,50,355|17=1931|18=3,50,961|19=1941|20=3,93,739|21=1951|22=4,36,914|23=1961|24=5,26,172|25=1971|26=6,22,722|27=1981|28=7,43,345|29=1991|30=8,59,042|31=2001|32=9,71,835|33=2011|34=10,64,570|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |title=Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=14 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|align=center}}<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] the district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,064,570.&lt;ref name=districtcensus&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Gadag |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/610/download/2088/DH_2011_2907_PART_A_DCHB_GADAG.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; This ranks it 426th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; The district has a population density of {{convert|229|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] from 2001 to 2011 was 9.61 percent.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; The district has a [[sex ratio]] of 978 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 75.18 percent. 35.63% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 16.36% and 5.79% of the population respectively.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt;<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title = Religion in Gadag district (2011)&lt;ref name="religion"/&gt;<br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.27}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.50}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Karnataka|Jainism]]|pink|0.56}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.67}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Hindus are in majority in the district with 85.27% of the population. Muslims are second with 13.50% of the population. There is still a sizeable population of Jains in the district, around 6,000, which are the third largest religion.&lt;ref name="religion"&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages in Gadag district (2011)&lt;ref name="languages"/&gt;<br />
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 85.32 |color1 = darkslateblue<br />
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 8.37 |color2 = green<br />
|label3 = [[Lambadi]] |value3 = 3.06 |color3 = khaki<br />
|label4 = Others |value4 = 3.25 |color4 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Kannada]] is the main language of the district and is spoken by 85.32% of the population. [[Urdu]] is the second-largest language and is spoken by 8.37%, mainly in urban areas. [[Lambadi]] is spoken by 3.06% of the population.&lt;ref name="languages"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Wildlife Sanctuary==<br />
The [[Magadi Bird Sanctuary]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br />
|url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue11/hotspot/fish/Magadi%20Tank.htm<br />
|title=Magadi tank, Biodiversity hotspots of Karnataka<br />
|publisher=Dr. A. V. Narasimha Murthy<br />
|access-date=25 November 2008<br />
}}&lt;/ref&gt; created at the Magadi reservoir, is {{convert|26|km}} from Gadag on the Gadag-Bangalore Road, {{convert|8|km}} from Shirhatti and {{convert|11|km}} from Lakshmeshwar. It is known for migratory species such as the [[bar-headed goose]], which feed on fish and agricultural crops.<br />
<br />
[[Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary]] is another wildlife sanctuary in the district. It was formed in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/may/17/kappatagudda-forest-is-now-a-wildlife--sanctuary-1978408.html |title=Kappatagudda forest is now a wildlife sanctuary |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=5 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Cooperative movement==<br />
The first [[cooperative]] in India was founded over 100 years ago in [[Kanaginahal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br />
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/13/stories/2009041359720600.htm<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402090928/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/13/stories/2009041359720600.htm<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-date=2 April 2010<br />
|title=Co-op. movement took its birth here<br />
|access-date=13 April 2009<br />
|location=Chennai, India<br />
|work=[[The Hindu]]<br />
|date=13 April 2009<br />
}}&lt;/ref&gt; and K. H. Patil aided in its modernisation.<br />
<br />
&amp;nbsp;{{anchor|Wind power generation}} Education Institutions<br />
<br />
- Gadag Institute Of Medical Sciences, Gadag. - [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-government-to-rename-gadag-institute-of-medical-sciences-after-k-h-patil/article69337771.ece (Now changed to K. H. Patil Institute of medical sciences )]<br />
<br />
- Karnataka State Rural Development And Panchayat Raj University, Nagavi - Gadag.<br />
<br />
- Jagaduguru TontadaryaCollege Of Engineering, Gadag.<br />
<br />
- Rural Engineering College, Hulkoti - Gadag.<br />
<br />
- Government Engineering College, Nargund.<br />
<br />
- Karnataka University PG Centre, Gadag.<br />
<br />
- KLE's J T College, Gadag.<br />
<br />
- KLE's S A Manvi Law College, Gadag.<br />
<br />
- KSS College, Gadag.<br />
<br />
- Govt PU College, Gadag.<br />
<br />
=={{anchor|Wind power generation}}Wind-power generation==<br />
The district generates wind power&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gadag.nic.in/|title=About Gadag|website=gadag.nic.in|access-date=13 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; at Kappatagudda, Binkadakatti, Hulkoti, Kurtkoti, Beladhadi, Kalasapur, Mallasamudra, Mulgund, Kanaginahal, Harlapur, Halligudi, Abbigeri and [[Gajendragad]].<br />
<br />
=={{anchor|Famous personalities|Hindustani musician|Others}} Notable people==<br />
* [[Kumara Vyasa]] – 15th century Kannada poet, known for his epic ''Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari'', was born in [[Koliwada, Gadag|Koliwada]]<br />
* [[Chamarasa]] – 15th century Kannada poet, known for his epic ''Prabhulingaleele''<br />
* [[Panchakshara Gawai]]<br />
* [[Bhimsen Joshi]] – Hindustani singer, was born in Ron<br />
* [[Puttaraj Gawai]]<br />
* [[Sunil Joshi]] (cricketer)<br />
* [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]<br />
* [[Chennaveera Kanavi]]<br />
* [[Aluru Venkata Rao]]<br />
* Durgasimha ( Author of The Panchatantra Tales )<br />
* [[Fakkirappa Annappa Mulgund]] - Freedom Fighter and Noted Gandhian<br />
* Andanappa Doddameti - Freedom fighter<br />
* Mundaragi Bheemaraya - Freedom fighter<br />
* Bhaskar Rao Bhave ( Also known as Babasaheb Bhave) - Freedom fighter<br />
* Venkusa Bhandage ( Freedom fighter)<br />
* Siddanagouda S Patil ( Founder of Asia's first Co Operative Society )<br />
* Vilas Neelagund (International Sprint Runner - Mulgund)<br />
* Husensab Dhalayat (International Marathoner - Mulgund)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Tourism in North Karnataka]]<br />
* [[Lakkundi]]<br />
* [[Sudi, India|Sudi]]<br />
* [[Lakshmeshwara]]<br />
* [[Gajendragad]]<br />
* [[Dambal]] <br />
* [[Doddabasappa Temple]]<br />
* [[Naregal, Gadag]]<br />
* [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)]]<br />
* [[Itagi Bhimambika]]<br />
* [[Gadag Institute of Medical Sciences]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/vilas-nelgunda-14198154<br />
https://my4.raceresult.com/269643/certificate/30964/Finisher's%20Certificate<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage}}<br />
* [https://gadag.nic.in/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Karnataka topics}}<br />
<br />
{{Gadag|Belavanaki = }}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadag district}}<br />
[[Category:Gadag district| ]]<br />
[[Category:Districts of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:1997 establishments in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Belgaum division]]<br />
<br />
[[kn:ಗದಗ]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_triangle_(family_planning)&diff=530160Red triangle (family planning)2026-02-11T21:37:12Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: creating post.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Symbol for contraceptive services, particularly in developing countries}}<br />
[[Image:Red Triangle.svg|thumb|150px|right|The red triangle indicates family planning products and services]]<br />
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Rt-lifechoices01.PNG|thumb|right|The "Life Choices" variant of the red triangle used in Ghana]] -->[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_1987_-_Colnect_1017632_-_1_-_Family_Planning.jpeg|thumb|Family planning stamp of India with the red triangle, 1987]]<br />
An inverted '''red triangle''' is the symbol for [[family planning]] health and [[contraception]] services, much as the [[red cross]] is a symbol for medical services.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/28268/28268.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924003113/https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/28268/28268.pdf | archive-date=2021-09-24}}</ref> It was first introduced by Frank Wilder in December 1968 for use throughout the [[Global North and Global South|Global South]].<ref name=":0" /> It first appeared in [[India]], followed by other countries such as [[Ghana]], [[Gambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Egypt]] and [[Thailand]]. <br />
<br />
Throughout parts of the Global South, it is used outside shops and clinics that offer family planning products, and as in commercial and government messages that promote reproductive health services and population control. It is frequently placed on contraceptive products, such as [[condoms]], [[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|diaphragms]], [[spermicide|spermicidal gel]], and [[IUD]]s (for instance, on the government-subsidized [[Nirodh]] condoms in India and Sultan condoms in Gambia).<br />
<br />
==Origins and variations==<br />
The red triangle was adopted by [[Deep Tyagi]], an [[Family planning in India|Indian family planning]] official and activist in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|title= From government to grass-roots reform: the Ford Foundation's population programmes in South Asia, 1959–1981|author=Kathleen D. McCarthy|publisher=Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, Volume 6, Number 3, Springer Netherlands|year=1995}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Kakoli |date=2017-03-27 |title=The Uttar Pradesh man behind the ubiquitous ‘red pyramid’ logo of family planning |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/Mar/27/the-uttar-pradesh-man-behind-the-ubiquitous-red-pyramid-logo-of-family-planning-1586587.html |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Several variations on the basic symbol have since been developed,<ref>{{cite web|title=National family planning logos|url=http://www.coreinitiative.org/Resources/Materials/index.php?sp=CORE_HCM_search&adv=mat&step=results&key=Family+Planning|accessdate=2007-12-23|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213033502/http://www.coreinitiative.org/Resources/Materials/index.php?sp=CORE_HCM_search&adv=mat&step=results&key=Family+Planning|archivedate=2008-02-13}}</ref> such as the "Life Choices" and "Family Planning: better life" logos used to promote birth control and reproductive [[health in Ghana]], and the "Naissances Desirables" logo used in [[Zaire|Zaire/Congo]]. The "Men Too" (shortened from "Family Planning is for Everybody ... Men Too") campaign in [[Australia]] used a hollow red triangle. The "Stop and think Minyawi : This is a very happy family, a light family" initiative in Egypt used calligraphic [[Arabic]] script to create the triangle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Planning |url=https://egypt.unfpa.org/en/topics/family-planning |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251107090728/https://egypt.unfpa.org/en/topics/family-planning |archive-date=2025-11-07 |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=UNFAP-Egypt |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{columns-start}}<br />
*[[Birth control]]<br />
*[[Demographics of India]]<br />
*[[The Emergency (India)]]<br />
*[[One-child policy]]<br />
*[[Reproductive health]]<br />
{{column}}<br />
=== Symbols ===<br />
*[[Brown triangle]]<br />
*[[Pink triangle]]<br />
*[[Red triangle]]<br />
{{columns-end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* "Population Dynamics: Causes and Consequences of World Demographic Change," [[Ralph Thomlinson]], Random House, 1976.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.m-mc.org/mmc_search.php?sp=&ref_crmb=&ref_id=&step=results&view=detail&detail_id=TD_GHA_104&adv=mat Ghana's Life Choices program]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Birth control in India]]<br />
[[Category:Human gender and sexuality symbols]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharampal_Saini&diff=496684Dharampal Saini2026-02-07T18:42:55Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up basic article initial version - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian educationist and social activist}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Dharam Pal Saini<br />
| image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --><br />
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --><br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date =24 जून<br />
<br />
1930<br />
| birth_place = [[Dhar district, India|Dhar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Farmer, Educator<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]], 1992<ref name=padma/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dharam Pal Saini''' in an Indian educationist and social activist who was awarded [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in India, in 1995 for educating tribal girls in [[Bastar district|Bastar]].<ref name=padma>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma+Shri|title=Padma Awards &#124; Interactive Dashboard|website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in|access-date=2021-05-06|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506142654/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma+Shri|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/the-week-man-of-the-year-2012-badshah-of-bastar.html|title=BADSHAH OF BASTAR|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref> In 2021, Saini played a key role in securing the release of a COBRA commando Rakeshwar Singh Manhas from Naxalists post [[2021 Sukma-Bijapur attack]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maoists-release-crpf-commando/article34273066.ece|title=Maoists release CRPF commando|first=Vijaita|last=Singh|newspaper=The Hindu |date=April 8, 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Saini runs Mata Rukmani Devi Ashram's residential schools, whose tribal girl students have won several national sports events.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/tauji-of-bastar-empowers-tribal-girls-and-how/articleshow/53131119.cms|title=Tauji of Bastar empowers tribal girls and how! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/61236/bastar-tauji-dharampal-saini-education-chattisgarh/|title=Meet 87-Year-Old 'Tauji', the Force Behind Tribal Girls' Education in Naxal-Infested Bastar|date=July 11, 2016}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Dharam Pal}}<br />
[[Category:Indian activists]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1930 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dhar district]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth_observation_satellite&diff=457312Earth observation satellite2026-01-29T08:08:16Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: fixed structure for consistency for clarity</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Satellite designed to observe Earth from orbit}}<br />
[[File:A-Train w-Time2013 Web.jpg|thumb|upright=1.40|Six Earth observation satellites comprising the [[A-train (satellite constellation)|A-train]] satellite constellation as of 2014]]<br />
{{Spaceflight sidebar}}<br />
<br />
An '''Earth observation satellite''' or '''Earth remote sensing satellite''' is a [[satellite]] used or designed for [[Earth observation]] (EO) from [[orbit]], including [[spy satellite]]s and similar ones intended for non-military uses such as [[environmental monitoring]], [[meteorology]], [[cartography]] and others. The most common type are '''Earth imaging satellites''', that take [[satellite image]]s, analogous to [[aerial photograph]]s; some EO satellites may perform [[remote sensing]] without forming pictures, such as in [[GNSS radio occultation]].<br />
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The first occurrence of satellite remote sensing can be dated to the launch of the first artificial satellite, [[Sputnik 1]], by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957.<ref name="Tatem"/> Sputnik 1 sent back radio signals, which scientists used to study the [[ionosphere]].<ref name="Kuznetsov">{{cite journal|last1=Kuznetsov|first1=V.D.|last2=Sinelnikov|first2=V.M.|last3=Alpert|first3=S.N.|title=Yakov Alpert: Sputnik-1 and the first satellite ionospheric experiment|journal=Advances in Space Research|date=June 2015|volume=55|issue=12|pages=2833–2839|doi=10.1016/j.asr.2015.02.033|bibcode=2015AdSpR..55.2833K}}</ref><br />
The United States Army Ballistic Missile Agency launched the first American satellite, [[Explorer 1]], for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory on January 31, 1958. The information sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's [[Van Allen radiation belt]]s.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web|title=James A. Van Allen|url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86|website=nmspacemuseum.org|publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History|access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref> The [[TIROS-1]] spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960, as part of NASA's [[Television Infrared Observation Satellite]] (TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space.<ref name="Tatem"/><br />
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In 2008, more than 150 Earth observation satellites were in orbit, recording data with both passive and active sensors and acquiring more than 10 terabits of data daily.<ref name="Tatem">{{cite journal |last1=Tatem|first1=Andrew J.|last2=Goetz|first2=Scott J.|last3=Hay|first3=Simon I.|title=Fifty Years of Earth-observation Satellites|journal=American Scientist|date=2008|volume=96|issue=5|pages=390–398 |doi=10.1511/2008.74.390|pmid=19498953|pmc=2690060}}</ref> By 2021, that total had grown to over 950, with the largest number of satellites operated by US-based company [[Planet Labs]].<ref>{{cite web|title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021?|date=18 August 2021 |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/}}</ref><br />
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Most [[Earth]] observation satellites carry instruments that should be operated at a relatively low altitude. Most orbit at altitudes above {{convert|500|to|600|km|mi|sp=us}}. Lower orbits have significant [[Drag (physics)|air-drag]], which makes frequent orbit [[reboost]] maneuvers necessary. The Earth observation satellites [[European Remote-Sensing Satellite|ERS-1, ERS-2]] and [[Envisat]] of [[European Space Agency]] as well as the [[MetOp]] spacecraft of [[EUMETSAT]] are all operated at altitudes of about {{cvt|800|km|mi}}. The [[PROBA|Proba-1]], [[Proba-2]] and [[Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite|SMOS]] spacecraft of European Space Agency are observing the Earth from an altitude of about {{cvt|700|km|mi}}. The Earth observation satellites of UAE, [[DubaiSat-1]] & [[DubaiSat-2]] are also placed in [[Low Earth orbit]]s (LEO) orbits and providing [[satellite imagery]] of various parts of the Earth.<ref>{{cite web|title=DubaiSat-2, Earth Observation Satellite of UAE|url=http://mbrsc.ae/en/page/dubai-sat-2|publisher=Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre|access-date=2016-07-04|archive-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117074703/https://mbrsc.ae/en/page/dubai-sat-2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DubaiSat-1, Earth Observation Satellite of UAE|url=http://mbrsc.ae/en/page/dubai-sat-1|publisher=Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre|access-date=2016-07-04|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080451/http://mbrsc.ae/en/page/dubai-sat-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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To get global coverage with a low orbit, a [[polar orbit]] is used. A low orbit will have an orbital period of about 100 minutes and the Earth will rotate around its polar axis about 25° between successive orbits. The [[ground track]] moves towards the west 25° each orbit, allowing a different section of the globe to be scanned with each orbit. Most are in [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]s.<br />
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A [[geostationary orbit]], at {{cvt|36000|km|mi}}, allows a satellite to hover over a constant spot on the earth since the orbital period at this altitude is 24 hours. This allows uninterrupted coverage of more than 1/3 of the Earth per satellite, so three satellites, spaced 120° apart, can cover the whole Earth. This type of orbit is mainly used for [[Weather satellite|meteorological satellites]].<br />
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== History ==<br />
{{See also|Remote sensing#History}}<br />
[[File:Lednickie Lake (Poland) seen by the American reconnaissance satellite Corona 98 (KH-4A 1023) (1965-08-23).png|thumb|Lednickie Lake (Poland) seen by the American reconnaissance satellite [[CORONA (satellite)|CORONA]] 98, 1965]]<br />
[[Herman Potočnik]] explored the idea of using orbiting spacecraft for detailed peaceful and military observation of the ground in his 1928 book, ''The Problem of Space Travel''. He described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments. The book described [[geostationary]] satellites (first put forward by [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]]) and discussed communication between them and the ground using radio, but fell short of the idea of using satellites for mass broadcasting and as telecommunications relays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html|title=Introduction to satellite|website=www.sasmac.cn|date=2 September 2016|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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The onset of the [[Cold War]] prompted the rapid development of [[Launch vehicle|Satellite launch systems]] and camera technology capable of sufficient Earth observation to garner intelligence on enemy military infrastructure and evaluate nuclear posture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cold War in Space: Top Secret Reconnaissance Satellites Revealed |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/195923/cold-war-in-space-top-secret-reconnaissance-satellites-revealed/ |website=nationalmuseum.af.mil}}</ref> Following the U-2 incident in 1960, which highlighted the risks of aerial spying, the U.S. accelerated surveillance satellite programs like [[CORONA (satellite)|CORONA]]. Satellites largely replaced aircraft overflights for surveillance after 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muszyński-Sulima |first=Wawrzyniec |date=2023-06-30 |title=Cold War in Space: Reconnaissance Satellites and US-Soviet Security Competition |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/20427 |journal=European Journal of American Studies |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |doi=10.4000/ejas.20427 |issn=1991-9336|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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== Applications ==<br />
=== Weather ===<br />
{{Main|Weather satellite}}<br />
{{See also|Satellite temperature measurements}}<br />
[[File:GOES 8 Spac0255.jpg|thumb|300px|[[GOES-8]], a [[United States]] weather satellite]]<br />
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A weather satellite is a type of [[satellite]] that is primarily used to monitor the [[weather]] and [[climate]] of the [[Earth]].<ref name="NESDIS">NESDIS, [http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/satellites.html Satellites.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704195947/http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/satellites.html |date=2008-07-04 }} Retrieved on 4 July 2008 {{PD-notice}}</ref> These meteorological satellites, however, see more than [[cloud]]s and cloud systems. City lights, [[fire]]s, effects of [[pollution]], [[auroral light|aurora]]s, [[Dust storm|sand and dust storms]], [[snow]] cover, [[ice]] mapping, boundaries of [[ocean current]]s, [[energy]] flows, etc., are other types of environmental information collected using weather satellites.<br />
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Weather satellite images helped in monitoring the volcanic ash cloud from [[Mount St. Helens]] and activity from other volcanoes such as [[Mount Etna]].<ref>NOAA, [http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=15216 NOAA Satellites, Scientists Monitor Mt. St. Helens for Possible Eruption.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120910225555/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=15216 |date=2012-09-10 }} Retrieved on 4 July 2008 {{PD-notice}}</ref> Smoke from fires in the western United States such as [[Colorado]] and [[Utah]] have also been monitored.<br />
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=== Environmental monitoring ===<br />
[[File:Blue Marble 2002.png|thumb|upright=1.40|left|Composite satellite image of the Earth, showing its entire surface in [[equirectangular projection]]]]<br />
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Other environmental satellites can assist [[environmental monitoring]] by detecting changes in the Earth's vegetation, atmospheric trace gas content, sea state, ocean color, and ice fields. By monitoring vegetation changes over time, droughts can be monitored by comparing the current vegetation state to its long term average.<ref>NASA, [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ Drought.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/|date=19 August 2008}} Retrieved on 4 July 2008 {{PD-notice}}</ref> For example, the 2002 oil spill off the northwest coast of [[Spain]] was watched carefully by the European [[Envisat|ENVISAT]], which, though not a weather satellite, flies an instrument (ASAR) which can see changes in the sea surface. Anthropogenic emissions can be monitored by evaluating data of tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub>.{{cn|date=March 2024}}<br />
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These types of satellites are almost always in [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]] and [[Frozen orbit|"frozen"]] orbits. A Sun-synchronous orbit passes over each spot on the ground at the same time of day, so that observations from each pass can be more easily compared, since the Sun is in the same spot in each observation. A [[Frozen orbit|"frozen"]] orbit is the closest possible orbit to a circular orbit that is undisturbed by the [[Geopotential model|oblateness of the Earth]], gravitational attraction from the Sun and Moon, [[solar radiation pressure]], and [[air drag]].{{cn|date=March 2024}}<br />
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=== Mapping ===<br />
Terrain can be mapped from space with the use of satellites, such as [[Radarsat-1]]<ref>Grunsky, E.C. [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1024985/ The use of multi-beam Radarsat-1 satellite imagery for terrain mapping.] Retrieved on 4 July 2008</ref> and [[TerraSAR-X]].<br />
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==International regulations==<br />
[[File:RapidEye Satellites Artist Impression.jpg|thumb|250px|[[RapidEye]] ''Earth exploration-satellite system'' in action around the Earth]]<br />
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According to the [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU), '''Earth exploration-satellite service''' (also: '''Earth exploration-satellite radiocommunication service''') is – according to ''Article 1.51'' of the [[ITU Radio Regulations]] (RR)<ref>ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.51, definition: ''earth exploration-satellite service / earth exploration-satellite radiocommunication service''</ref> – defined as:<br />
<blockquote>A [[radiocommunication service]] between [[earth station]]s and one or more [[radio space station|space station]]s, which may include links between space stations, in which:<br />
*information relating to the characteristics of the Earth and its natural phenomena, including data relating to the state of the environment, is obtained from passive or [[Radar|active sensors]] on [[satellites]]; <br />
*similar information is collected from airborne or Earth-based platforms;<br />
*such information may be distributed to earth stations within the system concerned;<br />
*platform interrogation may be included.<br />
This service may also include feeder links necessary for its operation.</blockquote><br />
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===Classification===<br />
This ''radiocommunication service'' is classified in accordance with ''ITU Radio Regulations'' (article 1) as follows:{{cn|date=March 2024}} <br /><br />
[[Fixed service]] (article 1.20)<br />
*[[Fixed-satellite service]] (article 1.21)<br />
*[[Inter-satellite service]] (article 1.22)<br />
*Earth exploration-satellite service<br />
**[[Meteorological-satellite service]] (article 1.52)<br />
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===Frequency allocation===<br />
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to ''Article 5'' of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).<ref>''ITU Radio Regulations, CHAPTER II – Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations''</ref><br />
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In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is with-in the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.<br />
*primary allocation: is indicated by writing in capital letters (see example below)<br />
*secondary allocation: is indicated by small letters<br />
*exclusive or shared utilization: is within the responsibility of administrations <br />
However, military usage, in bands where there is civil usage, will be in accordance with the ITU Radio Regulations.<br />
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; Example of [[frequency allocation]]:<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"<br />
|align="center" colspan="3"| '''Allocation to services'''<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| [[International Telecommunication Union region|Region 1]] || Region 2 || Region 3<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="3"|401-402&nbsp;MHz &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; METEOROLOGICAL AIDS<br /><br />
::::: SPACE OPERATION (space-to-Earth) <br />EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) <br />METEOROLOGICAL-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)<br />Fixed <br />Mobile except aeronautical mobile<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="3"|13.4-13.75&nbsp;GHz &nbsp;&nbsp;'''EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (active)'''<br /><br />
::::: RADIOLOCATION<br />SPACE RESEARCH<br />Standard frequency and time signal-satellite (Earth-to-space) <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
{{main cat|Earth observation satellites}}<br />
* [[Committee on Earth Observation Satellites]]<br />
* [[Data collection satellite]]<br />
* [[Earth observation]]<br />
* [[Earth observation satellites transmission frequencies]]<br />
* [[Earth Observing System]] - a NASA program comprising a series of satellite missions<br />
* [[First images of Earth from space]]<br />
* [[Satellite imagery#Imaging satellites|Imaging satellites]]<br />
* [[List of Earth observation satellites]]<br />
* [[Space telescope]]<br />
* [[Satellite imagery]]<br />
*[[GNSS radio occultation]]<br />
*[[Microwave radiometer#Spaceborne]]<br />
*[[Radar earth observation satellite]]<br />
**[[Radar imaging]]<br />
**[[Synthetic-aperture radar]]<br />
***[[Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar]]<br />
*[[Satellite altimetry]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions EO Portal directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923090413/https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions |date=2013-09-23 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160406191132/http://www.campevans.org/_CE/html/tiros1-2.html The TIROS I and II Ground Control Station where the first Earth Observing Satellite (TIROS I) sent it first photos]<br />
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{{Spaceflight}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Earth Observation Satellite}}<br />
[[Category:Earth observation satellites| ]]<br />
[[Category:Satellites by type]]<br />
[[Category:Satellite imagery]]<br />
[[Category:Earth imaging satellites|*]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadvi_Bhil&diff=450923Tadvi Bhil2026-01-20T04:07:44Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: General cleanup and content improvements</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Tribal community in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox caste<br />
|caste_name= Tadvi Bhil<br />
|classification= <br />
|subdivisions=12 main clans<br />
|populated_states= [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat|Gujrat]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Tadvi {{!}} Scheduled Tribe {{!}} Tribes of Gujarat {{!}} Tribal Demography of Gujarat {{!}} Tribal Research and Training Institute | url=https://trti.gujarat.gov.in/tadvi#:~:text=Tadvi%2FValvi%2FTetariya%20has%20faith,Ramdev%20Pir%2C%20Bhathiji%20Maharaj%20etc. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811074321/http://trti.gujarat.gov.in:80/tadvi | access-date=2025-08-18 | archive-date=2015-08-11}}</ref><br />
|languages=[[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Bhili language|Bhili]]<br />
|religions=[[Hindu]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Tadvi {{!}} Scheduled Tribe {{!}} Tribes of Gujarat {{!}} Tribal Demography of Gujarat {{!}} Tribal Research and Training Institute | url=https://trti.gujarat.gov.in/tadvi#:~:text=Tadvi%2FValvi%2FTetariya%20has%20faith,Ramdev%20Pir%2C%20Bhathiji%20Maharaj%20etc. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811074321/http://trti.gujarat.gov.in:80/tadvi | access-date=2025-08-18 | archive-date=2015-08-11}}</ref>[[Islam]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 Volumes] |edition=illustrated |year=2020 |page=179 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |place=Santa Barbara, California |entry=Bhil |first=Victoria R. |last=Williams |isbn=978-1440861185 |oclc=1107833866 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
[[File:Residence_of_Tadvis_in_Village.jpg|thumb|This is typical homes belongs to the Tadvi Bhils in Maharashtra's Satpuda region. This community is resident of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra's Satpuda Hills spread.]]<br />
[[File:Hut_of_Tadvis.jpg|thumb|Residence of Tadvi]]<br />
The '''Tadvi Bhil''' is a tribal community found in the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]] in India. They are a clan of the larger [[Bhil]] ethnic group. They use the surname Tadvi or sometimes the name of their Kul or Gan; the Dhankas of Gujarat and Maharashtra use Tadvi or Tetariya.<ref name="https://trti.gujarat.gov.in/tadvi">{{Cite web|url=https://trti.gujarat.gov.in/tadvi|title=Tadvi {{pipe}} Scheduled Tribe {{pipe}} Tribes of Gujarat {{pipe}} Tribal Demography of Gujarat {{pipe}} Gujarat Tribal Research and Training Society}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-29 |title=Explained: Who are Tadvi Bhil Muslims? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-tadvi-bhil-muslims-payal-tadvi-mumbai-suicide-5754146/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529094146/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-tadvi-bhil-muslims-payal-tadvi-mumbai-suicide-5754146/ |archive-date=2019-05-29 |access-date=2026-01-20 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumari |first=Ashok Pratap Singh& Patiraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHNsxbiEM4UC&dq=Global+Encyclopedic+Ethnography+Of+Indian+Muslim&pg=PT4 |title=Psychological Implications in Industrial Performance |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-200-9 |pages=805 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==History and origin==<br />
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The Tadvi Bhil inhabit an area which roughly covers the border areas of the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. This territory forms the core of the [[Faruqi dynasty|Faruqi]] kingdom, a medieval state in central India. In the Western part of this area, Tadvis and Vasavas are mainly [[Hindu]] but some Christian missionary activities are seen in this region.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Disappearing Peoples? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities of south and central asia page 80-81 |first1=Barbara |last1=Brower |first2=Barbara Rose |last2=Johnston |year=2007 |publisher=Left Coast Inc. and Routledge |isbn=978-1-59874-121-6}}</ref> A close association between the Bhil of this region, and the Faruqi state led to the conversion of some of them to [[Islam]]. The dance that they perform on various occasions is known as Timli or Sajoni, commonly known as tribal dance.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<br />
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==Present circumstance==<br />
<br />
The Tadvi speak a dialect of their own, also known as Tadvi, but many are switching to<br />
[[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Their language is also Dhanka and Bhilori, which belong to the Bhil group. They inhabit villages which are largely Tadvi. The community consists mainly of small cultivators. Like the wider Bhil community, they currently practise [[gotra]] exogamy, and are [[endogamous]].<ref name="Siddiqui">Marginal Muslim Communities in India edited by M.K.A Siddiqui pages 1 to 13 Institute of Objective Studies</ref><br />
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{{As of|2001}}, the Tadvi Bhil of Rajasthan were classified as a [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] under the [[Reservation in India|Indian government's reservation program]] of [[positive discrimination]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Census of India: Government of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |date=7 March 2007 |title=List of Scheduled Tribes |access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref><br />
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==Tadvi Bhil and Tadvi tribe==<br />
The Tadvi Bhil tribe and the Tadvi tribe are two distinct tribes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES) ORDER, 1950|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920212634/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|archive-date=20 September 2017|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref><br />
Tadvi Bhil are part of the [[Bhil]] ethnic group whereas the Tadvi tribe is not Bhil,{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} but a sub-tribe of the [[Dhanka]] ethnic group. Dhanka, once itself under the Bhil, separated nearly 900 years ago.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}<br />
<br />
Anthropologist Megan Moodie says about [[Dhanka]] history that what does exist "''tend[s] to be brief and stress their 'insignificance' and lowness''". She notes that they are a sub-tribe of the Bhil people, and that they are today found throughout much of western India.<ref>{{cite book |title=We Were Adivasis: Aspiration in an Indian Scheduled Tribe |first=Megan |last=Moodie |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-22625-304-6 |pages=29–30, 49f |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6cQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29}}</ref> [[Dhanka]] has 3 major sub-tribes; Tadvi, Tetaria and Valvi. Their occupations have changed over time, as circumstances have dictated. In the State of [[Maharashtra]], the Tadvi tribe is mentioned at serial No. 13 whereas the Tadvi Bhil is placed at serial no. 8 in List of Scheduled Tribes in Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://trti.maharashtra.gov.in/index.php/en/list-of-scheduled-tribes | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625054052/https://trti.maharashtra.gov.in/index.php/en/list-of-scheduled-tribes | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 June 2020 | title=Unknown}}</ref> in accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act 1976 (Act No. 108 of 1976).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/SC%20ST%20ORDER%20(AMENDMENT)%20ACT%201976.pdf | title=The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes orders (amendment) act | year=1976 | website=socialjustice.gov.in}}</ref><br />
In the state of [[Gujarat]], the Tadvi tribe is placed at serial No.&nbsp;8 and the Tadvi Bhil at Serial No.&nbsp;4 in [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201212010312287275390File1051.pdf | title=State wise Scheduled Tribes - GUJARAT | website=tribal.nic.in}}</ref> in accordance with Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act,1976.<ref name="auto"/> They speak Tadvi Boli Bhasha,{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} unlike the Tadvi Bhil, who speak [[Bhili language|Bhilori]]. Both the tribes have a significant presence in the [[Dhule]], [[Nandurbar]] and [[Jalgaon]] districts of [[Maharashtra]] State. Many Tadvi tribals migrated around the [[Marathwada]] region{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} around 100–150 years ago, but Tadvi Bhil are found at the border of the [[Aurangabad]] and [[Jalgaon]] districts of [[Maharashtra]] state. The traditions of both tribes are similar but some differences exist{{Dubious|date=May 2024}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last1=Sawale | first1=Dipa Dinesh | title=आधुनिक महाराष्ट्राचा इतिहास (इ.स. १८१८ ते १९६०) | date=7 June 2013 | language=hi | trans-title=History of Modern Maharashtra (1818 to 1960) | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGX8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT130 | page=130 | publisher=Educational Publishers & Distributors | isbn=978-93-80876-37-5 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Bhil Clans}}<br />
[[Category:Bhil clans]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim communities of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim communities of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim communities of Rajasthan]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-ethno-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keya_Wingfield&diff=509418Keya Wingfield2026-01-14T05:01:00Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Adding post</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian American chef and entrepreneur}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Keya Wingfield<br />
| image = KeyaWingfield.jpg<br />
| birth_name = Keya Desai<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College]]<br />
| occupation = Chef, entrepreneur<br />
| known_for = Winning [[Food Network]]'s [[Spring Baking Championship]] Season 7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Keya Wingfield''' is an Indian American chef and entrepreneur based in [[Richmond, Virginia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Competitors of Spring Baking Championship, Season 7 |url=https://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/spring-baking-championship/photos/meet-the-competitors-of-spring-baking-championship--season-7 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Food Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Boshika |date=2021-02-24 |title=The Truth About Keya Wingfield From Spring Baking Championship, Season 7 |url=https://www.mashed.com/341114/the-truth-about-keya-wingfield-from-spring-baking-championship-season-7/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Mashed |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Wingfield was born and raised in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Personality: Keya D. Wingfield |url=http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2021/jun/10/personality-keya-d-wingfield/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=richmondfreepress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sridhar |first=Priya |date=2021-05-14 |title=Spring Baking Championship: Why Keya Wingfield's Win Was So Awesome |url=https://screenrant.com/spring-baking-championship-why-keya-wingfield-win-awesome/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref> She moved to the U.S. with her husband David who is a native Virginian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Ashley |date=2020-05-19 |title=The Spice of Life |url=http://virginialiving.com/api/content/1891679c-649d-11ea-843a-1244d5f7c7c6/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=VirginiaLiving.com |language=en-us }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=New Lighthouse Labs cohort includes two Richmond startups — including an Indian potato chip maker |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/richmond/inno/stories/news/2023/07/26/lighthouse-labs-keya-co-bombay-chips-sherah.html |access-date= |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> <br />
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Wingfield has an associate's degree in culinary and pastry arts from [[J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College]] in Richmond.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=M. Christine |title=Alumni Profile: Keya Wingfield {{!}} Reynolds Community College |url=https://www.reynolds.edu/news//2023/07/alumni-profile-keya-wingfield.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.reynolds.edu |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Career==<br />
Wingfield won [[Food Network]]'s [[Spring Baking Championship]] Season 7 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-27 |title=Self-taught Henrico baker wins Food Network title |url=https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/self-taught-henrico-baker-wins-food-network-baking-title |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=CBS 6 News Richmond WTVR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This Virginia City Has Become a Culinary Powerhouse |url=https://www.foodandwine.com/richmond-virginia-restaurant-scene-7253353 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Food & Wine |language=en}}</ref> <br />
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Wingfield runs a snack company that sells foods with unique flavors of India in grocery stores and online.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 27 November 2023|title=Keya and Co. Turning Sadness into Sugar |url=https://thelocalpalate.com/articles/keya-and-co-sadness-into-sugar/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=The Local Palate |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-26 |title=From bomb desserts to Bombay Chips, Keya Wingfield calls community a key to her success |url=https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/bombay-chips-keya-wingfield-09-26-2023 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=CBS 6 News Richmond WTVR |language=en}}</ref> She also runs a bakery.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=Women in Virginia are making history every day |url=https://www.vpm.org/2022-03-14/women-in-virginia-are-making-history-every-day |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=VPM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-21 |title='I had never even seen an oven before': Richmond baker reflects on journey to Spring Baking Championship |url=https://www.wric.com/news/local-news/i-had-never-even-seen-an-oven-before-richmond-baker-reflects-on-journey-to-spring-baking-championship/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=WRIC ABC 8News |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
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Wingfield writes food-related articles for various media outlets.<ref>{{Cite news |title=12 holiday cookie recipes to savor and share this season |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/interactive/2023/holiday-cookie-recipes-christmas-baking/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Keya Wingfield |url=https://www.epicurious.com/contributors/keya-wingfield |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Epicurious |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keya Wingfield's Recent Articles |url=https://www.thekitchn.com/authors/keya-wingfield |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=The Kitchn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keya Wingfield |url=https://richmondmagazine.com/topics/keya-wingfield/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=richmondmagazine.com |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
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Wingfield is on the board of directors of Birdhouse Farmers Market, a 501(c)(4) non-profit organization in Richmond.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board Members |url=https://birdhousefarmersmarket.org/new-page-4 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Birdhouse Farmers Market |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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==Personal life==<br />
Wingfield's son died from a rare respiratory illness at 55 days of age in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=While competing on Food Network, Henrico baker suffers an unimaginable loss |url=https://www.wtvr.com/i-have-a-story/Keya-Wingfield |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=CBS 6 News Richmond WTVR |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mellon |first=Eileen |date=2024-03-08 |title=Recipe for Resilience |url=https://richmondmagazine.com/api/content/43d16e50-cb66-11ee-abab-12163087a831/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=richmondmagazine.com |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wingfield, Keya}}<br />
[[Category:American chefs]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American businesswomen]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anuppanadi&diff=487022Anuppanadi2026-01-07T13:39:28Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Starting Basic Stub V1</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
|name = Anuppanadi <br />
|native_name = <br />
|native_name_lang = ta <br />
|other_name = <br />
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]<br />
|image_skyline =<br />
|image_alt =<br />
|image_caption =<br />
|nickname =<br />
|image_map =<br />
|map_alt =<br />
|map_caption =<br />
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu <br />
|pushpin_label_position =<br />
|pushpin_map_alt =<br />
|pushpin_map_caption = Anuppanadi, Madurai (Tamil Nadu)<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|9|54|17.3|N|78|08|24.4|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br />
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br />
|subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district]]<br />
|established_title = <! -- Established --><br />
|government_type =<br />
|government_body =<br />
|unit_pref = Metric <br />
|area_footnotes =<br />
|area_rank =<br />
|area_total_km2 =<br />
|elevation_footnotes =<br />
|elevation_m = 152 <br />
|elevation_ft = <br />
|population_total =<br />
|population_as_of =<br />
|population_rank =<br />
|population_density_km2 =<br />
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s<br />
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]] <br />
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language]], [[English language]]<br />
|demographics1_title2 = Speech <br />
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language]], [[English language]] <br />
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
|postal_code = 625009<br />
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code <br />
|area_code = 0452xxxxxxx<br />
|registration_plate = <br />
|blank1_name_sec1 = Neighbourhoods <br />
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madurai]], [[Vandiyur]], Anna Nagar, K. K. Nagar, East Gate, [[South Gate, Madurai|South Gate]] Goripalayam, [[Sellur (Madurai)|Sellur]], [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]] and [[Nelpettai]]<br />
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]<br />
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]] <br />
|blank3_name_sec1 = <br />
|blank3_info_sec1 = <br />
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]<br />
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]] <br />
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]<br />
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Madurai South Assembly constituency]] <br />
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]<br />
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[S. Venkatesan]]<br />
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br />
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[M. Boominathan]] <br />
|website = https://madurai.nic.in <br />
|footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Anuppanadi''' is a neighbourhood in [[Madurai district]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dube |first=Kamala Kant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUxPAAAAMAAJ&q=Anuppanadi |title=Urban Environment in India: Problems and Prospects : Essays in Honour of Prof. Ujagir Singh |date=1988 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0205-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Tamil Nadu (India) Public Elections Dept |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaCNAAAAMAAJ&q=Anuppanadi |title=Handbook of Electoral Areas: Madurai District |date=1971 |publisher=Director of Stationery and Print., Tamil Nadu |language=en}}</ref> of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular [[India]], located with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|9|54|17.3|N|78|08|24.4|E}} (i.e., 9.904800°N, 78.140100°E) and at an altitude of about 152 m above the mean sea level. [[Madurai]], [[Vandiyur]], Anna Nagar, K. K. Nagar, East Gate, [[South Gate, Madurai|South Gate]], Goripalayam, [[Sellur (Madurai)|Sellur]], [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]] and [[Nelpettai]] are some of the important neighbourhoods of Anuppanadi. In the year 1887, excavations carried out at Anuppanadi indicate that Jar burials and earthenware containers were found.<ref>{{Cite web |author=அ.முத்துக்கிருஷ்ணன் |title=தூங்காநகர நினைவுகள் - 3 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/archaeology/madurai-ancient-archeological-findings-thoonganagara-ninaivugal-part-3 |access-date=2023-01-01 |work=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref><br />
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Anuppanadi is well connected by roads. Numerous Madurai City Corporation buses ply via. Anuppanadi. [[Mattuthavani Bus Stand, Madurai|M G R Integrated Bus Terminus]] is situated at about 6&nbsp;km from here. [[Arappalayam Bus Terminus]] is located at about 7&nbsp;km from Anuppanadi. [[Periyar Bus Terminus]] is at a distance of 4.5&nbsp;km from Anuppanadi. Nearby railway station is [[Madurai East railway Station]] which is situated at a distance of about 2.5&nbsp;km from here. Also, the ever-busy [[Madurai Junction railway station]] is located at a distance of about 5&nbsp;km from here; it is well connected by road with city buses for intercity travel connectivity. [[Madurai International Airport|Madurai Airport]] is located in [[Avaniapuram]] area, at about 13&nbsp;km from Anuppanadi.<br />
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Some important schools such as Corporation High School<ref>{{Cite news |title=A corporation high school in Anuppanadi is crying for attention as its infrastructure is on the verge of collapse |language=en |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2021/dec/07/a-corporation-high-school-in-anuppanadi-is-crying-for-attention-as-its-infrastructure-is-on-the-verg-26075.html |access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref> and Sourashtra Girls Higher Secondary School are located in Anuppanadi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOURASHTRA G HSS, ANUPANADI - Madurai Cor. Ward54, District Madurai (Tamil Nadu) |url=https://schools.org.in/madurai/33241517709/sourashtra-g-hss-anupanadi.html |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref> Velammal Vidyalaya and Velammal Bodhi Campus which are run by Velammal Group of Institutions, are also in Anuppanadi.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vinothkumar |title=வேலம்மாள் கல்வி குழுமத்திற்கு சொந்தமான 50 இடங்களில் அதிரடி சோதனை... முக்கிய ஆவணங்கள் சிக்கியது..! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/tamilnadu-madurai/velammal-group-college-income-tax-raid-important-documents-seized-q4g7bv |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ta}}</ref><br />
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The Velammal Hospital and Research Institute located in Anuppanadi area provides free medical services to the poor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மதுரை வேலம்மாள் மருத்துவமனையில் ஏழைகளுக்கு இலவச மருத்துவ சேவை தலைவர் முத்துராமலிங்கம் தகவல் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/805400 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref> And also, the people here in Anuppanadi benefit from the Alpha Hospital and Research Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha Hospital and Research Centre, Madurai |url=https://www.alphahrc.com/ |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=www.alphahrc.com}}</ref><br />
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Sarva Sivasakthi Temple located in Anuppanadi is under the control of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Sarva Sivasakthi Temple, Mela Anuppanadi, Madurai - 625009, Madurai District [TM032057], Vinayagar |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=32057 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref> Also the Nateswarar temple in Anuppanadi is a Shiva temple.<br />
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Around 15,000 male and female workers produce 5,000 kilograms of Papads every day in more than 400 Papad factories in Madurai district including Anuppanadi and its surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Seven years on, appalam industry workers await a wage hike in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/dec/28/seven-years-on-appalam-industry-workers-await-a-wage-hike-in-tamil-nadu-2532353.html |access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref><br />
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Anuppanadi area falls under the [[Madurai South Assembly constituency]]. The winner of the election held in the year 2021 as the member of its assembly constituency is [[M. Boominathan]]. Also, this area belongs to [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[S. Venkatesan]] won the 2019 elections, as the member of its Lok Sabha constituency.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Madurai]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settipalli_Raghurami_Reddy&diff=534132Settipalli Raghurami Reddy2026-01-03T21:25:05Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up new article</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
'''Settipalli Raghurami Reddy''' (born 1947) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Mydukur Assembly constituency]] in [[Kadapa district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Mydukur Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Raghurami Reddy Settipally of YSRCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mydukur-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154469.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Andhrapradesh Andhra-pradesh Results, Andhrapradesh Candidate List, Andhrapradesh Andhra-pradesh Results & Live Updates, Andhrapradesh Polling Booths {{!}} Lokmat News |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/elections/assembly-election/andhra-pradesh/mydukur/previous-result/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Early life and education ==<br />
Reddy was born in A. Nakkaladinne Village, Kadapa. His father S. C. Nagi Reddy was a farmer. He completed SSC Standard from S. K. P. V. V. High School, Vijayawada in 1961. He is a businessman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-06 |title=Settipalli Raghurami Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Mydukur {{!}} Kadapa {{!}} A.P |url=https://theleaderspage.com/settipalli-raghurami-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> He married Prabhavathamma.<br />
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== Career ==<br />
Reddy started his political career with the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He served as chairman of AMC Proddutur from 1975 to 1978. He was also the Samithi President of TDP from 1981 to 1985. He was elected as an MLA for the first time in 1985 from [[Mydukur Assembly constituency]] on TDP ticket as he beat Duggireddy Lakshmi Reddi of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0" /> However, he lost to Reddi in the next election to D. L. Ravindra Reddy in 1989 and to Duggireddy in 1994, both of whom won on Congress ticket.<ref name=":0" /> He won for the second time on TDP ticket from Mydukur in 1999 defeating Ravinder Reddy D. L. of Indian National Congress. Later, he joined [[YSR Congress Party]] and became an MLA for the third time winning the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Andhra Padesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Mydukur Assembly Election Results 2024: Mydukur Andhra Pradesh Election Schedule, Vote share and Results |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/mydukur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-01 |title=TTD chairman hopes to dethrone YSRC's Raghurami in Mydukur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ttd-chairman-hopes-to-dethrone-ysrcs-raghurami-in-mydukur/articleshow/68661229.cms |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> defeating Putta Sudhakar Yadav of Telugu Desam party by a margin of 11,522 votes. He made it fourth time in the assembly, winning the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Telugu Desam Party's Putta Sudhakar Yadav again by a margin of 29,344 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=Mydukur Assembly Constituency Election 2024 (मैदुकूरु): Mydukur Constituency Chunav Date, Mydukur Constituency details, list of candidates, Mydukur Vidhan Sabha Election Last Winner,(मैदुकूरु) |url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/mydukur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mydukur Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Mydukur Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/mydukur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghurami Reddy, Settipalli}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:1947 births]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puinnyo_Apum&diff=527091Puinnyo Apum2025-11-30T07:32:34Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: creating new article</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 1 June 2024<br />
| term_end = <br />
| constituency = [[Dambuk Assembly constituency|Dambuk]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Mopi Mihu]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
}}<br />
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'''Puinnyo Apum''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Dambuk, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/dambuk-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546678-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="Dambuk Assembly Election Result 2024: Puinnyo Apum of BJP wins">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Dambuk Assembly Election Result 2024: Puinnyo Apum of BJP wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/dambuk-assembly-election-results-2024-dambuk-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110635031.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531093524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/dambuk-assembly-election-results-2024-dambuk-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110635031.cms |archivedate=31 May 2025 |accessdate=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Dambuk">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Dambuk |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0242.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531093529/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0242.htm |archivedate=31 May 2025 |accessdate=31 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dambuk (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Dambuk (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/dambuk |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531093544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/dambuk |archivedate=31 May 2025 |accessdate=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Apum, Puinnyo}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Jahangir_Karim&diff=534804Sheikh Jahangir Karim2025-11-16T21:20:55Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up a article</p>
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<div>{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sheikh Jahangir Karim<br />
| native_name = <br />
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 1987<br />
| term_end = 2011<br />
| predecessor = [[Syed Moazzam Hossain]]<br />
| successor = [[Radhakanta Maiti]]<br />
| constituency = [[Debra Assembly constituency|Debra]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|5|9|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Debra (community development block)|Mainan]], [[Midnapore district]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Panskura Banamali College]]<br />
| relatives = <br />
| children =<br />
}}<br />
'''Sheikh Jahangir Karim''' (born 9 May 1952) is an Indian politician and teacher. He served as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for over twenty years.<ref name=my>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=132|title=Sk. Jahangir Karim|website=MyNeta|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and family==<br />
Karim was born on 9 May 1952 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Sheikhs of Bengal|Sheikhs]] in the village of [[Debra (community development block)|Mainan]] in [[Midnapore district]], [[West Bengal]]. He is the son of Sheikh Faqir Mohammad. He was educated at the Lowada High School in the nearby locality of [[Loyada, Paschim Medinipur|Loyada]] and the [[Panskura Banamali College]].<ref name=bio>{{cite book|title=Who's Who of Members|page=346|publisher=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Secretariat|year=2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Karim was a teacher. He contested in the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate for [[Debra Assembly constituency]], defeating Congress politician [[Sheikh Mohammed Daud]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1987/debra/|title=Debra, 1987|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> Karim contested in the [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was re-elected to Debra, defeating Daud once again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1991/debra/|title=Debra, 1991|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> He contested in the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was re-elected to Debra, defeating Congress politician Rabindranath Bera.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1996/debra/|title=Debra, 1996|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> Karim contested in the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was re-elected to Debra, defeating Trinamool politician Radhakanta Maiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2001/debra/|title=Debra, 2001|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> He contested in the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was re-elected to Debra, defeating Trinamool politician Mrigendra Nath Maiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2006/debra/|title=Debra, 2006|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> He lost to Trinamool candidate [[Selima Khatun]] in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=my/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2016/debra/|title=Debra, 2016|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Karim, Sheikh Jahangir}}<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]<br />
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:1952 births]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politician stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._M._Jyothi&diff=501699H. M. Jyothi2025-11-11T10:54:22Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Adding pg...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian sprinter (born 1983)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = H. M. Jyothi<br />
| image = Hm jyothi in practice.jpg<br />
| caption = photo by Sritata, 2016<br />
| full_name = Hiriyur Manjunath Jyothi<br />
| nationality = {{IND}}<br />
| national_team = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|7|1}}<ref name=XVIII/><ref name=AFIHMJ/><ref name=AllStar2008/><br />
| birth_place = [[Hiriyur]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br />
| spouse = S. Srinivas<ref name=ZeeCWG2014/><ref name=TargetsPodiumCWG/><br />
| coach = S. Srinivas<ref name=TargetsPodiumCWG/><br />
| country = {{flagcountry|India}}<br />
| sport = [[Sprint (running)|Sprinter]]<br />
| event = [[100 metres]], [[200 metres]], [[4×100 metres relay]]<br />
| team = India<br />
| pb = '''100&nbsp;m''': 11.3<ref name=TurnsBack/> or 11.46<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><br/>([[Bengaluru]] 2015 or [[New Delhi]] 2016)<br/>'''200&nbsp;m''': 23.42<ref name=BestsDutee/><br/>([[New Delhi]] 2016)<br/>'''4×100 m&nbsp;relay''': 43.42<ref name="dnaindia.com"/><br/>(Almaty 2016) '''[[List of Indian records in athletics|NR]]'''<br />
| medaltemplates = <br />
{{MedalSport | Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Athletics at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze| [[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4×100 m relay]]<ref name=Commonwealth2010>{{cite web |url=http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Comp.mvc/DetailedScheduleByDate?sportCode=AT&day=12-10-2010&expandAll=False |title=Detailed Schedule – Athletics |website=[[2010 Commonwealth Games]] official website |date=12 October 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801030826/http://d2010results.thecgf.com/en/Comp.mvc/DetailedScheduleByDate?sportCode=AT&day=12-10-2010&expandAll=False |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=C2010TheSports>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-sports.org/athletics-commonwealth-games-results-2010-women-epf21266.html |title=Athletics – Commonwealth Games – 2010 – Results Women |work=TheSports.org |accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=C2010SMH>{{cite web |url=http://cwgresults.smh.com.au/cwg_events.aspx?c=i4I2n8GdsjIdf&s=3&d=9&e=614 |title=Commonwealth Games 2010 – Athletics – Women's 4 x 100m Relay |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=12 October 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034014/http://cwgresults.smh.com.au/cwg_events.aspx?c=i4I2n8GdsjIdf&s=3&d=9&e=614 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze| [[2009 Asian Athletics Championships|2009 Guangzhou]]|[[2009 Asian Athletics Championships#WomensTrack|100 m]]<ref name=XVIII>{{cite web |title=VXIII Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 100m Final |url=http://aac18.tiwang.com/Out/ATR173A_AT1001E0000001ENG.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114062739/http://aac18.tiwang.com/Out/ATR173A_AT1001E0000001ENG.htm |archivedate=14 November 2009 |date=11 November 2009 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Athletics at Asian All Stars Meet|Asian All Stars Meet]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold| [[2008 Asian All Stars Meet|2008 Bhopal]]|[[Athletics at the 2008 Asian All Stars Meet – Women's 100 metres|100 m]]<ref name=AllStar2008>{{cite web |url=http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/results/asian-all-star-athletics-meet/25-asian-all-star-athletics-meet-2008/file |title=2nd Asian All Star Athletics Competition – 2008 |work=[[Asian Athletics Association]] |date=18 September 2008 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hiriyur Manjunath Jyothi''' (born 1 July 1983)<ref name=XVIII/><ref name=AFIHMJ/><ref name=AllStar2008/> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Sprint (running)|sprinter]] and Commonwealth games medalist. She competes in the [[100 metres]], [[200 metres]], and [[4×100 metres relay]] categories. She is a national champion or former national champion in each of the three events, with personal best timings of 11.3<ref name=TurnsBack/> (or 11.46<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>), 23.42,<ref name=BestsDutee>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/Srabani-bests-Dutee-for-200m-gold/article14293863.ece |title=Srabani bests Dutee for 200m gold |first=Kamesh |last=Srinivasan |date=1 May 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref> and 43.42<ref name="dnaindia.com"/> seconds in the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 4×100 metres relay, respectively. Her personal best times in all three events were after her withdrawal from professional competition for three years to become a mother. A [[Canara Bank]] employee,<ref name=TurnsBack>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/jyothi-turns-back-the-clock/article7571013.ece |title=Jyothi turns back the clock |date=23 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=29 November 2017}}<br />
</ref> Jyothi is married to the former sprinter S. Srinivas, who is also her personal coach.<ref name=ZeeCWG2014>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2014-india/india-s-4x100m-relay-women-team-aiming-to-win-a-medal-at-cwg_791955.html |title=India's 4x100m relay women team aiming to win a medal at CWG |date=19 July 2014 |work=[[Zee News]] |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=TargetsPodiumCWG>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/commonwealth-games-2014/india-at-glasgow/Jyothi-targets-podium-finish-at-CWG/articleshow/38526099.cms |title=Jyothi targets podium finish at CWG |work=[[India Times]] |first=Biju Babu |last=Cyriaci |date=17 July 2014 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref> Despite wanting to win a medal at Asian games, she couldn’t continue sprint due to persistent achilles injury. She ended up her career in 2017 with a gold at the open nationals, Chennai. <br />
[[File:Hm jyothi in practice.jpg|thumb|Jyothi in practice]]<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Jyothi was born to father H. N. Manjunath<ref name=Manjunath>{{cite web |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Encouraging-a-star-shine-its-light/article15789069.ece |title=Encouraging a star shine its light |first=Firoz |last=Rozindar |date=23 October 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref> and mother Thippamma<ref name=Manjunath/> in [[Hiriyur]], [[Karnataka]] (near [[Chitradurga]]), on 1 July 1983.<ref name=XVIII/><ref name=AFIHMJ>{{cite web |url=http://indianathletics.in/profile/hm-jyothi-0 |title=HM Jyothi |work=[[Athletics Federation of India]] |accessdate=29 November 2017 |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117064755/http://indianathletics.in/profile/hm-jyothi-0 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=AllStar2008/> She has four brothers and sisters, and is the family's second daughter.<ref name=Manjunath/><br />
<br />
== Career highlights==<br />
* Bronze in the 100 metres at the [[2009 Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Guangzhou, China]], with a time of 11.60 seconds, India's first sub-400 metres sprint medal in nine years in the [[Asian Athletics Championships]]<ref name=XVIII/><br />
* Bronze in the 4×100 metres relay at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] in [[New Delhi]] with a time of 45.25 seconds, running the anchor leg, along with Geetha Satti, [[Srabani Nanda]] and [[P. K. Priya]]<ref name=Commonwealth2010/><ref name=C2010TheSports/><ref name=C2010SMH/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/smalltown-talent-give-indian-athletics-a-high-in-2010/ |title=Small-town talent give Indian athletics a high in 2010 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512054253/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/smalltown-talent-give-indian-athletics-a-high-in-2010/ |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=19 December 2024 |quote=The women’s 4x100m relay team of Geetha Satti, Srabani Nanda, P K Priya and H M Jyothi finished third in a photo finish with a timing of 45.25 secs}}</ref><br />
* Broke the national record in the 4×100 metres relay in May 2016 with a time of 44.03 seconds at the [[IAAF World Challenge Beijing]], with [[Merlin Joseph]], [[Srabani Nanda]], and [[Dutee Chand]]<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/womens-4x100m-relay-team-breaks-national-record-at-iaaf-meet-2807499/ |title=4×100 relay national record broken but Rio 2016 Olympics remains distant dream |date=19 May 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com"/><br />
* Broke their own national record in the 4×100 metres relay the following month with a time of 43.42 seconds at [[Almaty, Kazakhstan]], again with Merlin Joseph, Srabani Nanda, and Dutee Chand<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-india-s-4x100m-women-s-relay-team-sets-national-record-in-kazakhstan-national-athletics-championships-2231310 |title=India's 4x100m women's relay team sets national record in Kazakhstan National Athletics Championships |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date=5 July 2016 |accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref><br />
* Bronze in the 200 metres with a time of 23.92 seconds at the 2016 Taiwan Open Athletics Championships<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2016/dutee-chand-bags-another-gold-but-still-in-search-of-rio-olympics-berth-1483913 |work=[[NDTV]] |title=Dutee Chand Bags Another Gold But Still in Search of Rio Olympics Berth |date=20 May 2016 |accessdate=5 December 2017}}</ref><br />
* Bronze in the 100 metres with a time of 11.97 seconds at the 2006 Inter-State Championship<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/indian-400m-hurdles-record-broken |title=Indian 400m Hurdles record broken |date=3 November 2006 |accessdate=5 December 2017 |website=[[IAAF]] |first=Murali Krishnan |last=Ram}}</ref><br />
* Gold in the 100 metres with a time of 11.87 seconds at the 2015 Inter-State Championship<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/489070/inderjeet-provides-fitting-climax-jyothi.html |first=Rajeev K. |last=Chennai |date=14 July 2015 |title=Inderjeet provides a fitting climax; Jyothi wins 100M |accessdate=5 December 2017 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><br />
* Best Athlete Award at the 2016 National Open Championship on winning gold in all three of her events (100 metres in 11.57 seconds, 200 metres in 23.73 seconds, and 4×100 metres relay in 46.52 seconds)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/Malkit-Singh-makes-a-winning-return/article15419408.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Malkit Singh makes a winning return |date=1 October 2016 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/573434/jyothi-khyati-light-up-final.html |title=Jyothi, Khyati light up final day |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=1 October 2016 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160928/2956737.html |title=Jyothi and Sanjeet fastest runners in National Open Athletics |author=Chandigarh |date=28 September 2016 |work=WebIndia123 |accessdate=5 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135749/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160928/2956737.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* Overall champion at the 2017 Karnataka State Senior Athletics Championship, with silver in the 200 metres with a time of 24.5 seconds<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/631816/alvas-emerge-champions.html |title=Alva's emerge champions |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=7 September 2017 |accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref> <br />
*She has won around forty medals from nationals and the internationals.<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* Karnataka Olympics Association Award in Athletics in 2016<ref name=KOA>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/588180/koa-honour-chikkarangappa-jyothi-awards.html |title=KOA honour for Chikkarangappa, Jyothi; awards function on Monday |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=25 December 2016 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref><br />
* [[Ekalavya Award]] in Athletics for 2010 from the [[government of Karnataka]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ekalavya awards presented |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/ekalavya-awards-presented/article2410520.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 August 2011 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uthappa, Jyothi among Ekalavya awardees |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/186289/uthappa-jyothi-among-ekalavya-awardees.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=25 August 2011 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref><br />
* [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajothsava Award]] for [[Rajyotsava Awards (2010)|Sports for 2010]] from the government of Karnataka<ref>{{cite web |title=ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಪಟ್ಟಿ 1966 ರಿಂದ – 2015 ರವರೆಗೆ |url=http://siri.kannadasiri.co.in/kannadasiri/downloads/Rajothsava_List.pdf |website=Kannada Siri |accessdate=24 June 2017 |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322084457/http://siri.kannadasiri.co.in/kannadasiri/downloads/Rajothsava_List.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
[[File:Hiriyur jyothi.jpg|thumb|Jyothi warming up during 2016 national championships]]<br />
<br />
== Sponsorship ==<br />
<br />
Jyothi has been strongly supported by her parents, who have undergone great financial hardship to finance her ambitions.<ref name=Manjunath/> She has also received sponsorship from her employer, Canara Bank, since 2004, and also receives sponsorship from the Indian Athletics Academy, Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/hiriyurmanjunathJyothi/ |title=HM Jyothi – Home |first=H. M. |last=Jyothi |website=[[Facebook]] |date=6 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
<br />
Jyothi married former sprinter S. Srinivas, who is also her personal coach.<ref name=ZeeCWG2014/><ref name=TargetsPodiumCWG/> In 2011, she withdrew from professional competition and gave birth to a baby girl, dhruthi hassini.<ref name=ZeeCWG2014/><ref name=TargetsPodiumCWG/><ref name=TurnsBack/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/> Jyothi returned to sprinting at the 2014 Senior Inter-State Meet,{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} and also participated at the [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Commonwealth Games]]<ref name=ZeeCWG2014/> and [[2014 Asian Games]].{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} She credited her husband with helping her, saying in 2014 that "Being a former medalist at the Asian level he understands my problems. It was because of his help that I'm able to manage my training and taking care of my two-and-half-year old daughter."<ref name=TargetsPodiumCWG/> Post retirement the couple also been blessed with a b. t,<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{World Athletics|name=Hiriyur Manjunath JYOTHI}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jyothi, HM}}<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in athletics]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teontha,_Kaithal&diff=540072Teontha, Kaithal2025-11-04T08:11:58Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up page.</p>
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<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Orphan|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Teontha<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]<br />
| government_type = [[Local government]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kaithal district]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|29|46|25.6|N|76|37|04.3|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Teontha (21) village in Fatehpur Pundri taluka, Kaithal, Haryana |url=https://vill.co.in/haryana/kaithal/fatehpur-pundri-073003690/teontha-21-003690589550/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 12.16<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="auto1"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 5964<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = {{Plainlist|<br />
* 74.37% (total)<br />
* 81.84% (male)<br />
* 66.05% (female)<br />
}}<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 136042<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 01749<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-08<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 875 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<ref name="auto1"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Teontha''' is a village in Pundri Tehsil in [[Kaithal district]] of [[Haryana]] State, [[India]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url-status=unfit |title=Village Panchayat Names of Pundri, Kaithal, Haryana |website=panchayatdirectory.gov.in |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=508&parenttype=B&ptype=V |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425073303/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=508&parenttype=B&ptype=V |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=2023-04-25}}</ref> It is located 21 kilometres towards east from district headquarters [[Kaithal]], 40&nbsp;km from Karnal, 5 kilometres from [[Pundri]] and 125 kilometres from state capital [[Chandigarh]] 165&nbsp;km from Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://areaprofiler.gov.in/homepage.do |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=areaprofiler.gov.in|title=500 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teontha, Kaithal {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Teontha/jzw99spAdv |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><br />
==History==<br />
The royal sage manu performed penance here to attain salvation. This pond is known as Manokamna Teerth after the name of the sage. Local residents proudly claim that the shrine's pond has crystal glass stairs leading to the water.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohan |first=Vijneshu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu3WAAAAMAAJ&q=teontha+kaithal |title=Folkloristics of Mahābhārata |date=2003 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7646-331-7 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Temples ==<br />
Guru Bharmanand Mandir Teontha, Dada Khera Temple, Shiv Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-07 |title=Guru Bharmanand Mandir, Bhagvan Valmiki Temple Teontha, Kaithal, haryana, India |url=https://indiasthan.com/place/haryana/162114/guru-bharmanand-mandir-teontha |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=indiasthan.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== Societies ==<br />
[[Ror]] community of Khasber, Dhandhan, Kharangar gotra lives in Teontha village.<ref>{{Cite book|title=आर्यवर्त एवं रोड़ वंश का इतिहास.|last=श्री रामदास|publisher=श्री रामदास |year=2000 |location=ऑल-राउंड प्रिंटर्स |pages=177, 178 & 182}}</ref><br />
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== Transportation ==<br />
Teontha is located on State Highway SH 8 right in the center of [[Kaithal]] and [[Karnal]]. This Village has bypass road for the heavy vehicles - truck, trailer, and all other than public vehicles. Nearby villages like [[Sangroli]], Chuharmajra, Dusain, Dulyani, Kaul, Sanch, Munnarehri, Habri, Barsana, Jamba are all linked with a road to Teontha village.<br />
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The village has 15 min bus service, sometime 5 min, you can directly ride the buses to various destinations - Karnal, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Tohana, Sonipat, Charkhi dadri, Narnaul, Jhunjhunu - Rajasthan, Jind, Pehowa, Patiala, Assandh and many others.<br />
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== Schools ==<br />
Schools include GPS School Teontha, GSSS School Teontha, J.P Sr.Sec. School Teontha and Shree Geeta Niketan Sr. Sec School Teontha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools in Teontha - Kaithal district of Haryana |url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/haryana/kaithal/school.php?place=Teontha |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=study4sure.com}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Kaithal district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Haryana-geo-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_vegetation_and_wildlife_of_Andhra_Pradesh&diff=446479Natural vegetation and wildlife of Andhra Pradesh2025-10-19T04:20:20Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: fix</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}} <!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! --><br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
The state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] is considered one of the rich 123 bio-diversified states in [[India]]. Natural vegetation (flora) and animal life (fauna) depend mainly on climate, relief, and soil. Krishna and Godavari are the two largest rivers flowing through the state. The [[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]] deals with protection, conservation and management of [[forests]].<ref name="0:">{{cite web|title=District-wise forest cover|url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/About.htm|website=Andhra Pradesh Forest Department|accessdate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028005159/http://forest.ap.nic.in/About.htm|archivedate=28 October 2015|date=28 October 2015}}</ref><br />
[[File:Sri Venkateswara National Park Tirumala Hills 01.jpg|thumb|Sri Venkateswara National Park Tirumala Hills]]<br />
[[File:Nallamala Hills near Srisailam 01.jpg|thumb|Nallamala Hills near Srisailam]]<br />
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== Natural vegetation ==<br />
The total forest cover of Andhra Pradesh is 37,258&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Andhra Pradesh | url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-andhra-pradesh.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306105522/https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-andhra-pradesh.pdf | archive-date=2021-03-06}}</ref> The [[Eastern Ghats]] region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the [[Deccan Plateau]], where shrub vegetation is more common.<br />
[[File: View on Simhachalam Hill during a rainy day.jpg|thumb|Grassland on Simhachalam Hills]]<br />
[[File: Dry deciduous Jungles at Ramatheertham 04.jpg|thumb|Dry deciduous Jungles at Ramatheertham]]<br />
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== ''Fauna'' ==<br />
The varied diversity of fauna includes [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian leopard]], dholes, blackbucks, sambars, and sea turtles. The dense forests in mountains offer habitat to the wildlife. The state government declared certain areas as wildlife sanctuaries and national parks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/About.htm |title=Andhra Forest Department |date=2015-10-28 |access-date=2016-06-16 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028005159/http://forest.ap.nic.in/About.htm |archivedate=28 October 2015 }}</ref><br />
[[File: Kondapalli Reserve Forest.jpg|thumb|Kondapalli Reserve Forest, Krishna District]]<br />
[[File: Valley near lambasinghi.jpg|thumb|A Valley near lambasinghi]]<br />
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=== National parks and zoo parks ===<br />
[[Indira Gandhi Zoological Park]] is located in [[Visakhapatnam]]. It is one of the largest [[List of zoos in India|zoos of India]], spread over an area of {{convert|625|acres|ha|abbr=on}}. It was named after [[Indira Gandhi]], the former [[Prime Minister of India]] and was opened in 1977. There are eighty species with 800 animals. Hippopotamus and crocodiles are the special animals conserved.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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=== Wildlife sanctuaries ===<br />
[[File:Kambhalakonda EDC Vizag.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Visakhapatnam |Visakhapatnam City]]]]<br />
[[File:Coringa Reserve Forest Park Mangrove Forest 90.jpg|thumb|Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary a Mangrove Forest]]<br />
[[Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary]] is situated on [[National Highway 5 (India, old numbering)|NH 5]], surrounded by the Eastern Ghats on three sides and the Bay of Bengal on the fourth. It houses [[Indira Gandhi Zoological Park]]. The park has almost eighty species with [[primates]], [[carnivores]], [[mammals]], [[ungulates]], [[reptiles]] and [[birds]]. These include [[rhesus monkey]]s, baboons, panthers, tigers, [[wolves]], wild dogs, pythons, tortoises, monitor lizards, elephant, bison, sambar deer, [[peacocks]], [[ducks]] and [[macaws]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
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[[Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuary]] is located in [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] in an area of {{convert|591|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Fauna found in this sanctuary are tigers, leopards, [[gaur]], [[cheetal]], [[chowsingha]], sambar, [[blackbuck]], mouse deer, barking deer, sloth bears, wild dogs, elephants, jackals, wild boar, marsh crocodiles and a variety of birds.<ref name=papikonda>{{cite web|title=PAPIKONDA Wildlife Sanctuary|url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20PAPIKONDA.htm|publisher=AP forest department|accessdate=28 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125021421/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20PAPIKONDA.htm|archive-date=25 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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[[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]] is located in [[East Godavari district]] in an area of {{convert|235.70|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. It has the rare, endangered [[Smooth-coated otter|smooth Indian otter]], [[fishing cat]] and [[Saltwater crocodile|estuarine crocodile]]. Other fauna are jackals, marine turtles, seagulls, storks, ducks and flamingos.<ref name=Coringa>{{cite web|title=Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary|url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20CORINGA.htm|publisher=AP forest deparmtnet|accessdate=28 June 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125005418/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20CORINGA.htm|archivedate=25 January 2014}}</ref><br />
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[[Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary]] is a wildlife sanctuary and estuary located in [[Krishna district]] of Andhra Pradesh. The sanctuary is home for reptiles like the [[garden lizard]], the [[Lacertidae|wall lizard]], tortoises and snakes.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Gupta, Harsh K. |author2=Parasher-Sen, Aloka |author3=Balasubramanian, Dorairajan |name-list-style=amp |year=2000|title=Deccan Heritage|publisher=Universities Press|location=Hyderabad, India|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8830KZLvkYsC&pg=PA50 50–51]|isbn=978-81-7371-285-2}}</ref><br />
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[[Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary]] is a wildlife sanctuary located in [[Kurnool district]] of Andhra Pradesh in an area {{convert|6.14|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. It is the only habitat in the state for the rare and highly endangered [[great Indian bustard]]. The [[blackbuck]], wolf, jackal, [[bonnet macaque]], [[Russell's viper]] and [[cobra]] are also found.<ref name=Rollapadu>{{cite web|title=Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary|url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20GBM.htm|publisher=AP forest department|accessdate=28 June 2014}}</ref><br />
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[[Sri Penusila Narasimha Wildlife Sanctuary]] is located in the Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh. It covers an area of 1030.85&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> is managed by the [[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]]<ref>Andhra Pradesh Forest Department.[http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20SRIPENINSULANARASIMHA.htm Sri Penusula Narasimha Wildlife Sanctuary]</ref><br />
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[[Gundla Brahmeswara Wildlife Sanctuary]] is located in [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] and [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] Districts of Andhra Pradesh. It covers an area of 1194&nbsp; km<sup>2</sup> is managed by the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department.<ref>Andhra Pradesh Forest Department.[http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20GBM.htm Gundla Brahmeswara Wildlife Sanctuary]</ref> The last surviving pristine forests of Nallamalai tract, it is rich in plants of ethnobotanical value.<br />
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[[Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary]] is located in [[Kadapa District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It covers an area of 464.42&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> is managed by the [[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]]<ref>Andhra Pradesh Forest Department.[http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20LANKAMALLESWARA.htm Sri Lankamalleshwara Wildlife Sanctuary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125021540/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20LANKAMALLESWARA.htm |date=25 January 2014 }}.</ref><br />
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[[Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary]] is located in [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is only one [[Asian elephant]] reserve in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The sanctuary is bordered by the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
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=== Bird sanctuaries ===<br />
[[File:India - Pulicat Lake - 026 - boats on the lake (1181751187).jpg|thumb|Boats in Pulicat Lake]]<br />
[[Atapaka Bird Sanctuary]], also known as Kolleru Wildlife Sanctuary (see also [[Kolleru Bird Sanctuary]]), is a largest freshwater lake located in [[West Godavari district]] of Andhra Pradesh. The sanctuary falls under Kaikalur Forest Range. It is one of the Ramsar convention wetland sites, spread over an area of {{convert|308.55|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Kolleru>{{cite web|title=Kolleru Wildlife Sanctuary|url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20KOLLERU.htm|publisher=AP forest department|accessdate=28 June 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125005423/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20KOLLERU.htm|archivedate=25 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Atapaka sanctuary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/atapaka-bird-sanctuary-water-level-maintained-to-conserve-fish/article4833483.ece|accessdate=28 June 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pelicans breed in Kolleru lake|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Pelicans-breed-in-Kolleru-lake/articleshow/10823374.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=28 June 2014|work=Times of India}}</ref><br />
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[[Telineelapuram and Telukunchi Bird Sanctuaries]] are located in [[Srikakulam district]] of Andhra Pradesh. Every year, over 3,000 pelicans and painted storks visit from [[Siberia]] to these villages during September and stay until March.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sites – Important Bird Areas (IBAs)|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=18033#|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Sumit Bhattacharjee|title=A 12,000&nbsp;km flight from Siberia|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/10/stories/2006041001702000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420150741/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/10/stories/2006041001702000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2006|accessdate=1 July 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 April 2006}}</ref><br />
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[[Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary]] is a famous 481&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> Protected area in [[Nellore district|Nellore District]] of Andhra Pradesh state. Pulicat Lake is the second largest brackish-water ecosystem in India. Central location is: 13°34′N 80°12′E. 327.33&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> is managed by the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department<ref>Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, [http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20PULICAT.htm PULICAT Wildlife Sanctuary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125021545/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20PULICAT.htm |date=2014-01-25 }}</ref> and 153.67&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> is managed by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. 108&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> is national park area. Rainfall ranges from 800 to 2000&nbsp;mm. Temperature varies from 14&nbsp;°C to 33&nbsp;°C. Altitude ranges from 100’ MSL to 1200’ MSL.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
*[[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Environment of Andhra Pradesh]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_Meeruthi&diff=463114Popular Meeruthi2025-10-16T17:13:06Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: fix details and corrected details for consistency</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian poet}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Popular Meeruthi<br />
| image = Popular Meeruthi.jpg<br />
| birth_name = Syed Aijazuddin Shah<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|08|09}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = Poet<br />
| education = [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]] in [[Urdu]] [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]<br />
| alma_mater = FAIZ-E-AAM Inter college, [[Meerut]]<br />
| period = <br />
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Nazm]]<br />
| subject =<br />
| movement =<br />
| spouse = [https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/writer/popular-meeruthi Syeda Rashda Shah]<br />
| partner =<br />
| children = [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13819365/ Syed Ahmed Shah]<br />
| relatives =<br />
| awards =[[Kaka Hathrasi|Kaka Hatrasi Award]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/story-popular-meeruthi-2755867.html | title=पापुलर मेरठी को मिला काका हाथरसी पुरस्कार }}</ref><br />
| homepage =<br />
| portaldisp =<br />
}}<br />
'''Syed Aijazuddin Shah''' ('''Popular Meeruthi''') ([[Urdu]]: پاپولرمیرٹھی, {{langx|hi|पॉपुलर मेरठी}}) is an [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]] humorist, satirist and poet. He has been performing Mushaira and Kavi Sammelan for the last 45 years all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.aajtak.in/video/embed/3dafa3d|title=popular meeruthi poetry at sahitya aaj tak|website=m.aajtak.in|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> Popular Meeruthi was awarded [[Kaka Hathrasi|Kaka Hatrasi Award]] for his humorous poetry by HRD Minister Shri [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/story-popular-meeruthi-2755867.html | title=पापुलर मेरठी को मिला काका हाथरसी पुरस्कार }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
He was born on 9 August 1953 in [[Meerut]] to Syed Nizamuddin Shah and Syeda Akhtari Begum.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://profilesinfo.com/popular-meeruthi-wiki-networth-age/ | title=Popular Meeruthi (Poet) Wiki, Biography, Age, Wife, Family, Net Worth | date=28 September 2021 }}</ref> He went to Faiz-E-Am Inter College in Meerut. While doing his graduation, he was the President of the Students’ Association.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/writer/popular-meeruthi | title=Bollywood Writer Popular Meeruthi Biography, News, Photos, Videos }}</ref> He completed his graduation and post-graduation from [[Meerut College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meerutcollege.org/|title=Meerut College Meerut|website=www.meerutcollege.org|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> He was awarded a PhD in Urdu literature from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ccsuniversity.ac.in/|title=Welcome to CCS University, Meerut|website=www.ccsuniversity.ac.in|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> in 2009 for ''Mazhayia Shayri, Nafsiyati Mutalia.''<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
He began his career teaching Urdu literature in the Urdu department of [[Meerut College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meerutcollege.org/|title=Meerut College Meerut|website=www.meerutcollege.org|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> After becoming popular with Mushaira, he gave up teaching to pursue it. He recited poems in 'Tamseli Mushaires' organized in Faiz-e-Am inter college. He attended his first international Mushaira in Saudi Arabia in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/jashn-e-bahar-young-and-old-poets-from-the-world-over-help-delhiites-relive-the-culture-of-sher-o-shayari/story-bRNBzAyMb9hhd2phP4frsO.html|title=Jashn-e-Bahar: Young and old poets from the world over help Delhiites relive the culture of sher-o-shayari|date=2018-04-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/jashn-e-bahar-mushaira-poets-from-the-us-japan-to-enthrall-urdu-lovers-in-delhi-1207518-2018-04-08|title=Jashn-e-Bahar Mushaira: Poets from the US, Japan to enthrall Urdu lovers in Delhi|date=8 April 2018|agency=PTI|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/Poets/popular-meeruthi/all|title=Read famous Poetry of Popular Meeruthi|website=Rekhta|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gunche.blogspot.com/2012/02/popular-meeruthi.html|title=Gunche: Popular Meeruthi|last=Prashant|date=2012-02-26|website=Gunche|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Performance ==<br />
Meeruthi is among very few senior shayars of India. While traveling around the world, he has made promoted Indian culture and the Hindi and Urdu languages abroad.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12696769/bio | title=Popular Meeruthi | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref> Popular Meeruthi was invited as a guest in [[The Kapil Sharma Show]] on the 23 January 2022 episode of Season 3 along with [[Shailesh Lodha]] and Sanjay Jhala.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-kapil-sharma-show-taarak-mehta-shailesh-lodha-poet-special-7731378/ | title=Taarak Mehta's Shailesh Lodha takes a dig at Kapil Sharma for doing multiple projects: 'Kya bechna kharidna hai' | date=19 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ichowk.in/society/aajtak-kavi-sammelan-on-donkey/story/1/5907.html|title=यूपी चुनाव में चमका गधा जब कवियों के हाथ लगा|website=www.ichowk.in|language=hindi|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santabanta.com/25815/funny-poetry-by-dr-popular-meeruthi|title=Santa Banta - funny-poetry-by-dr-popular-meeruthi|website=www.santabanta.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> Popular Meeruthi was also invited in [[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]] on [[Sony SAB|Sony SAB TV]] He has travelled all over the world to attend Mushairas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2b6svr|title=Urdu Comedy Poetry - Dr.Popular Meeruthi - Hind-O-Pak Dosti Mushaira 2006 - Houston USA - P1 - video dailymotion|website=Dailymotion|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/559115|title=Popular Meeruti sparks 'laughter riot' in Jeddah|last=Baig|first=Abdul Rahman M.|date=2019-02-13|website=Saudigazette|language=English|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> and Kavi Sammelan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/video/popular-meeruthi-poetry-at-sahitya-aaj-tak-1-896931.html|title=कवि पॉपुलर मेरठी की तान सुन लोट-पोट हुए लोग|website=aajtak.intoday.in|language=hi|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
== List of publications ==<br />
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= August 2022}}<br />
Popular Meeruthi has published books in Urdu, Hindi<br />
<br />
* Haas Kar Guzar Dai, 1993<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hans-kar-guzar-de-popular-meeruthi-ebooks | title=Hans kar guzar de }}</ref><br />
* Nawai e Rafta, 2002<br />
* Double Role, 2005<br />
* Popular Kalam, 2009<br />
* Zikar Fiqar Aur Fun, 2016<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/popular-meeruthi-zikr-fikr-aur-fun-mnazir-aashiq-harganvi-ebooks | title=Popular meeruthi zikr fikr aur fun }}</ref><br />
* Munshi Sher Kha Boom Meeruthi, 2018<br />
* Ghalib Aur Main, 2022<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flipkart.com/ghalib-aur-main/p/itmbe2c63df9c0f1 | title=Ghalib Aur Main: Buy Ghalib Aur Main by Dr. Popular Meeruthi at Low Price in India }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references group="https://www.kavisammelan.co/artists/popular-meeruthi" responsive="0" /><br />
<references /><br />
<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Popular Meeruthi}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Meerut district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khupte_Tithe_Gupte&diff=509844Khupte Tithe Gupte2025-09-02T03:14:55Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Adding new data...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Marathi language talk show}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Khupte Tithe Gupte.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption =<br />
| genre = [[Chat show]]<br />
| language = Marathi<br />
| country = India<br />
| num_seasons = <br />
| num_episodes = 110<br />
| writer = Avinash Jagtap<br />
| director = <br />
| starring = [[Avadhoot Gupte]]<br />
| company = Ekvira Production<br />
| producer = <br />
| runtime = 45 minutes<br />
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]<br />
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|11|26}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2023|09|17}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Khupte Tithe Gupte''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television chat show which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=खुपते तिथे गुप्तेचे अचानक संपणे खुपले|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/khupte-tithe-gupte-2144302.html|access-date=2023-05-01|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi launches 'Fair & Lovely - Khupte Tithe Gupte'|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/zee-marathi-launches-fair-lovely-khupte-tithe-gupte.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821141233/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/zee-marathi-launches-fair-lovely-khupte-tithe-gupte.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 August 2014|access-date=2023-05-01|website=Essel News Letter}}</ref> The show is hosted by [[Avadhoot Gupte]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular Marathi chat show Khupte Tithe Gupte hosted by Avadhoot Gupte is back with a new season - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-marathi-chat-show-khupte-tithe-gupte-hosted-by-avadhoot-gupte-is-back-with-a-new-season/articleshow/99837256.cms|access-date=2023-05-01|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Khupte Tithe Gupte's first promo featuring Avadhoot Gupte is all about enthusiasm, watch here - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/khupte-tithe-guptes-first-promo-featuring-avadhoot-gupte-is-all-about-enthusiasm-watch-here/articleshow/99986941.cms|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Concept ==<br />
The show offers a platform for famous celebrities to express their point of view on the things which they could not do, because of some inevitable reasons. It will also showcase an informal chat with these celebrities about their journey of life and their achievements.<br />
<br />
== Season summary ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season<br />
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes<br />
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" | Originally Broadcast<br />
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Days<br />
|-<br />
! style="padding: 1 8px" | First aired<br />
! style="padding: 1 8px" | Last aired<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:Blue"|<br />
|align="center"| 1<br />
|align="center"| 62<br />
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2010|11|26}}<br />
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2011|06|25}}<br />
|align="center"| Fri-Sat<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:Yellow"|<br />
|align="center"| 2<br />
|align="center"| 32<br />
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2012|11|07}}<br />
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2013|02|21}}<br />
|align="center"| Wed-Thu<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:Red"|<br />
|align="center"| 3<br />
|align="center"| 16<br />
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|06|04}}<br />
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2023|09|17}}<br />
|align="center"| Sun<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Season 1 ==<br />
* [[Atul Kulkarni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title='खुपते तिथे गुप्ते'मध्ये अतुल कुलकर्णीच्या प्रेमाची गोष्ट|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-atul-kulkarni-in-khupte-tithe-gupte-4156377-PHO.html|access-date=2023-05-01|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref><br />
* [[Prakash Amte]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Magsaysay award winner Dr. Prakash Amte to feature on Zee Marathi's talk show 'Khupte Tithe Gupte'!|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/magsaysay-award-winner-dr-prakash-amte-to-feature-on-zee-marathis-talk-show-khupte-tithe-gupte.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501040350/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/magsaysay-award-winner-dr-prakash-amte-to-feature-on-zee-marathis-talk-show-khupte-tithe-gupte.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 May 2023|access-date=2023-05-01|website=Essel News Letter}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Season 2 ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! width=8% style="background:Yellow" |Episode No.<br />
! width=39% style="background:Yellow" |Guest<br />
! width=20% style="background:Yellow" |Aired date<br />
! width=5% style="background:Yellow" |Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|1<br />
|[[Narayan Rane]] and Neelam Rane<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|7 November 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Narayan Rane opens his heart for Sr. Thackeray in ‘Khupte Tithe Gupte’|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/narayan-rane-opens-his-heart-for-sr-thackeray-in-khute-tithe-gupte.php|access-date=2023-05-01|website=Marathi Movie World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayan Rane spills the beans on Zee Marathi's 'Khupte Tithe Gupte' |url=https://www.adgully.com/narayan-rane-spills-the-beans-on-zee-marathi-s-khupte-tithe-gupte-52393.html |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Adgully}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|2<br />
|[[Vaibhav Mangle]] and [[Bhalchandra Kadam]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|8 November 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|3<br />
|[[Aadesh Bandekar]] and [[Suchitra Bandekar]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|14 November 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|4<br />
|[[Shounak Abhisheki]] and Nandesh Umap<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|15 November 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|5<br />
|Umesh Kulkarni and [[Girish Kulkarni]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|21 November 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|6<br />
|[[Amruta Khanvilkar]] and Urmila Dhangar<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|22 November 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|7<br />
|[[Sumeet Raghavan]] and Chinmayi Sumeet<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|28 November 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|8<br />
|Padmanabh Gaikwad and [[Ketaki Mategaonkar]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|29 November 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|9<br />
|[[Rakhi Sawant]] and [[Sunil Pal]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|5 December 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|10<br />
|[[Spruha Joshi]] and Vikram Gaikwad<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|6 December 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|11<br />
|[[Varsha Usgaonkar]] and [[Rohini Hattangadi]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|12 December 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|12<br />
|[[Kavita Lad]] and [[Prashant Damle]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|13 December 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|13<br />
|[[Sai Tamhankar]] and [[Alka Kubal]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|19 December 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|14<br />
|[[Vaishali Samant]] and [[Ashok Hande]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|20 December 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|15<br />
|[[Prasad Oak]] and [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|26 December 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|16<br />
|[[Shubha Balsavar Khote|Shobha Khote]] and [[Viju Khote]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|27 December 2012<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|17<br />
|[[Pushkar Shrotri]] and Anand Ingale<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|2 January 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|18<br />
|[[Gauri Shinde]] and [[Abhinay Deo]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|3 January 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|19<br />
|[[Saleel Kulkarni|Salil Kulkarni]] and [[Sandeep Khare]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|9 January 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|20<br />
|Avinash Narkar and [[Aishwarya Narkar]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|10 January 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|21<br />
|[[Vishakha Subhedar]] and [[Supriya Pathare]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|16 January 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|22<br />
|[[Siddhartha Jadhav]] and Trupti Jadhav<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|17 January 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|23<br />
|[[Atul Kulkarni]] and [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|23 January 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|24<br />
|[[Sonalee Kulkarni]] and [[Ravi Jadhav]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|24 January 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|25<br />
|[[Bhargavi Chirmule]] and [[Bela Shende]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|30 January 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|26<br />
|[[Nilesh Moharir]] and Abhijit Khandkekar<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|31 January 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|27<br />
|[[Ajinkya Deo]] and [[Ashwini Bhave]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|6 February 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|28<br />
|[[Girija Oak]] and Nikhil Ratnaparkhi<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|7 February 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|29<br />
|[[Priya Marathe]] and [[Sharmishtha Raut]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|13 February 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|30<br />
|[[Priya Bapat]] and [[Umesh Kamat]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|14 February 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|31<br />
|[[Mohan Joshi]] and Savita Malpekar<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|20 February 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|32<br />
|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] and [[Medha Manjrekar]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|21 February 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Season 3 ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! width=8% style="background:Green" |Episode No.<br />
! width=39% style="background:Green" |Guest<br />
! width=20% style="background:Green" |Aired date<br />
! width=28% style="background:Green" |Notes<br />
! width=5% style="background:Green" |Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|*<br />
|[[Eknath Shinde]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"{{N/a}}<br />
|In promos<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra Chief Minister and politician Eknath Shinde to mark his presence in Khupte Tithe Gupte - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/maharashtra-chief-minister-and-politician-eknath-shinde-to-mark-his-presence-in-khupte-tithe-gupte/articleshow/100273558.cms|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Khupte Tithe Gupte host ask Maharashtra CM Eknath Shinde whom would you call Balasaheb Thackeray or Anand Dighe?, the latter says he would prefer a con call, watch - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/khupte-tithe-gupte-host-ask-maharashtra-cm-eknath-shinde-whom-would-you-call-balasaheb-thackeray-or-anand-dighe-the-latter-says-he-would-prefer-a-con-call-watch/articleshow/100351848.cms|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|1<br />
|[[Raj Thackeray]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|4 June 2023<br />
|2 Hours Episode<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raj Thackeray gets emotional on 'Khupte Tithe Gupte' seeing his old video with Balasaheb Thackeray and Uddhav Thackeray, says, "Don't know whose evil eye fell on us" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/raj-thackeray-gets-emotional-on-khupte-tithe-gupte-seeing-his-old-video-with-balasaheb-thackeray-and-uddhav-thackeray-says-dont-know-whose-evil-eye-fell-on-us/articleshow/100442796.cms|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Khupte Tithe Gupte Mahaepisode: Raj Thackeray's uncut and unseen episode to air soon, watch promo - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/khupte-tithe-gupte-mahaepisode-raj-thackerays-uncut-and-unseen-episode-to-air-soon-watch-promo/articleshow/100849232.cms|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='खुपते तिथे गुप्ते’ कार्यक्रमात अजित पवार यांचा व्हिडीओ पाहिल्यानंतर राज ठाकरे म्हणाले, 'बारामतीमधून काकांनी हात बाजूला केला तर यांचं काय होईल?'; प्रोमो व्हायरल|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/khupte-tithe-gupte-raj-thackeray-say-about-ajit-pawar-video-viral-1177975/amp|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=राज ठाकरे हे छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराजांना करणार फोन; ‘खुपते तिथे गुप्ते’ कार्यक्रमाचा प्रोमो व्हायरल|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/khupte-tithe-gupte-promo-viral-raj-thackeray-will-will-be-discus-on-various-topics-1180740/amp|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|2<br />
|[[Shreyas Talpade]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|11 June 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shreyas Talpade to grace Khupte Tithe Gupte's second episode, reveals a cameraman once called him 'panauti', watch promo - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shreyas-talpade-to-grace-khupte-tithe-guptes-second-episode-reveals-a-cameraman-once-called-him-panauti-watch-promo/articleshow/100770384.cms|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|3<br />
|[[Narayan Rane]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|18 June 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Politician Narayan Rane to grace the show soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/khupte-tithe-gupte-politician-narayan-rane-to-grace-the-show-soon/articleshow/100994870.cms|access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='तेव्हा मला बाळासाहेब ठाकरेंचा फोन आला होता'; ‘खुपते तिथे गुप्ते’ मध्ये नारायण राणेंनी सांगितला किस्सा|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/khupte-tithe-gupte-narayan-rane-talk-about-balasaheb-thackeray-1184487/amp|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|4<br />
|[[Sanjay Raut]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|25 June 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Politician Sanjay Raut to grace the Sunday special episode - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/khupte-tithe-gupte-politician-sanjay-raut-to-grace-the-sunday-special-episode/articleshow/101211491.cms|access-date=2023-06-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|5<br />
|[[Urmila Matondkar]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|2 July 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress-turned-politician Urmila Matondkar to feature in the upcoming episode - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/khupte-tithe-gupte-actress-turned-politician-urmila-matondkar-to-feature-in-the-upcoming-episode/articleshow/101331617.cms|access-date=2023-07-07|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's why actress Urmila Matondkar's mom was worried about her marriage - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/khupte-tithe-gupte-heres-why-actress-urmila-matondkars-mom-was-worried-about-her-marriage/articleshow/101369945.cms|access-date=2023-07-07|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|6<br />
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|9 July 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Road Transport & Highways minister Nitin Gadkari to grace 'Khupte Tithe Gupte', reveals what he dislikes about Uddhav Thackeray, Sharad Pawar; watch the promo - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/road-transport-highways-minister-nitin-gadkari-to-grace-khupte-tithe-gupte-reveals-what-he-dislikes-about-uddhav-thackeray-sharad-pawar-watch-the-promo/articleshow/101538141.cms|access-date=2023-07-07|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|7<br />
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|16 July 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=“उद्धव ठाकरे पाठीत खंजीर खुपसतात, तेव्हा अजित पवारांना सोबत घेऊन शपथ घ्यावी लागते”|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/devendra-fadnavis-in-khupte-tithe-gupte-programme-and-slams-uddhav-thackeray-and-sanjay-raut-a-a719/|access-date=2023-07-10|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="माझी पत्नी काहीही...", ३५ पुरणपोळ्यांच्या प्रश्नावर देवेंद्र फडणवीसांनी स्पष्टच सांगितलं|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/deputy-cm-devendra-fadnavis-talk-about-wife-amruta-fadnavis-35-puranpoli-statement-in-khupte-tithe-gupte-show-a-a971/|access-date=2023-07-31|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|8<br />
|[[Amol Kolhe]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|23 July 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=अमोल कोल्हेंनी कोणाला पाठवली डोकेदुखीची गोळी? फडणवीसांचं नाव घेत काढला पाणउतारा, म्हणाले... पाहा व्हिडिओ|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/watch-amol-kolhe-speaks-about-sharad-pawar-and-maharastra-politics-on-sets-of-khupte-tithe-gupte-show-video/729799|access-date=2023-07-22|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|9<br />
|[[Sai Tamhankar]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|30 July 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sai Tamhankar to grace Khupte Tithe Gupte's upcoming Sunday special episode - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sai-tamhankar-to-grace-khupte-tithe-guptes-upcoming-sunday-special-episode/articleshow/102130072.cms|access-date=2023-07-31|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=आयुष्याचा रोमान्स अन् दुपारच्या जेवणाचा किस्सा; जीवलग मैत्रीणीने केली सई ताम्हणकरची पोलखोल!|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/sai-tamhankas-best-friend-girija-oak-exposed-bad-behavior-in-khupte-tithe-gupte-show-marathi-news/732511|access-date=2023-07-31|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|10<br />
|[[Sameer Wankhede]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|6 August 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sameer Wankhede to appear in Khupte Tithe Gupte, says, "Threats from the underworld don't scare me", watch promo - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sameer-wankhede-to-appear-in-khupte-tithe-gupte-says-threats-from-the-underworld-dont-scare-me-watch-promo/articleshow/102388930.cms|access-date=2023-08-06|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=शाहरुखचा फोटो पाहून समीर वानखेडे म्हणाले, 'कोण आहे...', तर दीपिकाचा फोटो बघताच...|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/sameer-wankhede-in-khupte-tithe-gupte-show-talks-about-shahrukh-khan-and-deepika-padukone-a-a945/|access-date=2023-08-06|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|11<br />
|[[Vandana Gupte]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|13 August 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title='एका रिक्षावाल्यानं मला शिवी दिली...'; 'खुप्ते तिथे गुप्ते' मध्ये अभिनेत्री वंदना गुप्ते यांनी सांगितला किस्सा|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/khupte-tithe-gupte-vandana-gupte-tell-one-incident-in-show-1200045/amp|access-date=2023-08-20|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='खुप्ते तिथे गुप्ते' कार्यक्रमात अभिनेत्री वंदना गुप्ते लावणार हजेरी; रंगणार धारदार प्रश्नांसह, खुमासदार उत्तरांची मैफील!|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/actress-vandana-gupte-will-appear-in-the-program-khupte-tithe-gupte-1199125/amp|access-date=2023-08-20|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|12<br />
|[[Subodh Bhave]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|20 August 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=सुबोध भावे सांगणार काशीनाथ घाणेकरांचा बायोपिक नाकारण्यामागील कारण; ‘खुपते तिथे गुप्ते’चा नवा प्रोमो चर्चेत|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/marathi-actor-subodh-bhave-in-famous-marathi-talk-show-khupte-tithe-gupte-promo-avn-93-3852266/|access-date=2023-08-20|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|13<br />
|[[Jitendra Joshi]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|27 August 2023<br />
|10 pm<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=“आम्हाला उत आलाय का?” जितेंद्र जोशीचा अवधूत गुप्तेला प्रश्न, भर कार्यक्रमात म्हणाला “ही खुर्ची…”|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/marathi-actor-jitendra-joshi-angry-avdhoot-gupte-khupte-tithe-gupte-programme-watch-video-nrp-97-3869966/|access-date=2023-09-15|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|14<br />
|[[Amruta Khanvilkar]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|3 September 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘खुपते तिथे गुप्ते'मध्ये चंद्रमुखी लावणार हजेरी; अमृता खानविलकर देणार अवधूत गुप्तेच्या धारदार प्रश्नांना बिनधास्त आणि स्पष्ट उत्तरं|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/amruta-khanvilkar-in-avadhoot-gupte-show-khupte-tithe-gupte-promo-viral-1205345|access-date=2023-09-15|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|15<br />
|Abhijit Bichukale<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|10 September 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Netizens get disappointed seeing Abhijeet Bichukale as the next guest of the show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/khupte-tithe-gupte-netizens-get-disappointed-seeing-abhijeet-bichukale-as-the-next-guest-of-the-show/articleshow/103470764.cms|access-date=2023-09-15|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|16<br />
|[[Supriya Sule]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|17 September 2023<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Politician Surpriya Sule gets emotional seeing her old memories with brother Ajit Pawar, watch video - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/khupte-tithe-gupte-politician-surpriya-sule-gets-emotional-seeing-her-old-memories-with-brother-ajit-pawar-watch-video/articleshow/103605247.cms|access-date=2023-09-15|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Supriya Sule says Ajit Pawar is an efficient Deputy Chief Minister than Devendra Fadnavis, watch video - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/khupte-tithe-gupte-supriya-sule-says-ajit-pawar-is-an-adequate-deputy-chief-minister-than-devendra-fadnavis-watch-video/articleshow/103668702.cms|access-date=2023-09-15|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt10271074}}<br />
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/khupte-tithe-gupte-season-2/0-6-60 ''Khupte Tithe Gupte''] at [[ZEE5]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navaneetam&diff=450411Navaneetam2025-09-01T02:39:31Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Minor edits and structural improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|40th raga in the Melakarta}}<br />
{{Infobox ragam<br />
| name = Navaneetam<br />
| synonym =<br />
| image_name =<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| mela =<br />
| chakra =<br />
| type =<br />
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}<br />
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G1|R1|S}}<br />
| jeeva =<br />
| chhaya =<br />
| nyasa =<br />
| vishesha =<br />
| equivalent =<br />
| similar =<br />
}}<br />
{{Carnatic}}<br />
'''Navaneetam''' (pronounced navanītam, meaning ''the eternal new one'') is a [[rāga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 40th ''[[Melakarta]]'' rāgam (parent scale) in the 72 ''melakarta'' rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is called '''{{IAST|Nabhōmaṇi}}''' in [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school of Carnatic music.<ref name="dikshitar">''Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar Keertanaigal'' by Vidwan A Sundaram Iyer, Pub. 1989, Music Book Publishers, Mylapore, Chennai</ref><ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref><br />
Navaneetham is a Sanskrit word meaning fresh butter. 'Nava' meaning fresh (new) and 'neetham' meaning butter.<br />
<br />
==Structure and Lakshana==<br />
[[Image:Navaneetam scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|''Navaneetam'' scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]<br />
<br />
It is the 4th rāgam in the 7th ''chakra Rishi''. The mnemonic name is ''Rishi-Bhu''. The mnemonic phrase is ''sa ra ga mi pa dhi ni''.<ref name="ragas" /> Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):<br />
*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|foot=yes}}<br />
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G1|R1|S|foot=yes}}<br />
(this scale uses the notes ''shuddha rishabham, shuddha gandharam, prati madhyamam, chatushruti dhaivatam, kaisiki nishadam'')<br />
<br />
As it is a ''melakarta'' rāgam, by definition it is a [[sampurna raga|''sampūrṇa'' rāgam]] (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the ''prati madhyamam'' equivalent of ''[[Vanaspati (Raga)|Vanaspati]]'', which is the 4th ''melakarta'' rāgam.<br />
<br />
== ''Janya'' rāgams ==<br />
''Navanītam'' does not yet have a ''[[janya]]'' rāgam (derived scale) associated with it. See [[List of Janya Ragas#Navaneetam|List of ''janya'' rāgams]] for full list of ''janya'' scales.<br />
<br />
==Compositions==<br />
A few compositions set to ''Navaneetam'' scale are:<br />
<br />
*''Srinatha Sodarim'' and ''Nabhomani Chandragni Nayanam'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] in [[Sanskrit]]<br />
*''Lēmidelpa Peddalevāru'' by [[Thyagaraja]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in Navaneetham<br />
*''Nayeda Vanchana Seyakura'' by [[Thyagaraja]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in Nabhomani<br />
*''Sami Idhe Nalla Samayam'' by [[Koteeswara Iyer]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
*''Himātmajē Santatam Pāhimām'' by [[Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna]] in [[Sanskrit]]<br />
*''Umāpati Pāhi'' by [[Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
<br />
==Related rāgams==<br />
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.<br />
<br />
''Navaneetam's'' notes when shifted using ''[[Graha bhedam]]'', yields no other ''melakarta'' rāgam, like all 6 rāgams in the ''Rishi chakra'' (''[[Salagam]], [[Jalarnavam]], [[Jhalavarali]], [[Pavani (ragam)|Pavani]]'' and ''[[Raghupriya]]'' being the other 5). Only these rāgams have a gap of 3 notes anywhere in their scale, between G1 to M2. Such a gap does not occur in any other ''melakarta'' by definition. ''Graha bhedam'' is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the ''shadjam'' to the next note in the rāgam.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Portal|India|Music}}<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Melakarta ragas]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dheel_Dam&diff=496814Dheel Dam2025-08-02T22:56:06Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up a entry v1 - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Ancient dam in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox dam<br />
| name = Dheel Dam<br />
| image = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 12<br />
| mapframe-switcher = zooms<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| name_official = Dheel Dam<br />
| dam_crosses = <br />
| res_name = <br />
| location = [[Tapur]], [[Sawai Madhopur district]], [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| operator = <br />
| dam_length = <br />
| dam_height = <br />
| plant_hydraulic_head = <br />
| dam_width_base = <br />
| construction_began = <br />
| opening = <br />
| cost = <br />
| res_capacity_total = <br />
| res_catchment = <br />
| res_surface = <br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|13|22.48|N|76|7|1.79|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}<br />
| extra = <br />
}}'''Dheel Dam''' is an ancient dam located in [[Sawai Madhopur district]] of Rajasthan state, India.<ref>{{cite news|title=शिवाड़ दर्शन 8- टापुर का बांध (ढील बांध)|url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/shiwad-darshan-8-tapur-dam-deol-dam-1-3202258/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ढील बांध की नहरें क्षतिग्रस्त, irrigation को पानी मिलना मुश्किल|url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/dheel-dam-canals-damaged-water-difficult-for-irrigation-7865207/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rains continuing across Rajasthan: MeT|url=https://theprint.in/india/rains-continuing-across-rajasthan-met/1053138/}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022 Dam recorded the highest rainfall, 176mm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-07-24 |title=Rains continuing across Rajasthan: MeT |url=https://theprint.in/india/rains-continuing-across-rajasthan-met/1053138/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dams in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Sawai Madhopur district]]<br />
<br />
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{{Rajasthan-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binod_Mitter&diff=491794Binod Mitter2025-07-28T07:32:44Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: </p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
'''Sir Binod Chandra Mitter''', [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]] (2 February 1872 – 20 July 1930) was an Indian jurist.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
The son of the judge [[Romesh Chandra Mitra|Sir Romesh Chunder Mitter]] (or Mitra), Binod Mitter was a Member of the Council of the [[Governor of Bengal]] from 1910 to 1917, Standing Counsel to the Government of India from 1910 to 1916, and Advocate-General to the Government of Bengal in 1917.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=21 July 1930 |title=Sir Binod Mitter, Indian Jurist, Dead |pages=10 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/07/21/archives/sir-binod-mitter-indian-jurist-dead-appointed-by-king-last-year-to.html}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Who's Who|id=214197|title=Mitter, Rt Hon. Sir Binod Chandra|type=was}}</ref> He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1918.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
In 1929, Mitter was appointed as one of the salaried members of the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] and was sworn in as a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]]; he was the second Hindu to be appointed to the Privy Council, after [[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Lord Sinha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=21 July 1930 |title=Sir Binod Mitter |pages=17 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> He died in London the following year, leaving five sons and five daughters, having been unwell since his wife's death in May 1930.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitter, Binod}}<br />
[[Category:1930 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]<br />
[[Category:Lawyers awarded knighthoods]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Indian judges]]<br />
[[Category:1872 births]]<br />
[[Category:Lawyers from British India]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali knights]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulaal_Gota&diff=501336Gulaal Gota2025-07-10T21:55:55Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up some details v1 - done</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Short description|Traditional element of Holi in Jaipur}}<br />
The '''Gulaal Gota''' ([[Hindi]]: गुलाल गोटा, lit. 'color ball') is a small, [[spherical]] container made from [[Lac (resin)|lac]], filled with dry [[Gulal]] powder, used for celebrating the [[Hindu festival]] of [[Holi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Ashish |title=Social media drives demand for Jaipur's special gulal gota |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/social-media-drives-demand-for-jaipurs-special-gulal-gota/articleshow/108741297.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 March 2024}}</ref> It is a traditional element of Holi celebrations in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India, with a history dating back around 300 or 400 years.<ref name=Indianexpress>{{cite news |last1=Kulshrestha |first1=Parul |title=On Holi, a look at Jaipur's traditional celebrations with 'Gulaal Gota' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/holi-tradition-jaipur-gulaal-gota-history-9229158/ |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=22 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Khushendra |title=क्या है गुलाल गोटा, जयपुर की होली को खास बनाने वाली यह परपंरा 400 साल पुरानी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur/what-is-gulal-gota-jaipur-holi-2023-now-demand-increased-traditional-royal-family/articleshow/98254563.cms?story=7 |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=26 February 2023 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Richa |title=Gulaal gota makes a comeback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/love-sex/gulaal-gota-makes-a-comeback/articleshow/32015366.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The use of Gulal Gotas can be traced back to the time of the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur royal family]]. According to legends, Gulal Gotas were a favoured way for the royals to play Holi. These handcrafted balls are made by the [[Muslims|Muslim]] artisan community known as [[Manihar]]s in Jaipur.<ref name=Indianexpress/><ref>{{cite news |title=Rajasthan: Traditional 'Gulal Gota' preparations begin in Jaipur ahead of Holi |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/rajasthan-traditional-gulal-gota-preparations-begin-in-jaipur-ahead-of-holi20240321062824/ |publisher=[[Asian News International]] |date=21 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim families busy making gulal gota for Holi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/muslim-families-busy-making-gulal-gota-for-holi/articleshow/108720161.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Indian government has provided "artisan cards" to artisans of Gulaal Gota, granting them access to various benefits under government schemes. There is demand from Gulaal Gota makers who have asked for a [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag to safeguard their product and promote its unique regional identity.<ref name=Indianexpress/><br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The [[Lac (resin)|lac]], a resin secreted by [[lac insect]]s, is sourced from regions like [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=Indianexpress/> The artisans begin by boiling the lac in water to make it pliable. This softened lac is then shaped and coloured, with red, yellow, and green being the base colours used for further combinations. Once shaped and coloured, the lac is heated and blown into a small sphere with the help of a special tool called a Phunkni (blower). The final step involves filling these hollow lac spheres with dry gulal powder before sealing them. The production process is entirely manual and requires skilled artisans.<ref name=Indianexpress/><br />
<br />
== Holi ==<br />
During Holi celebrations, people throw Gulaal Gotas at each other. Upon impact, the lac shell breaks, releasing the coloured powder and creating an explosion of colour. Compared to throwing loose gulaal powder, Gulaal Gotas offer a more controlled and targeted way to play with colours.<ref name=Indianexpress/><br />
<br />
There are concerns about the continuity of this tradition as younger generations may not be as interested in pursuing this craft.<ref name=Indianexpress/><br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Gulal]]<br />
* [[Holi]]<br />
* [[Lac (resin)]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCR667RynyE Gulaal Gota for holi in Jaipur], aired on [[DD News]] in 2014<br />
* [https://www.gaonconnection.com/lead-stories/holi-gota-gulaal-rajasthan-jaipur-muslim-artisans-culture-india-rajput-rulers-51776 Jaipur’s Centuries Old Tradition of ‘Gulaal Gota’ Holi]<br />
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[[Category:Insect products]]<br />
[[Category:Holi]]<br />
[[Category:Jaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Jaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Jaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthani arts]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]<br />
[[Category:Geographical indications in Rajasthan]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_317_of_the_Constitution_of_India&diff=487603Article 317 of the Constitution of India2025-06-28T07:52:44Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Created redirect page</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Constitution of India#Structure]]<br />
[[Category:Articles of Part XIV of the Constitution of India]]<br />
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This page is a redirect page at present. If you wish to expand this '''Article '''of [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], do as follows:<br />
* Remove the "'''REDIRECT'''" line<br />
* Remove this message<br />
and you may then proceed with your page.</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suresh_Patel&diff=473998Suresh Patel2024-08-17T11:22:54Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: cleanup</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
'''Suresh Dhanjibhai Patel''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Patel was a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from 2014 to 2022 from the [[Maninagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maninagar constituency]] in Eastern side of [[Ahmedabad]] city. He was chosen as replacement of [[Narendra Modi]] who resigned from the seat to become [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/bjp-wins-maninagar-seat-in-gujarat-l-candidate-suresh-patel-says-thank-you-175383 |title=BJP wins Maninagar seat in Gujarat l Candidate Suresh Patel says 'thank you!' |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628070105/https://www.abplive.in/india-news/bjp-wins-maninagar-seat-in-gujarat-l-candidate-suresh-patel-says-thank-you-175383 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/gujaratbye2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=98 My neta]</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Suresh}}<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Ahmedabad]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
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{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_Baoria&diff=455672Van Baoria2024-07-25T03:09:54Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: basic enhance content after review also and corrected details after review</p>
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<div>{{onesource|date=May 2022}}<br />
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The '''Van Baoria''' are a [[scheduled tribe]] found in the state of [[Rajasthan]] in [[India]].<ref name=PIR>People of India Rajasthan Volume XXXVIII Part Two edited by B.K Lavania, D. K Samanta, S K Mandal & N.N Vyas pages 980 to 983 Popular Prakashan</ref><br />
<br />
==History and origin==<br />
According to their tribal traditions, when Lord [[Rama]] was looking for his spouse [[Sita]], he came across the Van Baoria. They claimed ignorance of [[Sita]], and as such were cursed by Rama to dwell in the jungle for eternity. The community is found in the districts of [[Alwar]], [[Jhunjhunu]], [[Bikaner]], Churu, Sikar and [[Ganganagar]]. They speak the [[Shekhawati language]].<ref name=PIR /><br />
<br />
The Van Baoria are strictly endogamous, and practice clan exogamy. Their main clans are the Vad Gujar, Param Veldo, Meowoti, Chandia and Gelot. They are a [[Hindu]] community, and their tribal deity is Kalka mata.<br />
The Van Baoria are essentially involved with hunting and gathering. Like many tribal communities in [[India]], they are undergoing a process of settlement and assimilation. Many are now employed as wage labourers, and their economic situation is extremely precarious.<ref name=PIR /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dalit]]<br />
* [[List of Scheduled castes in Rajasthan]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merchant_Engineering_College&diff=517446Merchant Engineering College2024-02-04T17:05:43Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Gujarat Technological University#Affiliated colleges]]<br />
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<div><br />
'''[[Ram Mandir]]''' is an under-construction temple at Ram Janmabhoomi in Ayodhya, India.<br />
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'''Ram Mandir''' ("temple of [[Rama]]") may also refer to:<br />
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* [[Ram Mandir, Bhubaneswar]], a temple in Bhubaneswar, India<br />
* [[Ram Mandir railway station]] in Mumbai, India; named after a local temple<br />
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{{disambig}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Federation_of_United_Nations_Associations&diff=464438Indian Federation of United Nations Associations2023-09-07T09:27:34Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: basic expand details per sources and corrected details per standard format</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Organization}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|{{one source|date=November 2013}}{{primary sources|date=November 2013}}{{no footnotes|date=November 2013}}}}<br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox UN<br />
| image = Emblem of the United Nations.svg<br />
| image_size = 120px<br />
| name = Indian Federation of United Nations Associations<br />
| map = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption =<br />
| type = <br />
| abbreviation = IFUNA<br />
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| leader_title = Head<br />
| leader_name = MRS. BIJOYA CHAKRABORTY <br> PRESIDENT<br />
| status = <br />
| formation = 1962<br />
| website = [http://www.ifuna.org www.ifuna.org]<br />
| parent_organization = NONE<br />
|<br />
|title=<br />
|publisher=<br />
|accessdate=<br />
|postscript=<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
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The '''Indian Federation of United Nations Associations''' is the leading independent policy authority on the [[United Nations]] in India and an India-wide grassroots membership organisation.<br />
<br />
Indian Federation of United Nations Associations ( IFUNA ) was established more than six decades ago. Indian Federation of United Nations Associations is affiliated with the World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA). IFUNA is the only body to represent India in the U.N. Forums. The 1st President of IFUNA was Late Smt. Vijaya Laxmi Pandit who represented India as President of the General Assembly of United Nations. A Galaxy of Luminaries had adorned the office of President of IFUNA.<br />
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== UNA members ==<br />
IFUNA has a network of affiliated State United Nations Associations in various states of the country such as Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat. Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[United Nations]]<br />
* [[United Nations Association]]<br />
* [[World Federation of United Nations Associations]]<br />
* [[League of Nations Union]]<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.ifuna.org Indian Federation of United Nations Associations]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Federation of United Nations Associations}}<br />
[[Category:1953 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 1953]]<br />
[[Category:World Federation of United Nations Associations]]<br />
[[Category:India and the United Nations]]<br />
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{{India-org-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visvasena&diff=544999Visvasena2023-08-21T13:14:51Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: put up stub</p>
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<div>{{Infobox royalty<br />
| image = [[File:Western_Satrap_Visvasena.jpg|300px]]<br>[[File:Visvasena coin legend in Brahmi.jpg|300px]]<br />
| alt = Visvasena<br />
| caption = {{center|Visvasena coin, and its legend in Brahmi, with a strike date (216) found on the obverse of some coins. The legend reads:<br>''Rājño Mahākshatrapasa Bhartṛidāmnaḥ putrasa Rājñaḥ Kshatrapasa Viçvasenasa''<br>"Of the Rajah and Satrap Visnasena, brother of the Rajah and Great Satrap [[Bhartrdaman]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhagvanlal |first1=Pandit |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |date=1834 |publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society |page=[https://archive.org/details/journalofroyalas2218roya/page/n696 659] |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofroyalas2218roya}}</ref> }}<br />
| succession = [[Western Satraps]]<br />
| reign = 293-304 CE<br />
| predecessor = [[Bhartrdaman]]<br />
| successor = [[Rudrasimha II]]<br />
| dynasty = <br />
| father = [[Rudrasena II]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Location map+<br />
|India <br />
|float = right<br />
|width = 300<br />
|caption = Western Satrap territory extended from the west coast of [[India]] to [[Vidisha]]/ [[Sanchi]] and [[Eran]], from the time of [[Rudrasena II]] (256–278) well into the 4th century.<ref name="Shaw 58">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR58 p58-59]</ref> Marital alliances with the [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Ikshvaku]] of southern India are mentioned in inscriptions at [[Nagarjunakonda]] (3rd century CE).<ref>"Another queen of Virapurusha was Rudradhara-bhattarika. According to D.C. Sircar she might have been related to Rudrasena II (c. a.d. 254-74) the Saka ruler of Western India" in {{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=P. Raghunadha |title=Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh |date=1993 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=9788120714953 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientmedievalh0000ragh/page/23 23] |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmedievalh0000ragh |url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=(India) |first1=Madhya Pradesh |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Ujjain |date=1982 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lo5hAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><br />
|nodiv = 1<br />
|mini = 1<br />
|relief=yes<br />
|places =<br />
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.53|N |long=77.82|E |label=[[Vidisha]]/ [[Sanchi]]|position=bottom |label_size=60}}<br />
{{location map~ |India |lat=24.09|N |long=78.16|E |label=[[Eran]]|position=right |label_size=60 }}<br />
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.17|N |long=75.79|E |label=[[Ujjain]]|position=top |label_size=60 }}<br />
{{location map~ |India |lat=21.71|N |long=72.99|E |label=[[Bharuch|Barigaza]]|position=top |label_size=60 }}<br />
{{location map~ |India |lat=20.553333|N |long=75.700278|E |label=[[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta<br><small>(Viśvasena coinage)</small>]]|position=bottom |label_size=60 |mark=Blue pog.svg}}<br />
{{location map~ |India |lat=16.521894|N |long=79.24285|E |label=[[Nagarjunakonda]]|position=bottom |label_size=60|mark=Purple pog.svg }}<br />
}} <br />
'''Viśvasena''' (Middle [[Brahmi]]: [[File:Visvasena in Brahmi.jpg|60px]] ''{{IAST|Vi-śva-se-na}}'', r.293–304 CE) was a ruler of the [[Western Satraps]], and the 22nd ruler of the Kshatrapa dynasty. He was the last Kshatrapa ruler of the [[Chastana]] family, brother and successor to [[Bhartrdaman]] and son of [[Rudrasena II (Western Satrap)|Rudrasena II]].<ref name="CSH">{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |publisher=CUP Archive |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
A coin of Visvasena was found in excavations at the [[Ajanta Caves]], in the burnt-brick monastery facing the caves on the right bank of the river [[Waghora]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitra |first1=Debala |title=Ajanta |date=2004 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ajanta00mitr/page/94 94]-95 |url=https://archive.org/details/ajanta00mitr}}</ref><br />
<br />
His successor was [[Rudrasimha II]].<ref name="CSH"/><br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4"><br />
File:Ajanta Visvasena.jpg|A coin of Visvasena, found in excavations at [[Ajanta Caves]].<br />
</gallery><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
* {{cite book |author=K. Krishna Murthy |title=Nāgārjunakoṇḍā: A Cultural Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gBSWyLTSzkC&pg=PA1 |year=1977 |publisher=Concept |oclc=4541213 }}<br />
<br />
{{Western Satraps}}<br />
[[Category:Western Satraps]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udaya_Movies_(Kannada)&diff=542320Udaya Movies (Kannada)2023-07-21T05:10:24Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: created redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Sun TV Network]]<br />
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<div>#REDIRECT [[2017 Bhopal–Ujjain Passenger train bombing]]</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhawanipur,_Sareni&diff=491103Bhawanipur, Sareni2023-06-17T01:41:27Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Starting New Entry V1</p>
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| name = Bhawanipur<br />
| native_name = <br />
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| other_name = Bhawānipur<br />
| nickname = <br />
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| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Sareni block map.png<br />
| map_caption = Map showing Bhawanipur (#734) in Sareni CD block<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.116167|N|80.824833|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref><br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 1.105<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 623<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = UP-35<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Bhawanipur''' is a village in [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=262–87 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 25&nbsp;km from [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], the [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 623 people, in 108 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities, and does not host a weekly [[haat]] or a permanent market.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Raipur, Sareni|Raipur]].<ref name="Census 1991"/><br />
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The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Bhawanipur as having a population of 283 people, in 54 households, and having an area of 114.39 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=142–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/><br />
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The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Bhawanipur as having a total population of 393 people (184 male and 209 female), in 61 households and 60 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 174–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 116 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 67, or 17% of the total; this group was 40% male (27) and 60% female (40).<ref name="Census 1991"/> No members of [[scheduled castes]] were recorded, while members of [[scheduled tribes]] made up 24% of the village's population.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 54% (110 men and 101 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 94 people were classified as main workers (79 men and 15 women), while 0 people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 299 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 48 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 25 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 5 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 3 employed in trade and commerce; 1 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 12 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Raebareli district}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]<br />
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{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khailshanker_Durlabhji&diff=462567Khailshanker Durlabhji2023-05-07T10:03:53Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: reworked references also and corrected details per sources</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian jeweller}}<br />
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{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
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'''Khailshanker Durlabhji''' (15 November 1912 – 13 February 1992<ref>{{cite web |title=Padmashri Khailshanker Durlabhji - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/padmashri-khailshanker-durlabhji/articleshow/57097873.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=7 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>) was a notable [[jeweller]] from [[Jaipur]] city in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]]. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] for his promotion of trade and contributions to medical services in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awardees |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Rajasthan |website=padmaawards.gov.in |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127205124/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Rajasthan |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padmashri Khailshanker Durlabhji - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/padmashri-khailshanker-durlabhji/articleshow/57097873.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Durlabhji, Khailshanker}}<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Jaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian jewellers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]<br />
[[Category:1912 births]]<br />
[[Category:1992 deaths]]<br />
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{{India-business-bio-stub}}</div>ABGRemona5804008https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalore_Venkata_Raman&diff=476770Bangalore Venkata Raman2019-02-25T12:48:13Z<p>ABGRemona5804008: Put up new stub initial version</p>
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