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List of Shia scholars of Islam

2026-05-27T16:08:55Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Added A Page

{{short description|None}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
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'''Shia scholars of Islam''' include:

== Alive ==

*[[Hossein Wahid Khorasani|Khorasani, Hossein Vahid]] (b. 1921)
*[[Hossein Noori Hamedani|Hamedani, Hossein Noori]] (b. 1925)
*[[Ahmad Jannati|Jannati, Ahmad]] (b. 1927)
*[[Mousa Shubairi Zanjani]] (b. 1927)
*[[Naser Makarem Shirazi]] (b. 1927)
*[[Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad|al-Fayyad, Mohammad Ishaq]] (b. 1930)
*[[Ali al-Sistani|al-Sistani, Ali]] (b. 1930)
*[[Mortada Al-Qazwini|al-Qazwini, Mortada]] (b. 1931)
*[[Muhammad Hussain Najafi|Najafi, Mohammad Hussain]] (b. 1932)
*[[Mohammad Ebrahim Jannaati|Jannaati, Mohammad Ebrahim]] (b. 1933)
*[[Reza Ostadi|Ostadi, Reza]] (b. 1937)
*[[Kazem al-Haeri|al-Haeri, Kazem]] (b. 1938)
*[[Ayatollah Bashir Najafi|Najafi, Bashir]] (b. 1942)
*[[Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi|Shirazi, Sadiq]] (b. 1942)
*[[Mohammad al-Tijani|al-Tijani, Mohammad]] (b. 1943)
*[[Ali Al-Kourani|al-Kourani, Ali]] (b. 1944)
*[[Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri|Nateq-Nouri, Ali Akbar]] (b. 1944)
*[[Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi|al-Modarresi, Muhammad Taqi]] (b. 1945)
*[[Ali Fallahian|Fallahian, Ali]] (b. 1945)
*[[Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha|Khoeiniha, Mohammad]] (b. 1945)
*[[Abdolhossein Moezi|Moezi, Abdolhossein]] (b. 1945)
*[[Mufaddal Saifuddin|Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin]] (b. 1946)
*[[Hadi al-Modarresi|al-Modarresi, Hadi]] (b. 1948)
*[[Hassan Rouhani|Rouhani, Hassan]] (b. 1948)
*[[Esmail Shooshtari|Shooshtari, Mohammad Ismaeil]] (b. 1949)
*[[Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi|Dorri-Najafabadi, Ghorbanali]] (b. 1950)
*[[Abdollah Noori|Noori, Abdollah]] (b. 1950)
*[[Allama Syed Jawad Naqvi|Naqvi, Jawad]] (b. 1952)
*[[Majid Ansari|Ansari, Majid]] (b. 1954)
*[[Abdolvahed Mousavi-Lari|Mousavi-Lari, Abdolvahed]] (b. 1954)
*[[Ali Younesi|Younesi, Ali]] (b. 1955)
*[[Mohsen Araki|Araki, Mohsen]] (b. 1956)
*[[Gholam Hossein Mohseni-Ejehei|Mohseni-Ejehei, Gholam Hossein]] (b. 1956)
*[[Khosrow Bagheri|Bagheri, Khosrow]] (b. 1957)
*[[Aga Syed Yusuf Al-Moosavi Al-Safavi|Aga Syed Yousuf Kashmiri]]
*[[Aga Syed Mustafa Moosavi|Aga Syed Mustafa]]
*[[Mulla Muhammad Muqim|Mulla Muhammad Muqim-al Bahreni-al Kashmiri ( ملا محمد مقيم البحريني الكشميري )]]
*[[Hossein Kazemeyni Boroujerdi|Boroujerdi, Hossein Kazemeyni]] (b. 1958)
*[[Mohsen Kadivar]] (b. 1959)
*[[Mohammad Ali Abtahi|Abtahi, Mohammad Ali]] (b. 1960)
*[[Ahmad Khatami|Khatami, Ahmad]] (b. 1960)
*[[Mostafa Pour-Mohammadi]] (b. 1960)
*[[Reza Hosseini Nassab|Nassab, Reza Hosseini]] (b. 1960)
*[[Ayatollah Mohammad Yaqubi|Yaqubi, Mohammad]] (b. 1960)
*[[Mansour Leghaei|Leghaei, Mansour]] (b. 1962)
*[[Syed Aqeel-ul-Gharavi|al-Gharavi, Aqeel]] (b. 1964)
*[[Ali Salman|Salman, Ali]] (b. 1965)
*[[Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi Qumi|Naqvi, Ali Naqi]] (b. 1970)
*[[Maulana Syed Hamidul Hasan|Hasan, Hamidul]]
*[[Abdol-Hamid Masoumi-Tehrani|Masoumi-Tehrani, Abdol-Hamid]]
*[[Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir|al-Saghir, Jalal al-Din Ali]]

==Deceased==
{{incomplete list|date=July 2023}}

===7th century===
*[[Sulaym ibn Qays]] al-Hilālī al-ʿĀmirī (died c.695)
*Sa'īd b. Jubayr b. Hishām al-Asadī al-Wālibī (665–714)
*Asim b. Bahdala Abi l-Najud al-Asadi al-Kufi (b. between 661 and 680, died 744–746)
*Abān b. Abī ʿAyyāsh (Fīrūz) al-Baṣrī al-Tābiʿī, known as Aban b. Abi 'Ayyash (died 746–757)
*Abū Saʿīd Abān b. Rubāḥ al-Bakrī al-Jurayrī al-Kindī al-Rabaʿī al-Kūfī, known as Aban b. Taghlib (died c.758)
*Sulayman b. Mihran al-A'mash al-Kufi, known as A'mash Kufi (680-c.765)
*Zurāra b. Aʿyan b. Sunsun al-Shaybānī al-Kūfī, known as Zurara b. A'yan (c.690 - c.767)
*Maʿrūf b. Kharrabūdh (b. in the second half of the seventh century)
*Al-Fudayl b. Yasar al-Nahdi al-Basri, known as Al-Nahdi (b. in the late seventh century)

===8th century===
*[[Abu Mikhnaf]] (died 774)
*Burayd b. Muʿāwiya al-ʿIjlī (died before 765)
*[[Abu Hamza al-Thumali|al-Thumali, Abu Hamzah]] (d. 767)
*Yahya b. Abi l-Qasim al-Asadi, known as [[Abu Basir al-Asadi]] (died 767)
*Muḥammad b. Muslim al-Thaqafī al-Kūfī (died 767)
*Abū Mūsā [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]] (c.721 – c.815)
*Yunus b. 'Abd al-Rahman (723–819)
*Ṣafwān b. Yaḥyā al-Bajalī (died 825)
*Abū Aḥmad Muḥammad b. Abī ʿUmayr b. Zīyad b. ʿĪsā al-Azdī (died 832)
*[[Bazanti|Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Abi Nasr al-Bazanti]] (769–836)
*Hasan b. Mahbub (766–839)
*Al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Faḍḍāl al-Taymulī al-Kūfī (died 839)
*Al-Sayyid ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī, known as Sayyid al-Karīm and Shah ʿAbd al-ʿAzīm (789–866)
*ʿAlī b. Mahziyār al-Ahwāzī al-Dawraqī (b. in the middle of the 8th century)
*Faddala b. Ayyub al-Azdi al-Ahwazi (b. in the middle of the 8th century)

===9th century===
*Abu 'Ali Hasan b. 'Arafa al-'Abdi al-Baghdadi (died 870)
*Abū Muḥammad Faḍl b. Shādhān b. Khalīl al-Azdī al-Nīshābūrī (died 873)
*[[Al-Kindi]] (died 873)
*Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. Mahzīyār al-Ahwāzī (c.811 - c.879)
*Abu Ja'far Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Malik al-Daqiqi al-Wasiti (died 879)
*Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Isa al-Ash'ari (died c. 890)
*Abu Hatam Muhammad b. Idris al-Razi (died 890)
*Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi (c.815 - c.887/894)
*[[Ya'qubi]] (died 898)
*[[Ahmad ibn A'tham]] (died 926)
*[[Ali ibn Babwayh Qummi|Qummi, Ali ibn Babwayh]] (died c.940)
*[[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni|al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya‘qub]] (864–941)
*[[Al-Farabi]] (c.872-950)
*[[Mohammad ibn Umar Kashshi|Muhammad b. 'Umar al-Kashshi]] (died c. 951)
*Muhammad b. al-Hasan b. Ahmad, known as Ibn al-Walid al-Qummi (c.883-954)
*[[Al-Masudi]] (c. 896–956)
*Muhammad b. Yahya al-'Attar al-Qummi (lived late of ninth century until the half of the tenth century)
*Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi (lived during the second half of the ninth and beginning of tenth centuries)
* [[Abdullah ibn Ja'far al-Himyari]] (lived in 9th century)
*Sa'd b. 'Abd Allah al-Ash'ari al-Qummi (lived in 9th century)
*Husayn b. Sa'id al-Ahwazi (b. before 817–868)

===10th century===

*Abu Muhammad Harun b. Musa b. Ahmad al-Talla'ukbari (b. c.900)
*[[Ibn Qulawayh]] (died c. 979)
*[[Ibn Babawayh|Ibn Babwayh (Shaykh al-Saduq)]] (923–991)
*[[Ibn al-Nadim]] (died c. 995)
*[[Al-Sharif al-Radi]] (970–1015)
*[[Shaykh al-Mufid|Muhammad al-Baghdadi (Shaykh al-Mufid)]] (948–1022)
*Ahmad b. 'Abd al-Wahid b. Ahmad, known as Ibn Hashir (d.1032)
*Abu Noaym Ahámad b. Abdallah Esfahani (d. 1038 AD)
*[[Sharif al-Murtaza]] (965–1044)
*[[Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi]] (982–1058)
*[[Shaykh Tusi|Tusi, Abu Ja‘far]] (995–1067)
*[[Ibn Jonayd Eskafi]] (b. 902)
*[[Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi|Muhammad b. Mas'ud al-'Ayyashi Sullami Samarqandi]] (lived in 10th century)

===11th century===

*Aḥmad Ibn ʿAyyāsh al-Jawharī (d. 1010)
*Muḥammad al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, (al-Sayyid al-Raḍī) (d. 1015)
*Muḥammad al-Qummī (Ibn Shādhān) (d. 1029)
*[[Shaykh Tabarsi|al-Tabarsi, Fadhl ibn Hasan]] (1093–1153)
*[[Ibn Shahr Ashub|Ashub, Ibn Shahr]] (1095–1192)
*[[Abu al-Futuh al-Razi]] (b. 1077)

===12th century===

*Abū al-Wafā Abd al-Jabbār al-Rāzī (d. 1110)
*Abū al-Ḥasan Alī al-Fanjkirdī al-Nayshābūrī (d. 1119)
*Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (d. 1121)
*Abū Manṣūr Aḥmad al-Ṭabrisī (author of al-Iḥtijāj) (d. 1192)
*[[Sayyed Ibn Tawus]] (1193–1266)

===13th century===

*[[Nasir al-Din Tusi|Tusi, Nasir al-Din]] (1201–1274)
*[[Muhaqqiq al-Hilli]] (c.1205–1277)
*[[Maitham Al Bahrani|al-Bahrani, Maytham]] (1238–1299)
*[[Allamah Al-Hilli|al-Hilli, Jamal al-Din Hasan (Allamah)]] (1250–1325)

===14th century===

* Khalīfa al-Māzandarānī (d. 1335)
* Amīd al-Dīn al-A'rajī (d. 1353)
* Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Kāshī (d. 1354)
* Muḥammad al-Ḥillī (Fakhr al-Muḥaqqiqīn) (d. 1369)

===15th century===

* Izz al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan al-Āmilī (d. 1399)
* Ḥāfiẓ Rajab Bursī (d. 1410)
* Jamāl al-Dīn al-Baḥrānī (Ibn al-Mutawwaj) (d. 1416)
* Zayn al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Alī (Ṣāḥib al-Ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm) (d. 1472)

=== 16th century ===

*[[Mir Damad|Asterabadi, Muhammad Baqir (Mir Damad)]] (d. 1631)
*[[Mulla Sadra|Shirazi, Sadr al-Din Muhammad (Mullah Sadra)]] (1571–1640)
*al-Majlisi, Muhammad Taqi (Al-Majlisi al-Awwal) (1594–1660)

===17th century===

*[[Allamah al-Majlisi|al-Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir (Allamah)]] (1616–1689)
*[[Shaikh al-Hur al-Aamili|al-Āmili, Hur]] (1624–1693)
*[[Seyyed Nematollah Jazayeri|al-Jaza'iri, Ni'matullah]] (1640–1700)
*[[Abdullah al Samahiji|al-Samahiji, Abdullah]] (1675–1723)
*[[Nasrallah al-Haeri|al-Haeri, Nasrallah]] (1696–1746)
*[[Yusuf Al Bahrani|al-Bahrani, Yusuf]] (1695–1772)

===18th century===
*[[Muhammad Baqir Behbahani|Behbahani, Muhammad Baqir]] (1706–1792)

===19th century===
*[[Murtada al-Ansari|al-Ansari, Murtada]] (d. 1864)
*[[Hamid Hussain Musavi|Musavi, Hamid Husayn]] (1830 - 1880)
*[[Grand Ayatollah Abdullah Shirazi|Shirazi, Abdullah]] (1892–1984)
*[[Mir-Fatah-Agha|Tabrizi, Mir-Fatah-Agha]] (??-1892)
*[[Mirza Hassan Shirazi|Shirazi, Mirza Hasan]] (1814–1896)
*[[Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani|Khorasani, Muhammad Kazim]] (1839–1911)
*[[Ismail as-Sadr|al-Sadr, Ismail]] (??-1920)
*[[Haydar al-Sadr|al-Sadr, Haydar]] (1891–1937)
*[[Hassan Modarres|Modarres, Hasan]] (1870–1937)
*[[Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi|Yazdi, Abdul Karim Haeri]] (1859–1937)
*[[Najmul Hasan|Hasan, Najmul]] (1863–1938)
*[[Sheykh Muhammad Hossein Qaravi Esfahani|Esfahani, Muhammad Hossein Qaravi]] (1879–1942)
*[[Hassan Roshdieh|Roshdieh, Hasan]] (1851–1944)
*[[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali, Abdullah]] (1872–1953)
*[[Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani|Kashani, Abul Qasim]] (1884–1961)
*[[Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi|Borujerdi, Husayn]] (1875–1962)
*[[Muhsin al-Hakim|al-Hakim, Muhsin]] (1889–1970)
*[[Sultanu'l-Wa'izin Shirazi|Shirazi, Sultanu'l-Wa'izin]] (1894–1971)
*[[Mahdi Puya|Yazdi, Mahdi Puya]] (1899–1973)
*[[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei|Tabatabaei, Muhammad Husayn]] (1892–1981)
*[[Syed Safdar Hussain Najafi|Naqvi, Najafi, Syed Safdar Hussain]] (1932–1989)
*[[Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei|al-Khoei, Abul Qasim]] (1899–1992)
*[[Mohammad Reza Golpaygani|Golpaygani, Muhammad Reza]] (1898–1993)
*[[Mohammad Ali Araki|Araki, Muhammad Ali]] (1895–1994)
*[[Rahim Arbab|Arbab, Rahim]] (1874-??)
*[[Sadr al-Din bin Saleh|ibn Salih, Sadr al-Din]] (1848-??)

===20th century===
*[[Sadr al-Din al-Sadr|al-Sadr, Sadr al-Din]] (1882–1954)
*[[Syed Ahmed Rizvi Kashmiri (1901–1964)|Rizvi, Ahmad (1901–1964)]]
*[[Syed Mohsin Nawab Rizvi|Rizvi, Mohsin Nawab]] (1911–1969)
*[[Sheikh Abdul Hosein Amini|Amini, Abdul Hosein]] (1902–1970)
*[[Allamah Rasheed Turabi|Turabi, Allamah Rasheed]] (1908–1973)
*[[Musa al-Sadr|al-Sadr, Musa]] (1929–1978)
*[[Mahmoud Taleghani|Taleghani, Mahmoud]] (1911–1979)
*[[Morteza Motahhari|Motahhari, Morteza]] (1920–1979)
*[[Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr|al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir]] (1935–1980)
*[[Mohammad Beheshti|Beheshti, Muhammad]] (1928–1981)
*[[Mohammad-Javad Bahonar|Bahonar, Muhammad Javad]] (1933–1981)
*[[Kazem Shariatmadari|Shariatmadari, Kazem]] (1904–1985)
*[[Kalbe Abid|Naqvi, Kalbe Abid]] (1923–1986)
*[[Al Shami, Hussian Hadi]] (1920–2008)
*[[Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi|Naqvi, Ali Naqi]] (1905–1988)
*[[Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini, Ruhullah]] (1900–1989)
*[[Abbas al-Musawi|al-Musawi, Abbas]] (1952–1992)
*Naqvi, Aqa Hasan (1935–1996)
*[[Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr|al-Sadr, Muhammad Muhammad Sadiq]] (1943–1999)
*[[Allama Syed Zeeshan Haider Jawadi|Jawadi, Syed Zeeshan Haider]] (1938–2000)
*[[Mohammad Mehdi Shamseddine|Shamseddine, Muhammad Mehdi]] (1936–2001)
*[[Mohammad al-Shirazi|Shirazi, Muhammad]] (1928–2001)
*[[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi|Rizvi, Sa'id Akhtar]] (1927–2002)
*[[Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi|Rizvi, Syed Ali Akhtar]] (1948–2002)
*[[Sadegh Khalkhali|Khalkhali, Sadegh]] (1927–2003)
*[[Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim|al-Hakim, Muhammad Baqir]] (1939–2003)
*[[Abdul Majid al-Khoei|al-Khoei, Abdul Majid]] (1962–2003)
*[[Ahmed Al-Waeli|al-Waeli, Ahmed]] (1928–2003)
*[[Mohammad Va'ez Abaee-Khorasani|Abaee-Khurasani, Muhammad Va'ez]] (1940–2004)
*[[Abdul Amir al-Jamri|al-Jamri, Abdul Amir]] (1937–2006)
*[[Allama Mustafa Hussain Ansari|Ansari, Mustafa Hussain (1945–2006)]]
*[[Mirza Javad Tabrizi|Tabrizi, Mirza Javad]] (1926–2006)
*[[Murtada Sharif 'Askari|'Askari, Murtada Sharif]] (1914–2007)
*[[Mohammad Fazel Lankarani|Lankarani, Muhammad Fazel]] (1931–2007)
*[[Mohammad Reza Tavassoli|Tavassoli, Mohammad Reza]] (1931–2008)
*[[Abdul Aziz al-Hakim|al-Hakim, Abdul Aziz]] (1952–2009)
*[[Mohammad Taghi Bahjat Foumani|Foumani, Muhammad Taghi Bahjat]] (1913–2009)
*[[Hossein-Ali Montazeri|Montazeri, Hossein-Ali]] (1922–2009)
*[[Mohammad Hussein Fadlullah|Fadhlullah, Muhammad Husayn]] (1935–2010)
*[[Abbasali Amid Zanjani|Zanjani, Abbasali Amid]] (1937–2011)
*[[Gholamreza Rezvani|Rezvani, Gholamreza]] (1922–2013)
*[[Mohammed Burhanuddin|Burhanuddin, Mohammed]] (1915–2014)
*[[Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani|Mahdavi Kani, Mohammad Reza]] (1931–2014)
*[[Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum|Bahr al-Ulloum, Mohammad]] (1923–2015)
*[[Abdul Karim Mousavi Ardebili|Ardebili, Abdul Karim Mousavi]] (1926–2016)
*[[Abbas Vaez Tabasi|Tabasi, Abbas Vaez]] (1935–2016)
*[[Javad Gharavi Aliari|Aliari, Javad Gharavi]] (1935–2018)
*[[Husain Mohammad Jafri|Jafri, Husain Mohammad]] (1923–2019)
*[[Mohaqiq Kabuli|Kabuli, Qurban Ali]] (1928–2019)
*[[Mohammad Shahroudi|Shahroudi, Mohammad]] (1925–2019)
*[[Ibrahim Amini Najafabadi|Najafabadi Ibrahim Amini]] (1925–2020)
*[[Dr. Kalbe Sadiq|Sadiq, Kalbe]] (1939–2020)
*[[Yousef Sanei|Sanei, Yousef]] (1937–2020)
*[[Mohammad-Ali Taskhiri|Taskhiri, Mohammad-Ali]] (1944–2020)
*[[Mohammad Yazdi|Yazdi, Mohammad]] (1931–2020)
*[[Mohammad Saeed Al-Hakim|al-Hakim, Mohammad Saeed]] (1936–2021)
*[[Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi|Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammad Taghi]] (1934–2021)
*[[Ali Akbar Mohtashami-Pur|Mohtashami-Pur, Ali Akbar]] (1947–2021)
*[[Syed Kalbe Hussain|Naqvi, Kalbe Husayn]]
*[[Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani|Golpaygani, Lotfollah Safi]] (1919–2022)
*[[Mohammad Reyshahri|Reyshahri, Mohammad]] (1946–2022)
*[[Sadeq Rohani|Rohani, Sadeq]] (1926–2022)
*[[Hassan Sane'i|Sane'i, Hassan]] (1934–2023)
*[[Mohammad Emami Kashani|Emami, Mohammad]] (1931–2024)
*[[Ali Khamenei|Khamenei, Ali]] (1939-2026)

==See also==
* [[Lists of maraji]]
* [[List of ayatollahs]]
* [[List of hujjatul Islams]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shia scholars of Islam| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Muslims|Shia]]

Md. Matibur Rahaman

2026-05-06T15:42:40Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Done - done

{{orphan|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammed Matibur Rahaman
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapur]]
| predecessor = Tajmul Hossain
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Mohammed Matibur Rahaman''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapur]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Md. Matibur Rahaman(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- HARISCHANDRAPUR(MALDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=380 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Md. Matibur Rahaman (AITC) Candidate from HARISCHANDRAPUR Constituency, Md. Matibur Rahaman Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/west-bengal/candidate-md-matibur-rahaman-7342 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahaman, Mohammed Matibur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]

Veedu Mamoolodu Kadu

2026-05-06T04:18:50Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Starting basic info first draft.

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veedu Mamoolodu Kadu
| image = Veedu Mamoolodu Kadu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Ravi Sarma
| writer = Madhusri (dialogues)
| screenplay = Ravi Sarma
| story = Ravi Sarma
| based_on = 
| producer = Boddham Ashok Yadav
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Richard Rishi|Rishi]]
*[[Gopika]]
*Vijay Samrat
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vasu
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Sri Dinesh Bros
| distributor = Sri Kalpana Arts
| released = {{Film date|2008|2||df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Veedu Mamoolodu Kadu''''' ({{Translation|He is not an ordinary man}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Ravi Sarma and starring [[Richard Rishi|Rishi]], [[Gopika]] and Vijay Samrat. The film was dubbed in Malayalam as ''Rajamudra'' and was released to negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Richard Rishi|Rishi]] as Rishi
*[[Gopika]] as Swathi
*Vijay Samrat as Chakri
*[[MS Narayana]] as Chakri's uncle
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Anand
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*[[Lakshmipati (actor)|Lakshmipati]]
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*Charan
*Jogi Naidu as Rishi's friend
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]] as astrologer
*[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao|Kondavalasa]] as Science professor
*[[Babu Mohan]] as police inspector
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Swathi's grandfather
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as priest
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Lakshmi, Chakri's mother
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Swathi's mother
*Alapati Lakshmi as Swathi's grandmother
*Banda Jyothi
*[[Mumaith Khan]] as an item number in "Mysamma"
*[[Abhinayashree]] as Shalu
;Guest appearances
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Swathi's father
*[[Bhanu Chander]] as Chakri's father
*[[Prasad Babu]] as Advocate
}}

== Production ==
The film is a triangular love story between [[Richard Rishi|Rishi]], [[Gopika]] and Vijay Samrat's characters. The film delves into the question of what makes a man perfect. Gopika signed the film in hopes that it will help solidify her Telugu film career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gopika-looks-for-perfection/articleshow/2453755.cms|title=Gopika looks for perfection!|date=13 October 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 April 2025|archive-date=14 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414071008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gopika-looks-for-perfection/articleshow/2453755.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After the failure of his debut film ''Something Special'' (2006), Samrat rechristened himself as Vijay Samrat for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/samrat-tries-name-game-too/articleshow/2481573.cms|title=Samrat tries 'name-game' too|date=23 October 2007|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8K5Q-Ct_n8|title=Veedu Maamulodu Kaadu Telugu Movie Video Songs Jukebox || Rishi, Gopika|date=3 October 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref>
*"Hai Hai"
*"Kamala Pandu"
*"Mysamma"
*"Prema Prema"
*"Tappuledu"

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "the film is a pucca formulaic project, lacking creativity and even the minimum levels of convincement".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/veedu-mamoolodukadu-review-telugu-pclw4Sceeacga.html|title=Veedu Mamoolodukadu|date=3 October 2008|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421030548/https://m.sify.com/movies/veedu-mamoolodukadu-review-telugu-pclw4Sceeacga.html|archive-date=21 April 2021|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]

Gaighata Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T06:51:16Z

AAZAMAZEEM: new basic post initial version.

{{About|the assembly constituency in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake community development block|Gaighata|2 its namesake village|Gaighata, North 24 Parganas}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gaighata
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Gaighata.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Gaighata Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bangaon]]
| constituency_no = 97
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Subrata Thakur]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 252,053
}}

'''Gaighata Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 97 Gaighata Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Gobardanga]] municipality, Dharmapur I, Dharmapur II, [[Ichapur]] I, Ichapur II, Jaleswar I, Shimulpur and Sutia [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Gaighata]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Bergum I, Bergum II and [[Maslandapur|Machhalandpur]] I gram panchayats of [[Habra I (Community development block)|Habra I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 15 October 2010 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-date = 18 September 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

Gaighata Assembly constituency (SC) is part of No. 14 [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 15 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-date = 6 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006140327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| C. Mitra
| {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Parul Saha
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" | Chandi Pada Mitra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Kanti Biswas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Prabir Banejee
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Manmatha Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jyotipriya Mallick]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Manjul Krishna Thakur]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Pulin Bihari Ray]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Subrata Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Gaighata}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Subrata Thakur]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=121,322|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narottam Biswas|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=73,639|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sajal Biswas|party=Communist Party of India|votes=9,003|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anil Kumar Pandey|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,097|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=994|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=47,683|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 election, [[Subrata Thakur]] of BJP defeated his nearest rival NAROTTAM BISWAS of AITC.
{{Election box begin| title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Gaighata<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web| url = https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS2597.htm?ac=97| title = Election Commission of India| access-date = 6 May 2021| archive-date = 24 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624010146/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS2597.htm?ac=97| url-status = live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Subrata Thakur]]
|votes = 100,808
|percentage = 47.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=NAROTTAM BISWAS|votes=91,230|percentage=42.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=KAPIL KRISHNA THAKUR|votes=14,838|percentage=6.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=BEAUTY SARKAR|votes=1,385|percentage=0.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=NANIBALA BISWAS (DAS)|votes=814|percentage=0.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = independent
|candidate = TUSHAR KANTI HALDER
|votes = 686
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = independent
|candidate = DR. SAJAL BISWAS
|votes = 1526
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = independent
|candidate = BISWAJIT ROY
|votes = 547
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=1409|percentage=0.66|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=213243|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Gaighata (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| title =General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work =Constituency-wise Data| publisher =Election Commission| access-date =13 August 2014| archive-date =4 April 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140404205355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=97| title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011| work = Gaighata| publisher = Empowering India| access-date = 24 April 2011| archive-date = 27 March 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191527/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=97| url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Pulin Bihari Ray|votes=93812|percentage=48.62%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Kapil Krishna Thakur|votes=64240|percentage=33.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sankar Thakur|votes=28796|percentage=14.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=NOTA|votes=1587|percentage=0.82%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anil Bairagi
|votes = 1502
|percentage =0.78%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = independent
|candidate = Nandita Mondal
|votes = 1388
|percentage =0.72%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=192949|percentage=86.02%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Nanibala Biswas ( Das)|votes=917|percentage=0.48|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Bikash Biswas|votes=707|percentage=0.37%|change=}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Majulkrishna Thakur of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Monoj Kanti Biswas of CPI.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Gaighata (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| title =General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work =Constituency-wise Data| publisher =Election Commission| access-date =13 August 2014| archive-date =4 April 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140404205355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=97| title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011| work = Gaighata| publisher = Empowering India| access-date = 24 April 2011| archive-date = 27 March 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191527/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=97| url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Majulkrishna Thakur]]
|votes = 91,487
|percentage = 55.58
|change = +5.15#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Monoj Kanti Biswas
|votes = 66,040
|percentage = 40.12
|change = -5.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sukharanjan Bepari
|votes = 3,440
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mahendra Gain
|votes = 1,436
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suman Laha
|votes = 1,249
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = independent
|candidate = Tikendrajit Bharati
|votes = 946
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 164,598
|percentage = 88.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 10.82#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =13 August 2014 | archive-date =6 October 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141006185506/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref> and 2001 state assembly elections<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =13 August 2014 | archive-date =5 March 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154127/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>[[Jyotipriya Mallick]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Gaighata assembly seat defeating Manmatha Roy of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] on both occasions. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014 | archive-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160807000235/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Manmatha Roy of CPI(M) defeated Prabir Banerjee of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. In 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work = Constituency-wise Data| publisher = Election Commission| access-date = 13 August 2014| archive-date = 4 April 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202029/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> Prabir Banejee of Congress defeated Kanti Biswas of CPI(M). Kanti Biswas of CPI(M) defeated Radha Prasad Biswas of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014 | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020807/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Mira Mitra of Congress in 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014 | archive-date = 4 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160804205406/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> and Radha Prasad Biswas of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014 | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154628/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp86.htm | title = 86 - Gaighata Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India | access-date = 15 October 2010 | archive-date = 28 September 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120928121553/http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp86.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>

===1967-1972===
Chandi Pada Mitra of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014 | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014 | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305090722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Parul Saha of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf| title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work = Constituency-wise Data| publisher = Election Commission| access-date = 13 August 2014| archive-date = 6 August 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160806235817/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> C.Mitra of Bangla Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf | title = General Elections, Inda, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014 | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015745/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Prior to that the Gaighata seat was not there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]

Serchhip Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T09:41:20Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Starting some article from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Serchhip
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Serchhip highlighted).png
| district = [[Serchhip district|Serchhip]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 1972
| constituency_no = 26
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Lalduhawma1.jpg
| mla = [[Lalduhoma]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Mizoram]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Zoram People's Movement}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:15906}}
}}
'''Serchhip''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archive-date=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> it has been a constituency since the first elections in the state in [[1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1972]].<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3654-mizoram-1972/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>

It is part of [[Serchhip district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Vaivenga
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1978 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Thanmawii
|{{Full party name with color|Mizoram People's Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1979 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1979]]
|Bualhranga
|-
|[[1984 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|rowspan=4|[[Lal Thanhawla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|K. Thangzuala
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|rowspan=3|[[Lal Thanhawla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report |date= |author= |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=3| [[Lalduhoma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2021 elections in India#Mizoram|2021]]{{note|2021}}
| {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

{{note label|2021|a|1}} By-election due to the disqualification of Lalduhawma from the legislature in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mizoram-mla-who-was-indira-gandhis-security-chief-disqualified/article33191798.ece |title=Mizoram Assembly Speaker disqualifies Zoram People's Movement MLA Lalduhoma |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 November 2020 |author=Rahul Karmakar |accessdate= 3 May 2021}}</ref>

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Serchhip}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalduhoma]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 8314
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = J. Malsawmzuala Vanchhawng
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5332
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = R. Vanlaltluanga
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4241
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = K. Vanlalruati
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 97
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lalawmpuia Renthlei
|party = Independent
|votes = 69
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramhlun Edena
|party = Independent
|votes = 21
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 54
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2982
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 18128
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Zoram People's Movement
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 by-election ===
{{Election box begin | title= By-election, 2021: Serchhip}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalduhoma]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 8269
|percentage = 49.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vanlalzawma]]|party=Mizo National Front|votes=5319|percentage=32.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=PC. Laltlansanga|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2604|percentage=15.73|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lalhriatrenga Chhangte|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=250|percentage=1.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vanlalruata|party=Mizoram People's Conference|votes=38|percentage=0.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramhlun-Edena|party=Independent (politician)|votes=43|percentage=0.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=32|percentage=0.19|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2950|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=16,595|percentage=84.16|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Zoram People's Movement
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing = ZPM Hold
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Serchhip<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalduhoma]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:5252}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:15543}}
|percentage = 85.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Serchhip district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|23.308996|N|92.856701|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Serchhip district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Mizoram]]

Manglenthang Kipgen

2026-04-30T22:30:02Z

AAZAMAZEEM:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Manglenthang Kipgen
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|06|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gamnomphai]], [[Manipur]], India
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| clubnumber = 17
| youthyears1 = 2020–21
| youthclubs1 = FC Madras
| youthyears2 = 2021–24
| youthclubs2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| years1 = 2022–
| clubs1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| caps1 = 12
| goals1 = 0

| nationalyears1 = 2023–24
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 8
| nationalgoals1 = 5
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps2 =
| nationalgoals2 =
| club-update = 15:30, 24 May 2025 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 15:30, 24 May 2025 (UTC)
}}

'''Manglenthang Kipgen''' (born 3 June 2005) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for the [[Indian Super League]] club [[Punjab FC|Punjab]].<ref name="aiff">{{cite web |title=Manglenthang Kipgen profile |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/107339?type=club |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

== Club career ==
Kipgen started playing football at a very young age of six. He used to play barefoot in his school. In 2020, he joined FC Madras at the age of 15. He remained there for one season before joining [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]'s [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|youth team]]. In 2022, he played his first competitive league matches in the [[2022–23 U-17 Youth Cup]]. However, he played 3 matches for the senior team of Punjab at the [[2022–23 I-League]], then second tier of [[Indian football league system]]. He won this edition of [[I-League]] with Punjab, his first senior championship title. For the next season, he played for both youth as well as senior team. He played six matches for the youth team at the [[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League|2023]] [[Reliance Foundation Development League|Development League]] and scored 2 goals.<ref name="aiff"/><ref name="I league">{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/roundglass-punjab-gains-isl-promotion-clinches-i-league-title/article66581077.ece|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC wins I-League title, gains ISL promotion|date=4 March 2023|access-date=4 March 2023|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304174447/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/roundglass-punjab-gains-isl-promotion-clinches-i-league-title/article66581077.ece}}</ref><ref name="sportstar">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Neeladri |title=Manglenthang Kipgen, the Next Gen star looking to turn more heads in Indian football at SAFF U20 Championship 2024 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/manglenthang-kipgen-profile-india-u20-saff-championship-2024-premier-league-next-gen-punjab-fc-news/article68532838.ece |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 August 2024}}</ref>

Following the championship of 2022–23 I-League, Punjab was promoted to the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), the top tier league of India. He made his ISL debut against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] on 29 October 2023. He also represented the club in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] and [[Durand Cup]]. In 2024, he played in the [[Next Generation Cup|Next Gen Cup]] and scored highest number of goals for the youth team.<ref name="Soccerway"/><ref name="sportstar"/><ref name="isl">{{cite web |title=Manglenthang Kipgen profile |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-176253-manglenthang-kipgen-profile |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref> He also won the [[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|2024 Development League]] with the youth team, his first youth championship title.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab FC beats East Bengal to lift maiden RFDL National Youth Championship 2023-24 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/former-mohun-bagan-coach-helps-punjab-beat-east-bengal-to-win-national-youth-championship-rfdl-2023-24/article68190849.ece |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524190153/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/former-mohun-bagan-coach-helps-punjab-beat-east-bengal-to-win-national-youth-championship-rfdl-2023-24/article68190849.ece |archive-date=24 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== International career==
Kipgen was part of the [[India national under-23 football team|India under-19]] squad that won the [[2023 SAFF U-19 Championship]]. In the final against [[Pakistan national under-20 football team|Pakistan]], he scored a [[Hat-trick#Football codes|brace]] to help India to win the championship.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Soumo |title=Manglenthang Kipgen: A valuable addition to limited game time |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/manglenthang-kipgen-a-valuable-addition-to-limited-game-time |access-date=24 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524191335/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/manglenthang-kipgen-a-valuable-addition-to-limited-game-time |archive-date=24 May 2025 |date=24 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SAFF">{{cite web |title=SAFF U-19 Championship 2023 match report Pakistan vs India |url=https://saffederation.org/uploads/651837674ce95.pdf |publisher=[[South Asian Football Federation]] |access-date=24 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524191412/https://saffederation.org/uploads/651837674ce95.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2025 |date=30 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2025, [[India national under-23 football team|India under-23]] head coach [[Naushad Moosa]] listed Kipgen in the 29-members probable squad for two friendlies that will be held in Tajikistan in June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naushad Moosa names 29-member probable squad for India U23s |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/naushad-moosa-names-29-member-probable-squad-for-india-u23s |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522171716/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/naushad-moosa-names-29-member-probable-squad-for-india-u23s |archive-date=22 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|23 May 2025}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|manglenthang-kipgen/882850}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
!colspan="2"|[[Durand Cup]]
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goal
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|[[2022–23 RoundGlass Punjab FC season|2022–23]]
|[[I-League]]
|3||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||3||0
|-
! colspan="2"| Total
!3!!0!!colspan="2"|–!!colspan="2"|–!!colspan="2"|–!!3!!0
|-
|[[2023–24 Punjab FC season|2023–24]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian Super League]]
|4||0||1||0||1||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Punjab FC season|2024–25]]
|5||0||1||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
|-
! colspan="2"| Total
!9!!0!!2!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!12!!0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!12!!0!!2!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!15!!0
|}


== Honours ==
;Club:
'''[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC youth team]]'''
* [[Reliance Foundation Development League|Development League]]: [[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|2024]]<ref name="sportstar"/>
'''[[Punjab FC]]'''
* [[I-League]]: [[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]<ref name="I league"/>
;National Team:
'''[[India national under-23 football team|India under-19]]'''
* [[SAFF U-19 Championship]]: [[2023 SAFF U-19 Championship|2023]]<ref name="SAFF"/>
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football|Biography}}
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/107339?type=club Manglenthang Kipgen] at AIFF
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-176253-manglenthang-kipgen-profile Manglenthang Kipgen] at ISL
* {{Soccerway|882850}}

{{Punjab FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kipgen, Manglenthang}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Punjab FC players]]

Manakondur Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T00:03:54Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Details - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manakondur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (30-Manakondur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Manakondur Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Kavvampally Satyanarayana]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| established = 2008
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Kavvampalli Satyanarayana.jpg
| electors = 1,91,724
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 30
| loksabha_cons = [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
}}

'''Manakondur Assembly constituency''' is an SC reserved constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one among 13 constituencies in [[Karimnagar district]]. It is part of [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

Kavvampally Satyanarayana won the seat in the 2023 Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates Detail: Dr. Kavvampally Satyanarayana |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/telangana-elections/dr-kavvampally-satyanarayana-candidate-32025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

Gv Ramakrishna Rao an Advocate by profession and native of Manakondur Constituency Headquarters is a prominent politician from BRS Bharath Rastra Samithi since 2001 and worked as state BRS state youth secretary, Dist youth President, state committee member, SUDA Chairman and now Dist President BRS Karimnagar and is very prominent politician from Manakondur Constituency

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Manakondur]]
| [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| [[Ellanthakunta]]
| [[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|-
| [[Bejjanki]]
| [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|-
| [[Shankarapatnam]]
| [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| [[Thimmapur, Karimnagar district|Timmapur]]
| [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| [[Ganneruvaram]]
| [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Arepally Mohan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=2|[[Rasamayi Balakishan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|Dr. [[Kavvampally Satyanarayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Manakondur (Assembly constituency)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Manakondur (SC) Constituency : Telangana Assembly Elections 2023, 2018 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/telangana-elections/manakondur-sc-constituency-391 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Dr. Kavvampally Satyanarayan
| votes =96,773
| percentage =52.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Rasamayi Balakishan|Erupula Rasamayi Balakishna]]|votes=64,408|percentage=34.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Arepally Mohan|votes=14,879|percentage=8.01|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Nisani Ramachandram|votes=3,345|percentage=1.8|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Shanigarapu Yuvaraju|votes=2,216|percentage=1.19|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,998|percentage=1.08|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=32,365|percentage=17.42|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,85,829|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Manakondur<ref name=":0" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Rasamayi Balakishan]]
| votes = 88,997
| percentage = 51.47%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Arepally Mohan]]
| votes = 57,488
| percentage = 33.25%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Forward Bloc
| candidate = [[Prabhakar More (politician)|Prabhakar More]]
| votes = 13,610
| percentage = 7.87%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Gaddam Nagaraju]]
| votes = 4,356
| percentage = 2.52%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 2,561
| percentage = 1.48%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 31,509
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,72,907
| percentage =85.36%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Manakondur (Assembly constituency)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Rasamayi Balakishan]]
| votes = 85,010
| percentage = 54.2%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Arepally Mohan
| votes = 38,088
| percentage = 24.28%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Kavvampalli Sathyanarayana
| votes = 13,267
| percentage = 9.13%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 46,922
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,56,847
| percentage =81.81%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|18.40|79.19|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Vidhyadhar Singh

2026-04-24T19:42:22Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Starting initial biography first draft.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vidhyadhar Singh
| image =
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Phulera Assembly constituency|Phulera]]
| predecessor1 = [[Nirmal Kumawat]]
| successor1 =
}}

'''Vidhyadhar Singh''' (born 1956)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vidhyadhar Singh(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PHULERA(JAIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=336 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from Phulera Assembly constituency in [[Jaipur district]]. He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Phulera, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Phulera में INC ने BJP कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/phulera-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830420-2023-12-03 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulera Election Results 2023 {{!}} Rajasthan Election Results {{!}} Elections 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023/phulera |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulera Assembly Election Results 2023: Phulera Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/phulera-assembly-result-20044 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Phulera]], Jaipur district, Rajasthan. He is the son of former MLA and Jat leader, Hari Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कड़े संघर्ष के बाद कांग्रेस से विद्याधर सिंह को मिला टिकट |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/vidyadhar-singh-got-ticket-from-congress-after-hard-struggle-053525-3216428.html |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> He completed his M.A. in history in 1979 at Rajasthan University, Jaipur.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Singh won from [[Phulera Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election. He polled 112,244 votes and defeated his nearest rival and three time MLA, [[Nirmal Kumawat]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 26,898 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulera Constituency Election Results 2023: Phulera Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/phulera |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=लाइव |first=एबीपी |date=2023-12-03 |title=Phulera Election Result 2023 Live: Inc के Vidhyadhar Singh की हुई जीत, Ind के Pokhar Mal Bhamania रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/phulera-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-2551101 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulera Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Vidhyadhar Singh of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/phulera-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687501.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> His son in law [[Shailesh Singh]] was elected on a BJP ticket from [[Deeg-Kumher Assembly constituency|Deeg Kumher Assembly constituency]] and both the father in law and son in law are expected to sit in the assembly representing different parties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=The BuckStopper |date=2023-12-03 |title=Sasur from Congress, damaad from BJP will attend assembly together |url=https://www.thebuckstopper.com/sasur-from-congress-damaad-from-bjp-will-attend-assembly-together/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The BuckStopper |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vidhyadhar}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur district]]

Sudesh Rai

2026-04-24T04:04:48Z

AAZAMAZEEM:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| image = Sudeshrai2026-04-06 at 06.45.45.jpg
| constituency = [[Sehore Assembly constituency|Sehore]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end =
| profession = Politician,Businessman
| predecessor = Ramesh Saxena
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[File:BJP Flag.svg|Flag of BJP 2021|31x31px]]
}}
'''Sudesh Rai''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a three time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]], [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]], and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Sehore Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sehore Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Sehore Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/sehore-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sehore assembly election results 2023: Sehore Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/sehore-assembly-result-12159 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sehore, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/sehore-constituency-s12aed2008a159/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral Performance ==
'''Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!Votes in %
!Opponent
! colspan="2" |Opponent
party
!Votes
!Votes in %
!Margin
!Margin in
%
!Result
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Sehore Assembly constituency|Sehore]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|'''63,604'''
|'''44.47%'''
|Usha Ramesh
Saxena
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|'''61,978'''
|'''43.34%'''
|1,626
|2.55%
|style="background:#90EE90;" | Won
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Sehore Assembly constituency|Sehore]]
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|'''60,117'''
|'''38.00'''
|Surendra Singh
Thakur
|style="background:{{party color|INC}};" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''39,473'''
|'''24.95%'''
|20,644
|13.05%
|style="background:#90EE90;" | Won
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Sehore Assembly constituency|Sehore]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" |
|'''1,05,997'''
|'''58.40%'''
|Shashank Ramesh
Saxena
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''68,146'''
|'''37.55%'''
|37,851
|20.85%
|style="background:#90EE90;" | Won
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Sudesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Hema Committee report

2026-04-23T06:17:31Z

AAZAMAZEEM: entry

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Short description|Report by the Kerala government on women workers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}

'''Hema Committee''' was an advisory committee formed by the [[Government of Kerala]] in July 2017, to investigate the issues related to [[sexual violence]] and gender inequality, in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam cinema industry]] and to submit solutions to them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopakumar |first=K. C. |date=2024-08-19 |title=Hema Committee report: Kerala HC dismisses actor's appeal against single judge order permitting to make report public |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hema-committee-report-kerala-hc-dismisses-actors-appeal-against-single-judge-order-permitting-to-make-report-public/article68542106.ece |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The three-member committee was chaired by former [[Kerala High Court]] judge Justice Hema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title=All you need to know about Hema Committee report, the investigation that has rocked Malayalam film industry |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/all-you-need-to-know-about-justice-hema-committee-report-on-malayalam-film-industry-640189.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> Film actress & politician [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]] and former IAS officer KB Vatsalakumari, were the other members of the committee.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/justice-hema-committee-report-the-complete-coverage/article68567888.ece#:~:text=The%20Hema%20Committee%2C%20comprising%20retired,inequality%20in%20Malayalam%20film%20industry|title=Hema Committee report:The complete coverage|newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 August 2024|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=27 August 2024|archive-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827015316/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/justice-hema-committee-report-the-complete-coverage/article68567888.ece#:~:text=The%20Hema%20Committee%2C%20comprising%20retired,inequality%20in%20Malayalam%20film%20industry|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgq24z8z817o|title=Rampant harassment and no toilets: Report exposes Kerala film industry|publisher=bbc news}}</ref> The committee was formed when the [[Women in Cinema Collective]] (WCC), an organization formed after a young actress, who was assaulted in 2017 in Kochi, complained to Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]].{{fact|date=March 2025}}

The committee, which started functioning on 16 November 2017, consulted multiple women professionals in the Malayalam film industry and recorded detailed statistics on [[sexual harassment]], earned wages and blacklisting from work. A 300-page report, which came to be known as the '''Hema Committee Report''' was submitted to Pinarayi Vijayan in December 2019, along with the documents, audio and video evidence supporting the findings.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

== History ==
The committee was headed by the former judge of Kerala High Court, Justice retired K. Hema, to investigate the concerns of [[sexual harassment]] and [[gender equality|gender discrimination]] in [[Malayalam cinema]]. The report was submitted to the government on 31 December, 20 but not released to the public. No action was taken by the Kerala government ([[First Vijayan ministry|First Vijayan Ministry]] & [[Second Vijayan ministry|Second n Ministry]]) from December 2019 to July 2024.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

On 6 July 2024, the [[Kerala State Information Commission]] passed an order directing the Kerala government to issue the committee report to RTI applicants before 22 July, after redacting information that could identify individuals mentioned in the report, as prohibited under the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information Act]]. On 19 August 2024, the report was made available to the RTI applicants after the Kerala High Court, on Tuesday, 13 August, upheld the order of the State Information Commission and allowed for the release of the Justice Hema Committee report, determining that there was no breach of privacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandrashekar |first=Azeefa Fathima,Nandini |date=2024-08-14 |title=Why the Kerala HC upheld the release of Hema Committee report |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/why-the-kerala-hc-upheld-the-release-of-hema-committee-report |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

The Kerala government released only 233 pages of the report, excluding sections that could infringe on the privacy of the individuals mentioned. The omitted portions include paragraphs 97 to 107 from pages 49 to 53, as well as sections from pages 81 to 100 and pages 165 to 196. According to Manorama News, the 11 paragraphs from pages 49 to 53 were not part of the exclusions submitted by the State Information Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hema Commission report: Kerala govt withheld 11 paragraphs not recommended by SIC |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/23/hema-committee-report-paragraphs-ommitted-state-information-commission.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> The report reveals the existence of an all-male power group of 15 top people in the industry, including directors, producers and actors in the Malayalam industry. According to the report, the power group determined who should stay in the industry and who would be cast in films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/kerala-government-releases-hema-committee-report-on-malayalam-film-industry-3155655|title=Kerala government releases Hema Committee report on Malayalam film industry|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/19/justice-hema-committee-report-that-deals-with-working-conditions-of-women-in-mollywood-has-been-released|title=Hema Committee report reveals all-male power group, systemic sexual harassment against women in Mollywood|date=19 August 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/hema-committee-report-women-in-malayalam-film-industry-face-casting-couch-pay-disparities-19461784.htm|title='Casting couch, pay disparities and more': Hema Committee report on issues women face in Malayalam film industry – CNBC TV18|date=19 August 2024|website=CNBCTV18|access-date=19 August 2024|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819104709/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/hema-committee-report-women-in-malayalam-film-industry-face-casting-couch-pay-disparities-19461784.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-government-delays-release-of-justice-k-hema-committee-report-amid-legal-challenge-by-former-actress/articleshow/112588846.cms|title=Kerala Government delays release of Justice K. Hema Committee report amid legal challenge by former actress|newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tanushree-dutta-calls-hema-committee-report-useless-targets-dileep-and-nana-patekar-a-safe-workplace-is-a-basic-right-for-a-woman-9524882/|title=Tanushree Dutta calls Hema Committee report 'useless', targets Dileep and Nana Patekar: 'A safe workplace is a basic right for a woman'|date=21 August 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
Following the Hema Committee Report, numerous actresses and other female workers in the Malayalam film industry came forward to share their harrowing experiences with various industry figures:

# [[Sreelekha Mitra]] revealed a disturbing encounter with Malayalam film director [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith Balakrishnan]]. In response to these allegations, Ranjith resigned from his position as Chairman of the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]. The alleged incident occurred during the production of the 2009 film ''[[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengali actor Sreelekha Mitra files complaint against Ranjith to Kochi police commissioner |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/26/bengali-actor-sreelekha-mitra-complains-to-kochi-police.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=onmanorama.com}}</ref>
# An actress disclosed inappropriate behaviour from Malayalam film actors [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] and [[Riyaz Khan]]. Subsequently, [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] stepped down as General Secretary of the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] (AMMA).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Revathy Sampath accuses actor Riyaz Khan of making sexual advances over call|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/revathy-sampath-accuses-actor-riyaz-khan-of-making-sexual-advances-over-call-article-12806072.html|access-date=2024-08-25|website=moneycontrol.com|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826154012/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/revathy-sampath-accuses-actor-riyaz-khan-of-making-sexual-advances-over-call-article-12806072.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='The door was locked': Revathy Sampath details shocking alleged sexual assault by Siddique, says no one helped her |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-revathy-sampath-details-shocking-alleged-sexual-assault-by-siddique-says-no-one-malayalam-cinema-helped-her-3104205 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=dnaindia.com |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826034145/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-revathy-sampath-details-shocking-alleged-sexual-assault-by-siddique-says-no-one-malayalam-cinema-helped-her-3104205 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# [[Geetha Vijayan]] shared her negative experiences with Malayalam film director [[Thulasidas]] and producer Aroma Mohan during the filming of ''Chanchattam'' in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actors Sridevika, Geetha Vijayan accuse senior Malayalam director Thulasidas of harassment |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/actors-sridevika-geetha-vijayan-accuse-senior-malayalam-director-thulasidas-of-harassment-9534175/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=indianexpress.com |date=26 August 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826143855/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/actors-sridevika-geetha-vijayan-accuse-senior-malayalam-director-thulasidas-of-harassment-9534175/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
# [[Sridevika]] also recounted a distressing encounter with Malayalam film director [[Thulasidas]] while working on the film ''[[Avan Chandiyude Makan]]'' in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actors Geetha Vijayan, Sridevika accuse director Thulasidas of sexual harassment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-geetha-vijayan-accuses-director-thulasidas-of-making-sexual-advances-chanchattam-2587981-2024-08-26 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=indiatoday.in |date=26 August 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826105201/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-geetha-vijayan-accuses-director-thulasidas-of-making-sexual-advances-chanchattam-2587981-2024-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# An anonymous young scriptwriter came forward with allegations against Malayalam film director [[V. K. Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Female Malayalam Script Writer Accuses VK Prakash Of Forcing Himself On Her, Bribing Her To Stay Quiet; Says, 'Admired His Films, Never Expected Him To Behave This Way' |url=https://www.spotboye.com/south/malayalam/female-malayalam-script-writer-accuses-vk-prakash-of-forcing-himself-on-her-bribing-her-to-stay-quiet-says-admired-his-films-never-expected-him-to-behave-this-way/66cc844d90e06b057b60e888 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=spotboye.com}}</ref>
# An actress alleged that Malayalam film actors [[Jayasurya]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], and [[Edavela Babu]] exhibited inappropriate behaviour towards her during the production of a film in Kochi in 2014. Additionally, she claimed that actor [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] demanded sexual favours in exchange for a membership in the Association of Malayalam Movie Artists (AMMA).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Malayalam actress Minu Muneer claims she faced sexual abuse from 4 Mollywood heavyweights |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/former-actress-minu-muneer-accuses-4-malayalam-heavyweights-of-sexual-abuse/articleshow/112799175.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-26 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
# A junior artist shared a negative experience with Malayalam film actor-producer [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj Jacob]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayalam actor-producer Baburaj accused by junior artiste of sexual assault |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/malayalam-actor-producer-baburaj-sexual-assault-accusation-legal-action-9534127/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=economictimes.indianexpress.com|date=26 August 2024 }}</ref>
# A junior artist, recounted a negative interaction her friend's mother had with the Malayalam actor [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allegations against MLA Mukesh cast a shadow over Kerala's film policy committee |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/allegations-against-mla-mukesh-cast-a-shadow-over-keralas-film-policy-committee|access-date=2024-08-26 |website=thenewsminute.com|date=26 August 2024 }}</ref>
# A man from Kozhikode has filed a sexual abuse complaint against film director [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith Balakrishnan]]. According to him, Ranjith had also claimed to the victim about the involvement of a lady whom Ranjith had referred to as Revathy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kozhikode man claims director Ranjith sexually abused him in 2012, files complaint |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/28/man-alleges-sexual-abuse-from-director-ranjith.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
# A casting couch sexual assault case filed against actor [[Nivin Pauly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sexual assault case against actor Nivin Pauly |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/sexual-assault-case-against-actor-nivin-pauly-1.9869598|access-date=2024-09-03| website=mathrubhumi|date=3 September 2024 }}</ref> He has denied the whole allegations, calls it "entirely untrue" and he has assured full cooperation with any investigation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Nivin Pauly refutes sexual harassment allegations|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-nivin-pauly-refutes-sexual-harassment-allegations-entirely-untrue-2593066-2024-09-03|access-date=2024-09-03|website=IndiaToday|date=3 September 2024 }}</ref> Later Nivin petitioned Police Chief and SIT demanding probe into "fake complaints".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor demanding probe into Fake Complaints|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nivin-pauly-petitions-police-chief-and-sit-demanding-probe-into-fake-complaint/article68614194.ece|access-date=2024-09-05|website=the Hindu }}</ref> Later Nivin got clean chit from court that he was innocent.
# An actress filed a sexual harassment case against actor [[Alencier Ley Lopez]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women file Complaint against Actor Alencier|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/09/04/woman-files-complaint-against-actor-alencier-for-sexually-harassing-her-at-film-set.html|access-date=2024-09-03|website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

On 27 August 2024, following the release of the Hema Committee report, which detailed allegations from female artists and workers from the [[Malayalam Cinema]], the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] (AMMA) dissolved its entire executive committee for the period 2024–2027. [[Mohanlal]], who had by then secured his second term as president of that organisation, was the head of the executive committee who had to step down.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal resigns as AMMA president; executive committee dissolved |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/27/amma-members-mohanlal-resign-sexual-assault-allegations-malayalam-cinema.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>

Many, including [[Prakash Raj]] acknowledged how deeply engrained harassment of women was across film industries, and the need to start working on the same. "There has been abuse on you, we have been silent and we are sorry. And we have to continue to be sorry for a very long time," he said at the [[Wayanad Literature Festival|Wayanad Literature Fest (2024).]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIdcl4i_FH8 |title=WLF 2024 {{!}} Prakash Raj in Conversation with Dhanya Rajendran {{!}} Art and Politics |date=2025-01-10 |last=WLF {{!}} Wayanad Literature Festival |access-date=2025-11-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The [[Government of Kerala]] has set up a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) to probe sexual harassment allegations in the Malayalam film industry. The SIT, led by [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] G. Sparjan Kumar and consisting of four senior women [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officers, will have [[Additional director general of police|ADGP]] H. Venkitesh overseeing its operations.

The team comprises S. Ajeetha Begum, [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]]; Merin Joseph, [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]], [[Kerala Police#Crime Branch|Crime Branch]]; G. Poonkuzhali, AIG, Coastal Police; Aiswarya Dongre, Assistant Director, Kerala Police Academy; V. Ajith, AIG, Law and Order; and S. Madhusoodanan, SP, Crime Branch.<ref>{{Cite news |author=|date=2024-08-25 |title=SIT formed to probe charges of sexual harassment in Malayalam cinema, four women officers part of the team |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sit-formed-to-probe-charges-of-sexual-harassment-in-malayalam-cinema-four-women-officers-part-of-the-team/article68565713.ece |access-date=2024-08-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Following Kerala's Hema committee, similar proposal for setting up a committee in West Bengal's [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] has been proposed to the Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Actor Ritabhari: Mamata Banerjee responded to our request for Hema Committee-like body |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/committee-formed-to-investigate-sexual-harassment-in-bengali-film-industry-2597882-2024-09-11 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== External links ==
{{Cite report |url=https://legal-wires.com/wp-content/uploads/hema-committee-report-556462.pdf |title=Hema Committee Report |last=K. |first=Hema |date=2024-08-19 |access-date=2024-08-30}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Malayalam cinema| ]]
[[Category:Indian film industries]]

B. G. Govindappa

2026-04-18T22:57:25Z

AAZAMAZEEM: starting some stub needs work.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = B. G. Govindappa
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|10|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = Gulhatty D. Shekhar
| constituency = [[Hosadurga Assembly constituency|Hosadurga]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| successor1 = Gulhatty D. Shekhar
| predecessor1 = Gulhatty D. Shekhar
| constituency1 = [[Hosadurga Assembly constituency|Hosadurga]]
| term_start2 = 1999
| term_end2 = 2008
| predecessor2 = T. H.
Basavaraja
| successor2 = Gulhatty D. Shekhar
| constituency2 = [[Hosadurga Assembly constituency|Hosadurga]]
| source =
| image =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education =
| website =
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''B. G. Govindappa''' is an Indian politician<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-03 |title=B.G. Govindappa MLA Karnataka {{!}} ENTRANCEINDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/b-g-govindappa-member-of-legislative-assembly-mla-karnataka/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> from the state of [[Karnataka]]. He is a leader<ref>{{Cite web |title=B.G. Govindappa - MLA from Hosadurga (101) Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/mla/b.g.-govindappa.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He is currently serving as member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosadurga Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/hosadurga.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosadurga Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hosadurga-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> from [[Hosadurga Assembly constituency|Hosadurga]].

== Political career ==
He won three times as an MLA in 1999, 2004 and in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Hosadurga 2013 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/33934 |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Elections 2018: Hosadurga Assembly Constituency - Past Results, Demographics and Latest News |url=https://www.news18.com/election-result-2013/karnataka/hosadurga-assembly-elections-results-2013/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=News18}}</ref> But in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosadurga Election Result 2018 Live: Hosadurga Assembly Elections Results (Vidhan Sabha Polls Result) |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/hosadurga-election-result/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosadurga Election Result 2018 LIVE: Hosadurga MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/hosadurga-assembly-elections-ka-101/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> elections he was defeated<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOSADURGA Election Result 2018, Winner, HOSADURGA MLA, Karnataka |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka/hosadurga-mla-results |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> by Gulhatty D. Shekhar of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

He was appointed chairman for Food and Civil Supplies Corporation on 26 January 2024.<ref name="34 MLAs appointed as heads to govt.-owned boards and corporations in Karnataka">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=26 January 2024 |title=34 MLAs appointed as heads to govt.-owned boards and corporations in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/34-mlas-appointed-as-heads-to-govt-owned-boards-and-corporations-in-karnataka/article67780204.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731093326/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/34-mlas-appointed-as-heads-to-govt-owned-boards-and-corporations-in-karnataka/article67780204.ece |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="34 MLAs given chairman posts for boards and corps, Haris BDA chairman">{{cite news |title=34 MLAs given chairman posts for boards and corps, Haris BDA chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/34-mlas-given-chairman-posts-for-boards-and-corporations-haris-bda-chairman/articleshow/107175062.cms |access-date=1 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324100817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/34-mlas-given-chairman-posts-for-boards-and-corporations-haris-bda-chairman/articleshow/107175062.cms |archive-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindappa, B. G.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]

Saqi (film)

2026-04-18T15:22:17Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Starting new info basic info.

{{short description|1952 film by H. S. Rawail}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saqi
| image = Saqi film.jpeg
| caption =
| director = [[H. S. Rawail]]
| producer = R. C. Talwar
| writer = [[Kamal Amrohi]] (dialogue) Anjana Rawail (story)
| screenplay = Anjana Rawail
| story = Anjana Rawail
| based_on = ''[[Arabian Nights]]''{{sfn|Deep|1996|page=90}}
| starring = [[Madhubala]] [[Prem Nath]]
| narrator =
| music = [[C. Ramchandra]]
| cinematography = Rajendra Malone{{sfn|Akbar|1997|page=139}}
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1952}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}1 million
| gross =
}}
'''''Saqi''''' ({{Translation|"Bartender"}}) is a 1952 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[H. S. Rawail]] and starring [[Madhubala]] and [[Prem Nath]].{{sfn|Akbar|1997|page=139}} The film's music was composed by [[C. Ramchandra]]. Based on [[Arabian Nights]], ''Saqi'' was one of the most expensive Indian films at the time of its release.{{sfn|Deep|1996|page=90}}

== Plot ==
The film told the story a common man named Ajeeb, who tries to woo the princess Rukhsana.

== Cast ==
* [[Madhubala]] as Rukhsana
* [[Prem Nath]] as Ajeeb
* [[Gope (actor)|Gope]] as Genie
* [[Randhir (actor)|Randhir]] as Sultan
* [[Iftekhar]] as Abdul
* [[Bipin Gupta]] as Vazir
* [[Cuckoo Moray]] as the item number "Door Door Se"

== Production ==
''Saqi'' was the Indian version of [[One Thousand and One Nights|Arabian Nights]].{{sfn|Deep|1996|page=90}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-02-15 |title='Zindagi bhar nahi bhoolegi': Mesmerising Madhubala and her magical spell |url=https://themeghalayan.com/zindagi-bhar-nahi-bhoolegi-mesmerising-madhubala-and-her-magical-spell/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was announced in February 1951, along with ''[[Baadal (1951 film)|Badal]]'', also starring Madhubala and Prem Nath.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZIcAQAAMAAJ |title=Thought|date=1951|publisher=Siddhartha Publications|language=en}}</ref>

Made on a budget of {{INR}}10 [[Lakh|lakhs]], ''Saqi'' was an expensive venture at the time of its release.{{sfn|Deep|1996|page=90}}

== Soundtrack ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Din Pehla"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Paas Na Aaiye"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Gham Ki Vadi Mein"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Khushi Se Door Hoon"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Kise Maloom Tha Ek Din Mohabbat Bezuban Hogi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| "Aa Gayi Hai Ishq Pe Bahar, Khatm Hua Intezar"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Mera Mizaj Ladakpan Se"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "O Haseena Sambhal Sambhalke Chal"
| [[C. Ramchandra]], [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Raat Suhani"
| [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
|}

== Reception ==
Writing for ''[[Filmindia]]'', [[Baburao Patel]] called ''Saqi'' "a monumental waste of money" and "a stupid and boring picture".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Baburao |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=fLTXZUO2SYsC |title=Filmindia |date=1952 |publisher=Filmindia Publications |pages=59 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was a financial failure.<ref>{{Cite web|title=H. S. Rawail Biography by Divya Kapoor|url=http://www.gomolo.com/h-s-rawail-biography/449/503635|access-date=2021-01-25|website=www.gomolo.com|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103222614/http://www.gomolo.com/h-s-rawail-biography/449/503635|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alongside other big-budget flops like ''[[Amar (1954 film)|Amar]]'' and ''[[Bahut Din Huwe]]'' (both 1954), the failure of ''Saqi'' reportedly led to Madhubala being labelled a "[[jinx]]" by producers in the early 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Baburao |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GF5Rhzv_ru4C |title=Filmindia |date=1955 |publisher=Filmindia Publications |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref>

''Saqi'' was the last collaboration of Madhubala and Prem Nath. Eight years later, they planned to star in her production house venture, ''[[Pathan (1962 film)|Pathan]]'' (released in 1962), but Madhubala fell sick and was replaced by [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]].{{sfn|Deep|1996|p=33}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
*{{cite book |last=Deep |first=Mohan |year=1996 |title=The Mystery and Mystique of Madhubala |publisher=Magna Books }}
*{{cite book |last=Akbar |first=Khatijia |year=1997 |title=Madhubala: Her Life, Her Films |publisher=Hay House}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|title=Saqi|id=0130993}}
{{One Thousand and One Nights}}
[[Category:1952 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by H. S. Rawail]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films based on One Thousand and One Nights]]

Ashta Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:13Z

AAZAMAZEEM: starting initial article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ashta
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 157
| map_image = 157-Ashta.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sehore district|Sehore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency|Dewas]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Gopal Singh Engineer]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Raghunath Singh Malviya
}}
'''Ashta''' is one of the 230 constituencies of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], in central India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518200210/http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html |archive-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Sehore district]], and [[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency]]. As of 2023, its representative is [[Gopal Singh Engineer]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
=== Bhopal Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Chandan Mal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Gopi Das
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Umrao Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|G. Goyal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Umrao Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Narayan Singh Kesri
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Devi Lal Rekwal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ajit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Nand Kishor Khatri
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Ranjit Singh Gunwan
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Raghunath Singh Malviya
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Ranjeet Singh Gunwan
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|Raghunath Singh Malviya
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| [[Gopal Singh Engineer]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ashta<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gopal Singh Engineer]]
|votes = {{formatnum:118750}}
|percentage = 50.44
|change = +5.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kamal Singh Chauhan
|votes = {{formatnum:110847}}
|percentage = 47.08
|change = +5.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1467}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.4
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7903}}
|percentage = 3.36
|change = +0.43
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:235425}}
|percentage = 84.84
|change = +1.86
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ashta<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Raghunath Singh Malviya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:92292}}
|percentage = 44.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gopal Singh Engineer]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86248}}
|percentage = 41.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Prajatantrik Samadhan Party
|candidate = Kamal Singh Chauhan
|votes = {{formatnum:17577}}
|percentage = 8.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shailesh Vaidya
|votes = {{formatnum:4487}}
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2108}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6044}}
|percentage = 2.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206286}}
|percentage = 82.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dewas district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|23.02|76.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dewas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]

Sasaram Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:15Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Starting basic entry more to come

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sasaram Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 208-Sasaram constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|208]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 355,249
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Snehlata Kushwaha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
}}
'''Sasaram Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 legislative assembly of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It comes under [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/sasaram.html | title=Sasaram Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref>

==Overview==
Sasaram comprises [[Community development block in India|community blocks]] of Sasaram & Tilouthu.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2017-12-31 }}</ref>
Earlier Rohtas block and Nauhatta block also came under the Sasaram assembly constituency but after the delimitation of 2009 these two blocks began comprising Chenari Vidhansabha.
==Social equation==
Sasaram constituency is dominated by [[Koeri|Kushwahas]], as a result of which, from 1980 to 2015, in all the assembly elections, only candidates belonging to this caste have been elected from this constituency. The victory of Ram Sewak Singh in the [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] was followed by victory of only Kushwaha candidates from this seat and from the 1990 onwards, the first as well as second runner-ups were also from the same caste. As a result of this, all the political parties started fielding only those candidates, who belonged to this caste group.<ref name="election2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sasaram/bihar-chunav-2020-kushwaha-occupies-sasaram-seat-for-40-years-kushwaha-11-times-in-16-elections-kayastha-candidate-four-times-asj|title=
Bihar Chunav 2020 : सासाराम सीट पर है 40 वर्षों से कुशवाहा का कब्जा|website=prabhat khabar|accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Sasaram Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sasaram.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Bipin Behari Sinha
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Ramadhar Dusadh
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Dukhan Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Vinod Bihari Singh
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Bipin Behari Sinha
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ram Sewak Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bipin Behari Sinha
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Sewak Singh
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jawahar Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Ashok Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jawahar Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Ashok Kushwaha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Gupta|Rajesh Gupta]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Snehlata Kushwaha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sasaram<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Sasaram">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Sasaram |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04208.htm |accessdate=22 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122085615/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04208.htm |archivedate=22 November 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Snehlata Kushwaha]]
|party = Rashtriya Lok Morcha
|votes = {{formatnum:105006}}
|percentage = 47.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Satendra Sah
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:79563}}
|percentage = 35.99
|change = -10.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ashok Kushwaha]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:10261}}
|percentage = 4.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Binay Kumar Singh
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:6495}}
|percentage = 2.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Md Shahzad Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:3517}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Rekha Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2918}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vivek Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2788}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:961}}
|percentage = 0.43
|change = -0.18
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25443}}
|percentage = 11.5
|change = -3.26
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:221091}}
|percentage = 62.24
|change = +11.11
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Morcha
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sasaram<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rajesh Kumar Gupta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:83303}}
|percentage = 46.54
|change = {{decrease}}1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Ashok Kushwaha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:56880}}
|percentage = 31.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Rameshwar Chaurasiya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:21426}}
|percentage = 11.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Muneshwar Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:2463}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deen Dayal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2178}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change = {{increase}}0.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satyanand Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1691}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change = {{increase}}0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1093}}
|percentage = 0.61
|change = {{decrease}}1.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26423}}
|percentage = 14.76
|change = {{increase}}3.49
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178993}}
|percentage = 51.13
|change = {{decrease}}2.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sasaram<ref name="Sasaram Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Sasaram Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sasaram |accessdate=22 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122085508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sasaram |archivedate=22 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ashok Kushwaha|Ashok Kumar Kushwaha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:82766}}
|percentage = 47.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jawahar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:63154}}
|percentage = 36.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Krishna Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:9247}}
|percentage = 5.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dineshwar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3793}}
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Satendra Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:2646}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3248}}
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19612}}
|percentage = 11.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:174030}}
|percentage = 53.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Jalgaon City Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:03Z

AAZAMAZEEM: location

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalgaon City
| constituency_no = 13
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 13-Jalgaon City.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]
| district = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Suresh Damu Bhole]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| electors =433,725
}}
'''Jalgaon City Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the [[Khandesh]] subregion of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=6 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Jalgaon City (constituency number 13) is one of the 11 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in Jalgaon district.<ref name="ceo1"/> This constituency covers Jalgaon Municipal Corporation and part of Jalgaon [[taluka]] of the district. The number of electors in 2009 was 308,762 (male 164,987, female 143,775).<ref name="ceo2">{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-09 }}</ref>

It is part of the [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments of this district, namely [[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]], [[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]], [[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]], [[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]] and [[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalgaon City Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/jalgaon-city.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist : See [[Jalgaon Assembly constituency|Jalgaon]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Suresh Jain| Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Suresh Damu Bhole|Suresh Bhole]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon City}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Damu Bhole]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,51,536 |percentage = 63.10% |change={{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jayashree Sunil Mahajan |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 64,033 |percentage = 26.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Ashwin Shantaram Sonawane |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,920 |percentage = 2.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laleetkumar Ramkishor Ghogale |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,191 |percentage = 1.75% |change={{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kulbhushan Virbhan Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,035 |percentage = 1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jayshree Sunil Mahajan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,093 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Anuj Krushna Patil |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,470 |percentage = 0.61% |change={{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,096 |percentage = 0.46% |change={{decrease}}2.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 87,503 |percentage = 36.44% |change= {{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,41,236 |percentage = 55.62% |change= {{increase}}11.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,40,140}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,33,725|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon City<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Damu Bhole]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,13,310 |percentage = 63.97% |change={{increase}}16.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhishek Shantaram Patil |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 48,464 |percentage = 27.36% |change={{increase}}24.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shafi A. Nabi Shaikh |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 6,330 |percentage = 3.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,998 |percentage = 2.82% |change={{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Jamil Abdul Rauf Deshpande |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,481 |percentage = 1.97% |change={{decrease}}9.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Shridhar Shimpi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,214 |percentage = 0.69% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivram Magar Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,169 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 64,846 |percentage = 36.61% |change= {{increase}}13.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,82,338 |percentage = 45.43% |change= {{decrease}}11.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,77,129}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,01,328|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}16.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon City<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Damu Bhole]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 88,363 |percentage = 47.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Jain| Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 46,049 |percentage = 24.72% |change={{decrease}}28.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lalit Vijay Kolhe|party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 21,333 |percentage = 11.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ibrahim Musa Patel|party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 17,383 |percentage = 9.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Dayaram Chaudhari|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 4,835 |percentage = 2.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Radheshyam Dharamraj Chaudhari |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,014 |percentage = 2.15% |change={{decrease}}12.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Saiyad Najir Mohammed |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,390 |percentage = 0.75% |change={{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,256 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,314 |percentage = 22.72% |change= {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,87,964 |percentage = 55.87% |change= {{increase}}15.74 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,86,280}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,36,422|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}5.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon City<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= [[Suresh Jain| Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 64,706 |percentage = 52.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Dayaram Chaudhary |party=Independent politician |votes = 33,301 |percentage = 27.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patel Salim Bapumiya |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,612 |percentage = 14.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhande Sunita Siddarth |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,299 |percentage = 1.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sapkale Mukunda Lotu |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes = 1,338 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Ramesh Dhammaratna Birhade |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,143 |percentage = 0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,405 |percentage = 25.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,22,515 |percentage = 39.68% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,22,360}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,08,762|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jalgaon]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalgaon district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|21.00|75.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalgaon]]
[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Tejashree Patel

2026-04-12T14:55:29Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Starting a data more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tejashree Dilipkumar Patel
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Viramgam Assembly constituency|Viramgam]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = 2017
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2000–2017) [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2017–)
}}
'''Tejashree Dilipkumar Patel''' is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]], India.

==Career==
Patel has studied MD ([[Gynaecology|Gynecology]]) from the NHL Municipal Medical College, [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patel Tejshreeben Dilipkumar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- VIRAMGAM(AHMEDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/gujarat2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=555 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> She is a practising gynecologist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Balan |first=Premal |date=2012-12-23 |title=Not Modi, Central grants helped Gujarat develop: Tejashree Patel |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/not-modi-central-grants-helped-gujarat-develop-tejashree-patel-112122300051_1.html |access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref>

As her husband Dilipkumar Patel was an [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) member and Viramgam City President in 1997, she was in politics. In 2000, she was elected to the district panchayat from [[Viramgam Taluka|Viramgam taluka]]. She served as the chairperson in district panchayat for five years; as the standing committee chairperson for 2.5 years, and as the head of the district health committee for another 2.5 years. She contested 2007 Gujarat legislative assembly election from [[Viramgam Assembly constituency]] as a member of [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and lost by a narrow margin of 677 votes to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) candidate.<ref name=":0" />

She was elected to [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Viramgam in [[2012 Gujarat legislative assembly election|2012 election]] as a member of INC defeating BJP candidate Pragjibhai Patel by a margin of 16,983 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yagnik |first1=Bharat |last2=Damor |first2=Kalpesh |date=2017-12-10 |title=BJP banks on development on caste warriors' home turf |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/bjp-banks-on-development-on-caste-warriors-home-turf/articleshow/62003093.cms |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=}}</ref> She left INC and joined BJP in July 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=Three Congress MLAs join BJP in Gujarat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-congress-mlas-join-bjp-in-gujarat/articleshow/59793119.cms |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-18 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election 2017 Results: From Tejashri Patel to Dharmendrasinh Jadeja, Here's how Congress turncoats fared in this election |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/gujarat-assembly-election-2017-results-tejashri-patel-dharmendrasinh-jadeja-congress-bjp-ramsinh-parmar/articleshow/62121213.cms |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=}}</ref> She contested [[2017 Gujarat legislative assembly election]] from Viramgam where she was defeated by INC candidate [[Lakhabhai Bharwad]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=BJP may pick Hardik Patel for Gujarat's Viramgam despite many contenders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-assembly-polls-2022/story/bjp-may-pick-hardik-patel-for-viramgam-in-gujarat-despite-many-contenders-2290594-2022-10-28 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Tejashree}}
[[Category:Women members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]

Digha–Visakhapatnam Express

2026-04-11T23:46:17Z

AAZAMAZEEM:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Digha–Visakhapatnam Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|02|24}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Digha}}
| stops = 15
| end = {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}
| distance = {{convert|926|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 15 hours 20 mins
| frequency = weekly
| class = general unreserved, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, sleeper class
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22873 / 22874
| speed = {{convert|61|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:(Visakhapatnam - Digha) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}
The 22873 / 74 '''Digha–Visakhapatnam Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Digha}} and {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}} in India.

It operates as train number 22873 from Digha to Visakhapatnam and as train number 22874 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Coaches==
The 22873 / 74 Digha–Visakhapatnam Express has one AC 2 tier, two AC 3 tier, eight sleeper coaches, six general unreserved and two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a [[pantry car]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/oct/04/train-services-to-be-hit-for-inter-locking-works-824472.html | title=Train Services to be Hit for Inter-locking Works | date=4 October 2015 | newspaper=The New Indian Express | access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 22873 Digha–Visakhapatnam Express covers the distance of {{convert|926|km|0|abbr=on}} in 15 hours 05 mins (62 km/h) and in 15 hours 35 mins as the 22874 Visakhapatnam–Digha Express (60 km/h).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/New-rail-line-commissioning-Visakhapatnam-Digha-Express-Shalimar-Visakhapatnam-Express-cancelled/articleshow/38878764.cms | title=New rail line commissioning: Visakhapatnam–Digha Express, Shalimar–Visakhapatnam Express cancelled | newspaper=The Times of India | date=22 July 2014 | accessdate=11 February 2019 }}</ref>

As the average speed of the train is higher than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 22873 / 74 Digha–Visakhapatnam Express runs from Digha via [[Tamluk Junction railway station|Tamluk Junction]], {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}} to Visakhapatnam.

==Traction==
As the route is electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/digha-vishakapatnam-sf-express-22873/16835/1728/401 22873 Digha–Visakhapatnam Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/visakhapatnam-digha-sf-express-22874/16825/401/1728 22874 Visakhapatnam–Digha Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Digha-Vishakapatnam Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Digha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Visakhapatnam]]

R. Rohmingliana

2026-04-11T20:11:50Z

AAZAMAZEEM: creating basic article more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = R. Rohmingliana
| honorific_suffix =
| image = R. Rohmingliana.jpg
| alt =
| caption = R. Rohmingliana in 2023
| office = Member of [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Zodintluanga]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Thorang Assembly constituency|Thorang]]
| assembly1 =
| constituency_AM1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| prior_term =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|10|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bungtlang, [[Union Territory of Mizoram]], [[India]] (now [[Mizoram]] State), [[Assam]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| party = [[Mizo National Front]]
| other_party =
| height = 
| spouse = T. Linda Lachhingpuii
| relations =
| children =
| mother =
| father = R. Lalruala
| relatives =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| blank2 =
| data2 =
| blank3 =
| data3 =
| blank4 =
| data4 =
| blank5 =
| data5 =
| signature =
| signature_alt = 
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Mizo name|Rohmingliana}}
'''R. Rohmingliana''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He won the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]] on [[Mizo National Front|MNF]] ticket from [[Thorang Assembly constituency|Thorang constituency]] which is reserved for ST community in [[Lunglei district]]. He defeated sitting MLA [[Zodintluanga Ralte|Zodintluanga]] Ralte of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 62 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Thorang assembly election results 2023: MNF's R. Rohmingliana defeats INC's Zodintluanga Ralte and ZPM's C. Lalnunnema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/thorang-assembly-election-results-2023-mnfs-r-rohmingliana-defeats-incs-zodintluanga-ralte-and-zpms-c-lalnunnema/articleshow/105722442.cms |access-date=2024-04-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thorang assembly election results 2023: Thorang Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/mizoram/thorang-assembly-result-16034 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Assembly Elections 2023: Thorang Assembly Constituency Result |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/mizoram/mizoram-assembly-elections-2023-thorang-assembly-constituency-result-2769927 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rohmingliana hails from [[Thorang Assembly constituency|Thorang]] and is a post graduate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=R Rohmingliana Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Mizoram Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/r-rohmingliana-16034-3 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> His father's name is R. Lalruala. He is a businessman and his wife is an assistant professor at RIPANS, Aizwal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=R.rohmingliana(MNF):Constituency- THORANG(LUNGLEI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/mizoram2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=284 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
He lost the [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018 Assembly election]] to Zodintluanga Ralte of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] but defeated him by a narrow margin in 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mizoram 2023 highlights: MNF wins Thorang, West Tuipui, Tuichawng; ZPM gets Lunglei South |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election/mizoram-2023-live-lunglei-south-thorang-west-tuipui-tuichawng-counting-updates-101701653994262.html |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mizoram]]
[[Category:People from Lunglei district]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:Mizo National Front politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2018–2023]]

List of supermarket chains in Asia

2026-04-11T18:29:32Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Added A Post

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
This is a '''list of supermarket chains in [[Asia]]'''.

==[[Afghanistan]]==
* Chelsea Supermarket<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smninvest.com/finest-superstore|title=SMN Investments | Partnerships for peace and prosperity » Finest Superstore}}</ref>
* [[Spinneys]]

==[[Bangladesh]]==

* [[Agora Super Stores]]
* Almas<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Islam |first=Shafiqul |date=2024-01-27 |title=Super shops see super business growth |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/business/local/jre1tcn64r |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref>
* Amana Big Bazar<ref name=":0" />
* [[Meena Bazar]]
* [[Mustafa Centre|Mustafa Mart]]

* [[PRAN-RFL Group]]
** Daily Shopping<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Shopping opens 96th outlet in Gendaria |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/en/business/news/89586}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-28 |title=Inside PRAN-RFL Group's Growing Retail Dominance and The Power of Owning Distribution - Future Startup |url=https://futurestartup.com/2025/07/28/inside-pran-rfl-groups-growing-retail-dominance-and-the-power-of-owning-distribution/ |access-date=2026-04-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>
** RFL Best Buy<ref>{{Cite web |title=RFL Best Buy opens largest showroom in Dhanmondi |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/en/amp/91618}}</ref>

* Prince Bazar<ref name=":0" />
* [[Shwapno]]
* [[Unimart (Bangladesh)|Unimart]]

==[[Bahrain]]==
{{main|List of supermarket chains in Bahrain}}

==[[Cambodia]]==
* [[Big C]]
* [[Makro]]
* [[Aeon (company)|AEON]]

==[[China]]==
{{main|List of supermarket chains in China}}

=== [[Hong Kong]] ===
* [[7-Eleven]]
* [[ÆON]] (Formerly [[JUSCO]], also considered a [[department store]])
* [[c!ty'super]]
* Subsidiaries of [[China Resources]], including:
** [[CR Vanguard]] (Defunct)
** [[U Select]]
* [[DCH Food Mart]] (Defunct)
* [[Marks & Spencer]]
* [[Seibu Department Stores]] (Defunct)
* Yata (also considered a [[department store]])
* [[Sogo]] (also considered a [[department store]])
* [[UNY]]/APiTA
* Subsidiaries of [[AS Watson]], including:
** [[PARKnSHOP]]
** Fusion
** [[Taste (supermarket)|Taste]]
** International by PARKnSHOP
** [[Gourmet (supermarket)|Gourmet]]
** [[Great (supermarket)|Great]]
** Food le Parc
* Subsidiaries of [[DFI Retail Group]], including:
** [[Wellcome]]
** [[Market Place (supermarket)|Market Place/Market Place by Jasons]]
** [[3hreeSixty]]
** Oliver's The Delicatessen
* Kai Bo
* DS Groceries

=== [[Macau]] ===
*San Miu<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macao Consumer Council |url=https://www.consumer.gov.mo/commodity/price_station_type.aspx?lang=en&type=t8 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.consumer.gov.mo}}</ref>
*[[Royal Supermarket|Royal]]
*Seng Cheong
*Sunsco<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUNSCO SUPERMARKET |url=https://www.consumer.gov.mo/Shop/Shop.aspx?ShopCode=2088&lang=en |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.consumer.gov.mo}}</ref>
*[[New Yaohan|Novo Yaohan]] (also considered a [[department store]])

==[[India]]==
* [[7-Eleven]] - Just in Metro Cities
* Central Bazaar - National Player
* [[DMart]] - National Player
* [[HyperCity]] - Just in Metro cities
* Kurinji Metro Bazaar - Regional Player
* [[Lulu Hypermarket]] - Just in Metro Cities
* [[Maveli Stores]] - Regional Player
* [[More (store)|More]] - Regional Player
* Namdhari's Fresh - Regional Player
* [[Nesto Group|Nesto]] - Regional Player
* [[Nilgiris 1905|Nilgiri's]] - Regional Player
* [[Reliance Fresh]] - National Player
* [[Smart Bazaar]] - National Player
* [[Spar (retailer)|Spar]] - In Metro cities
* [[Spencer's Retail]] - Regional Player
* [[Triveni Supermarkets]] - Regional Player
* Valuezone Hypermarket - Regional Player
* [[Walmart]] - Just in Metro Cities

==[[Indonesia]]==
{{main|List of supermarket chains in Indonesia}}

==[[Iran]]==
* [[Hyper Star]]
* [[Proma Hypermarket]]
* [[Refah Chain Stores Co.]]
* [[Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc.]]
* [[Svetofor]]

==[[Iraq]]==
* [[Carrefour]]

==[[Israel]]==
* [[Carrefour]]
* [[Hatzi Hinam]]
* [[Rami Levy Hashikma Marketing|Rami Levy]]
* [[Shufersal]]
* [[Tiv Ta'am]]

==[[Japan]]==
Convenience Store:
* [[7-Eleven]]
* [[FamilyMart]]

Supermarket:
* [[ÆON]]
* [[Albis (store)|Albis]]
* [[Belc]] ([[:ja:ベルク (企業)|ja]])
* [[Costco]]
* [[Don Quijote (store)|Don Quijote]] - discount store
* [[Ito-Yokado]]
* [[Izumiya]]
* [[Kanesue]]
* [[Kansai Super]]
* [[Life Supermarket]] ([[:ja:ライフコーポレーション|ja]])
* [[Maxvalu Tokai]]
* [[Seijo Ishii]] ([[:ja:成城石井|ja]])
* [[Seiyu (retailer)|Seiyu]]
* [[Seiyu Group]]
* [[UNY]] Apita, Biago
* Yaokō, [[Kanto region]], mainly [[Saitama Prefecture]] and [[Chiba Prefecture]].<ref>[[:ja:ヤオコー]] '''(Japanese language)''' Retrieved date on July 14, 2017.</ref>

==[[Jordan]]==
* [[CTown Supermarkets]]
* HyperMax
* Cozmo
* [[Spinneys]]
* [[Tazweed Center]]

==[[Kazakhstan]]==
* Magnum
* SMall
* [[Metro Cash & Carry|METRO]]
* Ataba
* [[Ramstore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramstore.kz/__kaz/|title=Ramstore|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610151546/http://www.ramstore.kz/__kaz/|archive-date=2014-06-10}}</ref>
* Arzan
* Ayan
* Yuzhnyi

==[[Kuwait]]==
* HyperMax
* [[Lulu Hypermarket]]
* [[Lulu Hypermarket|Lulu Supermarket]]
* [[The Sultan Center]]
* [[City Hypermarket]]
* [[Grand Hyper]]
* [[Nesto]]
* [[Monoprix]]

==[[Laos]]==
* [[Big C]]
* Kokkok Mart
* [[7-Eleven]]
* Rimping

==[[Lebanon]]==
* [[Carrefour]]
* Faddoul<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faddoul Supermarket Lebanon's Favorite Grocery Store - 24/7 |url=https://faddoulsupermarket.com/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Faddoul Supermarket |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Happy<ref>{{Cite web |title=HAPPY Supermarket Discount Store Locator {{!}} Lebanon {{!}} Find near by store locations and hours |url=https://www.happystorelebanon.com/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=HAPPY Supermarket Discount Store Locator {{!}} Lebanon {{!}} Find near by store locations and hours |language=en}}</ref>
* Khoury Shopping Centre (KSC)
* La Valeur<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Valeur online |url=https://lavaleursupermarche.com/}}</ref>
* [[Monoprix]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monoprix.com.lb/|title=Monoprix|website=www.monoprix.com.lb}}</ref>
* Promarché<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Store |url=https://promarche.com.lb/ |website=Promarché - Partenaire Intermarché}}</ref>
* [[Spinneys]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spinneys-lebanon.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801172454/http://www.spinneys-lebanon.com/ |archive-date=2018-08-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[The Sultan Center]]
* [[noknok]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://noknok.co/|title=noknok|website=www.noknok.co}}</ref>

==[[Malaysia]]==
{{main|List of supermarket chains in Malaysia}}

==[[Mongolia]]==
{{main|List of supermarket chains in Mongolia}}

* KHANBURGEDEI Supermarket
* Emart
* Nomin
* Minii

== [[Nepal]] ==

* [[Bhat-Bhateni Supermarket|Bhatebhateni Supermarket]]
* Big Mart

==[[Northern Cyprus]]==
{{main|List of supermarket chains in Northern Cyprus}}

==[[Oman]]==
* HyperMax
* [[LuLu Group International|LuLu Hypermarket]]
* [[Nesto]]

==[[Pakistan]]==
* Al-Fatah
* [[Carrefour]]
* Chase Up
* [[CSD Pakistan]]
* [[Imtiaz (retail chain)|Imtiaz]]
* Kifayah Supermarket
* [[Metro Pakistan]]
* Naheed
* [[Spar (retailer)|Spar]]

==[[Philippines]]==
{{main|List of supermarket chains in the Philippines}}

==[[Qatar]]==
* [[Carrefour]]
* [[Carrefour Market]]
* [[Lulu Hypermarket|Lulu Supermarket]]
* [[Lulu Hypermarket]]
* [[Mega Mart|Mega Mart Supermarket]]
* [[Spinneys]]

==[[Saudi Arabia]]==
* [[Panda Retail Company|Panda]]
* [[Carrefour]]
* [[Panda Retail Company|HyperPanda]]<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.panda.com.sa/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051422/http://www.panda.com.sa/ |archive-date=2019-04-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Abdullah Al-Othaim Markets]]
* [[Tamimi Group|Tamimi]]
* [[Danube Company|Danube]]
* Al-Sadhan Supermarket
* [[Lulu Hypermarket]]
* [[Lulu Hypermarket|Lulu Supermarket]]
* [[Nesto Group|Nesto Hypermarket]]
* [[BinDawood Stores|BinDawood]]
* Farm Superstores
* Sarawat Hypermarket

==[[Singapore]]==
* [[Cold Storage (supermarket)|Cold Storage]] (Macrovalue)
* [[Giant Hypermarket|Giant]] (Macrovalue)
* [[NTUC Fairprice]]
* [[Prime Supermarket]]
* [[Sheng Siong]]
* [[Scarlett Supermarket]]

==[[South Korea]]==
=== National chains ===
* [[Costco]]
* [[E-mart]]
* [[Lotte Mart]]
* [[Homeplus]]
* [[:ko:GS수퍼마켓|GS THE FRESH]], Owner by [[GS Group]]
* [[Nonghyup|NongHyup]] Hanaro Mart, Owner by [[Nonghyup|NongHyup]] and Regional [[Nonghyup|NongHyup]]

===Regional chains===
* [[:ko:메가마트|MEGA MART]], Owner by [[Nongshim]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.nongshim.com/about/group/megaMart|title=MEGA MART|website=eng.nongshim.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.megamart.com/store|title=매장 / 전단찾기|website=home.megamart.com}}</ref>
* JangbogoFoodMart, JangbogoFoodMart is a regional supermarket chain in Korea, focusing on [[Gyeongsang Province]]. Owner by [http://www.jangboja.com/ JangbogoFoodMart Co, LTD.]<ref name="asiae">{{Cite web|url=https://view.asiae.co.kr/article/2023042409142732918|title="식자재마트 전성기 끝났다"… 매출 줄고 쇠퇴기 진입 -아시아경제|website=asiae.co.kr|date=25 April 2023 }}</ref>
* [[:ko:서원유통|TopMart]], TopMart is a regional supermarket chain in Korea, focusing on [[Gyeongsang Province]]. Owner by [http://www.seowon.com SEOWON DISTRIBUTION Co., Ltd.]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seowon.com/shopping/storeList|title=매장안내|website=www.seowon.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hankyung.com/article/2011032890241|title=부산·경남 유통강자 '탑마트' 매출 1조 돌파 - 한국경제|website=hankyung.com|date=28 March 2011 }}</ref>
* [[:ko:트라이얼 (기업)|TRIAL]], TRIAL is Japan Supermarket Chain Group. South Korea Store Owner by [http://www.trialmart.co.kr TRIAL Korea Co., Ltd.]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trialmart.co.kr/store/store01.php|title=매장안내|website=www.trialmart.co.kr}}</ref><ref name="asiae" />
* [[IGA (supermarkets)|IGA]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igakorea.com |title=IGA Korea |accessdate=7 January 2024}}</ref>
* Segyero Mart<ref name="asiae" />

==[[Sri Lanka]]==
* [[Arpico Super Centre]]
* [[Cargills (Ceylon)|Cargills]] PLC (Food City)
* [[Keells Super]] (Jaykay Marketing Services)
* [[Laugfs Supermarkets]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://laugfsholdings.com/super/|title=LAUGFS Super - LAUGFS Supermarkets in Sri Lanka|website=laugfsholdings.com}}</ref>
* [[Spar (retailer)|Spar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spar-international.com/country/sri-lanka/|title=Sri Lanka|website=SPAR International}}</ref>
* Glomark (softlogic Holdings)
*Star United<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130113/business-times/new-supermarket-chain-emerges-27815.html|title=New supermarket chain emerges | The Sundaytimes Sri Lanka}}</ref>

==[[Syria]]==
* Grand Mart

==[[Taiwan]]==
{{main|List of supermarket chains in Taiwan}}

* [[A.mart]]
* [[c!ty'super]]
* [[Carrefour]]
* [[Costco]]
* [[Market Place by Jasons|Jasons Market Place]]
* [[PXmart]]
* [[RT-Mart]]
* [[Wellcome]]

==[[Tajikistan]]==
* Paykar
* Somon Supermarket
* Relax Supermarket

==[[Thailand]]==
{{main|List of supermarket chains in Thailand}}

==[[Turkmenistan]]==
* Ashgabat Hypermarket

==[[United Arab Emirates]]==
* [[Auchan]]
* [[Carrefour]]
* [[Géant Casino|Géant]]
* [[Panda Retail Company|HyperPanda]]<ref name="Archived copy"/>
* [[Lulu Hypermarket]]
* [[Nesto Group|Nesto]]
* [[Spinneys]]
* [[Arwani Store]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arwani-store.com/en|title=Arwani Store}}</ref>
* [[Talal Market]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.talalgroupintl.com/|title=Talal Group of Companies}}</ref>
* [[Viva Supermarket|Viva]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest Quality at Cheapest Prices in Dubai {{!}}VIVA Supermarket |url=https://www.myviva.com/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Viva |language=en-US}}</ref>

==[[Uzbekistan]]==
* [[Auchan]]
* [[Kipa (supermarket)|Kipa]]
* [[Makro (Uzbekistan)|Makro Supermarket]]
* [[SPAR]]

==[[Vietnam]]==
* [[ÆON]]
* [[Big C]]
* [[Lotte Mart]]
* [[VinMart]]

==[[Yemen]]==
* [[LuLu Group International|LuLu Hypermarket]]

== References ==
<references />

{{portal bar|Supermarkets|Companies}}
{{Asia topic|List of supermarket chains in}}
{{Lists of supermarket chains by continent}}
{{list of lists | companies | listcat=Retail companies of Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:supermarket chains in Asia}}
[[Category:Lists of supermarket chains by continent|Asia]]
[[Category:Companies of Asia| ]]
[[Category:Asia-related lists|Supermarket chains]]

Digras, Beed

2026-03-30T11:15:42Z

AAZAMAZEEM: new initial article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Digras
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India#Asia
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|06|01.3|N|76|21|13.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Marathwada]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Beed district|Beed]]
| government_type = [[Grampanchayat]]
| governing_body = Digras Gram Panchayat
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Komal Atul Muthal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meri Panchayat |url=https://meripanchayat.gov.in/citizen/JanPratinidhi |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=meripanchayat.gov.in}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 4.12
| population_total = 1106
| population_demonym = Digraskar
| demographics_type1 = Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin code
| postal_code = 431128
| registration_plate = {{hlist|MH44|MH23}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| blank_info_sec1 = 65%
| blank_name_sec1 = Literacy rate
| blank1_name_sec1 = Public transit access
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{rint|rail}} {{rws|Parli Vaijnath}} (40 km) {{rint|air}}[[Latur Airport|Latur]] (116.4 km) {{rint|ferry}}[[International Cruise Terminal Station, Mumbai|Mumbai]] (443 km)
| population_as_of = 2011
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/3/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image2 = Digras (Beed) img1.jpg
| image7 = Digras economy img2.jpg
| image4 = Kalinka devi Mandir img 000.jpg
| image3 = Digras road img.jpg
| image5 = Vitthal Rukmini mandir.jpg
| image1 = Digras school.jpg
| image6 = Godavari river view img6.jpg
}}
| image_caption = ''From left to right'': Zilla Parishad Prathmik Shala, Main Road, [[Khatgavhan]] road, [[Mandir kalash|Kalash]] of the Kalinka Devi temple, [[Murti|Idol]] of [[Vitthal]] and [[Rukmini]], [[Godavari River]], Ploughing by Tractor
| nickname = Deviche Digras{{Efn|''Deviche Digras'' is ''Digras of Goddess Kalinka Devi'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]].}}
| subdivision_name4 = [[Parli Vaijnath]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of talukas of Maharashtra|Taluka]]
}}

'''Digras''' is a village situated on the banks of the [[Godavari River]] in [[Parli Vaijnath|Parli]] Taluka of [[Beed district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Map - Taluka: Parli District: Beed|url=https://mrsac.gov.in/writereaddata/MRSAC/map/15663880245d5d2f3844306TH_BID_Parli.pdf|website=Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application Centre|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref> The village is a pilgrimage site for the [[Twashta Kasar|Kasar]] community in Maharashtra as there is a temple of Kalinka Devi, the [[Kuladevata]] of the Kasar's.

== Location ==
[[File:Godavari river digras.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Godavari River]]

Digras is situated on the banks of the [[Godavari River]] in the north–eastern part of [[Beed district]], which shares a border with [[Parbhani district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=जायकवाडीचे पाणी डिग्रसच्या गोदापात्रात पोहोंचल्याने शेतकरी आनंदी|url=https://www.lokmat.com/beed/farmers-are-happy-water-jayakwadi-has-reached-godawari-besin-digras/|website=Lokmat|date=2019-08-22|access-date=2025-11-28|language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board|url=https://www.mpcb.gov.in/sites/default/files/public_hearing/mom/2023-01/PH%20Minutes%20in%20English%20Sand%20Ghats%20Beed.pdf|journal=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Survey of India–Beed|url=https://surveyofindia.gov.in/files/BEED.pdf|journal=[[Survey of India Service|Survey of India]]|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Administration ==
As per the [[Constitution of India]] and [[Panchayati Raj Act|Panchayat Raj Act]], Digras village is administered by [[Sarpanch]] under Parli Vaijnath [[Panchayat samiti|Panchayat Samiti]] and Beed [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FPS Status Taluka Parli (Vaijnath) {{!}} District Beed, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India|url=https://beed.gov.in/en/supply-department/parli/|access-date=2023-03-15|language=en-US|website=beed.gov.in}}</ref>

== Education ==
The Zilla Parishad Prathmik Shala ({{Translation|District Council Primary School}}) is the sole educational institution in the village run by [[Local government in Maharashtra#Rural Local Governance#Zilla parishad|Zilla parishad]], [[Beed]] and it only offers instruction up to the fourth grade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zpps Digras - Parli, Beed - Reviews, Fee Structure, Admission Form, Address, Contact, Rating - Directory |url=https://directory.edugorilla.com/school/zpps-digras-parli-beed-fee-structure-syllabus-address-admission-form-contact-number/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=EduGorilla Listings |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], there are 1106 people living in the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population finder {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder#:~:text=The%20Population%20Finder%20retrieves%20data,for%20urban%20and%20rural%20areas. |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parli Population 2022/2023, Taluka Village List in Beed, Maharashtra |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Maharashtra/Beed/Parli |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517185153/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Maharashtra/Beed/Parli |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 May 2014 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.indiagrowing.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Indiacator
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Households
|258
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|Population
|1106
|578
|528
|-
|0–6 aged
|165
|91
|74
|-
|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled castes]]
|350
|176
|174
|-
|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled tribes]]
|3
|1
|2
|-
|Literacy
|720
|423
|297
|-
|Illiteracy
|386
|155
|231
|-
|[[Working population]]
|548
|321
|227
|-
|Main working population
|540
|320
|220
|-
|Main cultivator population
|159
|104
|55
|-
|Main Agricultural labourers
|332
|177
|155
|-
|Main households industries
|3
|3
|0
|-
|Main other working population
|46
|36
|10
|-
|Marginal working population
|8
|1
|7
|-
|Non–working population
|558
|257
|301
|}

== Illegal sand mining ==
In 2022, Harshad Kamble of the District Mining Office addressed the need for authorized sand mining to prevent illegal activities and road damage during a public hearing on sand mining in the Godavari river. He also raised concerns about water levels affecting mining operations. Local residents expressed concerns about road damage, traffic congestion, and environmental issues due to illegal sand transport, and called for the removal of sand jetty from the auction.<ref name=":0" />

In 2023, Assistant Superintendent of Sirsala Police, Pankaj Kumawat, conducted a raid at the Godavari river basin at around 1:30 am on 4 April. A tractor being used to illegally extract and smuggle sand from the river basin was seized, along with a two-wheeler used for identifying the location. The tractor driver and others involved were arrested during the operation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=अवैध वाळू उपसा: परळी तालुक्यातील सिरसाळा पोलिस ठाण्याच्या हद्दीतील दिग्रस येथे अवैध वाळू उपसा; ट्रॅक्टर ट्रॉलीसह केनी जप्त|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/local/maharashtra/aurangabad/beed/news/illegal-sand-mining-at-digras-under-sirsala-police-station-limits-in-parli-taluka-kenny-seized-with-tractor-trolley-131124544.html|work=Divya Marathi|date=2023-04-05|access-date=2025-11-28|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230610045823/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/local/maharashtra/aurangabad/beed/news/illegal-sand-mining-at-digras-under-sirsala-police-station-limits-in-parli-taluka-kenny-seized-with-tractor-trolley-131124544.html|archive-date=2023-06-10|language=mr}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

[[Category:Villages in Beed district]]
[[Category:Gram Panchayats in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Places situated on the banks of the Godavari river]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Buxar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-29T08:20:40Z

AAZAMAZEEM:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Buxar
| map_image =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| assembly_cons =[[Brahampur Assembly constituency|Brahampur]] [[Buxar Assembly constituency|Buxar]] [[Dumraon Assembly constituency|Dumraon]] [[Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajpur]] [[Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]] [[Dinara Assembly constituency|Dinara]]
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Sudhakar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Ashwini Kumar Choubey|Ashwini Choubey]]{{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
}}

'''Buxar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Buxar Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six legislative assembly segments:
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|199
|[[Brahampur Assembly constituency|Brahampur]]
|rowspan="4"| [[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|[[Shambhu Nath Singh Yadav|Shambhu Nath Yadav]]
|style=background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=5}}
|-
|200
|[[Buxar Assembly constituency|Buxar]]
|Anand Mishra
|style=background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party |BJP]]
|-
|201
|[[Dumraon Assembly constituency|Dumraon]]
|Rahul Kumar Singh
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|202
|[[Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajpur]] (SC)
|[[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
|-
|203
|[[Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
|[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
|Satish Kumar Singh Yadav
|style=background-color:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
|210
|[[Dinara Assembly constituency|Dinara]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|Alok Kumar Singh
|style=background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Morcha|RLM]]
|style=background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Members of Parliament ==
===1952-1957===
As '''Shahabad North-West''' Lok Sabha constituency in [[1st Lok Sabha]].
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951-52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Kamal Singh (Bihar politician)|Kamal Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|}

===1957-Present===
As present day '''Buxar''' Lok Sabha constituency from [[2nd Lok Sabha]] onwards.The following is the list of the Members of Parliament elected from this constituency<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=January 31, 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=2008-06-16 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[Kamal Singh (Bihar politician)|Kamal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Anant Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|[[Ram Subhag Singh]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|[[Anant Sharma]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Ramanand Tiwary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Kamla Kant Tiwari
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tej Narayan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Lalmuni Chaubey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Jagada Nand Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashwini Kumar Choubey|Ashwini Choubey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Sudhakar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Buxar<ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0433.htm |website=ECI.GOV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Haldiya |first1=Vanshika |title=Buxar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/buxar-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate=[[Sudhakar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
|votes=438,345
|percentage=40.82
|change={{increase}}4.80
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Mithlesh Tiwari]]|votes=4,08,254|percentage=38.02|change={{decrease}}9.92}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Anil Kumar|votes=1,14,714|percentage=10.68|change={{increase}}2.55}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,617|percentage=0.90|change={{decrease}}0.77}}

{{Election box majority||votes=30,091|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,74,086|percentage=55.53|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Buxar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashwani Kumar Choubey]]
|votes = 4,73,053
|percentage = 47.94
|change = +12.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jagada Nand Singh]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=3,55,444|percentage=36.02|change=+15.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sushil Kumar Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=80,261|percentage=8.13|change=-12.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=16,447|percentage=1.67|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,17,609|percentage=11.92|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,86,962|percentage=53.95|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Buxar<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=78}}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashwani Kumar Choubey]]
|votes = 3,19,012
|percentage = 35.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jagada Nand Singh]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=1,86,674|percentage=20.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dadan Singh Yadav]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,84,788|percentage=20.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shyam Lal Singh Kushwaha|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=1,17,012|percentage=13.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,179|percentage=1.03|change=}}{{Election box majority||votes=1,32,338|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,88,204|percentage=54.14|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Buxar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/buxar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Buxar lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{S-new|reason=creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of the opposition]]|years=1969 – 1970}}
{{s-vac | next = [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]] | reason = till 1977 No [[Official opposition]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Patna Division topics}}
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[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Buxar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Kaimur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Rohtas district]]

China–India relations

2026-03-28T02:54:58Z

AAZAMAZEEM: quick fixed intro after review and updated info

{{Short description|Bilateral relations}}
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|China–India|China|India|map=China India locator.svg|mission1 = [[Embassy of China, New Delhi]]|mission2 = [[Embassy of India, Beijing]]|envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of China to India|China Ambassador to India]] |envoy1=[[Xu Feihong]]|envoytitle2=[[List of ambassadors of India to China|India Ambassador to China]]|envoy2=[[Pradeep Kumar Rawat]]|filetype=png}}
[[File:PM Modi meeting Xi Jinping (2025).jpg|The [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]] meeting the [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]], [[Xi Jinping]], in [[Wuhan]], China during a [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|summit]] on 31 August 2025|thumb]]
[[China]] and [[India]] maintained peaceful relations for thousands of years, but their relationship has varied since the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP)'s victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]] in 1949 and the [[annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]]. The two nations have sought economic cooperation with each other, while frequent border disputes and [[economic nationalism]] in both countries are major points of contention.

Cultural and economic relations between China and India date back to ancient times. The [[Silk Road]] not only served as a major [[trade route]] between India and China, but is also credited for facilitating the spread of [[Buddhism]] from India to East Asia.<ref name="Maria">{{cite book|last=Backus|first=Maria|title=Ancient China|publisher=Lorenz Educational Press, 2002|isbn=978-0-7877-0557-2|date=September 2002}}</ref> During the 19th century, China was involved in a growing [[opium trade]] with the [[East India Company]], which exported opium grown in India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Janin|first=Hunt|title=The India-japan opium trade in the two century|publisher=McFarland, 1999|isbn =978-0-7864-0715-6|date=January 1999}}</ref><ref name="Sen2003">{{cite book|author=Tansen Sen|title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&q=774+787+srivijaya|date=January 2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2593-5}}</ref> During [[World War II]], both [[British Raj|British India]] and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) played a crucial role in halting the progress of [[Imperial Japan]].<ref name="Barbara">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Barbara|title=World War Two|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books, 2004|isbn=978-0-8225-0138-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariipacifi0000will|year=2005}}</ref> After India became independent in 1947, it established relations with the ROC. The modern Sino-Indian diplomatic relationship began in 1950, when India was among the first noncommunist countries to end formal relations with the [[Republic of China]] and recognise the PRC as the legitimate government of both [[Mainland China]] and [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]]. China and India are two of the major [[regional power]]s in Asia, and are the two [[List of countries by population|most populous countries]] and among the [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest growing]] major economies in the world.

Growth in diplomatic and economic influence has increased the significance of their bilateral relationship. Between 2008 and 2021, China was India's largest trading partner, and the two countries have extended their strategic and military relations.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43053-2005Apr11.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | first=John | last=Lancaster | title=India, China Hoping to 'Reshape the World Order' Together | date=12 April 2005 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209160559/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43053-2005Apr11.html | archive-date=9 February 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2010/07/why-indo-china-ties-will-be-more.html |title=Why Indo-China ties will be more favourable than Sino-Pak |publisher=Theworldreporter.com |date=7 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019172133/http://www.theworldreporter.com/2010/07/why-indo-china-ties-will-be-more.html |archive-date=19 October 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Hindu1">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indiachina-trade-surpasses-target/article1129785.ece India-China trade surpasses target] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510130334/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indiachina-trade-surpasses-target/article1129785.ece |date=10 May 2013 }}, ''The Hindu'', 2 January 2010.</ref><ref name=NDTV>{{cite web |title=US Becomes India's Biggest Trading Partner, Surpasses China |date=29 May 2022 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/us-becomes-india-biggest-trading-partner-surpasses-china-3018969 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529052719/https://www.ndtv.com/business/us-becomes-india-biggest-trading-partner-surpasses-china-3018969 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, conflict of interest leads to hostility. India has a large [[trade deficit]] that is favoured towards China. The two countries failed to resolve their border dispute and Indian media outlets have repeatedly reported Chinese military incursions into Indian territory.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124578881101543463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710060101/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124578881101543463|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2015|title=The China-India Border Brawl|author=Jeff M. Smith today's Wall Street Journal Asia|date=24 June 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> And relations between contemporary China and India have been characterised by [[Sino-Indian border dispute|border disputes]], resulting in three [[military conflict]]s – the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, the [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|border clashes in Nathu La and Cho La in 1967]], and the [[1987 Sino-Indian skirmish|1987 Sumdorong Chu standoff]].<ref name="APCSS">[http://www.apcss.org/core/BIOS/malik/India-China_Relations.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Since the late 1980s, both countries have successfully rebuilt diplomatic and economic ties.

[[2013 Depsang standoff|Since 2013]], border disputes have reemerged to take centre stage in the two countries' mutual relations. In early 2018, the two armies were engaged in a standoff at the [[Doklam plateau]] along the disputed [[Bhutan-China border]].<ref>{{citation|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|title=Doklam: To start at the very beginning|url=http://www.orfonline.org/research/doklam-start-very-beginning/|year=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220035217/http://www.orfonline.org/research/doklam-start-very-beginning/|publisher=Observer Research Foundation|ref={{sfnref|Joshi, Doklam: To start at the very beginning|2017}}|access-date=7 February 2018|archive-date=20 December 2017|author-link=Manoj Joshi (journalist)|url-status=live}}</ref> Since summer 2020, [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|armed standoffs and skirmishes]] at multiple locations along the entire Sino-Indian border escalated. A serious clash occurred in the [[Galwan Valley]], resulting in the death of 20 Indian soldiers and many Chinese soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53076781|title=Galwan Valley: China and India clash on freezing and inhospitable battlefield|work=BBC News|date=17 June 2020|access-date=29 September 2021|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531131817/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53076781|url-status=live}}</ref> Both countries have steadily established military infrastructure along border areas, including amidst the [[2020 China–India skirmishes]].<ref name="WSJ" /><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ak-antony-admits-china-incursion_1592435 AK Antony admits China incursion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930132104/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ak-antony-admits-china-incursion_1592435 |date=30 September 2011 }}, DNA, 28 September 2011.</ref> Additionally, India remains wary about China's strong [[China–Pakistan relations|strategic bilateral relations with Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9d5497f0-db8d-11de-9424-00144feabdc0.html|title=China-Pakistan military links upset India|work=Financial Times|date=27 November 2009|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> and China's relations to [[Insurgency in Northeast India|separatist groups in Northeast India]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |author-link=Bertil Lintner |date=30 October 2020 |title=Behind China's threat to support insurgency in India |url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/behind-chinas-threat-to-support-insurgency-in-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031104540/https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/behind-chinas-threat-to-support-insurgency-in-india/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=31 October 2020 |work=[[Asia Times]]}}</ref> while China has expressed concerns about Indian military and economic activities in the disputed [[South China Sea]]<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2455647.ece China warns India on South China Sea exploration projects] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924173917/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2455647.ece |date=24 September 2011 }}, ''The Hindu'', 15 September 2011.</ref> as well as hosting of anti-China activity from [[Tibetan exile]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Aamir Peerzada]] |date=16 October 2020 |title=The Tibetans serving in 'secretive' Indian force |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54464189 |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019055103/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54464189 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Geeta Mohan |author-link=:fi:Geeta Mohan |date=1 January 2022 |title=China protests Indian MPs' attending Tibetan reception, Tibet govt-in-exile fires back |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-protests-indian-mp-attending-tibet-govt-in-exile-reception-1894845-2022-01-01 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101101625/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-protests-indian-mp-attending-tibet-govt-in-exile-reception-1894845-2022-01-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, the South Asian region is the premier site of intensified great power competition between China and India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Power Rivalry in South Asia |url=https://www.cfr.org/report/major-power-rivalry-south-asia |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424131004/https://www.cfr.org/report/major-power-rivalry-south-asia |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geopolitical overview ==
[[File:Sino-Indian Geography.png|thumb|right|300px|Eastern and Southern Asia. <hr>(The border between the People's Republic of China and the India over [[Arunachal Pradesh]]/[[South Tibet]] reflects actual control, without dotted line showing claims.)]]

The China–India border straddles the [[Himalayas]], with [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]] acting as [[buffer state]]s. Parts of the disputed [[Kashmir region]] claimed by India ([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]] and [[Ladakh]]) are claimed and administered by either [[Pakistan]] ([[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit Baltistan]]) or by the PRC ([[Aksai Chin]]). The Government of Pakistan, on its maps, shows the Aksai Chin area as mostly within China and labels the boundary "Frontier Undefined", while India holds that Aksai Chin is illegally occupied by the PRC. China and India also dispute most of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Diplomat-2024"/>

Not only is China's India policy shaped by [[United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China|greater competition]] with the [[United States]], but there are also real structural issues in India-China relations that exacerbate discord. These stem largely from China's attempts to keep India at arm's length in the [[Indo-Pacific]] region. There are clear differences in the regional order in Asia that the two countries desire—India seeks a multipolar order, of which India is one of the main poles, while China seeks a single pole, of which India is not a pole at all.<ref name="Firstpost-2023">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2023 |title=Analysing China's threat perception of India-United States relations |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/analysing-chinas-threat-perception-of-india-united-states-relations-12427052.html |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408162253/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/analysing-chinas-threat-perception-of-india-united-states-relations-12427052.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As India strengthens its security ties with the United States and takes a leading role in organizing the [[Global South]], tensions with China persist. China's engagement with India's neighbors and growing military cooperation with Pakistan further strain India's geopolitical landscape. In this volatile landscape, Sino-Indian relations seek a delicate balance between pragmatic economic interests and escalating geopolitical tensions.<ref name="Diplomat-2024">{{cite web |last1=Shreya |first1=Upadhyay |title=India and China: Trading With the Enemy |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/india-and-china-trading-with-the-enemy/ |website=The Diplomat |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of China–India relations}}

===Antiquity===
[[File:Etched carnelian beads after Mackay.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Etched carnelian beads]], [[Harappa]] Culture.<ref>Chanhudaro, Ernest J. Mackay, American Oriental Society, 2090</ref> Such beads were imported from India to China in the early half of 1st millennium BCE.<ref name="zhao2014">{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Deyun|date=2014|title=Study on the etched carnelian beads unearthed in China|url=http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf|journal=Chinese Archaeology|volume=14|pages=176–181|doi=10.1515/char-2014-0019|s2cid=132040238|via=The Institute of Archaeology (CASS)|access-date=28 February 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202073138/http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Echecs chinois.JPG|thumb|right|[[Xiangqi]], or Chinese chess, which, like [[Chess|Western Chess]] is believed to be descended from the Indian chess game of [[chaturanga]].<ref>Henry Davidson, ''A Short History of Chess'', p. 6.</ref> The earliest indications reveal the game may have been played as early as the third century BCE.]]

China and India have also had some contact before the transmission of Buddhism. References to a people called the ''[[Chinas]]'', are found in ancient [[Indian literature]]. The [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (c. 5th century BCE) contains references to "[[China in the Mahābhārata|China]]", which may have been referring to the [[Qin (state)|Qin]] state which later became the [[Qin dynasty]]. [[Chanakya]] (c. 350–283 BCE), the prime minister of the [[Maurya Empire]], refers to Chinese silk as "cinamsuka" (Chinese silk dress) and "cinapatta" (Chinese silk bundle) in his ''[[Arthashastra]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Colless|first=Brian|date=December 1980|title=Han and Shen-tu China's Ancient Relations with South Asia|journal=East and West|volume=30|issue=1/4|pages=157–177|jstor=29756564}} Interpretations of the term differ, but there is evidence from Roman sources of Chinese goods from a place called ''This'' travelling from Central Asia to the port of [[Barygaza]] and thence to South India.</ref>

[[Buddhism]] was transmitted from India to China in the 1st century CE.<ref>Indian Embassy, Beijing. [http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=1&SubMenuId=0 ''India-China Bilateral Relations – Historical Ties''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821001742/http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=1&SubMenuId=0|date=21 August 2013}}</ref> Trade relations via the [[Silk Road]] acted as economic contact between the two regions.{{citation needed| date = July 2025 }}

{{Clear}}

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Ambassador from Zhong Tianzhu (中天竺 Central India) in The Gathering of Kings (王会图) circa 650 CE.jpg|thumb|upright|Ambassador from Central India (中天竺 ''Zhong Tianzhu'') to the court of the [[Tang dynasty]]. ''Wanghuitu'' (王会图) circa 650 CE.]]
From the 1st century onwards, many Indian scholars and monks traveled to China, such as [[Batuo]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 464–495 CE)—first abbot of the [[Shaolin Monastery]]—and [[Bodhidharma]]—founder of [[Zen|Chan/Zen]] Buddhism—while many Chinese scholars and monks also traveled to India, such as [[Xuanzang]] (b. 604) and [[I Ching (monk)|I Ching]] (635–713), both of whom were students at [[Nalanda]] University in [[Bihar]].

====Tang and Harsha dynasties====
{{see also|China–Nepal relations#Nepal, Tibet and China|Sino-Kannauj war}}
During the 7th century, [[Tang dynasty]] China gained control over large portions of the [[Silk Road]] and Central Asia. In 649, the Chinese general [[Wang Xuance]], along with thousands of recruited Tibetan and Nepalese troops, briefly invaded North India and won the [[Battle of Chabuheluo]].

During the 8th century, the astronomical [[Aryabhata's sine table|table]] of [[Trigonometric functions|sines]] by the [[Indian astronomy|Indian astronomer]] and [[Indian mathematics|mathematician]], [[Aryabhatta]] (476–550), were translated into the [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese astronomical]] and [[Chinese mathematics|mathematical]] book of the ''[[Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era]]'' (''Kaiyuan Zhanjing''), compiled in 718 CE during the Tang dynasty.<ref name="needham volume 3 109">[[Joseph Needham]], Volume 3, p. 109</ref> The ''Kaiyuan Zhanjing'' was compiled by [[Gautama Siddha]], an astronomer and astrologer born in Chang'an, and whose family was originally from India. He was also notable for his translation of the [[Navagraha]] calendar into Chinese.

====Yuan dynasty====
Tamil Hindu Indian merchants traded in [[Quanzhou]] during the Yuan dynasty.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/behind-chinas-hindu-temples-a-forgotten-history/article4932458.ece|title=Behind China's Hindu temples, a forgotten history|author=Ananth Krishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621040237/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/behind-chinas-hindu-temples-a-forgotten-history/article4932458.ece|archive-date=21 June 2014|date=19 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc |title=China's Hindu temples: A forgotten history |date=18 July 2013 |last= |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01523/TH20_PAGE_1_ANANTH_1523758g.jpg|title=Multimedia|website=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119135250/http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01523/TH20_PAGE_1_ANANTH_1523758g.jpg|archive-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> Hindu statues were found in Quanzhou dating to this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/|title=What to do in Quanzhou: China's forgotten historic port – CNN Travel|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020143/http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>

According to [[Badauni]] and [[Firishta|Ferishta]], the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] had ambitions to invade China. There existed a direct trade relationship between China and the Delhi Sultanate. Ibn Battuta mentions that the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Emperor]] had sent an embassy to Muhammad for reconstruction of a sacked temple at [[Sambhal]].

===Ming dynasty===
[[File:Treasure Boat Shipyard - stele pavilion - Calicut stele - P1080100.JPG|thumb|[[Stele]] installed in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] by [[Zheng He]] (modern replica)]]
Between 1405 and 1433, [[Ming dynasty]] China sponsored a [[Ming treasure voyages|series of seven naval expeditions]] led by Admiral [[Zheng He]]. Zheng He visited numerous Indian kingdoms and ports, including the [[Malabar coast]], [[Bengal]], and [[Ceylon]], the [[Persian Gulf]], [[Arabia]], and later expeditions ventured down as far as [[Malindi]] in what is now [[Kenya]]. Throughout his travels, Zheng He liberally dispensed Chinese gifts of silk, [[porcelain]], and other goods. In return, he received rich and unusual presents, including African zebras and giraffes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/837096/as-mamata-banerjee-seeks-chinese-investment-for-bengal-why-is-delhi-bent-on-playing-spoilsport |title=OBOR: As Mamata seeks Chinese investment for Bengal, why is Delhi bent on playing spoilsport? |date=14 May 2017 |first=Garga |last=Chatterjee |publisher=Scroll Media |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907033736/https://scroll.in/article/837096/as-mamata-banerjee-seeks-chinese-investment-for-bengal-why-is-delhi-bent-on-playing-spoilsport |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the Ming treasure voyages, private Chinese traders continued operating in the eastern Indian Ocean. Chinese junks could frequently be seen in the ports of the [[Vijayanagara]] Empire, carrying silks and other products.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|2002|pp=304–305}}

=== Qing dynasty ===
The [[Bhoi dynasty|Bhois]] of [[Odisha|Orissa]] maintained minor maritime trade links with China. Many of the [[gosains]] entering Tibet from China passed through the territory of Birakisore Deva I of Khurda (1736–1793) who styled himself as Gajapati, the ruler of Utkala, when visiting the Jagannath temple at Puri.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cheng |first1=Anne |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''India-China: Intersecting Universalities'' |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |date=2020 |publisher=Collège de France |isbn=9782722605367 |page=19 |language=en |author1-link=Anne Cheng |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510021433/https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

The reign of [[Tipu Sultan]] in [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] saw Chinese technology used for sugar production,<ref name="seri2">Kamath (2001), p235-236</ref> and sandalwood was exported to China.<ref name="sandal">Kamath (2001), p236-237</ref> Tipu's and Mysore's tryst with silk began in the early 1780s when he received a silk cloth from an ambassador from the Qing dynasty-ruled China at his court. Tipu was said to be enchanted by the item to such an extent that he resolved to introduce its production in his kingdom. He sent a return journey to China, which returned after twelve years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A sultan's silken dreams |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/a-sultan-s-silken-dreams-51808 |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |date=18 November 2015 |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821051446/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/a-sultan-s-silken-dreams-51808 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the Qing expansion into the Himalayas, there was increased contact with South Asia, which often manifested in the form of tributary relations. The Qing were obliged to defend their subservient state, [[Badakhshan]], against the [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]] and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], though no major clash with the Marathas ever took place. The Afghans gained the initiative and defeated the Marathas at [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat]] in 1761. The battle's outcome was used by the Afghans to intimidate the Qing.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Mosca, Matthew W. |title=From frontier policy to foreign policy : the question of India and the transformation of geopolitics in Qing China |date=31 July 2015 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9729-0 |oclc=1027518281}}</ref>

[[File:Chinese barber Goa.jpg|thumb|A Chinese barber in [[Goa]], early 1800s]]

==== Sino-Sikh War ====
{{Main|Sino-Sikh war}}

{{See also|Sikhism in China#Sikh Empire}}
In the 18th to 19th centuries, the [[Sikh Empire]] expanded into neighbouring lands. It had annexed [[Ladakh]] into the state of [[Jammu]] in 1834. In 1841, they had some conflicts with Chinese forces; neither side wished to continue the conflict, as the Sikhs were embroiled in tensions with the British that would lead up to the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], while the Chinese were in the midst of the [[First Opium War]]. The Sikhs claimed victory. The two parties signed a treaty in September 1842, which stipulated no transgressions or interference in the other country's frontiers.<ref name="Rubin">The Sino-Indian Border Disputes, by Alfred P. Rubin, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1. (January 1960), pp. 96–125.</ref>

==== British Raj ====
[[File:Epitaph of Major Hsiao Chu Ching Second World War.JPG|thumb|Epitaph of Major Hsiao Chu Ching at [[Jairampur cemetery]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 September 2020|title=When Indian, Chinese soldiers fought together|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/when-indian-chinese-soldiers-fought-together/articleshow/78118475.cms|access-date=11 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712165111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/when-indian-chinese-soldiers-fought-together/articleshow/78118475.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhuri|first=Atonu|date=29 January 2008|title=Monumental neglect of war graves – Discovered in 1997, Jairampur cemetery gets entangled in red tape|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/monumental-neglect-of-war-graves-discovered-in-1997-jairampur-cemetery-gets-entangled-in-red-tape/cid/631872|access-date=11 July 2021|website=Telegraph India|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711181617/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/monumental-neglect-of-war-graves-discovered-in-1997-jairampur-cemetery-gets-entangled-in-red-tape/cid/631872|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Indian soldiers, known as "[[sepoy]]s", who were in [[British Indian Army|British service]] participated in the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War]]s against [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]. Indian sepoys were also involved in the suppression of the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in 1900, in addition to serving as guards in the [[British Hong Kong|British colony of Hong Kong]] and foreign concessions such as the [[Shanghai International Settlement]]. The Chinese slur "''Yindu A San'' " (印度阿三 - Indian number three) was used to describe Indian soldiers in British service, with some of the popular sentiment rejecting the possibility for Sino-Indian fraternity.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT52 |title=Beyond Pan-Asianism: Connecting China and India, 1840s–1960s |last2=Tsui |first2=Brian |date=1 November 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-099212-5 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Republic of China ===
In 1924, on his major tour of several major Chinese cities, giving lectures about using their shared Asian values and traditional spirituality to help together promote world peace, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was invited to [[Guangzhou|Canton]] by Sun Yat-sen, an invitation which he declined. There was considerably mixed reception to Tagore from the Chinese students and intellectuals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hogel |first=Bernhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC&q=materialism |title=India and China in the Colonial World |date=2005 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9788187358206 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130709/https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC&q=materialism |archive-date=24 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Infobox bilateral relations|China–India|Republic of China (1912–1949)|British India}}
[[Hu Shih]], the Chinese ambassador to the United States from 1938 to 1942, commented, albeit critically, on India's Buddhism almost completely subsuming Chinese society upon its introduction.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://csua.berkeley.edu/~mrl/HuShih/ReligionChinese.html |title=Religion in Chinese Life |access-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414144233/http://www.csua.berkeley.edu/~mrl/HuShih/ReligionChinese.html |archive-date=14 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<blockquote>
ASIA is one. The [[Himalayas]] divide, only to accentuate, two mighty civilizations, the Chinese with its [[communism]] of [[Confucius]], and the Indian with its [[individualism]] of the [[Vedas]]. But not even the snowy barriers can interrupt for one moment that broad expanse of love for the [[Absolute (philosophy)|Ultimate]] and [[Universal (metaphysics)|Universal]], which is the common thought-inheritance of every Asiatic race, enabling them to produce all the great religions of the world and distinguishing them from those maritime peoples of the [[Mediterranean]] and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], who love to dwell on the [[Particular]], and to search out the means, not the end, of life.<ref>Okakura, Tenshin (1904) ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/ioe Ideal of the East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810193906/https://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/ioe/ |date=10 August 2022 }}''</ref>
</blockquote>

[[File:Nehru_Chiang_Gandhi_Madame_Chiang_10_Feb_1942_India.jpg|thumb|right|Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Song Meiling with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru]]

While never having actually visited India in his lifetime, [[Sun Yat-sen]], founder of the Republic of China, occasionally spoke and wrote of India as a fellow Asian nation that was likewise subject to harsh Western exploitation, and frequently called for a [[Pan-Asian]] united front against all unjust imperialism.<ref>[[wikisource:Sun Yat-sen's speech on Pan-Asianism|Sun Yat-sen's speech on Pan-Asianism]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In the Footsteps of Xuanzang: Tan Yun-Shan and India |url=http://ignca.nic.in/ks_40034.htm#_edn24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316053112/http://ignca.nic.in/ks_40034.htm#_edn24 |archive-date=16 March 2014 |access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> Similarly, believing that then-[[Nationalist Government|Republican China]] and [[British Raj|British India]] were "sister nations from the dawn of history" who needed to transform their "ancient friendship into a new camaraderie of two freedom-loving nations", [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited China in 1939 as an honored guest of the government. Highly praising both [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his wife [[Song Meiling]], Nehru referred to Chiang as "not only a great Chinese, but a great Asiatic and world figure...one of the top most leaders of the world...a successful general and captain in war", and Song as "full of vitality and charm...a star hope for the Chinese people...a symbol of China's invincibility". Chiang recorded a favorable impression of Nehru in his diary, and the Chiangs also regularly wrote Nehru during his time in prison and even after their 1942 visit to India.<ref name="Transforming India-Taiwan Relations">{{Cite web |url=https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph35.pdf |title=Transforming India-Taiwan Relations |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526192816/https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph35.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.globalasia.org/v12no3/feature/playing-with-fire-taiwan-and-indias-long-courtship_james-baron Playing with Fire: Taiwan and India's Long Courtship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408005631/https://www.globalasia.org/v12no3/feature/playing-with-fire-taiwan-and-indias-long-courtship_james-baron |date=8 April 2023 }} ''[[Global Asia]]''</ref>

[[File:Chiang Couple Gandhi India 10 Feb 1942.jpg|thumb|right|The Chiangs with Mahatma Gandhi in Calcutta in 1942]]

Partially to enlist India's aid against both [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] and [[Western imperialism]] in exchange for China's support for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], the Chiangs visited [[British India]] in 1942 and met with Nehru, [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. The Chiangs also sought to present their nation as a potential third option for the Indian people to ally themselves with, with public sympathies at the time sharply split between the British and the Japanese, who actively tried to sway India's population with pledges to liberate Asia if they would help their efforts against the British. While the public reception to the Chiangs was mostly positive, some reacted less favorably to the Chiangs' presence in India, with Jinnah believing that Chiang Kai-shek lacked proper understanding of Indian society and feeling he was biased in favor of Nehru and Gandhi while neglecting the demands of other religious communities.<ref>{{cite book|title=India and Taiwan: From Benign Neglect to Pragmatism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=As9qCwAAQBAJ&q=alleged%20that|last=Deepak|first=B. R.|date=2005|publisher=VIJ Books (India) PVT Limited|isbn=9789384464912|access-date=18 March 2023|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130829/https://books.google.com/books?id=As9qCwAAQBAJ&q=alleged%20that|url-status=live}}</ref> For his part, Chiang apparently believed none of the major Indian leaders could help his government meaningfully. Nevertheless, the Chiangs continued to commit themselves to supporting the [[Indian independence movement]] from afar, mostly via diplomacy, with Song Meiling writing to Nehru encouragingly: "We shall leave nothing undone in assisting you to gain freedom and independence."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Last Empress Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZpVntUTZfkC&q=nothing%20undone |last=Pakula |first=Hannah |date=2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781439154236 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408081108/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZpVntUTZfkC&q=nothing%20undone |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1942, a division of the [[Kuomintang]]'s armies entered India as the [[Chinese Army in India]] in their struggle against Japanese expansion in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22599356 Why is India's Dr Kotnis revered in China?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901131112/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22599356 |date=1 September 2022 }} [[BBC]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cul.china.com.cn/lishi/2012-10/17/content_5410894.htm |title=蒋介石曾以"元首身份"访印度与甘地谈6小时 |access-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227235219/http://cul.china.com.cn/lishi/2012-10/17/content_5410894.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Post independence==
On 15 August 1947, India gained independence from the United Kingdom. The newly independent India established diplomatic relations with the ROC. On 1 October 1949, the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] defeated the Kuomintang (the ROC's ruling Nationalist Party) and took over [[Mainland China]], establishing the PRC. Soon afterwards, India became a federal, democratic republic after its constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950.

===1950s===
{{see also|India–Tibet relations}}{{Quote box
| quote = Their last telegrame to us is an act of gross discourtesy [...] It looks as though it is not a friend speaking in that language but a potential enemy [...] for the first time, after centuries, India’s defence has to concentrate itself on two fronts simultaneously. [...] In our calculations we shall now have to reckon with communist China in the north and in the north-east, a communist China which has definite ambitions and aims and which does not, in any way, seem friendly disposed towards us.
| source = Excerpt from Home Minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Patel]]'s letter to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, November 7, 1950<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Sachidananda|date=August 2020|title=The Chinese Betrayal, Early Warnings Unheeded: Lessons from Sardar Patel and Sri Aurobindo|url=http://www.friendsoftibet.org/research/download/The_Chinese_Betrayal_09102020.pdf|access-date=30 January 2021|website=Friends of Tibet|pages=21–27|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120011402/http://friendsoftibet.org/research/download/The_Chinese_Betrayal_09102020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| width = 260px
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}}India [[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China|established diplomatic relations with the PRC]] on 1 April 1950, the first non-communist/socialist nation in Asia to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xi to Kovind: China-India relations are at a new starting point|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/04/01/xi-to-kovind-china-india-relations-are-at-a-new-starting-point.html|date=1 April 2020|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510111921/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/04/01/xi-to-kovind-china-india-relations-are-at-a-new-starting-point.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan continued to recognize the ROC until 1951.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HB15Cb02.html|title=Asia Times Online :: China News, China Business News, Taiwan and Hong Kong News and Business.|date=22 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222171729/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HB15Cb02.html |archive-date=22 February 2006 }}</ref>

The relationship between India and a newly communist China started out on an optimistic note. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, and [[Premier of China|PRC premier]] [[Zhou Enlai]] articulated a vision of an internationalist foreign policy governed by the ethics of the Panchsheel ([[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7807/Agreement+on+Trade+and+Intercourse+with+Tibet+Region|title=Agreement on Trade and Intercourse with Tibet Region|website=www.mea.gov.in|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723162431/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7807/Agreement+on+Trade+and+Intercourse+with+Tibet+Region|url-status=live}}</ref> However, there was notable skepticism on the Indian side from the very beginning about Chinese intentions. For example, [[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ambedkar]] was surprised that Nehru took Panchsheel seriously,<ref name="LL Mehrotra" /> while [[Acharya Kriplani]] said that Panchsheel was "born in sin".<ref name="LL Mehrotra">LL Mehrotra (2000). [https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Inidas-Tibet-Policy.pdf India's Tibet Policy: An Appraisal And Options] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408005629/https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Inidas-Tibet-Policy.pdf |date=8 April 2023 }}. pp 25, 26. Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre. Third edition. New Delhi.</ref> Nehru himself was disappointed when it became clear that the two countries had a conflict of interest in Tibet, which had traditionally served as a [[buffer zone]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} From the Chinese side, strategists were concerned about the possibility of India continuing to spread its dominance in Asia and the Indian Ocean in the manner of British India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2008 |title=GMF – The New Great Game: Why the Bush administration has embraced India |url=http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?parent_type=P&id=254 |access-date=18 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141747/http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?parent_type=P&id=254 |archive-date=16 December 2008 }}</ref>

China viewed Tibet as a part of its territory. The preceding government of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] under [[Chiang Kai-shek]] also [[Tibet Area (administrative division)|claimed Tibet as Chinese territory]]. However, he was unable to re-assert control. [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Mao Zedong]] saw Indian concern over Tibet as a manifestation of interference in the internal affairs of the PRC. The PRC reasserted control over Tibet and to end [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[feudalism]], which it did by force of arms in 1950.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} To avoid antagonizing the PRC, Nehru informed Chinese leaders that India had no political ambitions or territorial ambitions and did not seek special privileges in Tibet, but that traditional trading rights must continue.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} With Indian support, Tibetan delegates signed an agreement in May 1951 recognizing PRC sovereignty{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} but guaranteeing that the existing political and social system of Tibet would continue.
[[File:Prime Minister Nehru and Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong in Beijing.jpg|thumb|250px|Chairman [[Mao Zedong]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] Jawaharlal Nehru.

In April 1954, India and the PRC signed an eight-year agreement on Tibet that became the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]] (or ''Panchsheel''). [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] of India, during the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|latter's state visit to China]], October 1954.]]In October 1954, China and India signed an [[Sino-Indian Agreement 1954|agreement]] regarding Tibet, whereby India recognised Tibet as part of China, with China accepting the continuance of the previous trade arrangements. Observers noted the agreement heavily favored China.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2020|title=China, quid without a quo: 1954 India-China trade agreement was one-sided affair|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/china-quid-without-a-quo-trade-agreement-was-one-sided-affair/2017939/|access-date=8 August 2020|website=The Financial Express|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807020627/https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/china-quid-without-a-quo-trade-agreement-was-one-sided-affair/2017939/|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is the popular perception that the catchphrase of India's diplomacy with China in the 1950s was ''Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai'', which means, in [[Hindi]], "Indians and Chinese are brothers".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dont-believe-in-hindichini-bhaibhai-nehr/570332/ |title=Don't believe in Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai, Nehru told envoy |newspaper=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305124336/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dont-believe-in-hindichini-bhaibhai-nehr/570332/ |archive-date=5 March 2011 }}</ref> Nehru sought to initiate a more direct dialogue between the peoples of China and India in culture and literature. Around then, the Indian artist (painter) [[Beohar Rammanohar Sinha]], who had earlier decorated the pages of the original [[Constitution of India]], was sent to China in 1957 on a Government of India fellowship to establish a direct cross-cultural and inter-civilization bridge. Noted Indian scholar [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] and diplomat [[Natwar Singh]] were also there, and [[Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan]] paid a visit to the PRC.

After signing the 1954 agreement, India published new maps showing defined borders, as it became apprehensive that China might make claims on Indian territory.<ref>{{citation|last=Raghavan|first=Srinath|title=War and Peace in Modern India|date=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}}|isbn=978-1-137-00737-7}}, pp. 241-242.</ref> Two major territorial disputes existed between China and India, which remained dormant until 1959. In the northeast, Indian territory included the Assam Himalayan region up to the McMahon Line, which China did not recognise as a legal boundary. In the western sector, Indian territory inherited from the British Raj included the Aksai Chin plateau, which Chinese maps started showing as Chinese territory in the 1940s, if not earlier.<ref>{{citation|last=Hudson|first=G. F.|title=Far Eastern Affairs|chapter-url=http://pahar.in/?wpfb_dl=20160|volume=14|year=1963|series=St. Antony's Papers|chapter=Aksai Chin|location=London|publisher=Chatto & Windus|ref={{sfnref|Hudson, Aksai Chin|1963}}|access-date=3 March 2021|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022112735/http://pahar.in/?wpfb_dl=20160|url-status=live}}, pp.17–18</ref> When India discovered that China built a road through the region, border clashes and Indian protests became more frequent. In January 1959, PRC premier [[Zhou Enlai]] wrote to Nehru, pointing out that no government in China had accepted as legal the [[McMahon Line]], which the 1914 [[Simla Convention]] defined as the eastern section of the border between India and Tibet.

In March 1959, the [[Dalai Lama]], spiritual and temporal head of the [[History of Tibet (1950–present)|Tibet]], sought sanctuary in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharmsala]], Himachal Pradesh, where he established the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]]. Thousands of Tibetan refugees settled in northwestern India. Relations between India and China deteriorated after India provided the Dalai Lama sanctuary.<ref name="Fingar-2016">{{Cite book |last=Fingar |first=Thomas |title=The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform |date=2016 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |others=Thomas Fingar |isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1 |location=Stanford, California |pages=31 |chapter=China's Goals in South Asia |oclc=939553543 |author-link=Thomas Fingar}}</ref>

===1960s===
{{Main|Sino-Indian War|1967 Nathu La and Cho La clashes|1987 Sino-Indian skirmish}}

{{anchor|Nathu La incident}}[[File:India disputed areas map.svg|thumb|[[List of disputed territories of India|Disputed territories of India]]]]
Border disputes resulted in a short border war between the People's Republic of China and India on 20 October 1962.<ref name="Fingar-2016" /> The border clash resulted in an overall defeat of India as the PRC pushed the Indian forces to within 48 km of the [[Assam]] plains in the northeast. It also occupied strategic points in the [[Aksai Chin]] and Demchok regions of [[Ladakh]], before declaring a unilateral [[ceasefire]] on 21 November. It claimed that it withdrew to 20 km behind its contended line of control. India disagreed with the claim.

{{Quote box
| quote = "I don't want to know what happened in the past. All I want to know is who are my commanders, where are the Chinese, how much ammunition have I got…"
| author = Field Marshal [[Sam Manekshaw]] recalling 1962 when he was appointed to take charge of NEFA following the resignation of [[Brij Mohan Kaul|Kaul]] and [[V. K. Krishna Menon|Menon]] in the aftermath of the China India war.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 July 2020|orig-year=2002|title=The MAN In Sam Manekshaw|url=https://www.brut.media/in/news/the-man-in-sam-manekshaw-3e667609-d683-42ca-a232-fcad67af3763|access-date=2021-03-08|website=Brut|publisher=Parzor Foundation|language=en-IN|quote=The life and career of Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw... Back in 2002, interviewed by his own grandson for a documentary, this is how he recounted his days […] Thanks to Parzor Foundation for the footage.|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301074946/https://www.brut.media/in/news/the-man-in-sam-manekshaw-3e667609-d683-42ca-a232-fcad67af3763|url-status=live}}</ref>
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During the [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian border conflict]], India's [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party]] was accused by the Indian government of being pro-PRC, and many of its political leaders were jailed. Subsequently, [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|the Communist Party of India (CPI) split]] with the leftist section, forming the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in 1964.

Relations between the PRC and India deteriorated during the rest of the 1960s and the early 1970s, while [[China–Pakistan relations]] improved and [[Sino-Soviet split|Sino-Soviet relations worsened]]. The PRC backed Pakistan in its [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 war with India]], and issued "ultimatums" threatening military action at its own border. The threats only served to damage Pakistan's relations with the western powers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bajwa, Farooq Naseem.|title=From Kutch to Tashkent : the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965|date=30 September 2013|isbn=978-1-84904-230-7|location=London|oclc=809939368}}</ref> In late 1967, there were two more conflicts between Indian and Chinese forces at their contested border, in [[Sikkim]], known as the [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]]. Both sides suffered heavy casualties, but India came out in a better position than the PRC.[[File:1967-09 1967年北京举行抗议印度的示威游行.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Chinese demonstrations against Indian "[[reactionary]] factions" in Beijing in 1967.]]The PRC continued an active propaganda campaign against India and supplied ideological, financial, and other assistance to dissident groups, especially to [[Tribes of India|tribes]] in northeastern India. The PRC accused India of assisting the [[Kham]]pa rebels in Tibet. Sri Lanka played the role of chief negotiator for the withdrawal of Chinese troops from the Indian territory. Both countries agreed to Colombo's proposals.<ref>The Foreign Policy of Sirimavo Bandaranaike – The Colombo and the Sino-Indian War of 1962</ref><ref>"Rapprochement Across the Himalayas: Emerging India-China Relations Post Cold"{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSpncRn2YFYC |title=Rapprochement Across the Himalayas: Emerging India-China Relations Post Cold War Period (1947–2003) |access-date=15 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSpncRn2YFYC |archive-date=6 January 2016 |isbn=9788178352947 |last1=Mishra |first1=Keshav |year=2004 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House }} p. 40</ref>

===1970s===
In August 1971, India signed a [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation|Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Co-operation]] with the [[Soviet Union]]. The PRC sided with Pakistan in its [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|December 1971 war with India]]. Although China strongly condemned India, it did not carry out its veiled threat to intervene on Pakistan's behalf. By this time, the PRC had [[China and the United Nations|replaced the Republic of China in the UN]], where its representatives denounced India as being a "tool of Soviet expansionism."

India and the PRC renewed efforts to improve relations after Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] lost the 1977 elections to [[Morarji Desai]]'s [[Janata Party]]. In 1978, the Indian Minister of External Affairs [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] made a landmark visit to Beijing, an impetus to both countries to officially re-establish diplomatic relations in 1979. The PRC modified its pro-Pakistan stand on [[Kashmir]] and appeared willing to remain silent on India's absorption of Sikkim and its special advisory relationship with [[Bhutan]]. The PRC's leaders agreed to discuss the boundary issue, India's priority, as the first step to a broadening of relations. The two countries hosted each other's news agencies, and [[Mount Kailash]] and [[Lake Manasarovar|Mansarowar Lake]] in Tibet, the home of the [[Hindu pantheon]], were opened to annual [[pilgrimage]]s.

===1980s===
In 1981, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, [[Huang Hua (politician)|Huang Hua]], made a landmark visit to New Delhi.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/huang-hua-diplomat-who-helped-thaw-ties-with-india-passes-away/article913255.ece|title=Huang Hua, diplomat who helped thaw ties with India, passes away|author=Ananth Krishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109141426/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/huang-hua-diplomat-who-helped-thaw-ties-with-india-passes-away/article913255.ece|archive-date=9 January 2016|date=25 November 2010}}</ref> PRC Premier [[Zhao Ziyang]] concurrently toured [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bangladesh]].

In 1980, Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] approved a plan to upgrade the deployment of forces around the Line of Actual Control. India also undertook infrastructural development in disputed areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1903/19030740.htm|title=Military common sense|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317092702/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1903/19030740.htm|archive-date=17 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="Sundarji">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/18051998/cover.html |title=indiatodaygroup.com|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602213750/http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/18051998/cover.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 }}</ref> In 1984, squads of Indian soldiers began actively patrolling the [[Sumdorong Chu Valley]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. In the winter of 1986, the Chinese deployed their troops to the Sumdorong Chu before the Indian team could arrive and built a helipad at Wandung.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr172005/spotlight942292005416.asp India's Land of the Rising Sun] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231125701/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr172005/spotlight942292005416.asp |date=31 December 2005 }} ''Deccan Herald''</ref> Surprised by the Chinese occupation, India's then Chief of Army Staff, [[Sundarji|General K.Sundarji]], airlifted a brigade to the region.<ref name="Sundarji" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/22021999/obit.html|title=Obituary: Warrior as Scholar: Gen (retd) K Sundarji (1928–1999)|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924204131/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/22021999/obit.html|archive-date=24 September 2009}}</ref> Chinese troops could not move any further into the valley and were forced to move away from the valley.<ref name="BS Mallik">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep03/edst.asp|title=Need to strengthen border with China |work=Deccan Herald|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050223021909/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep03/edst.asp|archive-date=23 February 2005}}</ref> By 1987, Beijing's reaction was similar to that in 1962 and this prompted many Western diplomats to predict war. However, Indian foreign minister N.D. Tiwari and Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] travelled to Beijing to negotiate a mutual de-escalation.<ref name="Sundarji" />

India and the PRC held eight rounds of border negotiations between December 1981 and November 1987. In 1985, the PRC insisted on mutual concessions without defining the exact terms of its "package proposal" or where the actual line of control lay. In 1986 and 1987, the negotiations achieved nothing, given the charges exchanged between the two countries of military encroachment in the [[Sumdorong Chu Valley|Sumdorung Chu Valley]]. China's construction of a military post and helicopter pad in the area in 1986 and India's grant of statehood to [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (formerly the [[North-East Frontier Agency]]) in February 1987 caused both sides to deploy troops to the area. The PRC relayed warnings that it would "teach India a lesson" if it did not cease "nibbling" at Chinese territory. By the summer of 1987, however, both sides had backed away from conflict and denied military clashes had taken place.

A warming trend in relations was facilitated by [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s visit to China in December 1988. The two sides issued a joint communiqué that stressed the need to restore friendly relations on the basis of the Panchsheel. India and the People's Republic of China agreed to achieve a "fair and reasonable settlement while seeking a mutually acceptable solution" to the border dispute. The communiqué also expressed China's concern about agitation by [[Tibetan separatism|Tibetan separatists]] in India and reiterated that anti-China political activities by expatriate Tibetans would not be tolerated. Rajiv Gandhi signed bilateral agreements on science and technology co-operation, established direct air links, and on cultural exchanges. The two sides also agreed to hold annual diplomatic consultations between foreign ministers, set up a joint committee on economic and scientific co-operation, and a joint working group on the boundary issue. The latter group was to be led by the Indian foreign secretary and the Chinese vice minister of foreign affairs.

===1990s===
Top-level dialogue continued with the December 1991 visit of [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|PRC premier]] [[Li Peng]] to India and the May 1992 visit to China of Indian president [[R. Venkataraman]]. Six rounds of talks of the Indian-Chinese Joint Working Group on the Border Issue were held between December 1988 and June 1993. Progress was also made in reducing tensions on the border via mutual troop reductions, regular meetings of local military commanders, and advance notification about military exercises. In July 1992, [[Sharad Pawar]] visited Beijing, the first Indian Minister of Defence to do so. Consulates reopened in [[Bombay]] (Mumbai) and Shanghai in December 1992.

In 1993, the sixth-round of the joint working group talks was held in New Delhi but resulted in only minor developments. Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] and Premier Li Peng signed a border agreement dealing with cross-border trade, cooperation on environmental issues (e.g. Pollution, [[Endangered Species|Animal extinction]], [[Global warming]], etc.), and radio and television broadcasting. A senior-level Chinese military delegation made a goodwill visit to India in December 1993 aimed at "fostering confidence-building measures between the defence forces of the two countries." The visit, however, came at a time when China was providing greater military support to Burma. The presence of Chinese radar technicians in Burma's [[Coco Islands]], which border India's [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], caused concern in India.

In January 1994, Beijing announced that it not only favored a negotiated solution on Kashmir, but also opposed any form of independence for the region. Talks were held in New Delhi in February aimed at confirming established "confidence-building measures", discussing clarification of the "line of actual control", reduction of armed forces along the line, and prior information about forthcoming military exercises. China's hope for settlement of the boundary issue was reiterated.

In 1995, talks by the India-China Expert Group led to an agreement to set up two additional points of contact along the 4,000 km border to facilitate meetings between military personnel. The two sides were reportedly "seriously engaged" in defining the McMahon Line and the line of actual control vis-à-vis military exercises and prevention of air intrusion. Talks were held in Beijing in July and in New Delhi in August to improve border security, combat cross-border crimes, and on additional troop withdrawals from the border. These talks further reduced tensions.<ref>
Lin Liangguang Ye Zhengjia and Han Hua, Contemporary China's Relations with South Asia Countries, Beijing: Social Sciences Documentation Publishing House 2001.</ref>

There was little notice taken in Beijing of the April 1995 announcement of the opening of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre in New Delhi. The centre serves as the representative office of the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan) and is the counterpart of the [[India-Taipei Association]] located in Taiwan. Both institutions share the goal of improving India-ROC relations, which have been strained since New Delhi's recognition of Beijing in 1950.

China-Indian relations hit a low point in 1998 following [[Pokhran-II|India's nuclear tests]]. Indian Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]] declared that "“in my perception of national security, China is enemy No 1....and any person who is concerned about India's security must agree with that fact",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2104017/why-china-so-keen-alienate-half-billion-young-indians-no|title=Why is China alienating half a billion young Indians?|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=27 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725145210/http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2104017/why-china-so-keen-alienate-half-billion-young-indians-no|archive-date=25 July 2017|date=25 July 2017}}</ref> hinting that India developed nuclear weapons in defence against [[China and weapons of mass destruction|China's nuclear arsenal]]. During the 1999 [[Kargil War]], China voiced support for Pakistan, but also counseled Pakistan to withdraw its forces.

===2000s===
[[File:Officers at Nathu La.JPG|thumb|Indian and Chinese officers at [[Nathu La]]. Nathu La was re-opened in 2006 following numerous bilateral trade agreements. The opening of the pass is expected to bolster the economy of the region and play a key role in the growing China-Indian trade.]]
In a major embarrassment for China, the 17th [[Karmapa]], [[Urgyen Trinley Dorje]], who was proclaimed by China, made a dramatic escape from Tibet to the [[Rumtek Monastery]] in Sikkim. Chinese officials were in a quandary on this issue as any protest to India on the issue would mean an explicit endorsement on India's governance of Sikkim, which the Chinese still hadn't recognised. In 2003, China officially recognised Indian sovereignty over Sikkim as the two countries moved towards resolving their border disputes.

In 2004, the two countries proposed opening up the [[Nathula]] and [[Jelepla Pass]]es in Sikkim. 2004 was a milestone in China-Indian bilateral trade, surpassing the US$10  billion mark for the first time. In April 2005, Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] visited [[Bangalore]] to push for increased China-Indian cooperation in high-tech industries. Wen stated that the 21st century will be "the Asian century of the IT industry." Regarding the issue of India gaining a permanent seat on the [[UN Security Council]], Wen Jiabao initially seemed to support the idea, but had returned to a neutral position.

In the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) Summit in 2005, China was granted observer status. While other countries in the region are ready to consider China for permanent membership in the SAARC, India seemed reluctant.

In 2005, China and India signed the '[[Diplomatic partnerships of China|Strategic and Cooperative Partnership]] for Peace and Prosperity'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China, India agree on "strategic partnership"|url=http://in.chineseembassy.org/eng/ssygd/zygx/t191496.htm|date=12 April 2005|website=Chinese Embassy in India|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217020914/http://in.chineseembassy.org/eng/ssygd/zygx/t191496.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, there has been very little, if any, strategic convergence between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The reality of the India-China strategic dialogue|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/TtuTsD7Cwbo1nLKDeLDJ4K/The-reality-of-the-IndiaChina-strategic-dialogue.html|date=24 February 2017|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727211126/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/TtuTsD7Cwbo1nLKDeLDJ4K/The-reality-of-the-IndiaChina-strategic-dialogue.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Issues surrounding energy have risen in significance. Both countries have growing energy demand to support economic growth. Both countries signed an agreement in 2006 to envisage [[ONGC]] Videsh Ltd (OVL) and the [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC) placing joint bids for promising projects.

In 2006, China and India re-opened the [[Nathula]] pass for trading; Nathula had been closed for 44 years prior to 2006. The re-opening of border trade helps to ease the economic isolation of the region.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5093712.stm "India-China trade link to reopen"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621055444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5093712.stm |date=21 June 2006 }}, BBC News, 19 June 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2007.</ref> In November 2006, China and India had a verbal spat over the claim of the north-east Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. India claimed that China was occupying 38,000 square kilometres of its territory in [[Kashmir]], while China claimed the whole of Arunachal Pradesh as its own.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6145866.stm "India and China row over border"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215103833/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6145866.stm |date=15 February 2008 }}, BBC News, 14 November 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2007.</ref>

In 2007, China denied the application for visa from an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer in Arunachal Pradesh. According to China, since Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China, he would not need a visa to visit his own country.<ref name="IBN-IAS">{{cite news |title=China denies visa to IAS officer |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/china-denies-visa-to-ias-officer/41328-3.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=25 May 2007 |access-date=31 August 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821192016/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/china-denies-visa-to-ias-officer/41328-3.html |archive-date=21 August 2007 }}</ref> Later in December 2007, China reversed its policy by granting a visa to Marpe Sora, an Arunachal-born professor in computer science.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7132636.stm|title=South Asia – Chinese 'border gesture' to India|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718211146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7132636.stm|archive-date=18 July 2016|date=7 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-thaw-China-lets-Arunachalee-visit/articleshow/2607484.cms|title=A thaw? China lets Arunachalee visit|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104011315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-09/india/27989328_1_marpe-sora-chinese-visa-arunachalee|archive-date=4 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 December 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In January 2008, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] visited China to discuss trade, commerce, defence, military, and various other issues.

[[File:Burning effigies of Chinese leaders.jpg|thumb|Hundreds of [[Tibetans in India|Tibetans]] protested against the Chinese government in New Delhi, 2008.]]
Until 2008, the British Government's position remained the same as it had been since the [[Simla Accord (1914)|Simla Accord]] of 1913: that China held [[suzerainty]] over Tibet but not [[sovereignty]]. Britain revised this view on 29 October 2008, when it recognized Chinese sovereignty over Tibet through its website.<ref>[[David Miliband]], [http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=8299838 Written Ministerial Statement on Tibet (29/10/2008)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021442/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=8299838 |date=2 December 2008 }}'', Foreign Office website. Retrieved 25 November 2008.''</ref><ref>Richard Spencer, ''[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/3385803/UK-recognises-Chinas-direct-rule-over-Tibet.html UK recognises China's direct rule over Tibet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103224606/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/3385803/UK-recognises-Chinas-direct-rule-over-Tibet.html |date=3 November 2010 }}'', [[The Daily Telegraph]], 5 November 2008</ref><ref>Shai Oster, ''[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122549900302589905?mod=googlenews_wsj U.K. Policy Angers Tibet Ahead of Beijing Talks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805013206/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122549900302589905?mod=googlenews_wsj |date=5 August 2017 }}'', [[The Wall Street Journal]], 1 November 2008</ref> [[The Economist]] stated that although the British Foreign Office's website does not use the word sovereignty, officials at the Foreign Office said "it means that, as far as Britain is concerned, 'Tibet is part of China. Full stop.'"<ref>''[http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12570571 Britain's suzerain remedy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210165838/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12570571 |date=10 December 2008 }}'', [[The Economist]], 6 November 2008</ref> This change in Britain's position affects India's claim to its North Eastern territories, which rely on the same Simla Accord that Britain's prior position on Tibet's sovereignty was based upon.<ref>Robert Barnett, ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/opinion/25barnett.html?_r=1&ref=opinion Did Britain Just Sell Tibet?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105005512/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/opinion/25barnett.html?_r=1&ref=opinion |date=5 January 2015 }}'', [[The New York Times]], 24 November 2008</ref>

In October 2009, the [[Asian Development Bank]] formally acknowledged Arunachal Pradesh as part of India and approved a loan to India for a development project there. Earlier, China had exercised pressure on the bank to cease the loan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.org/projects/project.asp?id=42192 |title=Project Records | Asian Development Bank |publisher=Adb.org |date=11 September 2008 |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424055142/http://www2.adb.org/projects/project.asp?id=42192 |archive-date=24 April 2012 }}</ref> However, India succeeded in securing the loan with the help of the United States and Japan. China expressed displeasure at the [[Asian Development Bank|ADB]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article92904.ece|title=China objected to ADB loan to India|date=9 July 2009|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106091607/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article92904.ece|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/china-objected-to-adb-loan-to-india-for-arunachal-project-krishna-lead_100215729.html|title=China objected to ADB loan to India for Arunachal project: Krishna (Lead) – Thaindian News|date=9 July 2009|publisher=Thaindian.com|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007035211/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/china-objected-to-adb-loan-to-india-for-arunachal-project-krishna-lead_100215729.html|archive-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>

===2010s===
{{See also|2017 China–India border standoff}}
Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] paid an official visit to India from 15 to 17 December 2010, at the invitation of Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7234845.html |title=Chinese premier urges closer cultural, youth links with India – People's Daily Online |work=People's Daily |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015130509/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7234845.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 }}</ref> He was accompanied by 400 Chinese business leaders, who wished to sign business deals with Indian companies.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11997221 | work=BBC News | title=Chinese PM Wen Jiabao begins bumper Indian trade trip | date=15 December 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126030456/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11997221 | archive-date=26 January 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> During this visit, Premier Wen Jiabao said "India and China are two very populous countries with ancient civilisations, friendship between the two countries has a time-honoured history, which can be dated back 2,000 years".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101216/main2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102111044/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101216/main2.htm|archive-date=2 November 2012|access-date=3 August 2012|work=The Tribune}}</ref>

In April 2011, during the [[2011 BRICS summit|BRICS summit]] in [[Sanya]], Hainan, China,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13034172 | work=BBC News | title=Indian PM Manmohan Singh heads to China for talks | date=11 April 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412035312/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13034172 | archive-date=12 April 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> the two countries agreed to restore defence cooperation and China had hinted that it may reverse its policy of administering stapled visas to residents of [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/visa-and-immigration/china-hints-at-scrapping-stapled-visa-for-j-and-k-people/articleshow/7970880.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Nri | date=13 April 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418094702/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/visa-and-immigration/china-hints-at-scrapping-stapled-visa-for-j-and-k-people/articleshow/7970880.cms | archive-date=18 April 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/neighbours/story/india-china-to-restore-defence-co-operation-132122-2011-04-12 |title=India, China to restore defence co-operation : Neighbours, News|work=India Today |date=13 April 2011 |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801173352/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/india-china-to-restore-defence-co-operation/1/135160.html |archive-date=1 August 2011 }}</ref> This practice was later stopped,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com//articleshow/11217007.cms | work=The Times of India | title=2011: India, China solve stapled visa issue; put off border talks | date=23 December 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314153435/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com//articleshow/11217007.cms | archive-date=14 March 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and as a result, defence ties were resumed between the two countries and joint military drills were expected.

In the March [[2012 BRICS summit]] in New Delhi, [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]] and [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] [[Hu Jintao]] told Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] that "it is China's unswerving policy to develop China-Indian friendship, deepen strategic cooperation, and seek common development". Other topics were discussed, including border dispute problems and a unified BRICS central bank.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/china-wants-to-deepen-strategic-cooperation-with-india-hu-jintao/articleshow/12469429.cms | work=The Times of India | title=China wants to deepen strategic cooperation with India: Hu Jintao | date=30 March 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314065809/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/china-wants-to-deepen-strategic-cooperation-with-india-hu-jintao/articleshow/12469429.cms | archive-date=14 March 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In April 2012, in response to India's test of an [[Agni-V]] missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead to Beijing, the PRC called for the two countries to "cherish the hard-earned momentum of co-operation".<ref>Nelson, Dean. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9216554/China-warns-India-of-arrogance-over-missile-launch.html "China warns India of arrogance over missile launch."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420155645/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9216554/China-warns-India-of-arrogance-over-missile-launch.html |date=20 April 2012 }} ''The Telegraph''. 20 April 2012.</ref>

[[File:Informal meeting of the BRICS during the 2019 G20 Osaka summit.jpg|thumb|250 px|The [[BRICS]] leaders in the [[2019 G20 Osaka summit]].]]The [[2013 Depsang standoff]] lasted for three weeks, before being defused on 5 May 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china-idUSBRE9440B220130506|title=India says China agrees retreat to de facto border in faceoff deal|agency=Reuters Editorial|date=6 May 2013|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181040/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/06/us-india-china-idUSBRE9440B220130506|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Days before a trip by Indian Foreign Minister [[Salman Khurshid]] to China, Khurshid said that both countries had a shared interest in not having the border issue exacerbate or "destroy" long-term progress in relations. The Chinese agreed to withdraw their troops in exchange for an Indian agreement to demolish several "live-in bunkers" 250 km to the south, in the disputed Chumar sector.<ref>[http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1554 "India Destroyed Bunkers in Chumar to Resolve Ladakh Row"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724185744/http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1554 |date=24 July 2013 }}. ''Defence News''. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.</ref> Chinese Premier [[Li Keqiang]] made his first foreign visit to India on 18 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/05/201351972251986773.html|title=Chinese premier visits India|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314021927/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/05/201351972251986773.html|archive-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/21723/Joint+Statement+on+the+State+Visit+of+Chinese++Li+Keqiang+to+India|title=Joint Statement on the State Visit of Chinese Premier Li Keqiang to India|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]|date=20 May 2013|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109141426/http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F21723%2FJoint+Statement+on+the+State+Visit+of+Chinese++Li+Keqiang+to+India|archive-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian President Pranab Mukherjee's visit to [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in late November 2013 and mentioning in his speech that the area was an "integral and important part of India" angered Beijing, and retaliatory statements followed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/chinas-arunachal-pradesh-fixation/|title=China's Arunachal Pradesh Fixation|author1=Aakriti Bachhawat|work=The Diplomat|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235102/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/chinas-arunachal-pradesh-fixation/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/China-reiterates-claim-on-Arunachal-Pradesh-through-mouthpiece/articleshow/26644947.cms?referral=PM|title=China reiterates claim on Arunachal Pradesh through mouthpiece |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 November 2013 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903225941/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/China-reiterates-claim-on-Arunachal-Pradesh-through-mouthpiece/articleshow/26644947.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>

[[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] was one of the top world leaders to visit New Delhi after [[Narendra Modi]] took over as [[Prime Minister of India]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goswami|first=Ranjit|date=13 May 2015|title=Make China India's natural ally for development|url=http://www.orfonline.org/research/make-china-indias-natural-ally-for-development/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214182139/http://www.orfonline.org/research/make-china-indias-natural-ally-for-development/|archive-date=14 February 2017|access-date=14 February 2017|publisher=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref> India's insistence to raise the [[South China Sea]] in various multilateral forums subsequently did not help that beginning once again, the relationship facing suspicion from Indian administration and media alike.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goswami|first=Ranjit|date=11 May 2015|title=Can Modi Make China India's Natural Ally for Development?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/ranjit-goswami/can-pm-modi-make-china-in_b_7206320.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214181157/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/ranjit-goswami/can-pm-modi-make-china-in_b_7206320.html|archive-date=14 February 2017|access-date=14 February 2017|work=HuffPost}}</ref> In September 2014, the relationship took a sting as troops of the People's Liberation Army reportedly entered two kilometres inside the Line of Actual Control in the Chumar sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/chinese-troops-said-to-be-2-km-inside-lac-build-up-on-the-rise/|title=Chinese troops said to be 2 km inside LAC, build-up on the rise|date=23 September 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305160702/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/chinese-troops-said-to-be-2-km-inside-lac-build-up-on-the-rise/|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> The next month, [[V. K. Singh]] said that China and India had come to a "convergence of views" on the threat of terrorism emanating from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/afghanistan-meet-china-india-pakistan-terror-concerns-border-taliban-terrorism-225370-2014-10-31 |title=Delhi, Kabul warn China: Pak maybe your ally but it exports terror |last1=Krishnan |first1=Ananth |date=31 October 2014 |website=India Today |publisher=Living Media India Limited |access-date=1 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101124724/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/afghanistan-meet-china-india-pakistan-terror-concerns-border-taliban-terrorism/1/398565.html |archive-date=1 November 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Documents being signed during the State Visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping to India.jpg|alt=|thumb|244x244px|The [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] and [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] witnessing the signing of a [[memorandum of understanding]] between the Chinese and Indian foreign affairs ministers on opening a new route for Indian pilgrimage (Kailash Mansarovar Yatra) to the [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China]], in New Delhi in 2014]]
China and India have been working together to produce films together, such as ''[[Kung Fu Yoga]]'' starring [[Jackie Chan]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/jackie-chan-pair-for-golden-network-1201632878/|title= AFM: Golden Network Kicks Off With Jackie Chan Movie Pair|author= Patrick Frater|date= 4 November 2015|access-date= 1 November 2016|work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170202063731/http://variety.com/2015/film/asia/jackie-chan-pair-for-golden-network-1201632878/|archive-date= 2 February 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> However, disruptions have risen again due to China building trade routes, the [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]], with Pakistan on disputed Kashmir territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/india-to-boycott-china-summit-amid-kashmir-concerns-8844892|title=India to boycott China summit amid Kashmir concerns|work=Channel NewsAsia |access-date=27 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516170650/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/india-to-boycott-china-summit-amid-kashmir-concerns-8844892|archive-date=16 May 2017}}</ref> On 16 June 2017, Chinese troops with construction vehicles and road-building equipment began extending an existing road southward in [[Doklam]], a territory which is claimed by both China as well as India's ally [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/press-release-272.html|title=Press Release – Ministry of Foreign Affairs|website=mfa.gov.bt|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023420/http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/press-release-272.html|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|China Foreign Ministry|2017|p=6}}<ref name="Barry">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/26/world/asia/dolam-plateau-china-india-bhutan.html|title=How India and China Have Come to the Brink Over a Remote Mountain Pass|last1=Barry|first1=Steven Lee Myers, Ellen|date=26 July 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=16 August 2017|last2=Fisher|first2=Max|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150313/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/26/world/asia/dolam-plateau-china-india-bhutan.html|archive-date=27 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters-2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-india-idUSKBN19O109|title=China says India violates 1890 agreement in border stand-off|date=3 July 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815072409/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-india-idUSKBN19O109|archive-date=15 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/china-india-bhutan-standoff-disputed-territory|title=Chinese and Indian troops face off in Bhutan border dispute|first=Michael|last=Safi|date=5 July 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810170337/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/china-india-bhutan-standoff-disputed-territory|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-china-india-doklam-standoff-20170724-story.html |title=Doklam standoff: China sends a warning to India over border dispute |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=Associated Press |date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811062048/http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-china-india-doklam-standoff-20170724-story.html |archive-date=11 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heydarian |first=Richard |date=24 June 2019 |title=Beijing's Inchoate Hegemony: The Brewing Backlash in Asia to China's Resurgence |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/beijings-inchoate-hegemony-the-brewing-backlash-in-asia-to-chinas-resurgence?lang=en |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518092319/https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/06/24/beijing-s-inchoate-hegemony-brewing-backlash-in-asia-to-china-s-resurgence-pub-79302 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 June 2017, around 270 Indian troops, with weapons and two bulldozers, entered Doklam to stop the Chinese troops from constructing the road.<ref name="Barry" /><ref name="Reuters-2017" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/china-india-bhutan-standoff-disputed-territory|title=Chinese and Indian troops face off in Bhutan border dispute|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=5 July 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810170337/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/china-india-bhutan-standoff-disputed-territory|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://accesswdun.com/article/2017/8/566782|title=China warns Indian troops to get out of contested region|work=AccessWDUN |access-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810132801/http://accesswdun.com/article/2017/8/566782|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Among other charges, China accused India of illegal intrusion into its territory—what it called the mutually agreed China-India boundary, and violation of its territorial sovereignty and UN Charter.<ref name="China Foreign Ministry-2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/P020170802542676636134.pdf|title=The Facts and China's Position Concerning the Indian Border Troops' Crossing of the China-India Boundary in the Sikkim Sector into the Chinese Territory (2017-08-02)|last=China Foreign Ministry|date=2 August 2017|website=fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802010101/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/P020170802542676636134.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> India accused China of changing the status quo in violation of a 2012 understanding between the two governments regarding the tri-junction boundary points and causing "security concerns", which were widely understood as its concerns with the strategic [[Siliguri Corridor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/28572/Recent_Developments_in_Doklam_Area|title=Recent Developments in Doklam Area|website=mea.gov.in|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816104552/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F28572%2FRecent_Developments_in_Doklam_Area|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/whats-driving-the-india-china-standoff-at-doklam/|title=What's Driving the India-China Standoff at Doklam?|first=Ankit |last=Panda|work=The Diplomat|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719092125/https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/whats-driving-the-india-china-standoff-at-doklam/|archive-date=19 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> India media reported that on 28 June, Bhutan issued a ''demarche,'' demanding that China cease road-building in Doklam and leave the area as is.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/bhutan-issues-demarche-to-china-over-its-armys-road-construction-4726615/|title=Bhutan issues demarche to China over its army's road construction|date=28 June 2017|access-date=28 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729002236/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/bhutan-issues-demarche-to-china-over-its-armys-road-construction-4726615/|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> The Minister of External Affairs of India at the time, [[Sushma Swaraj]], asserted that if China unilaterally altered the status-quo of the tri-junction point between China-India and Bhutan, the nation would be posing a challenge to India's security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sushma-swaraj-rajya-sabha-bhutan-sikkim-china-india-doklam-standoff-4759229/|title=If China unilaterally changes status-quo in Doklam, it's a challenge to our security: Sushma Swaraj|date=20 July 2017|website=The Indian Express|access-date=27 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729010029/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sushma-swaraj-rajya-sabha-bhutan-sikkim-china-india-doklam-standoff-4759229/|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> China repeatedly stated that India's withdrawal was a prerequisite for meaningful dialogue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/doklam-stand-off-china-wants-india-to-retreat-for-meaningful-dialogue-117071000810_1.html|title=Doklam stand-off: China wants India to retreat for meaningful dialogue|date=10 July 2017|access-date=27 July 2017|work=Business Standard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729005142/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/doklam-stand-off-china-wants-india-to-retreat-for-meaningful-dialogue-117071000810_1.html|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SJGrLuamEw|title=China said India's withdrawal a prerequisite for meaningful dialogue|date=20 July 2017|access-date=27 July 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302011517/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SJGrLuamEw|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 July 2017, the Minister of External Affairs of India [[Sushma Swaraj]] said that for dialogue, both India and China must withdraw their troops.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-aiming-at-unilaterally-changing-tri-junction-status-sushma-swaraj/articleshow/59681474.cms|title=For dialogue, both India and China must withdraw troops, says Sushma Swaraj|first=Dipanjan Roy|last=Chaudhury|date=21 July 2017|access-date=27 July 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729030245/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-aiming-at-unilaterally-changing-tri-junction-status-sushma-swaraj/articleshow/59681474.cms|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> On 2 August 2017, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China]] published a document claiming that Indian border forces had illegally crossed the border between China and India and detailed China's position on the matter.<ref name="china_position">{{cite web|title=印度边防部队在中印边界锡金段越界进入中国领土的事实和中国的立场|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/zyxw/P020170802541371281020.pdf|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802164857/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/zyxw/P020170802541371281020.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/P020170802542676636134.pdf|title=The Facts and China's Position Concerning the Indian Border Troops' Crossing of the China-India Boundary in the Sikkim Sector into the Chinese Territory (2017-08-02)|date=2 August 2017|website=fmprc.gov.cn|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802010101/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/P020170802542676636134.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-08/02/c_136494051.htm|title=China issues position document on Indian border troop trespass – Xinhua | English.news.cn|agency=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821205225/http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-08/02/c_136494051.htm|archive-date=21 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="8_4_2017 border stand-off">{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|title=China says India building up troops amid border stand-off|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-says-india-building-troops-amid-border-stand-002422962.html|agency=Reuters|date=4 August 2017|access-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805063513/https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-says-india-building-troops-amid-border-stand-002422962.html|archive-date=5 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The document said that China notified India regarding its plan to construct a road in advance, "in full reflection of China's goodwill".<ref>{{Citation|last=Ministry of External Affairs, India|title=Weekly Media Briefing by Official Spokesperson (August 4, 2017)|date=4 August 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJnAoru8VsY|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302011516/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJnAoru8VsY|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian Foreign Ministry replied by referring towards their earlier press release on this matter, as opposed to a point-by-point rebuttal.<ref>{{cite news |title=With the Release of an Official Document, China Ups the Ante Again on Doklam |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/china-doklam-document |work=The Wire |date=2 August 2017 |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626164115/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/china-doklam-document |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 August 2017, China and India reached a consensus to end the border stand-off.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=29 August 2017|title=Doklam: There won't be a war at Doklam as India and China agree to disengage|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/there-wont-be-a-war-at-doklam-as-india-and-china-agree-to-disengage/articleshow/60255485.cms|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111150216/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/there-wont-be-a-war-at-doklam-as-india-and-china-agree-to-disengage/articleshow/60255485.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2018, the two countries agreed to coordinate their development programmes in Afghanistan in the areas of health, education, and food security.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-china-likely-to-jointly-undertake-projects-in-afghanistan/articleshow/64057491.cms India, China likely to jointly undertake projects in Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507223039/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-china-likely-to-jointly-undertake-projects-in-afghanistan/articleshow/64057491.cms|date=7 May 2018}}, ''The Economic Times'', 7 May 2018.</ref> In 2019, India reiterated that it would not join China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]], stating that it cannot accept a project that ignores concerns about its territorial integrity.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 October 2019|title=India won't join BRI, its concept won't apply to us: Jaishankar|work=[[Asian News International]]|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/india-wont-join-bri-its-concept-wont-apply-to-us-jaishankar20191004161140/|url-status=live|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006024513/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/india-wont-join-bri-its-concept-wont-apply-to-us-jaishankar20191004161140/|archive-date=6 October 2019}}</ref> On 11 October 2019, Chinese leader [[Xi Jinping]] met with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at [[Mahabalipuram]], Tamil Nadu, India, for a second informal meeting between India and China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Ashok K.|date=10 October 2020|title=PM Modi, Xi Jinping Spend "Quality Time", Talk Trade, Terror: 10 Points|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/xi-jinping-india-china-informal-summit-border-terror-on-agenda-at-pm-modi-xi-meet-today-2115002|access-date=10 October 2020|website=NDTV|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018042412/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/xi-jinping-india-china-informal-summit-border-terror-on-agenda-at-pm-modi-xi-meet-today-2115002|url-status=live}}</ref> Modi and Xi Jinping met 18 times between 2014 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Ashok K.|date=10 October 2020|title=Where Does the India-China Border Dispute Stand Now, and What Can We Expect?|url=https://thewire.in/security/india-china-lac-border-dispute|access-date=10 October 2020|website=The Wire|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015085914/https://thewire.in/security/india-china-lac-border-dispute|url-status=live}}</ref>

China offered public health and economic assistance to India in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, although India refused per the United States' request.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Korolev |first=Alexander S. |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |chapter=Political and Economic Security in Multipolar Eurasia |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=14}}

=== 2020s ===
{{Main|2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|2022 Yangtse clash}}

[[File:Kashmir map.svg|thumb|The [[List of territorial disputes|disputed territory]] of [[Kashmir]] is administered by [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|Pakistan]] (green and lime), [[Indian-administered Kashmir|India]] (blue and turquoise) and [[Aksai Chin|China]] (yellow).]]
On 10 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops clashed in Nathu La, Sikkim, leaving 11 soldiers injured.<ref>{{cite news|last=Janjua|first=Haroon|date=10 May 2020|title=Chinese and Indian troops injured in border brawl|newspaper=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/chinese-and-indian-troops-injured-in-border-brawl-3gsfwp37r|access-date=12 May 2020|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512042352/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/chinese-and-indian-troops-injured-in-border-brawl-3gsfwp37r|archive-date=12 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=11 May 2020|title=Indian and Chinese soldiers injured in cross-border fistfight, says Delhi|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/11/indian-and-chinese-soldiers-injured-in-cross-border-fistfight-says-delhi|access-date=12 May 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512035152/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/11/indian-and-chinese-soldiers-injured-in-cross-border-fistfight-says-delhi|archive-date=12 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese and Indian soldiers engage in 'aggressive' cross-border skirmish|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/11/asia/china-india-border-dispute-intl-hnk/index.html|author1=Vedika Sud|author2=Ben Westcott|date=11 May 2020|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512041538/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/11/asia/china-india-border-dispute-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=12 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the skirmishes in Sikkim, tensions between the two countries grew in Ladakh, with a buildup of troops at multiple locations.<ref name="3 places">Sushant Singh, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/m-m-naravane-army-chief-line-of-actual-control-lac-chinese-transgressions-6424478/ Chinese intrusions at 3 places in Ladakh, Army chief takes stock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530185104/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/m-m-naravane-army-chief-line-of-actual-control-lac-chinese-transgressions-6424478/ |date=30 May 2020 }}, The Indian Express, 24 May 2020.</ref> There were 20 Indian soldiers and an unknown number of PLA soldiers killed on the night of 15/16 June.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=17 June 2020|title=Over 20 soldiers, including Commanding Officer killed at Galwan border clash with China|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/over-20-soldiers-including-commanding-officer-killed-at-galwan-border-clash-with-china/articleshow/76410908.cms|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617021553/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/over-20-soldiers-including-commanding-officer-killed-at-galwan-border-clash-with-china/articleshow/76410908.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> China reinforced troops near the Indian border with [[Tibet]], Chinese state media reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=China sent martial artists to LAC before deadly clash: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/china-martial-artists-lac-deadly-clash-report-200628073902603.html |access-date=4 July 2020 |publisher=Aljazeera |date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703141355/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/china-martial-artists-lac-deadly-clash-report-200628073902603.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Bilateral agreements between India and China prevent the use of guns along the [[line of actual control]]. However, these skirmishes saw the first shots, warning shots, being fired in decades.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patranobis |first1=Sutirtho |title=China deployed martial art trainers along Tibet during border tension with India: Reports |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-deployed-martial-art-trainers-along-tibet-during-border-tension-with-india-reports/story-wf9kJluUhDHpkMPYTgDSAP.html |access-date=4 July 2020 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705003427/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-deployed-martial-art-trainers-along-tibet-during-border-tension-with-india-reports/story-wf9kJluUhDHpkMPYTgDSAP.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=11 September 2020|title=LAC standoff {{!}} Officials confirm two incidents of firing at south bank of Pangong Tso|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lac-standoff-officials-confirm-two-incidents-of-firing-at-south-bank-of-pangong-tso/article32576781.ece|access-date=11 September 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104150422/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lac-standoff-officials-confirm-two-incidents-of-firing-at-south-bank-of-pangong-tso/article32576781.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the deaths, Prime Minister Modi addressed the nation about the incident, saying that "the sacrifice made by our soldiers will not go in vain", while the Indian foreign minister told the Chinese foreign minister that Chinese actions in Galwan were "pre-meditated".<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Laskar|first1=Rezaul H|last2=Singh|first2=Rahul|last3=Patranobis|first3=Sutirtho|date=18 June 2020|title=India warns China of serious impact on ties, Modi talks of 'befitting' reply|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-warns-china-of-serious-impact-on-ties-modi-talks-of-befitting-reply/story-pWgAXVlQT7yeQnepFpzj3O.html|access-date=18 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617224335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-warns-china-of-serious-impact-on-ties-modi-talks-of-befitting-reply/story-pWgAXVlQT7yeQnepFpzj3O.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the Galwan Valley clash on 15 June 2020, there were renewed calls across India to [[Boycott Chinese products|boycott Chinese goods]]. However, numerous Indian government officials said that border tensions would have little impact on trade.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Suneja|first1=Kirtika|last2=Agarwal|first2=Surabhi|date=17 June 2020|title=Is This Hindi-Chini Bye Bye on Trade Front? Maybe Not: No immediate impact likely on business relations, say govt officials|work=The Economic Times|format=print version|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617152043/https://epaper.timesgroup.com/TOI/TimesOfIndia/index.html?a=c/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=P|first1=Neelam|last2=ey|date=16 June 2020|title=Traders' body calls for boycott of 3,000 Chinese products over 'continued' border clashes|url=https://theprint.in/india/traders-body-calls-for-boycott-of-3000-chinese-products-over-continued-border-clashes/442885/|access-date=17 June 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618094901/https://theprint.in/india/traders-body-calls-for-boycott-of-3000-chinese-products-over-continued-border-clashes/442885/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 29 June 2020, the Indian government banned 59 widely used Chinese mobile phone and desktop applications in response to rising tensions and escalating diplomatic dispute between the two nations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tik Tok ban in India: Centre bans 59 mobile apps including Tik Tok. This action was taken by the Indian government after a border conflict with China that left over twenty Indian soldiers dead. UC Browser, others |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/centre-bans-59-mobile-apps-including-tik-tok-uc-browser-others/articleshow/76694828.cms |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=29 June 2020 |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629223334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/centre-bans-59-mobile-apps-including-tik-tok-uc-browser-others/articleshow/76694828.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 19 August, The Times of India reported that the ministry of external affairs of India has been told that visas for Chinese businessmen, academics, industry experts, and advocacy groups will need prior security clearance, and the measures are similar to those that have long been employed with Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Bloomberg | title= India slaps new curbs on visas, schools to stem China's influence |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-slaps-new-curbs-on-visas-schools-to-stem-chinas-influence/articleshow/77675489.cms|newspaper= The Times of India | date= 21 August 2020 |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822060654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-slaps-new-curbs-on-visas-schools-to-stem-chinas-influence/articleshow/77675489.cms| archive-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> On 19 September, India police arrested a freelance journalist for passing sensitive information to [[Chinese intelligence activity abroad|Chinese intelligence]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=The Time of India|title=Chinese spy ring busted in Delhi, 3 held|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/chinese-spy-ring-busted-in-delhi-3-held/videoshow/78203014.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920035648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/chinese-spy-ring-busted-in-delhi-3-held/videoshow/78203014.cms|archive-date=20 September 2020|access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>

On 27 October 2020, the United States and India signed the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement, enabling greater information-sharing and further defense cooperation, to counter China's growing military power in the region.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Griffiths |first1= James |title= India signs defensive agreement with US following Himalayan standoff with China |url= https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/27/asia/us-india-defense-china-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=CNN |date= 27 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201028052816/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/27/asia/us-india-defense-china-intl-hnk/index.html | archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>
[[File:PM in a family photograph during the BRICS Leaders Retreat Meeting, at Johannesburg, in South Africa on August 23, 2023 (3).jpg|thumb|The [[BRICS]] leaders in 2023, including Xi Jinping and Narendra Modi]]
After the [[2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan]], the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (India)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India]] responded, "Like many other countries, India, too, is concerned at recent developments. We urge the exercise of restraint, avoidance of unilateral actions to change status quo, de-escalation of tensions, and efforts to maintain peace and stability in the region."<ref>{{cite web |last=Laskar|first=Rezaul H|date=12 August 2022 |title=In 1st remarks on Nancy Pelosi's Taiwan trip, India doesn't mention 'one-China' policy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-1st-remarks-on-pelosi-s-taiwan-trip-india-doesn-t-mention-one-china-policy-101660315978897.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812150023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-1st-remarks-on-pelosi-s-taiwan-trip-india-doesn-t-mention-one-china-policy-101660315978897.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India stopped reiterating the so-called "[[One China]]" policy as early as 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: The 'One China' policy on Taiwan and India's stance on it |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/explained-the-one-china-policy-on-taiwan-and-indias-stance-on-it-11009041.html |website=First post |date=4 August 2022 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527100853/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/explained-the-one-china-policy-on-taiwan-and-indias-stance-on-it-11009041.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2022, India and China pulled back soldiers from a friction point along the line of actual control. However, according to India's Ministry for External Affairs, the situation on the Line of Actual Control is "still not normal".<ref>{{cite web |title=India-China Situation "Still Not Normal", Says Government |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-china-situation-still-not-normal-says-government-3411397 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007131551/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-china-situation-still-not-normal-says-government-3411397 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'' has reported that normalcy around the border between the countries seems unlikely and may not develop further.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan |title=China-India Relations in a State of Limbo |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/china-india-relations-in-a-state-of-limbo/ |publisher=Diplomat Media |access-date=23 October 2022 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023215517/https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/china-india-relations-in-a-state-of-limbo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 October 2022, India abstained on a draft resolution in the UNHRC on "holding a debate on the situation of human rights in the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Autonomous Region]] of China" <ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Sudha |title=India Abstains on Xinjiang Resolution at UNHRC |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/10/india-abstains-on-xinjiang-resolution-at-unhrc/ |website=The Diplomat |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>

In June 2023, China placed a technical hold on a proposal moved by the U.S. and co-designated by India to sanction accused Pakistani terrorist [[Sajid Mir (terrorist)|Sajid Mir]] under the 12/67 Al Qaeda Sanctions Committee of the UN Security Council. Mir had previously orchestrated bombings in Mumbai, killing some 175 people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=India slams China at UN for blocking move to designate 2611 accused Sajid Mir as 'global terrorist' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-slams-china-at-un-for-blocking-move-to-designate-2611-accused-sajid-mir-as-global-terrorist/article66993043.ece |access-date=24 June 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624144712/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-slams-china-at-un-for-blocking-move-to-designate-2611-accused-sajid-mir-as-global-terrorist/article66993043.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> India heavily criticized the Chinese decision.
[[File:PM Narendra Modi meeting President of China Xi Jinping at the 16th BRICS Summit (2024) 01.jpg|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] meeting [[Xi Jinping]] at the [[16th BRICS summit]] in [[Kazan]], Russia, 23 October 2024]]
On 25 August 2023 during the [[15th BRICS summit]] in [[Johannesburg, South Africa]], Modi and Xi spoke on the summit's sidelines where they agreed to deescalate tensions at the border. The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China]] said both leaders "had a candid and in-depth exchange of views on current China-India relations” and Xi stated that "improving China-India relations serves the common interests of the two countries and peoples”, while the [[Ministry of External Affairs of India]] stated that during the meeting Modi "underlined that the maintenance of peace and tranquility in the border areas, and observing and respecting the LAC are essential for the normalization of the India-China relationship." The meeting was seen as a step toward mending the bilateral relations between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/24/asia/brics-summit-india-china-modi-xi-meeting-intl-hnk/index.html|title=India's Modi and China's Xi agree to 'intensify efforts' to deescalate border issue following rare meeting|newspaper=CNN|first1=Rhea|last1=Moghul|first2=Simone|last2=McCarthy|date=25 August 2023|access-date=26 August 2023|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826223944/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/24/asia/brics-summit-india-china-modi-xi-meeting-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2024, India announced that it had reached an agreement over patrolling arrangements along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the border area, which would lead to disengagement and resolution of the long-running conflict that began in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Amiti |date=21 October 2024 |title=LAC breakthrough: India, China agree on patrolling arrangements in border area |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/lac-breakthrough-india-china-agree-on-patrolling-arrangements-in-border-area/article68779840.ece |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2025, China and India agreed to resume direct flights between the two countries after nearly 5 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=India and China agree to resume air travel after nearly five years |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-india-should-commit-mutual-understanding-chinese-foreign-minister-says-2025-01-27/#:~:text=BEIJING%2FNEW%20DELHI%2C%20Jan%2027,on%20their%20disputed%20Himalayan%20border. |access-date=27 January 2025 |work=Reuters |date=27 January 2025}}</ref>

In April 2025, India launched its biggest-ever joint naval exercise with African nations as part of a push to boost its influence on the continent. The military exercises were perceived as a show of force to China, whose influence in Africa is significant.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schipani |first1=Andres |last2=Reed |first2=John |date=13 April 2025 |title=India launches biggest-ever joint naval exercises in Africa |url=https://www.ft.com/content/098dd183-1a33-4691-9361-94921ae6b258 |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> India also announced the resumption of the [[Kailash Mansarovar Yatra]] in April 2025, after a period of five years, in a bid to normalise relations between the two nations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2025 |title=India, China move to normalise ties, Kailash Mansarovar Yatra to resume in June after 5 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kailash-mansarovar-yatra-starts-from-june-registration-9967114/ |access-date=28 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 June 2025, Indian Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] met his Chinese counterpart [[Dong Jun]] on the sidelines of the SCO defence ministers’ meeting in Qingdao, where he called for a permanent resolution to the border dispute through a “structured roadmap of permanent engagement and de-escalation.” Singh emphasised the need to “rejuvenate the established mechanism” for border demarcation and urged both sides to maintain “positive momentum” while avoiding new complications. He also stressed the importance of “bridging the trust deficit” created after the 2020 standoff by “taking action on ground.” Additionally, Singh briefed the Chinese side on 22 April [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]] and India's Operation Sindoor, launched to dismantle cross-border terrorist networks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India calls for 'permanent solution' in China border dispute – DW – 06/27/2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-calls-for-permanent-solution-in-china-border-dispute/a-73057622 |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Raksha Mantri meets his Chinese counterpart on the sidelines of SCO Defence Ministers' meeting in Qingdao | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2140033 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India seeks 'permanent solution' to border dispute with China |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/india-seeks-permanent-solution-border-dispute-china-5207106 |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref> On 22 July 2025, India announced that it would resume issuing [[tourist visa]]s for Chinese citizens, ending a five-year suspension imposed following the 2020 border skirmishes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/07/24/travel/india-china-tourist-visa-resumes-intl-hnk|title=Indian and Chinese travelers hail end of visa freeze between world's two most populous nations as diplomatic tensions thaw|first1=Rhea |last1=Mogul|first2=Aishwarya S.|last2=Iyer|newspaper=CNN|date=24 July 2025|access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Prime Minister of Bharat, Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi with President Vladimir Putin of Russia & Xi Jinping of PRC.jpg|thumb|Modi with Xi Jinping and [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|SCO summit in Tianjin]], China, 1 September 2025]]
In a sign of growing diplomatic engagement and economic cooperation, China has reportedly agreed to address India's concerns over export curbs on key commodities such as fertilisers, rare earth magnets and minerals, and tunnel boring machines. The understanding followed high-level discussions between China's Director of the [[Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission]] [[Wang Yi]] and Indian External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar|S.Jaishankar]] during Wang's two-day visit to India in July 2025. According to Reports, Chinese authorities have begun responding to India's requests on these critical goods. The move is viewed as part of broader efforts to improve bilateral ties, reflecting the two nations’ long-shared history and mutual interest in regional stability.<ref>{{Cite web |title= India gets relief as China moves to lift curbs on rare earths, fertilisers|url=https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/india-china-ties-rare-earth-magnet-tunnel-boring-machine-jaishankar-wang-yi-125081900550_1.html}}</ref>

In September 2025, [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] met [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] in [[Tianjin]], calling for India and China to act as partners rather than rivals. They agreed to resume direct flights, tourist visas, and the [[Kailash Mansarovar Yatra]], suspended during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], and emphasized strategic autonomy while expanding cooperation on regional and global issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title= PM, Xi Boost India-China Ties with Direct Flights, Trade, Optics: 10 Points|work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pm-narendra-modi-xi-jinping-boost-india-china-ties-with-direct-flights-trade-optics-10-points-9190972}}</ref>

== Triangular relations ==
The United States and Russia (previously Soviet Union) have been a consistent part of developments in Chinese and Indian relations.

As a major power, Japan has also been part of China–India relations, with initiatives such as the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]]. Pakistan and China share warm relations that drive Chinese infrastructure projects in the disputed territory of northern Kashmir. The Middle East, Latin America, and Africa are places where both India and China engage and compete. The Middle East is important to both countries in terms of their energy security. In Africa, China and India seem most engaged across a wide variety of issues, from development to peacekeeping. In South Asia and South-East Asia, a power balance struggle between China and India is seen in triangular relations.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bajpai|first1=Kanti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6PSDwAAQBAJ|title=Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations|last2=Ho|first2=Selina|last3=Miller|first3=Manjari Chatterjee|date=25 February 2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-00154-0|language=en|chapter=Introduction: Taking stock—a multi–disciplinary view of China–India relations. The impact of triangular relations.}}</ref>

=== Nepal ===
[[Nepal]]'s geostrategic situation during periods of heightened tensions between China and India, such as during the 1962 war, resulted in varying shades of cautionary neutrality when making statements. Nepal's [[Permanent representative|Permanent Representative]] stated, "we do not want to pass judgement on the merits of Sino-Indian border dispute. As a country friendly to both...". [[Tulsi Giri]], then the Nepalese foreign minister, stated, "Nepal's relations with India will remain close [...] Yet, Nepal has a 600-mile boundary with China, China has now emerged as a great power. Friendly relations with our northern neighbour (China) should be the natural aim of the country's foreign policy."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Upadhyaya|first1=Priyankar|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/16265|title=Nonaligned States and India's International Conflicts (Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Jawaharlal Nehru University thesis)|date=1987|publisher=Centre For International Politics Organization And Disarmament School Of International Studies New Delhi|isbn=|location=|pages=75–80|chapter=2|hdl=10603/16265}}</ref> During the time Tibet was independent, Nepal played the role as an important buffer state and was central to influence between the regions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Upadhya|first=Sanjay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8nfCgAAQBAJ|title=Nepal and the Geo-Strategic Rivalry between China and India|date=27 February 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-33550-1|location=|pages=1|language=en}}</ref>

The China-Nepal-India Economic Corridor (CNIEC) was proposed by China in April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|author=PTI|date=18 April 2018|title=India China Nepal economic corridor: China moots India-Nepal-China economic corridor through Himalayas|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/china-moots-india-nepal-china-economic-corridor-through-himalayas/articleshow/63815372.cms|access-date=16 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625070642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/china-moots-india-nepal-china-economic-corridor-through-himalayas/articleshow/63815372.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It is an extension of the agreed upon China-Nepal [[Trans-Himalayan Multi-dimensional Connectivity Network]] into India. While China and Nepal have shown favourable reactions towards CNIEC, India is "indifferent".<ref name="Behera-2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Behera|first1=Anshuman|last2=Mayilvaganan|first2=M.|date=4 March 2021|title=The China–Nepal–India Economic Corridor: wishful thinking or regional aspiration beyond rhetoric?|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2021.1904586|journal=[[The Round Table (journal)|The Round Table]]|volume=110|issue=2|pages=250–263|doi=10.1080/00358533.2021.1904586|s2cid=233464054|issn=0035-8533|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This indifference is postulated to stem from CNIEC being a part of [[Belt and Road Initiative|BRI]], China's growing influence over Nepal, and an end to "India's monopoly over Nepal's transit points and Nepal's attempt to end its dependency on India".<ref name="Behera-2021" />

=== United States ===
On 11 November 1950, [[Sri Aurobindo]] wrote in ''[[Mother India (magazine)|Mother India]],<ref name="Mohanty-2020">{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Sachidananda|date=August 2020|title=The Chinese Betrayal, Early Warnings Unheeded: Lessons from Sardar Patel and Sri Aurobindo|url=http://www.friendsoftibet.org/research/download/The_Chinese_Betrayal_09102020.pdf|access-date=30 January 2021|website=Friends of Tibet|pages=16–19|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120011402/http://friendsoftibet.org/research/download/The_Chinese_Betrayal_09102020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>''
{{Blockquote|text="The gesture that can save is to take a firm line with China, denounce openly her nefarious intentions, stand without reservations by the USA [...] Militarily, China is almost ten times as strong as we are, but India as the spearhead of an American defence of democracy can easily halt Mao’s mechanised millions."|author=|title=|source=}}
On 28 March 1963, Sudhir Ghosh recorded the [[President of the United States]] [[John F Kennedy]]'s reaction on reading [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s words, "One great Indian, Nehru, showed you the path of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]] between China and America, and another great Indian Aurobindo, showed you another way of survival. The choice is up to the people of India." Earlier in the meeting, Ghosh recorded Kennedy's reaction to a letter from Nehru, "He indignantly said that only a few months earlier when Mr Nehru was overwhelmed by the power of Communist China, he made desperate appeal to him for air protection, and non-alignment or no non-alignment, the President had to respond. He added sarcastically that Mr Nehru's conversion lasted only a few days".<ref name="Mohanty-2020" />

Unlike the left-wing diplomatic leanings of the Indian Congress Party, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] administration has strengthened its strategic partnership with the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Šumit |first=Ganguly |date=2022 |title=Obama, Trump and Indian foreign policy under Modi |journal=Nature Public Health Emergency Collection |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=9–23|doi=10.1057/s41311-021-00294-4 |pmid=40477437 |pmc=7980102 }}</ref> China faces combined challenges to its influence with its neighbors, and because it sees a growing threat from India and the United States' cooperation, it has exaggerated the discord between the two countries to [[divide and conquer]] its rivals.<ref name="Firstpost-2023" />

India participated in the restart of Quadrilateral Security Dialogue,<ref name=":411" /> and has strengthened the military, diplomatic, and economic cooperation with the United States, Japan, and Australia.<ref name=":411">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Sheila |title=The Quad in the Indo-Pacific: What to Know |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/quad-indo-pacific-what-know |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503162143/https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/quad-indo-pacific-what-know |url-status=live }}</ref> More recently, after the deadly Chinese-initiated clash at Galwan Valley in June 2020, preceded by the 2017 Doklam standoff, the U.S.-based think tank, the Center for Foreign Relations, explained that there was a significant ramp-up in QUAD activity.<ref name=":311">{{Cite news |date=17 June 2020 |title=Galwan Valley: China and India clash on freezing and inhospitable battlefield |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53076781 |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531131817/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53076781 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":411" /><ref name=":511">{{Cite journal |last=Karackattu |first=Joe Thomas |date=26 May 2020 |title=The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726 |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=590–604 |doi=10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726 |s2cid=222093756 |issn=0306-8374|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The group cites how, since 2020, the group has looked beyond regional cooperation and have focused on checking Chinese regional behavior, with the four navies performing their first joint exercise in over a decade in November 2020. This was specifically initiated by India in response to the border skirmishes.<ref name=":511" />

=== Africa ===
{{Expand section|date=July 2025}}
In July 2025, during an address to the Parliament of Ghana, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] made a tacit critique of China's lending practices in Africa, contrasting them with India's approach to development cooperation. Without directly naming China, Modi emphasized that India's partnerships in Africa are demand-driven, aimed at building local capacities and self-sustaining ecosystems, rather than creating debt burdens. He highlighted India's support for Africa's [[Agenda 2063]] and underscored the importance of growing together as equals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geopolitics Africa: Modi Critiques China's Debt-Trap, Highlights India's Empowerment Model |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/modi-takes-tacit-dig-at-chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy-in-africa-says-indias-partnership-focussed-on-empowering-people-3614869 |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Indo-Pacific ===
{{See also|String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)|21st Century Maritime Silk Road}}
Pakistan, and more importantly, Myanmar, other than India itself, are potential land routes into the Indian Ocean. Pan Qi, Vice Minister for Communications, wrote in 1985 that China would need to find an outlet for its landlocked provinces. At the time, he suggested routes to the Indian Ocean through Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lintner|first=Bertil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fN-RDwAAQBAJ|title=The Costliest Pearl: China's Struggle for India's Ocean|date=15 April 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-78738-240-4|pages=3|language=en|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

In the same vein of invigorating relationships with geopolitical allies, India has also strengthened their [[Look East policy (India)|Look East Policy]], transforming it into the Act East Policy under the Modi administration.<ref name=":611" /><ref name=":711">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Anamitra |date=25 April 2022 |title=Comparing India's Look East and Act East Policies |website=JK Policy Institute |url=https://www.jkpi.org/comparing-indias-look-east-and-act-east-policies/ |access-date=7 May 2023 |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501021839/https://www.jkpi.org/comparing-indias-look-east-and-act-east-policies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The rebranded Act East Policy has an increased focus on infrastructure projects, such as the Agartala-Akhaura Rail Project and the Asian Trilateral Highway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2022 |title=Comparing India's Look East and Act East Policies |website=JK Policy Institute |url=https://www.jkpi.org/comparing-indias-look-east-and-act-east-policies/ |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501021839/https://www.jkpi.org/comparing-indias-look-east-and-act-east-policies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Such geopolitical connectivity measures improved India's alliances with the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam to check Chinese dominance.<ref name=":711" /><ref name=":811">{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |date=May 2017 |title=China–India Relations under Modi: Playing with Fire |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0009445517696630 |journal=China Report |language=en |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=158–171 |doi=10.1177/0009445517696630 |s2cid=157801747 |issn=0009-4455 |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501021839/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0009445517696630 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> These soft power measures also enhance Indian border security.<ref name=":611">{{Cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Ian |last2=Ganguly |first2=Šumit |date=1 February 2022 |title=Introduction: Narendra Modi and India's foreign policy |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00363-8 |journal=International Politics |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1057/s41311-021-00363-8 |pmid=40477367 |issn=1740-3898 |pmc=8556799}}</ref><ref name=":811" />

=== Western Indian Ocean ===
The Western Indian Ocean has been characterised as an emerging "geopolitical theatre"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Bueger |first1=Christian |last2=Stockbruegger |first2=Jan |date=3 April 2022 |title=Maritime security and the Western Indian Ocean's militarisation dilemma |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10246029.2022.2053556 |journal=African Security Review |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=195–210 |doi=10.1080/10246029.2022.2053556 |issn=1024-6029|url-access=subscription }}</ref> marked by interstate conflict between India, China and the US.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Lieberherr |first=Boas |date=May 2021 |title=Geostrategic Storm in the Indian Ocean |url=https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/480516 |journal=CSS Analyses in Security Policy |language=en |volume=284 |doi=10.3929/ethz-b-000480516 |issn=2296-0244}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The regions holds key geostrategic importance to all three states.<ref name=":8"/> Roughly 40 percent of world trade passes through the region as well as two thirds of global oil and gas supplies. It is a main gateway for global energy supply and two of the world's most important maritime chokepoints, the Bab-el Mandeb and Hormuz strait, are both located in the Western Indian Ocean region.<ref name=":1" /> India and China are both dependent on access and free passage in the Western Indian Ocean as it is crucial to secure the increasing energy demand by the two growing economies/<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Bo |first=Hu |title=China in a multipolar world |date=2020 |work=Navies in Multipolar Worlds |pages=216–234 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367855406-13/china-multipolar-world-hu-bo |access-date=25 May 2024 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780367855406-13 |isbn=978-0-367-85540-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The US is also dependent on the free passage of oil from the Middle East to the trans-Atlantic world through the region.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Gurjar |first=Sankalp |date=3 September 2019 |title=Geopolitics of Western Indian Ocean: Unravelling China's Multi-dimensional Presence |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09700161.2019.1647657 |journal=Strategic Analysis |language=en |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=385–401 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2019.1647657 |issn=0970-0161|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Hornat |first=Jan |date=2 April 2016 |title=The power triangle in the Indian Ocean: China, India and the United States |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09557571.2014.974507 |journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=425–443 |doi=10.1080/09557571.2014.974507 |issn=0955-7571|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

India and China are both motivated by defensive interests in securing their supplies of energy and trade in the region. Beyond this both states are attempting to increase their relative power positions, economically as well as militarily and naval. This is commonly understood through the terms [[String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)|String of Pearls]] regarding China<ref name=":1" /> and India's [[Act East policy|Act East Policy]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pant |first=Harsh V. |title=India and China Slug It Out in South Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/india-and-china-slug-it-out-in-south-asia/ |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> This could potentially align the two countries against the US, but this does not seem to be the case. India and China continue to strive for similar power positions and power rivalry between the two states continue.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mohan |first1=Surinder |last2=Abraham |first2=Josukutty C. |date=2 January 2020 |title=Shaping the regional and maritime battlefield? The Sino-Indian strategic competition in South Asia and adjoining waters |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09733159.2020.1781374 |journal=Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=82–97 |doi=10.1080/09733159.2020.1781374 |issn=0973-3159|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Beijing is refusing to see India as a regional power<ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Brewster |first=David |title=China–India and maritime security: A contest for power and influence in the Indian Ocean |date=2020 |work=Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351001564-20/china%E2%80%93india-maritime-security-david-brewster |access-date=25 May 2024 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781351001564-20 |isbn=978-1-351-00156-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and from an Indian perspective the Indian Ocean is largely seen as “India’s Ocean”. Any Chinese encroachment on India's sphere of interest is seen as a potential threat.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> To counter increased Chinese naval and economic presence India has joined the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad-alliance]] between the US, Japan and Australia and is carrying out naval missions with the US, China's core strategic rival. As such Sino-Indian relations in the Western Indian Ocean can be understood in terms of a triangular relationship of continuous counterbalancing between the three states.

Both India and China have interests in containing the influence of the other, yet none of them has the capacity to fully do this. India's aspirations to become a great regional power are constrained for several reasons. New Delhi's focus has traditionally been directed towards the continent and its naval development is lagging behind both China and the US.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Scholars also point towards the lack of a coherent maritime strategy despite increased political attention to the issue, for example through its [[Act East policy]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> Political protectionist tendencies have allowed China to increase its relative economic influence overtaking India's position as main trading partner in various countries in the region.<ref name=":3" /> In 2005 China surpassed India and became Bangladesh's main trading partner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economics of Influence: China and India in South Asia |url=https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/economics-influence-china-and-india-south-asia |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref> Despite these constraints China does not have the capacity to fully contain India. India continues to hold a special position in the region due to its dominating geographical position, history and interstate relations.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Gill |first=Don McLain |date=4 May 2021 |title=Between the Elephant and the Dragon: examining the Sino-Indian competition in the Indian Ocean |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19480881.2020.1824393 |journal=Journal of the Indian Ocean Region |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=235–254 |doi=10.1080/19480881.2020.1824393 |issn=1948-0881|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Furthermore, it is in US interests to counterbalance China's increased naval strength through cooperation with India.

As such geopolitical rivalry and strategic counterbalancing remains unsettled in the Western Indian Ocean and intensified rivalry between India and China seems to be the most likely trajectory some time to come.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> This has substantial security implications as the increased militarisation decreases trust between the states and thus complicates cooperation over persisting security problems such as piracy.<ref name=":8"/> A potential risk of militarisation at sea is that offence-defence tactics are often difficult to distinguish. Even if India and China followed solely defensive strategies, as it has been claimed, it might be perceived as offensive tactics within the maritime domain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caverley |first1=Jonathan D. |last2=Dombrowski |first2=Peter |date=7 August 2020 |title=Cruising for a Bruising: Maritime Competition in an Anti-Access Age |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09636412.2020.1811460 |journal=Security Studies |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=671–700 |doi=10.1080/09636412.2020.1811460 |issn=0963-6412|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Furthermore, both states are deploying military and naval means beyond what is commonly seen as necessary to defend global shipping routes.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":0"/> This includes nuclear-powered submarines send by China to fight piracy in the region.<ref name=":8" />

== Military relations==
{{See also|Sino-Indian border dispute}}

=== Border clashes ===
Since the 1950s, during the term of India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, India and China have repeatedly encountered border disputes at the Line of Actual Control, delineating the border between the two nations.<ref name=":211">{{Cite book |last=Zhu |first=Cuiping |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fwwDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22India+can+successfully+reshape+Asia%E2%80%99s+post-colonial+order%22+nehru&pg=PA42 |title=India's Ocean: Can China and India Coexist? |date=12 August 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-5726-7 |language=en |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827230020/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fwwDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22India+can+successfully+reshape+Asia%E2%80%99s+post-colonial+order%22+nehru&pg=PA42 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first Sino-India border war broke out in 1962 at the Aksai Chin region, escalating into a month-long military conflict.<ref name=":211" /> Initiating the conflict, China took advantage of global concern about the ongoing Cuban missile crisis to time their regional invasion in hopes of building a military road in India's Ladakh region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sino-Indian War {{!}} Causes, Summary, & Casualties |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sino-Indian-War |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521172340/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sino-Indian-War |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the Narendra Modi administration, bloody clashes erupted again on the Sino-Indian border.<ref name=":311" /> The strategic alliance between China and Pakistan, and the vigorous arming of the [[Pakistani forces]], make India face the threat of a two-front war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=G |first=C. |date=19 April 2021 |title=The Challenge of a Two-Front War: India's China-Pakistan Dilemma • Stimson Center |url=https://www.stimson.org/2021/the-challenge-of-a-two-front-war-indias-china-pakistan-dilemma/ |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418103545/https://www.stimson.org/2021/the-challenge-of-a-two-front-war-indias-china-pakistan-dilemma/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian officials said the huge differences between the two sides on the border issue "eroded the entire basis" of their relationship.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |date=28 April 2023 |title=Indian anger and Chinese indifference quash hopes of border resolution |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/28/india-accuses-china-of-aggressions-amid-border-stalemate |access-date=15 May 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515204007/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/28/india-accuses-china-of-aggressions-amid-border-stalemate |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Maritime concerns ===
According to [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS), since 2020, Chinese research vessels with dual-use capabilities have expanded operations in the Indian Ocean Region, raising concerns. While framed as scientific missions, these surveys—conducted by ships linked to state and military institutions—collect oceanographic data critical for submarine operations and undersea warfare. Vessels such as ''Xiang Yang Hong 06'' and ''Shiyan 06'' have mapped the seafloor, deployed sensors, and operated near Indian waters, sometimes while concealing their presence by disabling identification systems.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Powers-Riggs |first=Matthew P. Funaiole, Brian Hart, Aidan |title=Surveying the Seas: China's Dual-Use Research Operations in the Indian Ocean |url=https://features.csis.org/hiddenreach/china-indian-ocean-research-vessels |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=features.csis.org |language=en}}</ref> Despite the evidence presented in a 2024 study conducted by the CSIS, Chinese state-media Global Times dismissed the concerns as a "China Threat Narrative".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Torode |first=Greg |date=12 January 2024 |title=China media warns against taking China's Indian Ocean research as threats |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-media-warns-against-taking-chinas-indian-ocean-research-threats-2024-01-12/ |access-date=14 July 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

Chinese vessels have operated near sensitive maritime zones and within the EEZs of regional countries, prompting India to increase naval surveillance and diplomatic engagement. In early 2024, Sri Lanka, imposed a temporary moratorium on Chinese research vessels docking at its ports, reflecting growing regional resistance to Beijing's opaque maritime activities.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=Sri Lanka declares moratorium on research ships for a year amid Indian concerns over Chinese vessels |url=https://apnews.com/article/sri-lanka-india-china-research-ships-42ddb725105eb32b3b43fee8fff3838c |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2025, a Chinese research vessel was caught operating covertly in the Bay of Bengal near Indian waters, according to a French maritime intelligence firm. The ship had switched off its [[Automatic identification system|Automatic Identification System]] (AIS) but was tracked via radio frequency signals. It was likely conducting strategic activities such as seafloor mapping, acoustic analysis, and identifying submarine transit routes—operations linked to surveillance and anti-submarine warfare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title=Chinese ship caught hiding presence in Bay of Bengal: Report cites French maritime intel |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/chinese-ship-caught-hiding-presence-in-bay-of-bengal-report-cites-french-maritime-intel-13905161.html |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=10 July 2025 |title='Hidden' Chinese research vessel in Bay of Bengal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hidden-chinese-research-vessel-in-bay-of-bengal/articleshow/122372005.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Military exercises===
[[File:INS Kora (P61) escorting PLA Navy Ship Weifang off Visakhapatnam, India in May 2014.jpg|thumb|[[INS Kora (P61)]] escorting PLA Navy Ship Weifang off Visakhapatnam, India, in May 2014, during their visit to the Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command.]]
China and India conduct a joint military exercise called 'Exercise Hand–in–Hand'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Military Exercises |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605121 |access-date=7 November 2020 |work=PIB |date=4 March 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603210046/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605121 |url-status=live }}</ref> The exercise began in 2007, with the second edition taking place in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Rajeev |title=Hand-in-Hand 2019: Indian and Chinese Armies Come Together for Joint Military Exercise |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/hand-in-hand-2019-indian-and-chinese-armies-come-together-for-joint-military-exercise/ |access-date=7 November 2020 |work=The Diplomat |date=27 December 2019 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127160719/https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/hand-in-hand-2019-indian-and-chinese-armies-come-together-for-joint-military-exercise/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The third, fifth, and seventh editions of Hand-in-Hand were conducted in China in 2013, 2015, and 2018, respectively, while the fourth edition and sixth editions were held in India in 2014 and 2016.<ref>Kishore Kumar Khera (2017). [https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_11_3_2017_international-military-exercises.pdf International Military Exercises: An Indian Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224035134/https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_11_3_2017_international-military-exercises.pdf |date=24 December 2020 }}, Journal of Defence Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3 July–September 2017, pp. 17–40</ref> The eighth edition was held in India in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exercise Hand-in-Hand 2019: Troops from India, China to conduct joint drill this week |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/exercise-hand-in-hand-2019-troops-from-india-china-to-conduct-joint-drill-this-week/1782237/ |access-date=7 November 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415013646/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/exercise-hand-in-hand-2019-troops-from-india-china-to-conduct-joint-drill-this-week/1782237/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While bilateral military exercises between India and China have ceased over the past few years, India is still accepting invitations from Russia for multilateral armed forces exercises that also happen to host Chinese soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Does China-Russia Cooperation Hurt India's National Interests? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/04/does-china-russia-cooperation-hurt-indias-national-interests/ |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425175205/https://thediplomat.com/2023/04/does-china-russia-cooperation-hurt-indias-national-interests/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Water sharing and hydro–politics ==
{{See also|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River|label 1=List of hydro-infrastructure on the Brahmaputra River}}
A total of seven rivers that start in Tibet flow through India — [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Sutlej|Satlej]], [[Karnali River|Karnali]] (Ghaghara), [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], and [[Lohit River|Lohit]] (and its tributary Dulai).<ref name="Zhu-2017">{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharji|first=Romesh|date=4 December 2009|title=Where is the dam?|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30185326.ece|access-date=4 November 2020|website=The Hindu|publisher=Frontline|language=en|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021075434/https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30185326.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Brahma Chellaney]] has written that "India's formal recognition of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet constitutes the single biggest security blunder with lasting consequences for Indian territorial and river-water interests".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chellaney|first=Brahma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvDWA3wlc8AC|title=Water: Asia's New Battleground|date=2011|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-1-58901-798-6|pages=177|language=en}}</ref>

India has concern with China's water–diversion, dam–building, and inter–river plans. More so, in a conflict, India fears that China can use the rivers as leverage. China has already constructed ten dams on the Bhramaputra and its tributaries, such as the [[Zangmu Dam]], and there has been talk of China building a mega–dam at the "great bend" called the Motuo Dam. India's concerns also stem from the fact that China does not cooperate with regard to timely sharing of information related to projects which would impact water sharing, nor does China allow Indian experts to visit dam sites. There are a number of memoranda of understanding on hydrological data sharing between the two countries with regard to the Brahmaputra, including emergency management.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ho|first=Selina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_t0DwAAQBAJ&q=Indian+strategic+culture|title=The China-India Rivalry in the Globalization Era|date=3 September 2018|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-1-62616-600-4|editor-last=Paul|editor-first=T. V.|pages=Chapter 7|language=en|chapter=Power Asymmetry and the China–India Water Dispute}}</ref>

An alternate view is also presented in relation to "misinformation spread by some (Indian) newspapers" and the waters of Brahmaputra — "80 percent of the waters of the Brahmaputra emanate from the north side of the Himalayas in China and that that country cannot be the sole arbiter of its international waters. This is not right. Eighty percent of the waters of the mighty Brahmaputra are picked up after it enters India" and that Chinese activities have helped India by reducing annual flood intensity in the north-east.<ref name="Zhu-2017" />

India formally “registered its concern with China” in December 2024 over construction of Medog Dam, also known as the [[Motuo Hydropower Station]], the country's external affairs minister told lawmakers in March 2025, adding that the project figured prominently in talks between the nations in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=More power than Britain: China kick-starts mega dam to bolster economy |url=https://www.afr.com/world/asia/more-power-than-britain-china-kick-starts-mega-dam-to-bolster-economy-20250722-p5mgsh |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, while India expressed significant concerns over China's construction of the [[Motuo Hydropower Station]] on the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, citing potential threats to water security, environmental stability, and regional livelihoods, Indian officials and experts warned that the project could enable China to control or divert river flows into India, affecting the Siang and Brahmaputra rivers, which are vital for millions in the northeastern states. Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister [[Pema Khandu]] described the dam as an "existential threat" to indigenous communities such as the [[Adi people|Adi tribe]], highlighting risks of water scarcity or catastrophic flooding due to sudden water releases. The Indian government formally urged China to ensure transparency, consult downstream countries, and safeguard the interests of riparian states, framing the issue as a matter of regional cooperation and stability.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2025 |title=China starts building world's largest dam, fuelling fears in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gk1251w14o |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Some experts, observers, and individuals from journalistic fraternity from India have also expressed concerns. Dr. Jogendranath Sharma, an eminent geologist and retired professor from [[Dibrugarh University]], cautioned that China's proposed 60,000 MW Medog Hydropower Project, located in a seismically active and ecologically sensitive region, could trigger severe natural disasters in downstream Assam. He cited potential risks including erosion from “hungry water,” disruption of groundwater systems, altered monsoon patterns, and threats to biodiversity and livelihoods, and advocated for a joint Indo-China environmental impact assessment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2025 |title=Mega dam threat: Expert warns of catastrophic impact on Assam from China's Medog Project |url=https://hubnetwork.in/mega-dam-threat-expert-warns-of-catastrophic-impact-on-assam-from-chinas-medog-project/ |work=Hubnews}}</ref>

On 19 July 2025, the [[Yarlung Zangbo hydropower project]] of China officially commenced construction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=刘小卓 |title=Premier announces construction of Yarlung Zangbo hydropower project |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202507/19/WS687b6e94a310ad07b5d90d42.html |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> India and Bangladesh have raised concerns about the impact in their countries when the dam becomes operational after 2030.<ref>Amy Stockdale with Reuters. (21 July 2025). "China begins construction on world's largest dam in Tibet". [https://www.dw.com/en/china-begins-construction-on-worlds-largest-dam-in-tibet/a-73349445 DW website] Retrieved 21 July 2025.</ref>

In August 2025, India reiterated its concerns over China's Medog Hydropower Station, citing risks to regional water security, ecology, and downstream livelihoods. The Ministry of External Affairs stated that the project was being closely monitored and that India had repeatedly urged Beijing to ensure transparency and consult downstream countries. External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] raised the issue during his July 2025 visit to China for the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, also calling for the resumption of suspended hydrological data sharing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2025 |title=India voices concern over China's mega dam project on Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-voices-concern-over-chinas-mega-dam-project-on-yarlung-tsangpo-in-tibet-13923209.html |access-date=11 August 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2025 |title=India seeks transparency from China over construction of mega dam on River Brahmaputra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-seeks-transparency-from-china-over-construction-of-mega-dam-on-river-brahmaputra/articleshow/123219826.cms |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Indian observers have raised concerns about the legality of China's unilateral actions in asserting upstream control over transboundary rivers. Aravind Yelery, associate professor at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], described China's approach as neglecting its responsibility to preserve river flows, suggesting it is driven by geopolitical ambitions and poses environmental and diplomatic risks. He noted similar patterns in China's management of the Mekong River, where multiple dams have been built without formal riparian agreements. Atul Kumar, a fellow at the [[Observer Research Foundation]], highlighted that China has not entered into water-sharing treaties with its neighbors and often withholds hydrological data during periods of strained relations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Should India worry about China's massive dam? – DW – 07/30/2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/should-india-worry-about-chinas-massive-dam/a-73465878 |access-date=11 August 2025 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Economic relations==
India-China economic relations have been institutionalized through the Joint Economic Group and Business Council, as well as more focused efforts such as the "Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005|title=Report of the India-China Joint Study Group on Comprehensive Trade and Economic Cooperation|url=http://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/6567_bilateral-documents-11-april-2005.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704154421/http://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/6567_bilateral-documents-11-april-2005.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2021|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

China and India have developed their own complementary skills following a period in which they had cut themselves off from each other. By 2007, while China excelled at cost-effective manufacturing, India was skilled in cost effective designing and development. In 2007, [[Tarun Khanna (academic)|Tarun Khanna]] wrote in [[Harvard Business Review]] that "The simplest, and most powerful, way of combining China and India is to focus on hardware in China and on software in India."<ref name="hbr">{{cite news|last1=Khanna|first1=Tarun|author-link=Tarun Khanna (academic)|date=December 2007|title=China + India: The Power of Two|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2007/12/china-india-the-power-of-two|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018192311/https://hbr.org/2007/12/china-india-the-power-of-two|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2009 book "Getting China and India Right", the authors suggest a China plus India strategy so as to strategically benefit from both India's and China's scale, complementary strengths, and reducing the risk of being unilaterally present.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Anil K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfbxq2bXREkC|title=Getting China and India Right: Strategies for Leveraging the World's Fastest Growing Economies for Global Advantage|last2=Wang|first2=Haiyan|date=30 March 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-44109-1|pages=Preface|language=en}}</ref>

There are cases when Indian companies have gone to China and done well, such as [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra and Mahindra]], while Chinese companies such as [[Huawei]] have done well in India. Huawei set up its Indian unit in 1999 and by 2007, had 1500 engineers. Huawei's Bangalore unit, already one of Huawei's most important research and development centres, was [[Capability Maturity Model]] Level 5 certified in 2003.<ref name="hbr" />

In the oil sector, there is competition and engagement — China's [[Sinopec]] and [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] and India's [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] fight over oil assets in some regions, while winning bids as joint ventures in others such as Syria, Colombia, Angola, and Venezuela.<ref name="hbr" />

Since the deterioration of relations between the two countries in the 2010s, India has banned a large number of Chinese technology companies and software, including Huawei, [[TikTok]], [[WeChat]], etc., from entering the Indian market.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2020 |title=Ban on Chinese apps, including TikTok, surprises India content makers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53232486 |access-date=9 January 2024 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> In order to reduce Western countries' previous dependence on Chinese products, India plays an integral role in boosting supply chain resilience through [[friendshoring]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2023 |title=India plays an integral role in boosting supply chain resilience through friendshoring: Yellen |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/trade/exports/insights/india-plays-an-integral-role-in-boosting-supply-chain-resilience-through-friendshoring-yellen/articleshow/101814084.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On 18 January 2024, at the [[World Economic Forum]] 2024 in [[Davos]], Switzerland, top Indian industrial policy bureaucrat Rajesh Kumar Singh told ''[[Reuters]]'' that due to easing of border tensions between India and China in 2023, India could reduce its heightened scrutiny of Chinese investments in India although timeframe for it was not given.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-could-ease-china-investment-curbs-if-border-stays-calm-2024-01-18/|title=Exclusive: India could ease China investment curbs if border stays calm|first1=Una|last1=Galani|first2=Peter Thal|last2=Larsen|work=Reuters|date=18 January 2024|access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Yudhijit |date=27 June 2024 |title=Why Do India and China Keep Fighting Over This Desolate Terrain? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/27/magazine/india-china-border.html |access-date=30 June 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In July 2025, China reportedly recalled over 300 engineers from Foxconn's iPhone plant in India. India responded by partnering with Taiwan, the US, South Korea, and Japan to secure engineers and critical manufacturing equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=China pushback on India's GVC ascent |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/china-pushback-on-indias-gvc-ascent/3912841/ |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In December 2025, India imposed [[Dumping (pricing policy)|anti-dumping]] duties on rolled Chinese steel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2025 |title=India imposes anti-dumping duty on some steel imports from China |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/india-imposes-anti-dumping-duty-some-steel-imports-china-2025-12-18/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

China's growing economic and political ties with India are reshaping regional dynamics. India's trade with China has reached $155 billion, significantly surpassing trade between China and its other partners. As India's economy expands rapidly, stalled infrastructure projects and investment risks weaken the strategic alliance with China. This shift highlights a changing power balance and growing economic dependence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Sanjeev |date=2026-02-17 |title=India's improved ties with China expose cracks in the Beijing-Islamabad relationship |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/indias-ties-china-cracks-beijing-islamabad-relationship/2856131/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Bilateral trade===
China is India's [[List of the largest trading partners of India|second largest trading partner]].<ref name="R20">{{cite web|date=19 May 2013|title=India Gripes Over Border, Trade Woes on Li's First Foreign Trip|website=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100749094|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104193439/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100749094|archive-date=4 November 2013|access-date=20 May 2013|agency=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 February 2012|title=India to reach US$100 billion dollar trade with China by 2015|work=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/India-hopes-to-reach-100-billion-dollar-trade-with-China-by-2015-Krishna/articleshow/11813148.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.trademap.org/ |title=Trademap |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110031515/https://www.trademap.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2012, China asserted that "Sino-Indian ties" could be the most "important bilateral partnership of the century", seemingly substantiated by current Prime Minister Narendra Modi's historic visit to China in May 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2013 |title=US, China woo India for control over Asia-Pacific |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/US-China-woo-India-for-control-over-Asia-Pacific/articleshow/13877405.cms |access-date=7 May 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531023801/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-07/india/32100282_1_asia-pacific-defence-cooperation-defence-secretary |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="NDTV.com" /> At that pivotal visit, [[Wen Jiabao]], the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of China]], and [[Manmohan Singh]], the [[Prime Minister of India]] set a goal to increase Indo-Chinese bilateral trade to US$100 billion by 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2012 |title=India-China bilateral trade set to hit $100 billion by 2015 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-China-bilateral-trade-set-to-hit-100-billion-by-2015/articleshow/14323128.cms |access-date=7 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511132628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/india-china-bilateral-trade-set-to-hit-100-billion-by-2015/articleshow/14323128.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> At the India-China Business Forum in Shanghai, Modi claimed that China and India would pool together their manufacturing capabilities, citing initiative examples, such as building “50 million houses by 2022”, "develop[ing] smart cities and mega industrial corridors”, and refining FDI policy and modernizing railway systems together.<ref name="NDTV.com">{{Cite web |title=Full Text of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Speech at the India-China Business Forum in Shanghai |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/full-text-of-prime-minister-narendra-modis-speech-at-the-india-china-business-forum-in-shanghai-763508 |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501024212/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/full-text-of-prime-minister-narendra-modis-speech-at-the-india-china-business-forum-in-shanghai-763508 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Bilateral trade between India and China Indias imports from China 2010 to 2019.png|thumb|400x400px|Bilateral trade between India and China. India's imports from China — 2010 to 2019.]]
Following that conference, bilateral trade between China and India touched US$89.6 billion in 2017–18, with the trade deficit widening to US$62.9 billion in China's favor.<ref>"With US trade under a cloud, China opens to Indian pharma". ''[[The Times of India]]''. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.</ref><ref>Sen, Amiti (12 July 2018). "India tells China: $63-b trade deficit untenable". ''@businessline''.</ref> In 2017, the volume of bilateral trade between India & China stood at US$84.5 billion.<ref>"India-China bilateral trade hits historic high of USD 84.44 bln in 2017". ''The Economic Times''. 7 March 2018. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</ref> This figure excludes bilateral trade between India and Hong Kong, which stands at another US$34 billion.<ref>"Top China Imports". Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</ref><ref name="Top China Exports">"Top China Exports". Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</ref> Chinese imports from India amounted to $16.4 billion, or 0.8% of its overall imports, and 4.2% of India's overall exports in 2014. Major commodities exported from India to China were: cotton; gems, precious metals, coins; copper; ores, slag, ash; organic chemicals; salt, sulphur, stone, cement; machines, engines, and pumps. Chinese exports to India amounted to $58.4 billion or 2.3% of its overall exports, which made up approximately 12.6% of India's overall imports in 2014.<ref name="Top India Imports">"Top India Imports". Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</ref><ref name="Top China Exports" /> Major commodities exported from China to India were: electronic equipment; machines, engines, pumps; organic chemicals; fertilizers; iron and steel; plastics; iron or steel products; gems, precious metals, coins; ships, boats; medical, and technical equipment.<ref name="Top India Imports" /><ref name="Top China Exports" />

In 2018, a Standing Committee on Commerce chaired by [[Naresh Gujral]] submitted a report on the 'Impact of Chinese Goods on Indian Industry.'<ref name=":131">"Impact of Chinese Goods on Indian Industry". ''PRS Legislative Research''. Retrieved 20 October 2020.</ref> The report pointed out insufficient implementation of existing [[Dumping (pricing policy)|anti-dumping laws]], reliance on Chinese raw materials in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, reliance on Chinese imports in India's [[National Solar Mission]], [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] on certain products resulting in increased imports from China, and Indian smart city administrations preferring Chinese bicycles over Indian ones.<ref name=":131" />
India imported $65.3 billion worth of goods from China in the fiscal year ended March 2020, and exported $16.6 billion, according to the commerce ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Trade Statistics, India Department of Commerce|work=Mcommerce|url=https://commerce.gov.in/trade-statistics/|access-date=|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209172422/https://commerce.gov.in/trade-statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, in a departure from the previous pledges of collaboration, Modi instituted bans on Chinese products, including both intangible apps (TikTok) and tangible goods (toys and furniture).<ref name=":011">{{Cite web |last=Aiyar |first=Swaminathan |title=India's New Protectionism Threatens Gains from Economic Reform. |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/indias-new-protectionism-threatens-gains-economic-reform |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=www.cato.org |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503115421/https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/indias-new-protectionism-threatens-gains-economic-reform |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Echeverri-Gent |first1=John |last2=Sinha |first2=Aseema |last3=Wyatt |first3=Andrew |date=8 August 2021 |title=Economic distress amidst political success: India's economic policy under Modi, 2014-2019 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14736489.2021.1958582 |journal=India Review |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=402–435 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2021.1958582 |s2cid=224897363 |issn=1473-6489|hdl=1983/0d7aad21-198e-4b47-a9ce-1937e8fa7578 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="The Times of India-2020" /> Furthermore, the Modi administration created the Phased Manufacturing Program to encourage India-based cellphone assembly and manufacturing.<ref name=":011" /> Under guidance from this legislation and the accompanying task force to reduce import dependence, India raised import duties on electronic items produced in China, as well as a laundry list of ancillary goods.<ref name=":011" /><ref name="The Times of India-2020" />

According to a 2021 survey published in ''[[ThePrint]]'', 43% of Indians did not buy ‘Made in China’ products since the Galwan clash the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnankutty |first=Pia |date=15 June 2021 |title=43% Indians did not buy 'Made in China' products since Galwan clash last year, survey says |url=https://theprint.in/india/43-indians-did-not-buy-made-in-china-products-since-galwan-clash-last-year-survey-says/677860/ |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625164540/https://theprint.in/india/43-indians-did-not-buy-made-in-china-products-since-galwan-clash-last-year-survey-says/677860/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi also took notice of Swadeshi Jagran Manch's (SJM) campaigns, launching or reviving 220 out of 370 anti-dumping suits against Chinese items ranging from steels, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals.<ref name="China Foreign Ministry-2017" /><ref name="The Times of India-2020">{{Cite news |date=19 February 2020 |title=PM Modi backtracks on free-trade vow with import curbs in India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-modi-backtracks-on-free-trade-vow-with-import-curbs-in-india/articleshow/74209998.cms |access-date=27 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501021839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-modi-backtracks-on-free-trade-vow-with-import-curbs-in-india/articleshow/74209998.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to the [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|international sanctions against Russia]] following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Indian [[oil refiner]]s started using Chinese yuan for payments of Russian oil imports as an alternative to the US dollar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-03/india-state-refiners-consider-paying-in-yuan-for-russian-crude|title=India State Refiners Consider Paying in Yuan for Russian Crude|first=Rakesh|last=Sharma|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=3 July 2023|access-date=5 July 2023|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706084806/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-03/india-state-refiners-consider-paying-in-yuan-for-russian-crude|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian government also does not welcome the use of yuan for payments by its companies.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nidhi |first1=Verma |last2=Aftab |first2=Ahmed |date=16 October 2023 |title=As India frowns on paying for Russian oil with yuan, some payments held up |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/india-frowns-paying-russian-oil-with-yuan-some-payments-held-up-sources-say-2023-10-16/#:~:text=It%20is%20unclear%20whether%20the,%2C%22%20said%20a%20ministry%20official. |website=Reuters}}</ref> Indian automakers have faced shortages due to export restrictions of [[Rare earth industry in China|China's rare earth metals]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sachdev |first1=Alisha |last2=Ranjan Sen |first2=Sudhi |last3=Srivastava |first3=Shruti |date=6 June 2025 |title=China Rare Earth Curbs Choke India Automakers, Add to Tensions |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-06-06/china-rare-earth-curbs-choke-production-by-indian-automakers-add-to-tensions |access-date=7 June 2025 |work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>

Due to rising trade tensions with the US such as the imposition of 50% [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|tariffs]] over India's [[India and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|trade with Russia]] on the majority of Indian goods by President [[Donald Trump]], which took effect in August 2025, India had a diplomatic shift strengthening its ties with China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2025 |title=Donald Trump's 50% tariff on India kicks in as PM Modi urges self-reliance |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5ykznn158qo |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=11 September 2025 |title=India has narrow path to victory in US-China trade war |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/india-has-narrow-path-victory-us-china-trade-war-2025-09-11/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> By September 2025, visa issuances have resumed, and India had begun considering Chinese firms to hold 20% to 25% stakes in its manufacturing, renewable energy, and auto parts sectors.<ref name=":9" /> In December 2025, China filed a case against India with the [[World Trade Organization]] over tariffs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2025 |title=China files WTO case against Indian tariffs, subsidies |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-files-wto-case-against-indian-tariffs-subsidies-2025-12-19/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

The author argues that expectations of India emerging as a global power comparable to China have faded over the past decade. Despite early optimism after economic liberalisation, India did not industrialise or grow at a pace similar to China and remains relatively poor on a per-capita basis. As a result, India is no longer seen internationally as China's peer, and domestic political ambition has shifted toward regional rather than global competition. A second shift, the author says, is the erosion of India's democratic character. While elections remain largely competitive, civil liberties have declined, affecting free expression, religion, academia, civil society, and the rule of law. International assessments have downgraded India from a full democracy to a flawed or partly free system. The author concludes that both diminished economic ambition and democratic backsliding have become widely accepted realities in India.[https://www.heraldgoa.in/edit/why-india-no-longer-competes-with-china/461479/]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-21 |title=Why India no longer competes with China – 21 January 2026 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/edit/why-india-no-longer-competes-with-china/461479/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

India has eased restriction on Chinese investments, aiming to attract foreign capital to support its economy, which is under pressure due to rising energy prices. The relaxation focuses on simplifying the approval process for investments, whie maintaing safegaurds for national security.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Client Challenge |url=https://www.ft.com/content/fb73ba9c-232d-4ca1-90fd-06f20a5d9703 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.ft.com}}</ref>

== Cultural relations ==
A famous quote from [[Hu Shih]] regarding ancient Sino-Indian ties, albeit in a critical context, was "India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheel |first=Kamal |date=1 August 2014 |title=Hu Shih and 'The Indianisation of China': Some Comments on Modern Chinese Discourses on India |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445514534119 |journal=China Report |language=EN |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=177–188 |doi=10.1177/0009445514534119 |issn=0009-4455}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{See also|Indian Chinese cuisine}}

== Public opinion ==
{{see also|Anti-Indian sentiment#China}}
According to a 2014 [[BBC]] World Service Poll, 23% of Indians viewed China positively, with 47% expressing a negative view, whereas 27% of Chinese people viewed India positively, with 35% expressing a negative view.<ref>[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf 2014 World Service Poll] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410000527/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf|date=10 April 2016}} [[BBC]]</ref> A 2014 survey conducted by [[Pew Research Center]] had 39% of Indian respondents holding an unfavourable view of China compared to 31% holding a favourable view;<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2014 |title=Chapter 2: China's Image |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2014/07/14/chapter-2-chinas-image/ |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}</ref> 72% of the respondents were concerned that territorial disputes between China and neighbouring countries could lead to a military conflict.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 July 2014 |title=Chapter 4: How Asians View Each Other |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/chapter-4-how-asians-view-each-other/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015203043/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/chapter-4-how-asians-view-each-other/ |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref>

An [[Observer Research Foundation]] survey released in August 2021 of Indian youth found that 77% of respondents distrusted China, which was higher than any other country, including Pakistan. 86% also supported the government's decision to ban Chinese mobile apps.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2021 |title=China most distrusted nation, says a survey of Indian youth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/china-most-distrusted-nation-says-survey-of-indian-youth/articleshow/85340235.cms |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> An August 2023 survey by [[Pew Research Center]] found that 67% of Indian respondents had an unfavorable view of China.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Christine |last1=Huang |first2=Moira |last2=Fagan |first3=Sneha |last3=Gubbala |date=29 August 2023 |title=Indians' views of other countries |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2023/08/29/indians-views-of-other-countries/ |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}</ref>

A 2008 poll from the Pew Research Center found that in China, views about India were mixed – 25% said India was a partner, while 24% said it was an enemy.<ref>''The 2008 Pew Global Attitudes Survey in China'' (22 July 2008) p 5. [https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2008/07/2008-Pew-Global-Attitudes-Report-2-July-22-2pm.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929191306/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2008/07/2008-Pew-Global-Attitudes-Report-2-July-22-2pm.pdf|date=29 September 2019}}</ref> In 2011, Vikas Bajaj of [[The New York Times]] found Chinese media rarely reported about India and general populace lacks awareness and expertise on Indian matters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/business/global/india-looks-to-china-as-an-economic-model.html |title=India Measures Itself Against a China That Doesn't Notice |website=The New York Times |date=31 August 2011 |first=Vikas |last=Bajaj }}</ref> A 2023 [[Tsinghua University]] survey found that 8% of Chinese respondents had a favorable view of India, 50.6% had an unfavorable view, and 41.5% had a neutral view.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Aadil |date=29 May 2023 |title=More Chinese now regard India as a security threat. Only 8% consider it favourable |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/chinascope/more-chinese-now-regard-india-as-a-security-threat-only-8-consider-it-favourable/1599378/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630154743/https://theprint.in/opinion/chinascope/more-chinese-now-regard-india-as-a-security-threat-only-8-consider-it-favourable/1599378/ |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olander |first=Eric |date=1 June 2023 |title=Only 8% of Chinese Have a Favorable View of India, Says New Tsinghua University Poll |url=https://chinaglobalsouth.com/2023/06/01/only-8-of-chinese-have-a-favorable-view-of-india-says-new-tsinghua-univeristy-poll/ |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=The China-Global South Project |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|China|India|Politics}}
;Bilateral and multilateral relations
* [[Chindian]] People of mixed Indian and Chinese ancestry
* [[BRICS]] – Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
* [[China in the Mahabharata]]
* [[Shanghai Co-operation Organisation]] (SCO)
* [[Group of Three]] (G3) - China, India, and the United States
* [[Asian relations with Northeast India#China|China's relations with Northeast India]]
* [[Bhutan–China relations]]
* [[Bhutan–India relations]]
* [[India–Hong Kong relations]]
* [[China Study Group]]
* [[India–Tibet relations]]
* [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Five Fingers of Tibet]]
* [[Act East policy|Act East policy (India)]]
* [[China-South Asia Expo]]

;Border disputes
*[[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
*[[2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement]]
*[[Aksai Chin]] – controlled by China and claimed by India.
*[[Chinese salami slicing strategy]]
*[[Tawang District]] – controlled by India and claimed by China.
*[[Trans-Karakoram Tract#Shaksgam Valley|Shaksgam Valley]] – controlled by China and claimed by India (Conferred to China in 1963 by Pakistan), [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]].
*[[Bhutan–China border]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Bajpai, Kanti, Selina Ho, and Manjari Chatterjee Miller, eds. ''Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations'' (Routledge, 2020). [https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-China-India-Relations-Bajpai-ebook/dp/B0855JQYJJ/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708224536/https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-China-India-Relations-Bajpai-ebook/dp/B0855JQYJJ |date=8 July 2020 }}
*Bagchi, Prabodh Chandra, Bangwei Wang, and Tansen Sen. 2012. ''India and China: interactions through Buddhism and diplomacy : a collection of essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi''. Singapore: ISEAS Pub.
* Bayram, Duygu Çağla. "The Geopolitical Scenarios of the 'Quad' Countries, The United States, Japan, Australia and India." in ''Global Maritime Geopolitics'' (Transnational Press London, 2022) pp 167–185. [https://www.tplondon.com/product/maritime-geopolitics/ online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802103242/https://www.tplondon.com/product/maritime-geopolitics/ |date=2 August 2022 }}
*Bhat, R. B., & Wu, C. (2014). ''Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King''. New Delhi : Aditya Prakashan, 2014.
*[[Lokesh Chandra|Chandra, Lokesh]]. 2016. ''India and China''. New Delhi : International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 2016.
* {{citation |editor-last=Casson |editor-first=Lionel |editor-link=Lionel Casson |title=The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQWYkSs51rEC |year=1989 |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-04060-5 |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230338/https://books.google.com/books?id=qQWYkSs51rEC |url-status=live }}.
*Chaudhuri, S. K. (2011). ''Sanskrit in China and Japan''. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
*Chellaney, Brahma, "Rising Powers, Rising Tensions: The Troubled China-India Relationship," ''SAIS Review'' (2012) 32#2 pp. 99–108 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais_review/v032/32.2.chellaney.html in Project MUSE]
*Davies, Henry Rudolph. 1970. ''Yün-nan, the link between India and the Yangtze.'' Taipei: Ch'eng wen.
*De, B. W. T. (2011). ''The Buddhist tradition in India, China & Japan''. New York: Vintage Books.
*Deepak, B.R. & Tripathi, D.P. [http://www.free-press-release.com/news-the-future-of-india-china-relations-1346254066.html The Future of India China Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302011509/http://www.free-press-release.com/news-the-future-of-india-china-relations-1346254066.html |date=2 March 2019 }} "India China Relations – Future Perspectives", Vij Books, July 2012
*Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). "Past, present and future commercial Sino-Indian links via Sikkim," in: ''China's Ancient Tea Horse Road''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2
*Frankel, Francine R., and Harry Harding. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304185843/http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/indiachina01.html ''The India-China Relationship: What the United States Needs to Know'']. Columbia University Press: 2004. {{ISBN|0-231-13237-9}}.
*Garver, John W. ''China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic'' (2015), pp 146–62, 435–44, 734–57.
*Garver, John W. ''Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century''. [[University of Washington Press]]: 2002. {{ISBN|0-295-98074-5}}.
* Gokhale, Vijay. "The road from Galwan: the future of India-China Relations." ''Carnegie India'' 10 (2021) [https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Gokhale_Galwan.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722040440/https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Gokhale_Galwan.pdf |date=22 July 2022 }}.
*Harris, Tina (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RU58AAAAQBAJ Geographical Diversions: Tibetan Trade, Global Transactions]''. University of Georgia Press, United States. {{ISBN|0820345733}}. pp. 208.
*Hongyu Wang, ‘Sino-Indian Relations: Present and Future’, ''Asian Survey'' 35:6, June 1995.
*Jain, Sandhya, & Jain, Meenakshi (2011). ''The India they saw: Foreign accounts''. New Delhi: Ocean Books. Contains material about Chinese Buddhist pilgrims and explorers to India.
* Kondapalli, Srikanth, eds. ''China's Military and India'' (2012)
* Kondapalli, Srikanth. "India-China Relations." in ''Forging New Partnerships, Breaching New Frontiers: India's Diplomacy during the UPA Rule 2004–14'' (2022): 86+.
*Ling Zhu, ’China-Pakistan Alliance against India’, UPI Asia.com, 9 September 2008, in Jagannath P. Panda, ''Dragon Looks South: Current Drives in China's South Asian Neighbourhood Policy'', in China and its neighbours (ed. Srikant Kondapalli, Emi Mifune), Pentagon Press, New Delhi 2010.
*Lintner, Bertil. ''Great game east: India, China, and the struggle for Asia's most volatile frontier'' (Yale University Press, 2015)
*Liping Xia, ‘The Evolution of Chinese Views Toward Cbms’, in Michael Krepon, Dominique M. McCoy, and Matthew C.J. Rudolp (Eds.), ''A Handbook of Confidence-Building Measures for Regional Security,'' Washington, DC: Henry L. Stimson Center, 1993.
*Lu, Chih H.. ''The Sino-Indian Border Dispute: A Legal Study''. Greenwood Press: 1986. {{ISBN|0-313-25024-3}}.
* Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)'' [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915060518/https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063 |date=15 September 2021 }} pp 356–369.
* {{cite book |last=Nilakanta Sastri |first=K. A. |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |year=2002 |orig-year=1955 |title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Indian Branch, Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-560686-7}}
*[[K. M. Panikkar]] (1957). ''India and China. A study of cultural relations.'' Asia Pub. House: Bombay.
* Paul, T.V. et al. eds. ''The China-India Rivalry in the Globalization Era'' (2018) [https://www.amazon.com/China-India-Rivalry-Globalization-South-Affairs/dp/1626165998/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410095153/https://www.amazon.com/China-India-Rivalry-Globalization-South-Affairs/dp/1626165998 |date=10 April 2023 }}
*Sen, Tansen. ''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400''. University of Hawaii Press: 2003. {{ISBN|0-8248-2593-4}}.
* Shabbir, Muhammad Omer, Rabia Bashir, and Sara Saleem. "Geo-Strategic importance of Indian Ocean: clash of interests between China and India." ''Journal of Indian Studies'' 5.1 (2019): 47–60. [http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/indianStudies/PDF/4_v5_1_19.pdf online]
*Sidhu, Waheguru Pal Singh, and Jing Dong Yuan. ''China and India: Cooperation or Conflict?'' Lynne Rienner Publishers: 2003. {{ISBN|1-58826-169-7}}.
* Talone, Andrew J. ''How the United States Can Reinforce India as a Counterbalance to China in the Indian Ocean Region from a Military Standpoint'' (US Army Command and General Staff College, 2019) [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1085438.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713115732/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1085438.pdf |date=13 July 2022 }}
*Varadarajan, S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060708085440/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/24/stories/2006012403181000.htm India, China and the Asian Axis of Oil], January 2006
*[[Lin Yutang|Yutang, Lin]]. 1942. ''The wisdom of China and India''. New York: Random House.
* Yoder, Brandon K., and Kanti Bajpai. "Introduction: Explaining Cooperation and Rivalry in China-India Relations." ''Journal of Contemporary China'' (2022): 1–16.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Relations of China and India}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Library resources box}}
* [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/898911/1/02_VIII_12-09-1959_p15_p85_PII.pdf White Paper on Indo-Chinese Relations]
* [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/809075/1/pms_02_08_12-09-1959.pdf Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru : White Paper on Indo-Chinese Relations] page 16
* [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/899521/1/02_IX_16-11-1959_p74_p74_PII.pdf White Paper II Containing Notes Memoranda and Letters Exchanged between The Governments of India and China During September-November 1959]

{{China–India relations}}
{{Foreign relations of China}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{BRICS}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:China-India relations}}
[[Category:China–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of China|India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]

Livspace

2026-03-24T04:56:16Z

AAZAMAZEEM:

{{short description|Indian interior design firm}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Livspace
| logo = Livspace logo.svg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Interior design]]
| founded = 2014
| founder = {{Unbulleted list|Anuj Srivastava | Vipin Agnihotri |Ramakant Sharma}}
| hq_location_city = [[Singapore]]
| hq_location_country = [[Singapore]]
| area_served = [[Singapore]], [[India]] and [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]]
| key_people =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1148|c}} (FY23)<ref>{{cite web |title=Livspace posts Rs 1,148 Cr revenue in FY23|work=Entrackr|date=21 September 2023 |url=https://entrackr.com/2023/09/livspace-posts-rs-1148-cr-revenue-in-fy23/}}</ref>
| net_income = {{negative increase}} {{INRConvert|-793|c}}
| website = [https://www.livspace.com www.livspace.com]
}}

'''Livspace''' (''pronounced as li-v-space''), is a home interior and renovation company headquartered in Singapore. It provides interior design and renovation services in Singapore and India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/garage/news/home-interior-platform-livspace-plans-to-invest-us30m-to-grow-singapore-business|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.businesstimes.com.sg |title=Home interior platform Livspace plans to invest US$30m to grow Singapore business, Garage - THE BUSINESS TIMES |date=30 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=BW Online|title=Home Design Platform Livspace To Invest $30 M In Singapore|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Home-Design-Platform-Livspace-To-Invest-30-M-In-Singapore/31-10-2019-178271|access-date=2021-08-01|website=BW Businessworld|language=en}}</ref> The company was founded in 2014 by Anuj Srivastava, Vipin Agnihotri and Ramakant Sharma<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kanth|first=K. Rajani|date=2015-08-17|title=Dream decor for dream homes|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/dream-decor-for-dream-homes-115081600733_1.html|access-date=2021-08-01}}</ref> and has raised funding of $450 million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-08 |title=Livspace turns unicorn with $180 million funding led by KKR |work=Fortune |agency= |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/livspace-turns-unicorn-with-180-million-funding-led-by-kkr/107038 |access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>

== History ==
Livspace was founded in July 2014 by [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] alumni Anuj Srivastava, formerly of [[Google]], Vipin Agnihotri formerly of [[Reliance Communications]]and Ramakant Sharma, formerly of [[Myntra]]. In December 2015, the company introduced its private label of modular kitchens and wardrobes and rolled out services in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[New Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/livspace-enters-modular-kitchen-and-wardrobe-segments-to-roll-out-services-in-bengaluru-delhi-mumbai/articleshow/50347002.cms|title=Livspace enters modular kitchen and wardrobe segments, to roll out services in Bengaluru, Delhi, Mumbai|last=Ganguly|first=Payal|date=2015-12-28|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref> In 2016, Livspace launched its home design automation platform for interior designers and announced its design partner community program.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Livspace-Announces-Plan-to-Create-30-000-Design-Entrepreneurs-in-India/28-07-2016-100961/|title=Livspace Announces Plan to Create 30 000 Design Entrepreneurs in India|last=Bureau|first=BW Online|work=BW Disrupt|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en}}</ref> The startup later opened four offline design stores with [[virtual reality]] setups<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/small-firms-snap-up-vr-opportunity-to-assist-homeowners-in-designing-selection/article9901392.ece|title=Small firms snap up VR opportunity to assist home-owners in designing, selection|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en}}</ref> in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Delhi]], [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/livespace-opens-offline-design-centres-earmarks-rs-25-crore-for-more-centres/articleshow/59357900.cms|title=Livespace opens offline design centres, earmarks Rs 25 crore for more centres - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> In 2018, Livspace announced expansion of its services to [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/livspace-earmarks-rs-20-cr-to-expand-into-hyderabad/article24366956.ece|title=Livspace forays into Hyderabad; earmarks Rs 20 cr for expansion|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en}}</ref>

== Operations ==

=== Singapore ===
Livspace launched its Singapore operations on 30 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=30 Oct 2019|title=Livspace expands to Singapore, to invest $30 mn - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/livspace-expands-to-singapore-to-invest-30-mn/articleshow/71822049.cms|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=Home interiors startup Livspace enters Singapore, aims for a $500 million business in 2.5 years|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/home-interiors-startup-livspace-enters-singapore/articleshow/71820231.cms|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Business Insider}}</ref> and partnered with [[IKEA]] Singapore to offer renovation services to their customers and set up pop-up stores in IKEA Tampines and IKEA Alexandra.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=hermes|date=2019-09-27|title=Ikea rings up $341m in full-year revenue here|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/ikea-rings-up-341m-in-full-year-revenue-here|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, Livspace opened a joint renovation studio with IKEA in Jurong Point.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First look: IKEA S'pore launches interior design studio in Jurong Point with move-in ready packages from S$9,900|url=https://mothership.sg/2021/01/ikea-planning-studio-jurong-point/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=mothership.sg|language=en}}</ref>

=== India ===
Livspace launched its operations in India in 2014. The India head-quarter is situated in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Livspace disrupts interior design ecosystem with Brand Capital |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/livspace-disrupts-interior-design-ecosystem-with-brand-capital/articleshow/66376557.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref> It has two services for the customers, namely Livspace Select (for modular products) and Livspace Vesta (full home interiors).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livspace|title=Dream interiors made possible|url=https://www.livspace.com/in/offerings/livspace-vesta|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Livspace India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Livspace|title=The finest choice in modular solutions|url=https://www.livspace.com/in/offerings/livspace-select|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Livspace India|language=en}}</ref>

It has 22 Experience Centres across the country including India's largest experience centre in [[Marathahalli]], [[Bangalore]] spanning 23,000 sq ft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livspace announces launch of 3 Experience Centres in Bengaluru, Chennai & Pune - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/experiential-marketing-news/livspace-announces-launch-of-3-experience-centres-in-bengaluru-chennai-pune-110338.html |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Livspace|title=Work With Livspace: You Design, We Deliver|url=https://www.livspace.com/in/livpreneur|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Livspace India|language=en}}</ref> In 2022 Livspace expanded its operation to cover commercial spaces such as offices, retail, hospitality and warehousing among others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BUREAU |first=BENGALURU |date=December 7, 2022 |title=Livspace forays into commercial interior design with Livspace for Business |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/livspace-forays-into-commercial-interior-design-with-livspace-for-business/article66234331.ece |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref>

== Expansion ==
In December 2015, the company introduced its private label of modular kitchens and wardrobes and rolled out services in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[New Delhi]], and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ganguly|first=Payal|title=Livspace enters modular kitchen and wardrobe segments, to roll out services in Bengaluru, Delhi, Mumbai|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/livspace-enters-modular-kitchen-and-wardrobe-segments-to-roll-out-services-in-bengaluru-delhi-mumbai/articleshow/50347002.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref> In 2016, Livspace launched its home design automation platform for interior designers and announced its design partner community program.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's Livspace raises $15 million for its online home design platform|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/30/indias-livspace-raises-15-million-for-its-online-home-design-platform/|access-date=2021-10-02|website=TechCrunch|date=30 August 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2018, Livspace announced expansion of its services to [[Hyderabad]] along with an Experience Centre in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2018-07-10|title=Livspace forays into Hyderabad market|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Business/2018-07-10/Livspace-forays-into-Hyderabad-market/396696|access-date=2021-10-02|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> In November 2018, Livspace launched operations in [[Chennai]] and [[Pune]] markets.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chengappa|first=Sangeetha|title=Livspace enters Chennai, Pune; earmarks ₹ 40 cr for expansion|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/livspace-enters-chennai-pune-earmarks-40-cr-for-expansion/article25549459.ece|access-date=2021-10-02|website=@businessline|date=20 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, as part of APAC expansions, Livspace made its entry into the Singapore market after a six-month pilot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home interiors startup Livspace enters Singapore, aims for a $500 million business in 2.5 years|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/home-interiors-startup-livspace-enters-singapore/articleshow/71820231.cms|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Business Insider}}</ref> In January 2021, Livspace launched experience centres in Bangalore, Pune and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Livspace announces launch of 3 Experience Centres in Bengaluru, Chennai & Pune - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/experiential-marketing-news/livspace-announces-launch-of-3-experience-centres-in-bengaluru-chennai-pune-110338.html|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en}}</ref>

== Acquisitions ==
In March 2015, Livspace acquired DezignUp, a design community and marketplace for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/in-a-bid-scale-up-its-decor-range-helion-backed-livspace-buys-design-professionals-community-marketplace-dezignup/|title=In A Bid To Scale Up Its Decor Range, Helion Backed LivSpace Buys Design Professionals Community & Marketplace DezignUp - Inc42 Media|date=2015-03-30|work=Inc42 Media|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Later in the same year, the brand announced its acquisition of Dwll.in, an online network of designers and home decor stores.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/livspace-buys-online-network-of-interior-designers-dwll-in-115051900583_1.html|title=Livspace buys online network of interior designers Dwll.in|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2015-05-19|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref> In September 2015, Livspace acquired YoFloor, a mobile and [[virtual reality]] platform for home design.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/livspace-acquires-mobile-platform-yofloor/articleshow/48895911.cms|title=Livspace acquires mobile platform YoFloor|date=2015-09-10|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>

== Funding ==

* In December 2014, Livspace raised US$4.6 million (Series A) from investors Helion Venture Partners, Jungle Ventures, and [[Bessemer Venture Partners]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/SoftBank-invests-90-m-in-Housing.com/article20939846.ece|title=SoftBank invests $90 m in Housing.com|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en}}</ref>
* In July 2015, it was announced that Gokul Rajaram of [[Square, Inc.|Square]] would be taking on a special advisory role in the startup and had made an angel investment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Squares-Rajaram-takes-on-advisory-role-at-Livspace/articleshow/48260003.cms|title=Square's Rajaram takes on advisory role at Livspace - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>
* In August 2015, the startup raised another $8 million in its Series A extension funding round from existing investors Helion Venture Partners, Jungle Ventures, and Bessemer Venture Partners.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/livspace-raises-8-million-from-helion-bessemer-jungle-ventures-115081100346_1.html|title=Livspace raises $8 million from Helion, Bessemer, Jungle Ventures|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2015-08-12|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref>
* In August 2016, Livspace raised US$15 million from Bessemer Venture Partners as part of its Series B funding.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/venture-capital/Online-design-amp-furniture-startup-Livspace-gets-Rs-100-crore-from-existing-investors/articleshow/53915582.cms|title=Online design & furniture startup Livspace gets Rs 100 crore from existing investors - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref>
* According to reports in 2018, the company raised an additional $6 million investment as part of the same round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/livspace-gets-additional-6-m-for-tech-upgrade/article10024665.ece|title=Livspace gets additional $6 m for tech upgrade|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-09-19|language=en}}</ref>
* In 2018, the company secured US$70 million in its series C round led by [[TPG Capital|TPG Growth]], [[Goldman Sachs Alternatives]] and other existing investors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/livspace-secures-70m-in-series-c/articleshow/65865359.cms|title=Livspace secures $70m in series C|last=Bansal|first=Varsha|date=2018-09-19|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=19 September 2018|title=Livspace Raises $70 Million in Round Led by Goldman Sachs, TPG|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-19/livspace-raises-70-million-in-round-led-by-goldman-sachs-tpg|access-date=2019-05-02|newspaper=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>
* In May 2019, the Ingka group, strategic partner in the IKEA franchise system, invested in Livspace.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem|url=https://www.techinasia.com/ikea-invests-indiafocused-interior-design-platform-livspace|access-date=2021-08-22|website=www.techinasia.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
* In 2020, Livspace completed its series D round led by Kharis Capital, Tahoe Investment Group and Venturi Partners.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2020-09-03|title=Livspace raises $90 mn in round led by Kharis Capital, Venturi Partners|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/livspace-raises-90-mn-in-round-led-by-kharis-capital-venturi-partners-120090301720_1.html|access-date=2021-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mg21.com/livspace.html |title=Livspace(Home Interior Design E-commerce Pvt Ltd.) |publisher=美股之家|date=2021-04-18}}</ref>
* In February 2022, Livspace raised $180 million<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahay |first1=Priyanka |title=Livspace raises $180 mn in funding round led by KKR, turns unicorn |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/livspace-raises-180-mn-in-funding-round-led-by-kkr-turns-unicorn-8053861.html |access-date=27 June 2022 |publisher=MoneyControl |date=8 February 2022}}</ref> in a new round of funding led by [[Kohlberg Kravis Roberts|KKR]], which valued the company over a billion, making it a unicorn. Other investors in the round were Ingka Group Investments (part of largest IKEA retailer Ingka Group), Jungle Ventures, Venturi Partners, and Peugeot Investments, among others.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== Awards ==

* Livspace was on the list of most innovative companies in the world, 2017 by [[Fast Company]], an American technology, business and design magazine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/company/livspace|title=Livspace: Most Innovative Company|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref>
* Livspace was one of the winners of Red Herring Top 100 Global 2018 awards presented by [[Red Herring (magazine)|Red Herring]], a technology business magazine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redherring.com/2018-red-herring-top-100-global-winners/|title=2018 Red Herring Top 100 Global: Winners|website=Red Herring|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2018/11/01/pwr9--livspace.html|title=Livspace Wins Red Herring Top 100 Global 2018 Award|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Online companies of India]]
[[Category:Interior design firms]]
[[Category:Design companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kohlberg Kravis Roberts companies]]

Aurad Shahajani

2026-03-23T07:51:24Z

AAZAMAZEEM: enhance content per sources and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Town in Nilanga Taluka, Latur, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aurad Shahajani
| other_name =
| nickname = Aurad
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|05|45|N|076|53|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Latur district|Latur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nilanga Taluka|Nilanga]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Grampanchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 20154
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Auradkar
| population_footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nilanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nilanga]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assembly Constituencies-Post delimitation: Maharashtra: Latur District|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India|url=https://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF/Mah_Maps/Latur.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429055319/https://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF/Mah_Maps/Latur.pdf|archivedate=29 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MH 24
| website = {{URL|maharashtra.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Aurad Shahajani''' is a town in the [[Nilanga Taluka]] of [[Latur District]]. It is 20 kilometres from the city of [[Nilanga]] and 68 kilometres from the city of [[Bidar]]. It is near the border of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]. It is at the banks of [[Terna River]]. It is one of the most developed places in [[Nilanga Taluka]].

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Aurad Shahajani
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|74}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhists]]|red|9}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|16}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|blue|0.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|0.2}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.4}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes OBC, VJNT (<0.2%).
}}

==Languages==
[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is widely spoken in the region. Hindi, Urdu, Kannada, and Telugu are also common in the village.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

==Location==
Aurad Shahajani is located on the banks of [[Terna River]] in central west India. It is closer (approximately {{convert|220|km|}}) to [[Hyderabad]] in the state of [[Telangana]] than it is to the capital of Maharashtra state, [[Mumbai]].

==Geography and climate==
{{climate chart
|Aurad Shahajani
|12|29|2.8
|14|32|2.1
|19|36|3.3
|22|38|3.5
|25|38|24.4
|24|34|114.2
|22|30|115.6
|21|29|119.6
|21|30|121.6
|19|32|60.8
|15|30|10.7
|12|28|6.5
|source=[https://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:18173&q=Aurad Shahajani,+IND+forecast:averagesm&setunit=C MSN Weather]
|float=right
|clear=right
}}

Aurad Shahajani is situated 636 metres above mean sea level, on the [[Balaghat]] plateau, near the Maharashtra–[[Karnataka]] state boundary. It receives its drinking water from the nearby [[Terna River]],Terna joins to Manjra river here at this village and then named Wanjara by the name of Wanjarkheda (a village at the other bank of river in Karnatka state) which suffered from [[environmental degradation]] and silting in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Master Deenanath Mangeshkar Mahavidyalaya and some other villagers tried successfully to wide shape of river.

'''Temperature:''' Annual temperatures in range from {{convert|13|to|41|C|F}}, with the most comfortable time to visit in the winter; Aurad Shahajani is October to February. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|45.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|2.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. In the cold season the district is sometimes affected by cold waves in association with the eastward passage of western disturbances across north India, when the minimum temperature may drop down to about {{convert|2|to|4|C|F}}.<ref>[https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/gazetteer.php?level=2&showFile=1&gazetteerSqlId=20020423103801&gazetteerMainId=&gazetteerFile2Id=20020423105420&distId=19&gazId=20020422121541&pubYear=&fileExists=1&headingSqlName=General&chapter= Maharashtra government web site] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213111308/https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/gazetteer.php?level=2&showFile=1&gazetteerSqlId=20020423103801&gazetteerMainId=&gazetteerFile2Id=20020423105420&distId=19&gazId=20020422121541&pubYear=&fileExists=1&headingSqlName=General&chapter= |date=13 February 2009 }}</ref>

'''Rainfall:''' Most of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season from June to September. Rainfall varies from 9.0 to 693 mm/month. Average annual rainfall is 725 mm.

==Culture==

There is a temple dedicated to the Hindu goddess [[Bhavani]] that is associated with [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] jayanti.
Shree Ramanujkot Venkatesh (Balaji) Mandir, Aurad Shahjhani

Shree Ramanujkot Venkatesh Mandir (also known locally as Balaji Mandir) is a Hindu temple located in Aurad Shahjhani, Maharashtra, India. The temple is dedicated to Lord Venkateshwara (Balaji), revered as a manifestation of Vishnu, and serves as a major center of devotion and community gatherings in the region.
The temple conducts several annual festivals and events, most notably the Bhramutsav Festival and Kalyanotsav, which attract devotees from neighboring villages. During the sacred month of Dhanurmas, special rituals, haldi–mehndi ceremonies, and devotional gatherings are held.
<ref>{{cite news|Ramanujkot Vyenkatesh Mandir=Temple Bhramutsav attracts devotees in Aurad Shahjhani|urlhttps://www.instagram.com/balaji_mandir_aurad/</ref>

==Media and communication==
'''Newspapers'''

In Aurad Shahajani, the most widely read [[Marathi language|Marathi]] newspapers are:

# [https://epaper.lokmat.com/ Lokmat]
# [https://epaper.loksatta.com/ Loksatta]
# [http://epaper.esakal.com/ Sakal]
# [https://epaper.dainikekmat.com/ Ekmat]
# [https://www.epunyanagari.com/ Punyanagri]

Additionally, some residents read English newspapers such as:

# [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/ Times of India]
# [https://epaper.thehindu.com/ The Hindu]

Other '''''Marathi''''' daily newspapers available include:

# Lokman
# [https://www.facebook.com/MNeta/ Marathwada Neta]
# [http://rajyadharmaepaper.blogspot.com/ Rajdharma]
# [http://esanchar.co.in/pagezoomsin.php?img= Sanchar]
# [https://sarathisamachar.com/ Sarathi Samachar]
# [https://epaper.tarunbharat.com/t/31522 Tarun Bharat]
# [https://dailyyashwant.com/ Yashwant]

==Demographics==
In the 2001 Indian census, the suburb of Aurad shahajani recorded inhabitants, males (51.4%) and females (48.6%), for a gender ratio of 945 females per 1000 males.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census 2001 Population Finder: Maharashtra: Latur:Nilanga:Aurad shahajani|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Population_Finder.aspx|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301010109/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Population_Finder.aspx|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Latur district]]
[[Category:Villages in Nilanga taluka]]

Husayn ibn Ali

2026-03-16T07:05:46Z

AAZAMAZEEM:

{{Short description|Grandson of Muhammad and the 3rd Imam}}
{{For|people with similar names|Husayn ibn Ali (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect2|Imam Hossain|Al-Husayn|the sport shooter with a similar name|Mohammad Imam Hossain|the missile named after him|Al-Husayn (missile)}}

{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Husayn ibn Ali {{lang|ar|الحسين بن علي}}
| title = {{ubl|{{transliteration|ar|Sayyid Shabāb Ahl al-Janna}}|{{transliteration|ar|[[Imam]]}}}}
| image = Chester Beatty T 414 fol 125v Husayn ibn Ali.jpg
| image_size = 220
| caption = 16th-century Ottoman depiction of Husayn bearing his typical iconographic traits: green clothes and the [[Zulfiqar]]
| succession = 3rd [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Imam{{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| background =
| term_start1 = 2 April 670
| term_end1 = 10 October 680
| predecessor1 = [[Hasan ibn Ali]]
| successor1 = [[Ali al-Sajjad]]
}}
| birth_date = 11 January, 626 CE (= 3 [[Sha'ban]], 4 [[Hijri year|AH]]){{sfn|Fığlâlı|Üzün|1998|p=518}}
| birth_place = [[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia]]
| death_date = 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680 CE; aged 54)
| death_place = [[Karbala]], [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
| burial_place = [[Imam Husayn Shrine]], [[Iraq]] {{coord|32.616389|44.0325|display=inline}}
| spouse = {{bulleted list|
[[Shahrbanu]]
|[[Atiqa bint Zayd]]
|[[Rubab bint Imra al-Qais|Umm Rubab]]
|[[Layla bint Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi|Umm Layla]]
|[[Umm Ishaq bint Talha ibn Ubayd Allah|Umm Ishaq]]}}<ref>[[Mohammad Reyshahri|Reyshahri, Mohammad]], Imam Hussain's encyclopedia in the Quran, Sunnah and History, Dar Al-Hadith Research Center, vol. 1, p. 215</ref>
| issue = {{bulleted list|
[[Ali al-Sajjad]]
|Fatima al-Kubra
|[[Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn|Ali al-Akbar]]
|Fatima as-Sughra
|[[Sakina bint Husayn|Sakina]]
|[[Ruqayya bint Husayn|Ruqayya]]
|[[Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn|Ali al-Asghar]]}}<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1312600942 |title=The Sunshine Book |author=S. Manzoor Rizvi |date=14 October 2014 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1312600942}}</ref>
| house = [[Quraysh]] ([[Banu Hashim]])
| house-type = Tribe
| father = [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
| mother = [[Fatima|Fatima bint Muhammad]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| death_cause = Killed at the [[Battle of Karbala]]
}}

'''Husayn ibn Ali''' ({{langx|ar|الحسين بن علي|translit=al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī}}; 11 January 626 – 10 October 680 [[Common Era|CE]]) was an [[Alids|Alid]] political and religious leader. The second son of [[Ali]] and [[Fatima]] and a grandson of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], as well as a younger brother of [[Hasan ibn Ali]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Husayn ibn Ali |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Husayn-ibn-Ali-Muslim-leader-and-martyr |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=6 October 2023 |quote=Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, (born 11 January 626, Medina, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia] — died 10 October 680, Karbalāʾ, Iraq), hero in Shiʿi Islam, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fāṭima and son-in-law Alī (the first Imam of the Shi'a and the fourth of the Sunni [[Rashidun caliphs]]). |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302074906/https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Husayn-ibn-Ali-Muslim-leader-and-martyr |url-status=live}}</ref> Husayn is regarded as the third [[Imam]] in [[Shia Islam]] after his brother, Hasan, and before his son, [[Ali al-Sajjad]]. Husayn is a prominent member of the [[Ahl al-Bayt]] and is also considered to be a member of the [[Ahl al-Kisa]] and a participant in the [[event of the mubahala|event of the ''mubahala'']]. Muhammad described him and his brother, Hasan, as the leaders of the youth of [[Paradise in Islam|paradise]].<ref name=":3">{{harvnb|Veccia Vaglieri|1971}}</ref>{{sfn|Madelung|2004}}

During the caliphate of Ali, Husayn accompanied him in the military campaigns of the [[First Fitna]]. After the [[assassination of Ali]], he obeyed his brother in recognizing the [[Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty]], despite being suggested to do otherwise. In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (660) and his death in AH 49 or 50 (669 or 670), Hasan and Husayn retreated to [[Medina]], trying to keep aloof from political involvement for or against [[Mu'awiya I]].<ref name="Jafri"/><ref name="Madelung 1997 324–327">{{harvnb|Madelung|1997|pp=324–327}}</ref> After the death of Hasan, when Iraqis turned to Husayn, concerning an uprising, Husayn instructed them to wait as long as Mu'awiya was alive due to Hasan's peace treaty with him.<ref name="Jafri"/>

Prior to his death, Mu'awiya appointed his son [[Yazid I|Yazid]] as his successor, contrary to the Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}} When Mu'awiya I died in 680, Yazid demanded that Husayn pledge allegiance to him. Husayn refused to do so. As a consequence, he left Medina, his hometown, to take refuge in [[Mecca]] in AH 60 (679).{{sfn|Madelung|2004}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Dakake|2007|pp=81–82}}.</ref> There, the people of [[Kufa]] sent letters to him, invited him to Kufa and asked him to be their Imam and pledged their allegiance to him.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}} On Husayn's way to Kufa with a retinue of about 72 men, his caravan was intercepted by a 1,000-strong army of the caliph at some distance from Kufa. He was forced to head north and encamp in the plain of Karbala on 2 October, where a larger Umayyad army of some 4,000 or 30,000 arrived soon afterwards.{{sfn|Munson|1988|p=23}} Negotiations failed after the Umayyad governor [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]] refused Husayn safe passage without submitting to his authority, a condition declined by Husayn. Battle ensued on 10 October during which Husayn was killed along with most of his relatives and companions, while his surviving family members were taken prisoner. The battle was followed by the [[Second Fitna]], during which the Iraqis organized two separate campaigns to avenge the killing of Husayn; the first one by the [[Tawwabin uprising|Tawwabin]] and the other one by [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] and his supporters.

The [[Battle of Karbala]] galvanized the development of the pro-[[Alids|Alid]]{{efn|1=Political supporters of Ali and his descendants (Alids).{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=178}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=89}}}} party (''Shi'at Ali'') into a unique religious sect with its own rituals and collective memory. It has a central place in the [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] history, tradition, and theology, and has frequently been recounted in [[Islamic literature|Shi'a literature]]. For the Shi'a, Husayn's suffering and martyrdom became a symbol of sacrifice in the struggle for right against wrong, and for justice and truth against injustice and falsehood. It also provides the members of the Shi'a faith with a catalog of heroic norms. The battle is commemorated during an annual ten-day period during the Islamic month of [[Muharram]] by many Muslims especially Shi'a, culminating on tenth day of the month, known as the day of [[Ashura]]. On this day, Shi'a Muslims mourn, hold public processions, organise religious gathering, beat their chests and in some cases [[self-flagellation|self-flagellate]]. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] likewise regard the incident as a historical tragedy; Husayn and his companions are widely regarded as [[Shahid|martyr]]s by both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.

== Early life ==
{{Main|Verse of purification|Verse of Mawadda}}

Most narrations report that Husayn was born on the 3rd of [[Sha'ban]] 4 AH (11 January 626){{sfn|Madelung|2004}} in [[Medina]] and was still a child when his grandfather, [[Muhammad]], died.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=607}}</ref> He was the younger son of [[Ali]], the cousin of Muhammad, and [[Fatima]], the daughter of Muhammad, both from the [[Banu Hashim]] clan of the [[Quraysh]] tribe.<ref>{{harvnb|Poonawala|Kohlberg|1985}}</ref> Both Hasan and Husayn were named by Muhammad, although Ali had other names such as "Harb" in mind. Muhammad sacrificed a ram to celebrate Husayn's birth, and Fatima shaved his head and donated the same weight of his hair in silver as alms.{{sfn|Madelung|2003}}

Islamic traditions holds Husayn is mentioned in the Torah as "Shubayr" and in the Gospels as "Tab".{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=613}}

Husayn was raised in Muhammad's household during his early years.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}} The family formed from the marriage of Ali and Fatima was praised many times by Muhammad. In events such as [[Event of Mubahala|Mubahala]] and the [[hadith]] of the [[Ahl al-Kisa]], Muhammad referred to this family as the [[Ahl al-bayt]]. In the Qur'an, in many cases, such as the [[verse of purification]], the ahl al-bayt has been praised.<ref>{{harvnb|Madelung|1997|pp=14–15}}</ref>

Madelung notes that numerous narrations showing Muhammad's love for Hasan and Husayn, such as carrying them on his shoulders or putting them on his chest and kissing them on their bellies. Madelung believes that some of these reports may imply a slight preference of Muhammad for Hasan over Husayn, or pointing out that Hasan was more similar to his grandfather.{{sfn|Madelung|2003}}

A hadith in the canonical Sunni collection Sunan al-Tirmidhi states al-Hasan and al-Husayn as the sayyids (“chiefs”) of the youth in Paradise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3768 - Chapters on Virtues - كتاب المناقب عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:3768 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref> Madelung adds that this hadith is widely reported.<ref>{{harvnb|Madelung|2003}}</ref>

Other similar [[Hadith]]s include: "Whoever loves them loves me and whoever hates them hates me", and "al-Hasan and al-Husayn are the sayyids [masters] of the youth of Paradise". The recent one is used by Shia to prove the right of [[Imamate]] for the descendants of Muhammad. {{transliteration|ar|Sayyidu Shabāb Ahl al-Jannah}}{{efn| Meaning "The Master of the youth of Paradise"}} is an epithet used by Shias to refer to each of Muhammad's grandsons.<ref name=":0" /> It is also narrated that Muhammad took Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn under his cloak and called them Ahl al-bayt and stated that they are free from any sin and pollution.<ref name="Vaglieri 1971">{{harvnb|Vaglieri|1971}}</ref> Muhammad reported the Karbala incident on several occasions; For example, he gave a small bottle of soil to [[Umm Salama]] and told her that the soil inside the bottle would turn into blood after Husayn was killed.{{sfn|Haider|2016}}

=== Event of ''Mubahala'' ===
{{Main|Event of Mubahala|Ahl al-Kisa}}

[[File:Panjtan.jpg|thumb|left|The calligraphy of the names of [[ahl al-kisa]] and two hadiths of Muhammad on the cloth, probably belonging to Iran or Central Asia]]

In the year 10 AH (631–632) a [[Christians|Christian]] envoy from [[Najran]] (now in northern [[Yemen]]) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]]. After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to [[Islamic view of Adam|Adam's]] creation — who was born to neither a mother nor a father— and when the Christians did not accept the Islamic doctrine about Jesus, Muhammad reportedly received a revelation instructing him to call them to Mubahala, where each party should ask God to destroy the false party and their families:<ref name="Madelung 1997 15–16">{{harvnb|Madelung|1997|pp=15–16}}</ref><ref name="Momen 1985 14">{{harvnb| Momen |1985|p=14}}</ref><ref name="Kofsky">{{cite book |last1=Bar-Asher |first1=Meir M. |last2=Kofsky |first2=Aryeh |title=The Nusayri-Alawi Religion: An Enquiry into Its Theology and Liturgy |date=2002 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-9004125520 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2bli4DyuHRIC&q=Event+of+Mubahala&pg=PA141 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020149/https://books.google.com/books?id=2bli4DyuHRIC&q=Event+of+Mubahala&pg=PA141#v=snippet&q=Event%20of%20Mubahala&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|If anyone dispute with you in this matter [concerning Jesus] after the knowledge which has come to you, say: Come let us call our sons and your sons, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves, then let us swear an oath and place the curse of God on those who lie.(Qur'an 3:61)<ref name="Madelung 1997 15–16"/>}}
In Shia perspective, in the [[Event of Mubahala#Verse of Mubahalah|verse of ''Mubahala'']], the phrase "our sons" would refer to Hasan and Husayn, "our women" refers to Fatima, and "ourselves" refers to Ali. Most of the Sunni narrations quoted by [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|al-Tabari]] do not name the participants. Other Sunni historians mention Muhammad, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn as having participated in the Mubahala, and some agree with the Shia tradition that Ali was among them.<ref>{{harvnb|Madelung|1997|p=16}}</ref><ref name="Momen 1985 14"/><ref name="Kofsky" />

The verse "God wishes only to remove taint from you, people of the Household, and to make you utterly pure" is also attributed to this event,{{efn|"see, for example, [[Sahih Muslim|ṢaḥīḥMoslem]], English tr. by A. H. Siddiqui, Lahore, 1975, IV, pp. 1293–1294"}} during which Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak.<ref name="Momen 1985 14"/> Thus the title, the Family of the Cloak, is related sometimes to the Event of Mubahala.{{efn|see L. Massignon, La Mubahala de Médine et l'hyperdulie de Fatima, Paris, 1935; idem, "Mubāhala," EI1, supplement, p. 150}}<ref>{{harvnb|Algar|1984}}</ref>

== During the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman ==
During the caliphate of Abu Bakr and Umar, Husayn was present at some events such as testifying about the story of [[Fadak]].<ref>{{harvnb|Faramarz|2013|p=678}}</ref> According to a narration, Husayn, while the second caliph was sitting on the pulpit of Muhammad and giving a speech, objected to him for sitting on the pulpit of Muhammad, and Umar also stopped his sermon and came down from the pulpit.<ref name="Emadi Haeri 2009">{{harvnb|Seyed Mohammad|2009}}</ref> During the time of Uthman, he defended [[Abu Dharr al-Ghifari]], who had preached against some of the actions of the tyrants and was to be exiled from Medina.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaglieri|1960|p=382}}</ref>

According to several narrations, Ali asked Hasan and Husayn to defend the third Caliph during the [[Siege of Uthman]] and carry water to him. According to Vaglieri, when Hasan entered Uthman's house, Uthman was already assassinated.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaglieri|1971|p=241}}</ref> Another report says that Uthman asked Ali's help. The latter send Husayn in response. Then Uthman asked Husayn if he was able to defend himself against rebels. Husayn demurred, so Uthman sent him back. It is also narrated that Uthman's cousin, [[Marwan ibn Hakam]], have said Husayn: "Leave us, your father incites the people against us, and you are here with us!"{{sfn|Madelung|2004}} Haeri writes in the Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: According to some narrations, Husayn or Hasan were wounded in the case of defending Uthman.<ref name="Emadi Haeri 2009"/>

== During the caliphates of Ali and Hasan ==
During the Caliphate of Ali, Husayn, along with his brothers Hasan and [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya]], and his cousin, [[Abd Allah ibn Ja'far|Abdullah ibn Ja'far]] were among closest allies of Ali.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}} He remained alongside him, accompanying him in the battlefields.<ref name=":0"/> According to a report by [[Tabari]], Husayn was among Ali's major supporters who were cursed in public by the order of [[Mu'awiya I]].{{sfn|Madelung|2004}}

After the [[assassination of Ali]] people gave allegiance to Hasan. Mu'awiya who did not want to give allegiance to him, prepared to fight. To avoid the agonies of the civil war, Hasan signed a [[Hasan–Muawiya treaty|treaty with Mu'awiya I]], according to which Mu'awiya I would not name a successor during his reign, and let the Islamic community ({{transliteration|ar|[[ummah]]}}) choose his successor.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=150–152}} Madelung believes that Husayn did not recognize this treaty at first, but pressed by Hasan, accepted it. Later on when several Shia leaders suggested him to conduct a surprise attack on Mu'awiya I's camp near Kufa, he refused, saying that as long as Mu'awiya I was alive, he would abide by the terms of the peace treaty, however, after Mu'awiya I's death, he will reconsider it. After signing the peace treaty, Mu'awiyah I delivered a sermon in Kufa in which he declared that he had violated all the provisions of the treaty and also insulted Ali ibn Abi Talib. Husayn wanted to respond, but Hasan refused to do so, and Hasan delivered a sermon in response. Husayn then left Kufa for Medina along with Hasan and Abdullah ibn Ja'far. He adhered to the terms of the treaty even after Hasan's death.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}}

== During the caliphate of Mu'awiya I ==
According to the Shi'a, Husayn was the third [[Imam]] for a period of ten years after the death of his brother Hasan in 670. All of this time except the last six months coincided with the caliphate of Mu'awiya I.<ref name="autogenerated1">Tabatabaei, (1979), p. 196.</ref> In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (660) and his death in AH 49 (669), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina, trying to keep aloof from political involvement for or against Mu'awiya I.<ref name="Jafri"/><ref name="Madelung 1997 324–327"/> Sentiments in favor of the rule of Ahl al-Bayt occasionally emerged in the form of small groups, mostly from Kufa, visiting Hasan and Husayn asking them to be their leaders – a request to which they declined to respond.<ref>{{harvnb|Momen|1985|pp=14, 26, 27}}</ref> When Hasan was poisoned, he refused to tell Husayn the name of his suspect, probably Mu'awiya I, in fear of provoking bloodshed.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}} The burial of Hasan's body near that of Muhammad, was another problem which could have led to bloodshed, as Marwan ibn Hakam swore that he would not permit Hasan to be buried near Muhammad with [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]], while Uthman was buried in the cemetery of [[al-Baqi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Madelung|1997|p=287}}</ref> After the death of Hasan, when Iraqis turned to Husayn, concerning an uprising, Husayn instructed them to wait as long as Mu'awiya I was alive due to Hasan's peace treaty with him.<ref name="Jafri">{{cite book |last1=Jafri |first1=Syed Husain Mohammad |title=The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam; Chapter 6 |date=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0195793871}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> Meanwhile, Marwan reported to Mu'awiya I the frequent visits of Shias to Husayn. Mu'awiya I instructed Marwan not to clash with Husayn, in the same time he wrote a letter to Husayn in which he "mingled generous promises with the advice not to provoke him." Later on, when Mu'awiya was taking allegiance for his son, [[Yazid I|Yazid]], Husayn was among the five prominent persons who did not give his allegiance,<ref name=":0"/> as appointing a successor was in violation of Hasan's peace treaty with Mu'awiya I.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}} Before his death in April 680, Mu'awiya I cautioned Yazid that Husayn and [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]] might challenge his rule and instructed him to defeat them if they did. Yazid was further advised to treat Husayn with caution and not to spill his blood, since he was the grandson of Muhammad.{{sfn|Lammens|1921|pp=5–6}}

== Uprising ==
{{Main|Battle of Karbala}}

=== Refusal to give allegiance to Yazid ===
Immediately after Mu'awiya's death on 15th of [[Rajab]] 60 AH (22 April 680), Yazid charged the governor of Medina, [[Al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan|Walid ibn Utba ibn Abu Sufyan]], to secure allegiance from Husayn with force if necessary.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=145–146}}{{sfn|Howard|1990|pp=2–3}} Yazid's goal was to take control of the situation in the city before the people became aware of Mu'awiya I's death. Yazid's concern was especially about his two rivals in the caliphate, Husayn and [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]] who had previously renounced allegiance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Najm |first=Heydar |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-husayn-b-ali-b-abi-talib-COM_30572 |title=al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib |publisher=Ehsan Yarshater, Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |date=2004 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213103718/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-husayn-b-ali-b-abi-talib-COM_30572 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Husayn answered the summons but declined to pledge allegiance in the secretive environment of the meeting, suggesting it should be done in public.<ref name=":0" />
Marwan ibn Hakam told Walid to imprison or behead him, but due to Husayn's kinship with Muhammad, Walid was unwilling to take any action against him. A few days later, Husayn left for Mecca without acknowledging Yazid.{{sfn|Howard|1990|pp=5–7}} He arrived in Mecca at the beginning of May 680,{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=61}} and stayed there until the beginning of September.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=64}} He was accompanied by his wives, children and brothers, as well as Hasan's sons.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}}

=== Invitations from Kufa ===
Husayn had considerable support in Kufa, which had been the caliphal capital during the reigns of his father and brother. The Kufans had fought the Umayyads and their Syrian allies during the First Fitna, the five-year civil war which had established the Umayyad Caliphate.{{sfn|Daftary|1990|p=47}} They were dissatisfied with Hasan's abdication{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=61}} and strongly resented Umayyad rule.{{sfn|Daftary|1990|p=47}} While in Mecca, Husayn received letters from pro-[[Alids]] in Kufa informing him that they were tired of the Umayyad rule, which they considered to be oppressive, and that they had no rightful leader. They asked him to lead them in revolt against Yazid, promising to remove the Umayyad governor if Husayn would consent to aid them. Husayn wrote back affirmatively that a rightful leader is the one who acts according to the [[Qur'an]] and promised to lead them with the right guidance. Then he sent his cousin [[Muslim ibn Aqil]] to assess the situation in Kufa. Ibn Aqil attracted widespread support and informed Husayn of the situation, suggesting that he join them there. Yazid removed [[Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari]] as governor of Kufa due to his inaction and installed [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]], then governor of [[Basra]], in his place. As a result of Ibn Ziyad's suppression and political maneuvering, Ibn Aqil's following began to dissipate and he was forced to declare the revolt prematurely. It was defeated and Ibn Aqil was killed.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=608}}

Husayn had also sent a messenger to Basra, another garrison town in Iraq, but the messenger could not attract any following and was quickly apprehended and executed.{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}}

Husayn was unaware of the change of political circumstances in Kufa and decided to depart. [[Abd Allah ibn Abbas]] and [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]] advised him not to move to Iraq, or, if he was determined, not to take women and children with him.{{efn|The sincerity of Ibn al-Zubayr's advice has been doubted by many historians, however, as he had his own plans for leadership and was supposedly happy to be rid of Husayn.}}{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=64}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=608}} Nevertheless, he offered Husayn support if he would stay in Mecca and lead the opposition to Yazid from there. Husayn refused this, citing his abhorrence of bloodshed in the sanctuary,{{sfn|Howard|1990|p=69}} and decided to go ahead with his plan.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=608}}

=== Journey towards Kufa ===
[[File:Khema-gah, Karbala.JPG|thumb|left|A shrine built at the location of Husayn's camp]]
[[File:Verteldoek Kerbala.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the [[twelve Imams]] and episodes from their lives including the Battle of Karbala, Iranian painting, oil on canvas, 19th century from the [[Tropenmuseum|Tropenmuseum Amsterdam]]]]
Despite the advice of Muhammad ibn Hanafiyya, [[Abdullah ibn Umar]], and the constant insistence of [[Abd Allah ibn Abbas]] in Mecca, Husayn did not back down from his decision to go to Kufa.<ref name=":0" /> Ibn 'Abbas pointed out that the Kufis had left both his father Ali and his brother Hasan alone, and suggested that Husayn go to Yemen instead of Kufa, or at least not take women and children with him if he were to go to Iraq.<ref name=":1" /> Husayn insisted on his decision and wrote about his motives and goals in a famous letter or will that he gave to Muhammad ibn al Hanafiyyah:

"I did not go out for fun and selfishness and for corruption and oppression; Rather, my goal is to correct the corruptions that have occurred in the nation of my ancestors. I want to command the good and forbid the bad, and follow the tradition of my grandfather and the way of my father Ali ibn Abi Talib. So, whoever accepts this truth (and follows me) has accepted the way of God and whoever rejects (and does not follow me) I will walk (my way) with patience and perseverance so that God may be the judge between me and this nation and he is the best judge."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pishvaee |first=Mahdi |url=http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/search/briefListSearch.do?command=FULL_VIEW&id=2163495&pageStatus=1&sortKeyValue1=sortkey_title&sortKeyValue2=sortkey_author |title=History of Qiam and Maqtal |volume=1 |pages=465–467 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115314/http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/search/briefListSearch.do?command=FULL_VIEW&id=2163495&pageStatus=1&sortKeyValue1=sortkey_title&sortKeyValue2=sortkey_author |url-status=live}}</ref>

Then, Husayn, who had not yet received the letters of the new events of Kufa, prepared to leave for Kufa on the 8th or 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah 60 AH / 10 or 12 September 680. Instead of performing Hajj, he performed Umrah, and in the absence of the Governor of Mecca, [[al-Ashdaq|Amr ibn Sa'id ibn As]], who was performing Hajj on the outskirts of the city, secretly left the city with his companions and family. Fifty men from Husayn's relatives and friends – who could fight if needed – accompanied Husayn, including women and children.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|pp=607–615}} He took the northerly route through the [[Arabian Desert]].{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=9}} On persuasion of Husayn's cousin [[Abd Allah ibn Ja'far]], the governor of Mecca [[Amr ibn Sa'id]] sent his brother and Ibn Ja'far after Husayn in order to assure him safety in Mecca and bring him back. Husayn refused to return, relating that Muhammad had ordered him in a dream to move forward irrespective of the consequences. Further on the way, he received the news of the execution of Ibn Aqil and the indifference of the people of Kufa.{{efn|Husayn at this point is reported to have considered turning back, but was persuaded to push forward by Ibn Aqil's brothers, who wanted to avenge his death;{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=609}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=64}} according to Madelung and I. K. A. Howard, these reports are doubtful.{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}}{{sfn|Howard|1986|p=128}}}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=609}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=64}} He informed his followers of the situation and asked them to leave. Most of the people who had joined him on the way left, while his companions from Mecca decided to stay with him.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=609}}

{{Location map+ | Middle East2
| width = 300
| caption = Husayn traveled from Mecca to Kufa through the [[Arabian Desert]].
| AlternativeMap = Middle East geographic.jpg
| places =
{{Location map~ | Middle East2
| marksize = 6
| label = [[Medina]]
| lat_deg = 26 | lat_min = 30 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 33 | lon_min = 40 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Middle East2
| marksize = 6
| label = [[Mecca]]
| lat_deg = 23 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 33 | lon_min = 70 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ |Middle East2
| marksize = 6
| label = [[Kufa]]
|location=left
| lat_deg = 35 | lat_min = 00 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 39 | lon_min = 36 | lon_dir = E
}}
{{Location map~ | Middle East2
| marksize = 6
| label = [[Karbala]]
| lat_deg = 35 | lat_min = 40 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 39 | lon_min = 20 | lon_dir = E
}} }}

On the way, Husayn encountered various people. In response to Husayn's question about the situation in Iraq, the poet [[Al-Farazdaq|Farzadaq]] explicitly told him that the hearts of the Iraqi people are with you, but their swords are in the service of the Umayyads. But Husayn's decision was unwavering, and in response to those who tried to dissuade him, he said that things were in God's hands and that God wanted the best for His servants and would not be hostile to anyone who was right. The news of the murder of [[Muslim ibn Aqil|Muslim ibn Aqeel]] and [[Hani ibn Urwa|Hani ibn Arwa]] was reported by some travellers, for the first time in Thalabiyah.<ref name=":0" />

When Husayn reached the area of Zabalah, he found out that his messenger, [[Qays ibn Musahir Al Saidawi|Qais ibn Mushar Sa'idawi]] – or his brother-in-law, [[Abd Allah ibn Yaqtar]] – who had been sent from Hejaz to Kufa to inform the people of Husayn's imminent arrival, was exposed and killed by falling from the roof of Kufa Palace. Upon hearing this, Husayn allowed his supporters to leave the caravan due to the depressing issues such as the betrayal of the Kufis. A number of those who had joined him on the way parted away. But those who had come with Husayn from Hejaz did not leave him. The news from Kufa showed that the situation there had completely changed from what Muslims had reported. The political assessments made it clear to Husayn that going to Kufa was no longer apt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jafarian |first=Rasul |url=http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/search/briefListSearch.do?command=FULL_VIEW&id=494421&pageStatus=1&sortKeyValue1=sortkey_title&sortKeyValue2=sortkey_author |title=Political History of Islam |page=461 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108203347/http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/search/briefListSearch.do?command=FULL_VIEW&id=494421&pageStatus=1&sortKeyValue1=sortkey_title&sortKeyValue2=sortkey_author |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the area of Sharaf or Zuhsam, armies emerged from Kufa under the leadership of Hurr ibn Yazid. With the weather being hot there, Husayn ordered water to be given to them and then announced his motives to the army and said:
"You did not have an Imam and I became the means of uniting the ummah. Our family is more deserving of government than anyone else, and those in power do not deserve it and rule unjustly. If you support me, I will go to Kufa. But if you do not want me anymore, I will return to my first place."

Ibn Ziyad had stationed troops on the routes into Kufa. Husayn and his followers were intercepted by the vanguard of Yazid's army, about 1,000 men led by [[Al-Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Tamimi]], south of Kufa near [[Al-Qadisiyyah (historical city)|Qadisiyya]].{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=609}} Husayn said to them:
<blockquote>I did not come to you until your letters were brought to me, and your messengers came to me saying, "Come to us, for we have no imam" ... Therefore, if you give me what you guaranteed in your covenants and sworn testimonies, I will come to your town. If you will not and are averse to my coming, I will leave you for the place from which I came to you.{{sfn|Howard|1990|p=93}}</blockquote>

He then showed them the letters he had received from the Kufans, including some in Hurr's force. Al-Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Tamimi denied any knowledge of the letters and stated that Husayn must go with him to Ibn Ziyad, which Husayn refused to do. Hurr responded that he would not allow Husayn to either enter Kufa or go back to Medina, but that he was free to travel anywhere else he wished. Nevertheless, he did not prevent four Kufans from joining Husayn. Husayn's caravan started to move towards Qadisiyya, and Hurr followed them. At Naynawa, Hurr received orders from Ibn Ziyad to force Husayn's caravan to halt in a desolate place without fortifications or water. One of Husayn's companions suggested that they attack Hurr and move to the fortified village of al-Aqr. Husayn refused, stating that he did not want to start the hostilities.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=609}}

According to Valiri, Hurr ordered his army to take Husayn and his companions to Ibn Ziyad without fighting and intended to persuade Husayn to do so. But when he saw that Husayn was moving his caravan, he did not dare to follow it. However, Madlung and Bahramian write that when Husayn was ready to leave, Hurr blocked his way and said that if Husayn did not accept the order given by Ibn Ziyad, Hurr would not allow him to go to Medina or Kufa. He suggested to Husayn to neither go to Kufa nor to Medina, rather write a letter to Yazid or Ibn Ziyad and wait for their orders, hoping to avoid this difficult situation by receiving an answer. But Husayn did not heed to his advice and continued to Azad or Qadisiyah. Hurr informed Husayn that he was doing this for Husayn and that if there would be a war, Husayn would be killed. Husayn, however, was not afraid of death and stopped in an area called Karbala, on the outskirts of Kufa.<ref name=":3" />

In one place, Husayn recited a sermon and said: "I do not see death except as martyrdom and living with the oppressors except as hardship." In another place, he explained the reason for his opposition to the government while recalling the bitterness of breaking the allegiance of the people of Kufa with his father and brother, saying, "These people have submitted to the obedience of Satan and have left the obedience of God the Merciful." On the way, he refused to accept the offer to go to the tribe of Tayy by pointing to his pact with Hurr about not returning.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahramian |first=Ali |url=https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/publication/entryview/6365 |title=Hussain, Imam |publisher=Encyclopedia of the world of Islam |pages=670–671 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195825/https://cgie.org.ir/fa/publication/entryview/6365 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, a messenger from Ibn Ziad came to Hurr and, without greeting Husayn, gave a letter to Hurr in which Ibn Ziad had ordered him not to stop in a place where Husayn can have easy access to water. With this letter, Obaidullah wanted to force Husayn to fight.{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}} Zuhair ibn Qayn suggested to Husayn to attack the small army of Hurr and capture the fortified village of Akr. But Husayn did not accept, because he did not want to start a war.<ref name=":3" />

On 2 October 680 (2 Muharram 61 AH), Husayn arrived at [[Karbala]], a desert plain {{convert|70|km|sp=us}} north of Kufa, and set up camp.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=65}}{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=9}}

On the following day, a 4,000-strong Kufan army arrived under the command of [[Umar ibn Sa'd]].{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|pp=65–66}} He had been appointed governor of [[Rayy]] to suppress a local rebellion but then recalled to confront Husayn. Initially, he was unwilling to fight Husayn, but complied following Ibn Ziyad's threat to revoke his governorship. After negotiations with Husayn, Ibn Sa'd wrote to Ibn Ziyad that Husayn was willing to return. Ibn Ziyad replied that Husayn must surrender or he should be subdued by force,{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|pp=65–66}} and that to compel him, he and his companions should be denied access to the [[Euphrates]] river.{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}} Ibn Sa'd stationed 500 horsemen on the route leading to the river. Husayn and his companions remained without water for three days before a group of fifty men led by his half-brother [[Abbas ibn Ali]] was able to access the river. They could only fill twenty water-skins.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=609}}{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=111}}

Husayn and Ibn Sa'd met during the night to negotiate a settlement; it was rumored that Husayn made three proposals: either he be allowed to return to Medina, submit to Yazid directly, or be sent to a border post where he would fight alongside the Muslim armies. According to Madelung, these reports are probably untrue as Husayn at this stage is unlikely to have considered submitting to Yazid. A ''[[mawla]]'' of Husayn's wife later claimed that Husayn had suggested that he be allowed to leave, so that all parties could allow the fluid political situation to clarify.{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}} Ibn Sa'd sent the proposal, whatever it was, to Ibn Ziyad, who is reported to have accepted but then persuaded otherwise by [[Shemr|Shemr ibn Ziljawshan]]. Shemr argued that Husayn was in his domain and letting him go would be to demonstrate weakness.{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=111}} Ibn Ziyad then sent Shemr with orders to ask Husayn for his allegiance once more and to attack, kill and disfigure him if he was to refuse, as "a rebel, a seditious person, a brigand, an oppressor and he was to do no further harm after his death".{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=609}} If Ibn Sa'd was unwilling to carry out the attack, he was instructed to hand over command to Shemr. Ibn Sa'd cursed Shemr and accused him of foiling his attempts to reach a peaceful settlement but agreed to carry out the orders. He remarked that Husayn would not submit because there was "a proud soul in him".{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=609}}{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}}

The army advanced toward Husayn's camp on the evening of 9 October. Husayn sent Abbas to ask Ibn Sa'd to wait until the next morning, so that they could consider the matter. Ibn Sa'd agreed to this respite.{{sfn|Howard|1990|pp=112–114}} Husayn told his men that they were all free to leave, with his family, under the cover of night, since their opponents only wanted him. Very few availed themselves of this opportunity. Defense arrangements were made: tents were brought together and tied to one another and a ditch was dug behind the tents and filled with wood ready to be set alight in case of attack. Husayn and his followers then spent the rest of the night praying.{{sfn| Veccia Vaglieri |1971|p=610}}{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}}

=== Battle of Karbala ===
[[File:Scène de la bataille de Karbalâ, par Mohammad Modabber, deuxième fondateur de l’école picturale ghahveh-khâneh.jpg|thumb|The Battle of Karbala By Iranian painter Mohammad Modabber]]

After the morning prayer on 10 October, both parties took up battle positions. Husayn appointed [[Zuhayr ibn Qayn]] to command the right flank of his army, [[Habib ibn Muzahir]] to command the left flank, and his half-brother Abbas as the standard bearer.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=610}} Husayn's companions, according to most accounts, numbered thirty-two horsemen and forty infantrymen.{{efn|Although forty-five horsemen and one hundred foot-soldiers, or a total of a few hundred men have been reported by some sources.{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=105}}}}{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=105}} Ibn Sa'd's army totaled 4,000.{{efn|According to the Shi'a sources, however, more troops had joined Ibn Sa'd in preceding days, swelling his army to 30,000 strong.{{sfn|Munson|1988|p=23}}}}{{sfn|Munson|1988|p=23}} The ditch containing wood were set alight.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=66}} Husayn then delivered a speech to his opponents reminding them of his status as Muhammad's grandson and reproaching them for inviting and then abandoning him. He asked to be allowed to leave. He was told that first he had to submit to Yazid's authority, which he refused to do.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=610}} Husayn's speech moved Hurr to defect to his side.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=66}}

After Husayn's speech, Zuhayr ibn Qayn attempted to dissuade Ibn Sa'd's soldiers from killing Husayn, but in vain. Ibn Sa'd's army fired several volleys of arrows. This was followed by duels{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=610}} in which several of Husayn's companions were slain. The right wing of the Kufans, led by Amr ibn al-Hajjaj, attacked Husayn's force but was repulsed. Hand-to-hand fighting paused and further volleys of arrows were exchanged. Shemr, who commanded the left wing of the Umayyad army, launched an attack, but after losses on both sides, he was repulsed.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=610}}{{sfn|Howard|1990|pp=138–139}} This was followed by cavalry attacks. Husayn's cavalry resisted fiercely and Ibn Sa'd brought in armoured cavalry and five hundred archers. After their horses were wounded by arrows, Husayn's cavalrymen dismounted and fought on foot.{{sfn|Howard|1990|p=139}}

Since Umayyad forces could approach Husayn's army from the front only, Ibn Sa'd ordered the tents to be burned. All except the one which Husayn and his family were using were set on fire. Shemr wanted to burn that one too, but was prevented by his companions. The plan backfired and flames hindered the Umayyad advance for a while. After noon prayers, Husayn's companions were encircled, and almost all of them were killed. Husayn's relatives, who had not taken part in the fighting so far, joined the battle. Husayn's son [[Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn|Ali Akbar]] was killed; then Husayn's half-brothers, including Abbas,{{sfn|Calmard|1982|pp=77–79}} and the sons of [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib]], [[Jafar ibn Abi Talib]] and Hasan ibn Ali were slain.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=610}} The account of Abbas' death is not given in the primary sources, [[al-Tabari]] and [[Baladhuri]], but a prominent Shi'a theologian [[Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid]] states in his account in ''[[Kitab al-Irshad]]'' that Abbas went to the river together with Husayn but became separated, was surrounded, and killed.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=611}}{{sfn|Calmard|1982|pp=77–79}} At some point, a young child of Husayn's, who was sitting on his lap, was hit by an arrow and died.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=611}}

==== Death ====
[[File:Imam Husayn Shrine by Tasnimnews 01.jpg|thumb|[[Imam Husayn Shrine]], where Husayn is buried, in the 21st century]]

During the Battle of Karbala the Umayyad soldiers hesitated to initiate a direct attack on Husayn; however, he was struck in the mouth by an arrow as he went to the river to drink.{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}} He collected his blood in a cupped hand and cast towards the sky, complaining to God of his suffering.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=611}} Later, he was surrounded and struck on the head by Malik ibn Nusayr. The blow cut through his hooded cloak, which Husayn removed while cursing his attacker. He put a cap on his head and wrapped a turban around it to staunch the bleeding. Ibn Nusayr seized the bloodied cloak and retreated.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=611}}{{sfn|Howard|1990|p=153}}

Shemr advanced with a group of foot soldiers towards Husayn, who was now prepared to fight as few people were left on his side. A young boy from Husayn's camp escaped from the tents, ran to him, tried to defend him from a sword stroke and had his arm cut off. Ibn Sa'd approached the tents and Husayn's sister [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]] complained to him: "'Umar b. Sa'd, will Abu 'Abd Allah (the {{transliteration|ar|[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]}} of Husayn) be killed while you stand and watch?"{{sfn| Veccia Vaglieri |1971|p=611}} Ibn Sa'd wept but did nothing. Husayn is said to have killed many of his attackers. The Umayyad forces however were still unwilling to kill him and each of them wanted to leave this to somebody else. Eventually Shemr shouted: "Shame on you! Why are you waiting for the man? Kill him, may your mothers be deprived of you!"{{sfn|Howard|1990|p=160}} The Umayyad soldiers then rushed Husayn and wounded him on his hand and shoulder. He fell on the ground face-down and an attacker named Sinan ibn Anas stabbed and [[decapitated|beheaded]] him.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=611}}{{sfn|Howard|1990|p=160}}

==== Aftermath ====
[[File:A_tilework_inside_Mu'awin_ul-Mulk,_Yazid_court.jpg|thumb|Tilework inside Mu'awin ul-Mulk [[Hussainiya|husayniyya]], [[Kermanshah]], Iran, depicting [[Ali al-Sajjad]], [[Zaynab bint Ali]] and other prisoners being taken to Yazid's court]]

Seventy or seventy-two people died on Husayn's side, of whom about twenty were descendants of [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], the father of [[Ali]]. This included two of Husayn's sons, six of his paternal brothers, three sons of Hasan ibn Ali, three sons of Jafar ibn Abi Talib and three sons and three grandsons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib.{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}} Following the battle, Husayn's clothes were stripped, and his sword, shoes and baggage were taken. The women's jewelry and cloaks were also seized. Shemr wanted to kill Husayn's only surviving son [[Ali al-Sajjad]], who had not taken part in the fighting because of illness, but was prevented by Ibn Sa'd.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=611}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=66}} There are reports of more than sixty wounds on Husayn's body,{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=66}} which was then trampled with horses as previously instructed by Ibn Ziyad.{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}} The bodies of Husayn's companions were decapitated.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=67}} There were eighty-eight dead in Ibn Sa'd's army, who were buried before he left.{{sfn|Howard|1990|p=163}} After his departure, members of the Banu Asad tribe, from the nearby village of Ghadiriya, buried the headless bodies of Husayn's companions.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=611}}

Husayn's family, along with the heads of the dead, were sent to Ibn Ziyad.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=67}} He poked Husayn's mouth with a stick and intended to kill Ali al-Sajjad, but spared him after the pleas of Husayn's sister Zaynab.{{sfn|Howard|1990|p=167}} The heads and the family were then sent to Yazid,{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=67}} who also poked Husayn's mouth with a stick. The historian [[Henri Lammens]] has suggested that this is a duplication of the report regarding Ibn Ziyad.{{sfn|Lammens|1921|p=171}} Yazid was compassionate towards the women and Ali Zayn al-Abidin,{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=67}} and cursed Ibn Ziyad for murdering Husayn, stating that had he been there, he would have spared him.{{sfn|Howard|1990|p=169}}{{sfn|Lammens|1921|p=172}} One of his courtiers asked for the hand of a captive woman from Husayn's family in marriage, which resulted in heated altercation between Yazid and Zaynab.{{sfn|Howard|1990|pp=171–172}}{{sfn|Lammens|1921|p=173}} The women of Yazid's household joined the captive women in their lamentation for the dead. After a few days, the women were compensated for their belongings looted in Karbala and were sent back to Medina.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=612}}

The killing of the grandson of Muhammad shocked the Muslim community.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=89}} The image of Yazid suffered and gave rise to sentiment that he was impious.{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=179}} Prior to the Battle of Karbala, the Muslim community was divided into two political factions. Nonetheless, a religious sect with distinct theological doctrines and specific set of rituals had not developed.{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=178}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=89}}{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=108}} Karbala gave this early political party of pro-Alids a distinct religious identity and helped transform it into a distinct religious sect.{{sfn|Nakash|1993|p=161}}{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=16}} Heinz Halm writes: "There was no religious aspect to Shi'ism prior to 680. The death of the third imam and his followers marked the 'big bang' that created the rapidly expanding cosmos of Shi'ism and brought it into motion."{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=16}}

==== Related uprisings ====
A few prominent Alid supporters in Kufa felt guilty for abandoning Husayn after having invited him to revolt. To atone for what they perceived as their sin, they began a movement known as [[Tawwabin uprising]], under [[Sulayman ibn Surad]], a companion of Muhammad, to fight the Umayyads, and attracted large-scale support.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|pp=71–74}} The armies met in January 685 at [[Battle of Ayn al-Warda]]; which resulted killing most of them including Ibn Surad.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|pp=71–74}}

The defeat of the Tawwabin left the leadership of the Kufan pro-Alids in the hand of [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]]. In October 685, Mukhtar and his supporters seized Kufa. His control extended to most of Iraq and parts of northwestern Iran.{{sfn|Dixon|1971|p=45}} Mukhtar executed Kufans involved in the killing of Husayn, including Ibn Sa'd and Shimr, while thousands of people fled to Basra.{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=185}} He then sent his general [[Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar]] to fight an approaching Umayyad army, led by Ibn Ziyad, which had been sent to reconquer the province. The Umayyad army was routed at the [[Battle of Khazir]] in August 686 and Ibn Ziyad was slain.{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=53}} Later on, in April 687, Mukhtar was killed.{{sfn|Dixon|1971|pp=73–75}}

==== Historical analysis ====
Based on an official report sent to caliph Yazid, which describes the battle of Karbala very briefly, stating that it lasted for no longer than a [[siesta]], Lammens concludes that there was no battle at all but a quick massacre that was over in an hour; he suggests that the detailed accounts found in the primary sources are Iraqi fabrications, since their writers were dissatisfied with their hero being killed without putting up a fight.{{sfn|Lammens|1921|p=169}} This is countered by the historian [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri]], who argues that despite there being some fabricated accounts, all of the contemporary accounts together form "a coherent and credible narrative". She criticizes Lammens' hypothesis as being based on a single isolated report and being devoid of critical analysis.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1971|p=610}} Similarly, Madelung and Wellhausen assert that the battle lasted from sunrise to sunset and that the overall account of the battle is reliable.{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|pp=67–68}} Vaglieri and Madelung explain the length of the battle despite the numerical disparity between the opposing camps as Ibn Sa'd's attempt to prolong the fight and pressure Husayn into submission instead of attempting to quickly overwhelm and kill him.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1971|p=610}}{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}}

According to Wellhausen, the compassion that Yazid showed to the family of Husayn and his cursing of Ibn Ziyad was only for show. He argues that if killing Husayn was a crime its responsibility lay with Yazid and not Ibn Ziyad, who was only performing his duty.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=70}} Madelung holds a similar view; according to him, early accounts place the responsibility for Husayn's death on Ibn Ziyad instead of Yazid. Yazid, Madelung argues, wanted to end Husayn's opposition, but as a caliph of Islam could not afford to be seen as publicly responsible and so diverted blame onto Ibn Ziyad by hypocritically cursing him.{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}} According to Howard, some traditional sources have a tendency to exonerate Yazid at the cost of Ibn Ziyad and lower authorities.{{sfn|Howard|1986|pp=131–133}}

==== Primary and classic sources ====
{{Main|Maqtal al-Husayn}}

The primary source of the Karbala narrative is the work of the Kufan historian [[Abu Mikhnaf]] titled ''Kitab Maqtal Al-Husayn''.{{efn|Other early monographs on the death of Husayn, which have not survived, were written by al-Asbagh al-Nubata, Jabir ibn Yazid al-Ju'fi, Ammar ibn Mu'awiya al-Duhni, [[Awana ibn al-Hakam]], [[al-Waqidi]], [[Hisham ibn al-Kalbi]], Nasr ibn Muzahim, and [[al-Mada'ini]]; of these al-Nubta's monograph was perhaps the earliest.{{sfn|Howard|1986|pp=124–125}}}}{{sfn|Vaglieri|1971|p=608}} Abu Mikhnaf's was an adult some twenty years after the Battle of Karbala. As such he knew many eyewitnesses and collected firsthand accounts and some with very short chains of transmitters, usually one or two intermediaries.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=vii–viii}} The eyewitnesses were of two kinds: those from Husayn's side and those from Ibn Sa'd's army. Since few people from Husayn's camp survived, most eyewitnesses were from the second category. According to [[Julius Wellhausen]], most of them regretted their actions in the battle and embellished the accounts of the battle in favor of Husayn in order to dilute their guilt.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=68}} Although as an Iraqi, Abu Mikhnaf had pro-Alid tendencies, his reports generally do not contain much bias on his part.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=ix}} Abu Mikhnaf's original text seems to have been lost and the version extant today has been transmitted through secondary sources such as the ''[[History of Prophets and Kings]]'' by [[al-Tabari]]; and ''[[Ansab al-Ashraf]]'' by [[Baladhuri]].{{efn|Nevertheless, four manuscripts of a ''Maqtal'' located at [[Gotha]] (No. 1836), [[Berlin]] (Sprenger, Nos. 159–160), [[Leiden]] (No. 792), and [[Saint Petersburg]] (Am No. 78) libraries have been attributed to Abu Mikhnaf.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=215}}}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=215}} Tabari quotes either directly from Abu Mikhnaf or from his student Ibn al-Kalbi, who took most of his material from Abu Mikhnaf.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1971|p=608}} Tabari occasionally takes material from Ammar ibn Mu'awiya,{{sfn|Howard|1986|p=126}} Awana{{sfn|Howard|1986|p=132}} and other primary sources, which, however, adds little to the narrative.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=67}} Baladhuri uses same sources as Tabari. Information on the battle found in the works of [[Abu Hanifa Dinawari|Dinawari]] and [[Ya'qubi]] is also based on Abu Mikhnaf's ''Maqtal'',{{sfn|Vaglieri|1971|p=608}} although they occasionally provide some extra notes and verses.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=67}} Other secondary sources include [[al-Mas'udi]]'s ''[[The Meadows of Gold|Muruj al-Dhahab]]'', [[Ibn A'tham al-Kufi]]'s ''Kitab al-Futuh'', Shaykh al-Mufid's ''Kitab al-Irshad'', and [[Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani]]'s ''Maqatil al-Talibiyyin''.{{sfn|Howard|1986|p=125}} Most of these sources took material from Abu Mikhnaf, in addition to some from the primary works of Awana, al-Mada'ini and Nasr ibn Muzahim.{{sfn|Howard|1986|pp=139–142}}
Although Tabari and other early sources contain some miraculous stories,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=215}} these sources are mainly historical and rational in nature,{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=15}} in contrast to the literature of later periods, which is mainly [[Hagiography|hagiographical]] in nature.{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=15}}{{sfn|Günther|1994|p=208}}

The Battle of Karbala was also reported by an early Christian source. A history by the Syriac Christian scholar [[Theophilus of Edessa]], who was chief astrologer in the Abbasid court between 775 and 785, is partially preserved in a number of extant Christian chronicles, including those by [[Michael the Syrian]] and the Byzantine historian [[Theophanes the Confessor]].{{efn|Theophilus's history corroborates the death in battle of Husayn and most of his men at Karbala after suffering from thirst. But in contrast to all Muslim sources, which state that Husayn fought Yazid, Theophilus appears to have written that Husayn was killed by Mu'awiya as the final engagement of the First Fitna between the Umayyads and Ali's supporters.{{sfn|Howard-Johnston|2010|p=386}}}}{{sfn|Howard-Johnston|2010|pp=195–198}}

== Tomb ==
{{Main|Imam Husayn Shrine}}

Husayn ibn Ali's tomb is located in the city of [[Karbala]], about 90 km southwest of [[Baghdad]]. This tomb was probably formed two centuries after the event of Karbala and was rebuilt and expanded until the thirteenth century AH. This place did not have a building at first and was marked with a simple sign. After that, in the third century AH, a monument was built on it, which was considered during the time of some [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid caliphs]] and [[Daylamites|Dailami]] princes and patriarchal and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rulers, and over time, the city of Karbala was built and expanded around it.<ref>{{harvnb|Faramarz|2013|p=703}}</ref>

There are several narrations about the burial place of Imam Husayn's head; For example, with his father Ali in Najaf, outside Kufa but not with Ali, in Karbala with his whole body, in Baqiya, in an unknown place in [[Damascus]], in [[Raqqa]], Syria, and in a mosque Mohsen Al-Amin in [[Cairo]].<ref name=":3"/>

== Commemoration ==
{{Main|Mourning of Muharram|day of Ashura|Arba'een|Hussainia}}

[[File:Mourning of Muharram in cities and villages of Iran-342 16 (66).jpg|thumb|Mourning of [[Muharram]] in cities and villages of [[Iran]]]]
[[File:Muharram mourning, Hussainia TZ.jpg|thumb|A ''majlis'' being held in a ''[[Hussainiya|husayniyya]]'']]
[[File:Ashura in layyah.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|A ''Zuljenah'' in a Muaharram procession]]

Shi'a Muslims consider pilgrimages to [[Imam Husayn Shrine|Husayn's tomb]] to be a source of divine blessings and rewards.{{sfn|Nakash|1993|p=167}} According to Shi'a tradition the first such visit was performed by Husayn's son Ali al-Sajjad and the surviving family members during their return from Syria to Medina. The first historically recorded visit is Sulayman ibn Surad and the Penitents going to Husayn's grave before their departure to Syria. They are reported to have lamented and beaten their chests and to have spent a night by the tomb.{{sfn|Calmard|2004|pp=498–502}} Thereafter this tradition was limited to the Shi'a imams for several decades. before gaining momentum under the sixth Shi'a imam [[Jafar Sadiq]] and his followers. [[Buyids]] and [[Safavids]] also encouraged this practice.{{sfn|Nakash|1993|p=167}} Special visits are paid on 10 Muharram (''[[Ashura]]'' Pilgrimage) and 40 days after the anniversary of Husayn's ([[Arba'in pilgrimage|''Arba'in'' pilgrimage]]).{{sfn|Nakash|1993|p=163}} In Shi'a tradition, Husayn's martyrdom is also connected to the hagiography of [[John the Baptist in Islam|Yahya]] ([[John the Baptist]]).<ref name=thesis>{{Cite journal |first1=Daniella |last1=Talmon-Heller |first2=Benjamin |last2=Kedar |first3=Yitzhak |last3=Reiter |date=Jan 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512010853/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniella_Talmon-Heller/publication/301537484_Vicissitudes_of_a_Holy_Place_Construction_Destruction_and_Commemoration_of_Mashhad_Husayn_in_Ascalon/links/5cddc4d492851c4eaba685d8/Vicissitudes-of-a-Holy-Place-Construction-Destruction-and-Commemoration-of-Mashhad-Husayn-in-Ascalon.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2020 |title=Vicissitudes of a Holy Place: Construction, Destruction and Commemoration of Mashhad Ḥusayn in Ascalon |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301537484 |journal=Der Islam |volume=93 |doi=10.1515/islam-2016-0008 |pages=11–13, 28–34}}</ref>

The [[Khak-e Shifa|soil of Karbala]], is considered to have miraculous healing effects.{{sfn|Nakash|1993|p=167}}

Mourning for Husayn is considered by Shi'as to be a source of salvation in the afterlife,{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|pp=9–10}} and is undertaken as a remembrance of his suffering.{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|pp=143–144}} After the death of Husayn, when his family was being taken to Ibn Ziyad, Husayn's sister Zaynab is reported to have cried out after seeing his headless body: "O Muhammad!... Here is Husayn in the open, stained with blood and with limbs torn off. O Muhammad! Your daughters are prisoners, your progeny are killed, and the east wind blows dust over them."{{sfn|Howard|1990|p=164}} Shi'a Muslims consider this to be the first instance of wailing and mourning over the death of Husayn.{{sfn|Nakash|1993|p=163}} Husayn's son Ali al-Sajjad is reported to have spent the rest of his life weeping for his father. Similarly, Husayn's mother [[Fatimah|Fatima]] is believed to be weeping for him in paradise and the weeping of believers is considered to be a way of sharing her sorrows.{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|pp=143–144}} Special gatherings (''majalis''; sing. ''majlis'') are arranged in places reserved for this purpose, called ''[[Hussainiya|husayniyya]]''.{{sfn|Nakash|1993|p=163}} In these gatherings the story of Karbala is narrated and various elegies (''rawda'') are recited by professional reciters (''rawda khwan'').{{sfn|Nakash|1993|p=164}}

During the month of Muharram, elaborate public processions are performed in commemoration of the Battle of Karbala. In contrast to pilgrimage to Husayn's tomb and simple lamenting, these processions do not date back to the time of the battle but arose during tenth century. Their earliest recorded instance was in Baghdad in 963 during the reign of the first Buyid ruler [[Mu'izz al-Dawla]].{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=10}} The processions start from a ''husayniyya'' and the participants parade barefoot through the streets, wailing and beating their chests and heads before returning to the ''husayniyya'' for a ''majlis''.{{sfn|Nakash|1993|p=169}}{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=154}} Sometimes, chains and knives are used to inflict wounds and physical pain.{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|pp=154–155}} In [[South Asia]], an ornately [[Horse tack|tacked]] horse called ''Zuljenah'', representing Husayn's battle horse, is also led riderless through the streets.{{sfn|Pinault|2001|p=113}} In Iran, the battle scenes of Karbala are performed on stage in front of an audience in a ritual called ''[[ta'ziyeh]]'' (passion play), also known as ''shabih-khani''.{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=63}}{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=155}} In India however, ''[[tazia]]s'' refer to the coffins and replicas of Husayn's tomb carried in processions.{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=63}}{{sfn|Pinault|2001|p=18}}

Most of these rituals take place during the first ten days of Muharram, reaching a climax on the tenth day, although ''majalis'' can also occur throughout the year.{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=155}}{{sfn|Halm|1997|pp=61–62}} Occasionally, especially in the past, some Sunni participation in ''majalis'' and processions has been observed.{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=14}}{{sfn|Hyder|2006|p=21}} According to Yitzhak Nakash, the rituals of Muharram have an "important" effect in the "invoking the memory of Karbala", as these help consolidate the collective identity and memory of the Shi'a community.{{sfn|Nakash|1993|pp=165, 181}} Anthropologist [[Michael M. J. Fischer|Michael Fischer]] states that commemoration of the Battle of Karbala by the Shi'a is not only the retelling of the story, but also presents them with "life models and norms of behavior" which are applicable to all aspects of life, which he calls the Karbala Paradigm.{{sfn|Gölz|2019|pp=39–40}} According to Olmo Gölz, the Karbala Paradigm provide Shi'as with heroic norms and a martyr ethos, and represents an embodiment of the battle between good and evil, justice and injustice.{{sfn|Gölz|2019|p=41}} Rituals involving self-flagellation have been criticised by many Shi'a scholars as they are considered to be [[Bid'ah|innovative practices]]. Iranian supreme leader [[Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]] has banned the practice in Iran since 1994.{{sfn|Brunner|2013|p=293}}

== Family life ==
{{Main|Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali|Daughters of Husayn ibn Ali}}

{{Infobox saint
| name = Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī
| venerated_in = All [[Islam]] ([[Salafi movement|Salafis]] ''honour'' rather than ''venerate'' him).
| image =Istanbul - panoramio (35).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =Calligraphic seal featuring Husayn's name, on display in the [[Hagia Sophia]].
| titles = [[Shia Islam|Shiism]]: Imam; ''Proof of God'', ''The Martyr of Martyrs'', ''Master of the Martyrs'' All [[Islam]]: Ahl al-Bayt, [[Companions of the Prophet|Ṣaḥābī]], Martyr;<ref>سير أعلام النبلاء، لشمس الدين الذهبي، ومن صغار الصحابة، الحسين بن علي بن أبي طالب، جـ 3، صـ 280: 285، طبعة مؤسسة الرسالة، 2001م نسخة محفوظة 25 أبريل 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.</ref><ref>Husain: The great martyr by Fazl Ahmad</ref>''Master of the Youths of Paradise''<ref>Present in both Sunni and Shia sources on basis of the hadith: "al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn are the [[sayyid]]s of the youth of Paradise".</ref>
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| major_shrine = [[Imam Husayn Shrine]], [[Karbala]], Iraq
| suppressed_date =
| issues =
}}

Husayn's first marriage was with [[Rubab bint Imra al-Qais]]. Her father, Imra' al-Qais, a chief of [[Banu Kalb]], came to Medina during the Caliphate of Umar and was appointed by him as the chief of the [[Quda'a]] tribes. Ali proposed her marriage with Husayn, but since Husayn and Imra al-Qais's daughter were too young at the time, the actual marriage took place later. Husayn had a daughter, Amena (or Amina or Omayma) who is known as [[Sakinah bint Husayn|Sakinah]], from her. According to a narration recorded by [[Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani]], Hasan has blamed Husayn for his excessive favors to Rubab. Husayn, in response, depicted his great love for Rubab and Sakinah in three lines of poetry. Later on Rubab bore a son, Abd Allah (or according to recent Shia sources, [[Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn]]) for him. Husayn's {{transliteration|ar|[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]}}, Abu Abd Allah, probably refers to this son. After Husayn's death, Rubab spent a year in grief at his grave and refused to marry again.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}}

According to Madelung, Husayn had two sons named Ali. The older one, [[Ali al-Sajjad]] who became the fourth Shia Imam later, was 23 years old when his younger brother ([[Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn]]) was killed in the Battle of Karbala at the age of 19. Ali al-Akbar was born from [[Layla bint Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi]], the daughter of Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi, who was an ally of the Umayyads. Husayn's marriage with Layla, according to Madelung, probably had material benefits for Husayn.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}} Ali al-Sajjad's mother, on the other hand, was a slave probably from Sind named Ḡazāla, Solāfa, Salāma, Šāhzanān, or [[Shahrbanu]]. According to the reports, commonly accepted by Shia, she was the daughter of [[Yazdegerd III]], the last [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] king of Iran to be captured during the Arab conquest.{{efn|Therefore Ali Zayn al-Abidin was considered "the son of the two elect" ({{transliteration|ar|ebn al-ḵīaratayn}}) among the Arabs and the Persians. This is generally accepted by the Shias, but early sources do not confirm it and some genealogists reject it.{{sfn|Madelung|2011}}}}{{sfn|Madelung|2011}} On the other hand, in narrative sources, mistakes and confusion have been made between [[Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn|Ali al-Asghar]] and Abd Allah. Contemporary Shiite circles have carefully identified Sajjad as Ali al-Awsat and Ali al-Asghar as an infant in Karbala; Among these children, Abd Allah – known by the mention of his name in the events of Ashura – is considered the other son of Husayn.<ref>{{harvnb|Faramarz|2013|pp=677–678}}</ref> According to Madelung, although early Sunni sources refer to Ali al-Sajjad as Ali al-Asghar and Ali II as Ali al-Akbar, it is probably true that Sheikh Mufid and other Shi'ite writers are correct in stating the opposite. Ali II was killed in Karbala at the age of 19. His mother is Layla, the daughter of Abi Murrah ibn Urwah al-Thaqafi and Maymuna bint Abi Sufyan, the sister of Mu'awiya I. According to Madelung, after Hasan's peace with Mu'awiya I, Husayn married Layla, from whom Ali al-Akbar was born.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}}

[[Umm Ishaq bint Talha ibn Ubayd Allah]], the daughter of [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah]], was another wife of Husayn, who had previously married Hasan. Despite her allegedly bad character, Hasan was pleased with her and asked his younger brother, Husayn, to marry her when he himself died. Husayn did so and had a daughter from her, named [[Daughters of Husayn ibn Ali#Fatima al-Kubra|Fatima]],<ref>{{harvnb|Madelung|1997|p=383}}</ref> who later married with [[Hasan ibn Hasan]].{{sfn|Madelung|2004}}

Hasan and Husayn were the only male descendants of the Muhammad through his daughter from whom the next generations were born. Hence, any person who says that his lineage goes back to the Muhammad is either related to Hasan or to Husayn. Hasan and Husayn are different in this respect from their half brothers, such as [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya]].{{sfn|Haider|2016}}

== Personality and appearance ==
Husayn had a white face and sometimes wore a green turban and sometimes a black turban. He would travel with the poor or invite them to his house and feed them. Mu'awiya I said about Husayn that he and his father Ali were not deceitful, and [[Amr ibn al-As]] considered him the most beloved of the earthlings to the people of heaven.<ref name="Emadi Haeri 2009"/>

According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, one of the moral characteristics of Husayn is tolerance, humility, eloquence, and finally traits that can be deduced from his behavior, such as despising death, hatred of a shameful life, pride, and the like.<ref name=":3" /> In many narrations, the resemblance of Husayn and his brother to Muhammad is mentioned, and each of them is likened to half of their grandfather's behavior.<ref>{{harvnb|Faramarz|2013|p=665}}</ref>

Husayn is described as looking like his grandfather, Muhammad, though not as much as his older brother, Hasan. According to Madelung, Husayn was similar to his father, Ali, while Hasan had the temperament of Muhammad and criticized the policies of his father, Ali. Madelung cites the fact that Hasan named two of his sons Muhammad and did not name any of them Ali and that Husayn named two of his four sons Ali and did not name either Muhammad as proof of this claim.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}}
Rasool Jafarian considers the narrations in which Husayn is like Ali and Hasan is like Muhammad to be fake; According to him, the image presented in these narrations could have been used to destroy the image of Ali and Ashura and to be useful to those who were in favor of [[Uthman]] tendencies.{{sfn|Jafarian|1999|p=2:252–253}} According to the Shia scholar, [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai]], the opinion of some commentators about the difference in taste between Hasan and Husayn is misplaced; Because despite not swearing allegiance to Yazid, Husayn, like his brother, spent ten years in Mu'awiya's rule and never opposed it.<ref name="Tabatabai">{{cite book |last=Tabatabai |first=Sayyid Muhammad Husayn |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei |translator-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |translator=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |title=Shi'ite Islam |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |page=176 |date=1975 |isbn=0-87395-390-8}}</ref> Mohammad Emadi Haeri believes that Husayn is considered to be similar to Muhammad in most sources, and in one narration the most similar to him. There is also a narration that Ali considers Hussein to be the most similar person in terms of behavior.<ref name="Emadi Haeri 2009"/>

Husayn was known for his generosity in Medina, and he freed his slaves and maids if they saw any good behavior. There is a narration that Mu'awiyah sent a maid to Husayn with a lot of property and clothes. When the maid recited verses from the Qur'an and a poem about the instability of the world and the death of man, Husayn set her free and gave her property. Once one of Husayn's slaves did something wrong. But after the slave recited part of {{Cite Quran|3|134|style=nosup}} ({{langx|ar|وَالْعافینَ عَنِ النَّاس|wa-al-‘āfīna ‘ani al-nās|lit=and those who forgive people}}) Husayn forgave him and after that the slave recited the rest of the verse ({{langx|ar|وَلِلَّهِ یُحِبُّ الْمُحسنِينَ|wa-Allahu yuḥibbu al-muḥsinīn|lit=and God loves doers of good}}), and so Husayn [[manumit]]ted him. There is a narration that Husayn gave the property and goods that he inherited before receiving them. Husayn gave his children's teacher a large sum of money and clothes; While acknowledging that this does not compensate for the value of the teacher's work. A [[Levant]]ine man once cursed Husayn and Ali, but Husayn forgave him and treated him with kindness. It is said that the place of the food bags that Husayn carried for the poor was obvious on his body on the day of Ashura.<ref name="Emadi Haeri 2009"/>

== In the Quran and Hadith ==
=== In the verses of the Quran ===
Many Sunni and Shia'a commentators, such as [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi|Fakhr Razi]] and [[Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i]], in their interpretation of Surah [[Al-Insan]], attribute its revelation to Ali and Fatima and the story of the illness of their child or children and a vow for their recovery.{{sfn|Fakhr Razi|1901|loc=30:245}}{{sfn|Tabatabai|1996}}

In interpreting the [[verse of purification]] in Al-Mizan, Tabatabai considers the addressee of this verse to be the [[Ahl al-Kisa]] and refers to its hadiths, which number more than seventy hadiths and are mostly from the Sunnis.{{sfn|Tabatabai|1996}} Sunni commentators such as Fakhr Razi and Ibn Kathir, in their commentary, while narrating various narrations about the example of Ahl al-Bayt in this verse, consider Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn as examples.{{sfn|Ibn Kathir|loc=6:365}}

Another example is verse 3:61 of the Quran. After an inconclusive debate about [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] with a [[Christian]] delegation from [[Najran]] in 10/631–2, it was decided to engage in {{Transliteration|ar|mubuhala}}, where both parties would pray to invoke God's curse upon whoever was the liar. This is when Muhammad is reported to have received verse 3:61 of the Quran, also known as the verse of [[Event of mubahala|mubahala]].{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher|Kofsky|2002|p=141}} Madelung argues that 'our sons' in the verse of mubahala must refer to Muhammad's grandchildren, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]]. In that case, he continues, it would be reasonable to also include in the event their parents, Ali and Fatima.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}} Madelung writes that their inclusion by Muhammad in this significant ritual must have raised the religious rank of his family.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}} A similar view is voiced by Lalani.{{sfn|Lalani|2000|p=29}}

In the explanation and interpretation of verse 23 of Surah [[ash-Shura]], Tabatabai in Al-Mizan, while reporting and criticizing the various sayings of the commentators, has said that the meaning of "nearness" is the love of the Ahl al-Bayt of Muhammad; That is, Ali is Fatima, Hassan and Husayn. He goes on to cite various narrations from Sunnis and Shiites that have clarified this issue. Sunni commentators such as Fakhr al-Razi and Ibn Kathir have also referred to this issue.{{sfn|Ibn Kathir|loc=7:183}}{{sfn|Fakhr Razi|1901|loc=27:167}}

Verse 15 of Surah [[Al-Ahqaf]] talks about a pregnant woman who endures a lot of pain and suffering. This verse is considered a reference to Fatima Zahra, and the son is also known as Husayn, when God expressed his condolences to Muhammad about the fate of this grandson and Muhammad expressed this to Fatima Zahra, she was very upset.<ref name=":3"/>

Other verses that the Shiites attribute to Husayn include verse 6 of Surah [[Al-Aḥzāb|Al-Ahzab]] and 28 of Surah [[Az-Zukhruf]], which have been interpreted to mean the continuation of the Imamate from his generation. Also, verses such as 77 Surah [[an-Nisa]], 33 Surah [[al-Isra]] and 27th to 30th Surah [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] refer to the uprising and killing of Husayn from the Shiite point of view.<ref name="Emadi Haeri 2009"/>

=== In the biography of Muhammad ===
Husayn is placed as an example for the second weight in the narrations related to "[[Hadith al-Thaqalayn|Thaqalin]]". In another group of narrations related to Hasnain, they are introduced as "the master of the youth of Paradise". His name and Hassan's, due to their young age, are among those who pledge allegiance in renewing allegiance to Muhammad, which indicates Muhammad's goal in strengthening their historical and social status.<ref>{{harvnb|Faramarz|2013|p=677}}</ref>

==== News of Husayn's fate ====
There are narrations that [[Gabriel]] informed Muhammad at the time of Husayn's birth that his ummah would kill Husayn and that the Imamate would be from Husayn, and that Muhammad informed his companions of how Husayn had been killed. Except for Muhammad, Ali and Hasan, they had said the same thing. God also informed the previous prophets about the killing of Husayn.<ref name="Emadi Haeri 2009"/> Ali also knew that Husayn would be killed in Karbala, and once he passed by this area, he stopped and cried and remembered the news of Muhammad. He interpreted Karbala (کربلا) as (کرب) anguish and (بلا) calamity. The slain of Karbala will enter Paradise without any reckoning.<ref name=":3"/>

== Works ==
There are narrations, sermons and letters left from Husayn Ibn Ali which are available in Sunni and Shiite sources. Narrations about him can be divided into two periods before and after the Imamate. In the first period – which is the period of his life in the life of his grandfather, father, mother and brother – there are at least two types of narrations about him: first, his narrations from his relatives, and second, his personal hadiths. In Sunni sources, only the aspect of the narration of his hadith has been considered in these hadiths. These musnads, like the musnad of the companions of Muhammad, also have a musnad named Husayn Ibn Ali. In his musnad, Abu Bakr Bazar has narrated the musnad of Husayn Ibn Ali with 4 hadiths and Tabarani has narrated his musnad with 27 hadiths, respectively. In the musnad of Husayn ibn Ali, in addition to the hadiths of Husayn himself, there are also hadiths of Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib. In the present era, Azizullah Atardi has compiled the document of the Imam of the Martyr Abi Abdullah Al-Husayn Ibn Ali.<ref>{{harvnb|Faramarz|2013|pp=708–709}}</ref>

In the category of sermons of Husayn Ibn Ali, there are some sermons of him in the pre-Imamate period, some of which are very famous. Thus, the sermon of Husayn ibn Ali, after public allegiance to Ali ibn Abi Talib and others, is his sermon in the battle of Safin. Another example is a poem by Husayn about the loss of his brother Hasan after his burial. The sermons and letters of Husayn ibn Ali during his Imamate are more than before him. His letters to the Shiites, as well as his letters to Mu'awiyah regarding his adherence to the peace treaty, trace Mu'awiyah's actions, especially regarding Yazid, as well as his sermons and letters in the form of letters of recommendation at the beginning of Yazid's caliphate. An important part of the sermons and letters belong to the period of the uprising of Husayn bin Ali. Correspondence with Kufis, Basrians and people like [[Muslim Ibn Aqeel]] is like this. Hadiths on the subjects of jurisprudence, interpretation, beliefs, rulings and sermons, supplications, advice and poetry also remain from Husayn, which are scattered in Shiite and Sunni sources and have been compiled and published in the form of collections. There are also prayers left by Husayn Ibn Ali which have been published in the form of collections entitled Al-Sahifa Al-Husayn or prays of Imam Al-Husayn.<ref>{{harvnb|Faramarz|2013|pp=709–710}}</ref>

One of the most famous Shia prayers, as well as the works of Husayn, recorded in the book, [[Mafatih al-Janan]], is the [[Du'a Arafah]]. According to [[William C. Chittick]], this prayer is the most famous prayer in terms of its beauty and spiritual structure and is recited every year on the [[Day of Arafah]] and during the [[Hajj]] season – that is, when it was first recited by Husayn ibn Ali – by Shia pilgrims. This prayer has a special and important role in Shia theology and [[Mulla Sadra]], the philosopher and mystic, has referred to this prayer many times in his works.{{sfn|Chittick|2012|p=39}}

== Views ==
The killing of Husayn has had an emotional impact on Sunnis,{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=50}} who remember the event as a tragic incident and those killed in the company of Husayn as martyrs.{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|pp=134–135}} The impact on Shi'a Islam has been much deeper.{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=50}}{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|pp=134–135}} According to Vaglieri, only the adherents of the Umayyad who considered him as "a rebel against the established authority", condoned his murder by Yazid, but their opinion was opposed by the majority of Muslims.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=614}} Therefore, almost all Muslims consider Husayn honorable because he was the grandson of Muhammad and because of the belief that he sacrificed himself for an ideal.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=614}} Historian [[Edward Gibbon]] described the events at Karbala as a tragedy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2008/02/barack-hussein-obama-omar-bradley.html |title=Barack Hussein Obama, Omar Bradley, Benjamin Franklin and other Semitically Named American Heroes |first=Juan |last=Cole |date=27 February 2008 |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108112409/https://www.juancole.com/2008/02/barack-hussein-obama-omar-bradley.html |archive-date=8 January 2020 |url-status=live}} {{Self-published source|date=October 2015}}</ref><ref>"In a distant age and climate, the tragic scene of the death of Husein will awaken the sympathy of the coldest reader." [https://books.google.com/books?id=VvXSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA218 ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', vol. 2, p. 218] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202205830/https://books.google.com/books?id=VvXSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA218 |date=2 December 2016}}.</ref> According to historian Syed Akbar Hyder, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] attributed the historical progress of Islam, to the "sacrifices of Muslim saints like Husayn" rather than military force.<ref>''Reliving Karbala - Martyrdom in South Asian memory'', By Syed Akbar Hyder, [[Oxford University Press]], p. 170.</ref>

=== Sunnis ===
The positive attitude of the Sunnis towards Husayn, according to Vaglieri, is most likely due to the sad narrations that [[Abu Mikhnaf]] has collected, some of which have been narrated directly or with short chains of transmitters, mostly from Kufis who regretted their actions towards Husayn. These sad narrations of the Kufis, which were a sign of Abu Mikhnaf's Shia tendencies, became the source of the narrations used by later historians and spread throughout the Islamic world.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=614}} According to [[Rasul Jafarian]], the Shia historian, [[fatalism]], being promoted by Mu'awiya, caused Husayn's move to never be considered an uprising against corruption by the Sunnis, and they only considered it an illegal insurrection ({{transliteration|ar|[[Fitna (word)|Fitna]]}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Jafarian|1999|p=493}}</ref>

=== Shias ===
[[File:The shrine of John the Baptist, Damascus, April 2008.jpg|thumb|Like Al-Husain, [[John the Baptist in Islam|Yahya]] ([[John the Baptist]]) was reportedly beheaded, and his head is considered to be buried here, in what is now the [[Umayyad Mosque]] in [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]]]

The most important components of Shia views about Husayn are the belief in the [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imamate]] of Husayn and the characteristics of an Imam by the Shia religions; [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelvers]], [[Isma'ilism|Ismailis]] and [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydis]]. Like other Imams, Husayn is a mediator with God for those who call on him; "it is through his intercession ({{transliteration|ar|[[Tawassul]]}}) that his faithful followers obtain guidance and attain salvation."{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=614}}

As a member of [[Ahl al-Kisa|holy five]], he receives all the divine grace that exist in his older brother, Hasan, also as the grandson of Muhammad. According to Vaglieri, the basis of the Shias' glorification of Husayn is his outstanding sacred and moral action and the noble ideals to which he sacrificed himself. From the belief that "the Imams know all that was, that is, and that is to come, and that their knowledge does not increase with time", it is inferred that Husayn already knew the fate that awaited him and his followers. Hence, he left Mecca for Kufa, aware of his imminent sacrifice and yet without any hesitation or attempt to escape the will of God. A narration according to which Husayn was called by God to choose between sacrifice and Victory (with the help of an angel), gives even more value to his enterprise. About the reason for Husayn's sacrifice in Shia sources Vaglieri write:{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=614}}

{{blockquote|Husayn gave his person and his possessions as an offering to God to "revive the religion of his grandfather Muhammad", "to redeem it", and "save it from the destruction into which it had been thrown by the behaviour of Yazid"; furthermore, he wished to show that the conduct of the hypocrites was shameful and to teach the peoples the necessity of revolt against unjust and impious governments ({{transliteration|ar|[[fasiq|fasiks]]}}), in short he offered himself as an example ({{transliteration|ar|uswa}}) to the Muslim community.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=614}}}} He is thus remembered as the prince of martyrs (''Sayyed al-Shuhada'').{{sfn|Nakash|1993|p=161}}

The historian G. R. Hawting describes the Battle of Karbala as a "supreme" example of "suffering and martyrdom" for Shi'as.{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=50}} According to [[Abdulaziz Sachedina]], it is seen by Shi'as the climax of suffering and oppression, revenge for which came to be one of the primary goals of many Shi'a uprisings. This revenge is believed to be one of the fundamental objectives of the future revolution of the twelfth Shi'a Imam [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]], whose return is awaited.{{sfn|Sachedina|1981|pp=157–158}} With his return, Husayn and his seventy-two companions are expected to be resurrected along with their killers, who will then be punished.{{sfn|Sachedina|1981|pp=62, 165–166}}

Believing that Husayn wanted to redeem people from their sins with his blood, and that his action was "a redemptive sacrifice for the salvation of the world", according to Vaglieri, is foreign to Shia belief; however it may have been penetrated to Shia [[ta'ziyeh]] and recent poems later on, since it is easy to make the transition from ''tawassul'' to this idea, or it may be influenced by Christian ideas.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=614}}

Among the verses that interpreted by some Shia sources as referring to Husayn is (Qur'an 46:15) which talks about a pregnant mother, Fatima, the mother of Husayn, who suffers a lot, when God expressed his condolences to Muhammad about the fate of this grandson, and Muhammad expressed this to Fatima; thus she was very upset.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=613}}

According to another narration, the mysterious letters of K.H.Y.A.S. at the beginning of the nineteenth chapter of the Qur'an ([[Maryam (surah)]]) refers to Husayn and his fate in Karbala, that was similar to the fate of Yahya (John the Baptist), who was also beheaded and his head was placed on a plate.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=613}}
It is also narrated that Ali knew that Husayn would be killed in Karbala, and when he passed by this area, he stopped and cried, remembering Muhammad's prophecy. Ali interpreted the name "Karbala" as "Karb" and "bala" meaning "affliction" and "trial". The slain of Karbala will enter Paradise without any reckoning.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1971|p=613}}

The traditional narration "Every day is Ashura and every land is Karbala!" is used by the Shi'a as a mantra to live their lives as Husayn did on Ashura, i.e. with complete sacrifice for God and for others. The saying is also intended to signify that what happened on Ashura in Karbala must always be remembered as part of suffering everywhere.<ref>{{Cite book |last=karimi hakkak |first=ahmad |title=Literature - its existence, its appearance |date=2016 |isbn=9781595845382 |page=535 |publisher=Ketab.com}}</ref>

==== Husayn's head in Isma'ilism ====
{{Main|Shrine of Husayn's Head}}

[[File:UmayyadMosque02.jpg|thumb|Niche for Husayn's head at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus]]

The Fatimid vizier [[Badr al-Jamali]] conquered [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] under Caliph [[al-Mustansir Billah]] and discovered the head of Husayn in AH 448 (1056). He constructed the minbar, a mosque and the ''mashhad'' at the place of burial, known as the [[Shrine of Husayn's Head]].<ref name=Williams1983>Williams, Caroline, 1983, "The Cult of 'Alid Saints in the Fatimid Monuments of Cairo,- Part I: The Mosque of al-Aqmar", In Muqarnas I: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Oleg Grabar (ed.), New Haven, [[Yale University Press]], 37–52. p. 41; Wiet, "notes", pp. 217ff.; RCEA, 7:260–263.</ref><ref>Safarname Ibne Batuta.</ref> The shrine was described as the most magnificent building in [[Ashkelon]].<ref>{{A History of Palestine, 634–1099|pages=193–194}}</ref> During the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]] it was a "large [[maqam (shrine)|maqam]] on top of a hill" with no tomb but a fragment of a pillar showing the place where the head had been buried.<ref name="Canaan">{{cite book |first=Taufik |last=Canaan |title=Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine |publisher=Luznac & Co. |location=London |date=1927 |page=151}}</ref> Israeli Defense Forces under [[Moshe Dayan]] blew up Mashhad Nabi Husayn in July 1950 as part of a broader operation.<ref name=Rapoport2007>{{cite news |first=Meron |last=Rapoport |title=History Erased |newspaper=Haaretz |date=5 July 2007 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4950011 |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321050228/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4950011 |archive-date=21 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Around the year 2000, [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ilis]] from India built a marble platform there, on the grounds of the [[Barzilai Medical Center]].<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-21-fg-mosque21-story.html Sacred Surprise behind Israel Hospital], by Batsheva Sobelman, [[Los Angeles Times]]{{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820152108/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-21-fg-mosque21-story.html |date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Amichay2015">[https://in.reuters.com/article/religion-israel-shi-ite-idINKBN0LD17G20150209] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403085756/https://in.reuters.com/article/religion-israel-shi-ite-idINKBN0LD17G20150209|date=3 April 2019}}; Muhammad's grandson Hussein honoured on grounds of Israeli hospital</ref><ref name=Rapoport2007/> The head remained buried in Ashkelon until 1153 (for about 250 years) only. Fearing the crusaders, Ashkelon's ruler Sayf al-Mamlaka Tamim brought the head to [[Cairo]] on 31 August 1153 (8 [[Jumada al-Thani]], AH 548).<ref name="hist">Brief History of Transfer of the Sacred Head of Hussain ibn Ali, From Damascus to Ashkelon to Qahera By: Qazi Dr. Shaikh Abbas Borhany PhD (USA), NDI, Shahadat al A'alamiyyah (Najaf, Iraq), M.A., LLM (Shariah) Member, Ulama Council of Pakistan. Published in ''Daily News'', Karachi, Pakistan on 3 January 2009 [http://www.durrenajaf.com/upload/51310a3ca52c8.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214142006/http://www.durrenajaf.com/upload/51310a3ca52c8.pdf|date=14 December 2017}}.</ref><ref name=Amichay2015/>

=== Ahl-e Haqq ===
In the holy text of [[Yarsanism]] named ''Zolāl Zolāl'' is a long dialogue between angels [[Ruchiyar]] and [[Ayvat]] and their reincarnations. It is written in the book that the angel Ayvat incarnated into Husayn ibn Ali and after his death into a Yari saint named Baba Yadegar.<ref>{{citation |last=Hamzee |first=M. Rezaa |title=The Yaresan - a sociological, historical, and religio-historical study of a Kurdish community |url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/iud/content/structure/1330754 |pages=105–106 |date=1990 |location=Berlin |publisher=[[Islamkundliche Untersuchungen]] |isbn=9783922968832}}</ref>

=== Modern historical views on motivations of Husayn ===
Vaglieri considers him to be motivated by ideology, saying that if the materials that have come down to us are authentic, they convey an image of person who is "convinced that he was in the right, stubbornly determined to achieve his ends..."{{sfn|Vaglieri|1971|pp=614–615}} Holding a similar view, Madelung has argued that Husayn was not a "reckless rebel" but a religious man motivated by pious convictions. According to him, Husayn was convinced that "the family of the Prophet was divinely chosen to lead the community founded by Moḥammad, as the latter had been chosen, and had both an inalienable right and an obligation to seek this leadership." He was, however, not seeking martyrdom and wanted to return when his expected support did not materialize.{{sfn|Madelung|2004|pp=493–498}} [[Maria Dakake]] holds that Husayn considered the Umayyad rule oppressive and misguided, and revolted to reorient the Islamic community in the right direction.{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=82}} A similar view is held by [[Mahmoud M. Ayoub]].{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=93}} [[Husain Mohammad Jafri]] proposes that Husayn, although motivated by ideology, did not intend to secure leadership for himself. Husayn, Jafri asserts, was from the start aiming for martyrdom in order to jolt the collective conscience of the Muslim community and reveal what he considers to be the oppressive and anti-Islamic nature of the Umayyad regime.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=201–202}}

Others such as Wellhausen and Lammens, view his revolt as premature and ill-prepared,{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=71}}{{sfn|Lammens|1921|pp=162, 165–166}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=89}} while others like Heinz Halm see it as a struggle for political leadership among the second generation of Muslims.{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=16}} Fred Donner, G. R. Hawting, and Hugh N. Kennedy consider Husayn's revolt an attempt to regain what his brother Hasan had renounced."{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=178}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|pp=49–50}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=89}}

== Legacy ==
=== Politics ===
The first political use of the death of Husayn seems to have been during the revolt of Mukhtar, when he seized Kufa under the slogan of "Revenge for Husayn".{{sfn|Sharon|1983|pp=104–105}}{{sfn|Anthony|2011|pp=257, 260}} Although the Penitents had used the same slogan, they do not seem to have had a political program.{{sfn|Sharon|1983|pp=104–105}} In order to enhance their legitimacy, Abbasid rulers claimed to have avenged the death of Husayn by dethroning the Umayyads.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=124}} During the early years of their rule, they also encouraged Muharram rituals.{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=153}} [[Buyid dynasty|Buyids]], a Shi'a dynasty originally from Iran which later occupied the Abbasid capital Baghdad while accepting the Abbasid caliph's suzerainty,{{sfn|Arjomand|2016|p=122}} promoted the public rituals of Muharram to portray themselves as patrons of religion and to strengthen the Shi'a identity in Iraq.{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=10}} After taking over Iran in 1501, Safavids, who were previously a Sufi order, declared the state religion to be [[Twelver Shi'ism]]. In this regard, Karbala and Muharram rituals came to be a vehicle of Safavid propaganda and a means of consolidating the dynasty's Shi'a identity.{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=11}} Riza Yildirim has claimed that the impetus of the Safvid revolution was the revenge of the death of Husayn.{{sfn|Yildirim|2015|p=127}} The founder of the dynasty, [[Ismail I|Shah Ismail]], considered himself to be the Mahdi (the twelfth Shi'a Imam) or his forerunner.{{sfn|Arjomand|2016|p=306}}{{sfn|Yildirim|2015|pp=128–129}} Similarly, [[Qajar dynasty|Qajars]] also patronised Muharram rituals such as processions, ''taziya'' and ''majalis'', to improve the relationship between the state and the public.{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=16}}

==== Iranian Revolution ====
Karbala and Shi'a symbolism played a significant role in the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979.{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=131}} In contrast to the traditional view of Shi'ism as a religion of suffering, mourning and political quietism, Shi'a Islam and Karbala were given a new interpretation in the period preceding the revolution by rationalist intellectuals and religious revisionists like [[Jalal Al-e-Ahmad]], [[Ali Shariati]] and [[Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi]].{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=132}}{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=93}} According to these, Shi'ism was an ideology of revolution and political struggle against tyranny and exploitation,{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=134}} and the Battle of Karbala and the death of Husayn was to be seen as a model for revolutionary struggle;{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=94}} weeping and mourning was to be replaced by political activism to realise the ideals of Husayn.{{sfn|Fischer|2003|p=213}}

After the [[White Revolution]] reforms of the Iranian Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], which were opposed by the Iranian clergy and others, [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] labelled the Shah as the Yazid of his time.{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=140}}{{sfn|Arjomand|2016|p=404}} Shi'i beliefs and symbols were instrumental in orchestrating and sustaining widespread popular resistance with Husayn's story providing a framework for labeling as evil and reacting against the Pahlavi Shah.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-revolutions-in-the-modern-world/rentier-state-and-shia-islam-in-the-iranian-revolution/56EE3B4F3B2BF0794C0D79BC78C71B4E |title=Rentier state and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution (Chapter 10) – Social Revolutions in the Modern World |last=Skocpol |first=Teda |chapter=Rentier state and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution |series=Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics |date=1994 |pages=240–258 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139173834.011 |isbn=9780521409384 |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612105755/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-revolutions-in-the-modern-world/rentier-state-and-shia-islam-in-the-iranian-revolution/56EE3B4F3B2BF0794C0D79BC78C71B4E |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Condemning the Iranian monarchy, Khomeini wrote: "The struggle of al-Husayn at Karbalâ is interpreted in the same way as a struggle against the non-Islamic principle of monarchy."{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=143}} Opposition to the Shah was thus compared with the opposition of Husayn to Yazid,{{sfn|Arjomand|2016|pp=403–404}} and Muharram ritual gatherings became increasingly political in nature.{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=87}} According to Aghaie, the Shah's hostility towards various Muharram rituals, which he considered to be uncivilized, contributed to his fall.{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|pp=155–156}} The Islamic republic that was established after the revolution has since promoted Muharram rituals. The clerics encourage public participation in elections as a form of "political activism" comparable to that of Husayn.{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|pp=135–136}} Martyrdom spirit influenced by the death of Husayn was frequently witnessed in Iranian troops during the [[Iran–Iraq war]].{{sfn|Halm|1997|p=150}}{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|pp=156–157}}

== In art and literature ==
=== Literature ===
[[File:Maktel-i Âl-i Resûl, Lami Çelebi.jpg|thumb|Cameleer telling people about the events he witnessed at Karbala]]

[[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]]'s 19th-century novel on Karbala, [[Bishad Shindhu|''Bishad Sindhu'']] (the Ocean of Sorrow), established the precedent of the Islamic epic in Bangali literature.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2012|p=108}} [[South Asian]] philosopher and poet [[Muhammad Iqbal]] sees Husayn's sacrifice as being similar to [[Ishmael in Islam#The sacrifice|that of Ishmael]] and compares Yazid's opposition to Husayn with the opposition of [[Pharaoh]] to [[Moses]].{{sfn|Schimmel|1986|p=37}} Urdu poet [[Ghalib]] compares Husayn's suffering with that of [[Mansur al-Hallaj]], a tenth century Sufi, who was executed on a charge of claiming divinity.{{sfn|Hyder|2006|p=122}}

==== Maqtal literature and legendary accounts ====
''Maqtal'' (pl. ''Maqatil'') works narrate the story of someone's death.{{sfn|Günther|1994|p=193}} Although ''Maqatil'' on the deaths of Ali, Uthman and various others have been written,{{sfn|Günther|1994|p=195}} the ''Maqtal'' genre has focused mainly on the story of Husayn's death.{{sfn|Günther|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Sindawi|2002|p=79}}

As well as Abu Mikhnaf's ''Maqtal'', other Arabic ''Maqatil'' on Husayn were written.{{sfn|Sindawi|2002|p=79}} Most of these mix history with legend{{sfn|Günther|1994|p=208}} and have elaborate details on Husayn's miraculous birth, which is stated to be on 10 Muharram, coinciding with his date of death.{{sfn|Sindawi|2002|p=81}} The universe as well as humanity are described as having been created on the day of ''Ashura'' (10 Muharram). ''Ashura'' is also asserted to have been the day of both [[Abraham]]'s and Muhammad's birth and of the ascension of [[Jesus in Islam#Death|Jesus to heaven]], and of numerous other events concerning prophets.{{sfn|Sindawi|2002|pp=82–83}} Husayn is claimed to have performed various miracles, including quenching his companions' thirst by putting his thumb in their mouths and satisfying their hunger by bringing down food from the heavens, and to have killed several thousand Umayyad attackers.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1971|p=613}}{{sfn|Sindawi|2002|pp=95–98}} Other accounts claim that when Husayn died, his horse shed tears and killed many Umayyad soldiers;{{sfn|Sindawi|2002|p=89}} the sky became red and it rained blood; [[angels]], [[jinns]] and wild animals wept; that light emanated from Husayn's severed head and that it recited the Qur'an; and that all of his killers met calamitous end.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1971|pp=612–613}}

''Maqtal'' later entered Persian, Turkish, and Urdu literature and inspired the development of ''rawda''.{{sfn|Günther|1994|p=208}}

==== Marthiya and rawda ====
When Shi'ism became the official religion of Iran in the 16th century, Safavid rulers such as [[Shah]] [[Tahmasp I]] patronised poets who wrote about the Battle of Karbala.{{sfn|Thackston|1994|p=79}} The genre of ''marthiya'' (poems in the memory of the dead, with popular forms of Karbala related ''marthiya'' being ''rawda'' and ''nawha''),{{sfn|Hanaway|1991|pp=608–609}} according to Persian scholar [[Wheeler Thackston]], "was particularly cultivated by the Safavids."{{sfn|Thackston|1994|p=79}} Various Persian authors wrote texts retelling romanticized and synthesized versions of the battle and events from it,{{sfn|Hyder|2006|p=21}}{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|pp=12–13}} including Sa'id al-Din's ''Rawdat al-Islam'' (The Garden of Islam) and Al-Khawarazmi's ''Maqtal nur 'al-'a'emmah'' (The Site of the Murder of the Light of the Imams). These influenced the composition of the more popular text ''Rawdat al-Shuhada'' (Garden of Martyrs), which was written in 1502 by Husain Wa'iz Kashefi.{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|pp=12–13}}{{sfn|Hyder|2006|p=21}} Kashefi's composition was an effective factor in the development of ''rawda khwani'', a ritual recounting of the battle events in ''majalis''.{{sfn|Aghaie|2004|pp=12–13}}

Inspired by ''Rawdat al-Shuhada'', the Azerbaijani poet [[Fuzûlî]] wrote an abridged and simplified version of it in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] in his work ''Hadiqat al-Su'ada''.{{sfn|Norris|1993|p=179}} It influenced similar works in Albanian on the subject. [[Dalip Frashëri]]'s ''Kopshti i te Mirevet'' is the earliest, and longest [[epic poetry|epic]] so far, written in the [[Albanian language]]; the Battle of Karbala is described in detail and Frashëri eulogises those who fell as martyrs, in particular Husayn.{{sfn|Norris|1993|pp=180–181}}{{sfn|Elsie|2005|p=42}}

Urdu ''marthiya'' is predominantly religious in nature and usually concentrates on lamenting the Battle of Karbala. South Indian rulers of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] ([[Ali Adil Shah I|Ali Adil Shah]]) and [[Golkonda Sultanate]] ([[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]]) were patrons of poetry and encouraged Urdu ''marthiya'' recitation in Muharram. Urdu ''marthiya'' afterwards became popular throughout India.{{sfn|Haywood|1991|pp=610–611}} Famous Urdu poets [[Mir Taqi Mir]], [[Mirza Rafi Sauda]], [[Mir Anees]], and [[Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer]] have also composed ''marthiya''.{{sfn|Haywood|1991|pp=610–611}} Comparing [[Karl Marx]] with Husayn, [[Josh Malihabadi]] argues that Karbala is not a story of the past to be recounted by the religious clerics in ''majalis'', but should be seen as a model for revolutionary struggle towards the goal of a classless society and economic justice.{{sfn|Hyder|2006|pp=167–168}}

==== Sufi poetry ====
In [[Sufism]], where annihilation of the self (''[[nafs]]'') and suffering in the path of God are paramount principles, Husayn is seen as a model Sufi.{{sfn|Schimmel|1986|p=30}} Persian Sufi poet [[Sanai|Hakim Sanai]] describes Husayn as a martyr, higher in rank than all the other martyrs of the world; while [[Attar of Nishapur|Farid ud-Din Attar]] considers him a prototype of a Sufi who sacrificed himself in the love of God.{{sfn|Schimmel|1986|pp=30–31}} [[Rumi|Jalal ud-Din Rumi]] describes Husayn's suffering at Karbala as a means to achieve union with the divine, and hence considers it to be a matter of jubilation rather than grief.{{sfn|Chittick|1986|pp=9–10}} [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] Sufi poet [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]] devoted a section in his ''[[Shah Jo Risalo]]'' to the death of Husayn, in which the incident is remembered in laments and elegies.{{sfn|Schimmel|1975|p=391}} He too sees Husayn's death as a sacrifice made in the path of God and condemns Yazid as being bereft of divine love.{{sfn|Schimmel|1986|pp=33–34}} Turkish Sufi [[Yunus Emre]] labels Husayn, along with his brother Hasan, as the "fountain head of the martyrs" and "Kings of the Paradise" in his songs.{{sfn|Schimmel|1986|p=32}}

== Ancestry ==
{{Ahnentafel
|align = center
|collapsed = yes
|boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Husayn ibn Ali'''
|2= 2. [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]]<ref name="Sa'dBewleyP197">{{cite book |last1=Ibn Sa'd |first1=Muḥammad |author1-link=Ibn Sa'd |last2=Bewley |first2=Aisha |title=The Men of Madina, Volume 2 |date=2000 |page=197}}</ref>
|3= 3. [[Fatima|Fatima bint Muhammad]]<ref name=WalbridgeP102>{{cite book |first=Linda S. |last=Walbridge |title=The Most Learned of the Shi'a: The Institution of the Marja' Taqlid |date=2001 |page=102 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195343939 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FVf4V4aXWgC&pg=PA102 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020149/https://books.google.com/books?id=_FVf4V4aXWgC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>
|4= 4. [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]<ref name=ShahEtAlP427>{{cite book |first1=Akbar Shah |last1=Najeebabadi |first2=Ṣafī al-Raḥmān |last2=Mubārakfūrī |author2-link=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri |first3=Abdul Rahman |last3=Abdullah |first4=Muhammad Tahir |last4=Salafi |title=The History of Islam, Volume I |date=2001 |page=427}}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Fatimah bint Asad]]<ref name=ShahEtAlP427/>
|6= 6. [[Muhammad]]<ref name=WalbridgeP102/>
|7= 7. [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]]<ref name=WalbridgeP102/>
|8= 8. [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]]<ref name=JaberHalpernP7>{{cite book |last1=Jaber |first1=Lutfi A. |last2=Halpern |first2=Gabrielle J. |title=Consanguinity – Its Impact, Consequences and Management |year=2014 |page=7 |publisher=[[Bentham Science Publishers]] |isbn=9781608058884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3gMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020149/https://books.google.com/books?id=u3gMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>
|9= 9. [[Fatima bint Amr]]<ref name=JaberHalpernP7/>
|10= 10. [[Asad ibn Hashim]]<ref name="Sa'dBewleyP156">{{cite book |last1=Ibn Sa'd |first1=Muḥammad |author1-link=Ibn Sa'd |last2=Bewley |first2=Aisha |title=The Women of Madina |date=1995 |page=156}}</ref>
|11= 11. [[Fatima bint Qays]]<ref name="Sa'dBewleyP156"/>
|12= 12. [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]<ref name=PetersP101>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=1994 |page=101 |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadorigins00pete |url-access=registration |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503070017/https://archive.org/details/muhammadorigins00pete |archive-date=3 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|13= 13. [[Aminah|Amina bint Wahb]]<ref name=PetersP101/>
|14= 14. [[Khuwaylid ibn Asad]]<ref name="Sa'dBewleyP9">{{harvtxt|Ibn Sa'd|Bewley|1995|page=9}}</ref>
|15= 15. [[Fatima bint Za'idah]]<ref name="Sa'dBewleyP9" />
}}

== See also ==
* [[Arba'een Pilgrimage]]
* [[Zuljanah]], Husayn's horse
* ''[[Who is Hussain]]?''
* [[The Hussaini Encyclopedia]]
* [[Al-Tall Al-Zaynabiyya]]
* [[Mokhtarnameh]]
* [[Twelver Shia holy days]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Mystical Dimensions of Islam |date=1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/mysticaldimensio00schi |url-access=registration |publisher=[[The University of North Carolina Press]] |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=978-0-8078-1271-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Howard-Johnston |first=James |title=Witnesses to a World Crisis - Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pkUDAAAQBAJ |date=2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-920859-3 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020150/https://books.google.com/books?id=6pkUDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite conference |title=Rūmī's view of the Imam Ḥusayn |last=Chittick |first=William C. |author-link=William Chittick |date=1986 |volume=12 |book-title=Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference |publisher=The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |conference=Imam Ḥusayn Conference |location=London |pages=3–12 |isbn=9780710302076}}
* {{EI2 |last=Haywood |first=J. A. |title=Marthiya in Urdu literature |volume=6 |pages=610–612}}
* {{cite book |last=Elsie |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Elsie |title=Albanian Literature - A Short History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |location=London & New York |date=2005 |isbn=9781845110314 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306105856/https://books.google.com/books?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Norris |first=H. T. |title=Islam in the Balkans - Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr |url-access=registration |date=1993 |location=Columbia, SC |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |isbn=9780872499775}}
* {{EI2 |last=Hanaway |first=W. L. Jr. |title=Marthiya in Persian literature |volume=6 |pages=608–609}}
* {{cite book |last=Thackston |first=Wheeler M. |author-link=Wheeler Thackston |title=A Millennium of Classical Persian Poetry - A Guide to the Reading & Understanding of Persian Poetry from the Tenth to the Twentieth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJJPtIiQCD0C |date=1994 |publisher=IBEX Publishers |location=Bethesda |isbn=9780936347509 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020150/https://books.google.com/books?id=pJJPtIiQCD0C |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sindawi |first=Khalid |title=The image of Ḥusayn ibn Alī in Maqātil Literature |journal=Quaderni di Studi Arabi |date=2002 |volume=20-21 |pages=79–104 |jstor=25802958}}
* {{cite journal |last=Günther |first=Sebastian |title=Maqâtil Literature in Medieval Islam |journal=Journal of Arabic Literature |date=1994 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=192–212 |doi=10.1163/157006494X00103}}
* {{cite conference |title=Karbalā' and the Imam Husayn in Persian and Indo-Muslim literature |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |date=1986 |volume=12 |book-title=Al-Serāt - Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference |publisher=The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |conference=Imam Ḥusayn Conference |location=London |pages=29–39 |isbn=9780710302076}}
* {{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Supriya |title=The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture |chapter=The Bengali novel |editor-last1=Dalmia |editor-first1=Vasudha |editor-last2=Sadana |editor-first2=Rashmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2L4gAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-521-51625-9 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020150/https://books.google.com/books?id=2L4gAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Fischer |first=Michael M. J. |author-link=Michael M. J. Fischer |title=Iran - From Religious Dispute to Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzDMzTWRnFIC |date=2003 |publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=Madison, WI |isbn=9780299184735 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020150/https://books.google.com/books?id=QzDMzTWRnFIC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Yildirim |first=Riza |title=In the Name of Hosayn's Blood - The Memory of Karbala as Ideological Stimulus to the Safavid Revolution |journal=[[Journal of Persianate Studies]] |date=2015 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=127–154 |doi=10.1163/18747167-12341289}}
* {{cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Saïd A. |date=2016 |title=Sociology of Shi'ite Islam - Collected Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhP0DQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004326279 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020654/https://books.google.com/books?id=rhP0DQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates|edition=Second}}
* {{cite book |last=Anthony |first=Sean |title=The Caliph and the Heretic - Ibn Saba and the Origins of Shī'ism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeYxAQAAQBAJ |date=2011 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-21606-8 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020655/https://books.google.com/books?id=jeYxAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharon |first=Moshe |author-link=Moshe Sharon |title=Black Banners from the East - The Establishment of the 'Abbāsid State - Incubation of a Revolt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPvZoG6NtLkC |date=1983 |publisher=[[Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam]] |location=Jerusalem |isbn=978-965-223-501-5 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020655/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPvZoG6NtLkC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Hyder |first=Syed Akbar |title=Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E80OGPmP3GoC |date=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-537302-8 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020656/https://books.google.com/books?id=E80OGPmP3GoC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Brunner |first=Rainer |title=Karbala |editor1-last=Bowering |editor1-first=Gerhard |editor2-last=Crone |editor2-first=Patricia |editor2-link=Patricia Crone |editor3-last=Mirza |editor3-first=Mahan |editor4-last=Kadi |editor4-first=Wadad |editor5-last=Zaman |editor5-first=Muhammad Qasim |editor6-last=Stewart |editor6-first=Devin J. |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA293 |date=2013 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=New Jersey |isbn=9780691134840 |page=293 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020656/https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA293#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gölz |first=Olmo |title=Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran - The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War |journal=Behemoth - A Journal on Civilisation |date=2019 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=35–51 |doi=10.6094/behemoth.2019.12.1.1005}}
* {{cite book |last=Pinault |first=David |title=Horse of Karbala - Muslim Devotional Life in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGMYDAAAQBAJ |date=2001 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-349-61982-5 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020657/https://books.google.com/books?id=uGMYDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Aghaie |first=Kamran S. |title=The Martyrs of Karbala - Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWov7OiEM3kC |date=2004 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |location=Seattle & London |isbn=978-0-295-98455-1 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020658/https://books.google.com/books?id=UWov7OiEM3kC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz A. |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina |title=Islamic Messianism - The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zUIYGQT4DwC |date=1981 |publisher=[[SUNY Press|State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany, NY |isbn=978-0-87395-442-6 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010020659/https://books.google.com/books?id=5zUIYGQT4DwC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Calmard |first=Jean |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Abbās b. Alī b. Abū Ṭāleb |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abbas-b-ali-b-abu-taleb |date=1982 |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation |volume=1 |access-date=11 August 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923004956/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abbas-b-ali-b-abu-taleb |url-status=live}}
* {{The First Dynasty of Islam|edition=Second}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jafarian |first1=Rasul |title=Tarikh-e Siasi-e Eslam |author-link=Rasul Jafarian |date=1999 |volume=2 |publisher=Daftar-e Nashr-e al-Hadi |location=Oom |isbn=964-400-107-9 |language=fa}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chittick |first1=William C. |title=In Search of the Lost Heart - Explorations in Islamic Thought |date=2012 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1438439372}}
* {{EI2 |last=Hawting |first=Gerald R. |title=Yazid (I) b. Mu'awiya |volume=11}}
* {{cite book |last=Donner |first=Fred M. |author-link=Fred Donner |title=Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam |date=2010 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-674-05097-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YM8RBAAAQBAJ |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010021149/https://books.google.com/books?id=YM8RBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Dixon |first=Abd al-Ameer A. |date=1971 |title=The Umayyad Caliphate, 65-86/684-705: (a Political Study) |publisher=Luzac |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiPNl429iuEC |isbn=978-0718901493 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010021150/https://books.google.com/books?id=GiPNl429iuEC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Ayoub |first=Mahmoud |author-link=Mahmoud M. Ayoub |title=Redemptive Suffering in Islam - A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpaPWv5Iyd8C |date=1978 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter|Mouton Publishers]] |location=Hague |isbn=90-279-7943-X |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010021651/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpaPWv5Iyd8C |url-status=live}}
* {{cite conference |last=Howard |first=I. K. A. |title=Husayn the Martyr - A Commentary on the Accounts of the Martyrdom in Arabic Sources |date=1986 |volume=12 |book-title=Al-Serāt - Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984 |publisher=The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |conference= |location=London |pages=124–142 |isbn=9780710302076}}
* {{cite book |last=Halm |first=Heinz |author-link=Heinz Halm |date=1997 |title=Shi'a Islam - From Religion to Revolution |translator=Allison Brown |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |location=Princeton |isbn=1-55876-134-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/shiaislamfromrel0000halm}}
* {{cite book |last=Lammens |first=Henri |title=Le Califat de Yazid Ier |date=1921 |publisher=Imprimerie Catholique Beyrouth |location=Beirut |url=https://archive.org/details/LammensYazid |oclc=474534621 |language=fr}}
* {{cite book |last=Jafri |first=S. M. |author-link=Husain Mohammad Jafri |date=1979 |title=Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam |publisher=[[Longman]] |location=London and New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDUKAQAAMAAJ |isbn=9780582780804 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010021651/https://books.google.com/books?id=jDUKAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |author-link=Moojan Momen |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |date=1985 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Al-Bukhari |first=Muhammad Ibn Ismail |author-link=Muhammad al-Bukhari |title=The English Translation of Sahih Al Bukhari With the Arabic Text |title-link=Sahih al-Bukhari |language=en, ar |translator=Muhammad Muhsin Khan |date=1996 |publisher=Al-Saadawi Publications |isbn=1-881963-59-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Canaan |first=Tawfiq |author-link=Tawfiq Canaan |url=http://digital.soas.ac.uk/LOAA003475/00002/9j |title=Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine |date=1927 |location=London, England |publisher=Luzac & Co. |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516015019/https://digital.soas.ac.uk/LOAA003475/00002/9j |archive-date=16 May 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Dakake |first=Maria Massi |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-7914-7033-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Matthew |title=The Rise of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislam0000gord |url-access=registration |date=2005 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=0-313-32522-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Halm |first1=Heinz |last2=Watson |first2=Janet |last3=Hill |first3=Marian |title=Shi'ism |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |date=2004 |isbn=0-7486-1888-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/shiism0000halm}}
* {{cite book |first=Wilferd |last=Madelung |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=The Succession to Muhammad - A Study of the Early Caliphate |date=1997 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Tabatabae |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei |translator=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |translator-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |title=Shi'ite Islam |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=1979 |isbn=0-87395-272-3}}
* {{The Arab Kingdom and its Fall}}
* {{cite book |last=Wellhausen |first=Julius |date=1901 |title=Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam |language=de |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358135 |publisher=Weidmannsche Buchhandlung |location=Berlin |oclc=453206240}}
* {{Daftary-The Ismailis|edition=First}}
* {{cite book |last=Tabatabai |first=Seyed Mohammad Hussein |author-link=Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai |date=1996 |title=[[Tafsir al-Mizan]] |language=fa}}
* {{cite book |last=Fakhr Razi |first=Muhammad ibn Umar |date=1901 |title=[[Tafsir al-Razi]] |language=ar |publisher=Dar al-Fikr Buchhandlung |location=Beirut}}
* {{cite book |last=Ibn Kathir |first=Ismail Ibn Umar |title=Tafsir ibn Kathir |language=ar |publisher=Dar al-Kitab al-Alamiyah |location=Beirut}}
* {{cite book |last=Siouti |first=Jalaluddin |date=1901 |title=Tafsir al-Jalalayn |language=ar |publisher=Al-Noor Press Foundation |location=Beirut}}

=== Encyclopedia ===
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Haider |first1=Najam I. |editor1-last=Fleet |editor1-first=K. |editor2-last=Krämer |editor2-first=G. |editor3-last=Matringe |editor3-first=D. |editor4-last=Nawas |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Rowson |editor5-first=E. |title=al-Ḥusayn b. Alī b. Abī Ṭālib |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |date=2016 |volume=3rd |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-husayn-b-ali-b-abi-talib-COM_30572 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213103718/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-husayn-b-ali-b-abi-talib-COM_30572 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Munson |first=Henry |title=Islam and Revolution in the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K50_EAAAQBAJ |date=1988 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300046045 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010021652/https://books.google.com/books?id=K50_EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=.H |last=Algar |author-link=Hamid Algar |title=Āl–e ʿAbā |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=1984 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation]] |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-aba-the-family-of-the-cloak-i |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018173246/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-aba-the-family-of-the-cloak-i |url-status=live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Poonawala |first1=Ismail |last2=Kohlberg |first2=Etan |author-link1=Ismail Poonawala |title=Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=1985 |editor1-last=Yarshater |editor1-first=Ehsan |pages=838–848 |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |volume=1 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429163734/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb |url-status=live}}
* {{EI2 |first=L. |last=Veccia Vaglieri |title=(al-) Ḥusayn b. Alī b. Abī Ṭālib |volume=3}}
* {{EI2 |last=Vaglieri |first=L. Veccia |author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri |title=ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib |volume=1 |pages=381–386}}
* {{EI2 |last=Vaglieri |first=L. Veccia |title=(Al)-Ḥasan b. ʿAlï b. Abï Ṭālib |volume=3 |pages=240–243}}
* {{The History of al-Tabari |volume=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KM3zPwi0gmYC}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Wilferd |last=Madelung |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=Ḥosayn b. Ali I - Life and Significance in Shi'ism |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |editor-last1=Yarshater |editor-first1=Ehsan |date=2004 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i |volume=XII |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |pages=493–498 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829163454/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i |url-status=live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Wilferd |last=Madelung |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=ʿALĪ B. ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |editor-last1=Yarshater |editor-first1=Ehsan |date=2011 |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-hosayn-b-ali |volume=I/8 |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |pages=849–850 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922024014/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-hosayn-b-ali |url-status=live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Jean |last=Calmard |title=Ḥosayn b. Ali II in Popular Shi'ism |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |editor-last1=Yarshater |editor-first1=Ehsan |date=2004 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-ii |volume=XII |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |pages=498–502 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008135921/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-ii |url-status=live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Al-Ḥusayn ibn Alī |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=90-04-14743-8 |title=Plus Index |date=December 2005}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Wilferd |last=Madelung |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=2003 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation]] |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-b-ali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117041057/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-b-ali |archive-date=17 November 2013}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Haj Manouchehri |last=Faramarz |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=Husaian (as) Imam |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |date=2013 |publisher=[[Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia]] |isbn=9786006326191 |pages=664–715}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Emadi Haeri |last=Seyed Mohammad |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=Hussein bin Ali, Imam. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |date=2009 |publisher=Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation |url=https://rch.ac.ir/article/Details/12313 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213113048/https://rch.ac.ir/article/Details/12313 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Fığlâlı |first1=E.Ruhı |last2=Üzün |first2=İlyâs |title=HÜSEYİN – An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam |date=1998 |encyclopedia=[[TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi]] |isbn=978-97-53-8944-56 |pages=518–524 |volume=18 (Hilal - Huseyin Lamekani) |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/huseyin |lang=tr |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213113122/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/huseyin |url-status=live}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commonscat=Al-Husayn |q=Husayn ibn Ali |b=no |n=no |s=The New International Encyclopædia/Hasan and Hosein |v=no |voy=no |species=no |d=Q112128 |display=Hussein ibn Ali }}
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Husayn-ibn-Ali-Muslim-leader-and-martyr Al-Ḥusayn ibn Alī] an article of [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i hussain ibn 'Ali] by Wilferd Madelung, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica.
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-ii hussain ibn 'Ali in popular Shiism] by Jean Calmard, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica.

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|branch=Clan|name='''Husayn ibn Ali''' of the [[Ahl al-Bayt]]|[[Banu Hashim]]|3 [[Sha'aban|Sha'bān]] AH 4 in the ancient (intercalated) Arabic calendar|10 October 625|10 [[Muharram]] [[Islamic calendar|AH 61]]|10 October 680|[[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraish]]}}
{{S-rel|sh}}
{{S-bef|rows = 2| before = [[Hasan ibn Ali]] Disputed by [[Nizari]]}}
{{S-ttl|rows = 2| title = [[List of Ismaili Imams|2nd]] Imam of [[Ismailism|Ismaili]] [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[List of Imams|3rd]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imam]] of [[Kaysanites]], [[Zaydis]], [[Seveners]] and [[Twelvers]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]]
| years = 669–680}}
{{S-aft| after = [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-aft| after = [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah]] [[Kaysanites Shia|Kaysanites]] successor}}
{{s-end}}

{{Shia Imams}}
{{Mourning of Muharram}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Husayn Ibn Ali}}
[[Category:Husayn ibn Ali| ]]
[[Category:626 births]]
[[Category:680 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century imams]]
[[Category:Family of Muhammad]]
[[Category:7th-century Muslims]]
[[Category:Arab Muslims]]
[[Category:Children of Ali]]
[[Category:Sons of caliphs]]
[[Category:Deaths by edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:Hussainiya]]
[[Category:People killed at the Battle of Karbala]]
[[Category:People of the Second Fitna]]
[[Category:Sahabah killed in battle]]
[[Category:Twelve Imams]]
[[Category:Muslim martyrs]]

Cyrtodactylus chamba

2026-03-13T17:03:15Z

AAZAMAZEEM: new a data basic info.

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| taxon = Cyrtodactylus chamba
| authority = Agarwal, Khandekar, & [[Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer]], 2018
| range_map =
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Cyrtodactylus chamba''''', also known as the '''Chamba bent-toed gecko''', is a species of [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{NRDB species |genus=Cyrtodactylus |species= chamba |accessdate=22 March 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q63847983}}

[[Category:Cyrtodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2018]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Aaron M. Bauer]]
{{Cyrtodactylus-stub}}

Magnasound Records

2026-03-10T20:43:23Z

AAZAMAZEEM: cleaned up intro further and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian record company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Magnasound
| logo =
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = 1989
| defunct = 2003
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| key_people = Shashi Gopal, [[Chief executive officer|chief managing director]] Kalpana Gopal, director Madhav Das, director
| area_served =
| industry = [[Music industry|Music entertainment]]
| products =
| ebitda =
| owner =
| subsid =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Magnasound''' was an Indian record company that specialized in [[Indian classical music]], [[Indian rock]] and [[Indian pop|Indipop]]. It was distributed by OMI Music Inc. Shashi Gopal was the [[Chief executive officer|managing director]] of Magnasound.

== History ==
[[File:AR Rahman Shashi Gopal.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Two smiling men holding a record award|[[A. R. Rahman]] receiving a [[Music recording certification|Platinum Award]] at the MagnaSound Awards|261x261px]]

Shashi Gopal founded Magnasound in 1989 with his wife Kalpana and brother-in-law Madhav Das.<ref name='hindu'>{{cite news|last=Kamath|first=Sudhish|title=Voice of the artiste|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/article440410.ece|accessdate=December 13, 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=May 28, 2010}}</ref> The three launched the company with their life savings, which totaled Rs 6 lakhs. In the early 1990s, the company gained a reputation for signing young artists like [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Baba Sehgal]], and [[Alisha Chinai]], as well as acclaimed rock bands [[Indus Creed|Rock Machine]] and [[13AD (band)|13AD]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Sreekumar |first=Priya |title=Fusion is my passion, says Sunny Viswanath |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/all-rounders/fusion-my-passion-says-sunny-viswanath-164 |accessdate=December 12, 2011 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=December 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210193424/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/all-rounders/fusion-my-passion-says-sunny-viswanath-164 |archivedate=December 10, 2011 }}</ref>

Already established artists like [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Asha Bhosle]] also released albums for the label. Magnasound began to concentrate more on classical artists. [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist [[Bombay Jayashri]] became its flagship classical artist when she signed with Magnasound in 1994. Magnasound was also one of the first Indian labels to concentrate on music videos, taking advantage of the new MTV India channel.

In 2003, the company was declared bankrupt and was defunct.

=== Bayshore ===
After Magnasound wound up in 2003, Madhav launched another label called Bayshore Music before he moved to print and edited a film magazine called ''South Side'', for [[GV Films]].<ref name='hindu' />

==Discography==
'''This is an incomplete list'''
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Album
!Artists
!Notes/Ref(s)
|-
| 1990
| ''Dilruba''
| rowspan="2" |[[Baba Sehgal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
| ''[[Thanda Thanda Pani]]''
|First Indian rap album <ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/baba-sehgal-to-turn-author-with-debut-book-thanda-thanda-paani-named-after-his-first-commercial-album/articleshow/86744637.cms|date=2021-10-04|title= Baba Sehgal to turn author with debut book 'Thanda Thanda Paani', named after his first commercial album|access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Chronic''
| Dr. Dre
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1993
|''Johnny Jokers''
|Shweta Shetty
|
|-
|''Doggy Style''
|Snoop Doggy Dogg
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |1994
|''Style Bhai''
|Style Bhai
|
|-
|Dr. Dhingra
|Baba Sehgal
|
|-
|''[[Bombay Girl]]''
|[[Alisha Chinai]]
|
|-
|''Mix Masala''
|Various
|
|-
|rowspan ="6" |1995
|''The New Album''
|Shweta Shetty, [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|-
|''[[Made in India (album)|Made in India]]''
|Alisha Chinai
|
|-
|''Dole Dole''
|[[Suchitra Krishnamoorthy]]
|
|-
|''[[Bolo Ta Ra Ra]]''
|[[Daler Mehndi]]
|
|-
|''Oorja''
|Various
|Remix album
|-
|''[[Roop Inka Mastana]]''
|Shaan, Stylebhai, [[Sagarika (singer)|Sagarika]], [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthy]], Kaushal
|Remix album
|-
|rowspan="7" |1996
|''[[Zubeenor Gaan]]''
|[[Zubeen Garg]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Hema Sardesai]]
|CD issues only
|-
|''[[Naujawan (album)|Naujawan]]''
|Shaan, Sagarika
|First Indian siblings album
|-
|''Dardi Rab Rab''
|Daler Mehndi
|
|-
|''Dum Tara''
|Suchitra Krishnamoorthy
|
|-
|''Channel Hits''
|Various
|Compilation album
|-
|''[[Colonial Cousins (album)|Colonial Cousins]]''
|[[Colonial Cousins]]
|
|-
|''Janna Hai Bollywood''
|[[Models (band)|Models]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5" |1997
|''Ho Jayengi Bale Bale''
|Daler Mehndi
|
|-
|''[[Love-Ology]]''
|Shaan
|
|-
|''Chand Sa Mukhda''
|[[Ali Haider (singer)|Ali Haider]]
|
|-
|''A-Ha''
|Suchitra Krishnamoorthy
|
|-
|''Colgate - A Reason to Smile''
|Various
|
|-
|rowspan="6" |1998
|''Deewane To Deewane Hai''
|Shweta Shetty
|
|-
|''Tu''
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|
|-
|''Maa''
|Sagarika
|
|-
|''[[Tunak Tunak Tun]]''
|Daler Mehndi
|
|-
|''Lolipop''
|Bina Mistry
|
|-
|''The Best of Biddu''
|Biddu
|Compilation album
|-
|rowspan="6" |1999
|''Hunaru - 99''
|Zubeen Garg, [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], Bhitali Das
|Bihu album
|-
|''Hulle Hullare''
|[[Rajeshwari Sachdev]]
|
|-
|''Mausam''
|rowspan="2" |Sonu Nigam
|
|-
|''Sanskar''
|
|-
|''Savariya''
|3 Brothers & A Violin
|
|-
|''Hello''
|[[Shael Oswal]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2000
|''[[Dur (Strings album)|Dur]]''
|[[Strings (band)|Strings]]
|
|-
|''Kaisa Hai Ye Jaado''
|[[Bela Shende]]
|
|-
|''Mukhda Piya Ka''
|Rajeshwari Sachdev
|
|}

==Notable artists==
{{Div col}}
*[[A.R. Rahman]]
*[[Alisha Chinai]]
*[[Baba Sehgal]]
*[[Bela Shende]]
*[[Bhitali Das]]
*[[Bilal Maqsood]]
*[[Bina Mistry]]
*[[Bombay Jayashri]]
*[[Faisal Kapadia]]
*[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
*[[Hema Sardesai]]
*[[Jasmine Bharucha]]
*[[Kumar Sanu]]
*[[Leslee Lewis]]
*[[Mehnaz Hoosein]]
*[[P. Unnikrishnan]]
*[[Raageshwari]]
*[[Sagarika Mukherjee]]
*[[Shantanu Mukherjee]]
*[[Shweta Mohan]]
*[[Shweta Shetty]]
*[[Sonu Nigam]]
*[[Suchitra Krishnamoorti]]
*[[Suchitra Pillai]]
*[[Udit Narayan]]
*[[Zubeen Garg]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1989]]
[[Category:Record labels disestablished in 2003]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of India]]

{{india-record-label-stub}}

Rishta Ho To Aisa

2026-03-04T00:04:50Z

AAZAMAZEEM: creating initial post w/ infobox...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rishta Ho To Aisa
| image = Rishta Ho To Aisa.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story =
| screenplay =
| producer = M.M.C. Cooper
| director = Kalptaru
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Juhi Chawla]] [[Sujata Mehta]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Marco Enterprises<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0232536/|title=Rishta To Ho Aisa (Overview)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992||}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

''''' Rishta Ho To Aisa''''' ({{translation|''Relation Means This''}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by M.M.C. Cooper on the Marco Enterprises banner and directed by Kalptaru. Starring [[Jeetendra]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Sujata Mehta]] and music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://osianama.com/song-synopsis-booklets/rishta-ho-to-aisa-1992-1108717?mastid=55037|title=Rishta Ho To Aisa|work=Osianama}}</ref>

==Plot==
Rajesh is honorable in a village that leads a happy life with his wife, Sharda, and lovely daughter, Pinky. Vijay, the younger brother of Rajesh, fled from the house at an early age due to the thrashing of his father and became a pickpocket. Meanwhile, Rajesh arrives in Bombay and meets with an accident made by his rival Kalicharan, and unfortunately, he loses his memory in it. Exploiting it, his Manager, Girdhari, plants a beautiful girl named Mohini in his house, which lures Rajesh. Parallelly, Sharda & Pinky also land, and circumstances prevail, allowing them to work as servants in Rajesh’s house.

Simultaneously, Vijay falls for Seema, a stage dancer, and he gifts her necklace after stealing from Rajesh’s residence, for which Sharda is blamed and imprisoned. After that, Rajesh & Mohini red-handedly catch Seema with the chain on stage when Vijay confesses guilty. Besides, Sharda becomes pregnant and denounced, so she attempts Vijay to protect her and takes her back to their village. At that point, he releases them as his own by seeing a portrait and understands Rajesh as his elder brother. Knowing it, Kalicharan abducts Rajesh, Mohini, & Seema, and Vijay rescues them. In that quarrel, Rajesh regains his memory. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the family's reunion.

==Cast==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Rajesh
*[[Rishi Kapoor]] as Vijay
*[[Juhi Chawla]] as Seema
*[[Sujata Mehta]] as Sharda
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Kalicharan
*[[Kader Khan]] as Girdharilal
*[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]] as Mohini
*[[Ashok Saraf]] as Balram
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Kirti

== Soundtrack ==
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "O Shamma Tera Parwana"
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Shabbir Kumar]]
|-
| 2
| "Jeene Ka Zamana Hai"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], Shobha Joshi
|-
| 3
| "Dilbar Ho Sanam Ho"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Suresh Wadkar]]
|-
| 4
| "Rukja Kidher Chamakti Chali"
| Mohammad Aziz, [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 5
| "Wallah Kya Baat Hai"
| Alka Yagnik, [[Sudesh Bhonsle]]
|}{{cn|date=June 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0232536}}

[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kalpataru]]

Singaravelan

2026-03-03T04:58:22Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Starting initial article from scratch

{{Short description|1992 film by R. V. Udayakumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Singaravelan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. V. Udayakumar]]
| screenplay = R. V. Udayakumar
| story = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| producer = R. D. Bhaskar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
}}
| cinematography = Abdul Rehman
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Pavalar Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1992|4|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=30 March 2020 |title=Streaming Guide: Kamal Haasan's comedy movies you can stream right now |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-comedy-movies-streaming-6333082/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402002356/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-comedy-movies-streaming-6333082/ |archive-date=2 April 2020 |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Singaravelan''''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|ɑːr|ə|v|eɪ|l|ə|n}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=7 November 2019 |title=60 years on, the 'Sakalakala Vallavan' is still going strong |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/60-years-on-the-sakalakala-vallavan-is-still-going-strong/article29903881.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108221052/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/60-years-on-the-sakalakala-vallavan-is-still-going-strong/article29903881.ece |archive-date=8 November 2019 |access-date=17 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> written and directed by [[R. V. Udayakumar]] from a story by [[Panchu Arunachalam]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]. It revolves around a villager who is tasked with locating his urbanite cousin and marrying her, with the intention of reuniting their separated family.

''Singaravelan'' was produced by R. D. Bhaskar under the production company Pavalar Creations. The film's soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. Abdul Rahman handled cinematography, while [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]] handled editing respectively.

''Singaravelan'' was released on 13 April 1992 and became a hit at the box office. Though the film attained cult status in [[Tamil cinema]], it received criticism in later years for glorifying misogyny, sexism and stalking.

== Plot ==
Singaravelan "Velan" lives with his widowed mother Parvathy in a village. Velan's father died heartbroken that his marriage with Velan's mother was not accepted by her sister-in-law and they had broken all links. Further, they believe that it was Parvathy's curse that killed her brother and sister-in-law in a car accident and they get a promise from the guardian that their daughter should not be married to Parvathy's son. Velan's mother reveals that it is Velan's duty to marry her brother's daughter Sumathi to reunite the separated family. Armed with only a picture of the girl when she was four, he leaves for Madras to fulfil his mother's wishes.

Velan arrives at his friend Mano's house to implement his mission. Mano lives with three roommates: Mani, Subha, and Ramasamy. Velan explains his mission, and all of them agree to help him. At a computer centre, the clerk generates an image of the adolescent Sumathi. While at the beach, Velan and friends recognise a woman playing tennis as Sumathi. When Sumathi goes to fetch a ball from the sea, Velan goes to help her. He accidentally submerges her but manages to pull her out of the water. After regaining consciousness, she berates Velan as she knows swimming. Despite his friends' advice to leave Sumathi due to her arrogance, Velan refuses.

Velan and his friends follow Sumathi to a 5-star restaurant, where a flautist is performing. Once the performance ends, Sumathi kisses his hand. Velan too offers his hand to be kissed, wherein he is asked whether he knows anything about music. To prove her wrong, Velan sings a song while adorned with various musical instruments, but Sumathi insults the performance. Velan teases with harmless intention, and earns Sumathi's dislike.

Velan attempts to attract Thaiyamma, Sumathi's guardian, by visiting her house daily. Thaiyamma is attracted by Velan's entertaining nature. Velan lies by saying his mother's name as Mahalakshmi. Though Thaiyamma certifies Velan as a good man, Sumathi continues to hate him. Sumathi's uncle Natesan, a retired [[Inspector-general of police|IG]], visits Velan to warn him to stop teasing his niece. There, he realizes his father is Kaliannan Gounder, an industrialist who disowned him due to his passion for music. Unfortunately, he manages to meet Kaliannan to verify Velan's family background and finds everything true via Kaliannan. However, Velan and his friends have already visited Kaliannan and convinced him to lie to the general to help them out.

Velan manages to attract Sumathi gradually through a series of events, which makes Sumathi realize her femininity. Their love becomes strong when Sumathi hears that Velan is very serious at a hospital as he was attacked by some men hired by Natesan as he lied about being the son of an industrialist. She finds Velan dressed up with full bandages on his body (a drama by Velan who counterattacked the men sent by the uncle and instructs them to convey that the men attacked Velan, to Sumathi as part of the love mission). Velan's mother is informed about her son's hospitalization and immediately rushes to see him. There, she realizes the truth and feels easy. Velan and Sumathi's love grows steadily, and they decide to get engaged.

On the engagement day, through 'Sincere' Sivamani, the manager at Sumathi's factory, Sumathi learns that Velan is, in fact, the son of Parvathy, cancels the engagement and shuns him. Later, Natesan discovers that Sivamani has been using Sumathi's premises to print [[Counterfeit money|counterfeit bills]]. Sivamani kills Natesan and frames Velan. Velan escapes the police and goes on the run. His friends, mother, and Kaliannan are arrested as accomplices. Sivamani decides to kill Velan and marry Sumathi for her wealth and tricks Thaiyamma into accepting his proposal to marry Sumathi. He also uses one of his men to bring Velan in and to kill him, but Velan beats all the thugs and calls the police. Together with the police, Sivamani's ally, mother, and friends, Velan reaches the wedding hall and exposes Sivamani, who is arrested. Sumathi realises Velan's love and requests his mother to marry them. Velan and Sumathi then marry.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Singaravelan a.k.a. Velan
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Sumathi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=26 January 2017 |title=Why blood, same blood: From politics to everyday life, the Vadivelu-isms TN loves |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-blood-same-blood-politics-everyday-life-vadivelu-isms-tn-loves-56336 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810001725/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-blood-same-blood-politics-everyday-life-vadivelu-isms-tn-loves-56336 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Natesan
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Thaiyamma<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yamunan |first=Sruthisagar |date=12 October 2015 |title=When the camera rolled, she lived the character' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-camera-rolled-she-lived-the-character/article7751052.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029074558/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-camera-rolled-she-lived-the-character/article7751052.ece |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=20 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Goundamani]] as Drums Mani
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Parvathi<ref name="daddy dearest" />
* [[C. R. Saraswathi]] as Sumathi's mother (cameo)
* [[Charle]] as Flute Ramasamy
* [[Vadivelu]] as "Michael Jackson Thangachi" Subha
* [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] as Mano
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Kaliannan Gounder
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Doctor
* [[Sangili Murugan]] (cameo)
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] (cameo)
* [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Sumathi's father (cameo)
* [[Shanmugasundaram]] (cameo)
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as marriage broker
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as "Sincere" Sivamani
* [[Ajay Rathnam|Ajay]] as a thug
* Veeraraghavan as Commissioner
* [[Peeli Sivam]] as inspector
* [[Swaminathan]] as one of the constables
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Velan's father (uncredited)<ref name="daddy dearest">{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=16 June 2017 |title=Daddy dearest |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/16/daddy-dearest-1617504.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409085903/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/16/daddy-dearest-1617504.html |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
A few scenes were shot at the [[Southern Railway Headquarters, Chennai|Southern Railway Headquarters]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Madras Day 2025: When Tamil cinema and railways cross tracks in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-tamil-cinema-and-railways-cross-tracks-in-chennai/article69928044.ece/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902054724/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-tamil-cinema-and-railways-cross-tracks-in-chennai/article69928044.ece/amp |archive-date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singaravelan |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6tzNcu9zkuesvD1LEdlNPu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929145002/https://open.spotify.com/album/6tzNcu9zkuesvD1LEdlNPu |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singaravelan – Tamil Audio Cassette by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/singaravelan-tamil-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220065044/https://mossymart.com/product/singaravelan-tamil-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=20 February 2021 |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Innum Ennai Enna" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Nata (raga)|Nata]],{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=133}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=20 December 2013 |title=Versatile Nattai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/versatile-nattai/article5482691.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221051732/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/versatile-nattai/article5482691.ece |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=11 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Pudhu Cheri Katcheri" is set in [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]],{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=155}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=22 November 2013 |title=Catchy and classical |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/catchy-and-classical/article5379858.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325071327/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/catchy-and-classical/article5379858.ece |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=11 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and "Thoodhu Selvadharadi" is set in [[Charukesi]].{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=162}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=3 February 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — The charm of Charukesi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-charm-of-charukesi/article2857091.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505180304/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-charm-of-charukesi/article2857091.ece |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:05
| title1 = Sonnapadi Kelu
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]], Chorus
| length1 = 5:13
| title2 = O Ranga Sriranga
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Arunmozhi]], Saibaba, Chorus
| lyrics2 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| length2 = 5:11
| title3 = Innum Ennai Enna
| lyrics3 = [[R. V. Udayakumar]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 = 4:03
| title4 = Pudhu Cheri Katcheri
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Yuvashankar, Pothirani, Harikrishna, Sathaya
| length4 = 6:22
| title5 = Thoodhu Selvadharadi
| lyrics5 = Ponnadiyan
| extra5 = S. Janaki
| length5 = 2:26
| title6 = Pudhu Cheri Katcheri
| note6 = Sad
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 2:03
| title7 = Pottu Vaitha Kathal Thittam
| lyrics7 = Vaali
| extra7 = Kamal Haasan, [[Arunmozhi]], Saibaba
| length7 = 5:00
}}


== Release and reception ==
''Singaravelan'' was released on 13 April 1992, in the week of [[Puthandu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sambandan |first=Aparanjeetha |date=9 August 2017 |title=Top 7 memorable Tamil New Year film releases |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/top-7-memorable-tamil-new-year-film-releases-news-tamil-reoqhSegehfag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009212557/http://www.sify.com/movies/top-7-memorable-tamil-new-year-film-releases-news-tamil-reoqhSegehfag.html |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=20 December 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The script betrays an episodic approach, but [Kamal Haasan] carries himself with poise in a role that does not make much demands on him, except for some spirited dancing and singing, and the pack of comedians made up of Goundamani, Charlie, Vadivelu and Manorama, despite some ridiculous attempts at humour off and on, make a generally good impression."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=17 April 1992 |title=Singaaravelan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920417&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=26 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Sriram of ''Vannathirai'' appreciated Udayakumar for giving a different kind of [[masala film]] starring Haasan.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீராம் |date=1992 |title=சிங்௧ாரவேலன் |url=https://ibb.co/zXGJnDY |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928043753/https://ibb.co/zXGJnDY |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |magazine=Vannathirai |page=17 |language=ta}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called it an entertaining masala, but criticised the story.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=26 April 1992 |title=சிங்௧ாரவேலன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-04-26/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231030120059/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-04-26/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=60 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Singaravelan'' did well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=12 October 2015 |title=Manorama, More Than Aachi |url=https://thewire.in/film/manorama-more-than-aachi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220065302/https://thewire.in/film/manorama-more-than-aachi |archive-date=20 February 2021 |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Singaravelan'' attained cult status in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref name="daddy dearest" /> The scene where the title character and his friends visits a computer centre to digitally visualise what Sumathi would look like in present-day gained popularity for its comedy.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |last2=Menon |first2=Vishal |date=7 November 2016 |title=What did Kamal Haasan teach us? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/What-did-Kamal-Haasan-teach-us/article16439215.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105014954/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/What-did-Kamal-Haasan-teach-us/article16439215.ece |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=13 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2013 |title=Computer Poche! The demise of Kollywood's funny & futuristic side |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/icomputer-pochei-the-demise-of-kollywoods-funny--futuristic-side-news-kollywood-nlgtBRacjchsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220065124/https://www.sify.com/movies/icomputer-pochei-the-demise-of-kollywoods-funny--futuristic-side-news-kollywood-nlgtBRacjchsi.html |archive-date=20 February 2021 |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Despite its cult status, the film drew criticism in later years for glorifying misogyny, sexism and stalking.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manickavel |first=Kuzhali |date=26 September 2020 |title=Singaravelan: Was Kamal Haasan's 1992 film swashbuckling bucket of family fun, or sexist stalking saga? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/singaravelan-was-kamal-haasans-1992-film-swashbuckling-bucket-of-family-fun-or-sexist-stalking-saga-8825381.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127024159/https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/singaravelan-was-kamal-haasans-1992-film-swashbuckling-bucket-of-family-fun-or-sexist-stalking-saga-8825381.html |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manickavel |first=Kuzhali |date=27 September 2020 |title=Revisiting Singaravelan: Nine thoughts on watching '90s Kamal Haasan-starrer |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/revisiting-singaravelan-nine-thoughts-on-watching-90s-kamal-haasan-starrer-8825961.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115175211/https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/revisiting-singaravelan-nine-thoughts-on-watching-90s-kamal-haasan-starrer-8825961.html |archive-date=15 November 2020 |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Prateek |date=29 October 2016 |title=Monsters as Romeos, encouraging mothers: The psychology behind stalking in cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/monsters-romeos-encouraging-mothers-psychology-behind-stalking-cinema-52103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812154611/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/monsters-romeos-encouraging-mothers-psychology-behind-stalking-cinema-52103 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{R. V. Udayakumar}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about counterfeit money]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. V. Udayakumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Salt Bridge (film)

2026-03-02T10:05:00Z

AAZAMAZEEM: improved intro further and improved wording to improve readability

{{short description|2015 Indian drama film by Abhijit Deonath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Salt Bridge
| image = Salt Bridge Movie poster.jpg

| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Abhijit Deonath
| producer = Abhijit Deonath Alakananda Deonath
| writer = Abhijit Deonath
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] [[Chelsie Preston Crayford]] [[Usha Jadhav]]
| music = Abhijit Deonath
| cinematography = Miguel Gallagher
| editing = Rabiranjan Maitra Ben Wade
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|7|27|Australia|2019|1|4|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = India Australia
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Salt Bridge''''' is an [[Bollywood|Indian]] drama film produced and directed by Indian writer and director Abhijit Deonath. It tells the story of a man who left [[India]] to live in a small town in [[Australia]], looking for a better future. He befriends an Australian woman. Their friendship, being unorthodox in their community, becomes a problem to other Indian people living in Salt Bridge. The film was released in Australia on 27 July 2017 and in India on 4 January 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Connery |first1=Georgina |title=Canberra's Bollywood star-powered film 'Salt Bridge' screens in Manuka |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6030351/canberras-bollywood-star-powered-film-salt-bridge-screens-in-manuka/#gsc.tab=0 |website=THE CANBERRA TIMES |date=22 July 2017 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=ET |title='Salt Bridge' review: Has all ingredients of a well-crafted drama, worth the watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/salt-bridge-review-has-all-ingredients-of-a-well-crafted-drama-is-worth-the-watch/articleshow/67415436.cms |website=Economic Times |date=7 January 2019 |publisher=Economic Times |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] as Basant
* [[Chelsie Preston Crayford]] as Madhurima
* [[Usha Jadhav]] as Lipi
* Kaushik Das as Shubhro
* Mayur Kamble as Deep
* Adam Grant as John
* Asim Das as Shantanu

==Plot==
Basant is the newest [[Immigration|migrant]] in Salt Bridge, which already houses a small Indian community. He lives a happy, frictionless life with his wife and son, until he befriends Madhurima, a married woman. The friendship that starts between the two is highly questionable to the Indian community living in Salt Bridge.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://saltbridgemovie.com/}}
* {{Official facebook page|saltbridgemovie|''Salt Bridge''}}
* {{IMDb title|4368870}}

[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Australia]]

1947 Rawalpindi massacres

2026-03-01T14:14:06Z

AAZAMAZEEM: brief enhance page to improve readability and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Rawalpindi Massacres]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

List of countries by Human Development Index

2026-02-28T07:39:48Z

AAZAMAZEEM:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Featured list}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
[[File:HDI2023Incrimental2.svg|upright=1.2|alt=World map|thumb|World map of countries or territories by [[Human Development Index]] scores in increments of 0.050 (based on 2023 data, published in 2025):{{legend-col
| thumb size = |{{Legend|#001a00|≥ 0.950}}|{{Legend|#003c00|0.900–0.950}}|{{Legend|#007f00|0.850–0.899}}|{{Legend|#00c400|0.800–0.849}}|{{Legend|#00f900|0.750–0.799}}|{{Legend|#d3ff00|0.700–0.749}}|{{Legend|#ffee00|0.650–0.699}}|{{Legend|#ffd215|0.600–0.649}}|{{Legend|#ffa83c|0.550–0.599}}|{{Legend|#ff852f|0.500–0.549}}|{{Legend|#ff5b00|0.450–0.499}}|{{Legend|#ff0000|0.400–0.449}}|{{Legend|#a70000|≤ 0.399}}|{{Legend|#c0c0c0|Data unavailable}}
}}]]
The HDI is the most widely used indicator of human development and has changed how people view the concept.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ivanova |first1=I. |last2=Arcelus |first2=F. J. |last3=Srinivasan |first3=G. |date=February 1999 |title=An Assessment of the Measurement Properties of the Human Development Index |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27522364 |url-status=live |journal=Social Indicators Research |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=157–179 |doi=10.1023/A:1006839208067 |issn=0303-8300 |jstor=27522364 |s2cid=142628010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606201856/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27522364 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="quartz">{{Cite web |last1=Sanderson |first1=Warren |last2=Scherbov |first2=Sergei |last3=Simone |first3=Ghislandi |date=8 November 2018 |title=The best country to live in might not be Norway after all |url=https://qz.com/1456012/the-3-key-problems-with-the-uns-human-development-index/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123084607/https://qz.com/1456012/the-3-key-problems-with-the-uns-human-development-index/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> However, several aspects of the index have received criticism. Some scholars have criticized how the factors are weighed, in particular how an additional year of life expectancy is valued differently between countries;<ref name="quartz" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ravallion |first=Martin |date=2012-11-01 |title=Troubling tradeoffs in the Human Development Index |journal=Journal of Development Economics |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=201–209 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.01.003 |issn=0304-3878 |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/11/29/000158349_20101129085041/Rendered/PDF/WPS5484.pdf }}</ref> and the limited factors it considers, noting the omission of factors such as the levels of distributional and gender inequality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Shalendra D. |date=1997-02-01 |title=Making the Human Development Index (HDI) gender-sensitive |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/741922304 |url-status=live |journal=Gender & Development |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=60–61 |doi=10.1080/741922304 |issn=1355-2074 |pmid=12320744 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610095841/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/741922304 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In response to the former, the UNDP introduced the [[list of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index|inequality-adjusted Human Development Index]] (IHDI) in its 2010 report, and in response to the latter the [[Gender Development Index]] (GDI) was introduced in the 1995 report.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/270/hdr_2010_en_complete_reprint.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2010 |date=2010 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-0-230-28445-6 |page=87 |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722055435/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/270/hdr_2010_en_complete_reprint.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/256/hdr_1995_en_complete_nostats.pdf |title=Human development report 1995 |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press for the United Nations Development Programme |isbn=0-19-510023-9 |pages=72–74 |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521114206/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/256/hdr_1995_en_complete_nostats.pdf |archive-date=21 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Others have criticized the perceived oversimplification of using a single number per country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Castles |first=Ian |date=1998 |title=The Mismeasure of Nations: A Review Essay |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808029 |url-status=live |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=834–836 |doi=10.2307/2808029 |issn=0098-7921 |jstor=2808029 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314060640/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808029 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="SHDI" />

To reflect developmental differences within countries, a subnational HDI (SHDI) featuring data for more than 1,600 regions was introduced in 2018 by the Global Data Lab at [[Radboud University Nijmegen|Radboud University]] in the Netherlands.<ref name="SHDI">{{Cite web |last1=Iñaki |first1=Permanyer |last2=Jeroen |first2=Smits |date=31 May 2018 |title=The Subnational Human Development Index: Moving beyond country-level averages |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/subnational-human-development-index-moving-beyond-country-level-averages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606201859/https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=15 December 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> In 2020, the UNDP introduced another index, the [[list of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index|planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index]] (PHDI), which decreases the scores of countries with a higher ecological footprint.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene |date=15 December 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26442-5 |pages=291–231 |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Dimensions and indicators ==
The HDI was first published in 1990 with the goal of being a more comprehensive measure of human development than purely economic measures such as [[gross domestic product]]. The index incorporates three dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and decent living standards. Various [[indicator (statistics)|indicators]] are used to quantify how countries perform on each dimension. The indicators used in the 2022 report were [[life expectancy|life expectancy at birth]]; expected years of schooling for children; mean years of schooling for adults; and [[gross national income]] per capita. The indicators are used to create a health index, an education index and an income index, each with a value between 0 and 1. The [[geometric mean]] of the three indices—that is, the cube root of the product of the indices—is the human development index. A value above 0.800 is classified as very high, between 0.700 and 0.799 as high, 0.550 to 0.699 as medium, and below 0.550 as low.<ref name="overview">{{Cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI) {{!}} Human Development Reports |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506063421/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf |title=Human Development Report 1990 |date=1 May 1990 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=0-1950-6481-X |pages=iii,iv,5, 9, 12 |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207194131/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Technical notes 2020">{{Cite web |title=Human Development Report 2019 – Technical notes |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020_technical_notes.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606201849/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020_technical_notes.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |pages=2–4}}</ref>

The data used to calculate HDI comes mostly from United Nations agencies and international institutions, such as [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO), [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], the [[World Bank]], [[International Monetary Fund]] and [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD). Rarely, when one of the indicators is missing, cross-country regression models are used. Due to improved data and methodology updates, HDI values are not comparable across human development reports; instead, each report recalculates the HDI for some previous years.<ref name="Technical notes 2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Development Report 2020: Reader's Guide |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2020-readers-guide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416000749/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2020-readers-guide |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref>
[[File:Average annual HDI growth from 2010 to 2023 published in 2025.svg|alt=World map|thumb|240x240px|Average annual HDI growth from 2010 to 2023 published in 2025:{{legend-col|{{Legend|#00112B|≥ 1.4%}}|{{Legend|#08306B|1.2%–1.4%}}|{{Legend|#08519c|1.0%–1.2%}}|{{Legend|#2171b5|0.8%–1.0%}}|{{Legend|#4292c6|0.6%–0.8%}}|{{Legend|#6baed6|0.4%–0.6%}}|{{Legend|#9ecae1|0.2%–0.4%}}|{{Legend|#c6dbef|0.0%–0.2%}}|{{Legend|#fcbba1|−0.5%–0.0%}}|{{Legend|#fc9272|−1.0%–−0.5%}}|{{Legend|#af321e|< −1.0%}}|{{Legend|#c0c0c0|No data}}
}}]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+HDI dimensions and indicators<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610040330/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |publisher=UNDP}}</ref>
! scope=col | Dimensions
! scope=col | Indicators
! scope=col | Dimension index
|-
! scope=row | Long and healthy life
| Life expectancy at birth || Life expectancy index
|-
! scope=row | Knowledge
| Expected years of schooling Mean years of schooling || Education index
|-
! scope=row | A decent standard of living
| GNI per capita (PPP $) || GNI index
|}

== {{sticky header}}{{sort under}}List ==
The [[Human Development Report]] includes data for all 193 [[member states of the United Nations]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Member States |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629090000/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=2023-04-06 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> as well as [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR]] and [[Palestine]]. However, the [[Human Development Index]] is not calculated for two UN member states: [[Monaco]] and [[North Korea]], only some components of the index are calculated for these two countries. The [[Cook Islands]], the [[Holy See]] ([[Vatican City]]), and [[Niue]] are the only three state parties within the [[United Nations System]] which are not included in the report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A World Tour of the States not recognized by the UN |url=https://www.lejournalinternational.fr/A-World-Tour-of-the-States-not-recognized-by-the-UN_a2998.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206041508/https://www.lejournalinternational.fr/A-World-Tour-of-the-States-not-recognized-by-the-UN_a2998.html |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref> In total, the HDI is available for 192 countries and [[Hong Kong|one territory]].<ref name="2022 components">[https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf UNDP Human Development Report 2025]</ref>

Data is for the year 2023.<ref name="2022 components3">{{cite book |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 - A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI |date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn= |publication-date=6 May 2025 |pages= |access-date=6 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506064128/https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025 |archive-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under" {{right}}
|+{{sronly|Human Development Index by country}}
|-

! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col data-sort-type="number"|Change since 2015
! scope=col style="width:17em;"| Country or territory
! scope=col | HDI value
! scope=col data-sort-type="number"| % annual growth (2010–2023)
|-
| 1
| {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Iceland}}
| 0.972
| {{sort|0.28|{{increase}} 0.28%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Norway}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.970
| {{sort|0.25|{{increase}} 0.25%}}
|-
| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Switzerland}}
| {{sort|0.24|{{increase}} 0.24%}}
|-
| 4
| {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Denmark}}
| 0.962
| {{sort|0.35|{{increase}} 0.35%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |5
| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Germany}}
| rowspan="2" |0.959
| {{sort|0.19|{{increase}} 0.19%}}
|-
| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Sweden}}
| {{sort|0.38|{{increase}} 0.38%}}
|-
| 7
| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Australia}}
| 0.958
| {{sort|0.20|{{increase}} 0.20%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 8
| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Hong Kong SAR}}
| rowspan="2" | 0.955
| {{sort|0.38|{{increase}} 0.38%}}
|-
| {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Netherlands}}
| {{sort|0.26|{{increase}} 0.26%}}
|-
| 10
| {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Belgium}}
| 0.951
| {{sort|0.26|{{increase}} 0.26%}}
|-
| 11|| {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Ireland}}
| 0.949 || {{sort|0.38|{{increase}} 0.38%}}
|-
| 12
| {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Finland}}
| 0.948
| {{sort|0.27|{{increase}} 0.27%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |13
| {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Singapore}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.946
| {{sort|0.25|{{increase}} 0.25%}}
|-
| {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| {{sort|0.24|{{increase}} 0.24%}}
|-
| 15
| {{sort|27|{{increase}} (27)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| 0.940
| {{sort|1.04|{{increase}} 1.04%}}
|-
|16|| {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Canada}}
|| 0.939 || {{sort|0.22|{{increase}} 0.22%}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 17|| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Liechtenstein}}
| rowspan="3" | 0.938 || {{sort|0.23|{{increase}} 0.23%}}
|-
| {{sort|-5|{{decrease}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|New Zealand}}
| {{sort|0.13|{{increase}} 0.13%}}
|-
| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|United States}}
| {{sort|0.10|{{increase}} 0.10%}}
|-
|20|| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|South Korea}}
| 0.937 || {{sort|0.36|{{increase}} 0.36%}}
|-
| 21|| {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Slovenia}}
| 0.931 || {{sort|0.33|{{increase}} 0.33%}}
|-
|22
| {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Austria}}
|0.930
| {{sort|0.21|{{increase}} 0.21%}}
|-
|23
| {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Japan}}
|0.925
| {{sort|0.16|{{increase}} 0.16%}}
|-
|24
| {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Malta}}
|0.924
| {{sort|0.50|{{increase}} 0.50%}}
|-
|25
| {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Luxembourg}}
|0.922
| {{sort|0.14|{{increase}} 0.14%}}
|-
|26|| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|France}}
|| 0.920 || {{sort|0.28|{{increase}} 0.28%}}
|-
| 27|| {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Israel}}
| 0.919 || {{sort|0.26|{{increase}} 0.26%}}
|-
|28|| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Spain}}
|| 0.918 || {{sort|0.40|{{increase}} 0.40%}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |29|| {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Czechia}}
| rowspan="3"| 0.915 || {{sort|0.22|{{increase}} 0.22%}}
|-
| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Italy}}
| {{sort|0.30|{{increase}} 0.30%}}
|-
| {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|San Marino}}
| {{sort|-0.32|{{decrease}} 0.32%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |32|| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Andorra}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.913 || {{sort|0.20|{{increase}} 0.20%}}
|-
| {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Cyprus}}
| {{sort|0.45|{{increase}} 0.45%}}
|-
|34|| {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Greece}}
|| 0.908 || {{sort|0.18|{{increase}} 0.18%}}
|-
|35
| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Poland}}
|0.906
| {{sort|0.35|{{increase}} 0.35%}}
|-
|36|| {{sort|-5|{{decrease}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Estonia}}
|| 0.905 || {{sort|0.33|{{increase}} 0.33%}}
|-
|37
| {{sort|9|{{increase}} (9)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|0.900
| {{sort|0.70|{{increase}} 0.70%}}
|-
|38|| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Bahrain}}
|| 0.899 || {{sort|0.80|{{increase}} 0.80%}}
|-
|39
| {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Lithuania}}
|0.895
| {{sort|0.32|{{increase}} 0.32%}}
|-
| 40 || {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Portugal}}
| 0.890 || {{sort|0.42|{{increase}} 0.42%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |41
| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Croatia}}
| rowspan="2" |0.889
| {{sort|0.53|{{increase}} 0.53%}}
|-
| {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Latvia}}
| {{sort|0.51|{{increase}} 0.51%}}
|-
| 43|| {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Qatar}}
| 0.886 || {{sort|0.45|{{increase}} 0.45%}}
|-
|44
| {{sort|-6|{{decrease}} (6)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Slovakia}}
|0.880
| {{sort|0.14|{{increase}} 0.14%}}
|-
|45|| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Chile}}
|| 0.878 || {{sort|0.47|{{increase}} 0.47%}}
|-
|46|| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Hungary}}
|| 0.870 || {{sort|0.22|{{increase}} 0.22%}}
|-
|47|| {{sort|-7|{{decrease}} (7)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Argentina}}
|| 0.865 || {{sort|0.15|{{increase}} 0.15%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |48|| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Montenegro}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.862 || {{sort|0.38|{{increase}} 0.38%}}
|-
| {{sort|13|{{increase}} (13)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Uruguay}}
| {{sort|0.47|{{increase}} 0.47%}}
|-
|50
| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Oman}}
|0.858
| {{sort|0.22|{{increase}} 0.22%}}
|-
| 51|| {{sort|7|{{increase}} (7)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Turkey}}
| 0.853 || {{sort|1.10|{{increase}} 1.10%}}
|-
|52|| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Kuwait}}
|| 0.852 || {{sort|0.36|{{increase}} 0.36%}}
|-
|53|| {{sort|-5|{{decrease}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
|| 0.851 || {{sort|0.18|{{increase}} 0.18%}}
|-
| 54 || {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Seychelles}}
| 0.848 || {{sort|0.30|{{increase}} 0.30%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |55 || {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Bulgaria}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.845 || {{sort|0.09|{{increase}} 0.09%}}
|-
| {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Romania}}
| {{sort|0.14|{{increase}} 0.14%}}
|-
|57
| {{sort|6|{{increase}} (6)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Georgia}}
|0.844
| {{sort|0.54|{{increase}} 0.54%}}
|-
|58|| {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
|| 0.840 || {{sort|0.49|{{increase}} 0.49%}}
|-
|59
| {{sort|6|{{increase}} (6)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Panama}}
|0.839
| {{sort|0.47|{{increase}} 0.47%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |60|| {{sort|-12|{{decrease}} (12)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Brunei}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.837 || {{sort|+0.13|{{increase}} 0.13%}}
|-
| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| {{sort|0.38|{{increase}} 0.38%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |62
| {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Costa Rica}}
| rowspan="2" |0.833
| {{sort|0.39|{{increase}} 0.39%}}
|-
| {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Serbia}}
| {{sort|0.39|{{increase}} 0.39%}}
|-
| 64
| {{sort|-12|{{decrease}} (12)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Russia}}
| 0.832
| {{sort|0.25|{{increase}} 0.25%}}
|-
| 65
| {{sort|-10|{{decrease}} (10)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Belarus}}
| 0.824
| {{sort|0.12|{{increase}} 0.12%}}
|-
| 66
| {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Bahamas}}
| 0.820
| {{sort|0.21|{{increase}} 0.21%}}
|-
| 67
| {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Malaysia}}
| 0.819
| {{sort|0.41|{{increase}} 0.41%}}
|-
| 68
| {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|North Macedonia}}
| 0.815
| {{sort|0.21|{{increase}} 0.21%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |69
| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Armenia}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.811
| {{sort|0.52|{{increase}} 0.52%}}
|-
| {{sort|9|{{increase}} (9)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Barbados}}
| {{sort|0.18|{{increase}} 0.18%}}
|-
| 71
| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Albania}}
| 0.810
| {{sort|0.25|{{increase}} 0.25%}}
|-
| 72
| {{sort|-10|{{decrease}} (10)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| 0.807
| {{sort|0.30|{{increase}} 0.30%}}
|-
| 73
| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Mauritius}}
| 0.806
| {{sort|0.44|{{increase}} 0.44%}}
|-
| 74
| {{sort|7|{{increase}} (7)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| 0.804
| {{sort|0.68|{{increase}} 0.68%}}
|-
| 75 || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Iran}}
| 0.799 || {{sort|0.26|{{increase}} 0.26%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |76
| {{sort|11|{{increase}} (11)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| rowspan="2" |0.798
| {{sort|0.17|{{increase}} 0.17%}}
|-
| {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Thailand}}
| {{sort|0.65|{{increase}} 0.65%}}
|-
|78 || {{sort|16|{{increase}} (16)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|China}}
|| 0.797 || {{sort|1.02|{{increase}} 1.02%}}
|-
|79
| {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Peru}}
|0.794
| {{sort|0.42|{{increase}} 0.42%}}
|-
|80 || {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Grenada}}
|| 0.791 || {{sort|0.15|{{increase}} 0.15%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 81 || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
| rowspan="2" | 0.789 || {{sort|0.30|{{increase}} 0.30%}}
|-
| {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Mexico}}
| {{sort|0.37|{{increase}} 0.37%}}
|-
| 83 || {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Colombia}}
| 0.788 || {{sort|0.29|{{increase}} 0.29%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |84
| {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Brazil}}
| rowspan="2" |0.786
| {{sort|0.43|{{increase}} 0.43%}}
|-
| {{sort|-17|{{decrease}} (17)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Palau}}
| {{sort|0.23|{{increase}} 0.23%}}
|-
| 86 || {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Moldova}}
|| 0.785 || {{sort|0.53|{{increase}} 0.53%}}
|-
|87
| {{sort|-10|{{decrease}} (10)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Ukraine}}
|0.779
| {{sort|-0.35|{{decrease}} 0.35%}}
|-
| 88 || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Ecuador}}
| 0.777 || {{sort|0.32|{{increase}} 0.32%}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |89
| {{sort|6|{{increase}} (6)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
| rowspan="3" |0.776
| {{sort|0.67|{{increase}} 0.67%}}
|-
| {{sort|33|{{increase}} (33)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Guyana}}
| {{sort|1.11|{{increase}} 1.11%}}
|-
| {{sort|-8|{{decrease}} (8)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| {{sort|0.50|{{increase}} 0.50%}}
|-
|92
| {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Tonga}}
|0.769
| {{sort|0.35|{{increase}} 0.35%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 93 || {{sort|10|{{increase}} (10)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Maldives}}
| rowspan="2" | 0.766 || {{sort|0.81|{{increase}} 0.81%}}
|-
| {{sort|16|{{increase}} (16)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Vietnam}}
| {{sort|0.60|{{increase}} 0.60%}}
|-
|95
| {{sort|8|{{increase}} (8)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|0.764
| {{sort|0.52|{{increase}} 0.52%}}
|-
|96
| {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Algeria}}
|0.763
| {{sort|0.27|{{increase}} 0.27%}}
|-
| 97 || {{sort|-16|{{decrease}} (16)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Cuba}}
|| 0.762 || {{sort|-0.16|{{decrease}} 0.16%}}
|-
| 98 || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Dominica}}
| 0.761 || {{sort|0.06|{{increase}} 0.06%}}
|-
|99
| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Paraguay}}
|0.756
| {{sort|0.36|{{increase}} 0.36%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |100 || {{sort|15|{{increase}} (15)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Egypt}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.754 || {{sort|0.73|{{increase}} 0.73%}}
|-
| {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Jordan}}
| {{sort|0.10|{{increase}} 0.10%}}
|-
|102 || {{sort|-12|{{decrease}} (12)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Lebanon}}
|| 0.752 || {{sort|-0.29|{{decrease}} 0.29%}}
|-
|103 || {{sort|-11|{{decrease}} (11)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Saint Lucia}}
|| 0.748 || {{sort|-0.07|{{decrease}} 0.07%}}
|-
| 104 || {{sort|-11|{{decrease}} (11)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Mongolia}}
|| 0.747 || {{sort|0.48|{{increase}} 0.48%}}
|-
|105 || {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Tunisia}}
|| 0.746 || {{sort|0.22|{{increase}} 0.22%}}
|-
|106 || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|South Africa}}
|| 0.741 || {{sort|0.50|{{increase}} 0.50%}}
|-
|107 || {{sort|7|{{increase}} (7)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| 0.740 || {{sort|0.62|{{increase}} 0.62%}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |108
| {{sort|8|{{increase}} (8)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Bolivia}}
| rowspan="3" |0.733
| {{sort|0.45|{{increase}} 0.45%}}
|-
| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Gabon}}
| {{sort|0.46|{{increase}} 0.46%}}
|-
| {{sort|11|{{increase}} (11)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Marshall Islands}}
| {{sort|-1.0|N/A}}{{efn|name=olddata|HDI not available before 2011 in latest report}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |111 || {{sort|9|{{increase}} (9)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Botswana}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.731 || {{sort|0.69|{{increase}} 0.69%}}
|-
| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Fiji}}
| {{sort|0.35|{{increase}} 0.35%}}
|-
|113 || {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Indonesia}}
| 0.728 || {{sort|0.56|{{increase}} 0.56%}}
|-
|114
| {{sort|-6|{{decrease}} (6)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Suriname}}
|0.722
| {{sort|-0.07|{{decrease}} 0.07%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |115 || {{sort|-9|{{decrease}} (9)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Belize}}
| rowspan="2" | 0.721 || {{sort|-0.23|{{decrease}} 0.23%}}
|-
| {{sort|-14|{{decrease}} (14)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Libya}}
| {{sort|-0.31|{{decrease}} 0.31%}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |117|| {{sort|-6|{{decrease}} (6)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Jamaica}}
| rowspan="3" |0.720|| {{sort|-0.06|{{decrease}} 0.06%}}
|-
| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| {{sort|0.49|{{increase}} 0.49%}}
|-
| {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Philippines}}
| {{sort|0.45|{{increase}} 0.45%}}
|-
| 120 || {{sort|7|{{increase}} (7)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Morocco}}
| 0.710 || {{sort|1.21|{{increase}} 1.21%}}
|-
|121
| {{sort|-37|{{decrease}} (37)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Venezuela}}
|0.709
| {{sort|-0.68|{{decrease}} 0.68%}}
|-
|122 || {{sort|-9|{{decrease}} (9)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Samoa}}
|| 0.708 || {{sort|-0.02|{{decrease}} 0.02%}}
|-
|123 || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Nicaragua}}
|| 0.706 || {{sort|0.76|{{increase}} 0.76%}}
|-
|124
| {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Nauru}}
|0.703
| {{sort|1.84|{{increase}} 1.84%}}
|-
|125 || {{sort|9|{{increase}} (9)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Bhutan}}
|| 0.698 || {{sort|1.32|{{increase}} 1.32%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |126
| {{sort|16|{{increase}} (16)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Eswatini}}
| rowspan="2" |0.695
| {{sort|1.70|{{increase}} 1.70%}}
|-
| {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Iraq}}
| {{sort|0.57|{{increase}} 0.57%}}
|-
|128
| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Tajikistan}}
|0.691
| {{sort|0.61|{{increase}} 0.61%}}
|-
|129 || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Tuvalu}}
|0.689|| {{sort|0.39|{{increase}} 0.39%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |130 || {{sort|9|{{increase}} (9)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.685 || {{sort|1.54|{{increase}} 1.54%}}
|-
| {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|India}}
| {{sort|0.99|{{increase}} 0.99%}}
|-
|132 || {{sort|-7|{{decrease}} (7)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|El Salvador}}
|| 0.678 || {{sort|0.21|{{increase}} 0.21%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |133 || {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.674 || {{sort|0.54|{{increase}} 0.54%}}
|-
| {{sort|-21|{{decrease}} (21)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Palestine}}
| {{sort|0.33|{{increase}} 0.33%}}
|-
|135 || {{sort|-7|{{decrease}} (7)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Cape Verde}}
|| 0.668 || {{sort|0.15|{{increase}} 0.15%}}
|-
|136
| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Namibia}}
|0.665
| {{sort|0.36|{{increase}} 0.36%}}
|-
|137 || {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Guatemala}}
|| 0.662 || {{sort|0.21|{{increase}} 0.21%}}
|-
|138 || {{sort|-6|{{decrease}} (6)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
|| 0.649 || {{sort|0.17|{{increase}} 0.17%}}
|-
|139 || {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Honduras}}
|| 0.645 || {{sort|0.38|{{increase}} 0.38%}}
|-
|140 || {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Kiribati}}
|| 0.644 || {{sort|0.61|{{increase}} 0.61%}}
|-
|141
| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|0.637
| {{sort|0.86|{{increase}} 0.86%}}
|-
|142 || {{sort|-5|{{decrease}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Timor-Leste}}
|| 0.634 || {{sort|-1.01|{{decrease}} 1.01%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |143 || {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Ghana}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.628 || {{sort|0.44|{{increase}} 0.44%}}
|-
| {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Kenya}}
| {{sort|0.82|{{increase}} 0.82%}}
|-
|145 || {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Nepal}}
| 0.622 || {{sort|0.85|{{increase}} 0.85%}}
|-
|146 || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Vanuatu}}
| 0.621 || {{sort|0.50|{{increase}} 0.50%}}
|-
|147 || {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Laos}}
|| 0.617 || {{sort|0.90|{{increase}} 0.90%}}
|-
|148 || {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Angola}}
|| 0.616 || {{sort|1.14|{{increase}} 1.14%}}
|-
|149 || {{sort|-6|{{decrease}} (6)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Micronesia}}
|| 0.615 || {{sort|-0.13|{{decrease}} 0.13%}}
|-
|150 || {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Myanmar}}
|| 0.609 || {{sort|1.54|{{increase}} 1.54%}}
|-
|151 || {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Cambodia}}
|| 0.606 || {{sort|0.85|{{increase}} 0.85%}}
|-
|152 || {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Comoros}}
|| 0.603 || {{sort|0.94|{{increase}} 0.94%}}
|-
|153
| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|0.598
| {{sort|1.12|{{increase}} 1.12%}}
|-
|154 || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Zambia}}
|| 0.595 || {{sort|0.63|{{increase}} 0.63%}}
|-
|155 || {{sort|-5|{{decrease}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Cameroon}}
|| 0.588 || {{sort|1.10|{{increase}} 1.10%}}
|-
|156 || {{sort|-7|{{decrease}} (7)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Solomon Islands}}
| 0.584 || {{sort|0.13|{{increase}} 0.13%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 157 || {{sort|10|{{increase}} (10)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Ivory Coast}}
| rowspan="2" | 0.582 || {{sort|1.07|{{increase}} 1.07%}}
|-
| {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Uganda}}
| {{sort|0.80|{{increase}} 0.80%}}
|-
| 159 || {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Rwanda}}
| 0.578 || {{sort|1.02|{{increase}} 1.02%}}
|-
|160 || {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
|| 0.576 || {{sort|1.12|{{increase}} 1.12%}}
|-
|161 || {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Togo}}
| 0.571 || {{sort|1.29|{{increase}} 1.29%}}
|-
|162
| {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Syria}}
|0.564
| {{sort|-1.42|{{decrease}} 1.42%}}
|-
|163
| {{sort|-5|{{decrease}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Mauritania}}
|0.563
| {{sort|0.51|{{increase}} 0.51%}}
|-
|164
| {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Nigeria}}
|0.560
| {{sort|0.97|{{increase}} 0.97%}}
|-
|165
| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Tanzania}}
|0.555
| {{sort|0.64|{{increase}} 0.64%}}
|-
|166 || {{sort|-9|{{decrease}} (9)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Haiti}}
|| 0.554 || {{sort|1.74|{{increase}} 1.74%}}
|-
|167 || {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Lesotho}}
|| 0.550 || {{sort|0.86|{{increase}} 0.86%}}
|-
|168
| {{sort|-5|{{decrease}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Pakistan}}
|0.544
| {{sort|0.71|{{increase}} 0.71%}}
|-
|169 || {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Senegal}}
|| 0.530 || {{sort|0.80|{{increase}} 0.80%}}
|-
|170 || {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Gambia}}
|| 0.524 || {{sort|0.82|{{increase}} 0.82%}}
|-
|171 || {{sort|8|{{increase}} (8)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|| 0.522 || {{sort|1.06|{{increase}} 1.06%}}
|-
|172 || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Malawi}}
|| 0.517 || {{sort|0.81|{{increase}} 0.81%}}
|-
|173 || {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Benin}}
|| 0.515 || {{sort|0.39|{{increase}} 0.39%}}
|-
|174 || {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
|| 0.514 || {{sort|0.76|{{increase}} 0.76%}}
|-
|175 || {{sort|6|{{increase}} (6)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Djibouti}}
|| 0.513 || {{sort|1.67|{{increase}} 1.67%}}
|-
|176 || {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Sudan}}
|| 0.511 || {{sort|0.45|{{increase}} 0.45%}}
|-
| 177 || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Liberia}}
| 0.510 || {{sort|0.48|{{increase}} 0.48%}}
|-
|178 || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Eritrea}}
|| 0.503 || {{sort|0.62|{{increase}} 0.62%}}
|-
|179 || {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Guinea}}
|| 0.500 || {{sort|1.06|{{increase}} 1.06%}}
|-
|180 || {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Ethiopia}}
|| 0.497 || {{sort|1.55|{{increase}} 1.55%}}
|-
|181 || {{sort|-7|{{decrease}} (7)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|name=Afghanistan}}
|| 0.496 || {{sort|0.24|{{increase}} 0.24%}}
|-
|182 || {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Mozambique}}
|| 0.493 || {{sort|1.04|{{increase}} 1.04%}}
|-
|183
| {{sort|-11|{{decrease}} (11)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Madagascar}}
|0.487
| {{sort|-0.02|{{decrease}} 0.02%}}
|-
|184 || {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Yemen}}
|| 0.470 || {{sort|-1.30|{{decrease}} 1.30%}}
|-
|185 || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|| 0.467 || {{sort|0.80|{{increase}} 0.80%}}
|-
|186 || {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|| 0.459 || {{sort|1.37|{{increase}} 1.37%}}
|-
|187 || {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Burundi}}
|| 0.439 || {{sort|0.32|{{increase}} 0.32%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |188 || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Mali}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.419 || {{sort|0.08|{{increase}} 0.08%}}
|-
| {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Niger}}
| {{sort|1.34|{{increase}} 1.34%}}
|-
|190
| {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Chad}}
|0.416
| {{sort|0.66|{{increase}} 0.66%}}
|-
|191 || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Central African Republic}}
|| 0.414 || {{sort|0.58|{{increase}} 0.58%}}
|-
|192 || {{sort|-1.0|N/A}}{{efn|HDI not available before 2022}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|Somalia}}
|| 0.404|| {{sort|-1.0|N/A}}{{efn|HDI not available before 2022}}
|-
|193 || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! scope=row {{left}} {{flag|South Sudan}}
|| 0.388|| {{sort|-0.61|{{decrease}} 0.61%}}
|}

== Regions and groups ==
The Human Development Report also reports the HDI for various groups of countries. These include regional groupings based on the UNDP regional classifications,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Developing regions {{!}} Human Development Reports |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/developing-regions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606201903/https://www.google.com/ads/ga-audiences?v=1&aip=1&t=sr&_r=4&tid=UA-24131528-15&cid=1091213072.1623010743&jid=1881592368&_v=5.7.2&z=1051211230 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> HDI groups including the countries currently falling into a given HDI bracket, OECD members and various other UN groupings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Development Report 2020: Reader's Guide {{!}} Human Development Reports |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2020-readers-guide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416000749/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2020-readers-guide |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> The aggregate HDI values are calculated in the same way as for individual countries with the input data being the weighted average for all countries with available data in the group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Development Report 2020 – Technical notes |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020_technical_notes.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606201849/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020_technical_notes.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |page=4}}</ref>

{{table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders col1left" style="text-align:center"
|+ Table of regions and groups by HDI<ref name="2022 region">{{Cite book |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26451-7 |pages=280 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! Region or group
! 1990
! 2000
! 2010
!2015
! 2020
! 2021
! 2022
!2023
!Annual growth (1990-2023)
|-
! scope="row" | [[OECD]]
|| 0.801 || 0.846 || 0.883
|0.899|| 0.903 || 0.904
|0.910
|0.916
| +0.41%
|-
! scope="row" | ''Very high human development''
|| 0.797 || 0.838 || 0.879
|0.898|| 0.901 || 0.903
|0.908
|0.914
| +0.42%
|-
! scope="row" | [[Europe]] and [[Central Asia]]
|| 0.674 || 0.686 || 0.753
|0.789|| 0.802 || 0.803
|0.815
|0.818
| +0.59%
|-
! scope="row" | [[Latin America and the Caribbean]]
|| 0.648 || 0.697 || 0.747
|0.767|| 0.764 || 0.762
|0.778
|0.783
| +0.58%
|-
! scope="row" | ''High human development''
|| 0.569 || 0.636 || 0.714
|0.744|| 0.763 || 0.766
|0.774
|0.777
| +0.95%
|-
! scope="row" | [[Asia-Pacific|East Asia and the Pacific]]
|| 0.514 || 0.604 || 0.699
|0.735|| 0.764 || 0.768
|0.773
|0.775
| +1.25%
|-
! scope="row" | World
|| 0.608 || 0.651 || 0.707
|0.731|| 0.742 || 0.742
|0.752
|0.756
| +0.66%
|-
! scope="row" | [[Small Island Developing States]]
|| 0.617 || 0.660 || 0.702
|0.727|| 0.731 || 0.727
|0.737
|0.739
| +0.55%
|-
! scope="row" | [[Arab world|Arab states]]
|| 0.550 || 0.615 || 0.670
|0.693|| 0.707 || 0.710
|0.716
|0.719
| +0.82%
|-
! scope="row" | [[Developing country|Developing countries]]
|| 0.520 || 0.576 || 0.649
|0.680|| 0.696 || 0.696
|0.708
|0.712
| +0.96%
|-
! scope="row" | [[South Asia]]
|| 0.454 || 0.508 || 0.590
|0.627|| 0.645 || 0.641
|0.665
|0.672
| +1.20%
|-
! scope="row" | ''Medium human development''
|| 0.439 || 0.491 || 0.573
|0.611|| 0.631 || 0.629
|0.649
|0.656
| +1.22%
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]
|| 0.405 || 0.435 || 0.510
|0.540|| 0.557 || 0.558
|0.565
|0.568
| +1.03%
|-
! scope="row" | [[Least developed countries]]
|| 0.360 || 0.411 || 0.494
|0.526|| 0.550 || 0.549
|0.555
|0.560
| +1.35%
|-
! scope="row" | ''Low human development''
|| 0.346 || 0.393 || 0.467
|0.491|| 0.507 || 0.507
|0.512
|0.515
| +1.21%
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of countries by Human Development Index by region]]
** [[List of African countries by Human Development Index|Africa]]
** [[List of countries in Asia and Oceania by Human Development Index|Asia and Oceania]]
** [[List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index|Europe]]
** [[List of Latin American countries by Human Development Index|Latin America]]
* [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index]]
* [[List of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index]]
* [[List of subnational entities with the highest and lowest Human Development Index]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://hdr.undp.org UN Human Development Reports]

{{Deprivation Indicators}}

{{Global economic classifications}}

{{Population country lists}}

{{Quality of life country lists}}

{{Subnational entities by Human Development Index}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Countries By Human Development Index, List Of}}
[[Category:Lists of countries by Human Development Index| ]]

Cynodon dactylon

2026-02-24T05:35:44Z

AAZAMAZEEM: correct details for clarity further and added references

{{Short description|Species of grass}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Cynodon dactylon 2.jpg
|genus = Cynodon
|species = dactylon
|authority = ([[L.]]) [[Pers.]]
|synonyms = {{Collapsible list |
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Agrostis bermudiana'' {{Au|Tussac. ex Kunth}} nom. inval.
*''Agrostis filiformis'' {{Au|J.Koenig ex Kunth}} nom. inval.
*''Agrostis linearis'' {{Au|Retz.}}
*''Agrostis stellata'' {{Au|Willd.}}
*''Capriola dactylon'' {{Au|(L.) Kuntze}}
*''Capriola dactylon'' {{Au|(L.) Hitchc.}}
*''Chloris cynodon'' {{Au|Trin.}} nom. illeg.
*''Chloris maritima'' {{Au|Trin.}}
*''Chloris paytensis'' {{Au|Steud.}}
*''Cynodon affinis'' {{Au|Caro & E.A.Sánchez}}
*''Cynodon aristiglumis'' {{Au|Caro & E.A.Sánchez}}
*''Cynodon aristulatus'' {{Au|Caro & E.A.Sánchez}}
*''Cynodon barberi'' f. ''longifolia'' {{Au|Join}}
*''Cynodon decipiens'' {{Au|Caro & E.A.Sánchez}}
*''Cynodon distichloides'' {{Au|Caro & E.A.Sánchez}}
*''Cynodon erectus'' {{Au|J.Presl}}
*''Cynodon glabratus'' {{Au|Steud.}}
*''Cynodon grandispiculus'' {{Au|Caro & E.A.Sánchez}} nom. inval.
*''Cynodon hirsutissimus'' {{Au|(Litard. & Maire) Caro & E.A.Sánchez}}
*''Cynodon iraquensis'' {{Au|Caro}}
*''Cynodon laeviglumis'' {{Au|Caro & E.A.Sánchez}}
*''Cynodon linearis'' {{Au|Willd.}}
*''Cynodon maritimus'' {{Au|Kunth}}
*''Cynodon mucronatus'' {{Au|Caro & E.A.Sánchez}}
*''Cynodon nitidus'' {{Au|Caro & E.A.Sánchez}}
*''Cynodon occidentalis'' {{Au|Willd. ex Steud.}} nom. inval.
*''Cynodon pascuus'' {{Au|Nees}}
*''Cynodon pedicellatus'' {{Au|Caro}}
*''Cynodon polevansii'' {{Au|Stent}}
*''Cynodon portoricensis'' {{Au|Willd. ex Steud.}} nom. inval.
*''Cynodon repens'' {{Au|Dulac}} nom. illeg.
*''Cynodon sarmentosus'' {{Au|Gray}} nom. illeg.
*''Cynodon scabrifolius'' {{Au|Caro}}
*''Cynodon stellatus'' {{Au|Willd.}}
*''Cynodon tenuis'' {{Au|Trin.}}
*''Cynodon umbellatus'' {{Au|(Lam.) Caro}}
*''Cynosurus dactylon'' {{Au|(L.) Pers.}}
*''Cynosurus uniflorus'' {{Au|Walter}}
*''Dactilon officinale'' {{Au|Vill.}} nom. illeg.
*''Dactylus officinalis'' {{Au|Asch.}} nom. inval.
*''Digitaria ambigua'' {{Au|(Lapeyr. ex DC.) Mérat}}
*''Digitaria dactylon'' {{Au|(L.) Scop.}}
*''Digitaria glumaepatula'' {{Au|(Steud.) Miq.}}
*''Digitaria glumipatula'' {{Au|(Steud.) Miq.}}
*''Digitaria linearis'' {{Au|(L.) Pers.}}
*''Digitaria linearis'' {{Au|(Retz.) Spreng.}}
*''Digitaria littoralis'' {{Au|Salisb.}} nom. illeg.
*''Digitaria maritima'' {{Au|(Kunth) Spreng.}}
*''Digitaria stolonifera'' {{Au|Schrad.}} nom. illeg.
*''Fibichia dactylon'' {{Au|(L.) Beck}}
*''Fibichia umbellata'' {{Au|Koeler}} nom. illeg.
*''Milium dactylon'' {{Au|(L.) Moench}}
*''Panicum ambiguum'' {{Au|(DC.) Le Turq.}}
*''Panicum dactylon'' {{Au|L.}}
*''Panicum glumipatulum'' {{Au|Steud.}}
*''Panicum lineare'' {{Au|L.}}
*''Paspalum ambiguum'' {{Au|DC.}}
*''Paspalum dactylon'' {{Au|(L.) Lam.}}
*''Paspalum umbellatum'' {{Au|Lam.}}
*''Phleum dactylon'' {{Au|(L.) Georgi}}
*''Syntherisma linearis'' {{Au|(L.) Nash}}
*''Vilfa linearis'' {{Au|(Retz.) P.Beauv.}}
*''Vilfa stellata'' {{Au|(Willd.) P.Beauv.}}
}}
}}
|synonyms_ref =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-406339|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species}}</ref>
|}}

'''''Cynodon dactylon''''', commonly known as '''Bermuda grass''' or as '''couch grass''' in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], is a [[Poaceae|grass]] found worldwide. It is native to [[Europe]], [[Africa]], Australia, and much of [[Asia]] and has been introduced to the Americas.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:397065-1 |title = Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. {{pipe}} Plants of the World Online {{pipe}} Kew Science}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/17463 |title= CABI Invasive Species Compendium|date= 2014|doi= 10.1079/cabicompendium.17463|last1= Rojas-Sandoval|first1= J.|last2= Acevedo-Rodríguez|first2= P.|journal= CABI Compendium|volume= CABI Compendium|article-number= 17463}}</ref>

Contrary to its common name, ''Cynodon dactylon'' is not native to [[Bermuda]] but is an abundant [[invasive species]] there. In Bermuda, it has been known as '''crabgrass''', also a name for ''[[Digitaria sanguinalis]]''. Other names include '''''dhoob''''', '''''dūrvā'' grass''', '''''ethana'' grass''', '''''dubo''''', '''dog grass''', '''dog's tooth grass''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraq |url=http://lntreasures.com/iraq.html |access-date=5 November 2015 |publisher=lntreasures.com}}</ref> '''Bahama grass''', '''devil's grass''', '''couch grass''', '''Indian ''doab''''', '''''arugampul''''', '''grama''', '''wiregrass''', and '''scutch grass'''.

Hybrid species of the grass are [[taxonomically]] known as ''Cynodon dactylon'' × ''transvaalensis''. These [[interspecific hybrids]] are the result of cross-pollination between different cultivars. Hybrid [[cultivars]] of the grass are commonly developed by selecting individual plants with desirable traits from seeded or [[vegetatively propagated]] stands.<ref>{{cite web| last1=Samples| first1=Tom| last2=Sorochan| first2=John| title=Bermudagrass| publisher=University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture| year=2023| url=https://utia.tennessee.edu/publications/wp-content/uploads/sites/269/2023/10/W159-A.pdf| access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref> These cultivars are typically [[triploids]], meaning they contain three sets of chromosomes.<ref>{{cite web| last=Roche| first=John| title=Characterization of vegetative bermudagrasses (*Cynodon* spp.) for functional turfgrass| publisher=Michigan State University| year=2013| url=https://archive.lib.msu.edu/tic/thesdiss/roche2013.pdf| access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Cynodon dactylon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Growing in [[Honokohau Settlement and Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park|Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park]] on the [[Island of Hawaiʻi]]]]
The blades are grey-green in color and short, usually {{Convert|2|–|15|cm|abbr=on}} long with rough edges.<ref name="bidgeebush">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J1VAQAACAAJ|title=Bidgee bush: an identification guide to common native plant species of the south western slopes of New South Wales |last1=Walker |first1=Karen |last2=Burrows|first2= Geoff|last3= McMahon|first3= Lynne |year=2001 |publisher=Greening Australia |location=Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory |isbn=978-1-875345-61-8 |page=82 |access-date=21 March 2010}}</ref> The erect stems can grow {{convert|1|–|30|cm|abbr=on}} tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often white or green, and occasionally tinged purple in colour.

The seed heads are produced in a cluster of two to six spikes together at the top of the stem, each spike {{convert|2|–|5|cm|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="bidgeebush" />

''Cynodon dactylon'' has a deep root system. When grown in penetrable soil under drought conditions, its roots can grow to over {{convert|2|m|ft}} deep, though most of the root mass is less than {{convert|60|cm|in}} under the surface. The grass creeps along the ground with its [[stolons]] and roots wherever a node touches the ground, forming a dense mat. ''C. dactylon'' reproduces through seeds, stolons, and [[rhizome]]s.

The grass starts actively growing at temperatures above {{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} with ideal growth between {{convert|24|and|37|C|F}}; in winter or in the [[dry season]], the grass becomes [[Dormancy#Plants|dormant]] and turns light brown. Optimal development also occurs in areas of full sun exposure, while dense shade, especially near tree bases, generally suppresses it.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Cultivation==
''Cynodon dactylon'' is widely cultivated in warm climates all over the world between about 30° S and 30° N latitude, and in regions that receive between {{convert|625|and|1750|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall a year, or less, if irrigation is available. For example, in the United States, it is grown mostly in the [[Southern United States|southern half]] of the country.

[[File:Tiger striping grass.png|thumb|upright=1.1|Cultivated Bermuda grass with "tiger striping", caused by [[Rayleigh–Bénard convection]] during the first frosts of the fall. The frost regions turn brown after several days, and the frost-free regions remain green.<ref>Ackerson BJ, Beier RA, Martin DL. Ground level air convection produces frost damage patterns in turfgrass. Int J Biometeorol. 2015;59:1655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-015-0972-3</ref> The spatial scale of the pattern is ~20 cm.]]

===Cultivars===
Hundreds of cultivars have been created specifically for environmental tolerance and stakeholder requirements. New cultivars are released annually.<ref>Shi H, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Ye T, Chan Z. Analysis of natural variation in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) reveals physiological responses underlying drought tolerance. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(12):e53422.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://caes2.caes.uga.edu/commodities/turfgrass/grass-breeding/tifway.htm|title=Warm-Season Grass Breeding|website=www.uga.edu|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035617/http://caes2.caes.uga.edu/commodities/turfgrass/grass-breeding/tifway.htm}}</ref>

==Uses==
===Religious===
Commonly known as ''durva'' or ''dūrvāyugma'' in [[India]], this grass is used in the [[Ayurveda]] system of medicine.<ref name="Kandwal&Sharma2011" /> Performing a rite called "the consecration of [[Rudra]] (Sanskrit ''Rudrabhisheka'')" described in the [[Purāṇas]] while offering durva 11 times bestows long life.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

In Hinduism, it is considered important in the worship of Lord [[Ganesha]].<ref>Chavan, T. B., Masal, V. P., & Ghalme, R. L. STUDY ON MEDICINAL AND TRADITIONAL FESTIVAL PLANTS USED IN HINDU RELIGION FROM RATNAGIRI DISTRICT OF MAHARASHTRA.</ref><ref>Singh, R. P. (2023). Symbolism, sacrality, and foodscapes in Hindu pilgrimage system. D. Munro, B. Noel, H. Daniel, & Olsen (Eds.), Food, the pilgrim, and faith-based travel, 121-134.</ref> A clump of 21 shoots of this grass is usually offered during [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (worship).{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} It has been a part of Hindu rituals since Vedic times.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} A unique festival called [[Durga Ashtami]], dedicated to this grass, is celebrated on the eighth day of the Navratri festival.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Majupuria|first=Trilok Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiBPAQAAIAAJ&q=durva+grass|title=Religious & useful plants of Nepal & India: (medicinal plants and flowers as mentioned in religious myths and legends of Hinduism and Buddhism)|date=2009|publisher=Rohit Kumar (Majupuria)|isbn=978-9937-2-0473-6|language=en}}</ref>

It is known as ''arugampull'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], ''garikēhullu'' in [[Kannada]] and ''karuka'' in [[Malayalam]], and is part of the [[Dasapushpam|Dashapushpam]] (ten sacred flowers) in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vijayan Namboothiri, Mini|title='Dashapushpam'- through the looking glasses of Science and Religion|isbn=978-620-0-31860-2|oclc=1197284682}}</ref>
[[File:Nepali Hindu Wedding (10).jpg|alt=Groom tying a dubo garland on his bride's neck, in a Nepalese Khas Hindu wedding.|thumb|upright=1.1|A groom tying a dubo garland around the bride's neck in a [[Nepal]]ese [[Hindu]] wedding]]

In [[Nepal]], the grass is known as ''dubo'' and is used by the Hindus. According to Nepalese Hindus, the grass symbolizes long life. The grass is an essential item for the [[Naga Panchami]] festival as well as the [[Gaura (festival)|Gaura festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=आज नागपञ्चमी पर्व मनाइँदै, यस्तो छ धार्मिक मान्यता |url=https://www.nepalipatra.com/news/naagpanchami/77727 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Nepalipatra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सुदूरपश्चिममा गौरा पर्व सुरु |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/08/1004781 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Online Khabar |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=किन नागलाई दूध र दुबो चढाइन्छ ? |url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/kin-naaglaaii-duudh-r-dubo-cddhaainch-184606 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=किन नागलाई दूध र दुबो चढाइन्छ ? |language=ne}}</ref> In a Nepalese Hindu wedding, a garland made of this grass is worn by both bride and groom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=Love and Marriage in Nepal |url=https://www.vogue.com/projects/13534534/love-marriage-nepal-wedding |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Vogue |language=en-US |quote=nd a garland of flowers and dubo or durva grass, a symbol of long life.}}</ref>

This grass is a Yoruba herb used for Esu or Elegba in the [[Ifá]] system of [[orisha]]s.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

===Medicinal value===
The [[rhizome]]s are reported to act as a [[diuretic]] in humans, and the grass juice can act as an [[astringent]].<ref name="Kandwal&Sharma2011">{{cite journal |last1=Kandwal |first1=Manish K. |last2=Sharma |first2=M. L. |title=Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers.: a self-treatment grass for dogs |journal=Current Science |date=2011 |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=619–621 |jstor=24078622 }}</ref>

It has been observed that ''Cynodon dactylon'' may be selectively eaten by [[dog]]s to swiftly induce [[vomiting]] when they have gastrointestinal problems. The effect may be due to irritation caused by bristles on the leaf margin.<ref name="Kandwal&Sharma2011" />

===Other===
[[File:Cynodon dactylon at Peradeniya Royal Botanical Garden.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|''Cynodon dactylon'' (foreground, the background grass is a separate species) at Peradeniya Royal Botanical Garden]]
Bermuda grass is fast-growing and tough, making it a popular choice for sports fields because it will recover quickly when damaged. It is a highly desirable turfgrass in warm temperate climates, particularly in hot and dry regions where it will survive while other grass species cannot.

The combination of heat and drought tolerance makes Bermuda grass a frequent choice for [[golf course]]s in the [[Lawns in the United States|southern and southeastern United States]] and [[South Africa]]. Bermuda grass is also commonly used for football and baseball fields. It has a relatively coarse-bladed form with numerous [[cultivar]]s selected for different turf requirements.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Bermuda grass has been cultivated in [[saline soils]] in [[California]]'s [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]], which are too salt-damaged to support agricultural crops; it was successfully [[irrigated]] with saline water and used to graze [[cattle]].<ref>
{{cite journal|last=Kaffka|first=Stephen|year=2009|title=Can feedstock production for biofuels be sustainable in California?|url=http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca6304p202-72959.pdf|journal=California Agriculture|volume=63|issue=4|pages=202–207|doi=10.3733/ca.v063n04p202|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813233813/http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca6304p202-72959.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2017|access-date=9 June 2013}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/169879.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927125255/http://ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/169879.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2015|title=Bermuda Grass Yield and Quality in Response to Different Salinity and N, Se, Mo, and B Rates in West San Joaquin Valley|author1=Stephen Kaffka|author2=Stephen Grattan|website=UC Center for Water Resources|author3=Dennis Corwi|author4=Maximo Alonso|author5=George E. Brown Jr.}}</ref>

==Ecology==
[[File:Bermuda Grass growing out of a curb.jpg|thumb|236px|''Cynodon dactylon'' growing out of a concrete [[curb]]]]

===Invasive species===
Bermuda grass can be a highly aggressive [[invasive species]], crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitats, and has become a hard-to-eradicate [[weed]] in some areas. It can be controlled somewhat with [[triclopyr]], [[mesotrione]], [[Fluazifop|fluazifop-p-butyl]], and [[glyphosate]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |url=http://www.lawnsite.com/showthread.php?t=346799 |title=Tenacity and Bermuda Control - LawnSite.com - Lawn Care & Landscaping Business Forum |publisher=Lawnsite.com |access-date=8 June 2013 |archive-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726185545/http://www.lawnsite.com/showthread.php?t=346799 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1094/ATS-2005-0119-01-RS |author1=Teuton T.C. |author2=J.B. Unruh |author3=B.J. Brecke |author4=G.L. Miller |year=2005 |title=Hybrid Bermudagrass (''Cynodon dactylon'' (L) Pers. x ''C. transvaalensis'' Burtt-Davy) Control with Glyphosate and Fluazifop-p-butyl |journal=Applied Turfgrass Science |s2cid=221234330 |url=http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/ats/research/2005/hybrid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321165942/http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/ats/research/2005/hybrid |archive-date=21 March 2011|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

This weedy nature leads some gardeners to give it the name of '''devil grass'''. Bermuda grass is incredibly difficult to control in flower beds, and most herbicides do not work. However, Ornamec, Ornamec 170, Turflon ester (tricyclopyr), and Imazapyr have shown some effectiveness. All of these items are difficult to find in retail stores, as they are primarily marketed to professional landscapers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://turf.uark.edu/research/research+series/475/BERMUDAGRASS+CONTROL+WITH+ARSENAL.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609203444/http://turf.uark.edu/research/research%20series/475/BERMUDAGRASS%20CONTROL%20WITH%20ARSENAL.pdf|title=BERMUDAGRASS CONTROL WITH ARSENAL |archive-date=9 June 2010|author=John Boyd|author2=Brian N. Rodgers}}</ref>

===Toxicity===
The [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] variety [[Tifton 85]], like some other grasses (e.g. [[sorghum]]), produces [[cyanide]] under certain conditions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soiltesting.tamu.edu/publications/E-543.pdf|title=Nitrates and Prussic Acid in Forages|first1=T. L.|last1=Provin|first2=J. L.|last2=Pitt|publisher=Texas A&M University System|access-date=24 June 2012|archive-date=21 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721225032/http://soiltesting.tamu.edu/publications/E-543.pdf}}</ref> and has been implicated in several livestock deaths.

==References==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Col-end}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/GBASE/DATA/PF000208.HTM FAO.org factsheet: ''Cynodon dactylon''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830111118/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/GBASE/DATA/PF000208.HTM |date=30 August 2010}}
*[http://www.cimantalya.com Cim Antalya factsheet: ''Bermuda Çim'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q208705}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chloridoideae]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Australasia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Coral Sea Islands Territory]]
[[Category:Forages]]
[[Category:Lawn grasses]]
[[Category:Plants in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Grasses of Lebanon]]

Sumitra Mahajan

2026-02-24T05:35:03Z

AAZAMAZEEM:

{{short description|16th Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 2014 to 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name = Sumitra Sathe
| name = Sumitra Mahajan
| image = Sumitra Mahajan1.jpg
| image_size =
| smallimage = 
| alt =
| caption = Mahajan in 2019
| office1 = 16th [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
| president1 = *[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
*[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| deputy1 = [[M. Thambidurai]]
| 2blankname1 = [[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]]
| 2namedata1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Meira Kumar]]
| successor1 = [[Om Birla]]
| term_start1 = 6 June 2014
| term_end1 = 17 June 2019
| office3 = [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Union Minister of State]]
| term_start3 = October 1999
| term_end3 = May 2004
| primeminister3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 1blankname3 = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 1namedata3 = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname3 = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| 2namedata3 = 24 May 2003 - 22 May 2004
| 3blankname3 = [[Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (India)|Communications and Information Technology]]
| 3namedata3 = 1 July 2002 - 24 May 2003
| 4blankname3 = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Human Resource Development]]
| 4namedata3 = 13 October 1999 - 1 July 2002
| office8 = [[List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency8 = [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore, Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start8 = 18 December 1989
| term_end8 = 24 May 2019
| predecessor8 = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| successor8 = [[Shankar Lalwani]]
| office10 = [[Deputy Mayor]] of [[Indore Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start10 = 1984
| term_end10 = 1985
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|04|12|df=y}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Chiplun]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2021)
| spouse = {{marriage|Jayant Mahajan|1965}}
| residence = [[Indore|68, Manishpuri, Saket Nagar]]
| children = 2
| father =
| mother =
| nickname = ''Tai''
| alma_mater = [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]]
| footnotes = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;
|title = Political offices
|bullets = on
| 1992–1994 : Vice President, Bharatiya Janata Party, Madhya Pradesh
| 1995-1996 : Secretary, Bharatiya Janata Party, Parliamentary Board and Chairman, Parliamentary Board, [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1996-1998 : [[Secretary]], [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| 1998-1999 : [[General Secretary]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
}}

'''Sumitra "Tai" Mahajan''' ([[Married and maiden names|''née'']] '''Sathe'''; born 12 April 1943; {{IPA|hi|sʊmɪt̪ɾaː məɦaːd͡ʒən̪}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/sumitra-mahajan-tai|title=Sumitra Mahajan (Tai) - National Portal of India|website=India.gov.in|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] who was the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] from 2014 to 2019.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sumitra-Mahajan-elected-Lok-Sabha-Speaker/articleshow/36136781.cms|title=Sumitra Mahajan elected Lok Sabha Speaker. |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> She belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She represented the [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]] constituency of [[Madhya Pradesh]] from 1989 to 2019 as the longest serving Woman [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sumitra-Mahajan-elected-Lok-Sabha-Speaker/articleshow/36136781.cms|title=Sumitra Mahajan elected Lok Sabha Speaker | India News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 June 2014 }}</ref>

She also served as a [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister of State]] from 1999 to 2004, holding the portfolios of Human Resource Development, Communications and Information Technology and Petroleum and Natural Gas.<ref name="47.132">{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=220 |title=Fifteenth Lok Sabha - Members Bioprofile |access-date=18 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518174109/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=220 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She also held position of Chairperson of Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment (2004-2009) and Standing Committee on Rural Development (2009-2014).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=220&lastls=16|title = Members : Lok Sabha}}</ref> She was the eldest and seniormost among woman Members of Parliament in the [[16th Lok Sabha]]. She is the second woman after [[Meira Kumar]] to be elected as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. She was awarded India's third highest civilian award the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 | title=Padma Awards 2021 announced | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs | access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms | title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 January 2021 | access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
Sumitra Mahajan was born in a [[Chitpavan]] [[Brahmin]] Marathi family to Usha and Purushottam Sathe in [[Chiplun]], [[Maharashtra]]. Her primary & secondary education took place at United English School, Chiplun. She received her [[Master of Arts|MA]] and [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] from Indore University (now [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]]) after marrying Jayant Mahajan of [[Indore]]. Sumitra Mahajan's hobbies include reading, music, drama and cinema as well as an enthusiasm for singing. She has acknowledged the 18th century queen [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] as the inspirational figure throughout her life and has written a book on Ahilyabai Holkar's life journey 'Matoshree' which was unveiled by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2017.

==Political career==
Sumitra Mahajan started her political career as a corporator in the [[Indore Municipal Corporation]] in 1982. She was later elected as Deputy Mayor of [[Indore Municipal Corporation]] in 1984.
She ran for the first time and won the Lok Sabha elections in 1989, against former [[Chief Minister]] and senior Congress leader [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]. She is popularly known as ''Tai'', among people of her constituency.<ref name="47.132"/>

==Speaker of the Lok Sabha==
[[File:Madhya bharat Hindi sahitya samitee.jpg|left|thumb|283x283px|[[Pratibha Patil]], then President of India; [[Balram Jakhar]], then Governor; [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]], then Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh; [[Narayan Prasad Shukla]]; and [[Sumitra Mahajan]] at the centenary (100th anniversary) celebrations of the Shri Madhyabharat Hindi Sahitya Samiti.]]
On 6 June 2014, Mahajan was unanimously elected as the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]] of the [[16th Lok Sabha]].<ref name="indiatimes.com"/> She had earlier worked as a member of the 'Panel of Chairmen' in the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-leader-sumitra-mahajan-elected-speaker-of-lok-sabha-575805|title=BJP Leader Sumitra Mahajan Elected Speaker of Lok Sabha|website=Ndtv.com|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sumitra-mahajan-elected-lok-sabha-speaker-second-woman-to-occupy-the-post/477114-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607062802/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sumitra-mahajan-elected-lok-sabha-speaker-second-woman-to-occupy-the-post/477114-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2014|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=Ibnlive.in.com|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sumitratai.in/ |title=Sumitratai.in |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140927150619/http://sumitratai.in/ |archive-date=27 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She took the step of suspending 25 [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] MPs for five days (August 2015) from House for indiscipline in the House.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/speaker-sumitra-mahajan-suspends-25-congress-mps-for-5-days-1462145.html|title=Speaker Sumitra Mahajan suspends 25 Congress MPs for 5 days|website=Moneycontrol.com|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

* Key Patron at [[NLC Bharat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-08 |title=Ex-LS Speakers hold round table discussion on National Legislators' Conference |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ex-ls-speakers-hold-round-table-discussion-on-national-legislators-conference-1160340.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Former chairperson of Indore-based Maharashtra Brahmin Cooperative Bank Anil Kumar Dhadwaiwale alleged Sumitra Mahajan and her son Milind Mahajan's roles were crucial in the scams that took place in the bank between 1997 and 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/former-head-of-brahmin-co-op-bank-takes-tai-for-task|title = Former head of Brahmin Co- op Bank takes Tai for task}}</ref> Sumitra Mahajan was a minister in the Central Government during this period.

Milind Mahajan was one of the directors of the bank when the alleged scam took place. In 2005, an FIR in the scam was lodged at Central Kotwali Police Station, Indore against 16 persons including Milind Mahajan, but it was removed after the investigation. Many directors including Sumitra Mahajan's Private Secretary's husband, also obtained the loan but did not pay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/arrest-warrants-against-14-mbsbl-directors/story-MHsh8twzmRFGXrsa716qyH.html|title = Arrest warrants against 14 MBSBL directors|date = 20 January 2007}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=220&lastls=16 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]] |years=1989 – 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shankar Lalwani]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Meira Kumar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]|years=2014 – 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Om Birla]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Speakers of the Lok Sabha|state=expanded}}
{{16th LS members from Madhya Pradesh}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2020–2029}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahajan, Sumitra}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Indore]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh municipal councillors]]
[[Category:People from Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:Women in Madhya Pradesh politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:Women legislative speakers in India]]
[[Category:Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya alumni]]

Dhumakot

2026-02-19T05:39:11Z

AAZAMAZEEM: new initial details needs work.

{{short description|Town and Municipality in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhumakot
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|29.753|79.010|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| native_name_lang = gbm
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| established_title = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 246275
| registration_plate = UK-12
| website = {{URL|pauri.gov.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/official-language-rules-1976}}</ref>
}}
'''Dhumakot''' is a [[tehsil]] or administrative division, located in the [[Pauri Garhwal]] district of the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pauri.nic.in/tehsil/ |title=Tehsil | District Pauri Garhwal, Government of Uttarakhand | India |publisher=Pauri.nic.in |date=2022-12-27 |accessdate=2022-12-31}}</ref> It is bordered by the tehsils of Lansdowne, [[Kotdwar]], [[Thalisain]] and [[Bironkhal]]. It is also bordered by the districts [[Almora]] and [[Nainital]] of Kumaun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bugyalvalley.com/uttarakhand-map/pauri-garhwal-map/|title=Pauri Garhwal Map|date=22 November 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
Located in the Pauri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand at approximately 29.87° N latitude and 78.74° E longitude. It lies in the middle Himalayan region, marked by hilly terrain, forests, and seasonal streams.The tehsil is divided into several revenue villages, and the main languages spoken in the tehsil is [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]].

Previously, it was an assembly constituency<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/pages/display/137-dhumakot-bye-election |title=Dhumakot Bye-Election: Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand, India |publisher=Ceo.uk.gov.in |date=2011-04-29 |accessdate=2022-12-31}}</ref> but the seat was abolished in 2012 after delimitation. The area is now part of Lansdowne seat and in Lok Sabha it is part of Garhwal seat.<ref>https://election.uk.gov.in/pdf_roll/PollingStation/PS-2020/40.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=September 2025}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of Dhumakot is largely dependent on agriculture, with rice, and wheat being the main crops. The tehsil is also home to a number of small-scale industries, including handlooms, handicrafts, and forestry. There is a Government Degree College in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gdcnainidanda.ac.in/|title=Government Degree College Nainidanda, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarkhand|website=gdcnainidanda.ac.in}}</ref>
==References==
<references />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pauri Garhwal district]]

Mansoor Hasan

2026-02-13T02:02:34Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Data - done

{{Short description|Indian cardiologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mansoor Hasan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1938
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Cardiologist
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Ajmal Hasan Khan
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Indian Medical Association|IMA]] Certificate of Honour
}}
'''Mansoor Hasan Khan''', is an Indian cardiologist, known for his contributions towards the setting up of Lari Cardiology Centre at [[King George's Medical University]], [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Milligazette">{{cite web | url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/848-prof-mansoor-hasan-padma-shri-heart-centre-Lucknow | title=Milligazette | publisher=Milligazette | date=7 April 2011 | access-date=24 November 2014 | archive-date=1 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701180837/http://www.milligazette.com/news/848-prof-mansoor-hasan-padma-shri-heart-centre-Lucknow | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Lucknow Society">{{cite web | url=https://lucknow.me/padma-shri-dr-mansoor-hasan-doctor-of-heart-doctor-by-heart/ | title=Lucknow Society | publisher=Lucknow Society | date=2014 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Two Circles">{{cite web | url=http://twocircles.net/node/236776#.VHNjYctxnwo | title=Two Circles | publisher=Two Circles | date=2014 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|title=Lari Cardiology Centre Lucknow|
url=https://www.kgmu.org/department_details.php?dept_id=9&dept_type=2}}retrieved 17 August 2023</ref> The [[Government of India]] honored Hasan in 2011, with the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080601/spectrum/main4.htm | title=Tribune | publisher=Tribune | date=1 January 2008 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Mansoor Hasan was born in 1938 in Aligarh district, in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], in a socially known [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] family<ref name="Lucknow Society" /> which migrated from the Afghan mountains in the 17th century.<ref name="Milligazette" /> His father, Ajmal Hasan Khan, a medical practitioner, was the grand son of [[Abdul Majeed Khwaja]], who co-founded [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and his mother came from the family of the [[Nawab of Bhopal|Nawabs of Bhopal]].<ref name="Milligazette" /><ref name="Lucknow Society" /> He did his early schooling in Aligarh and completed intermediate examination from the Government College there.<ref name="Lucknow Society" /> His graduate studies were in London which was followed by higher studies at the [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]] from where he obtained the degree of MRCP in 1964.<ref name="Milligazette" /> His career began in 1962 at [[King George's Medical University]] where he taught till his retirement in 1996 as the Head of the Cardiology department.<ref name="Lucknow Society" /> During a brief interlude, he also had special training in cardiology at London.<ref name="Milligazette" /><ref name="Lucknow Society" /> Post retirement, Hasan is associated with [[Sahara Hospital]], Lucknow.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Dr-mansoor-hasan-cardiologist-from-lucknow-who-has-been-conferred-the-padma-shri-this-year-was-felicitated-by-subrato-roy-sahara-here-Dr-hasan-works-with-sahara-hospital-/articleshow/7375056.cms | title=TOI | publisher=TOI | date=27 January 2011 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref>

Mansoor Hasan is a former president of the Cardiological Society of India and a consultant to the [[Armed Forces of India]], [[Cromwell Hospital|Cromwell Hospital, London]] and [[Fortis Healthcare|Escorts Hospital, New Delhi]].<ref name="Lucknow Society" /> He is a member of the Executive councils of [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], the University of Kanpur and the [[University of Lucknow]].<ref name="Lucknow Society" /> He is credited with over 50 publications in national and international journals and has guided more than 30 MD students.<ref name="Lucknow Society" /> A recipient of the Certificate of Honour from the [[Indian Medical Association]], Lucknow chapter,<ref name="Lucknow Society" /> Hasan was awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2011, for his contributions to the field of medicine.<ref name="Padma Shri" /><ref name="Lucknow Society" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[King George's Medical University]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasan, Mansoor}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:People from Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh]]

Anthony Doke

2026-02-10T23:02:33Z

AAZAMAZEEM: starting the page v1.

{{Short description|Tani political activist and separatist insurgent}}
{{Update|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anthony Doke
| other_names = commander‑in‑chief of the [[Tani Army]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Police bust cross‑border militant recruitment network in Arunachal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-bust-cross-border-militant-recruitment-network-in-arunachal-101746710712496.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=6 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=The Assam Tribune |title=Police bust militant recruitment racket in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/police-bust-militant-recruitment-racket-in-arunachal-pradesh-1576801 |newspaper=The Assam Tribune |date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Anthony Doke in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Arunachal Pradesh, India<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Assam police arrest Anthony Doke and two others |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2019/03/17/assam-police-arrest-anthony-doke-and-two-others/ |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=17 March 2019}}</ref>
| known_for = Former Chairman of the National Liberation Council of Taniland<ref>{{cite web |title=National Liberation Council of Tani Land (NLCT): Incident Text |url=https://satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india/national-liberation-council-of-tani-land-nlct_Oct-2009 |website=SATP |date=October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Police bust cross‑border militant recruitment network in Arunachal |url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/militant-network-busted-in-arunachal/articleshow/121006598.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Anthony Doke''' is a Tani terrorist and separatist insurgent who is the chairman of the [[Tani Army]], an armed group operating in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India. He was previously associated with the [[National Liberation Council]] of Taniland (NLCT), a separatist group active in the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=Police picking up former NLCT members is harassment, says Doke {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/01/17/police-picking-up-former-nlct-members-is-harassment-says-doke/?utm_source=chatgpt.com#google_vignette |access-date=2025-05-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early involvement with NLCT ==
Doke's involvement in regional militancy began with the NLCT, which was formed around 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Arunachal Police bust cross-border militant recruitment network |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/arunachal-police-bust-cross-border-militant-recruitment-network |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> The group aimed to establish an independent Taniland and was involved in various extortion activities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=police-bust-cross-border-militant-recruitment-network-in-arunachal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-bust-cross-border-militant-recruitment-network-in-arunachal-101746710712496.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> By the end of 2010, the NLCT had been largely neutralized by state police forces; many of its operatives were arrested or surrendered, including Doke himself. At its peak, the NLCT had approximately 15 operatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1027605006073785&id=100064728845013&set=a.481530847347873&utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>

== Leadership of the United Tani Army ==
Following the decline of the NLCT, Doke emerged as the leader of the United Tani Army (UTA), an armed group advocating for the rights and autonomy of the Tani people in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Arunachal's Shadow Outfit |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/east/arunachal-shadow-outfit/ |work=UNI News}}</ref> In recent years, Doke has been vocal in opposing large-scale hydropower projects in the region, demanding that the state government rescind all Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) and Agreements (MoAs) signed for such projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-05-09 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Police Dismantle Cross-Border Militant Recruitment Network |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-pradesh-police-dismantle-cross-border-militant-recruitment-network/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2025, Doke alleged that the state police were harassing former NLCT members by linking them to the UTA, despite their having left militancy behind.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-01-17 |title=Arunachal Pradesh police appeal to armed group members to return, key recruiter held |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/17/arunachal-pradesh-police-appeal-to-armed-group-members-to-return-key-recruiter-held? |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He emphasized that the current UTA operatives are fresh recruits and that former NLCT members have started new lives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-31 |title=United Tani Army's Anthony Doke releases base videos showing weapons {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/12/31/united-tani-armys-anthony-doke-releases-base-videos-showing-weapons/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Doke's activities have drawn scrutiny from law enforcement agencies. In an interview, he stated that he would soon present a detailed plan about his organization and its motives. Additionally, an unnamed official disclosed that Doke was based in Myanmar, and that "the camps shown in the videos look likely to be that of the NSCN (K-YA)."<ref>{{Cite web |last=SATP |date=2025-02-24 |title=India: Troubled Borders In Arunachal Pradesh – Analysis |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/25022025-india-troubled-borders-in-arunachal-pradesh-analysis/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Eurasia Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doke, Anthony}}
[[Category:People from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
{{improve categories|date=June 2025}}

Rii Sen

2026-02-10T03:03:04Z

AAZAMAZEEM: creating first data w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1978)}}
{{Distinguish|Rimi Sen}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rii Sen
| image = Rii Sen at Berlinale 2011 (crop).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sen at [[Berlin Film Festival|Berlinale]] in 2011
| birth_name = Rituparna Sen
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Bigg Boss Bangla]]''|''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]''}}
| occupation = Actress
}}
'''Rii Sen''' (born '''Rituparna Sen''') is an Indian actress who works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref name="Rii is her own competition">{{cite news |title=Rii is her own competition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Rii-is-her-own-competition/articleshow/10125940.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216070200/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-26/news-interviews/30203848_1_rii-nude-scene-paoli |url-status=live |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=16 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 September 2011}}</ref> She started her career as a freelance model and television actress. Her debut film was ''Tepantorer Mathe'', but it was not released in theatres because of obscene scenes. Sen was a contestant in Bigg Boss Bangla season 2 and was the 2nd runner up in the show.<ref name="KEDDK" /> She has acted in movies like ''Bishh'', ''[[Gandu (film)|Gandu]]'', and ''[[Cosmic Sex (film)|Cosmic Sex]]''.

Sen is considered a notable actress of alternative Bengali cinema.<ref name="Rituparna to Nandana: The hottest Bengali heroines">{{cite news |title=Rituparna to Nandana: The hottest Bengali heroines |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/5271-11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121225828/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/5271-11.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2011 |access-date=23 June 2013 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> She won a best actress award at [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]] for her movie ''Cosmic Sex''.<ref name="Sexuality is a cult for me: OSIAN`s award winning actress">{{cite news |title=Sexuality is a cult for me: OSIAN's award winning actress |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/sexuality-is-a-cult-for-me-osian-s-award-winning-actress_116868.html |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=Zee News |date=9 August 2012}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
She has acted in a few television series such as ''Tithir Otithi'', ''Ekhane Akash Neel'' and short films.

=== Film career ===

==== 2009–2011 ====
Sen acted in ''Tepantorer Mathe'', which was her debut feature film, but it was not released.<ref name="KEDDK" /> In 2009 Sen worked in a documentary, ''Love in India'', directed by [[Qaushiq Mukherjee]]. The subject of the documentary was ''dehotatwa'' (worshiping through one's body).<ref name="Sexuality is a cult for me: OSIAN`s award winning actress" /> In the same year she acted in another documentary, ''Many Stories of Love and Hate'', directed by Shyamal Karmakar. The documentary was screened at the [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] in 2010.<ref name="Love and Hate Spinning a Touchy Tale of Identification">{{cite web |title=Love and Hate Spinning a Touchy Tale of Identification |url=http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=love-and-hate-spinning-a-touchy-tale-of-identification&iid=11&articleid=105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101133835/http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=love-and-hate-spinning-a-touchy-tale-of-identification&iid=11&articleid=105 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=1 November 2011 |publisher=Arts News N Views |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref>

In 2009, she acted in ''Bissh'', directed by Qaushiq Mukherjee. In this film Rii played the character Anushka, a college student. According to Rii, this was a very complex role and playing the character was very tough for her. She said in an interview, "I play Bee in Bishh... Bee is not a simple, straightforward girl. She is complicated, confused yet confident. Maybe that's why she is called Bee. I almost lost my identity while getting into the skin of the character."<ref name="Passion poison – Debutant director Qaushik on how Bishh questions conventional morality">{{cite news |title=Passion poison – Debutant director Qaushik on how Bishh questions conventional morality |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090304/jsp/entertainment/story_10620541.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617125007/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090304/jsp/entertainment/story_10620541.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2011 |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |date=4 March 2009}}</ref>

In the 2010 film ''Gandu'', Sen played a lead role. For the character, Sen was required to portray frontal nudity. Qaushiq Mukherjee, the director of the film, said in an interview that he cast Rii because she was the only heroine (of the Bengali film industry) who could have played this role.<ref name="A telling tale">{{cite news |title=A telling tale |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1016926.ece |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 December 2010}}</ref> ''[[IBNLive]]'' appreciated the work of Rii and wrote in their review, "All the characters have put in their best efforts. Both Komolika and Rii have exuberated confidence in all the sex scenes, showing their maturity as actresses."<ref name="Bengali Review: 'Gandu' is a drug induced hallucination">{{cite news |title=Bengali Review: 'Gandu' is a drug induced hallucination |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bengali-review-gandu-is-a-drug-induced-hallucination/196706-8-73.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029233506/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bengali-review-gandu-is-a-drug-induced-hallucination/196706-8-73.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=IBNLive |date=27 October 2011}}</ref> In the 2010 film ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'', directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]], Sen played a minor role.

==== 2011–present ====
Sen acted in 2012 film ''Koyekti Meyer Golpo'', directed by [[Subrata Sen]]. In this film she played the wife of a don.<ref name="Sen's girls">{{cite news |title=Sen's girls |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111111/jsp/entertainment/story_14733484.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001024143/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111111/jsp/entertainment/story_14733484.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |date=11 November 2011}}</ref> She also acted in the Bengali film ''Cosmic Sex'', directed by Amitabh Chakraborty. The story of the film revolves around a young man's sexual self-discovery. Kripa, the young man, meets a prostitute, a eunuch and a female ascetic named Sadhana during his journey. The film was screened at Osian's film festival and got a warm reception.<ref name="KEDDK">{{cite news |title=Kolkata Extreme Down and dirty in Kolkata |url=http://www.livemint.com/Page/Id/2.0.150035681 |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=Live Mint |date=28 September 2012}}</ref>

Sen appeared as Horotoni in the 2013 film ''[[Tasher Desh]]'', directed by Q aka [[Qaushiq Mukherjee]]. The film has been described as "trippy adaptation" of the Rabindrath Tagore's namesake play by Indian medias.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/tasher-desh-trailer-creates-a-buzz/articleshow/17293106.cms Tasher Desh trailer creates a buzz – The Times of India]</ref>

According to a newspaper report published in ''The Times of India'' in May 2013, Sen is acting in debutant director Anirban Mukherjee's ''Byanka Prithibi''. In this film she is playing the character of a housewife.<ref name="Swastika-Rahul in Byanka Prithibi">{{cite news |title=Swastika-Rahul in Byanka Prithibi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Swastika-Rahul-in-Byanka-Prithibi/articleshow/20363484.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624231723/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39654860_1_rahul-film-aami-aar-amaar-girlfriends |url-status=live |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 May 2013}}</ref> In 2014 it was announced that Rii would appear in Q (Quashiq Mukherjee) and Nikon's upcoming movie 'LUDO', playing a role not previously seen on Indian screens.<ref name="Rii to star in Q and Nikon’s upcoming film 'LUDO'">{{cite web |title=Rii to star in Q and Nikon's 2015 film 'LUDO' |url=http://www.theinsightmag.com/actress-rii-to-star-in-q-and-nikons-upcoming-film-ludo/ |publisher=The Insight |access-date=3 April 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082005/http://www.theinsightmag.com/actress-rii-to-star-in-q-and-nikons-upcoming-film-ludo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.colorsbangla.com/biggbossbangla2/housemates/9 BIG BOSS BANGLA | SEASON 2]</ref>

=== Television career ===
She has appeared in serials like ''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]'' in Zee Bangla ''[[Dhrubatara|Dhrubotara]]'', Star Jalsha and Star Jalsha's ''[[Durga Durgeshwari]]'', ''[[Jai Kali Kalkattawali]]'' and ''[[Sanjher Baati]]''.

== Sen as an actress of alternative cinema ==
Sen is regarded as a prominent actress of alternative Bengali cinema.<ref name="Rituparna to Nandana: The hottest Bengali heroines" /> In an article of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', the performances of Sen was described as "the common link between a set of films that has been challenging the norms of acceptability and decorum in the past few years."<ref name="KEDDK" /> According to Sen, sexuality is a cult for her. She also said she wants to push her sexuality in cinema "to the borderline where it becomes extreme and dangerous".<ref name="Sexuality is a cult for me: OSIAN`s award winning actress" />

Sen shot full frontal nude scenes in ''Gandu'' and ''Cosmic Sex''. Though [[Paoli Dam]] is generally credited as the first Indian actress to shoot full nude scenes, according to a report of ''[[The Times of India]]'', Sen went for frontal nudity scene six months before Dam's work.<ref name="Frontal nudity? I've shot for it long back: Rii" /> Sen tohas said she was happy that she could use her body for "a great cinematic purpose". She adeed, "As an artiste, I feel, it's important to record the passing time through one's work. And I don't want my work to be seen as gimmick of any sort."<ref name="Frontal nudity? I've shot for it long back: Rii">{{cite news |title=Frontal nudity? I've shot for it long back: Rii |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Frontal-nudity-Ive-shot-for-it-long-back-Rii/articleshow/10113232.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624231844/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-25/news-interviews/30200125_1_q-s-gandu-film-frontal-nudity |url-status=live |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 September 2011}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Year !! Film
!Role!! Director
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''Love in India''
|
|Qaushiq Mukherjee
|-
|''Many Stories of Love And Hate''
| || Shyamal Karmakar
|-
| ''Bishh''
| || rowspan="2" | Qaushiq Mukherjee
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''[[Gandu (film)|Gandu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]''
| || [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''Koyekti Meyer Golpo''
| || [[Subrata Sen]]
|-
| ''[[Charuulata 2011]]''
| || [[Agnidev Chatterjee]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Tasher Desh (film)|Tasher Desh]]''
| || Qaushiq Mukherjee
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Cosmic Sex]]''
| || Amitabh Chakraborty
|-
| ''Ludo''
| || Qaushik Mukherjee, Nikon
|-
| 2021 || style="background:;"| ''Malini''
| || Arpan Basak
|-
|}

==Television==
*''[[Ekhane Akash Neel]]''
*''[[Byata betir Battle]]''
*''[[Jai Kali Kalkattawali]]''
*[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|''Trinayani'']]
*''[[Dhrubatara (TV series)]]''
*''[[Khukumoni Home Delivery]]''
*''[[Durga Durgeshwari]]''
*''[[Uron Tubri]]''
*''[[Ke Prothom Kache Eshechi]]''
*''[[Tentulpataa]]''
*''[[Video Bouma]]'' (Later Replaced by [[Rimjhim Mitra]])
*''[[Flip (TV series)]]''

== Awards ==
In 2012, Sen won a best actress award at [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]] for her movie ''[[Cosmic Sex]]''.<ref name="Sexuality is a cult for me: OSIAN`s award winning actress" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Film}}
* [[Paoli Dam]]
* [[Nandana Sen]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Rii}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Anthrenus kejvali

2026-02-07T00:41:51Z

AAZAMAZEEM: starting basic biography initial version

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Anthrenus
| species = kejvali
| authority = Háva, 2000
| parent = Anthrenodes
}}

'''''Anthrenus (Anthrenodes) kejvali''''' is a species of [[Dermestidae|carpet beetle]] found in India ([[Nilgiri Hills]]).<ref name=wd-species/><ref name=dermestidae-herrmann/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=wd-species>{{Cite web |last=Háva |first=Jiří |date=2023 |title=World Dermestidae. Subfamily Megatominae |url=http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070250/http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=dermestidae-herrmann>{{Cite web |last=Herrmann |first=Andreas |date=2024 |title=Dermestidae (Abbildungen) |url=http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070649/http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1917030}}

[[Category:Anthrenus|kejvali]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 2000]]

{{Anthrenus-stub}}

Union Bank of India

2026-02-06T07:56:03Z

AAZAMAZEEM: further cleaned up section for consistency and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian public sector bank}}
{{distinguish|The Union Bank (1828)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Union Bank of India
| logo = Union Bank of India Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| former_name = The Union Bank of India Ltd. (1919–1969)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|532477}}|{{NSE|UNIONBANK}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE692A01016}}
| industry = {{ubl|[[Banking]]|[[Financial services]]}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=y|1919|11|11}}
| founder =
Seth Sitaram Poddar<ref name="AboutUs"/>
| hq_location = Union Bank Bhavan, 239, Vidhan Bhavan Marg, [[Nariman Point]]
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Office |url=https://www.unionbankofindia.co.in/english/central-office.aspx |website=Union Bank of India |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref>
| num_locations = 8,621 branches 8,910 ATMs<ref name = "Annual Report 2024">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2024-25 |url=https://www.unionbankofindia.co.in/pdf/Final-Press-Release-Q4FY25-English-Final.pdf|website=Union Bank of India |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>
| num_locations_year = Mar 2025
| area_served = 
| key_people = {{ubl|Srinivasan Varadarajan {{small|(Non-Exe Chairman)}}| Ashish Pandey {{small|(Managing Director & CEO)<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Directors |url=https://www.unionbankofindia.bank.in/en/common/list-of-directors-of-the-board |website=Union Bank of India |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>}}}}
| products =
| brands =
| services = [[Retail banking|Consumer banking]], [[Commercial bank|Corporate banking]], [[Financial services]], [[Investment banking]], [[Mortgage loan]]s, [[Private banking]], [[Wealth management]]
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|97078.50|c}}<ref name="Annual Report 2024" />
| revenue_year = FY23
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|25250.20|c}}<ref name="Annual Report 2024" />
| income_year = FY23
| profit = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|8511.70|c}}<ref name="Annual Report 2024" />
| profit_year = FY23
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1490323|c}}<ref name="Annual Report 2024" />
| assets_year = FY25
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|78803.50|c}}<ref name="Financials">{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/bankspublicsector/unionbankindia/UBI01|title=Union Bank of India Ltd. Financial Statements |website=moneycontrol.com |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
| equity_year = FY23
| owner = [[Government of India]] (74.76) %
| num_employees = 73,945<ref>{{Cite web |title=Employee strength of Public Sector Banks |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/268/AU259_JW71fE.pdf?source=pqars |access-date=2025-07-24 |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Finance}}</ref>
| num_employees_year =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| ratio = 18.02% (Mar 2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2024-25 |url=https://www.unionbankofindia.co.in/pdf/Final-Press-Release-Q4FY25-English-Final.pdf|website=Union Bank of India |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>
| rating = 
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|https://www.unionbankofindia.bank.in/}}|{{URL|https://www.unionbankonline.bank.in/}}}}
}}
'''Union Bank of India (UBI)''' is an [[Public sector banks in India|Indian public sector bank]] headquartered in Mumbai. It was established in 1919 and nationalised by the Government of India in 1969.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=Financial Results for the Quarter ended September 30, 2023 – Union Bank |url=https://www.unionbankofindia.co.in/pdf/press%20release%20english%20q2fy24.pdf |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Union Bank of India |publication-place=Mumbai}}</ref>

After the merger with [[Corporation Bank]] and [[Andhra Bank]], which came into effect on 1 April 2020, UBI became one of the largest public sector banks with around 9,300 branches. Two of these are located overseas in Dubai and Sydney. UBI operates in the United Kingdom through its wholly owned subsidiary, Union Bank of India (UK). The bank also has over 10,000 ATMs and 23,000 Business Correspondent Points, with more than 76,700 employees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Profile {{!}} Union Bank of India|url=https://www.unionbankofindia.co.in/english/aboutus-profile.aspx|access-date=2021-10-22|website=unionbankofindia.co.in}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Union Bank of India 2018 stamp.jpg|thumb|A 2018 stamp dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Union Bank of India]]
Union Bank of India was established on 11 November 1919 in Bombay (now Mumbai) by Seth Sitaram Poddar.<ref name="AboutUs">{{cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.unionbankofindia.bank.in/en/common/profile |website=Union Bank of India |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> The bank's corporate office was inaugurated by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. At the time of India's independence in 1947, the bank had four branches – three in Mumbai and one in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in trade centres.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 November 2018|title=Union Bank of India turns 100|work=The Hindu BusinessLine|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/union-bank-of-india-turns-100/article25487418.ece|access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> By the time the Indian government nationalized UBI in 1969, it had 240 branches. In 1975, it acquired Belgaum Bank, a private sector bank established in 1930 that had itself merged in a bank in 1964, the Shri Jadeya Shankarling Bank ([[Bijapur]]; incorporated on 10 May 1948). In 1985, it acquired Miraj State Bank, which had been established in 1929, and which had 26 branches. In 1999, UBI acquired Sikkim Bank with its eight branches.

UBI expanded internationally in 2007 with the opening of offices in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates and in [[Shanghai]], China.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 2007|title=Union Bank of India furthers China presence|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/union-bank-of-india-furthers-china-presence/articleshow/2364142.cms|access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> In 2008, it established a branch in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 August 2008|title=Union Bank open Hong Kong branch|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/union-bank-open-hong-kong-branch-108080200015_1.html|access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> In 2009, Union Bank opened a representative office in [[Sydney]], Australia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Union Bank of India to open three overseas branches this fiscal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/union-bank-of-india-to-open-three-overseas-branches-this-fiscal/articleshow/14743581.cms}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

On 30 August 2019, Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] announced that Andhra Bank and Corporation Bank would be merged into Union Bank of India. The proposed merger would make Union Bank the fifth largest public sector bank in the country with assets of {{INRConvert|14.59|lc}} and 9,609 branches.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Aug 30, 2019|title=Bank Merger News: Government unveils mega bank mergers to revive growth from 5-year low {{!}} India Business News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/government-unveils-mega-bank-mergers-to-revive-growth-from-5-year-low/articleshow/70911359.cms|access-date=2021-10-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |title=10 public sector banks to be merged into four |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pnb-obc-and-united-bank-to-be-merged-nirmala-sitharaman-1567158678718.html |website=Mint |access-date=30 August 2019 |language=en |date=30 August 2019}}</ref> The Board of Directors of Andhra Bank approved the merger on 13 September.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra Bank board okays merger with UBI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/andhra-bank-board-okays-merger-with-ubi/article29411194.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=13 September 2019 |language=en-IN |date=13 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra Bank board okays merger with Union Bank of India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/andhra-bank-board-okays-merger-with-union-bank-of-india/articleshow/71117490.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=13 September 2019 |date=13 September 2019}}</ref> The [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] approved the merger on 4 March, and it was completed on 1 April 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Shayan |title=Three banks announce merger ratios |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/two-anchor-banks-pnb-union-bank-of-india-disclose-merger-ratios-11583413469591.html |website=Livemint |access-date=6 March 2020 |language=en |date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

== Subsidiaries ==
* Union Bank of India (UK) Limited
* Union Asset Management Co. Private Limited
* Union Trustee Co. Pvt. Limited
* [[Star Union Dai-ichi Life Insurance]]
* Andhra Pradesh Grameena Bank
* Corpbank Securities ltd.
* UBI Services Ltd

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]
* [[List of largest banks]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[Make in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Public sector banks in India]]
[[Category:Banks based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1919]]
[[Category:Companies nationalised by the Government of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1919]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Devdatta Nage

2026-02-03T08:29:52Z

AAZAMAZEEM: new some post more to come.

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Devdatta Nage
| image = Devdatta Nage.jpg
| caption = Nage in 2023
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|02|05}}
| birth_place = [[Pen]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011{{ndash}}present
| known_for =
| spouse = Kanchan Nage
| partner =
}}
'''Devdatta Nage''' (born 5 February 1981<ref name="tvkiduniya.com">{{cite web|url=http://tvkiduniya.com/devdatta-nage-personal-information/|title=Devdatta Nage Aka Malhar/Khandoba Personal Information (Biography)|work=tvkiduniya.com|accessdate=29 October 2015}}</ref>) is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi [[Hindi cinema|films]] and television shows. He gained fame after playing the roles of Lord [[Khandoba]] and [[Hanuman|Bajrang]] in ''[[Jai Malhar]]'' and ''[[Adipurush]]'', respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-09|title=#ThrowbackThursday: Don't Miss Isha Keskar And Devdatta Nage's Pic From Jai Malhar|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/throwbackthursday-dont-miss-isha-keskar-and-devdatta-nages-pic-from-jai-malhar-2|access-date=2021-07-02|website=ZEE5 News|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Nage is from [[Alibag]] of [[Raigad district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. He lives in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. He married Kanchan Nage.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Devdatta Nage: I feel I have a special connection with Lord Hanuman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/devdatta-nage-i-feel-i-have-a-special-connection-with-lord-hanuman/articleshow/87876528.cms|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The Times of India|date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He made his debut on television with [[Colors TV]]’s serial ''[[Veer Shivaji]]'' in which he played the role of [[Tanaji Malusare]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Devdatta Nage connected to Tanaji Malusare many ways|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/devdatta-nage-connected-tanaji-malusare-many-ways|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Tellychakkar.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502221303/http://www.tellychakkar.com:80/tv/tv-news/devdatta-nage-connected-tanaji-malusare-many-ways |archive-date=2 May 2019 }}</ref> He was also seen in [[Colors TV]]’s ''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]''

He is seen in [[Star Pravah]]’s popular serial [[Devyani... Ekka Raja Rani|''Devyani'']] in which he played the role of Samratrao Vikhe Patil. He is best known for [[Zee Marathi]]’s popular serial ''[[Jai Malhar]]'' in which he played the role of Lord [[Khandoba]].

He made his debut in Marathi film industry through film [[Sangharsh (2014 film)|''Sangharsh'']] in 2014. His Hindi film debut was [[Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!|''Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara'']] in 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai Again (2013) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-11825/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183621/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-11825/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=9 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> and [[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|''Satyameva Jayate'']] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Devdatta Nage to do Bollywood film? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/devdatta-nage-to-do-bollywood-film/articleshow/64815327.cms|access-date=2021-07-02|website=The Times of India|date=July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, he appeared in [[Tanhaji|''Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior'']] in which he played the role of Suryaji Malusare.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-10|title=Devdatta Nage on Ajay Devgn's Tanhaji Movie|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/devdatta-nage-on-ajay-devgn-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-ssv-92-2-2056961/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Loksatta|language=mr-IN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182638/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/devdatta-nage-on-ajay-devgn-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-ssv-92-2-2056961/ |archive-date=9 July 2021 }}</ref>

He is making comeback on the small screen after two years with the serial ''Dr. Don'' which is aired on [[Zee Yuva]] channel.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Devdatta Nage to play a don in the upcoming TV show 'Dr. Don' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/devdatta-nage-to-play-a-don-in-the-upcoming-tv-show-dr-don/articleshow/73293078.cms|access-date=2021-07-02|website=The Times of India|date=16 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-01-19|title='Jai Malhar' fame Devdatta Nage turns 'Doctor Don'|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/television/jai-malhar-fame-devdatta-nage-turns-doctor-don.php|url-status=live|access-date=|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183438/https://marathimovieworld.com/television/jai-malhar-fame-devdatta-nage-turns-doctor-don.php |archive-date=9 July 2021 }}</ref> In 2023 he played the prominent role of Lord [[Hanuman]] in [[Om Raut]]'s film ''[[Adipurush]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-26|title=Adipurush team ropes a noted Marathi actor for that key role!|url=https://english.ntvtelugu.com/adipurush-team-ropes-a-noted-marathi-actor-for-that-key-role/|access-date=2021-07-02|website=English|language=en-US|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727161447/https://english.ntvtelugu.com/adipurush-team-ropes-a-noted-marathi-actor-for-that-key-role/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2013
|''[[Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!|Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobara!]]''
|Cop
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Sangharsh (2014 film)|Sangharsh]]''
|Avinash Waghmare
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/Devdatt-Nage-Jai-Malhar/articleshow/41504779.cms?|title=Devdatt Nage was a professional sketching artist|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2014 |accessdate=29 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyamev Jayate]]''
|Inspector Shankar Gaikwad
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-28|title=मराठमोळ्या देवदत्त नागेचं बॉलिवूडमध्ये दमदार पदार्पण|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/jai-malhar-fame-devdatta-nage-in-john-abraham-satyamev-jayte-movie-1704855/|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Loksatta|language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Tanhaji]]''
|Suryaji Malusare
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Marathi actors, Ajinkya Deo and Devdatta Nage make a smashing appearance in Ajay Devgn starrer 'Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-actors-ajinkya-deo-and-devdatta-nage-make-a-smashing-appearance-in-ajay-devgn-starrer-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior/articleshow/72125847.cms|access-date=2021-07-02|website=The Times of India|date=19 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Adipurush]]''
|[[Hanuman|Bajrang]]
|Hindi [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=Marathi actor to play Hanuman in Prabhas's Adipurush|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/marathi-actor-to-play-hanuman-in-prabhass-adipurush.html|access-date=2021-07-02|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Devdatta Nage: I feel I have a special connection with Lord Hanuman - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/devdatta-nage-i-feel-i-have-a-special-connection-with-lord-hanuman/articleshow/87876528.cms|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Times of India|date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Devaki Nandana Vasudeva]]''
|Kamsa Raju
|Telugu
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Robinhood (2025 film)|Robinhood]]''
|Saamy
|Telugu
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Veer Shivaji]]''
|[[Tanaji Malusare]]
|Television debut
|-
|''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]''
|
|
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Devyani... Ekka Raja Rani|Devyani]]''
|Samratrao Vikhe-Patil
|
|-
|2014–2017
|''[[Jai Malhar]]''
|Lord [[Khandoba]]
|Lead
|-
|2020–2021
|''Doctor Don''
|Dadasaheb Surve
|
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Jeev Majha Guntala]]''
| Tushar Desai
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-08|title=Here's Everything You Need To Know About Devdatta Nage Aka Doctor Don's Deva|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-devdatta-nage-aka-doctor-dons-deva|access-date=2021-07-02|website=ZEE5 News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Shweta Shinde and Devdatta Nage to pair up for upcoming series 'Doctor Don' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shweta-shinde-and-devdatta-nage-to-pair-up-for-upcoming-series-doctor-don/articleshow/73804790.cms|access-date=2021-07-02|website=The Times of India|date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024-
| ''Ude Ga Ambe''
| [[Shiva|Mahadev]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=मुहूर्त ठरला! नवरात्रोत्सवात सुरू होणार ‘स्टार प्रवाह’ची नवीन मालिका ‘उदे गं अंबे’; कोणती जुनी मालिका घेणार निरोप?
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-ude-ga-ambe-new-serial-launching-date-and-time-announced-watch-promo-sva-00-4590054/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=12 September 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Zee Marathi Ustav Natyancha Awards
!Year
!Category
!Serial
!Role
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|Best Actor
| rowspan="3" |''[[Jai Malhar]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Khandoba]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='झी मराठी पुरस्कार २०१४'चे मानकरी|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/zee-marathi-awards-2014-winners-list-1030095/|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Loksatta}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|Best Actor
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2015 Winners - Marathi.TV|url=https://www.marathi.tv/show-serials/zee-marathi-award-show-2015/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-02|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106190100/http://www.marathi.tv:80/show-serials/zee-marathi-award-show-2015/ |archive-date=6 November 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Best Actor
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=megamarathi|date=2016-10-16|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2016 Best Serial Actress Actor Title Track Family|url=https://megamarathi.com/marathi-serials/zee-marathi-awards-2016/|access-date=2021-07-02|website=MegaMarathi.Com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|6149569}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nage, Devdatta}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2009

2026-01-31T14:01:40Z

AAZAMAZEEM: creating a data initial version

{{one source|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox television season
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| starring = [[#Contestants|see below]]
| num_episodes =
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2009|06|05|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2009|10|24|df=yes}}
| next_season = [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011|2011]]
}}
'''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009''''' (SRGMP) is the third season of the popular ZeeTV show ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs''. Going on air from 5 June 2009, the music reality show will feature 12 participants: 6 boys and 6 girls. The theme of the show this year is unique - Jeetenge World, Boys Ya Girls. The eliminations by public voting began on 5 August 2009. The season finale was held in Mumbai on Saturday 24 October 2009; the winner was [[Hemant Brijwasi]].

== Judges ==
* [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]] - Boys' Mentor
* [[Alka Yagnik]] - Girls' Mentor

== Guests ==
* [[Kailash Kher]] - 26 and 27 June
* [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Pritam]] (to promote their movie ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'') - 3 July
* [[Pritam]] [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] [[Zaynah Vastani]] - 4 July
* [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] - 10 and 11 July
* [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] - 17 and 18 July
* [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]], [[Ravi Kishan]] (to promote their movie [[Luck (2009 film)|''Luck'']]), and [[Udit Narayan]] - 24 July
* [[Udit Narayan]] - 25 July
* [[Sukhwinder Singh]] - 31 July and 1 August - Friendship Special
* [[Jatin Pandit]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], (to serve as the selection board for the Wild Card Entry) - 7 and 8 August
* [[Shahid Kapoor]] (to promote his movie ''[[Kaminey]]'') - 14 August
* [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Shreyas Talpade]] (to promote Shreyas' movie [[Aage Se Right]]) - 22 August
* [[David Dhawan]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Vashu Bhagnani]], [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]], [[Neeraj Shridhar]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], & [[Shravan Reddy|Shravan]] (to promote Govinda's movie ''[[Do Knot Disturb]]'') - 28 August
* [[Wadali brothers]] - 29 August
* [[Anandji Virji Shah]], [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam]] - 4 September
* [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Harman Baweja]] (to promote their movie ''[[What's Your Raashee?]]'') - 5 September
* [[Asha Bhosle]] - 11 September
* Salman (Mohammed Ghouse) - 18 September
* [[Bappi Lahiri]] - 19 September
* [[Ratan Rajput]] & [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]] - 24 September
* [[Emran Hashmi]], [[Soha Ali Khan]] (to promote their film ''[[Tum Mile]]'') - 25 September
* [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Ajay Devgan]] (to promote their movie ''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]'') - 2 October
* [[Zayed Khan]] (to promote his movie [[Blue (2009 film)|''Blue'']]) - 3 October
* [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] (to promote his movie ''[[Aladin (2009 film)|Aladin]]'') - 9 October
* [[Lara Dutta]] (to promote her film ''Blue'') - 10 October
* [[Vishal–Shekhar]] ([[Vishal Dadlani]] & [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]) - 17 October
* [[Sukirti Kandpal]], [[Abhishek Rawat]], [[Priya Marathe]] to cheer the winner and also [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Salman Khan]] and [[Asin]] (to promote their movie ''[[London Dreams]]'' - Finale<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/hemant-brijwasi-wins-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-l |title=Hemant Brijwasi wins Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L’il Champs |author=Nikhat Qadri |publisher=Tellychakkar |date=24 October 2009 |accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref>

== Hosts ==

The hosts are 2 little kids. Afsha at first was auditioning as a contestant, and ended up being the hostess. Dhairya was already famous from few movies like: [[Partner (2007 film)]] and [[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]. Also from shows: [[Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?]] and [[Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka|Ek Se Badhkar Ek]].
* Afsha Musani
* [[Dhairya Sorecha]]

== Elimination Table ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Name'''
! '''City'''
! '''Date of elimination'''
|-
| Debolina Halder
| [[Kolkata]]
| 27 June
|-
| Farah Naaz
| [[Lucknow]]
| 4 July
|-
| Yashodhan Rao Kadam
| [[Delhi]]
| 11 July
|-
| Priyanka Maliya
| [[Bikaner]]
| 25 July
|-
| Shalini Mukherjee
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1 August
|-
| Abhijeet Srivastava
| [[Lakhimpur Kheri]]
| 21 August
|-
| Shristi Bhandari
| [[Delhi]]
| 28 August
|-
| Rahul Dutta
| [[Kolkata]]
| 4 September
|-
| Antara Nandy
| [[Tinsukia]]
| 18 September
|-
| Abhigyan Das
| [[Duliajan]]
| 2 October
|-
| Prateeksha Shrivastava
| [[Lucknow]]
| 9 October
|-
| Swarit Shukl
| [[Indore]]
| 16 October
|-
|}

== Bottom 3 ==

21 August:
* Abhijeet Srivastava - '''OUT'''
* Shreyasi Bhattacharjee - Safe
* Shristi Bhandari - Safe

28 August:
* Shristi Bhandari - '''OUT'''
* Hemant Brijwasi - Safe
* Rahul Dutta - Safe

4 September:
* Rahul Dutta - '''OUT'''
* Prateeksha Shrivastav - Safe
* Antara Nandy - Safe

11 September: '''NO ELIMINATION''' (on [[Asha Bhosle]]'s request)
* Hemant Brijwasi
* Antara Nandy
* Swarit Shukl

18 September:
* Abhigyan Das - Safe
* Shreyasi Bhattacharjee - Safe
* Antara Nandy - '''OUT'''

25 September: '''NO ELIMINATION'''
* Yatarth Ratnam Rastogi
* Prateeksha Shrivastava

2 October:
* Abhigyan Das - '''OUT'''
* Swarit Shukl - Safe

9 October:
* Prateeksha Shrivastava - '''OUT'''
* Hemant Brijwasi - Safe

16 October:
* Swarit Shukl - '''OUT'''

== 2009 Grand FINALE ==
* [[Hemant Brijwasi]] (from [[Mathura]]) - WINNER
* Yatharth Ratnum Rastogi (from [[Varanasi]]) - 1st runner-up
* Shreyasi Bhattacharjee (from [[Kolkata]]) - 2nd runner-up

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.lilchamps2009.com Zee TV's Official Site for L'il Champs 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514080631/http://lilchamps2009.com/ |date=14 May 2010 }}

{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa}}
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Uttaran

2026-01-29T23:48:35Z

AAZAMAZEEM:

{{short description|Indian television soap opera}}
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Uttaran serial 2008.png
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| writer = Ajay Aseem Arora Kumar Abhishek
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography = Santosh Suryavanshi Raj Panth
| director = Ravindra Gautam Nandita Mehra Nishchal Shome Santosh Bhatt
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1549<ref name="a">{{cite web|url=http://colors.in.com/in/videos/uttaran/uttaran-full-episode-1549-january-16th-2015-10105940.html |title=Uttaran episodes|publisher=Uttaran|date=14 November 2014|access-date=15 November 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| producer = Kalyan Guha Rupali Guha Harsh Dave
| company = [[Film Farm India]]
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2008|12|1}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2015|01|16}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Uttaran-to-end-on-January-16/articleshow/45503979.cms|title=Uttaran to end on January 16|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=1 January 2015|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624140535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Uttaran-to-end-on-January-16/articleshow/45503979.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| story = Mitali Shipra Arora
}}

'''''Uttaran''''' ({{Translation|''Donated items''}}) is an [[Indian soap opera]] that aired on many channels from 1 December 2008 to 16 January 2015.<ref name="a" /> The [[List of longest-running Indian television series|third longest-running Indian television series of Colors TV]], it was produced under [[Film Farm India]]. It stars [[Sparsh Khanchandani]], [[Ishita Panchal]], [[Tina Datta]], [[Rashami Desai]], [[Sreejita De]], [[Nandish Sandhu]], [[Vikas Bhalla]], [[Rohit Khurana]], [[Gaurav Chopra]], [[Mrunal Jain]], [[Varun Toorkey]] and [[Ajay Chaudhary|Ajay Singh Chaudhary]].<ref name=cast1>{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/television/uttaran-actor-sahel-phull-to-star-opposite-hot-tv-actress-nia-sharma-654148 |title=Uttaran actor Sahel Phull to star opposite actress Nia Sharma |publisher=[[ABP News]] |date=20 February 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421172336/https://www.abplive.in/television/uttaran-actor-sahel-phull-to-star-opposite-hot-tv-actress-nia-sharma-654148 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
In [[Mumbai]], Ichcha Bharti is the daughter of a poor widow Damini Bharti, who begins working at Jogi Thakur's mansion as a maid. Jogi's daughter Tapasya befriends Ichcha, and they share a sisterly bond. Sumitra brainwash Tapasya through false theories to see Ichcha differently. Tapasya gets jealous when Divya and Jogi care for Ichcha as their child, unaware that Jogi was responsible for Ichcha's father, Rajendra's death. Sumitra fuels that jealousy hence ruining their friendship.

===10 years later===
Tapasya is a rich spoilt brat. Simplistic Ichcha wants to open a school to give free education to poor kids. Tapasya's parents arrange their daughter's marriage with Veer Singh Bundela, who belongs to a reputed wealthy family. But Tapasya does not show interest towards the wedding as she is in a relationship with Siddharth (Sid). Slowly Veer and Ichcha fall in love and their families agree to their marriage, although Gunvanti never liked Ichcha for her status. Insecure seeing Veer shower Ichcha with expensive gifts, Tapasya fakes a suicide attempt and begs Ichcha to let her marry Veer. Ichcha agrees, and Veer marries Tapasya. That same night, Veer learns the truth, and Tapasya claims Ichcha forced her to marry him, believing she is not right for him. The next day, Veer lashes out at Tapasya in front of her family and forces Ichcha to tell the truth. Meanwhile, his elder brother Vansh, a drug addict, falls for Ichcha because of her caring nature.

Veer, unaware of Vansh's love, tries to divorce Tapasya and marry Ichcha, who tries to distance herself from him. Tapasya tries to get Ichcha killed with the help of Siddharth. Veer saves Ichcha, but not before she gets shot and is hospitalised; Siddharth is then arrested. Tapasya tricks Gunvanti who gets Vansh and Ichcha married. A heartbroken Veer pretends to be happy with Tapasya. Sumitra and Tapasya cause a terrible misunderstanding between Vansh and Ichcha. One day, Vansh overhears Siddharth slamming Tapasya for ruining Ichcha's life. Tapasya, however, misleads Vansh, indirectly blaming him for Ichcha's suffering. As a result, he kills himself. Ichcha holds Veer responsible for Vansh's death, and Gunvanti, in turn, blames Ichcha. Veer explains how Tapasya tried to kill Ichcha and is responsible for Vansh's death, by playing a video revealing the day's actions filmed by Siddharth, who wanted to take revenge on Tapasya. Shocked, Jogi disowns her. Ichcha goes to Vrindavan. There, Veer arrives to unite with her, and they get married; the family accepts them.

Tapasya meets Raghuvendra Pratap Rathore, who falls for her, but she betrays him in a game of [[poker]]. He leaves her due to her disloyalty. Tapasya ends up in a chawl and faces miserable life. After few months she is taken back by Jogi. Sumitra and Tapasya plans a fake pregnancy drama to separate Veer and Ichcha. But Tapasya is really pregnant but after few days she realises that she is pregnant with Raghuvendra's child. Ichcha gives her 15 days to reveal the truth to everyone. Gunvanti believes that Tapasya is carrying Veer's child and is just being sweet to her for the baby. Later Ichcha and Tapasya reunites to stop Satya and Sanchi from harming Veer and others. However Tapasya can't lose Veer so she tries to create a misunderstanding but gets exposed. She delivers Mukta, whom she unintentionally leaves in an orphanage to test Raghuvendra's love. Damini and Ichcha find her on streets. Veer and Ichcha decides to raise her, unaware she is Tapasya's daughter. They also adopt an orphan and name him Kanha. Raghuvendra accepts Tapasya and they get married and tries to find their daughter. They realise that Tapasya can never become a mother still Raghuvendra supports her. Ichcha delivers a boy but Sumitra and her son Pushkar steal him and bribe the nurse to tell Ichcha that the boy was stillborn.

Raghuvendra bumps into and takes the baby from Pushkar who was trying to abandon it somewhere. He and Tapasya adopt the baby, named Yuvraj. Siddharth creates misunderstandings between Raghuvendra and Tapasya and blackmails Tapasya, causing Tapasya to leave Raghuvendra as she can't face his hatred. Heartbroken after reading her letter Raghuvendra tries to find her. Rocky Shah, Vansh's look-alike, enters the Bundela mansion as Vansh and falls for Ichcha. Jogi rescues Ichcha from him, accidentally kills Rocky and is bailed out by Raghuvendra. Veer reveals Gunvanti to be behind all this, and Gunvanti admits to holding a grudge against Ichcha for adopting the two children and not giving birth to her own son, whom she wants as an heir to the family. They later find out that Yuvraj is Ichcha's son and give Mukta to Jogi in exchange for Yuvraj. Pregnant again, Ichcha saves Veer from the cruel Avinash Chatterjee, who attacks him. Veer loses his memory. Ichcha kills Avinash and is jailed for 18 years. Ichcha delivers a girl in prison, and tells Damini to raise the baby, named Meethi.

===18 years later===
Meethi and Mukta are best friends just like their mothers were. Ichcha is released from prison. Kanha, whom Damini raised is a successful [[CEO]], happily married to Surbhi. Yuvraj and Meethi were brought up by Gunvanti and Damini respectively, and Gunvanti instigated him against Ichcha. Sumitra tells Meethi that Ichcha is alive but lies that she ruined Tapasya's life. Initially in denial, Meethi develops a negative opinion of Ichcha when she learns she was in prison for murder. Kanha reveals Ichcha was imprisoned for murder but omits that she killed Avinash to save Veer. Despite Damini and Kanha's efforts, Meethi does not believe them and rejects Ichcha. Sumitra brainwashes Mukta, who grows close to Yuvraj.

Later, he tries to rape Mukta, but Ichcha saves her. Mukta realises she misunderstood her and Meethi. Yuvraj is arrested and finds out Ichcha is his mother. His hatred for her further intensifies as she testifies against him in court, and he is incarcerated for 5 years. Veer, who is still [[Amnesia|amnesiac]], lives with Gunvanti and Amla. Reformed after living in US for years, Tapasya comes back and after lots of struggle restores his memory. Vishnu encourages Meethi, who finally accepts Ichcha.

Eventually, Veer and Ichcha unite. Tapasya reunites with her best friend Ichcha and her family. Meethi marries Vishnu on Ichcha's arrangement. He is actually Avinash's son, Akash Chatterjee, who wants revenge. Mukta discovers his truth and tries to locate the real Vishnu, a humble [[blue-collar worker]] for an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], to expose Akash. He orders his goons to kidnap and kill Mukta. Fortunately, Raghuvendra saves her. At Akash and Meethi's wedding, Mukta tries to expose him but no one except Sumitra and Raghuvendra believes her.

Meanwhile, Ichcha and Tapasya risk their life to save Mukta from Veer's uncle Tej, who shoots Tapasya. Fatally, Ichcha gets hit by a truck. Before dying, Ichcha donates her heart to Tapasya. Later, Raghuvendra gets the evidence to expose Akash. Surbhi turns out to be Akash's maternal cousin. His mom, Ekadashi, orders him to kill Meethi but he falls in love with her. Meethi leaves the house. Tapasya throws the pregnant Surbhi out.

Surbhi repents for her actions and dies after delivering the child. Kanha forgives her and promises to raise their child. As Vishnu and Mukta love each other, they marry and soon have a son, Manav. Meethi and Akash unite and she is accepted by his family. After undergoing a plastic surgery, Yuvraj returns as Mukta's boss for revenge. He kidnaps her. While saving her, a pregnant Meethi miscarries and disowns Yuvraj before Ekadashi banishes her. She travels to [[Srinagar]].

Caught up in a terrorist attack by Asgar, Meethi slips into a river and is transported by the current across the border to [[Gilgit]]. Ashfaq saves her. He falls in love with and helps her in returning to India. He bids her a tearful goodbye. Akash and Meethi unite. She adopts Rani as Nandini is imprisoned because she saved Akash from and murdered his old enemy. Meethi and Akash also adopt Tamanna, whom Rani hates. Sumitra reforms.

Eventually, Sumitra and Damini convince Mukta and Meethi to reconcile, and in the end, reflect the friendship of Ichcha and Tapasya.

==Cast and characters==
===Main===
* [[Tina Datta]] as
** Ichcha Bharti Singh Bundela — Rajendra and Damini's daughter; Veer's wife; Yuvraj and Meethi's mother; Kanha's adoptive mother; Rani step-grandmother; Tamanna's adoptive grandmother (2009–2013) (Dead)
*** [[Sparsh Khanchandani]] as child Ichcha (2008–2009)
** Meethi Singh Bundela Chatterjee — Veer and Ichcha's daughter; Yuvraj's sister; Kanha's adoptive sister; Akash's wife; Rani's stepmother; Tamanna's adoptive mother (2012–2015)
* [[Rashami Desai]] as Tapasya Thakur Pratap Rathore — Jogi and Divya's daughter; Raghuvendra's wife; Mukta's mother; Manav's grandmother (2009–2014)
** [[Ishita Panchal]] as child Tapasya (2008–2009)
* [[Sreejita De]] as Mukta Pratap Rathore Kashyap — Raghuvendra and Tapasya's daughter; Vishnu's wife; Manav's mother (2012–2015)
* [[Nandish Sandhu]] as Veer Singh Bundela — Umed and Gunvanti's younger son; Vansh's younger brother; Ichcha's husband; Yuvraj and Meethi's father; Kanha's adoptive father; Rani's step-grandfather; Tamanna's adoptive grandfather (2009–2012)
** [[Vikas Bhalla]] replaced Sandhu as Veer (2012–2013)
* [[Mrunal Jain]] as Akash Chatterjee — Avinash and Ekadashi's elder son; Sankrant's elder brother; Meethi's husband; Rani's father; Tamanna's adoptive father (2013–2015)
* [[Gaurav Chopra]] as Raghuvendra Pratap Rathore — Malvika and Tapasya's husband; Ambika and Mukta's father; Manav's grandfather (2009–2014)
* [[Ajay Chaudhary|Ajay Singh Chaudhary]] as Vishnu Kashyap — Mukta's husband; Manav's father (2013–2015)

===Recurring===
* Sunil Chauhan as Rajendra Bharti — Damini's husband; Ichcha's father; Yuvraj and Meethi's grandfather; Kanha's adoptive grandfather (2009) (Dead)
* [[Vaishali Thakkar]] as Damini Bharti — Rajendra's wife; Ichcha's mother; Yuvraj and Meethi's grandmother; Kanha's adoptive grandmother (2008–2015)
* Arun Singh Sharma as Pushkar Jaiswal — Sumitra's son; Rohini's husband; Divya's cousin; Tapasya's uncle (2008–2012)
* Akanksha Awasthi as Rohini Jaiswal — Pushkar's wife (2009–2013)
* [[Pratima Kazmi]] as Sumitra Devi Jaiswal — Divya's aunt; Pushkar's mother; Tapasya's grandaunt; Mukta's great-grandaunt (2008–2015)
* [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] as Jogi Thakur — Divya's husband; Tapasya's father; Mukta's grandfather; Manav's great-grandfather (2008–2014)
* Pragati Mehra as Divya Thakur — Jogi's wife; Tapasya's mother; Sumitra's niece; Pushkar's cousin; Mukta's grandmother; Manav's great-grandmother (2008–2014)
** [[Pyumori Mehta Ghosh]] replaced Mehra as Divya (2014)
* Shamim Sheikh as Baldev Singh Bundela — Tej and Umed's father; Vansh and Veer's grandfather; Yuvraj and Meethi's great-grandfather; Kanha's adoptive great-grandfather (2009–2013) (Dead)
* [[Akhil Mishra]] as Umed Singh Bundela — Gunvanti's husband; Vansh and Veer's father; Baldev's son; Tej's half-brother; Yuvraj and Meethi's grandfather; Kanha's adoptive grandfather (2009–2013)
* [[Beena Banerjee]] as Gunvanti Singh Bundela — Umed's wife; Vansh and Veer's mother; Yuvraj and Meethi's grandmother; Kanha's adoptive grandmother (2009–2013)
* [[Rohit Khurana]] as
** Vansh Singh Bundela — Umed and Gunvanti's elder son; Veer's elder brother; Ichcha's ex-husband; Yuvraj and Meethi's uncle; Kanha's adoptive uncle (2009–2010) (Dead)
** Rocky Shah — Vansh's doppelganger (2010–2011) (Dead)
* [[Sourabh Raaj Jain]] as Yuvraj "Yuvaan" Singh Bundela — Veer and Ichcha's son; Meethi's brother; Kanha's adoptive brother (2012–2013)
** [[Bharat Chawda]] replaced Jain as Yuvraj (2014) (after plastic surgery)
* Raj Singh Verma as Avinash Chatterjee — Ekadashi's husband; Akash and Sankrant's father; Rani's grandfather; Tamanna's adoptive grandfather (2011–2012) (Dead)
* [[Kruttika Desai|Kruttika Desai Khan]] as Ekadashi Chatterjee — Avinash's wife; Akash and Sankrant's mother; Rani's grandmother; Tamanna's adoptive grandmother (2012–2015)
* [[Varun Toorkey]] as Sankrant Chatterjee — Avinash and Ekadashi's younger son; Akash's younger brother; Ambika's husband (2013–2015)
* Vividha Kirti as Ambika Pratap Rathore Chatterjee — Raghuvendra and Malvika's daughter; Mukta's half-sister; Sankrant's wife (2013–2015)
* Pawan Mahendru as Kasa Seth - Bundela family's servant (2009–2014)
* Sunil Sinha / [[Kiran Karmarkar]] as Tej Singh Bundela - Baldev's son; Umed's half-brother; Vansh and Veer's uncle (2009–2013)
* Sharhaan Singh as Siddharth a.k.a Sid - Tapasya's ex-boyfriend (2009–2012)
* [[Rishina Kandhari]] as Malvika Pratap Rathore - Raghuvendra's first wife; Ambika's mother (2014–2015)
* [[Gaurav S Bajaj]] as Aman Verma - Meethi and Mukta's college friend (2012)
* [[Chaitanya Choudhury]] as Kanha Chatterjee/Singh Bundela - Ichcha and Veer's adoptive son; Yuvraj and Meethi's adoptive brother; Godman's grandson; Surbhi's husband (2012–2014)
* [[Pranitaa Pandit]] as Surbhi Chatterjee/Singh Bundela ([[Birth name|née]] Yadav) - Kanha's wife; Agarth and Kadambari's daughter; Nirbhay's sister (2012–2013) (Dead)
* Arishfa Khan as Rani Chatterjee - Akash and Nandini's daughter; Meethi's stepdaughter; Tamanna's adoptive sister (2014–2015)
* An unknown child actress as Tamanna Chatterjee - Akash and Meethi's adoptive daughter; Rani's adoptive sister (2015)
* Rumi Khan as Nirbhay Yadav - Agarth and Kadambari's son; Surbhi's brother; Kajri's husband (2013)
* [[Arti Singh]] as Kajri Yadav - Nirbhay's wife (2013–2014)
* Girija Shankar as Agarth Yadav - Ekadashi, Gomati, and Pavitra's brother; Kadambari's husband; Nirbhay and Surbhi's father; Akash and Sankrant's uncle (2013)
* Nilima Singh as Kadambari Yadav - Agarth's wife; Nirbhay and Surbhi's mother; Akash and Sankrant's aunt (2013)
* Neena Singh as Gomati Yadav - Agarth, Ekadashi, and Pavitra's sister; Akash, Sankrant, Nirbhay, and Surbhi's aunt (2013–2015)
* Hetal Yadav as Pavitra Yadav - Agarth, Ekadashi , and Gomati's sister; Akash, Sankrant, Nirbhay, and Surbhi's aunt (2013–2014)
* Sonica Handa as Amla Singh Bundela - Veer's fake wife (2012–2013)
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Maharani (2014)
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Colonel Swarnik Agnihotri (2014)
* [[Krip Suri]] as Asgar Rizvi - Ashfaque's brother (2014)
* Gaurav Vasudev as Babar (2014)
* Sahil Phull as Ashfaque Rizvi - A Pakistani guy who saves Meethi (2014)
* [[Anchal Sabharwal]] as Fida (2014)
* [[Shriya Jha]] as Nandini Sharma a.k.a Chameli - Akash's ex-girlfriend; Rani's mother (2014–2015)
* [[Madhura Naik]] as Nilofer Naaz (2014)
* [[Mansi Sharma]] as Saba Mehrami (2014)
* [[Samikssha Batnagar]] as Zubeida Ahmed (2014)
* [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as Rizvi (2014)
* Charu Rohatgi as Mumtaz Begum (2014)
* Amrin Chakkiwala as Nusrat Rizvi (2014)
* Vineett Kumar / Rrajvir Singh as Khalid (2014)
* Unknown as Mushtaq Ansari Sahab (2014)
* [[Baby Farida]] as Anjum Jalalan - Damini's neighbor (2008–2014)
* [[Usha Bachani]] as Jailaxmi Khurana (2009)
* [[Aastha Chaudhary]] as Madhuran Sethi (2011)
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as Satyaveer Singh - Veer's business rival (2011)
* An unknown actress as Kuki Arora (2009)
* Anjali Rana as Jyoti Bhatia (2008–2010)
* [[Shivshakti Sachdev]] as Lali Bhatia (2009)
* An unknown actor as Maharaj Karvansh - Thakur family's servant (2008–2009)
* [[Priya Marathe]] as Ruby Shekhawat - Rocky's girlfriend (2011–2012)
* [[Harsha Khandeparkar]] as Sanchi Singh - Satyaveer's sister (2011)
* Apurva as Kinjal (2010)
* Nikita Sharma as Masoom (2010)
* [[Arun Bali]] as Godman - Kanha's grandfather (2014)
* [[Vikas Sethi]] as Inspector Abeeran Mattoo (2010)
* Nikhil Arya as Inspector Suryakant Tarte (2011–2012)

==Production==
===Casting===
The show initially starred [[Sparsh Khanchandani]] as young Ichcha with [[Ishita Panchal]] as young Tapasya in December 2008 to June 2009.<ref name=cast5>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tina-Dutta-hosts-a-Uttaran-reunion-at-her-place/articleshow/52967830.cms|title=Tina Dutta hosts a 'Uttaran' reunion at her place|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 June 2016|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603023806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tina-Dutta-hosts-a-Uttaran-reunion-at-her-place/articleshow/52967830.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

It later took a generation leap and from June 2009 to March 2012, it focused on the characters of Ichcha, Tapasya, Veer and Vansh played by [[Tina Datta]], [[Rashami Desai]], [[Nandish Sandhu]] and [[Rohit Khurana]] respectively.<ref name="running">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/tina-dutta-breaks-down-on-last-day-of-uttaran_1527436.html|title=Tina Dutta breaks down on last day of 'Uttaran'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 January 2015|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054504/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/tina-dutta-breaks-down-on-last-day-of-uttaran_1527436.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tina">{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/uttaran-fame-tina-datta-poses-with-nude-model-ankit-bhatia-for-a-bold-photoshoot-2751065/|title=Tina Datta Goes Bold for a Calendar Shoot, Poses with a Nude Model|publisher=India.com|date=14 December 2017|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309120245/http://www.india.com/showbiz/uttaran-fame-tina-datta-poses-with-nude-model-ankit-bhatia-for-a-bold-photoshoot-2751065/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sandhu quit the show as he doesn't want to be the part of 18 years leap and was replaced by [[Vikas Bhalla]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pratigya-and-Uttaran-in-a-TRP-tussle/articleshow/10066209.cms|title=Pratigya and Uttaran in a TRP tussle|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 September 2011|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728015710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pratigya-and-Uttaran-in-a-TRP-tussle/articleshow/10066209.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another 18-year leap was introduced in March 2012 and then the story centered around the life of Meethi, Mukta, Yuvraj, Akash and Vishnu portrayed by [[Tina Datta]], [[Sreejita De]], [[Saurabh Raj Jain]], [[Mrunal Jain]] and [[Ajay Chaudhary]] until its end in January 2015.<ref>[https://www.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/uttaran-actor-gaurav-chopraa-makes-a-comeback-on-tv-with-ek-shakti-ek-aghori/articleshow/68688424.cms]{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Uttaran'''s premiere had a 3.25 [[target rating point]] (TRP) and it became one of the top-rated Hindi GEC, and the second most watched program of Colors TV after [[Balika Vadhu]] at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/22863_gec-watch-viewers-content-with-fresh-content|title=Uttaran 2008 TRP|date=12 December 2008|access-date=28 April 2021|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428012825/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/22863_gec-watch-viewers-content-with-fresh-content|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tv-toppers/cid/489910|title=TV Toppers|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606104525/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tv-toppers/cid/489910|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20090504-tv-s-fresh-face-739600-2009-04-24|title=Uttaran TRP 2009|date=24 April 2009 |access-date=28 April 2021|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428013946/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20090504-tv-s-fresh-face-739600-2009-04-24|url-status=live}}</ref> It was one of the show that helped Colors TV to briefly gain first position in Hindi GEC, breaking the nine-year run of [[Star Plus]]. From 2008 until the first quarter of 2012, ''Uttaran'' maintained its top position mostly on the ratings charts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/latest-headlines/story/20090810-tv-wars-the-rate-race-740405-2009-07-30 |title=TV wars: The rate race |date=30 July 2009 |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111180015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/latest-headlines/story/20090810-tv-wars-the-rate-race-740405-2009-07-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0%"
|- style="color:black"
!style="background:lightpink; width:10%;"|Language
!style="background:lightpink; width:25%;"|Title
!style="background:lightpink; width:20%;"|Original release
!style="background:lightpink; width:10%;"|Networks
!style="background:lightpink; width:10%;"|Last aired
!style="background:lightpink; width:10%;"|Notes
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''Uttaran'' उतरन
|1 December 2008
|[[Colors TV]]
|16 January 2015
|Original
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Asava Sundar Swapnancha Bangla]]'' असावा सुंदर स्वप्नांचा बंगला
|7 January 2013
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|19 March 2016
|Remake<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/manasi-cha-chitrakaar-toh-savar-re-asava-sundar-swapnancha-bangla-devyani-pudhcha-paaul-diya-aur-baati-hum-na-bole-tum-na-maine-kuch-kaha-mann-kee-awaaz-pratigya-saath-nibhana-saathiya/articleshow/26423510.cms|title=TV viewers give Marathi TV serials inspired by Hindi soaps a thumbs up|last=Deshmukh|first=Gayatri|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 March 2014|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
The series has won the following awards:
{| class="wikitable"
! align="center" |Year
! align="center" |Category
! align="center" |Recipient(s)
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]]
|-
| 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=328|title=ITA Awards 2009|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830200857/https://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=328|url-status=live}}</ref>
| GR8! Ensemble Cast
| Uttaran
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=329|title=ITA Awards 2010|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214203513/http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=329|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role
| Ayub Khan
|-
| Best Actress Popular
| Rashami Desai
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|-
| rowspan="4"|2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dev.indiantellyawards.com/y2k10/winners.php|title=Indian Telly Awards 2010|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142459/http://dev.indiantellyawards.com/y2k10/winners.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role
| Ayub Khan
|-
| Best Actress in a Negative Role
| Rashami Desai
|-
| Best Daily Serial
| Film Farm
|-
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role Jury
| Vaishali Thakkar
|-
| 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/12th-indian-telly-awards-winners-list/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2013|date=7 May 2013|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509122215/https://www.bizasialive.com/12th-indian-telly-awards-winners-list/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Best Actor in a Negative Role Jury
| Kiran Karmarkar
|-
! colspan="3"|[[Apsara Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://producersguildindia.com/Home/Winner|title=Apsara Awards|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203193146/http://producersguildindia.com/Home/Winner|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010
| Best Director
| Nandita Mehra
|-
| Best Actor in a Drama Series
| Ayub Khan
|-
| Best Actress in a Drama Series
| [[Tina Datta]]
|-
| 2011
| Best Ensemble Cast
| Uttaran
|-
| 2011 (ColorsGolden Awards)
| Popular Jodi
| Tina Datta Nandish Sandhu
|-
| 2012
| Best Writer
| Mitali Bhattacharya
|-
! colspan="3"|[[Zee Gold Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2010.html|title=ZGA 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023406/https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2010.html |archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2011.html|title=ZGA 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023505/https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2011.html |archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/boroplus-gold-awards|title=ZGA 2013|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408092834/https://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/boroplus-gold-awards|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2010
| Best Debut Male
| Nandish Sandhu
|-
| Best Actor In Supporting Role (Popular)
| Ayub Khan
|-
| Best Actress In Negative Role (Popular)
| Rashami Desai
|-
| Best Story
| Mitali Bhattacharya
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011
| Best Actress (Critics)
| Rashami Desai
|-
| Best Actor In Supporting Role (Popular)
| Ayub Khan
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
| Best Actor In Negative Role (Critics)
| Kiran Karmarkar
|-
| Gold Producer's Honour for Completing 1000 episodes
| Film Farm
|-
! colspan=3| [[FICCI Frames#FICCI Frames Excellence Awards|FICCI Frames Excellence Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news|title='Three Idiots', 'Paa' dominate FICCI-Frames awards|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/three-idiots-paa-dominate-ficci-frames-awards/articleshow/5702290.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-05-23|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523053444/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/three-idiots-paa-dominate-ficci-frames-awards/articleshow/5702290.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2011-03-26|title=Winners of FICCI FRAMES Excellence Honours awards : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-ficci-frames-excellence-honours-awards/|access-date=2021-05-23|language=en|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622012321/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-ficci-frames-excellence-honours-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010
| Best TV Series (Fiction)
| Film Farm
|-
| Best TV Actor (Male)
| Ayub Khan
|-
| 2011
| Best TV Actor (Female)
| Rashami Desai
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6814630}}
*''[https://www.voot.com/shows/uttaran/1/365230 Uttaran]'' on [[Voot]]

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Alcohol laws of India

2026-01-25T06:54:14Z

AAZAMAZEEM: improved intro for consistency based on references

{{short description|none}} 
{{Redirect|Dry day}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
The [[legal drinking age]] in [[India]] and the laws which regulate the sale and consumption of [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]] vary significantly from [[States and union territories of India|state]] to state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icap.org/Table/MinimumAgeLimitsWorldwide |title=Minimum Age Limits Worldwide |publisher=Icap.org |access-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505211133/http://www.icap.org/table/minimumagelimitsworldwide |archive-date=5 May 2015 }}</ref> In India, consumption of alcohol is prohibited in the states of [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Nagaland]],<ref name="nagaland">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucanews.com/2010/08/31/alcohol-prohibition-to-remain-in-nagaland/ |title=Alcohol prohibition to remain in Nagaland |publisher=Ucanews.com |access-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122008/http://www.ucanews.com/2010/08/31/alcohol-prohibition-to-remain-in-nagaland/ |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref> and [[Mizoram]], as well as the [[union territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]]. There is partial ban on alcohol in some districts of [[Manipur]].<ref name="kerala_ban_bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29829015|title=India's Kerala High Court upholds alcohol ban|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=8 August 2015|date=30 October 2014}}</ref> All other Indian states permit alcohol consumption but fix a legal drinking age, which ranges at different ages per region. In some states the legal drinking age can be different for different types of alcoholic beverage.

In spite of legal restrictions, alcohol consumption in India has risen over 55% over a period of 20 years (according to [[OECD]] figures) as the laws are generally not followed in a customer business relationship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indians-drinking-alcohol-up-55-in-20-years/articleshow/47313965.cms |title=Indians drinking alcohol up 55% in 20 years|work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30791674 |title=India toxic alcohol kills 29 in Uttar Pradesh |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date= 13 January 2015|access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> The maximum permitted ABV is 45.5%.<ref>{{Cite web|last=foodnavigator-asia.com|title=India alcohol limits drafted|url=https://www.foodnavigator-asia.com/Article/2012/05/28/India-alcohol-limits-drafted|access-date=2020-06-15|website=foodnavigator-asia.com|date=27 May 2012 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== History ==
The Prohibition on Alcohol was first initiated in 1954 by [[Morarji Desai]] who was [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Province]]. The Prohibition was imposed on the [[Koli people]] who were traditional distillers of alcohol or wine in [[Maharashtra]] mostly in [[Dharavi]]. Kolis of [[Mumbai|Bombay]] distilled the alcohol by [[Syzygium cumini|Jamun]], [[Guava]], [[Orange (fruit)|Orange]], [[Apple]] and [[Manilkara zapota|Chikoo]]. In 1954, Morarji Desai imposed the Prohibition on liquor but there were strong protests by the Koli [[Caste system in India|community]]. Koli's alleged the [[Desai]] that 'This is not a Daru-Bandi, This is Desh-Bandi', due to the Desai administration's allowance on the selling foreign alcohol in the state and prohibitions on homemade liquor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=Shilpa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZJiDwAAQBAJ |title=Haunting Bombay |date=2009-04-01 |publisher=[[Soho Press]] |isbn=978-1-56947-708-3 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Kalpana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RJWYfvHBCQC&dq=Desai+Kolis&pg=PA45 |title=Rediscovering Dharavi: Stories from Asia's Largest Slum |publisher=[[Penguin Books India]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-14-100023-7 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=45–46 |language=en}}</ref> before the prohibition on alcohol, Kolis of Dharavi manufactured the alcohol legally and when prohibition enacted, commercial alcohol production ceased and Kolis had a virtual monopoly in this area.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weinstein |first=Liza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JS90DwAAQBAJ |title=The Durable Slum: Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai |date=2014-04-01 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-1-4529-4112-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Law==
Alcohol is a subject in the [[State List]] under the Seventh Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitutionofindia.etal.in/article_246/ |title=246. Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States |publisher=Constitutionofindia.etal.in |date=10 October 2013 |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vakilbabu.com/Laws/SubList/SList.htm |title=States Subject List |publisher=Vakilbabu.com |access-date=18 May 2015 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823153433/http://www.vakilbabu.com/Laws/SubList/SList.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/shed07.htm |title=Schedule |publisher=Constitution.org |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> Therefore, the laws governing alcohol vary from state to state.

Liquor in India is generally sold at liquor stores, restaurants, hotels, bars, pubs, clubs and discos but not online. Some states, like Kerala and Tamil Nadu, prohibit private parties from owning liquor stores making the state government the sole retailer of alcohol in those states. In some states, liquor may be sold at groceries, departmental stores, banquet halls and/or farm houses. Some tourist areas have special laws allowing the sale of alcohol on beaches and houseboats.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Home delivery of alcoholic beverages is illegal in Delhi.<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/3-held-for-home-delivery-of-liquor/articleshow/19803733.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524202603/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-22/delhi/27318723_1_liquor-shops-foreign-liquor-excise-intelligence-bureau | url-status=live | archive-date=24 May 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=3 held for home delivery of liquor | date=22 August 2002}}</ref> However, in Delhi home delivery of beer and wine by private vendors and departmental stores is permitted.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

In January 2025, the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] implemented a ban on the sale of liquor in 17 religious towns across the state, including [[Ujjain]], [[Orchha]], Salkanpur, [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]], [[Omkareshwar Temple|Omkareshwar]], [[Maheshwar]], [[Maihar]], [[Amarkantak]], and the [[Pashupatinath Temple, Mandsaur|Pashupatinath temple]] area in [[Mandsaur]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohan J |first1=Anand |title=As Madhya Pradesh bans liquor in 17 religious towns, why it is likely to be difficult to enforce |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/madhya-pradesh-liquor-religious-towns-mohan-yadav-9797508/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=January 24, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh govt bans liquor shops in 17 'holy towns' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/madhya-pradesh-govt-bans-liquor-shops-in-17-holy-towns-full-list-101737717383868.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=January 24, 2025}}</ref>

==Legal drinking age by states and union territories==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! State/UT !! Drinking Age !! Remarks
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || 21<ref name="MDAIndia">{{cite web |title=Drinking age reduced to 21 in Haryana, pubs and bars welcome move |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/drinking-age-reduced-to-21-in-haryana-pubs-and-bars-welcome-move-101640200145766.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 December 2021 }}</ref>||
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 21<ref name="MDAIndia"/> ||
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 21<ref name="MDAIndia"/> ||
|-
| [[Assam]] || 21<ref name="MDAIndia"/> ||
|- style="background:#ebb;"
| [[Bihar]] || [[Bihar Excise (Amendment) Act, 2016|Illegal]] || Total ban on all alcohol since 4 April 2016<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bihar's decision to go 'dry' and politics of liquor ban in India| work=IBNLive |url = http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/bihars-decision-to-go-dry-and-politics-of-liquor-ban-in-india-1168995.html|publisher = CNN-IBN|access-date = 28 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] || 25<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drunkdriving.co.in/drunk-driving-law/legal-drinking-age-in-india.htm |title=Legal Drinking Age | Minimum Age For Drinking In India |publisher=Drunkdriving.co.in |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221141712/http://www.drunkdriving.co.in/drunk-driving-law/legal-drinking-age-in-india.htm |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || 21<ref name="MDAIndia"/> ||
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] || 21<ref>{{cite web |title=Section 24 of the Dadra and Nagar Haveli Excise Regulation, 2012
|url=https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Regulations/Dadra%20and%20Nagar%20%20Haveli%20Excise%20Regulation,%202012.pdf}}</ref>||
<ref>{{cite web |title=Section 19 of "The Goa, Daman and Diu Excise Duty Act & Rules 1964"
|url=https://daman.nic.in/acts-rules/Excise-department/documents/The%20Goa,%20Daman%20and%20Diu%20Excise%20Duty%20Act%20&%20Rules%201964.PDF}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi]] ||25 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=What is the legal drinking age in Delhi, 21 or 25? Know liquor rules in bars, restaurants across capital |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-what-is-the-legal-drinking-age-in-delhi-21-or-25-know-liquor-rules-in-bars-restaurants-across-capital-3028140 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>||
|-
| [[Goa]] || 18<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal Drinking age and Dry Days in India |url=https://legodesk.com/legopedia/legal-drinking-age-in-india/ |website=Legodesk |date=26 November 2018}}</ref>||
|- style="background:#ebb;"
| [[Gujarat]] || style="background:#ebb;"| [[Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 2009|Illegal]] || style="background:#ebb;"|Non-Residents of Gujarat can apply for limited Liquor Permits. [[Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949|Banned since 1960]].<ref name="ETX">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/news/34218094_1_gutkha-ban-gujarat-chief-minister-prohibition-policy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426093910/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/news/34218094_1_gutkha-ban-gujarat-chief-minister-prohibition-policy|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2013|title=Narendra Modi justifies gutkha ban in Gujarat|website=The Economic Times|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 21<ref name="MDAIndia"/> || The Punjab Excise Act, which also extends to Haryana, prohibits establishments from employing "women in any part of such premises in which such liquor or intoxicating drug is consumed by the public".<ref name="PunjExAct">{{Citation
| url = http://haryanatax.gov.in/Excise_Policy/The_Punjab_Excise_Act.html
| title = The Punjab Excise Act, 1914
| publisher = Government of Haryana
| access-date = 1 November 2012
| archive-date = 5 November 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105201136/http://haryanatax.gov.in/Excise_Policy/The_Punjab_Excise_Act.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Section 30 of the Punjab Excise Act has been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of India on 12 December 2007, which was responsible for not allowing women to work in such premises.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/845216/|title=Anuj Garg & Ors vs Hotel Association Of India & Ors on 6 December, 2007|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 18<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himvani.com/news/2011/12/21/himachal-bans-selling-liquor-minors/19813 |title=Himachal bans selling liquor to minors | Page 19813 |publisher=Himvani.com |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 21<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://jkexcise.nic.in/documents/eact.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Excise Act, 1958 (1901 A.D) |publisher=Jkexcise.nic.in |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Jkexcise.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://jkexcise.nic.in/documents/exc_rule.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Liquor License & Sale Rules, 1984 |publisher=Jkexcise.nic.in |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || 21<ref name="MDAIndia"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/days-of-government-run-liquor-shops-over-as-pvt-parties-to-run-biz-again-from-today/articleshow/68661121.cms|title=Days of government-run liquor shops over as pvt parties to run biz again from today | Ranchi News - Times of India|website=The Times of India |date=April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/opening-of-private-liquor-shops-get-eci---s-nod.html|title=Opening of private liquor shops get ECI's nod|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Karnataka]] ||18*||[[Arrack]] has been banned in Karnataka since 1 July 2007.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://infoqueenbee.com/2014/09/list-of-states-in-india-with.html | work=The Times of India | title=Arrack ban in Karnataka from tomorrow | date=30 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/332487/siddu-wants-cheap-safe-liquor.html |title=Siddu wants cheap, safe liquor for poor |work=Deccan Herald |date=14 May 2013 |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> The Karanataka Excise Department, 1967, stipulate that ''drinking'' age is 21. However, the Karnataka Excise Act, 1965, states 18 as the minimum age to ''purchase'' alcohol. The law is ambiguous and in practise many bars serve those above age 18 though a few bars refuse service to anyone below 21.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legodesk.com/legopedia/legal-drinking-age-in-india/|title=Legal Drinking age and Dry Days in India|date=2018-11-26|website=Legodesk|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Is-legal-age-to-drink-in-Karnataka-18-or-21/article13982569.ece|title=Is legal age to drink in Karnataka 18 or 21?|date=2016-01-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 23<ref>{{cite news |title=Legal drinking age raised to 23 in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/legal-drinking-age-raised-to-23-in-kerala/article21285612.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 December 2017}}</ref>|| Kerala government has planned to implement prohibition of hard liquor in 10 years.<ref name="partial_prohibition">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-high-court-upholds-earlier-ban-on-liquor-in-bars/|title=Kerala High Court upholds govt liquor policy, confines bar licence to five-star hotels|date=April 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="kerala_ban_bbc"/> However the subsequent government has not confirmed proceeding with the prohibition and has reversed the restriction of hard liquor to only five star hotels.
|-
| [[Ladakh]] || 18<ref name=":1"/><ref name="Jkexcise.nic.in"/> ||
|- style="background:#ebb;"
|| [[Lakshadweep]] || [[Lakshadweep Prohibition Regulation, 1979|Illegal]]<ref name="MDAIndia"/> || Consumption is legal only on the resort island of [[Bangaram Atoll|Bangaram]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/bangaram.html |title=Lakshadweep Official Website |publisher=Lakshadweep.nic.in |access-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427112053/http://www.lakshadweep.nic.in/bangaram.html |archive-date=27 April 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 21<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boardofrevenue.mp.gov.in/acts/MP-EXCISE-1915English.pdf|title=The Madhya Pradesh Excise Act|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 25<ref>{{cite web |title=Bombay Prohibition Act,1949
|url=https://stateexcise.maharashtra.gov.in/Pdf/Maharashtra_Excise_Manual_Vol-I.pdf}}</ref>
| In Maharashtra, a liquor licence obtained from a Government Civil Hospital is required to drink, although this is largely not enforced. Additionally, state legislature empowers district governments to ban alcohol entirely. As a result, two districts, [[Wardha district|Wardha]] and [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] have imposed a total ban on the production and sale of alcohol.
|-
| [[Manipur]] || 21<ref name="MDAIndia"/> || Partial prohibition since 2002, prohibited in the districts of [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]], [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]], [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]] and [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Politics_and_Governance.Dried_Up_Prohibition_Need_for_lifting_Prohibition_By_Seram_Neken |title=Dried Up Prohibition : Need for lifting Prohibition arises due to state's inability to enforce 'Dry State Status' |date=30 August 2014 |access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || 21<ref name="ibn_18_rome">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/drink-on-18-in-lucknow-25-in-mumbai-16-in-rome/156256-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605025550/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/drink-on-18-in-lucknow-25-in-mumbai-16-in-rome/156256-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2011|title=Drink at 18 in Lucknow, 25 in Mumbai, 16 in Rome |website=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]] |date=2 June 2011}}</ref> ||
|- style="background:#ebb;"
| [[Mizoram]] || Illegal<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram passes Bill for total prohibition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-passes-bill-for-total-prohibition-5636784/ |website=The Indian Express |date=21 March 2019 |access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> ||Banned since 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram goes dry again as Assembly passes Liquor Prohibition Bill 2019 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram-goes-dry-again-as-assembly-passes-liquor-prohibition-bill-2019.html |website=nenow |date=20 March 2019 |access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ebb;"
| [[Nagaland]] || [[Nagaland Liquor Total Prohibition Act, 1989|Illegal]]<ref name="nagaland"/> || Sale and consumption illegal since 1989.<ref name="fullstop">{{cite news|url=http://www.fullstopindia.com/liquor-prohibited-a-list-of-dry-states-in-india|title=No Drink For You? India's Dry States |work=Full Stop India }}</ref>
|-
| [[Odisha]] || 21 |21<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-06-18 |title=Cheers! Orissa raises a toast to 21 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/cheers-orissa-raises-a-toast-to-21/articleshow/8900203.cms |access-date=2025-06-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || 18<ref name="MDAIndia"/> ||
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 25<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/underage-drinking-punjab-to-take-action-aga/614084/ |title=Underage drinking: Punjab to take action against vendors |work=The Indian Express |date=3 May 2010 |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> || The Punjab Excise Act prohibits establishments from employing "women in any part of such premises in which such liquor or intoxicating drug is consumed by the public".<ref name="PunjExAct"/> Section 30 of the Punjab Excise Act has been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of India on 12 December 2007, which was responsible for not allowing women to work in such premises.<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] ||18<ref>Rajasthan Excise Act 1950, Section 22</ref>||
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || 18<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/international-home|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104060238/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-24/mumbai/29698621_1_drinking-age-drinking-age-alcohol/2|url-status=live|archive-date=4 January 2013|title=Maharashtra's legal drinking age is highest in world|date=24 June 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 21 ||
|-
| [[Telangana]] || 21<ref name="MDAIndia"/> ||
|-
| [[Tripura]] || 21<ref>{{cite web |title="THE TRIPURA EXCISE ACT, 1987."
|url=https://law.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/The_Tripura_Excise_Act_1987.pdf}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 21<ref name="MRLIndia">{{cite web |url=https://www.mrliquor.in/legal-drinking-age-in-india/#legaldrinkingageinstateofuttarpradesh |title=Legal Drinking Age in India |date=6 March 2017 |publisher=MrLiquor |access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> ||Section 22<ref name="MRLIndia" />
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || 21<ref name="MDAIndia"/> ||
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || 21<ref>{{cite web |title="Bengal Excise Act, 1909"
|url=http://wbexcise.gov.in/writereaddata/bengalexciseact.pdf}}</ref> ||
|}

==Drunk driving law==
The [[blood alcohol content]] (BAC) legal limit is 0.03%<ref name="ifood.tv">{{cite web |url=http://www.ifood.tv/blog/alcohol-law-in-india |title=Alcohol Law In India by chockyfoodie |publisher=iFood.tv |access-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222063231/http://www.ifood.tv/blog/alcohol-law-in-india |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> or 30 mg alcohol in 100 ml blood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.com/article/15/2011122520111225033242577203a62aa/This-New-Year-pubs-to-face-police-action-if-patrons-drinkdrive.html |title=This New Year, pubs to face police action if patrons drink-drive |access-date=28 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412025108/http://mumbaimirror.com/article/15/2011122520111225033242577203a62aa/This-New-Year-pubs-to-face-police-action-if-patrons-drinkdrive.html |archive-date=12 April 2013 }}</ref>

On 1 March 2012, the Union Cabinet approved proposed changes to the Motor Vehicle Act. Higher penalties were introduced, including fines from {{INRConvert|2000|year=2012}} to {{INRConvert|10000|year=2012}} and imprisonment from 6 months to 4 years. Different penalties are assessed depending on the blood alcohol content at the time of the offence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Think-5-times-before-you-drink-and-drive/articleshow/16210970.cms|title=Think 5 times before you drink and drive|date=2 March 2012|access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref>

== Dry days ==

Dry days are specific days when the sale of alcohol is not allowed. Most of the Indian states observe these days on major national festivals/occasions such as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26 January), [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] (15 August) and [[Gandhi Jayanti]] (2 October).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Food/Three-cheers-to-dry-days/Article1-733272.aspx |title=Three cheers to dry days! |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 August 2011 |access-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502115730/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Food/Three-cheers-to-dry-days/Article1-733272.aspx |archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> Dry days are also observed during [[elections in India]].<ref name=":01">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksbc.kerala.gov.in/know.htm |title=official web site of Kerala State Beverages Corporation Limited |publisher=Ksbc.kerala.gov.in |access-date=24 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807233919/http://ksbc.kerala.gov.in/know.htm |archive-date=7 August 2011 }}</ref><ref name="And.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.and.nic.in/Announcements/Excise_policy.pdf |title=Andaman & Nicobar Administration, Excise Department : Excise Policy |publisher=And.nic.in |access-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322000934/http://www.and.nic.in/Announcements/Excise_policy.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Dry days by states and union territories===

No dry day rule is applicable for 5-star hotels, clubs and resorts in West Bengal. Drinks may be served and consumed in those places in West Bengal even on dry days. Private consumption too is allowed on dry days. Only the open sale of liquor at restaurants, liquor shops and other permitted places is disallowed on those days.

Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emulate.aponline.gov.in/apbcl/index.html |title=.gov.in|access-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201040753/http://emulate.aponline.gov.in/apbcl/index.html |archive-date=1 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://excise.delhigovt.nic.in/ex3b.asp |title=Government of Delhi: Government Departments : Excise : Excise Department : Delhi Liquor Licence Rules, 1976 |publisher=Excise.delhigovt.nic.in |access-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529085632/http://excise.delhigovt.nic.in/ex3b.asp |archive-date=29 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> For [[Lok Sabha]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] elections, Prohibited days are declared for 48 hours prior to the close of voting, plus during the counting day(s). For [[Municipalities of India|Municipality]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]], [[Nagar nigam|Municipal Corporation]], or [[Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council]] elections, Prohibited days occur on the polling day, the previous day and the counting day(s).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wbexcise.gov.in/ExcisePortal/Closure%20of%20retail.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911232712/http://wbexcise.gov.in/ExcisePortal/Closure%20of%20retail.htm |archive-date=11 September 2009 |title=Closure of retail excise licensed premises in West Bengal on special occasions |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>

====Andaman and Nicobar Islands====

Retail shops are closed on every month on the 7th, which is the pay day / salary day in this [[union territory]], and on 2nd & 4th Tuesdays of every month. Plus, a maximum of two fulls or four beers are permitted per person for sale in retail shops.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Date !! Festival
|-
| January || 26 || [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]
|-
| August || 15 || [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]
|-
| October || 2 || [[Gandhi Jayanti]]
|}

====Delhi====
Every excise year, the [[Government of Delhi]], notifies the number of Prohibited days in a year. The three national holidays—26 January 2 October and 15 August, are always prohibited days, and additional prohibited days are announced at the start of the excise year (1 July).<ref>{{cite web|title=Excise, Entertainment & Luxury Tax Department|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_excise/Excise/Home/Frequently+Asked+Questions|publisher=Government of NCT of Delhi|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082840/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_excise/Excise/Home/Frequently+Asked+Questions|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Date !! Festival
|-
| January || 26 || [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]
|-
| August || 15 || [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]
|-
| October || 2 || [[Gandhi Jayanti]]
|}

====Jammu and Kashmir====

;Jammu:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Date !! Festival
|-
| March || 4 || [[Maha Shivratri]]
|-
| April || || [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami]]†
|-
| rowspan="2" | August || 15 || [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]
|-
| || rowspan="2" | [[Krishna Janmashtami]]†
|-
| September ||
|-
| October || 2 || [[Gandhi Jayanti]]
|-
| November || || [[Guru Nanak Jayanti]]
|}
†Festival date may be in either month.

;Kashmir:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Date !! Festival
|-
| March || 4 || [[Maha Shivratri]]
|-
| June || 4–5 || [[Eid-Ul-Fitr]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | August || 11 || [[Eid al-Adha]] ([[Bakrid]])
|-
| 15 || [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]
|-
| || rowspan="2" | [[Krishna Janmashtami]]†
|-
| September ||
|-
| October || 2 || [[Gandhi Jayanti]]
|-
| November || 9–10 || [[Mawlid|Eid-Ul-Milad]]
|}
†Festival date may be in either month.

====Karnataka====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Date !! Festival
|-
| October || 2 || [[Gandhi Jayanti]]
|}

====Kerala====

Sundays are no longer observed as Prohibited days in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sundays-no-more-dry-days-in-kerala/article6706386.ece |title=Sundays no more dry days in Kerala |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 December 2014 |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=":01"/>

1st Day of English Calendar Every month for administrative purposes and on the grounds that it is the salary day. Dry days are observed on the day of polling and the previous day during elections as well.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Date !! Festival
|-
| rowspan="2" | January || 1 || New Year Day
|-
| 26 || Republic Day
|-
| rowspan="2" |August
| 15 || Independence Day
|-
| || rowspan="2" | [[Sree Narayana Guru]] Jayanti†
|-
| rowspan="2" | September ||
|-
|21 || [[Sree Narayana Guru Samadhi]]
|-
| October || 2 || [[Gandhi Jayanti]]
|}
†Date may be in either month.

====Maharashtra====

The [[District collector (India)|district collector]] can also designate any day as a Prohibited day by giving seven days' notice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stateexcise.maharashtra.gov.in/EXCISE/list_of__dry_days.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406040151/http://stateexcise.maharashtra.gov.in/EXCISE/list_of__dry_days.htm |archive-date=6 April 2010 |title=List of Dry Days |date=6 April 2010 |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> his list may vary depending on the date of festivals as well as specific Prohibited day announcements by the [[Government of Maharashtra]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Date !! Festival
|-
| rowspan="2" | January || 26 || [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]
|-
| 30 || [[Martyrs' Day (India)|Martyrs' Day]]
|-
| May || 1 || Maharashtra Day
|-
| June || || rowspan="2" | [[Shayani Ekadashi|Ashadi Ekadashi]]†
|-
|July
|
|-
| August || 15 || [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]
|-
| September || || [[Anant Chaturdashi]]
|-
| October || 2-9 || [[Gandhi Jayanti|Gandhi Week]]
|-
| November || || [[Prabodhini Ekadashi|Kartiki Ekadashi]]
|}
†Festival date may be in either month.

====Rajasthan====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Date !! Festival
|-
| rowspan="2" | January || 26 ||[[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]
|-
| 30|| [[Martyrs' Day (India)|Martyrs' Day]]
|-
| February || || [[Maha Shivaratri]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | March || 30 ||Rajasthan Formation Day
|-
| || rowspan="2" |[[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]†
|-
| April ||
|-
| August || 15 ||[[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | October || 2 ||[[Gandhi Jayanti]]
|-
| 30 ||[[Harijan Sevak Sangh|Harijan Day]]
|}
†Festival date may be in either month.

====Tamil Nadu====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Date !! Festival
|-
| rowspan="4" | January || 15|| rowspan="2" | [[Thiruvalluvar|Thiruvalluvar Day]]†
|-
|16
|-
| 26 || [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]
|-
| || rowspan="2" | [[Ramalinga Swamigal|Vadalur Ramalinga Adikalar Jothi]]†
|-
| rowspan="2" |February
|
|-
| || [[Maha Shivaratri]]
|-
|March
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]†
|-
| rowspan="2" | April||
|-
| || Prophet Mohamad's Birthday (Nabigal Nayagam)
|-
| May || 1 || [[May Day]]
|-
| August || 15 || [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]
|-
| October || 2 || [[Gandhi Jayanti]]
|-
| December || || [[Mawlid|Eid al-Mawlid]] (Milad-un-Nabi)
|}
†Leap year (will vary based on Tamil calendar)
†Festival date may be in either month.

====West Bengal====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Date !! Festival
|-
| January || 26 || [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]
|-
|February/March|||| [[Holi]]†
|-
| August || 15 || [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]
|-
|June/July/August|||| [[Muharram]]†
|-
| October || 2 || [[Gandhi Jayanti]]
|}
†Festival date may be in either month.

==See also==

* India alcohol related
** [[Alcohol prohibition in India]]
** [[Alcohol laws of India#Dry days|Dry Days in India]]
** [[Kasauli Brewery]], India's first European-style brewery still in operation
** [[Kasauli Brewery#Solan|Solan brewery]]
* [[List of Indian beverages#Alcohol|Alcoholic Indian beverages]]
** [[Beer in India]]
** [[Sura (alcoholic drink)#Vedic beverages|List of vedic and ayurvedic alcoholic drinks]]
** [[Desi daru]]
** [[Indian-made foreign liquor]]
** [[Indian whisky]]
** [[Kasauli Brewery#Lion|Lion beer]], Asia's first beer brand
** [[Kasauli Brewery#Solan whisky|Solan No. 1]], India's first malt whisky
** [[Old Monk]], iconic Indian rum
** [[sura (alcoholic drink)|Sura]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alcohol in India}}
{{Alcohol by countries}}
{{Indian beverages}}
{{Beers of the world}}
{{Prohibition |state=collapsed}}
{{Whisky |state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|Liquor|India}}

[[Category:Alcohol-related lists|India]]
[[Category:Alcohol law in India| ]]
[[Category:India law-related lists]]
[[Category:Alcohol in India]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine-related lists]]

Chakan fort

2026-01-25T03:04:00Z

AAZAMAZEEM: new basic post with sources

{{Short description|Land fort in Chakan, Pune, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Sangram Durga
|native_name =
|partof = the [[Maratha Empire]]
|location =
|image = Chakan Fort- Sangram Durg (7637611332).jpg
|caption =
|map_type =
|coordinates =
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|type =
|code =
|built =
|builder =
|materials =
|height =
|used =
|demolished =
|condition = Protected Ruins
|ownership =
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby = {{noflag}}[[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] {{flagcountry|Maratha Empire}} (1647-1818) {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] (1818-1857)
* {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[British Raj]] (1857-1947)
{{flagcountry|India}} (1947-present)
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}

'''Sangram Durga''' is a land fort situated at [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The original area of the fort was 65 acres, currently it is only 5.5 acres.

==History==
The exact details of the builders of the fort is not known but it was built by a muslim ruler who sacrificed a man by burying him in the foundations. Per Kosambi, the unknown man is honored even in modern times by a cult.<ref>Kosambi, D. D. (1967). Living Prehistory in India. Scientific American, 216(2), 104–115. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24931409</ref>

During the [[Bahmani]] rule, the mainly Muslim courtiers belonged to two camps, foreigners who came from [[Persia]] or [[Central Asia]] to join the Sultan's service, and the Deccani who were of indigenous heritage. The two groups had an intense rivalry and a massacre of thousands of foreigners was carried out by the Deccanis at the fort in 1457.<ref>Mate, M. S. (1996). Urban Culture of Medieval Deccan (1300 AD to 1650 AD). Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 56, 161-217.</ref><ref>Siddiqi, M. S. (1990). Sufi-State Relationship under the Bahmanids (AD 1348-1538). Rivista degli studi orientali, 64(Fasc. 1/2), 71-96.</ref><ref>Haig, W. (1907). Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Printed at the Pioneer Press.</ref>

The Bahmani sultanate disintegrated into five different kingdoms in 1490. Chakan, and Junnar at that time became part of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shyam |first=Radhey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC&dq=tughlaq+khilji+chakan+&pg=PA1 |title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar |date=1966 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2651-9 |language=en}}</ref> In 1590s, the Nizamshahi sultan conferred upon [[Maloji Bhosale]], the grandfather of Shivaji, the Jagir or fiefdom of Pune and Supe.The fief included the forts of [[Shivneri]] and Chakan.<ref name="Sardesai1957">{{cite book | author=Govind Sakharam Sardesai | title=New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600-1707) | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ | access-date=8 October 2012 | year=1957 | publisher=Phoenix Publications | page = 58 | isbn=9788121500654 }}</ref> In 1630s the fort was captured by the [[Adilshahi]] but young Shivaji took control of the fort in 1647, and named it Sangramdurg.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sardesai 1946 |first1=G.S. |title=New history of the Marathas. Vol. I: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his line (1600-1701) |date=1946 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |location=Bombay |page=102}}</ref>

During [[Shivaji]]'s times (1630-1680), the fort was attacked by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general [[Shaista Khan]] with a force of 20,000 men with artillery on 23 June 1660. At that time, the elderly Kiledar (fortress commander) Firangoji Narsala with a force of only 320 Mavala soldiers resisted the Mughal siege for 56 days. Sarkar describes the fort as a square structure with bastions and towers at the corners with a 15 feet wide and 30 feet deep [[Moat]] surrounding the structure.<ref>Sarkar, J. (1920). History of Aurangzib: based on original sources (Vol. 4). Longmans, Green and Company.|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NHAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22maharashtra%22+preservation+historical+forts+chakan&pg=PA1]|page=45</ref>

The last battle at the fort was that between the forces of the British [[East India Company]] and the Marathas under the [[Baji Rao II|Peshwa]] on 25 February 1818 with the Marathas losing the fort.<ref>Blacker, V. (1821). Memoir of the Operations of the British Army in India: During the Mahratta War of 1817, 1818, & 1819 (Vol. 1). Black.[https://books.google.com/books?id=E2JNAAAAcAAJ&dq=Memoir+of+the+Operations+of+the+British+Army+in+India%3A+During+the+Mahratta+...+By+Valentine+Blacker&pg=PA1]</ref><ref>Bombay (Presidency). (1885). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (Vol. 18, No. 1). Government Central Press.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ILYBAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22chakan+fort%22&pg=PA122]|page=122</ref>

==Present condition and preservation efforts==
In 2017 the government of Maharashtra granted protection status to Chakan and other six forts in the state.<ref>{{cite news |last=Madaan |first=Neha |date=September 2017 |title=protection-status-for-7-stray-forts-in-maharashtra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/protection-status-for-7-stray-forts-in-maharashtra/articleshow/60704735.cms |work= |location= |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>
The Maharashtra department of archeology spent R 1.0 crore on repairs to the wall of fort in 2013. However due to shoddy work by Arun Lanjewar, the contractor appointed by the department, the wall collapsed in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last=Phadnis |first=Ashish |date=July 18, 2017 |title=Pune's mighty Chakan fort collapses due to shoddy repair work
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-s-mighty-chakan-fort-collapses-due-to-shoddy-repair-work/story-GO0QyaZgvmHfSxwJwoyiKN.html |work= |location=Pune |access-date=15 December 2023}}

</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category|Sangram Durg}}
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Forts in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Forts in Pune district]]

Bhathiji

2026-01-20T06:35:42Z

AAZAMAZEEM: refine references after review

{{Short description|Hindu deity}}
[[File:Bhathiji Temple at Savli.jpg|thumb|Bhathiji Temple at [[Savli]]]]

'''Bhathiji''' also called '''Bhathiji Maharaj''' (as an honorific) is a folk deity of [[Gujarat]]. He is an eminent warrior-hero of the region.

==Legend==
As per the folklore, Bhathi was the second son of Thakore shree Rathod Takhatsinhji of [[fagvel]] born in [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathod]] branch of [[Kshatriya]] clan. While he was marrying Kankuba and was completing the fourth of the [[Saptapadi|seventh fera]], he came to know that Muslim king of Kapadvanj, receiving a complaint against him had impounded the mother Gaus (Cow) of the village. Bhathiji immediately left riding a horse with his sword, leaving the marriage incomplete. He released the cow and defeated the army, but his head was severed from his body. He died as martyr but was able to free the cattle.<ref name=x>{{cite book|author1=Fernando Franco|author2=Jyotsna Macwan|author3=Suguna Ramanathan|title=Journeys to Freedom: Dalit Narratives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzj1pyBKZzsC&pg=PA295|accessdate=25 April 2016|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85604-65-7|pages=295–96}}</ref> There are folk songs of how Bhatihiji's headless body continued to fight the Muslim raiders till all of them were wiped out.<ref>{{cite book|title=India Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1JDAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=25 April 2016|year=2002|publisher=Thomson Living Media India Limited|page=194}}</ref>

ances==
Bhathiji is ever since worshipped as a folk deity as a protector of cow and followers believe, those who worship Bhathiji are protected also from bites of snakes, cobras and scorpions.<ref name=x/> The [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathod]] [[Rajput]]s of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] worship his as [[kuladevata]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zFuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 April 2016|year=1983|publisher=Department of Modern Indian History|page=208}}</ref>

The iconography of Bhatihiji is of a male warrior that rides a horse wielding a sword in his right hand.<ref name=b>{{cite book|title=Man & Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRbsAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 April 2016|year=2004|publisher=Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development|pages=18, 19}}</ref>

In Devada village of [[Kheda district]] of Gujarat, hundreds of worshippers of Bhathiji, Hindus as well as Muslims, line up there every Friday to seek the blessings of the deity and the priest, and take a vow to renounce liquor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20000320/offtrack.html |title=DAVDA, GUJARAT Holy Spirit For people wishing to spurn Bacchus, this village has the answer. |access-date=2016-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906225257/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20000320/offtrack.html |archive-date=2008-09-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There are four other fairs dedicated to Bhathiji are organised; at Mahmedpura in Nadiad taluka, Fagvel in Kapadvanj taluka, Kanij in Mahemadabad taluka and Valasan in Anand taluka on 2nd day of [[shukla paksha]] of Hindu calendar month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]].<ref name="(India)1977">{{cite book|author=Gujarat (India)|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Kheda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4phAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=25 April 2016|year=1977|publisher=Directorate of Government Print, Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|pages=219, 227}}</ref>

In 2002, [[Narendra Modi]], then the Gujarat chief Minister, flagged off his ''Gaurav Yatra'' from Bhathiji Temeple at Phagvel.<ref name=x/><ref name="Marino2014">{{cite book|author=Andy Marino|title=Narendra Modi: A Political Biography: A Political Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ylIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT122|accessdate=25 April 2016|date=8 April 2014|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5136-218-0|page=122}}</ref>
Now, Bhathiji descendants live in Limbarvada village near Virpur, Mahisagar.

There also exists, an organisation of the Kshatriya followers of Bhathiji called Bhathiji Sena.<ref>{{cite book|title=Outlook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-UvAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=25 April 2016|year=2002|publisher=Hathway Investments Pvt Ltd|page=42}}</ref>

A film about him was directed by [[Shantilal Soni]] and released in 1980 named ''Bhathiji na Mandire'' in 1980 and ''Bhathiji Maharaj'' in 1990, both in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cuppax.in/artist/Shantilal-Soni/55715/ |title=Shantilal Soni: Movies : |access-date=2016-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217134641/http://www.cuppax.in/artist/Shantilal-Soni/55715/ |archive-date=2014-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Also there are musical albums of [[bhajan]]s and songs in his reverence available sung by local as well as known artists like [[Alka Yagnik]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.evri.com/media/article;jsessionid=1uaahb28zda9l?title=Meru+Malan+And+Bhatiji+Maharaj-gujrathi+Songs,+Meru+Malan+And+...&page=http://www.hummaa.com/music/album/Meru%2BMalan%2B%2BAnd%2B%2BBhatiji%2BMaharaj-gujrathi/26777&referring_uri=/person/bhatiji-maharaj-0x387965%3Bjsessionid%3D1uaahb28zda9l&referring_title=Evri |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-04-24 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728100831/https://evri.com/media/article;jsessionid=1uaahb28zda9l?title=Meru+Malan+And+Bhatiji+Maharaj-gujrathi+Songs,+Meru+Malan+And+...&page=http://www.hummaa.com/music/album/Meru%2BMalan%2B%2BAnd%2B%2BBhatiji%2BMaharaj-gujrathi/26777&referring_uri=/person/bhatiji-maharaj-0x387965%3Bjsessionid%3D1uaahb28zda9l&referring_title=Evri |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vachara Dada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Regional Hindu deities]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]

Madhulita Mohapatra

2026-01-12T13:57:22Z

AAZAMAZEEM: Stub

{{Short description|Indian Odissi dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Madhulita Mohapatra''' (born 1978)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samudra Arts International - Madhulita Mohapatra- Profile |url=http://www.samudraartsinternational.com/profile.php?artist_id=73 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.samudraartsinternational.com}}</ref> is a dancer from India. She is an exponent of [[Indian classical dance]], [[Odissi]]. She is also a Sambalpuri folk dancer for more than 20 years. She has been performing and teaching Odissi and Sambalpuri folk dance since the last 15 years. She started an Odissi school at [[Bengaluru]] in June 2008. She is also a performer, choreographer and trainer.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Nataraj, DHNS |first=Poornima |title=Odissi dance school reaches milestone |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/odissi-dance-school-reaches-milestone-753250.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-21 |title=Shrinika, wonder kid of Odissi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Shrinika-wonder-kid-of-Odissi/article14500865.ece |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mohapatra is born in Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi district, [[Odisha]].<ref name=":3" /> She did her post-graduation in Commerce and Business Administration.<ref name=":7" /> She learnt her basics from Guru Krushna Chandra Sahoo at Kalahandi Kala Kendra, Bhawanipatna before receiving her Nrutya Acharya from Odisha Dance Academy under the guidance of [[Padma Shri]] Guru [[Gangadhar Pradhan]], Padma Shri Guru [[Aruna Mohanty]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-18 |title=Odissi recital by Madhulita Mohapatra and team adds colour to Sivaratri celebrations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/odissi-recital-by-madhulita-mohapatra-and-team-adds-colour-to-sivaratri-celebrations/article66525953.ece |access-date=2023-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and Guru Pabitra Kumar Pradhan.<ref name=":3" /> She married Imaraan, an IT engineer.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2014-08-14 |title=The rhythm of her life |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/the-rhythm-of-her-life/article6316952.ece |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-22 |title=10th edition of Nrityantar’s Naman Dance Festival - ClassicalClaps |url=https://classicalclaps.com/10th-edition-of-nrityantars-naman-dance-festival/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Classical Claps |language=en-US}}</ref> After marriage, with the support of her husband, she quit her job and moved to Bengaluru in 2008 and later started a dance school, [[Nrityantar|Nrityantar Academy of Performing Arts]],<ref name=":6" /> to spread the Odissi dance culture in South India.<ref name=":1" /> She is a qualified cost accountant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7th edition of Nrityantar's Naman Odissi Dance Festival - Footloose and fancy free with Dr.Sunil Kothari |url=https://narthaki.com/info/gtsk/gtsk114.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=narthaki.com}}</ref>

== Performances ==
She choreographed 'Colours of Krishna', the 12th edition of 'Naman', held at ADA Rangmandira in Bengaluru in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bal |first=Harish |date=2023-09-05 |title=An Odissi festival that showcased the changes the dance form is undergoing |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/an-odissi-festival-that-showcased-the-changes-the-dance-form-is-undergoing/article67269797.ece |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In March 2021, she performed at Jagriti Theatre in Bengaluru.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-03-19 |title=Spend an evening with Odissi dancer Madhulita Mohapatra at Jagriti Theatre |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/spend-an-evening-with-odissi-dancer-madhulita-mohapatra-at-jagriti-theatre/articleshow/81591726.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In April 2020, she performed along with her students at the International Dance Day celebrations at Bhubaneshwar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-30 |title=Odissi exponents celebrate International Dance Day online |url=https://www.orissapost.com/odissi-exponents-celebrate-international-dance-day-online/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2019, [[SPIC MACAY|SPIC Macay]], North Kerala Chapter, featured her Odissi show at the Amritavidyalaya Institute campus.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganapathy |first=T. K. |date=2019-09-26 |title=Madhulita Mohapatra's performance high on lyrical beauty |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/high-on-lyrical-beauty/article29518897.ece |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She regularly conducts SPIC-Macay classes in schools and colleges. In 2018, she performed in London along with her ward Gairika Mathur.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-08 |title=Samarpan – Surrender to the Divine |url=https://www.nehrucentre.org.uk/events/samarpan-surrender-to-the-divine/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Nehru Centre London |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2017, she performed Harirabhisarati on ashtapadi, '''Madhave ma kuru manini manam aye''' from Geeta Govinda at the sixth Kelucharan Guna Keertanam at Gyan Manch in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-13 |title=Best of both worlds |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/marquee/best-of-both-worlds-2-1484333626.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> For the sixth anniversary of Nrityantar, an annual dance festival, Naman was organised at the ADA Rangamandira, Bengaluru on 2 August 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Naman tribute to Odissi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/naman-tribute-to-odissi/cid/1469794 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2010, Odisha Dance Academy founder Guru Gangadhar Pradhan inaugurated Naman and since then it is being organised every year.<ref name=":1" /> One of her first shows was at the 1st Odissi International on 21 December 2010, where she was felicitated Guru Daksha Mushruwala from Mumbai.<ref name=":1" /> For the first time, she performed in [[Kerala]] in 2012 at the famous [[Guruvayur Temple|Guruvayoor Temple]] and now she regularly visits the southern state not only for shows but teaches in schools.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2018-11-14 |title=All for Odissi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/all-for-odissi/articleshow/66591179.cms |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In October 2023, under her tutelage Nrityantar Dance Ensemble performed a free show title Eternal Enchantment... timeless charm of Odissi dance. The new show was performed at Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mylapore, Chennai.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Odissi Chronicles: Ahead of her show in Chennai, Odissi dancer Madhulita Mohapatra shares what will mesmerize the audiece |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/dance/2023/oct/20/odissi-chronicles-ahead-of-her-show-in-chennaiodissi-dancer-madhulita-mohapatra-shares-insights-54350.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2023, she choreographed and performed as part of the Nrityantar Dance Ensemble at the concluding day of the 11-day Swaralaya Soorya dance and music festival in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=2023-12-31 |title=Colours of Krishna leaves audience spellbound |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/colours-of-krishna-leaves-audience-spellbound/article67693292.ece |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

She is an empanelled artiste of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR) and she is also a graded performer on [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=":2" />

== Fusion of Odissi and Manipuri dance forms ==
Mohapatra started performances featuring a fusion of Odissi and [[Manipuri dance]] forms after collaborating with popular Manipuri artiste Bimbavati Devi from [[Kolkata]] titled Odissi-Manipuri Jugalbandi in November 2023.<ref name=":5" />

== Awards ==

* In July 2019, she was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi|Sangeet Natak Academi's]] [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] for 2018 for Odissi dance.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Kempegowda Award]] by Karnataka Government.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
* She is the recipient of the IIDF 2017.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maqsood |first=Zofeen |title=BWW Interview: Madhulita Mohapatra of ODISSI DANCER On Odissi Sandhya |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/india/article/BWW-Interview-Madhulita-Mohapatra-of-ODISSI-DANCER-On-Odissi-Sandhya-20180425 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>
* She also received BCKA Yuva Kala Pratibha awards.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title='My art is all I have to give to the almighty' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/feb/21/my-art-is-all-i-have-to-give-to-the-almighty-1573233.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* The GTF Women's Excellence award.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-12 |title=Lyrical moves cast a spell |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lyrical-moves-cast-a-spell/article25479544.ece |access-date=2023-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Madhulita}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Odissi dancers]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Dancers from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Educators from Odisha]]
[[Category:Women artists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Women educators from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]

Li (unit)

2026-01-10T16:14:48Z

AAZAMAZEEM:

{{Short description|Traditional Chinese unit of distance}}
{{hatnote|Li may also refer to a Chinese unit of weight; see [[Cash (unit)]].}}
{{italic title}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2011}}
[[File:Guang Yutu 1588 Vol 2 Pg 107 Eastern South Sea 1.jpg|thumb|Map of the eastern [[South China Sea]] from 1588; each grid square is 400 ''li'' (about 133 km or 80 miles).]]
'''''Li''''' or '''ri''' ({{zh|{{linktext|里}}}}, ''lǐ'', or {{lang|zh|{{linktext|市里}}}}, ''shìlǐ''), also known as the '''Chinese mile''',{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} is a [[Chinese units of measurement|traditional Chinese unit]] of [[distance]]. The ''li'' has varied considerably over time but was usually about one third of an [[Mile#English|English mile]] and now has a standardized length of a half-[[kilometer]] ({{convert|500|m|ft mi|sp=us|lk=on|sigfig=3|disp=or|abbr=off}}). This is then divided into 1,500 [[Chi (unit)|chi]], or "Chinese feet".

The character [[wikt:里|里]] combines the characters for "field" ([[wikt:田|田]], ''tián'') and "earth" ([[wikt:土|土]], ''tǔ''), since it was considered to be about the length of a single village. As late as the 1940s, a "li" did not represent a fixed measure but could be longer or shorter depending on the ''effort'' required to cover the distance.<ref name="Winborn1994">{{cite book|author=Byron R. Winborn|title=Wen Bon: a Naval Air Intelligence Officer behind Japanese lines in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TD-x0Heq0uEC&pg=PA63|year=1994|publisher=University of North Texas Press|isbn=978-0-929398-77-8|page=63}}</ref> This traditional unit, in terms of historical usage and distance proportion, can be considered{{cn|date=June 2025}} the [[East Asia]]n counterpart to the Western [[League (unit)|league unit]]. However, in English ''[[League (unit)#English-speaking world|league]]'' commonly means "3 miles."

There is also another ''[[Li (short)|li]]'' (Traditional: [[wikt:釐|釐]], Simplified: [[wikt:厘|厘]], ''lí'') that indicates a unit of length {{Fraction|1000}} of a ''chi'', but it is used much less commonly. This ''li'' is used in the [[People's Republic of China]] as the equivalent of the ''centi-'' prefix in metric units, thus ''limi'' ([[wikt:厘米|厘米]], ''límǐ'') for centimeter. The [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal difference]] makes it distinguishable to speakers of Chinese, but unless specifically noted otherwise, any reference to ''li'' will always refer to the longer traditional unit and not to either the shorter unit or the kilometer.

==Changing values==
{{See also|Chinese units}}
Like most [[Chinese units|traditional Chinese measurements]], the ''li'' was reputed to have been established by the [[Yellow Emperor]] at the founding of Chinese civilization around [[26th century BC|2600 BC]] and standardized by [[Yu the Great]] of the [[Xia dynasty]] six hundred years later. Although the value varied from state to state during the [[Spring and Autumn period]] and [[Warring States]] periods, historians give a general value to the ''li'' of 405 meters prior to the [[Qin dynasty]] imposition of its standard in the 3rd century BC.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The basic Chinese traditional unit of distance was the ''chi''. As its value changed over time, so did the ''li''{{'}}s. In addition, the number of ''chi'' per ''li'' was sometimes altered. To add further complexity, under the Qin dynasty, the ''li'' was set at 360 "paces" ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|步}}}}, ''bù'') but the number of ''chi'' per ''bu'' was subsequently changed from 6 to 5, shortening the ''li'' by {{frac|1|6}}. Thus, the Qin ''li'' of about 576 meters became (with other changes) the [[Han dynasty|Han]] ''li'', which was standardized at 415.8 meters.

The basic units of measurement remained stable over the Qin and Han periods. A bronze imperial standard measure, dated AD 9, had been preserved at the Imperial Palace in Beijing and came to light in 1924. This has allowed very accurate conversions to modern measurements, which has provided a new and extremely useful additional tool in the identification of place names and routes. These measurements have been confirmed in many ways including the discovery of a number of rulers found at archaeological sites, and careful measurements of distances between known points.<ref name="Hulsewé 1961, pp. 206–207">Hulsewé (1961), pp. 206–207.</ref> The Han ''li'' was calculated by Dubs to be 415.8 metres<ref>Dubs (1938), pp. 276–280; (1955), p. 160, n. 7,</ref> and all indications are that this is a precise and reliable determination.<ref name="Hulsewé 1961, pp. 206–207"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Evolving values of the ''li''{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}'''

|-
! Dynasty
! Period
! [[International System of Units|SI]] length

|-
| [[Xia dynasty|Xia]]
| 2100–1600 [[BCE]]
| 405 m

|-
| [[Western Zhou]]
| 1045–771 BCE
| 358 m

|-
| [[Eastern Zhou]]
| 770–250 BCE
| 416 m

|-
| [[Qin dynasty|Qin]]
| 221–206 BCE
| 415.8 m

|-
| [[Han dynasty|Han]]
| 205 BCE – 220 [[Common era|CE]]
| 415.8 m

|-
| [[Tang dynasty|Tang]]
| 618–907 CE
| 323 m

|-
| [[Qing dynasty|Qing]]
| 1644–1911 CE
| 537–645 m

|-
| [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|ROC]]
| 1911–1984
| 500–545 m

|-
| [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|PRC]]
| 1984–present
| 500 m

|}

Under the [[Tang dynasty]] (AD 618–907), the ''li'' was approximately 323 meters.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

In the late [[Manchu]] or [[Qing dynasty]], the number of ''chi'' was increased from 1,500 per ''li'' to 1,800. This had a value of 2115 feet or 644.6 meters. In addition, the Qing added a longer unit called the '''tu''', which was equal to 150 ''li'' (96.7 km).

These changes were undone by the [[Republic of China]] of [[Chiang Kai-shek]], who adopted the metric system in 1928. The Republic of China (now also known as [[Taiwan]]) continues not to use the ''li'' at all but only the kilometer ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]: {{lang|zh|{{linktext|公里}}}}, ''gōnglǐ'', lit. "common li").

Under [[Mao Zedong]], the [[People's Republic of China]] reinstituted the traditional units as a measure of anti-imperialism and cultural pride before officially adopting the [[metric system]] in 1984. A place was made within this for the traditional units, which were restandardized to metric values. A modern ''li'' is thus set at exactly half a kilometer (500 meters). However, unlike the ''[[catty|jin]]'' which is still frequently preferred in daily use over the kilogram, the ''li'' is almost never used. Nonetheless, its appearance in many phrases and sayings means that "kilometer" must always be specified by saying ''gōnglǐ'' in full.

==Cultural use==
[[File:Anping Bridge - west-central part - looking west - DSCF9094.JPG|thumb|A section of the [[Song Dynasty|Song]]-era [[Anping Bridge]] in [[Fujian]]. The bridge is commonly known as the "Five-Li Bridge" due to its length.]]

As one might expect for the equivalent of "mile", ''li'' appears in many Chinese sayings, locations, and proverbs as an indicator of great distances or the exotic:

* One Chinese name for the [[Great Wall]] is the "Ten-Thousand-Li Long Wall" ({{lang-zh|t=萬里長城|s=万里长城|p=Wànlǐchángchéng|first=t}}). [[myriad|As in Greek]], the number "ten thousand" is used figuratively in Chinese to mean any "immeasurable" value and this title has never provided a literal distance of 10,000 ''li'' ({{convert|{{#expr:10000*0.5}}|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}). The actual length of the modern Great Wall is around 42,000 ''li'' ({{convert|{{#expr:42000*0.5}}|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}), over 4 times the name's proverbially "immeasurable" length.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022|reason=Why?}}
* The [[Chinese proverb]] appearing in [[s:Translation:Tao_Te_Ching#Chapter_64_(第六十四章)|chapter 64]] of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' and commonly rendered as "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step" in fact refers to a thousand ''li'': [[A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step|千里之行，始於足下]] (''Qiānlǐzhīxíng, shǐyúzúxià'').
* The greatest horses of Chinese history {{ndash}} including [[Red Hare]] and Hualiu (驊騮) {{ndash}} are all referred to as "[[thousand-li horse|thousand-''li'' horses]]" ({{linktext|千里馬}}, ''qiānlǐmǎ''), since they could supposedly travel a thousand ''li'' ({{convert|{{#expr:1000*0.5}}|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in a single day.
* ''Li'' is sometimes used in location names, for example: [[Wulipu]] (Chinese: 五里铺镇), Hubei; [[Ankang Wulipu Airport]] (Chinese: 安康五里铺机场), Shaanxi. [[Sanlitun]] ({{zh|s=三里屯|t=三里屯|p=Sānlǐtún|l=three li village}}) is an area in [[Beijing]].
* In ''[[Journey to the West]]'', [[Sun Wukong]] is said to be able to travel 108,000 ''li'' in a single somersault.
{{anchor|Korea}}

==Ri in Japan and Korea==

{{Further information|Japanese units of measurement|Korean units of measurement}}

The present day Korean ''ri/li'' (리, 里) and Japanese ''ri'' (里) are units of measurement that can be traced back to the Chinese ''li'' (里).

Although the Chinese unit was unofficially used in Japan since the [[Zhou dynasty]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}, the countries officially adopted the measurement used by the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907 AD). The ''ri'' of an earlier era in Japan was thus true to Chinese length, corresponding to six chō ({{circa}} 500–600 m), but later evolved to denote the distance that a person carrying a load would aim to cover on mountain roads in one hour. Thus, there had been various ''ri'' of 36, 40, and 48 chō. In the [[Edo period]], the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] defined 1 ''ri'' as 36 chō, allowing other variants, and the Japanese government adopted this last definition in 1891. The Japanese ''ri'' was, at that time, fixed to the [[metric system]], {{Fraction|216|55}} ≈ 3.93 [[kilometres]] or about 2.44 [[mile]]s. Therefore, one must be careful about the correspondence between chō and ''ri''. See [[Kujūkuri Beach]] (99-''ri'' beach) for a case.

삼천리 (三千里) ''Samcheon-ri'', meaning "Three thousand li", is a traditional, poetic [[Names of Korea|name]] used to refer to the entire [[Korean peninsula]], as that is the approximate distance from the northern to southern end of Korea;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-06 |title=삼천리의 의미는 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/20827521 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=중앙일보 |language=ko}}</ref> 3000 ''ri'' corresponds roughly to 1,200 [[kilometre|km]].

In [[South Korea]], the ''ri'' unit currently in use is taken from the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC–220 AD) ''li''. It has a value of approximately 392.72 meters, or one tenth of the ''ri''. The [[Aegukga]], the national anthem of South Korea, mentions 3,000 ''ri.''

The [[Aegukka]], the national anthem of [[North Korea]], also mentioned 3,000 ''ri'' from 1947 until 2024, when the reference was removed amidst souring [[North Korea–South Korea relations|inter-Korean relations]] and a shift in North Korean policy away from [[Korean reunification]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=北, 국가 가사에서 한반도 지칭 '삼천리' 삭제 |url=https://www.mk.co.kr/news/politics/10943900 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=매일경제 |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Shreyas |date=2024-02-16 |title=North Korea’s national anthem drops unification reference amid ongoing purge {{!}} NK News |url=https://www.nknews.org/2024/02/north-koreas-national-anthem-drops-unification-reference-amid-ongoing-purge/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=NK News - North Korea News |language=en-US}}</ref> Also in North Korea, the [[Chollima Movement]], a campaign aimed at improving labour productivity, gets its name from ''[[Qianlima|Chŏllima]]'', a mythical horse capable of traveling 1000 ''ri'' in a single day (''chŏn + ri + ma'' in [[Romanization of Korean (North Korea)|North Korean Romanization]]).

The [[Korean language|Korean]] traditional song "[[Arirang]]" mentions one travelling 10 ''ri.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arirang "Korean representative traditional folk song" |url=https://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/65049/Traditional-music_2.pdf |access-date= |website=University of New England}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chinese units of measurement]]
* [[Japanese units of measurement]]
* [[Korean units of measurement]]
* [[League (unit)]] for a general discussion of league-style units
* [[Qianlima]] for more on "thousand-li horse" including North Korean Chollima
* [[Li (short)]]

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* [[Homer H. Dubs]] (1938): ''The History of the Former Han Dynasty by Pan Ku''. Vol. One. Translator and editor: Homer H. Dubs. Baltimore. Waverly Press, Inc.
* Homer H. Dubs (1955): ''The History of the Former Han Dynasty by Pan Ku''. Vol. Three. Translator and editor: Homer H. Dubs. Ithaca, New York. Spoken Languages Services, Inc.
* [[A.F.P. Hulsewé|Hulsewé, A. F. P.]] (1961). "Han measures". A. F. P. Hulsewé, ''T'oung pao Archives'', Vol. XLIX, Livre 3, pp. 206–207.
* [[Needham, Joseph]]. (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics''. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
{{refend}}

{{systems of measurement}}

[[Category:History of science and technology in China]]
[[Category:Units of length]]
[[Category:Chinese units of measurement]]

Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress

2025-12-22T17:18:17Z

AAZAMAZEEM: done

{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

The '''Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor''' is an award presented annually at the [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]], honouring the best performances by female actors in [[Malayalam films]].

==Superlatives==
{|class="wikitable"
!Wins
!Recipient(s)
|-
|3
|[[Kavya Madhavan]] [[Manju Warrier]]
|-
|2
|[[Geetu Mohandas]] [[Jayabharathi]] [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] [[Shobana]] [[Sumalatha]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|}

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Recipient
! Film
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1977 || [[Jayabharathi]] || ''Yuddha Kandam'', ''[[Itha Ivide Vare]]'' || rowspan=36 | {{center|<ref name="Awards List">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</ref>}}
|-
|1978 || [[Jayabharathi]] || ''[[Asthamayam]]''
|-
|1979 || [[Srividya]] || ''[[Idavazhiyile Poocha Minda Poocha]]''
|-
|1980 || [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] || ''[[Kaantha Valayam]]''
|-
|1981 || [[Jalaja]] || ''[[Venal (film)|Venal]]''
|-
|1982 || [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] || ''[[Ormakkayi]]'', ''[[Novemberinte Nashtam]]''
|-
|1983 || [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] || ''[[Koodevide]]''
|-
|1984 || [[Nadia Moidu]] || ''[[Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]''
|-
|1985 || [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] || ''[[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]]''
|-
|1986 || [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] || ''[[Panchagni]]''
|-
|1987 || [[Sumalatha]] || ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]'', ''[[Thoovanathumbikal]]''
|-
|1988 || [[Sumalatha]] || ''[[Isabella (1988 film)|Isabella]]''
|-
|1989 || [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] || ''[[Dasharatham]]''
|-
|1990 || [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] || ''[[Thalayana Manthram]]'', ''[[Thoovalsparsham]]''
|-
|1991 || [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] || ''[[Mukha Chithram]]'', ''[[Kakkathollayiram]]''
|-
|1992 || [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] || ''[[Venkalam]]'', ''Mukhamudra''
|-
|1993 || [[Shobana]] || ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'', ''[[Meleparambil Anveedu]]''
|-
|1994 || [[Shanthi Krishna]] || ''[[Chakoram]]''
|-
|1995 || [[Vani Viswanath]] || ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'', ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]'', ''[[Mangalam Veettil Manaseswari Gupta]]''
|-
|1996 || [[Manju Warrier]] || ''[[Sallapam]]'', ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'', ''[[Thooval Kottaram]]''
|-
|1997 || [[Jomol]] || ''[[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]''
|-
|1998 || [[Shobana]] || ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''
|-
|1999 || [[Praveena]] || ''[[Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum]]''
|-
|2000 || [[Samyuktha Varma]] || ''[[Madhuranombarakattu]]'', ''[[Mazha]]''
|-
|2001 || [[Geetu Mohandas]] || ''[[Sesham]]''
|-
|2002 || [[Navya Nair]] || ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]'', ''[[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikoonan]]''
|-
|2003 || [[Meera Jasmine]] || ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'', ''[[Kasthooriman]]'', ''[[Gramophone (film)|Gramophone]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|2004 || [[Kavya Madhavan]] || ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'', ''Annorikkal''
|-
|| [[Geetu Mohandas]] || ''[[Akale]]'', ''[[Oridam]]''
|-
|2005 || [[Kavya Madhavan]] || ''[[Anandabhadram]]'', ''[[Seelabathi]]''
|-
|2006 || [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] || ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]'', ''[[Yes Your Honour]]''
|-
|2007 || [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] || ''Thaniye'', ''[[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]]''
|-
|2008 || [[Sukumari]] || ''[[Mizhikal Sakshi]]''
|-
|2009 || [[Kaniha]] || ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]''
|-
|2010 || [[Kavya Madhavan]] || ''[[Khaddama]]''
|-
|2011 || [[Rima Kallingal]] || ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]''
|-
|2012 || [[Shwetha Menon]] || ''[[Ozhimuri]]'', ''[[Ithramathram]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2012 award">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/may/18/pranayam-bags-film-critics-awards-369117.html |access-date=28 January 2023 |title ='Pranayam' bags Film Critics Awards |date= 18 May 2012 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>}}
|-
|2013 || [[Remya Nambeesan]] || ''[[English (2013 film)|English: An Autumn in London]]'', ''[[Nadan]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2013 award">{{cite news |title='Drishyam' Bags Kerala Film Critics Association Awards |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Drishyam-Bags-Kerala-Film-Critics-Association-Awards/2014/01/30/article2027269.ece |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011939/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Drishyam-Bags-Kerala-Film-Critics-Association-Awards/2014/01/30/article2027269.ece |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>}}
|-
|2014 || [[Asha Sarath]] || ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2014 award">{{cite news |title=Critics award for Ottaal, Iyyobinte Pusthakam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/critics-award-for-ottaal-iyyobinte-pusthakam/article7072399.ece |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=6 April 2015}}</ref>}}
|-
|2015 || [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]] || ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'', ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2015 award">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/may/28/kerala-film-critics-association-awards-announced-908701.html |title=Kerala Film Critics Association Awards announced |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=28 May 2016 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
|2016 || [[Nayanthara]] || ''[[Puthiya Niyamam]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2016 award">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/film-critics-awards-announced/article17419650.ece/ |work=The Hindu |title=Film critics awards announced |date=7 March 2017 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
|2017 || [[Manju Warrier]] || ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'', ''[[C/O Saira Banu]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2017 award">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-critics-awards-announced/article23621153.ece |title=Film critics awards announced |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 April 2018 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
|2018 || [[Anusree]] || ''[[Aadhi]]'', ''[[Aanakkallan]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2018 award">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/apr/09/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-1962020.html |title = Kerala Film Critics Awards announced |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 April 2019 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
|2019 || [[Manju Warrier]] || ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2019 award">{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/10/20/film-critics-awards2019-2020-nivin-pauly-manju-jallikattu-winners-list.html |title=Film critics awards: Nivin Pauly & Manju Warrier are best actors, Jallikattu best film |newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=20 October 2020 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2020 || [[Samyuktha Menon]] || ''[[Aanum Pennum]]'', ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]'', ''[[Wolf (2021 Indian film)|Wolf]]'' || rowspan=2|{{center|<ref name="2020 award">{{cite news |title=Film Critics Awards 2020: The Great Indian Kitchen wins the best film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/13/film-critics-association-awards-45th-edition-winners-list-details.html |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=Malayala Manorama |date=13 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
|| [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] || ''Jwalamukhi''
|-
|2021 || [[Durga Krishna]] || ''[[Udal (film)|Udal]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2021 award">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/oct/19/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-dulquer-salmaan-durga-krishna-win-big-35801.html |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced, Dulquer Salmaan, Durga Krishna win big |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 October 2022 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
|2022 || [[Darshana Rajendran]] || ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey (film)|Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]'', ''[[Purusha Pretham]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2022 award">{{cite news |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards: Darshana Rajendran, Kunchacko Boban are best actors; B 32 Muthal 44 Vare and Headmaster named best film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-film-critics-awards-darshana-rajendran-kunchacko-boban-best-actors-b-32-muthal-44-vare-headmaster-win-8624128/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 May 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
| 2023|| [[Nithya Menen]] ||''[[19(1)(a)]]''||
|-
| rowspan=2|2024|| [[Nazriya Nazim]] ||''[[Sookshmadarshini]]''|| rowspan=2|{{center|<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 15, 2025 |title=48th Kerala Film Critics Award: ‘Feminichi Fathima’ Best Film, Tovino Thomas, Nazriya Nazim and Rima Kallingal win acting honours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-award-feminichi-fathima-tovino-thomas-nazriya-nazim-rima-kallingal/article69452021.ece |access-date=2025-10-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>}}
|-
|[[Rima Kallingal]] ||''[[Theatre: The Myth of Reality|Theatre – The Myth of Reality]]''
|-
|-
|}

==See also==
* Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Awards}}

[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Actress]]
[[Category:Film awards for lead actress]]

Gummagatta

2025-11-23T20:45:28Z

AAZAMAZEEM: slightly adjust references based on references and improved wording for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gummagatta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14|34|15|N|76|51|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Gummagatta
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6279
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=633169|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Gummagatta''' is a village in [[Anantapur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the headquarters of Gummagatta [[mandal]] in [[Kalyandurg revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Anantapur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=6 June 2017|pages=384|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], Gummagatta had a population of 6,279. The total population constitutes 3,242 males and 3,037 females —a sex ratio of 937 females per 1000 males. 786 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 423 are boys and 363 are girls —a ratio of 858 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 54.87% with 3,014 literates.<ref name=population />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Anantapur district]]

{{Anantapur-geo-stub}}