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Rajaram I of Kolhapur

2026-05-05T21:34:42Z

99notes: started new entry

{{Short description|Raja of Kolhapur from 1866 to 1870}}
{{for|the Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire from 1689 to 1700|Rajaram I}}{{For|other leaders with the same name|Rajaram (disambiguation){{!}}Rajaram}}{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajaram Chhatrapati
| title = Raja of Kolhapur
| image = Rajaram Chatrapati of Kolhapur 01.jpg
| caption = Portrait from his posthumously published diary (1872)
| predecessor = [[Shivaji III of Kolhapur]]
| successor = [[Shivaji IV of Kolhapur]]
| birth_name = Nagojirao Patankar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1850|04|13|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1870|11|30|1850|04|13|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Florence, Italy]]
}}
'''Rajaram [[Chhatrapati]]''' (13 April 1850 – 30 November 1870), also known as '''Rajaram I''' '''of Kolhapur''', was the [[Raja]] of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]], India, from 1866 to 1870.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Malgonkar |first=Manohar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126238/page/n553/mode/2up |title=Chhatrapatis Of Kolhapur |date=1960 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay |pages=528–541|quote=Chapter 58 – Rajaram I, An Ideal Prince|author-link=Manohar Malgonkar}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgebiograp00davi/page/1061/mode/2up?q=%22Shivaji+IV%22 |title=The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia |date=1998 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0521630991 |edition=2nd |pages=RR1061}}</ref> He was one of the first princely rulers in [[colonial India]] to sail overseas, despite [[Hinduism|Hindu]] norms at the time [[Kala pani (taboo)|against crossing oceans to foreign shores]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> In 1870, he travelled to Europe, spending four months in England, and kept a diary.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rajaram Chhatrapati |url=https://archive.org/details/diaryoflaterajah00rajarich/page/n11/mode/2up |title=Diary of the late Rajah of Kolhapoor, during his visit to Europe in 1870 |date=1872 |publisher=Smith, Elder |location=London |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> He died toward the end of his trip in [[Florence|Florence, Italy]], at the age of 20.<ref name=":4" /> Two years after his death, his diary was published posthumously in English.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Dhaval S. |date=18 May 2025 |title=Europe diaries: The legacy of Chhatrapati Rajaram |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/europe-diaries-the-legacy-of-chhatrapati-rajaram-2726695-2025-05-18 |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Rajaram High School and [[Rajaram College]] at [[Kolhapur]] were named after him.<ref name=":4" /> In 1874, a [[Monumento all'Indiano, Florence|monument to Rajaram Chhatrapati]] was erected in Florence.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Death in Florence – the Maharajah of Kolhapur, 1849-1870 |url=https://www.bacsa.org.uk/death-in-florence-the-maharajah-of-kolhapur-1849-1870/ |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia}}</ref> A [[Marathi language|Marathi]] translation of his travel diary was published in 2025.<ref name=":2" />

== Early life ==
Born Nagojirao Patankar in 1850, he was the son of Ramachandrarao Patankar of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] and Aubai, the elder sister of [[Babasaheb Maharaj]].<ref name=":4" /> On 1 August 1866, at age 16, he was adopted by his uncle and took the name Rajaram.<ref name=":4" /> Three days later, his uncle Babasaheb Maharaj ([[Shivaji III of Kolhapur]]) died.<ref name=":4" />

Due to his young age, Rajaram Chhatrapati was put under supervision of the British authorities, who planned to rule until he came of age.<ref name=":4" /> The [[British Raj|government of India]] appointed Colonel G. S. Anderson as chief administrator, while Captain Edward West became guardian-companion to Rajaram.<ref name=":4" /> Rajaram was moved from the palace, where his mother and aunt lived, to a nearby bungalow.<ref name=":4" /> Following the death of his aunt Akkasaheb, two of his cousins – Abasaheb, age 10, and his sister, age 8 – came to live with him.<ref name=":4" />

=== Education ===
Jamshetji Naroji Unwala, a [[Parsis|Parsi]] scholar who held a master of arts degree from [[Bombay University]], was hired as his tutor.<ref name=":4" /> Rajaram was already able to speak and read English, and progressed quickly.<ref name=":4" /> He played [[billiards]], [[cricket]], and [[croquet]].<ref name=":4" />

== Official events ==
Within two months of becoming the [[Raja]] in 1866, the [[Governor of Bombay]], [[Sir Bartle Frere]], held a [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] at [[Poona]] in his honour.<ref name=":4" /> Rajaram replied to the governor's address in English.<ref name=":4" /> He was presented with robes and given a 17-gun salute.<ref name=":4" /> The following year, the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British government of India]] revised its list of gun salutes and determined that the Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur would receive a 19-gun salute thereafter.<ref name=":4" />

On 19 February 1870, Rajaram laid the foundation stone for a new building to house Kolhapur High School.<ref name=":4" /> He had made land available for the expansion by approving the demolition of several houses adjoining the palace.<ref name=":4" /> It was likely the last major event he presided over in public.<ref name=":4" />

On 21 February 1870, the Rajaram Chhatrapati went to [[Bombay]] to see [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Alfred]], the [[Duke of Edinburgh]], and son of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name=":4" /> To commemorate the duke's visit to India, upon his return to Kolhapur, Rajaram announced a donation to fund six annual scholarship grants to local students.<ref name=":4" /> The meeting with the Duke of Edinburgh also helped to consolidate plans for Rajaram to visit England, a wish that he had expressed previously.<ref name=":4" /> Until then, the possibility of Rajaram making the trip had seemed unlikely due to prevailing [[Hinduism|Hindu]] norms [[Kala pani (taboo)|against sea voyages]], the need for approval from the Political Department, and the logistical challenges of catering for a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] prince abroad.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

== Travel to Europe ==
In late May 1870, Rajaram Chhatrapati set out for his grand tour of Europe, keeping a travel diary in English.<ref name=":4" /> He was accompanied by Colonel West, his tutor Jamshetji Unwala, and 11 attendants.<ref name=":4" /> He arrived in Paris on 12 June and at [[Charing Cross railway station]] in London on 14 June 1870.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

Rajaram stayed in England for a period of four months.<ref name=":4" /> He attended a ball hosted by [[Queen Victoria]], and visited her at [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]].<ref name=":4" /> In London, Rajaram Chhatrapati visited both [[Houses of Parliament]], sat in on cases at various [[Magistrates' court (England and Wales)|Magistrates' courts]], and attended a state concert at [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> He was at the opening of the trans-ocean telegraph to India, and wrote that he was impressed that the [[Edward VII|Prince of Wales]] received a reply to his telegram from the [[Viceroy of India]] within five minutes.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> Other places he visited included [[Westminster Abbey]], [[St Paul's Cathedral]], the [[Tower of London]], the [[British Museum]], [[The Crystal Palace]], [[Madame Tussauds]], [[Lord's]] cricket ground, [[Kew Gardens]], and [[Hampton Court Palace]].<ref name=":3" /> He also wrote about spending time in London parks.<ref name=":3" />

He visited the [[University of Oxford]] where he met the Vice Chancellor and some faculty.<ref name=":4" /> He travelled to [[Liverpool]], [[Manchester]], [[Glasgow]], and Holyhead by train.<ref name=":3" /> In the [[Midlands]], he visited a factory that manufactured railway equipment and other machinery, as well as a [[cotton mill]].<ref name=":4" /> In Scotland, he visited [[Loch Ness]], went to [[Inverness]].<ref name=":4" /> From [[Holyhead]], he took a ferry to [[Dublin]], Ireland, which made him seasick.<ref name=":3" />

Toward the end of his trip, he visited the Maharaja [[Duleep Singh]] who was living at [[Elveden, Suffolk]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> He departed England on 1 November 1870.<ref name=":4" /> Instead of returning to India via Paris, his party traveled through [[Belgium]], the [[Tyrol]], and [[Italy]], due to the [[Franco-Prussian War]].<ref name=":4" /> On 9 November 1870, they arrived in [[Munich]].<ref name=":4" /> On 11 November 1870, Rajaram made his final diary entry, concluding with the words: "Today is the first time I have seen snow falling."<ref name=":4" />

=== Illness and death ===
[[File:Monument of Chhatrapati Rajaram of Kolhapur, Florence.jpg|thumb|Illustration of [[Monumento all'Indiano, Florence|Monumento all'Indiano]] (1874)]]
While in [[Innsbruck]] on 13 November 1870, Rajaram fell ill with a fever, which worsened into [[rheumatism]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Helen |date=23 October 2024 |title=Remembering the Maharaja in Florence |url=https://www.theflorentine.net/2024/10/23/remembering-maharaja-florence/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Florentine}}</ref> On 16 November, he was still unwell and had to be carried in a chair to the station, traveling through the [[Brenner Pass]] and arriving in [[Bolzano]].<ref name=":4" /> From there, they traveled to Venice, where he visited the [[Palace of the Doge]] and the [[Piazza San Marco]] carried in a [[Litter (vehicle)|sedan chair]].<ref name=":4" />

On 30 November 1870, Rajaram Chhatrapati died aged 20 in [[Florence]], Italy.<ref name=":4" /> The next day, his body was cremated on the banks of the [[Arno River]] according to [[Antyesti|Hindu funeral rites]], by special permission from the [[Council of Ministers (Italy)|Council of Ministers of Italy]].<ref name=":4" /> The cremation was permitted following the intervention of British minister [[Augustus Paget|Sir Augustus Paget]], as the [[Catholic Church]] had frowned on cremation for centuries and municipal law at the time in Florence did not allow anything other than burial in a coffin.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />

Four years after his death, a [[Monumento all'Indiano, Florence|monument to Rajaram Chhatrapati]] was erected in Florence, at the spot where the cremation ceremony had been performed, near the present-day [[Ponte all'Indiano]] (Indiano Bridge) over the [[Arno]] river.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Riordain |first=Aoife |date=14 December 2013 |title=Room Service: The St Regis, Florence |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/room-service-the-st-regis-florence-9002867.html |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Independent}}</ref> Called the ''Monument to the Indian'', it has a canopy structure designed by Bengal engineer Charles Mant and bust of Rajaram by sculptor Charles Francis Fuller.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

== Personal life and legacy ==
Rajaram had two wives. In March 1867, he married the eight-year-old daughter of Mudhojirao Naik Nimbalkar of Phaltan, who took the name Tarabai.<ref name=":4" /> Later that year, he married his second wife, who took the name Sakwarbai.<ref name=":4" /> She was the sister of Gopalrao Sarlashkar.<ref name=":4" /> In 1870, Sakwarbai gave birth to a girl who died as an infant.<ref name=":4" />

In the absence of a direct heir, the Rajaram Chhatrapati was eventually succeeded by [[Shivaji IV]], a young prince who was adopted by his widow [[Rani]] Tarabai.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> His legacy included the renaming of Kolhapur High School as Rajaram High School, as well as [[Rajaram College]].<ref name=":4" />

=== Publication of diary ===
In 1872, the diary of Rajaram Chhatrapati of Kolhapur was published in English, edited by Captain Edward West.<ref name=":2" /> The original title of the book was ''Diary of the late Rajah of Kolhapoor, during his visit to Europe in 1870''.<ref name=":2" />

His diary was later translated into [[Marathi language|Marathi]] by Raghunath Kadakane of Rajaram College in Kolhapur and published by [[Shivaji University|Shivaji University, Kolhapur]] in 2025.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
* [[Monumento all'Indiano, Florence]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Bhonsle|Bhonsle dynasty]] (Kolhapur line)||13 April 1850||30 November 1870}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef
| before = [[Shivaji III of Kolhapur]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Kolhapur|Raja of Kolhapur]]
| years = 1866–1871
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Shivaji IV]]
}}
{{s-end}}

== External links ==

* [[iarchive:diaryoflaterajah00rajarich/page/n13/mode/2up|''Diary of the Late Rajah of Kolhapoor'']]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajaram 02}}
[[Category:1850 births]]
[[Category:1870 deaths]]

Places of worship in Ernakulam

2026-05-04T16:21:31Z

99notes: started entry

{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

==Hindu Temples==
* [[Ernakulam Shiva Temple]] [http://www.ernakulathappan.org Ernakulathapan temple (Shiva)], Hanuman Temple, Muruga Temple. Located near Ernakulam South Railway Station (2 km )
*Valanjambalam Devi Temple (0.5 km from Ernakulam South Railway Station),
*Ravipuram Srikrishna Swamy Temple (1 km from Ernakulam South Railway Station)
*Pavakkulam Mahadeva Temple (0.5 km from Ernakulam north Railway Station)
*Paramara Devi Temple (Opposite Town Hall, and near Ernakulam Town Railway Station)
*[[Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple]], Thrippunithura
*Thottathingal DhramaSastha Temple (SRM Road/Sastha Temple Road, near Platform no.2 of Ernakulam Town Railway Station)
*Kaattungal Devi Temple (Start point of Pachalam Railway Over Bridge, Pachalam)
*Shanmughapuram Temple (Shanmugha Puram Road, Pachalam)
*Perandoor Bhagavathy Temple (Perandoor Junction)
*Puthukulangara Devi Temple (Near Patanjali Yoga Vidyapeetham, Perandoor Road, Elamakkara)
*Mulakkal Devi Temple (Thannikkal, Swamipadi, Perandoor Road, Elamakkara)
*Sree Bala Bhadra Devi Temple (Near Perandoor Junction, Elamakkara)
*Punnakkal Bhagavathy Temple (Punnakkal Junction, Edappally Raghavan Pillai Road, Elamakkara)
*Puthukkalavattom Sree Swayambhu Mahadeva Temple (Puthukklavattom Road, Elamakkara)
*Chittoor Sri Krishna Temple (7 km from North Railway Station)
*TD Temple Cochin (15 km from South Railway Station)
*Edappally Krishna Temple (Opposite Changampuzha Park, Edappally)
* [[Maramkulangara Krishna Temple]] (Vennela-Thrippunithura Road)
*Keraleswaram Temple, Mulavukadu

==Mosques==
* Kombara Juma Masjid, Kombara Jn., Ernakulam North, Ernakulam
* North Town Masjid, Opp. Specialists Hospital., Ernakulam North, Ernakulam
* Thevara Juma Masjid, Thevara., Ernakulam
* Thammanam Pallipady Ponnurunni Juma Masjid, Thammanam, Ernakulam
* Salafi Masjid, Vyttila Jn., Ernakulam
* Cutchi Hanafi Juma Masjid, Lobo Jn., Mattanchery, Ernakulam
* New Mosque, New Road, Mattanchery, Ernakulam
* Mahlara Juma Masjid, New Road Jn., Mattanchery, Ernakulam
* Ilayakovilakam Juma Masjid, Star Jn., Mattanchery, Ernakulam
* Hudha Masjid, New Road, Mattanchery, Ernakulam
* Amaravathy Juma Masjid, Amaravathy., Ernakulam
* Pattalam Juma Masjid, Pattalam, Fort Kochi, Ernakulam
* Pettah Juma Masjid, Main Road., Pettah Jn., Tripunithura, Ernakulam
* Juma Masjid, Tripunithura, Market Jn., Tripunithura, Ernakulam
* Madavana Juma Masjid, Madavana, Panangad Road, Ernakulam
* Kanjiramattom Juma Masjid, Kanjiramattom., Ernakulam

==Churches==
* [[Assemblies of God in India]], Kakkanad
* [[Basilica of Our Lady of Snows, Pallippuram]]
* [[CSI Immanuel Church, Ernakulam]]
* Eloor St Gregorios Malankara Orthodox Church
* [[India Pentecostal Church of God]], Fortkochi
* Kalamassery St George Malankara Orthodox Church
* Karingachira Syrian Orthodox cathedral
* Little Flower Church, Elamkulam
* Malankara Syriac orthodox theological Seminary Mulanthuruthy, Ernamkulam
* Mar Yohannan Nepumsianose Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Konthuruthy, which houses the tomb of [[Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/c/3685766 |title=Mathrubhumi newspaper article |access-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124162430/http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/c/3685766 |archive-date=24 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Marthoman Cathedral, Mulanthuruthy]]
* Nadamel Marth Mariam Syrian Orthodox Church
* Padamukal St Johns Baptist Malankara Orthodox Church, Kakkanad
* Palarivattom St George Malankara Orthodox Church
* Patriarch Ignatius Zaka I Iwas Syrian Orthodox Centre, puthencruz
* [http://www.salemmtcekm.com Salem Mar Thoma Church, Ernakulam]
* [http://www.st-antonykaloor.org St. Antony's Shrine, Kaloor]
* St. Francis Assisi Cathecdral, Ernakulam
* St George Hebron Syrian Orthodox Church
* [[St. George Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Edappally]]
* St Gregorios Malankara Orthodox church, Elamkulam
* St.Joseph's Church, Vazhakala
* [[St. Jude Church, Karanakodam]]
* St. Marys Soonoro Patriarchal Cathedral Elamkulam, Kochi
* St. Mary's Soonoro Syrian Orthodox Cathedral, Elamkulam
* St. Mary's Syrian Orthodox Cathedral, Morakkala (Since AD 905)
* [[St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam]]
* [http://www.stmarysorthodoxcathedralekm.org St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Marine Drive, Ernakulam]
* St.Michael's Church, Chembumukku
* St.Patrick's Church, Vytilla
* St.Raphael's Church, Thykoodam
* St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
* [[St. Thomas Marthoma Church Kalamassery]]
* Thamarachal Valiyapally
* [[The Pentecostal Mission]], Edappally
* [[The Pentecostal Mission]], Kakkanad
* Thevara St Thomas Malankara Orthodox Church
* Thripunithura St Gregorios Malankara Orthodox Chapel
* [[Vallarpadam Church]] Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom, Vallarpadam-Ernakulam
* Vettikal Dayara (First Dayara in Malankara Est. AD 1100) under Malankara Orthodox Church
* Vytila St Gregorios Malankara Orthodox Church

==Jain Temples==
*[[Kochi Jain temple|Dharmanath Jain Temple]]
*[https://www.jainmandir.org/Temple/Shri-Vasupujya-Swami-Shwetamber-Jain-Mandir%2C-Padma-Junction%2C-Shenoys%2C-Kochi-(Cochin)%2C-District-Ernakulam-(Kerala) Shri Vasupujya Swami Shwetambar Jain Temple]
*[https://www.jainmandir.org/Temple/Shri-Tirthankar-Mahaveer-Jinalaya%2C-Panampilly-Nagar%2C-Kochi-(Cochin)%2C-District-Ernakulam-(Kerala) Shri Mahaveer Swami Digambar Jain Temple]

==Synagogues==
*[[Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue|Ernakulam Kadavumbagam Synagogue]]
*[https://www.keralatourism.org/judaism/kerala/thekkumbhagam-synagogue Ernakulam Thekkumbhagam Synagogue]
*[[Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue]]
*[[Thekkumbhagam Synagogue|Thekkumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue]]
*[[Paradesi Synagogue]]

==Gurdwara==
*[[Gurudwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Kochi (Cochin)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Religion in Ernakulam district]]
{{improve categories|date=October 2023}}

Sanjay Seth (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-27T07:08:55Z

99notes: New a data

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1961)}}
{{Distinguish|Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|02|10}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor = [[G. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2019)
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]] (2016-2019)
| spouse = {{marriage|Leena Seth|1992}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Salim Ansari]]
| term_start1 = 5 July 2016
| term_end1 = 4 July 2022
| successor1 = [[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]
}}

'''Sanjay Seth''' (born 10 February 1961) is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Sanjay Seth is a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha of the third term representing Uttar Pradesh as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP);<ref name="Centre">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=अखिलेश के पूर्व सिपहसालार, अब BJP के शतरंज का मेन मोहरा... कौन हैं संजय सेठ, जिन्होंने हिला रखी है UP की सियासत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/uttar-pradesh/story/who-is-sanjay-seth-rajya-sabha-election-bjp-vs-samajwadi-party-akhilesh-yadav-and-cm-yogi-up-politics-lclam-1887761-2024-02-27 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> born in 1961<ref name="Centre"/> in Mauranwa District, Unnao, in the state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="livehindustan.com">{{Cite news |title= संजय सेठ राज्यसभा सदस्य चुने जाने पर झूमा मौरावां|date=28 February 2024 |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/unnao/story-jhuma-mauravaan-on-sanjay-seth-being-elected-as-rajya-sabha-member-9413870.html}}</ref>

He has served as the Co-Vice President of the Uttar Pradesh Olympic Association (Affiliated to the [[Indian Olympic Association]]), as vice-president of the Uttar Pradesh Badminton Association (Affiliated to [[Badminton Association of India]]) and as President of the Confederation of Real Estate Developers' Association of India (CREDAI), Uttar Pradesh region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/Main.aspx|title=Sitting Members, Rajya Sabha|website=Rajya Sabha}}</ref> Seth joined [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] on 10 August 2019.

== Family and background ==
His grandfather, Talukdar Prayag Narain Seth, served as President of Maurawan Nagar Panchayat multiple times.<ref>{{Cite web |title= संजय सेठ राज्यसभा सदस्य चुने जाने पर झूमा मौरावां|date=28 February 2024 |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/unnao/story-jhuma-mauravaan-on-sanjay-seth-being-elected-as-rajya-sabha-member-9413870.html}}</ref>

His father, Lavkush Narain Seth, is a lawyer who has practiced at the Lucknow Court.<ref name="livehindustan.com"/>

His mother, Kusum Seth,<ref name="sansad.in">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> is a homemaker.

Sanjay Seth is married to Leena Seth,<ref name="sansad.in"/> the Director of Shalimar Group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shalimar LEADERSHIP - The foundation of our success |url=https://www.shalimarcorp.com/team.php |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.shalimarcorp.com |language=EN}}</ref> She manages various landscaping and interior designing initiatives of the Shalimar's esteemed projects.

== Career ==
Sanjay Seth did his bachelor's degree in commerce ([[Bachelor of Commerce|B. Com]]) from [[University of Lucknow]]<ref name=":0" /> and later co-founded Shalimar Corp Ltd with Mr. Masood Ahmad, making his first venture as an entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-17 |title=BJP's surprise RS pick in UP, Sanjay Seth: Realty tycoon, ex-aide of Mulayam, Akhilesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-rs-pick-sanjay-seth-realty-tycoon-ex-aide-mulayam-akhilesh-9164329/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Under his leadership, the company has developed numerous buildings. In 2016, he was elected as the president of the Confederation of Real Estate Developers' Association of India (CREDAI), Uttar Pradesh Region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/sanjay-seth-elected-as-president-of-credai-lucknow/51405064|title=Sanjay Seth Elected as President of CREDAI|date=15 March 2016|website=Economic Times}}</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:Sanjay Seth Inauguration.jpg|thumb|Seth at the inauguration of his term as Rajya Sabha MP]]
His early career was marked by associations with various leaders, including Samajwadi Party founder Mulayam Singh Yadav and his son Akhilesh Yadav.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-07 |title=Samajwadi Party MP Sanjay Seth quits Rajya Sabha, party says no impact |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/samajwadi-party-mp-sanjay-seth-quits-rajya-sabha-party-says-no-impact-5883996/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref>

An active member of the Rajya Sabha, Seth was appointed to the [[Parliamentary Committees of India|Parliamentary Committee]] on Water Resources (July 2016-Aug 2017). He also served on the Committee on [[Primary and secondary legislation|Subordinate Legislation]] from September 2016 to June 2018. He is currently serving as a member on the Committee on Industry (since September 2017) and the Railway Convention Committee (since June 2018).<ref name=":0" />

Seth joined [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] on 10 August 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Surendra Singh Nagar, Sanjay Seth join BJP after quitting SP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/surendra-singh-nagar-sanjay-seth-join-bjp-after-quitting-sp/article28975201.ece |accessdate=10 August 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=10 August 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=ANI |title=Former SP MPs Surendra Singh Nagar, Sanjay Seth join BJP |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-former-sp-mps-surendra-singh-nagar-sanjay-seth-join-bjp-2780676 |accessdate=10 August 2019 |work=DNA India |date=10 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

During his second term in the Rajya Sabha, he was reappointed to the Committee on Industry (February 2020 – July 2022) and also served on the House Committee (July 2020 – July 2022),<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> in addition to being a Member of the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (October 2019 – July 2022). In his current tenure, he holds memberships in the Committee on Finance (since September 2024), the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (since October 2024), and the Committee of Privileges (since November 2024).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

== Personal life ==
Seth is married to Leena Seth. They have a son and a daughter.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Lucknow]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]

Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-23T21:15:29Z

99notes: made basic info w/ refs...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Baghpat
| type = LS
|established = 1967
|electors = 16,83,283<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>
|reservation =None
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Baghpat.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Siwalkhas Assembly constituency|Siwalkhas]] [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]] [[Baraut Assembly constituency|Baraut]] [[Baghpat Assembly constituency|Baghpat]] [[Modinagar Assembly constituency|Modi Nagar]]
|mp =[[Rajkumar Sangwan]]
|incumbent_image =
|party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
}}

'''Baghpat''' ({{IPA|hi|baːgpət̪}}, {{IPA|hi|baːɣpət̪|also}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of parliament) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]]. This seat is considered a bastion for the [[Charan Singh]] family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Baghpat: Will RLD gain back foothold with none from Charan Singh’s clan in fray? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/baghpat-will-rld-gain-back-foothold-with-none-from-charan-singh-s-clan-in-fray-101709651131979.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History==
Baghpat constituency in western [[Uttar Pradesh]] emerged in 1967. The constituency’s social and economic landscape, built around [[sugarcane]] agriculture, [[canal]] irrigation, and a strong rural community structure, shaped its early political character. In early days this constituency high political influenced by the two person Umrao Dutt Sharma ( also known as Umrao Dutt Ved) and Chaudhary Charan Singh. The constituency’s social and economic landscape, built around sugarcane agriculture, canal irrigation, and a strong rural community structure, shaped its early political character. In 1967, Raghuvir Singh Shastri won the election with the support of Umrao dutt sharma as Independent Candidate. In 1970, Indra Gandhi invite Umrao Dutt Sharma to discuss the candidate at Delhi and the Congress party announced Ram Chandra Vikal as candidate. Umrao Dutt Sharma helps Ram Chandra Vikal in election campaigning and Ram Chandra Vikal won the election. But the scenarios changes in 1975 when Emergency was announced by Congress party and Umrao Dutt Sharma died in 1977. In 1977 the Baghpat became closely tied to the legacy of [[Chaudhary Charan Singh]], one of India’s greatest peasant leaders,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Baghpat's Political Legacy - Former PM's Stronghold And RLD's Turf |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-baghpats-political-legacy-former-pms-stronghold-and-rlds-turf-5260752 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925143818/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-baghpats-political-legacy-former-pms-stronghold-and-rlds-turf-5260752 |archive-date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> whose politics centred on agrarian interests, land reforms, and rural empowerment. His repeated victories from the seat established Baghpat as a national symbol of farmer-led political mobilisation and embedded the Chaudhary Charan Singh family firmly in the constituency’s identity.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:President Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy swearing in Ch. Charan Singh as PM.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Charan Singh]] swearing in as [[Prime Minister of India]] in 1979]]

After [[Charan Singh|Charan Singh’s]] era, the seat passed naturally into the hands of his son, [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]], who maintained dominance for more than two decades.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-07 |title=Ajit Singh faces BSP challenge on home turf |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/ajit-singh-faces-bsp-challenge-on-home-turf/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Through shifting alliances involving the [[Lok Dal (Charan)|Lok Dal]], [[Janata Dal]] factions, and later the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD), Ajit Singh turned Baghpat into a stronghold of farmer-centric regional politics. His influence was backed by a cohesive [[Jats|Jat]] voter base,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baghpat Lok Sabha Seat: 57 साल के इतिहास में सिर्फ एक बार गैर जाट सांसद, चौधरी परिवार का रहा खास नाता - Baghpat Lok Sabha Seat history Non Jat MP only once in 57 years of history Chaudhary family has special relationship |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bagpat-baghpat-lok-sabha-seat-history-non-jat-mp-only-once-in-57-years-of-history-chaudhary-family-has-special-relationship-23668903.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> a disciplined party organisation, and his continued presence in national politics as a Union minister in several governments. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, [[Baghpat]] electoral outcomes often reflected broader farmer concerns such as sugarcane pricing, procurement issues, irrigation needs, and rural infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP govt to rename Baghpat sugar mill after Chaudhary Charan Singh, ramp up capacity |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/business/up-govt-to-rename-baghpat-sugar-mill-after-chaudhary-charan-singh-ramp-up-capacity/3063036 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=PTI News}}</ref>

The political landscape of Baghpat began to change in the 2010s as national parties, especially the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), started consolidating their influence in western [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It led to [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh’s]] defeat in 2014 at the hands of Dr. [[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satyapal Singh]], a former [[Mumbai Police]] Commissioner. This result marked a significant turning point, ending nearly four decades of uninterrupted dominance by the [[Charan Singh]] family. In 2019, the BJP retained the constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh: Ex-Mumbai Commissioner Satya Pal Singh Denied Ticket As RLD Declares Candidates For Baghpat & Bijnor |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/uttar-pradesh-ex-mumbai-commissioner-satya-pal-singh-denied-ticket-as-rld-declares-candidates-for-baghpat-bijnor |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

Despite these shifts, Baghpat has continued to be shaped by its agrarian identity, its caste-based coalition patterns, and its strategic location in the [[National Capital Region]]. The 2024 general election saw another shift when the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD) regained the constituency under [[Rajkumar Sangwan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=On Charan Singh’s turf Baghpat, RLD and BJP turn ticket to a non-family member into a plus |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/charan-singhs-turf-baghpat-rld-bjp-ticket-family-member-9290241/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-30 |title=5 दशक में पहली बार चौधरी परिवार की बागपत से दूरी, मजबूरी या जरूरी? UP की 3 विरासत सीटों पर नया प्रयोग |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/story-why-chaudhary-charan-singh-family-member-not-contesting-from-baghpat-what-changes-going-on-three-legacy-seats-in-up-9649413.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, after reorganisation, this Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following five [[Vidhan Sabha]] segments.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|43
|[[Siwalkhas Assembly constituency|Siwalkhas]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|[[Ghulam Mohammed (politician)|Ghulam Muhammad]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal|rowspan=5}}
|-
|50
|[[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Bagpat district|Baghpat]]
|[[Ajay Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ajay Kumar Tomar]]
|-
|51
|[[Baraut Assembly constituency|Baraut]]
|[[Krishnapal Malik]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|52
|[[Baghpat Assembly constituency|Baghpat]]
|[[Yogesh Dhama]]
|-
|57
|[[Modinagar Assembly constituency|Modinagar]]
|[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|[[Manju Shiwach]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|[[Raghuvir Singh Shastri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|[[Ram Chandra Vikal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Chaudhary Charan Singh|Charan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Chaudhary Ajit Singh|Ajit Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1997
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kisan Kamgar Party}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajit Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/key-contestants/story/ajit-singh-46303-2009-05-01 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=25&lsno=11 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Sompal Shastri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Chaudhary Ajit Singh|Ajit Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Rajkumar Sangwan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal|rowspan=1}}
|}

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Baghpat]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Baghpat">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results – Baghpat |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2411.htm |accessdate=2 October 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002111811/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2411.htm |archivedate=2 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= [[Rajkumar Sangwan]]|party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|votes=4,88,967|percentage=52.36|change={{up}}4.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Amarpal Sharma]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=3,29,508|percentage=35.29|change={{up}}35.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Praveen Bansal|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=92,266|percentage=9.88|change={{up}}9.88}}
{{Election box candidate||candidate=[[Mukesh Kumar Sharma]]|party=[[Azad Adhikar Sena|AAS]]|votes=5,523|percentage=0.59|change={{up}}0.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=5,110|percentage=0.55|change={{up}}0.07}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,59,459|percentage=17.08|change={{up}}14.83}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,33,773|percentage=56.48|change={{decrease}}8.20}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Baghpat]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]|votes=5,25,789|percentage=50.32|change={{increase}}8.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jayant Chaudhary]]|party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|votes=5,02,287|percentage=48.07|change={{increase}}28.21}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=5,041|percentage=0.48|change={{increase}}0.09}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=23,502|percentage=2.25|change={{decrease}}18.64}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,45,607|percentage=64.68|change={{decrease}}2.07}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}8.17
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Baghpat]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]
|votes = 4,23,475
|percentage = 42.15
|change = {{increase}}42.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ghulam Mohammed (Politician)|Ghulam Mohammed]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,13,654
|percentage = 21.26
|change = {{increase}}13.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = 1,99,516
|percentage = 19.86
|change = {{decrease}}19.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prashant Chaudhri
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,41,743
|percentage = 14.11
|change = {{decrease}}14.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Somendar Dhaka
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 5,828
|percentage = 0.58
|change = {{increase}}0.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,911
|percentage = 0.39
|change = {{increase}}0.39
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,09,866
|percentage = 20.89
|change = {{increase}}10.62
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,04,766
|percentage = 66.75
|change = {{increase}}18.83
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing = {{increase}}3.27
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Baghpat]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
|votes = 2,38,638
|percentage = 38.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mukesh Sharma
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,75,611
|percentage = 28.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sompal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,36,964
|percentage = 22.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sahab Singh
|votes = 45,644
|percentage = 7.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vedpal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,838
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 63,027
|percentage = 10.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,13,748
|percentage = 47.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Baghpat]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
|votes = 3,53,181
|percentage = 53.76
|change = {{increase}}5.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aulad Ali
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,32,543
|percentage = 20.18
|change = {{increase}}6.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Satya Pal Malik]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,02,317
|percentage = 15.58
|change = {{decrease}}11.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagveer
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 55,164
|percentage = 8.40
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Habib Ahmad
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,919
|percentage = 0.75
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Samar Pal
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|votes = 2,489
|percentage = 0.38
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subhash
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,520
|percentage = 0.23
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Krishna Bhagwan Swami
|party = Republican Party of India
|votes = 994
|percentage = 0.15
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,20,638
|percentage = 33.58
|change = {{increase}}5.50
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,56,900
|percentage = 41.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election|1984 Indian general elections]]: Baghpat<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Baghpat 1984 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/1984/uttar-pradesh-%5B1947---1999%5D/baghpat/3891/8/8 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Dal|candidate=[[Charan Singh]]|votes=253,463|percentage=52.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mahesh Chand|votes=167,789|percentage=35.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=[[Raj Narain]]|votes=33,664|percentage=7.0|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=85,674|percentage=17.9|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=4,79,161|percentage=63.5|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors =7,54,811
|ref =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election|1980 Indian general elections]]: Baghpat<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Baghpat 1980 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=7&pcname=Baghpat&submit= |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Party (Secular)|candidate=[[Charan Singh]]|votes=323,077|percentage=64.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ram Chandra Vikal]]|votes=157,956|percentage=31.5|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,65,121|percentage=32.9|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=5,01,292|percentage=70.3|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors =7,12,650
|ref =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election|1977 Indian general elections]]: Baghpat<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Baghpat 1977 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=6&pcname=Baghpat&submit= |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Lok Dal|candidate=[[Charan Singh]]|votes=286,301|percentage=62.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ram Chandra Vikal]]|votes=164,763|percentage=36.1|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,21,538|percentage=26.6|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=4,56,968|percentage=74.8|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors =6,10,712
|ref =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/baghpat/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Baghpat lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]
*[https://resultuniversity.com/election/baghpat-lok-sabha Baghpat Lok Sabha]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]|years=1979–1980}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]}}
{{end}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Meerut division topics}}
{{Coord|28.94|77.22|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bagpat district]]
[[Category:Charan Singh]]

Hatia Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:29Z

99notes: made a entry.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Navin Jaiswal.jpg
| name = Hatia
| map_image = Hatia constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Navin Jaiswal]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| electors = {{formatnum:448166}}
| constituency_no = 64
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Hatia''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|value1=33.33|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress }}|label2=[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value2=33.33|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party }}|label3=[[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]]|value3=16.67|color3={{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}|label4=[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha|JVM]]|value4=16.67|color4={{party color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha}}}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1977: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Subodh Kant Sahay]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||rowspan="3"|Ramji Lal Sarda || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Gopal Sharan Nath Shahdeo]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
||2012^ ||rowspan="4"|[[Navin Jaiswal]] ||{{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] ||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

^by-election

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Hatia<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Navin Jaiswal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,52,949 |percentage=49.16% |change={{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Nath Shahdeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,38,326 |percentage=44.46% |change={{increase}}5.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Kanshi |party=Independent politician |votes=6,668 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,358 |percentage=0.44% |change={{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,623 |percentage=4.70% |change= {{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,11,120 |percentage=59.13% |change= {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,26,189 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Hatia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Navin Jaiswal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,15,431 |percentage=45.84% |change={{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Nath Shahdeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=99,167 |percentage=39.38% |change={{increase}}36.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Munda |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,215 |percentage=5.65% |change={{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Kanshi |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=9,357 |percentage=3.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shobha Yadav |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=3,470 |percentage=1.38% |change={{decrease}}39.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Tiwari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,341 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,507 |percentage=0.60% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,264 |percentage=6.46% |change= {{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,51,815 |percentage=56.19% |change= {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,48,166 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |swing= {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Hatia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Navin Jaiswal]] |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=88,228 |percentage=40.44% |change={{increase}}20.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seema Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=80,210 |percentage=36.76% |change={{increase}}19.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Jawed Ahmed |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=22,561 |percentage=10.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Munda |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,365 |percentage=3.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alok Kumar Dubey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,685 |percentage=3.06% |change={{decrease}}11.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikas Chandra Sharma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,765 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azam Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,219 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,145 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,018 |percentage=3.67% |change= {{decrease}}4.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,18,184 |percentage=57.28% |change= {{increase}}19.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,80,876 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |loser=All Jharkhand Students Union |swing= {{increase}}13.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly by-election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 elections in India#Jharkhand|2012 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Hatia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/2011-12/jan-june-2012.xls|title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Navin Jaiswal]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=41,566 |percentage=27.24% |change={{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. N. Shahdeo |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=29,682 |percentage=19.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ji Lal Sharda |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,151 |percentage=17.14% |change={{decrease}}9.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. K. Sahay |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,578 |percentage=14.14% |change={{decrease}}12.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,884 |percentage=7.79% |change= {{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,52,590 |percentage=37.90% |change= {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,02,578 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Jharkhand Students Union |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Hatia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Sharan Nath Shahdeo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,921 |percentage=26.58% |change={{decrease}}15.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramji Lal Sharda |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=39,896 |percentage=26.57% |change={{decrease}}17.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Navin Jaiswal]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=22,847 |percentage=15.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birendra Bhagat |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=22,173 |percentage=14.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,716 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naim Alam |party=National Lokhind Party |votes=2,708 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Kumar Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,101 |percentage=1.40% |change={{decrease}}11.95 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25 |percentage=0.02% |change= {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,50,164 |percentage=39.43% |change= {{decrease}}23.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,80,866 |ref = |change= {{increase}}120.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Hatia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Sharan Nath Shahdeo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,104 |percentage=42.51% |change={{increase}}26.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Kumar Poddar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,897 |percentage=43.75% |change={{decrease}}2.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhay Kumar Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=12,481 |percentage=13.35% |change={{decrease}}13.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Bhagat |party=Independent politician |votes=12,295 |percentage=13.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uday Shanker Ojha |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=7,180 |percentage=7.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramji Lal Sharda |party=Independent politician |votes=6,327 |percentage=6.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Prem Prakash Nath Shahdeo |party=Independent politician |votes=5,377 |percentage=5.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,207 |percentage=4.80% |change= {{decrease}}14.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,08,444 |percentage=62.69% |change= {{increase}}11.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,72,991 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}20.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Hatia<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramji Lal Sharda |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=51,597 |percentage=46.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhay Kumar Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=29,741 |percentage=26.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amanat Ali |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,395 |percentage=15.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mustaque Alam |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=4,597 |percentage=4.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Praveen Kerketta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,956 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moin Ansari |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=2,111 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=680 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,856 |percentage=19.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,266 |percentage=51.84% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,17,470 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
**http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/six-jvmp-mlas-join-bjp/article6882145.ece
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{coord|25.78|73.33|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ranchi district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Virinchipuram Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:56:06Z

99notes: New post

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Virinchipuram
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1967
}}
'''Virinchipuram''' is a former [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Vellore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It existed from 1962 to 1971.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Sampangi Naidu|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.40}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Virinchipuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sampangi Naidu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,459 |percentage=50.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnamurthi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,229 |percentage=24.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Radhakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,489 |percentage=11.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,043 |percentage=4.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Neduncheralathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,826 |percentage=3.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanaswami Mudaliar |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,339 |percentage=2.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Rangasamy Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=1.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Kuppusamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=570 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,230 |percentage=26.28% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,542 |percentage=60.45% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,644 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|12.92|79.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Vellore district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Vellore-geo-stub}}

Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha

2026-04-18T23:54:37Z

99notes: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2022)}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha
| native_name =
| image = Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 = 2022
| successor1 = [[Barsha Singh Bariha]]
| predecessor1 = [[Pradip Purohit]]
| constituency1 = [[Padampur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padampur]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2014
| successor2 = [[Pradip Purohit]]
| predecessor2 = Satyabhusan Sahu
| constituency2 = [[Padampur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padampur]]
| term_start3 = 1990
| term_end3 = 2004
| successor3 = Satyabhusan Sahu
| predecessor3 = Satyabhusan Sahu
| constituency3 = [[Padampur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padampur]]
| party = [[Biju Janta Dal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|01|20|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date|df=y|2022|10|3}}
| birth_place = [[Padampur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padampur]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[India]]
| other_party = [[Janata Dal]]
| spouse = Tilottama Singh Bariha
| children = [[Barsha Singh Bariha]]
| father =
| mother =
| education = Post Graduate
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| profession =
| source =
}}

'''Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha''' was an Indian politician and former minister from [[Odisha]]. He served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|member of the legislative assembly]] (MLA) for [[Padampur Assembly constituency]] of [[Padmapur]], [[Odisha]]. He was a senior leader of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=BJD MLA Bijay Ranjan Singh Bariha passes away in Bhubaneswar hospital |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bjd-mla-bijay-ranjan-singh-bariha-passes-away-in-bhubaneswar-hospital-101664780140660.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He died on 3 October 2022 after a prolonged illness.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-03 |title=BJD leader and Padampur MLA Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha Passes Away |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/bjd-leader-and-padampur-mla-bijaya-ranjan-singh-bariha-passes-away/ |access-date= |website=KalingaTV |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bariha was elected to the state assembly from the [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]] seat in [[Bargarh district]] a total of five times. This included two victories on Janata Dal ticket in 1990 and 1995, followed by three consecutive wins on BJD tickets in 2000, 2009, and 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-04 |title=Bijay Ranjan Singh Bariha's death sets tone for fresh battle in Odisha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bijay-ranjan-singh-barihas-death-sets-tone-for-fresh-battle-in-odisha/articleshow/94630867.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In addition to his electoral success, Bariha actively participated in various key committees within the state assembly. He served on committees focusing on drought management, estimates, environmental conservation, [[forest protection]], library affairs, public accounts, and the committee on [[Minority language|linguistic minorities]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-03 |title=Odisha: BJD's Padampur MLA Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-bjds-padampur-mla-bijaya-ranjan-singh-bariha-passes-away/articleshow/94608633.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He also held the position of SC, ST Development Minister in Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]]’s cabinet from 2009 to 2011.<ref name="Naveen Patnaik sacks 33 ministers in 12 years as Odisha Chief Minister">{{cite news |title=Naveen Patnaik sacks 33 ministers in 12 years as Odisha Chief Minister |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/naveen-patnaik-sacks-33-ministers-in-12-years-as-odisha-chief-minister-112314-2012-08-03 |access-date=11 February 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=4 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211160731/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/naveen-patnaik-sacks-33-ministers-in-12-years-as-odisha-chief-minister-112314-2012-08-03 |archive-date=11 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Five-Time Padampur MLA Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha Passes Away - India First e Newspaper |url=https://indiafirstepaper.com/2022/10/03/five-time-padampur-mla-bijaya-ranjan-singh-bariha-passes-away/,%20https://indiafirstepaper.com/2022/10/03/five-time-padampur-mla-bijaya-ranjan-singh-bariha-passes-away/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4839 Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha] on ''Myneta''

[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Bargarh district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Odisha]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

Madhya Pradesh Board of Secondary Education

2026-04-12T01:38:04Z

99notes: Created A Stub

{{short description|Board of school education India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Madhya Pradesh Board of Secondary Education
| abbreviation = MPBSE
| image = माध्यमिक शिक्षा मंडल, मध्य प्रदेश.png
| image_alt = Logo of Madhya Pradesh Board of Secondary Education
| image_size =
| caption = Logo
| mapframe = Yes
| formation = 1965
| type = [[Governmental Organization]]
| status = Foundation
| purpose = Administration of education related matters in [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]]
| headquarters = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]], [[India]]
| location = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] & [[Urdu]]
| owner = Department of Education Madhya Pradesh
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Smt. SMITA BHARADWAJ [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Shri.Krishna Deo Tripathi [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| board_of_directors = {{unbulleted list
| Sheela Dahima, Addl. Secretary
| Hridyesh Shrivastav, Dy. Secretary
| Gopal Prasad Singh, Joint Dir.Finance
| Balwant Verma, Exam Controller
| Bhupesh Gupta, Chief Systems Officer
| Vijay Guhe, Registrar
| Mukesh Kumar Malviya, Registrar
}}
| main_organ = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| website = [http://mpbse.nic.in/ official website]
}}

'''Madhya Pradesh Board of Secondary Education''' (abbreviated MPBSE) is a board of school education in [[Madhya Pradesh]] State of [[India]].<ref name='Board of Secondary Education, Madhya Pradesh'>{{cite web | url = http://mpbse.nic.in/| title = Board of Secondary Education, Madhya Pradesh}}</ref>

The MPBSE is a [[Madhya Pradesh Government|Madhya Pradesh government]] body responsible for determining the policy-related, administrative, cognitive, and intellectual direction of the state's higher educational system.
The board regulates and supervises the system of [[Intermediate education]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] State. It executes and governs various activities that include devising of courses of study, prescribing syllabus, conducting examinations, granting affiliations to colleges. MPBSE also provides direction, support and leadership for all educational institutions under its jurisdiction<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nic.in/state-office |title=NIC States|publisher=National Informatics Center, Govt. of India|access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref> It also runs model schools such as the [[Model Higher Secondary School, TT Nagar, Bhopal|Model High, TT Nagar]].
mp board has announced syllabus deduction up to 40% on 25 sep 2023 for class 12.
this includes humanities science and commerce stream
for class 10 it would remain the same as per government order

==Establishment==

The Madhya Pradesh Legislature, in the sixteenth year of the Republic of India, enacted an Act for the establishment of a Board in order to regulate Secondary Education in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and other ancillary matters. In 1965 this autonomous body was established under The Madhya Pradesh Secondary Education Act, 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mpbse.nic.in/Acts.html |title=The Madhya Pradesh Secondary Education Act, 1965 |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Legislature|access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref>

==Activities==

* To grant affiliation/recognition to schools.
* To prescribe courses and text books at High school and Intermediate level.
* To conduct High school and Intermediations.
* To provide equivalence to the examinations conducted by other Boards.

==Academics==

The MPBSE prescribes the syllabus, for students from Standard IX to Standard XII, for schools affiliated with it & exams whose scores are necessary to gain admission in higher study institutes.
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Urdu]], [[Arabic]], [[French language|French]], [[Russian language|Russian]] or [[Persian language|Persian]], can be chosen as a language subject in addition to the compulsory [[English language]] and [[Hindi]] languages.

==Examination==
It conducts three board examinations: the Middle School Exam for Standard VIII, High School Certificate Examination for standard X and the [[Higher Secondary (School) Certificate]] (HSC) Exam for standard XII, which is a school-leaving examination.<ref>{{cite web |title=मध्य प्रदेश माध्यमिक शिक्षा बोर्ड |url=https://schools.aglasem.com/38175/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-06 |title=MP Board Supplementary Exams: MPBSE introduces ‘Second Chance Examination’, applications begin on May 7 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/mpbse-mp-board-supplementary-exam-dates-2025-second-chance-examination-from-june-who-can-apply-how-to-apply-mpresults-nic-in-9985334/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), India
* [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS), India
* [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), India
* [[Indian School Certificate]] (ISC), India
* [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), India
* [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate]] (SSLC), India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://mpbse.nic.in/ Board of Secondary Education, Madhya Pradesh]

[[Category:State secondary education boards of India|Madhya]]
[[Category:Education in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:State agencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1965]]

J. S. Verma

2026-04-07T15:50:51Z

99notes: made pg.

{{short description|27th Chief Justice of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jagdish Sharan Verma
| image = Justice J S Verma, Jagadish Sharan Verma.jpg
| caption = Justice Verma in 2011
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| office1 = 27th [[Chief Justice of India]]
| term1 = 25 March 1997 – 18 January 1998
| appointer1 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| predecessor1 = [[Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi|A.M. Ahmadi]]
| successor1 = [[Madan Mohan Punchhi|M.M. Punchhi]]
| office = 3rd Chairperson of [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]]
| term = 4 November 1999 – 17 January 2003
| appointer = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| predecessor = [[M N Venkatachaliah]]
| successor = [[Adarsh Sein Anand]]
| office2 = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term2 = 3 June 1989 - 24 March 1997
| appointer2 = [[R. Venkataraman]]
| nominator2 = [[R. S. Pathak]]
| office3 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|16th Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term3 = 1 September 1986 - 2 June 1989
| appointer3 = [[Zail Singh]]
| nominator3 = [[P. N. Bhagwati]]
| predecessor3 = D. P. Gupta
| successor3 = [[Krishna Chandra Agarwal]]
| office4 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|10th Chief Justice]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term4 = 14 June 1986 - 31 August 1986
| appointer4 = [[Zail Singh]]
| nominator4 = [[P. N. Bhagwati]]
| predecessor4 = [[Goverdhan Lal Oza]]
| successor4 = [[Narayan Dutta Ojha]]
| office5 = Judge of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term5 = 12 September 1972 - 13 June 1986
| appointer5 = [[V. V. Giri]]
| nominator5 = [[Sarv Mittra Sikri]]
| birth_date = 18 January 1934
| birth_place = [[Satna]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 22 April 2013 (aged 80)
| death_place = [[Gurgaon, Haryana]], [[India]]
| spouse = Pushpa
| children = 2
}}

'''Jagdish Sharan Verma''' (18 January 1933 – 22 April 2013) was an Indian jurist who served as the [[List of Chief Justices of India|27th]] [[Chief Justice of India]] from 25 March 1997 to 18 January 1998. He was the chairman of the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] from 1999 to 2003, and chairman of the Justice Verma Committee Report on Amendments to Criminal Law after the [[2012 Delhi gang rape case]]. He remains one of India's most highly regarded Chief Justices and eminent jurists in its history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alYZ3MaClZ4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018002415/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alYZ3MaClZ4 |archive-date=2013-10-18 |url-status=dead|title=The Last Word - The Last Word: Remembering Justice JS Verma |publisher=YouTube |date=2013-04-23 |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref>

He was known for his judicial innovation through landmark judgements, which made him "the face of [[judicial activism]]" in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/justice-verma-the-face-of-judicial-activism-dies-of-multiple-organ-failure/1106404/ |title=Justice Verma, the face of judicial activism, dies of multiple organ failure |publisher=Indian Express |date=2013-04-23 |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref> His decisions were credited with the forging of powerful new judicial tools such as [[Continuing Mandamus|continuing mandamus]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-brave-judge/1107144/0 |title=A brave judge |publisher=Indian Express |date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref> and the expanded protection of [[fundamental rights]] as in the [[Vishaka Judgement]].<ref name="indiankanoon.org">{{cite web |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ |title=Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997 |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=2014-01-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605101608/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ |archive-date=5 June 2012 }}</ref> Alongside judicial activism and fundamental rights protection, he was strongly associated with [[women's empowerment]], probity in public life, judicial accountability, as well as enhancing [[social justice]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Karuna Nundy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/legacy-of-change-through-justice/article4651252.ece |title=Legacy of change through justice |work=The Hindu |date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref>

As [[Chief Justice of India]], he also administered oath of office to [[List of presidents of India|10th President of India]] [[K. R. Narayanan]].

==Early life, education and family==
Jagdish Sharan Verma was born in a [[Kayastha]] family in [[Satna]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He had six brothers and three sisters. He completed his early education at Venkat High School in Satna (Govt. Venkat H.S. Excellence School No.1, Satna), followed by Government Jubilee Intercollege, [[Lucknow]]. He graduated from the [[University of Allahabad]] with a B.Sc. and LL.B.<ref name=sup>{{cite web |title=Judges Biography:Jagdish Sharan Verma |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/jsverma.htm |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=23 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528012328/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/jsverma.htm |archive-date=28 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He had two daughters with his wife, Pushpa.

==High Court==
[[File:Justice J.S. Verma.jpg|thumb|left|Justice J.S. Verma in 1989]]
Verma began his legal career in 1955, and enrolled as an advocate in the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] in August 1959.<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice J S Verma sworn in as Chief Justice of India |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/25swear.htm |access-date=29 October 2018 |work=Rediff.com |date=26 March 1997}}</ref> He was appointed as a judge there in June 1972. In the following year, he delivered a judgment arguing that a juvenile convicted of murder ought to be tried under separate procedures from an adult. This went on to form the basis for the Juvenile Justice Act in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|author=Livemint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZjcWq3cOg6LFQI3nsfCwPK/Justice-JS-Verma-A-Life-in-Judgements.html |title=Justice J.S. Verma: A Life in Judgements |publisher=Livemint |date=2013-04-23 |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref>

After the declaration of [[State of Emergency in India|state of emergency in India]], he was one of the first judges to reject the government's proclamation that the emergency took precedence over rights to life and liberty.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960315-the-court-has-grown-stronger-in-keeping-with-the-need-of-the-times-justice-j.s.-verma-833082-1996-03-15|title=The Court has grown stronger in keeping with the need of the times: Justice J.S. Verma|author=MANOJ MITTA |date=March 15, 1996 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> Before the Supreme Court stopped High Courts from entertaining ''[[habeas corpus]]'' petitions, Verma "stood out" as one of the few high court judges who released detainees arrested under the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960315-justice-js-verma-has-sought-to-make-the-judiciary-stronger-and-more-accountable-833081-1996-03-14 |title=Justice J.S. Verma has sought to make the judiciary stronger and more accountable : Cover Story - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=1996-03-15 |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref>

He became Chief Justice of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] in June 1985 and also served as Chief Justice of [[Rajasthan High Court]] from September 1986 until his elevation to the Supreme Court in June 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Chief Justices |url=http://hcraj.nic.in/formercj.htm |publisher=Rajasthan High Court |access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref> He acted as the [[Governor of Rajasthan]] twice between 1986 and 1989.

==Supreme Court==
[[File:The_President_of_India,_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_administering_oath_to_Justice_Jagdish_Sharan_Verma_as_Chief_Justice_of_India,_at_a_Swearing-in_Ceremony,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg|thumb|Indian President [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] administers oath to Justice J. S. Verma as Chief Justice of India, at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in New Delhi]]
[[File:K. R. Narayanan being sworn in as the President of India.jpg|thumb| K. R. Narayanan being sworn in as the President of India.
by J. S. Verma, 1997]]
In June 1989, he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of India, and became Chief Justice of India in January 1998. During his time in the Supreme Court, Justice Verma gave numerous landmark judgments.<ref name="outlookindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?202712 |title=Landmark Judgements |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref> Over the course of his Supreme Court tenure, Verma authored 149 judgments and sat on 639 benches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=J.S. Verma |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/j-s-verma/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Most notable cases===

====''Kumari Shrileka Vidyarthi etc. Vs. State of U.P. & Ors.''====

The state terminated the appointment of all government counsel irrespective of whether the term of the incumbent had expired or not. At the same time, the government directed preparation of fresh panels to make appointments in the place of existing incumbents. The court strongly asserted the requirement that every state action must not be arbitrary even if that state action was in the field of contractual relations between the state and individuals. Justice Verma stated that the basic requirement of Article 14 in the [[Constitution of India]] is fairness in action by the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1261492/ |title=Kumari Shrilekha Vidyarthi Etc. ... vs State Of U.P. And Ors on 20 September, 1990 |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref> It is difficult to accept that the state can be permitted to act otherwise in any field of its activity, irrespective of the nature of its function. This requirement must be satisfied by every action of the state or an instrumental body of the state in order for it to be valid.

====''K Veeraswami vs. Union of India''====

A petition was filed by a former high court chief justice in the Supreme Court, arguing that he could not be proceeded against under the Prevention of Corruption Act of 1947. This was on the basis that he was not a public servant for the purposes of the Prevention of Corruption Act. The majority of the Supreme Court held that a former Chief Justice of the High Court of Madras could be proceeded against under the Act. This was on the basis that a judge belonging to the higher judiciary was a public servant for the purposes of the Act.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1269046/ |title=K. Veeraswami vs Union Of India And Others on 25 July, 1991 |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref>

Justice Verma dissented, saying that Parliament had not intended a member of the higher judiciary to be designated a 'public servant' for the purposes of the Prevention of Corruption Act as amended. Justice Verma recognised the need for an appropriate mechanism to deal with corruption by members of the higher judiciary but stated that the difference is between the law as it is and the law as it should be. He said that "judicial activism can supply the deficiencies and fill gaps in an already existing structure found deficient in some ways, but it must stop short of building a new edifice where there is none."<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The majority position would also prove problematic to the principles of independence of the judiciary and the constitutional scheme of the hierarchy of the courts.

====''Smt. Nilabati Behera Vs. State of Orissa & Ors''====

A mother of a 22-year-old man who had died in police custody wrote a letter to the Supreme Court which the court treated as a writ petition. A Rs 1.5 lakh compensation was awarded by the Supreme Court to the mother, as Justice Verma held that compensation was a public law remedy distinct from and in addition to the private law remedy in tort for damages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1628260/ |title=Smt. Nilabati Behera Aliaslalit ... vs State Of Orissa And Ors on 24 March, 1993 |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref> Justice Verma stated that the award of compensation in a proceeding under Article 32 of the Constitution of India or by the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India is a public law remedy which is based on strict liability for the breach of fundamental rights.

Justice Verma argued that the principle of sovereign immunity does not apply as a defence in relation to compensation as a public law remedy, even though it may be available as a defence in a private law action based on tort. Justice Verma stated that compensation is an acknowledged constitutional remedy for enforcement and protection of fundamental rights. The award of monetary compensation is a justifiable remedy when it is the only practical method of redress available for contraventions of fundamental rights by the state or its servants in the purported exercise of its powers. The Supreme Court relied on Article 9 (5) of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] as an additional ground in order to award compensation as a mode of enforcement of the fundamental 'right to life' when no other mode of enforcement was available.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20999/volume-999-I-14668-English.pdf|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 19 December 1966|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>

====The Second Judges Case====
The Second Judges Case (''Advocates-On-Record Association & Ors. v. Union of India 3'') was the foundation for the [[collegium]] system for the appointment of the judiciary in India. The court held that the executive and the judiciary are to reach their decision together, given that both have a vital role in the joint venture. It is only if there is an irresolvable disagreement between them which cannot be resolved by joint effort that the Chief Justice of India would have primacy. It was only in this situation that the question of primacy should arise.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/753224/ |title=Supreme Court ... vs Union Of India on 6 October, 1993 |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref>

This was on the basis that the opinion of the Chief Justice of India is formed collectively after taking into account the views of his senior colleagues who are required to be consulted by him.

In the First Judges Case (''S. P Gupta et al. v Union of India et al.''), the majority took the view that the opinion of the judiciary does not have primacy in the matter of appointments of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. The primacy is with the central government, which is to take the decision after consulting all the constitutional functionaries. The central government is not bound to act in accordance with the opinion of all the constitutional functionaries consulted even if their opinion is the same.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1294854/ |title=S.P. Gupta vs President Of India And Ors. on 30 December, 1981 |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref>

In the Second Judges case, the court felt that the approach in the First Judges case threatened the principles of independence of the judiciary and the separation of powers with danger of the politicisation of judicial appointments. The court also felt that this approach potentially minimised the role of the judiciary in appointments when the judiciary would have best knowledge of the legal calibre and acumen of potential appointees in comparison to the executive.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

====''S.R. Bommai v. Union of India''====

This case related to a presidential proclamation issued under Section 356 (1) of the Emergency Provisions of the Constitution of India dissolving the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. Article 365 of the Indian Constitution empowers the [[President of India]], on his being satisfied that, "a situation has arisen" in which the state government cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution to take action. This enables the state to come under the direct control of the central government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/897579/|title=Article 365 in The Constitution Of India 1949|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>

The court held that whilst it could review whether a proclamation which imposed the president's rule was ''[[ultra vires]]'', under Article 356 the scope of such review would be limited. There was a narrow area which was justiciable by the court with deference awarded to the decision of the executive. This was on the basis that the exercise of the power of proclamation was a political one with a wide area of discretion which would often involve a great deal of political judgment. It is difficult to evolve judicially manageable norms on the basis of which to scrutinise decisions which are often highly subjective and based on a wide array of socio-political and economic factors. Justice Verma stated that only cases which permit application of totally objective standards for deciding whether the constitutional machinery has failed are amenable to judicial review and the remaining cases where there is any significant area of subjective satisfaction are not justiciable because of a lack of judicially manageable standards for resolving the controversy. The latter cases are subject only to political scrutiny i.e. through elections.

====Ayodhya Judgement====

The [[Ayodhya]] Judgement is formally known as ''Dr. M Ismail Furuqui vs Union of India''. After the [[demolition of Babri Masjid]] the disputed area had been acquired and was under the control of the central government until the adjudication of the dispute in relation to the property. The Court struck down provisions which diminished the pending suits in relation to this disputed property without providing an alternative judicial mechanism for deciding the legal dispute. The provisions through which the property came to be acquired by the centre were upheld.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1441422/ |title=Ismail Faruqui vs Union Of India on 24 October, 1994 |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref>

The Supreme Court elucidated the meaning of Indian secularism in this case, stating: <blockquote>it is clear from the constitutional scheme that it guarantees equality in the matter of religion to all individuals and groups irrespective of their faith emphasising that there is no religion of the state itself. The Preamble of the Constitution read in particular with Articles 25 to 28 emphasises this aspect and indicates that it is in this manner the concept of secularism embodied in the Constitutional scheme as a creed adopted by the Indian people has to be understood whilst examining the constitutional validity of any legislation on the touchstone of the Constitution. The concept of secularism is one facet of the right to equality woven as the central golden thread in the fabric depicting the pattern of the scheme in the Constitution.</blockquote>

====''Jamaat-e-Islami Hind vs. Union of India''====

In this case, Justice Verma upheld the principles of natural justice and judicial protections of freedom of association, freedom of expression under the Indian Constitution in the face of strong political pressure.<ref name="outlookindia.com"/>

At a public meeting held in Delhi on 27 May 1990, the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] had held that the separation of [[Kashmir]] from India was inevitable. On 1 August 1991, the organization had also demanded that the [[Government of India]] hold a plebiscite in [[Kashmir]] to determine whether the people of that province wish to remain in India or secede. Viewing these acts as constituting clear-cut sedition, the Government of India exercised the powers conferred on it by Section 3 (1) of the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] to ban the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]], declaring it an unlawful association because had been carrying out unlawful activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/the_unlawful_activities_act1967.htm |title=The Unlawful Activities (Prevention)Act, 1967 |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref> Later, a tribunal order endorsed this notification.

The court headed by Justice set aside the order of the tribunal, which had endorsed the government notification, and lifted the ban on the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]. The court did this on purely technical grounds, observing that the tribunal had erred in accepting the government's plea that sensitive intelligence inputs are 'classified' and cannot be disclosed in court. Justice Verma stated that the tribunal could not have made the necessary subjective judgment in that case as it may or may not have known all the facts. The court said that the tribunal needed to decide whether the material in support of the ban outweighed the material against it on the basis of 'greater probabilities,' a term coined by Justice Verma and never actually explained. In this process, the requirement of [[natural justice]] had to be satisfied taking into account the public interest. This would require the tribunal to have access to all the necessary information from both sides to carry out judicial scrutiny. Since this did not happen, the order of the tribunal was set aside.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1028663/ |title=Jamaat-E-Islami Hind vs Union Of India on 7 December, 1994 |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref> In this way, Justice Verma managed to deliver a judgment in favor of religious minorities and in opposition to the government, even though the facts were in favour of the government, by taking recourse to technical grounds and without making any subjective assessment of the charge of sedition, which may have required him to deliver exactly the converse judgment.

====Hindutva Judgement====

The [[Hindutva]] Judgment (''R.Y. Prabhoo vs P.K. Kunte 11 December 1995'') is one of Justice Verma's most controversial judgments, which he believed was widely misunderstood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/an-optimist-to-the-last/1106681/ |title=An optimist to the last |publisher=Indian Express |date=2013-04-24 |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref>

The Bombay High Court had given a judgment against the election of Dr. R.Y Prabhoo (Shiv Sena) declaring his election void on the ground that he had been found guilty of corrupt practices under Subsections 3 and 3A of Section 123 of the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951|Representation of the People Act]] 1951. This provides that candidates are prohibited from eliciting votes or persuading people not to vote on the grounds of his religion, race, caste, community or language or the use of or appeal to religious symbols. It also prohibits the promotion of or attempt to promote feelings of enmity or hatred between different classes of the citizens of India on the grounds of religion, race, caste, community or language.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/representation%20of%20the%20people%20act,%201951.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501024716/http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/representation%20of%20the%20people%20act,%201951.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The issue related to three speeches given by Bal Thakeray in the election campaign for Dr. Prabhoo which the High Court held had used intemperate language and were incendiary in nature. The High Court also found that the speeches tended to promote enmity and hatred between the different classes of India on the grounds of religion and were appeals to vote for Dr. Prabhoo because of his religion as a Hindu.

The Supreme Court stated that:<blockquote>

It is a fallacy and an error of law to proceed on the assumption that any reference to Hindutva or Hinduism in a speech makes it automatically a speech based on Hindu religion as opposed to other religions or that the use of the word Hindutva or Hinduism per se depicts an attitude hostile to all persons practising any religion other than the Hindu religion... and it may well be that these words are used in a speech to emphasise the way of life of the Indian people and the Indian cultural ethos...There is no such presumption permissible in law contrary to the several Constitution Bench decisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/925631/|title=Dr. Ramesh Yeshwant Prabhoo vs Shri Prabhakar Kashinath Kunte & ... on 11 December, 1995|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref></blockquote>

This was on the basis that 'Hindu', 'Hinduism' and 'Hindutva' are often very wide terms meaning reference to them cannot be subject to a blanket ban. Rather, the context and meaning has to be gauged in the individual speeches in question.

==== Supreme Court revisits the [[Hindutva]] Judgement ====

The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], while revisiting the two-decade-old [[Hindutva]] judgement, has said that nobody should be allowed to misuse religion for electoral gains and has termed it as a 'corrupt practice'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyoooz.com/|title=NYOOOZ - Simply News Local News, India News, City News, Politics|website=NYOOOZ|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> However, Supreme Court declined a plea to check the “devastating consequences” of its 1995 judgment defining Hindutva as a "way of life" and nothing to do with "narrow fundamentalist Hindu religious bigotry".<ref>{{Cite web|title=SC declines to reconsider 1995 order on meaning of Hindutva|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sc-declines-to-reconsider-1995-order-on-meaning-of-hindutva/|website=Indian Express|date=26 October 2016 |language=en|access-date=2016-10-27}}</ref>

====Vishaka Judgement====

The ''[[Vishakha and others v State of Rajasthan]]'' (13 September 1997) is considered one of the world's landmark judgments in gender justice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://progress.unwomen.org/landmark-court-cases/ |title=Groundbreaking cases | Progress of the World's Women |access-date=2013-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928073404/http://progress.unwomen.org/landmark-court-cases/ |archive-date=28 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was brought as a class action by certain NGO's and social activists following the brutal gang rape of a social worker in Rajasthan to enforce the fundamental rights of working women under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court laid down guidelines to deal with the menace of sexual harassment at the workplace through an approach based on equal access, prevention, and empowerment. This approach was the foundation for national and international best practice in dealing with sexual harassment at the workplace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawnn.com/case-law-vishakha-and-others-v-state-of-rajasthan-landmark-case/|title=Vishakha and Others v. State of Rajasthan -|last=LAWNN.COM|date=2013-05-18|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>

Justice Verma held that each incident of sexual harassment constitutes a violation of the fundamental rights of 'gender equality', 'right to life and liberty' and the right to practice any profession or to carry out any occupation, trade or business under Article 19 (1) (g) of the Constitution of India which depends on a safe working environment. ''Vishaka vs State of Rajasthan'' is also a seminal and definitive judgment in the field of constitutional jurisprudence and the relationship between international law and domestic law. The court held that in the absence of domestic legislation addressing this issue the court would rely on India's obligations under international treaties and agreements to fill the gaps in the law. "Any International Convention not inconsistent with fundamental rights and in harmony with its spirit must be read into Articles 14, 15, 19 (1) (g) and 21 of the Constitution to enlarge the meaning and content thereof, to promote the object of the constitutional guarantee."<ref name="indiankanoon.org"/>

====AFSPA Judgment====

The Supreme Court of India in this case upheld the constitutional validity of the [[Armed Forces Special Powers Act]] which grants the armed forces special powers in "disturbed areas". Concerns have been raised about the Act on the basis that it grants impunity for human rights violations.

The Supreme Court of India, in this case, clearly stipulated that the following provisions must be read into the AFSPA:

<blockquote>Ensure that troop under command do not harass innocent people, destroy property of the public or unnecessarily enter into the house/dwelling of people not connected with any unlawful activities. Ensure that women are not searched/arrested without the presence of female police. In fact, women should be searched by female police only. Do not ill treat anyone, in particular women and children, no harassment of civilians, no torture."<ref name="indiankanoon">{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1072165/|title=Naga People'S Movement, Of Human ... vs Union Of India on 27 November, 1997|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref></blockquote>

The Supreme Court held that "the instructions in the form of do's and don't's have to be treated as binding instructions which are required to be followed by the members of the armed forces exercising powers under the Central Act and a serious note should be taken of violation of the instructions and the persons found responsible for such violations should be suitably punished under the Army Act of 1950." The court also then pointed out that there are safeguards within the powers exercisable under the Act. Parliament included these safeguards to check the arbitrary exercise of power by the armed forces.

The Supreme Court went on to state that: <blockquote>In order that the people may feel assured that there is an effective check against misuse or abuse of powers by the members of the armed forces it is necessary that a complaint containing an allegation about misuse or abuse of the powers conferred under the Central Act should be thoroughly inquired into and, it is found that there is substance in the allegation, the victim should be suitably compensated by the State and the requisite sanction under Section 6 of the Central Act should be granted for institution of prosecution and/or a civil suit or other proceedings against the person/persons responsible for such violation."<ref name="indiankanoon" /></blockquote>

====''T N Godavarman Thirumulkpad Vs. Union of India & Ors''====

This case related to the protection and preservation of the environment free from pollution and maintenance of the ecological balance emphasising the principle of sustainable development. The Supreme Court placed reliance on Article 21 of the Constitution of India but also on the [[Directive Principle of State Policy|Directive Principles in India]] in Article 48A and the fundamental duty in Article 51A (g) of every citizen in the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/187293069/|title=T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad vs Union Of India & Ors on 13 February, 2012|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>

The court was guided by the need to educate people in the doctrine of trust and [[intergenerational equity]] that it is the duty of every generation to preserve natural resources for the next generation. The court relied on the principle of trust as opposed to ownership of natural resources and sought to balance the need for development with preservation of the environment. The court held that [[Forest Conservation Act, 1980|The Forest Conservation Act of 1980]] was enacted with a view to check further deforestation which ultimately results in ecological imbalance and therefore, the provisions made therein for the conservation of forests and fore matters connected therewith, must apply to all forests irrespective of the nature of ownership or classification thereof.

====Other notable cases====
Justice Verma also presided over [[Fodder Scam|the fodder scam]] case, and the prosecution of Godman Chandraswami.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/justice-js-verma-obituary-by-harish-salve-160159-2013-04-26|title=Justice J.S. Verma: A no-nonsense judge driven by sense of justice|author=Harish Salve |date=April 26, 2013 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>

===Restatement of values of judicial life===

Justice Verma is remembered as the judiciary's conscience keeper for his "restatement of values of judicial life."<ref>http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-judiciary-s-conscience-keeper/1106212/<nowiki/> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424231058/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-judiciary-s-conscience-keeper/1106212/ |date=24 April 2013 }}</ref>
This was as a code of ethics for the judiciary in India that he instigated while Chief Justice. This was ratified and adopted by the Indian Judiciary in the Chief Justices' Conference 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://doj.gov.in/?q=node/73&page=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927210609/http://doj.gov.in/?q=node%2F73&page=5|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2013|title=Annexure C {{!}} Department of Justice|date=2013-09-27|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> All the High Courts in the country also adopted the same in their full court meetings. The goal was to create a resolution which would bind the judiciary for the purposes of independence, integrity, accountability, honesty and transparency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indialawyers.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/restatement-of-values-of-judicial-life-1999-code-of-judicial-ethics/|title=Restatement of Values of Judicial Life (1999) – CODE OF JUDICIAL ETHICS|last=INDIA|first=Author NNLRJ|date=2009-11-11|website=LAW RESOURCE INDIA|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> The "Restatement of Values" is meant to be an illustrative (not exhaustive) declaration of what is expected of a Judge. The Resolution was preceded by a draft statement circulated to all the High Courts of the country and suitably redrafted in the light of the suggestions which were received.

==National Human Rights Commission==
Justice Verma served as the Chairman of the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) from 4 November 1999 to 17 January 2003.<ref name="Former & Present Chairperson and Members">{{cite web|title=Former & Present Chairperson and Members|url=http://www.nhrc.nic.in/composition_prev.htm|publisher=NHRC|access-date=30 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306214052/http://www.nhrc.nic.in/composition_prev.htm|archive-date=6 March 2013}}</ref> He is known for having 'set the stage' for justice in the [[2002 Gujarat Violence]].<ref name="IE 1">http://www.indianexpress.com/news/as-nhrc-head-justice-verma-set-the-stage-for-justice-in-2002-riots/1106909/<nowiki/> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629084251/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/as-nhrc-head-justice-verma-set-the-stage-for-justice-in-2002-riots/1106909/ |date=29 June 2013 }}</ref> On 1 April 2002 Justice Verma recommended a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe into the following five cases after taking the view that investigations were being hampered by extraneous considerations and people: [[Godhra train burning|Godhra]], [[Gulbarg Society massacre|Gulbarg Society]], [[Naroda Patiya massacre|Naroda Patiya]], [[Best Bakery case|Best Bakery]], and Sardarpura in Mehsana.<ref name = "IE 1"/>

The NHRC, led by Justice Verma brought a petition to the Supreme Court seeking retrial of the Best Bakery case and also four additional cases outside Gujarat after a local court had acquitted the accused. Justice Verma severely indicted the Government of [[Gujarat]] at the time of the riots. The NHRC report was quoted by the US when denying Narendra Modi a visa. The NHRC report on 31 May 2002 stated:

"The tragic events in Gujarat, starting with the [[Godhra train burning]] incident and continuing with the violence that rocked the state for over two months, have greatly saddened the nation.
There is no doubt, in the opinion of this Commission, that there was a comprehensive failure on the part of the state government to control the persistent violation of the rights to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the people of the state. It is, of course, essential to heal the wounds and to look to a future of peace and harmony. But the pursuit of these high objectives must be based on justice and the upholding of the values of the Constitution of the Republic and the laws of the land. That is why it remains of fundamental importance that the measures that need to be taken to bring the violators of human rights to book are indeed taken".<ref>Case No. 1150/6/2001-2002</ref>

===Letter to Vajpayee===
As chairman of the National Human Rights Commission, Verma had written a five-page letter to then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in which he indicted the Gujarat state government for its role in the 2002 violence in the state, and questioned the [[Nanavati-Mehta Commission]]'s credibility.<ref name="HT">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/vajpayee-was-warned-of-cm-s-riot-role/story-aGMjacBYZ2eikmGLiGuStO.html|title=Vajpayee was warned of CM's riot role |work= Hindustan Times |date=17 September 2011|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> In a 2008 interview, Verma criticized Vajpayee's response to the letter:{{Blockquote|He [Vajpayee] could have stepped in to monitor the situation and issue directives to the competent authorities, but he did not even comment. Nothing came over, except for a formal acknowledgement from the Prime Minister's Office.<ref name="Tehelka">{{cite news|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2008/10/vajpayee-could-have-intervened-but-did-not/|title=Vajpayee could have intervened, but did not |work= Tehelka |date=10 November 2008|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref>|sign=|source=}}

===NHRC Report and visit to rescue camps===
As stated by Verma, the NHRC report on the 2002 Gujarat violence noted two issues that smacked of discrimination. Whereas a reward of Rs 2 lakhs was announced for the next of kin of victims of the [[Godhra train burning|attack on Sabarmati Express]], a similar reward for riot victims was Rs 1 lakh. Second, [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|POTA]] was being applied to the Sabarmati Express incident, but not to the riots. According to Verma:{{Blockquote|These issues seriously impinge on the provisions of the Constitution that guarantee equality before the law and equal protection of the laws within the territory of India, and the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth...Many of the largest rescue camps, including Shah-e-Alam in [[Ahmedabad]], did not receive visits at a high political or administrative level till I visited them. This indicated a deeper malaise, discriminatory in origin and character.<ref name="Tehelka"/>}}

==Post-retirement public service==

===Right to Information===

Justice Verma was a strong believer in the [[Right to Information]]. Observing the 52nd anniversary of the adoption of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], Justice Verma said: "In a democracy, participatory role in governments can be realised only if the right to information exists so that the public can make an informed choice."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/200012/msg00030.html|title=Information is an obligation: Verma|website=www.burmalibrary.org|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>

Justice Verma had also publicly stated that the judiciary should be brought within the ambit of the Right to Information Act 2005: "To ensure transparency and accountability in the public eye, I strongly feel that judiciary should be brought into the ambit of Right to Information Act. When hearing of all the cases is done publicly, decisions are pronounced publicly, the administrative actions of the judiciary, especially judicial appointments should be made open to public scrutiny," Justice Verma told a BBC Hindi programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/22rti.htm|title=Judiciary should be brought under RTI|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>

Justice Verma was one of the leading figures involved in the movement for the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]] and in its implementation.

===Justice Verma Committee===

In the aftermath of the [[2012 Delhi gang rape case|2012 gang rape in Delhi]], Justice Verma was appointed chairperson of [[2012 Delhi gang rape case#J S Verma Committee and changes in law|a three-member commission]] tasked with reforming and invigorating anti-rape law. His committee members were Ex-Solicitor General [[Gopal Subramaniam]] and Justice [[Leila Seth]]. The Committee was assisted by a team of young lawyers, law students and academics. The Committee's counsel, Abhishek Tewari, Advocate was overall in charge of the preparation of the report. He was assisted by: Talha Abdul Rahman, Prof. Mrinal Satish, Shwetasree Majumdar, Saumya Saxena, Preetika Mathur, Siddharth Peter de Souza, Anubha Kumar, Apoorv Kurup, Devansh Mohta, Jigar Patel, Nikhil Mehra, Nishit Agrawal, Shyam Nandan, Nithyaesh Natraj and Salman Hashmi.

The Committee adopted a multidisciplinary approach, interpreting its mandate expansively. The Report deals with sexual crimes at all levels and with the measures needed for prevention as well as punishment of all offences with sexual overtones that are an affront to human dignity. This is on the basis that the issue of sexual assault against women is one that goes to the core of social norms and values. The Report also deals with the construct of gender justice in India and the various obstructions to this. The Committee's approach is founded on achieving the guarantee of equality for all in the Constitution of India.

The comprehensive 630-page report,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Justice%20verma%20committee/js%20verma%20committe%20report.pdf|title=Report of the Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law|website=prsindia.org|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909000158/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Justice%20verma%20committee/js%20verma%20committe%20report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> which was completed in 29 days, was lauded both nationally and internationally. This eventually led to the passing of the [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013]], which was criticised as it did not adequately consider the Committee's work and recommendations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice J.S. Verma passes away |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-js-verma-passes-away/article4644517.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref>

==Legacy==

Justice Verma is remembered for his legal innovation and firm commitment to women's empowerment, accountability of judiciary and government, probity in public life, social justice and secularism. He told fresh law graduates of the [[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]] while delivering the convocation address, "''Each one of you is that 'little drop' who can unite to make the 'rain' needed for the 'monsoon of purity in national character' to revive the parched field''."<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.nujslawreview.org/pdf/articles/2009_1/convocation-address.pdf|title = CONVOCATION ADDRESS|last = Verma|first = Jagdish S.|date = 1 January 2009|journal = NUJS Law Review|access-date = 2 January 2015}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

His legacy is carried on by the Justice Verma Foundation, whose mission is " to make the law a friend to those most in need of one." It focuses on providing quality pro bono representation to those most in need of it in High Courts and the Supreme Court. It does this by acting as a facilitator to match lawyers with clients in need.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justicevermafoundation.org/|title=Justice Verma Foundation|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118003115/http://www.justicevermafoundation.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Death===

Verma died from multiple organ failure on 22 April 2013 at Medanta Hospital, [[Gurgaon]] at the age of 80. He was survived by his wife and two daughters.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |title=India's anti-rape law judge JS Verma dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22260180 |work=BBC News |date=23 April 2013 |access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Justice JS Verma dies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Justice-JS-Verma-dies/articleshow/19682648.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425080628/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-22/india/38735157_1_chief-justice-justice-verma-satna |url-status=live |archive-date=25 April 2013 |date=22 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref>

In January 2014, the family of refused to accept the [[Padma Bhushan]] award conferred on him posthumously, by the [[Government of India]]. In a letter to the President, wife Pushpa Verma stated,''"He never hankered or lobbied for any acclaim, reward or favour...we do not want to accept what we know justice Verma himself would not have accepted.''" <ref name="w626">{{cite web | title=JS Verma's family refuses to accept Padma Bhushan | website=The Economic Times | date=2014-01-31 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/js-vermas-family-refuses-to-accept-padma-bhushan/articleshow/29649427.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2025-10-31}}</ref><ref name="e325">{{cite web | title=JS Verma's family refuses to accept Padma Bhushan | website=The Times of India | date=2014-01-31 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/js-vermas-family-refuses-to-accept-padma-bhushan/articleshow/29648901.cms | access-date=2025-10-31}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|J. S. Verma}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130528012328/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/jsverma.htm Brief biography at Supreme Court of India]
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/121781170/Justice-Verma-Report Justice Verma Commission Report on the Delhi Gangrape incident]

{{s-start}}
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{{succession box | before = [[Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi]] | title = [[Chief Justice of India]] | years =25 March 1997 – 18 January 1998| after =[[Madan Mohan Punchhi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Justices of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Jagdish Sharan}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:People from Satna]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

Anakapalli revenue division

2026-03-29T00:52:30Z

99notes: made initial post from scratch

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Anakapalli revenue division
| settlement_type = [[revenue division]]
| image_skyline = Anakapalle Sarada River Bridge.jpg
| image_caption = Railway bridge over the [[Sarada River]] near [[Anakapalle]]
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|17.6913|N|83.0039|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| native_name = అనకాపల్లి ఆదాయ విభాగం
| population_total = 8,21,034
| total_type = Total
| population_as_of = 2011
}}

'''Anakapalli revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Anakapalli district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|three revenue divisions]] in the district which consists of twelve [[mandals]] under its administration. [[Anakapalli]] is the divisional headquarters.<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Visakhapatnam |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2813_PART_B_DCHB_VISAKHAPATNAM.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=18 January 2015|pages=26|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=newdiv>{{cite news|title=GO issued for creation of Anakapalle revenue division|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/go-issued-for-creation-of-anakapalle-revenue-division/article4580216.ece|accessdate=21 November 2015|work=The Hindu|date=4 April 2013|location=Viskhapatnam}}</ref>

==History==
Based on the 2011 census, post the district restructure in 2022, the division had a population of 8,21,034 of which 7,09,263 was rural and 1,11,771 urban. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 7.45% and 3.57% of the population respectively.<ref name="census" />

Hindus are 98.27% of the population while Christians are 0.70% and Muslims 0.69%.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

At the time of the 2011 census 98.99% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as their first language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Administration ==
There are 10 mandals under the administration of Anakapalle revenue division.<ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref><ref name=census /><ref name="newdiv" /> They are:
# [[Anakapalle mandal|Anakapalli]]
# [[Butchayyapeta mandal|Butchayyapeta]]
# [[Cheedikada mandal|Cheedikada]]
# [[Chodavaram, Visakhapatnam|Chodavaram]]
# [[Devarapalli, Anakapalli district|Devarapalli]]
# [[K. Kotapadu mandal|K. Kotapadu]]
# [[Kasimkota mandal|Kasimkota]]
# [[Munagapaka mandal|Munagapaka]]
# [[Paravada mandal|Paravada]]
# [[Sabbavaram mandal|Sabbavaram]]

== See also ==
* [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Anakapalli district}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Anakapalli district]]

1971 Orissa Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-24T10:23:48Z

99notes: made basic details more to come

{{Short description|1971 Assembly election in Orissa}}
{{For|Lok Sabha election|1971 Indian general election in Orissa }}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1971 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 1967 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = '''1967'''
| next_election = 1974 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = '''1974'''
| election_date = 1971
| seats_for_election = All 140 seats in the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Nandini Satpathy]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress (R)
| leaders_seat1 = Not contested
| seats1 = 51
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 20
| popular_vote1 = 12,40,668
| percentage1 = 28.18
| swing1 =
| image2 = {{eppt|Swatantra Party|height=100|width=100}}
| leader2 = [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Bolangir (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| party2 = Swatantra Party
| seats2 = 36
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 13
| popular_vote2 = 7,67,815
| percentage2 = 17.44
| swing2 =
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Biju Patnaik 2018 stamp of India.jpg|bSize=220|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=58|oTop=14}}
| leader3 = [[Biju Patnaik]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Rajanagar (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajanagar]] (By-elections)
| party3 = [[Utkal Congress]]
| seats3 = 33
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 33
| popular_vote3 = 12,23,014
| percentage3 = 23,99
| swing3 = New Party
| title = [[Chief Minister of Orissa|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Orissa|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
| before_party = [[Swatantra Party]]
| after_election = [[Bishwanath Das]]
| after_party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| majority_seats = 71
}}

Elections to the fifth [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]] were held in 5 March 1971.<ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3621-orissa-1971/ 1971 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]</ref>

==Constituencies==

The elections were held for 140 seats. A total of 835 candidates contested for these 140 seats.

==Political parties==

Three national parties, [[Communist Party of India]], [[Indian National Congress (R)]] and [[Swatantra Party]] along with the state party [[Utkal Congress]] took part in the assembly election. Congress (R) party emerged again as the winner by winning 40% of the seats with a vote share of 28.74%.

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1974 Orissa Legislative Assembly Election |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3622-orissa-1974/ |url-status=live |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
! colspan="10" |[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 1971.svg]]
|-
! colspan="4" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Color
!Flag
!Name
!Symbol
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!+/−
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[File:Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[File:Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" |1,240,668
| 28.18%
| {{decrease}} 2.48
| 129
| 51
| {{increase}} 20
|-
| {{Party color cell|Utkal Congress}}
|
| [[Utkal Congress]]
|
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,055,826
| 23.99%
| (new)
| 139
| 33
| (new)
|-
| {{Party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| [[File:Swatantra-Party-flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Swatantra Party]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Star.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 767,815
| 17.44%
| {{decrease}} 5.14
| 115
| 36
| {{decrease}} 13
|-
| {{Party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
| [[File:Flag of Praja Socialist Party.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Praja Socialist Party]]
|
| style="text-align:right;" | 267,768
| 6.08%
| {{decrease}} 6.18
| 50
| 4
| {{decrease}} 17
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 210,811
| 4.79%
| {{decrease}} 0.47
| 29
| 4
| {{decrease}} 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|
| [[Orissa Jana Congress]]
|
| style="text-align:right;" | 227,056
| 5.16%
| {{decrease}} 8.31
| 66
| 1
| {{decrease}} 25
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress (O)}}
| [[File:Charkha being plied by a woman.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Syndicate Congress|Indian National Congress (O)]]
| [[File:Charkha being plied by a woman.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align: right;" |79,460
| 1.81%
| (new)
| 50
| 1
| (new)
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPIM_election_symbol.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 52,785
| 1.20%
| {{increase}} 0.04
| 11
| 2
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Jharkhand Party}}
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cock.png|50x50px]]
| [[Jharkhand Party]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cock.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 72,291
| 1.64%
| {{no change}}
| 14
| 4
| {{no change}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| -
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| -
| style="text-align:right;" | 332,327
| 7.55%
| {{decrease}} 8.00
| 190
| 4
| {{increase}} 1
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" |Total
!-
!-
!-
!-
!140
!-
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Valid Votes'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''4,401,920'''
|40.56
! colspan="4" rowspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Invalid Votes
| style="text-align:right;" |306,454
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total Votes polled / turnout'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''4,708,374'''
|'''43.39'''
|-
| colspan="4" |Abstentation
|style="text-align:right;"| 5,694,717
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total No. of Electors'''
|style="text-align:right;"| '''10,851,525'''
!
|}

== Winning candidates ==
{| class ="wikitable sortable"
! [[List of districts of Odisha|District]]
! #
! Constituency Name
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| 1
| [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]]
| Prafulla Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 2
| [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
| Lal Mohan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 3
| [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]]
| [[Sidha Lal Murmu|Siddhalal Murmu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| 4
| [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda (ST)]]
| Sashi Bhusan Marandi
| {{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| 5
| [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]]
| Radha Mohan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 6
| [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]]
| Pramoda Chandra Bhanjdeo
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 7
| [[Morada Assembly constituency|Muruda (ST)]]
| Kuanria Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 8
| [[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga (ST)]]
| Prasanna Kumar Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 9
| [[Khunta Assembly constituency|Khunta]]
| [[Birabhadra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 10
| [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]]
| [[Manmohan Tudu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Balasore district|Baleshwar]]
| 11
| [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| Kartikeswar Patra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 12
| [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| Prasanta Kumar Pal
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 13
| [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
| [[Chintamani Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 14
| [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
| Priyanath Nandy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 15
| [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
| Banamali Das
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 16
| [[Soro Assembly constituency|Sore]]
| Jadunath Das Mahapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 17
| [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia (SC)]]
| [[Chintamani Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 18
| [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 19
| [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]
| Hrudananda Mallick
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 20
| [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali (SC)]]
| Gangadhar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 21
| [[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudebpur]]
| [[Nilamani Routray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="24" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| 22
| [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
| Sanatan Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 23
| [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala]]
| Banka Bihari Das
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 24
| [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
| [[Managobinda Samal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 25
| [[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur]]
| Pabitramohan Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 26
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (West)]]
| Prafulla Chandra Ghadei
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 27
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (East) (SC)]]
| [[Jagannath Mallick|Jaganatha Mallick]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 28
| [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
| [[Sarat Kumar Deb]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 29
| [[Patamundai Assembly constituency|Patamundai (SC)]]
| Prahlad Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 30
| [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]
| Prahlad Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 31
| [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]
| [[Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 32
| [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
| Rajkishore Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 33
| [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]
| [[Pratap Chandra Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 34
| [[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]
| Narayana Birabar Samanta
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 35
| [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda]]
| Basudeba Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 36
| [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur (SC)]]
| [[Laxman Mallick]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 37
| [[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
| [[Trilochan Kanungo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 38
| [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur]]
| Batakrushna Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 39
| [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
| [[Sarat Kumar Kar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 40
| [[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Chowdwar]]
| [[Kanhu Charan Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 41
| [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]
| Bhairaba Chandra Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 42
| [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar (SC)]]
| Sura Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 43
| [[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
| Gokulananda Praharaj
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 44
| [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athagarh]]
| [[Radhanath Rath|Radhanatha Rath]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 45
| [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
| Trilochan Harichandan
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="15" | [[Puri district|Puri]]
| 46
| [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 47
| [[Balipatna Assembly constituency|Balipatna (SC)]]
| Basanta Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 48
| [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili]]
| Abhimanyu Ran Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 49
| [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara (SC)]]
| Govinda Chandra Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 50
| [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatapur]]
| [[Surendra Nath Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 51
| [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
| Chandramadhaba Mishra
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 52
| [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
| [[Brajamohan Mohanty|Braja Mohan Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 53
| [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Bramhagiri]]
| Gopabandhu Patra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 54
| [[Banpur Assembly constituency|Banpur]]
| Ramachandra Praharaja
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 55
| [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| Benudhar Baliarsing
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 56
| [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| [[Gangadhar Paikaray|Gangadhara Paikaray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 57
| [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]
| Bansidhar Pattnaik
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 58
| [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla (SC)]]
| Saheb Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 59
| [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
| Achyutananda Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 60
| [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| [[Ramesh Chandra Panda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="15" | [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| 61
| [[Jaganathprasad Assembly constituency|Jaganathprasad (SC)]]
| Bacha Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 62
| [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
| [[Somnath Rath|Somanath Rath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 63
| [[Surada Assembly constituency|Suruda]]
| [[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo|Ananta Narayana Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 64
| [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
| Krushna Chandra Tripathy
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 65
| [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]
| Sadananda Mahanty
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 66
| [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]
| [[Ram Krushna Patnaik|Ram Krushna Pattanaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 67
| [[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khallikote]]
| Trinatha Samantra
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 68
| [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chatrapur]]
| Lakhmana Mahapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 69
| [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
| Brundaban Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 70
| [[Dura Assembly constituency|Dura (SC)]]
| [[Mohan Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 71
| [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
| [[Binayak Acharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 72
| [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikati]]
| Satchidananda Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 73
| [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana (ST)]]
| Bhimasena Mandal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 74
| [[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|Ramagiri (ST)]]
| Gorosang Soboro
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 75
| [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Paralakhemundi]]
| Darapu Latchanna Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| 76
| [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]
| [[Bhagirathi Gomango]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 77
| [[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam Cuttack (ST)]]
| Sripathi Praska
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 78
| [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]
| Raghunatha Himirika
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 79
| [[Narayanpatna Assembly constituency|Narayanpatna (ST)]]
| Jogi Tadingi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 80
| [[Nandapur Assembly constituency|Nandapur (ST)]]
| Sanu Disari
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 81
| [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (ST)]]
| Gangadhar Madhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 82
| [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
| Pratap Narayan Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 83
| [[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]
| Dhansai Randhari
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 84
| [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]
| Habibulla Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 85
| [[Kodinga Assembly constituency|Kodinga (SC)]]
| Purno Chandramirgan
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 86
| [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]
| Dombaru Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 87
| [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote (ST)]]
| Rabisingh Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
| 88
| [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara (ST)]]
| Ghasiram Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 89
| [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
| Anupa Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organization)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 90
| [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharmagarh (SC)]]
| Lochan Dhangada Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 91
| [[Koksara Assembly constituency|Koksara]]
| Birakesari Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 92
| [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
| Trinath Sorab
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 93
| [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]
| Dayanidhi Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 94
| [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla (ST)]]
| [[Dhaneswar Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 95
| [[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]
| Bhagaban Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Kandhamal district|Phulbani]]
| 96
| [[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri (ST)]]
| Gopal Pradhan
| rowspan="2"{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 97
| [[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Balliguda (ST)]]
|Naresh Pradhan
|-
| 98
| [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (ST)]]
| [[Jagadish Jani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 99
| [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Baudh]]
| Natabar Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
| 100
| [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur]]
| Nilambar Raiguru
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 101
| [[Binka Assembly constituency|Binka]]
| [[Narasingha Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 102
| [[Tusra Assembly constituency|Tusra]]
| Radhamohan Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 103
| [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
| [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 104
| [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisinga]]
| Nandakishore Misra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 105
| [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| [[Ainthu Sahoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 106
| [[Saintala Assembly constituency|Saintala]]
| Ramesh Chandra Singh Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 107
| [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh (SC)]]
| Tapi Jal
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 108
| [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji (SC)]]
| [[Achyutananda Mahananda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
| 109
| [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
| [[Krupasindhu Bhoi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 110
| [[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]
| Birendra kumar Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 111
| [[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur (SC)]]
| Tribikram Mallick
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 112
| [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]
| Kunja Bihari Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 113
| [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
| Chittaranjan Kar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 114
| [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
| [[Sriballav Panigrahi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 115
| [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
| Upendra Dikshit
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 116
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| Jhashaketan Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 117
| [[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera (ST)]]
| Rameshwar Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 118
| [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]
| Jagateswar Mirdha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 119
| [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol (SC)]]
| Abhimanyu Kumbhar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 120
| [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
| Bhanugangaa T. Deb Raja
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
| 121
| [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]]
| Dibyalochan Sekhar Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 122
| [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]]
| [[Gangadhar Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 123
| [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]]
| Ignace Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| 124
| [[Bisra Assembly constituency|Bisra (ST)]]
| Kullan Bag
| {{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| 125
| [[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
| Shyam Sundar Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 126
| [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
| Hemendra Prasad Mahapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
| 127
| [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua (ST)]]
| Saharai Oram
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 128
| [[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna (ST)]]
| Maheswar Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 129
| [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
| Chhotaray Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 130
| [[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkori (ST)]]
| Niladri Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 131
| [[Ramchandrapur Assembly Constituency|Ramachandrapur]]
| Muralidhar Kuanr
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 132
| [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandpur (SC)]]
| Makar Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| 133
| [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| Narayana Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 134
| [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
| Bramhananda Biswal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 135
| [[Gondia, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gondia]]
| Brundaban Tripathy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 136
| [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| Surendra Mohan Pattanaik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 137
| [[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher (SC)]]
| Brundaban Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| 138
| [[Chhendipada Assembly constituency|Chhendipada (SC)]]
| [[Bhajaman Behara|Bhajaman Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 139
| [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| Debaraja Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| 140
| [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athamallik]]
| Raja Kishore Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|}

== Government formation ==
The United Front a coalition of [[Swatantra Party]] who won 36 Assembly seats and the new regional party [[Utkal Congress]] who won 33 Assembly seats formed the government under the leadership of [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate [[Bishwanath Das]].<ref>[http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/jan2006/engpdf/Biswanath_Das.pdf Bishwanath Das, Patriot With A Difference]</ref>

Das resigned on June 14, 1972, due to defection of a large number of members from the ruling coalition and on same day [[Nandini Satpathy]] of the [[Indian National Congress (R)]] formed the government and continued till March 1973. [[Nandini Satpathy]] ousted due in-fighting of the members after which there was imposition of President's rule in the state.<ref>[https://incredibleorissa.com/nandini-satpathy-first-woman-chief-minister-odisha/ Nandini Satpathy: First woman Chief Minister of Orissa]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/1971-election-results.html List of Successful Candidates in Orissa Assembly Election in 1971]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[6th Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[1971 elections in India]]
* [[1967 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[1974 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:1971 State Assembly elections in India|Odisha]]
[[Category:1970s in Orissa]]

Results of the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-21T18:34:36Z

99notes: started new stub

{{short description|None}}

This is a '''list of constituency wise results of [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]'''.

==Constituency Wise Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
! rowspan="2" |Voting date
|-
! #
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!'''%'''
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!'''%'''
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Cooch Behar district|'''Cooch Behar district''']]
|-
| 1
| [[Mekliganj Assembly constituency|Mekliganj]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| [[Paresh Chandra Adhikary]]
|99338
|49.98
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dadhiram Ray
|84653
|42.59
|14685
| Rowspan="9" bgcolor=#C5CEE8| '''10 April 2021'''
|-
| 2
| [[Mathabhanga Assembly constituency|Mathabhanga]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Sushil Barman]]
|113249
|52.87
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Girindra Nath Barman
|87115
|40.67
|26134
|-
| 3
| [[Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar Uttar]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Sukumar Roy (politician)|Sukumar Roy]]
|120483
|49.40
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Binay Krishna Barman]]
|105868
|43.40
|14615
|-
| 4
| [[Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar Dakshin]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Nikhil Ranjan Dey]]
|96629
|46.83
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Avijit De Bhowmik
|91830
|44.31
|4799
|-
| 5
| [[Sitalkuchi Assembly constituency|Sitalkuchi]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Baren Chandra Barman]]
|124955
|50.80
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Partha Pratim Roy|Partha Pratim Ray]]
|107140
|43.56
|17815
|-
| 6
| [[Sitai Assembly constituency|Sitai]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Jagadish Chandra Barma Basunia]]
|117908
|49.42
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dipak Kumar Roy
|107796
|45.18
|10112
|-
| 7
| [[Dinhata Assembly constituency|Dinhata]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Nisith Pramanik]]
|116035
|47.60
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Udayan Guha]]
|115978
|47.58
|57
|-
| 8
| [[Natabari Assembly constituency|Natabari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Mihir Goswami]]
|111743
|51.45
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Rabindra Nath Ghosh]]
|88303
|40.66
|23440
|-
| 9
| [[Tufanganj Assembly constituency|Tufanganj]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Malati Rava Roy]]
|114503
|54.69
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Pranab Kumar Dey
|83305
|39.79
|31198
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Alipurduar district|'''Alipurduar district''']]
|-
| 10
| [[Kumargram Assembly constituency|Kumargram]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Oraon]]
|111974
|48.16
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Leos Kujar
|100973
|43.43
|11001
| Rowspan=5 bgcolor=#C5CEE8| '''10 April 2021'''
|-
| 11
| [[Kalchini Assembly constituency|Kalchini]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bishal Lama]]
|103104
|52.65
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Pasang Lama
|74528
|38.06
|28576
|-
| 12
| [[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurduars]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Suman Kanjilal]]
|107333
|48.19
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sourav Chakraborty
|91326
|41.00
|16007
|-
| 13
| [[Falakata Assembly constituency|Falakata]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Dipak Barman]]
|102993
|46.71
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Subhash Chanda Roy
|99003
|44.90
|3990
|-
| 14
| [[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Manoj Tigga]]
|90718
|54.35
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Rajesh Lakra
|61033
|36.56
|29685
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Jalpaiguri district|'''Jalpaiguri district''']]
|-
| 15
| [[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bishnu Pada Ray (West Bengal politician)|Bishnu Pada Ray]]
|104688
|45.64
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Mitali Roy
|100333
|43.75
|4355
| Rowspan=7 bgcolor=#E3A6CB| '''17 April 2021'''
|-
| 16
| [[Maynaguri Assembly constituency|Maynaguri]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Kaushik Roy (politician)|Kaushik Roy]]
|115306
|48.84
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Manoj Roy]]
|103395
|43.79
|11911
|-
| 17
| [[Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency|Jalpaiguri]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Pradip Kumar Barma]]
|95668
|42.34
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sujit Singha
|94727
|41.93
|941
|-
| 18
| [[Rajganj Assembly constituency|Rajganj]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Khageswar Roy]]
|104641
|48.5
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Supen Roy
|88868
|41.19
|15773
|-
| 19
| [[Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency|Dabgram-Phulbari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Sikha Chatteree]]
|129088
|49.85
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Goutam Deb]]
|101495
|39.19
|27593
|-
| 20
| [[Mal Assembly constituency|Mal]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| [[Bulu Chik Baraik]]
|99086
|46.46
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Mahesh Bagey
|93621
|43.9
|5465
|-
| 21
| [[Nagrakata Assembly constituency|Nagrakata]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Puna Bhengra]]
|70945
|47.78
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Joseph Munda]]
|56543
|38.08
|14402
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Kalimpong district|'''Kalimpong district''']]
|-
| 22
| [[Kalimpong Assembly constituency|Kalimpong]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (T)}}"|
|[[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|GJM]] (Tamang)
| [[Ruden Sada Lepcha]]
| 58206
| 37.59
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
| Suva Pradhan
| 54336
| 35.09
| 3870
| bgcolor=#E3A6CB| '''17 April 2021'''
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Darjeeling district|'''Darjeeling district''']]
|-
| 23
| [[Darjeeling Assembly constituency|Darjeeling]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Neeraj Zimba]]
|68907
|40.88
|bgcolor="{{party color|Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (T)}}"|
|[[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|GJM]] (Tamang)
|Keshav Raj Sharma
|47631
|28.26
|21726
| Rowspan=5 bgcolor=#E3A6CB| '''17 April 2021'''
|-
| 24
| [[Kurseong Assembly constituency|Kurseong]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
| [[Bishnu Prasad Sharma]]
|73475
|41.86
|bgcolor="{{party color|Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (T)}}"|
|[[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|GJM]] (Tamang)
|Tshering Lama Dahal
|57960
|33.02
|15515
|-
| 25
| [[Matigara-Naxalbari Assembly constituency|Matigara-Naxalbari]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
| [[Anandamoy Barman]]
| 139785
| 58.10
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| Rajen Sundas
| 68454
| 28.65
| 70848
|-
| 26
| [[Siliguri Assembly constituency|Siliguri]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[BJP]]
| [[Shankar Ghosh (politician)|Shankar Ghosh]]
| 89370
| 50.03
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| Om Prakash Mishra
| 53784
| 30.11
| 35586
|-
| 27
|[[Phansidewa Assembly constituency|Phansidewa]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Durga Murmu]]
|105651
|50.89
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Choton Kisku
|77940
|37.55
|27711
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Uttar Dinajpur district|'''Uttar Dinajpur district''']]
|-
| 28
| [[Chopra Assembly constituency|Chopra]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| [[Hamidul Rahaman]]
|124923
|61.2
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Md. Shahin Akhtar
|59604
|29.4
|65319
|Rowspan=9 bgcolor=#9C85BD| '''22 April 2021'''
|-
| 29
| [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| [[Abdul Karim Chowdhury]]
|100131
|58.91
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Saumya Roop Mandal
|62691
|36.88
|37440
|-
| 30
| [[Goalpokhar Assembly constituency|Goalpokhar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| [[Md. Ghulam Rabbani]]
|105649
|65.4
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gulam Sarwar
|32135
|19.89
|73514
|-
| 31
| [[Chakulia Assembly constituency|Chakulia]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Minhajul Arfin Azad
|86311
|49.78
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sachin Prasad
|52474
|30.26
|33837
|-
| 32
| [[Karandighi Assembly constituency|Karandighi]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Goutam Pal
|116594
|54.7
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Subhash Singha
|79968
|37.52
|36626
|-
| 33
| [[Hemtabad Assembly constituency|Hemtabad]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Satyajit Burman
|116425
|52.14
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Chandima Roy
|89210
|39.95
|27215
|-
| 34
| [[Kaliaganj Assembly constituency|Kaliaganj]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Soumen Roy]]
|116768
|48.71
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Tapan Dev Singha
|94948
|39.61
|21820
|-
| 35
| [[Raiganj Assembly constituency|Raiganj]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Krishna Kalyani]]
|79775
|49.44
|bgcolor=#3BC371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Kanaia Lal Agarwal
|59027
|36.58
|20748
|-
| 36
| [[Itahar Assembly constituency|Itahar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Mosaraf Hossain
|114645
|59.10
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Amit Kumar Kundu
|70670
|36.43
|43975
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|'''Dakshin Dinajpur district''']]
|-
| 37
| [[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Rekha Roy
|89968
|48.88
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Ranjit Kumar Roy
|77384
|42.08
|12584
|Rowspan=6 bgcolor=#61A1D7| '''26 April 2021'''
|-
| 38
| [[Kumarganj Assembly constituency|Kumarganj]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Toraf Hossain Mondal
|89117
|52.58
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Manas Sarkar
|59736
|35.24
|29381
|-
| 39
| [[Balurghat Assembly constituency|Balurghat]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ashok Lahiri]]
|70484
|47.25
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sekhar Dasgupta
|57585
|38.60
|12899
|-
| 40
| [[Tapan Assembly constituency|Tapan]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Budhrai Tudu]]
|84381
|45.29
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Kalpana Kisku
|82731
|44.41
|1650
|-
| 41
| [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Satyendra Nath Ray]]
|88724
|46.82
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Goutam Das
|84132
|44.40
|4592
|-
| 42
| [[Harirampur Assembly constituency|Harirampur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Biplab Mitra]]
|96131
|51.23
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nilanjan Roy
|73459
|39.15
|22672
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Malda district|'''Malda district''']]
|-
| 43
| [[Habibpur Assembly constituency|Habibpur]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Joyel Murmu]]
|94075
|47.52
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Prodip Baskey
|74558
|37.66
|19517
| Rowspan=6 bgcolor=#61A1D7| '''26 April 2021'''
|-
| 44
| [[Gazole Assembly constituency|Gazole]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Chinmoy Deb Barman]]
|100655
|45.5
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Basanti Barman
|98857
|44.69
|1798
|-
| 45
| [[Chanchal Assembly constituency|Chanchal]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Nihar Ranjan Ghosh
|115966
|58.08
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dipankar Ram
|48628
|24.35
|67338
|-
| 46
| [[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Tajmul Hossain
|122527
|60.31
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Matibur Rahaman
|45054
|22.18
|77473
|-
| 47
| [[Malatipur Assembly constituency|Malatipur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Abdur Rahim Boxi
|126157
|68.02
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Mousumi Das
|34208
|18.44
|91949
|-
| 48
| [[Ratua Assembly constituency|Ratua]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Samar Mukherjee
|130674
|59.63
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Abhishek Singhania
|55024
|25.11
|75650
|-
| 49
| [[Manikchak Assembly constituency|Manikchak]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sabitri Mitra
|110234
|53.26
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gour Chandra Mandal
|76356
|36.89
|33878
| Rowspan=6 bgcolor=#91D6E3| '''29 April 2021'''
|-
| 50
| [[Maldaha Assembly constituency|Maldaha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Gopal Chandra Saha]]
|93398
|45.23
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Ujjwal Kumar Chowdhury
|77942
|37.75
|15456
|-
| 51
| [[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Sreerupa Mitra Chaudhury]]
|107755
|49.96
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury
|87656
|40.64
|20099
|-
| 52
| [[Mothabari Assembly constituency|Mothabari]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Yeasmin Sabina
|97397
|59.70
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Shyamchand Ghosh
|40824
|25.02
|56573
|-
| 53
| [[Sujapur Assembly constituency|Sujapur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Md. Abdul Ghani]]
|152445
|73.44
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Isha Khan Choudhury]]
|22282
|10.73
|130163
|-
| 54
| [[Baisnabnagar Assembly constituency|Baisnabnagar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Chandana Sarkar
|83061
|39.81
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Swadhin Kumar Sarkar]]
|80590
|38.62
|2471
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Murshidabad district|'''Murshidabad district''']]
|-
| 55
| [[Farakka Assembly constituency|Farakka]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Manirul Islam
|102319
|54.89
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Hemanta Ghosh
|42374
|22.73
|59945
| Rowspan=1 bgcolor=#61A1D7| '''26 April 2021'''
|-
| 56
| [[Samserganj Assembly constituency|Samserganj]]{{efn|name=fn1|''Election postponed due to candidate's death before the scheduled date of poll''}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/ConstituencywiseS2556.htm?ac=56|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003141631/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/ConstituencywiseS2556.htm?ac=56|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/RoundwiseS2556.htm?ac=56|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003172450/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/RoundwiseS2556.htm?ac=56|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=partywise>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003173344/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Amirul Islam
|96417
|51.13
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Zaidur Rahaman
|70038
|37.14
|26379
| Rowspan=1 | '''30 September 2021'''
|-
| 57
| [[Suti Assembly constituency|Suti]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Emani Biswas
|127351
|58.87
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Koushik Das
|56650
|26.19
|70701
| Rowspan=1 bgcolor=#61A1D7| '''26 April 2021'''
|-
| 58
| [[Jangipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jangipur]]{{efn|name=fn1}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/ConstituencywiseS2558.htm?ac=58|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003142420/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/ConstituencywiseS2558.htm?ac=58|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/RoundwiseS2558.htm?ac=58|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003172940/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/RoundwiseS2558.htm?ac=58|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=partywise/>
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Jakir Hossain
|136444
|68.82
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sujit Das
|43964
|22.17
|92480
| Rowspan=1 | '''30 September 2021'''
|-
| 59
| [[Raghunathganj Assembly constituency|Raghunathganj]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Akhruzzaman
|126834
|66.59
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Golam Modaswer
|28521
|14.97
|98313
| Rowspan=7 bgcolor=#61A1D7| '''26 April 2021'''
|-
| 60
| [[Sagardighi Assembly constituency|Sagardighi]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Subrata Saha
|95189
|50.95
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Mafuja Khatun]]
|44983
|24.08
|50206
|-
| 61
|[[Lalgola Assembly constituency|Lalgola]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Mohammad Ali
|107860
|56.64
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Abu Hena
|47153
|24.76
|60707
|-
| 62
| [[Bhagabangola Assembly constituency|Bhagabangola]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]
|153795
|68.05
|bgcolor=#ff0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|Md Kamal Hossain
|47787
|21.15
|106008
|-
| 63
|[[Raninagar Assembly constituency|Raninagar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Abdul Soumik Hossain
|134957
|60.79
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Firoza Begam
|55255
|24.89
|79702
|-
| 64
| [[Murshidabad Assembly constituency|Murshidabad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Gouri Shankar Ghosh]]
|95967
|41.86
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Shaoni Singha Roy
|93476
|40.78
|2491
|-
| 65
| [[Nabagram Assembly constituency|Nabagram]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Kanai Chandra Mondal
|100455
|48.18
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Mohan Halder
|64922
|31.14
|35533
|-
| 66
| [[Khargram Assembly constituency|Khargram]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Ashis Marjit
|93255
|50.15
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Aditya Moulik
|60682
|32.64
|32573
| Rowspan=11 bgcolor=#91D6E3| '''29 April 2021'''
|-
| 67
| [[Burwan Assembly constituency|Burwan]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Jiban Krishna Saha]]
|81890
|46.32
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Amiya Kumar Das
|79141
|44.76
|2749
|-
| 68
| [[Kandi Assembly constituency|Kandi]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Apurba Sarkar
|95399
|51.16
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Goutam Roy
|57319
|30.74
|38080
|-
| 69
| [[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Humayun Kabir
|96226
|50.90
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Iman Kalyan Mukherjee
|53143
|28.11
|43083
|-
| 70
| [[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|Rejinagar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Rabiul Alam Chowdhury
|118494
|56.31
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Arabinda Biswas
|50226
|23.87
|68268
|-
| 71
| [[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|SK Hasanuzzaman
|112862
|55.19
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sumit Ghosh
|59030
|28.86
|53832
|-
| 72
| [[Baharampur Assembly constituency|Baharampur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Subrata Maitra (politician)|Subrata Maitra]]
|89340
|45.21
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Naru Gopal Mukherjee
|62488
|31.62
|26852
|-
| 73
| [[Hariharpara Assembly constituency|Hariharpara]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Niamot Sheikh
|102660
|47.51
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Mir Alamgir
|88594
|41.00
|14066
|-
| 74
| [[Naoda Assembly constituency|Naoda]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sahina Momtaz Khan
|117684
|58.16
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Anupam Mandal
|43531
|21.51
|74153
|-
| 75
| [[Domkal Assembly constituency|Domkal]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Jafikul Islam
|127671
|56.45
|bgcolor=#ff0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|Md Mostafizur Rahaman
|80442
|35.57
|47229
|-
| 76
| [[Jalangi Assembly constituency|Jalangi]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Abdur Razzak
|123840
|55.74
|bgcolor=#ff0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|Saiful Islam Molla
|44564
|20.06
|79276
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Nadia district|'''Nadia district''']]
|-
| 77
| [[Karimpur Assembly constituency|Karimpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Bimlendu Sinha Roy
|110911
|50.07
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Samarendra Nath Ghosh
|87336
|39.43
|23575
| Rowspan=9 bgcolor=#9C85BD| '''22 April 2021'''
|-
| 78
| [[Tehatta Assembly constituency|Tehatta]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Tapas Kumar Saha
|97848
|44.86
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Ashutosh Paul
|90933
|41.69
|6915
|-
| 79
| [[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dr. Manik Bhattacharya
|110274
|54.22
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Bibhash Chandra Mandal
|58938
|28.98
|51336
|-
| 80
| [[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Nasiruddin Ahamed
|111696
|53.35
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Abhijit Ghosh
|64709
|30.91
|46987
|-
| 81
| [[Nakashipara Assembly constituency|Nakashipara]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Kallol Khan
|104812
|50.01
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Santanu Dey
|83541
|39.86
|21271
|-
| 82
| [[Chapra, Nadia Assembly constituency|Chapra]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Rukbanur Rahman]]
|73866
|34.65
|bgcolor=#C1C1C1|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|Jeber Sekh
|61748
|28.97
|12118
|-
| 83
| [[Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Uttar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Mukul Roy]]
|109357
|54.19
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| [[Koushani Mukherjee]]
|74268
|36.80
|35089
|-
| 84
| [[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Pundarikakshya Saha
|102170
|48.52
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sidhartha Shankar Naskar
|83599
|39.70
|18571
|-
| 85
| [[Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Dakshin]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Ujjal Biswas]]
|91738
|46.88
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Mahadev Sarkar
|82433
|42.13
|9305
|-
| 86
| [[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
|109722
|49.94
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Ajoy Dey
|93844
|42.72
|15878
| Rowspan=8 bgcolor=#E3A6CB| '''17 April 2021'''
|-
| 87
| [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Parthasarathi Chatterjee]]
|113637
|50.91
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sankar Singha
|90509
|40.55
|23128
|-
| 88
| [[Krishnaganj Assembly constituency|Krishnaganj]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ashis Kumar Biswas]]
|117668
|50.73
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dr. Tapas Mandal
|96391
|41.56
|21277
|-
| 89
| [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Ashim Biswas (politician)|Ashim Biswas]]
|116786
|54.39
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| [[Samir Kumar Poddar]]
|85004
|39.59
|31782
|-
| 90
| [[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Dakshin]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Mukut Mani Adhikari]]
|119260
|49.34
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Barnali Dey Roy
|102745
|42.51
|16515
|-
| 91
| [[Chakdaha Assembly constituency|Chakdaha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Bankim Chandra Ghosh]]
|99368
|46.86
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Subhankar Singha
|87688
|41.35
|11680
|-
| 92
| [[Kalyani Assembly constituency|Kalyani]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ambika Roy]]
|97026
|44.04
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Aniruddha Biswas
|94820
|43.03
|2206
|-
| 93
| [[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Asim Kumar Sarkar]]
|97666
|46.31
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Nilima Nag
|82466
|39.11
|15200
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[North 24 Parganas district|'''North 24 Parganas district''']]
|-
| 94
| [[Bagda Assembly constituency|Bagda]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Biswajit Das (politician)|Biswajit Das]]
|108111
|49.41
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Paritosh Kumar Saha
|98319
|44.94
|9792
| Rowspan=17 bgcolor=#9C85BD| '''22 April 2021'''
|-
| 95
| [[Bangaon Uttar Assembly constituency|Bangaon Uttar]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ashok Kirtania]]
|97761
|47.65
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Shyamal Roy
|87,273
|42.54
|10488
|-
| 96
| [[Bangaon Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bangaon Dakshin]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Swapan Majumder]]
|97,828
|47.07
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Alo Rani Sarkar
|95824
|46.11
|2004
|-
| 97
| [[Gaighata Assembly constituency|Gaighata]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Subrata Thakur]]
|100,808
|47.27
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Narottam Biswas
|91,230
|42.78
|9578
|-
| 98
| [[Swarupnagar Assembly constituency|Swarupnagar]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Bina Mondal
|99,784
|47.11
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Brindaban Sarkar
|64,984
|30.68
|34800
|-
| 99
| [[Baduria Assembly constituency|Baduria]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Abdur Rahim Quazi]]
|109,701
|51.53
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sukalyan Baidya
|53,257
|25.02
|56,444
|-
| 100
| [[Habra Assembly constituency|Habra]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Jyotipriya Mallick]]
|90533
|44.34
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Biswajit Sinha
|86692
|42.46
|3841
|-
| 101
| [[Ashoknagar Assembly constituency|Ashoknagar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Narayan Goswami
|93,587
|43.18
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Tanuja Chakraborty
|70,055
|32.32
|23,532
|-
| 102
| [[Amdanga Assembly constituency|Amdanga]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Rafiqur Rahaman
|88,935
|42.00
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Joydev Manna
|63,455
|29.97
|25,480
|-
| 103
| [[Bijpur Assembly constituency|Bijpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Subodh Adhikary
|66,625
|47.90
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Subhranshu Roy]]
|53,278
|38.30
|13,347
|-
| 104
| [[Naihati Assembly constituency|Naihati]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Partha Bhowmick
|77753
|49.69
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Phalguni Patra
|58898
|37.64
|18855
|-
| 105
| [[Bhatpara Assembly constituency|Bhatpara]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Pawan Singh (politician)|Pawan Kumar Singh]]
|57244
|53.40
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Jitendra Shaw
|43557
|40.63
|13687
|-
| 106
| [[Jagatdal Assembly constituency|Jagatdal]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Somenath Shyam Ichini
|87030
|48.01
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Arindam Bhattacharya (politician)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|68666
|37.88
|18364
|-
| 107
| [[Noapara Assembly constituency|Noapara]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Manju Basu
|94203<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25107.htm?ac=107|access-date=2021-05-03|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503225505/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25107.htm?ac=107|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|48.9
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Sunil Singh (politician)|Sunil Singh]]
|67493
|35.04
|26710
|-
| 108
| [[Barrackpur Assembly constituency|Barrackpore]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Raj Chakraborty]]
|68887
|46.47
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Chandramani Shukla
|59665
|40.25
|9222
|-
| 109
| [[Khardaha Assembly constituency|Khardaha]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Kajal Sinha]]
|89807
|49.04
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Silbhadra Datta
|61667
|33.67<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25109.htm?ac=109|access-date=2021-05-03|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503192928/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25109.htm?ac=109|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|28140
|-
| 110
| [[Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency|Dum Dum Uttar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]
|95465
|44.79
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dr. Archana Majumdar
|66966<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25110.htm?ac=110|access-date=2021-05-03|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503192930/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25110.htm?ac=110|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|31.42
|28499
|-
| 111
| [[Panihati Assembly constituency|Panihati]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Nirmal Ghosh
|86,495
|49.61
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sanmoy Bandyopadhyay
|61,318
|35.17
|25,177
| Rowspan=16 bgcolor=#E3A6CB| '''17 April 2021'''
|-
| 112
| [[Kamarhati Assembly constituency|Kamarhati]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Madan Mitra]]
|73,845
|51.17
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Anindya Banerjee
|38,437
|26.64
|35,408
|-
| 113
| [[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Tapas Roy]]
|85,615
|53.42
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Parno Mitra]]
|50,468
|31.49
|35,147
|-
| 114
| [[Dum Dum Assembly constituency|Dum Dum]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Bratya Basu]]
|87,999
|47.48
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Bimalshankar Nanda
|61,368
|33.06
|26,731
|-
| 115
| [[Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency|Rajarhat New Town]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Tapash Chatterjee
|1,27,374
|54.22
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Bhaskar Roy
|70,942
|30.2
|56,432
|-
| 116
| [[Bidhannagar Assembly constituency|Bidhannagar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Sujit Bose (politician)|Sujit Bose]]
|75,912
|46.85
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Sabyasachi Dutta]]
|67,915
|41.91
|7,997
|-
| 117
| [[Rajarhat Gopalpur Assembly constituency|Rajarhat Gopalpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Aditi Munshi]]
|87,650
|49.04
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Samik Bhattacharya]]
|62,354
|34.89
|25,296
|-
| 118
| [[Madhyamgram Assembly constituency|Madhyamgram]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Rathin Ghosh]]
|1,12,741
|48.93
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Rajasree Rajbanshi
|64,615
|28.04
|48,126
|-
| 119
| [[Barasat Assembly constituency|Barasat]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]
|1,04,431
|46.27
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sankar Chatterjee
|80,648
|35.73
|23,783
|-
| 120
| [[Deganga Assembly constituency|Deganga]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Rahima Mondal
|1,00,105
|46.7
|bgcolor=#000080|
|[[Indian Secular Front|ISF]]
|Karim Ali
|67,568
|31.52
|32,537
|-
| 121
| [[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Islam Sk Nurul (Haji)
|1,30,398
|57.34
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian Secular Front}}|
|[[Indian Secular Front|ISF]]
|Kutubuddin Fathe
|49,420
|21.73
|80,978
|-
| 122
| [[Minakhan Assembly constituency|Minakhan]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Usha Rani Mondal
|1,09,818
|51.72
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Jayanta Mondal
|53,988
|25.42
|55,830
|-
| 123
| [[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sukumar Mahata
|1,12,450
|54.64
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dr. Bhaskar Sardar
|72,765
|35.36
|39,685
|-
| 124
| [[Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Basirhat Dakshin]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dr. Saptarshi Banerjee
|1,15,873
|49.15
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Tarak Nath Ghosh
|91,405
|38.77
|24,468
|-
| 125
| [[Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency|Basirhat Uttar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Rafikul Islam Mondal
|1,37,216
|57.55
|bgcolor=#000080|
|[[Indian Secular Front|ISF]]
|Md. Baijid Amin
|47,865
|20.08
|89,351
|-
| 126
| [[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Debes Mandal
|1,04,706
|53.78
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nemai Das
|79,790
|40.98
|24,916
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[South 24 Parganas|'''South 24 Parganas district''']]
|-
| 127
| [[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Jayanta Naskar
|1,05,723
|53.99
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Barun Pramanik (Chitta)
|82,014
|41.88
|23,709
| bgcolor=#CEAD56| '''1 April 2021'''
|-
| 128
| [[Basanti Assembly constituency|Basanti]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Shyamal Mondal
|1,11,453
|52.1
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Ramesh Majhi
|60,811
|28.43
|50,642
| Rowspan=2 bgcolor=#8FCB76| '''6 April 2021'''
|-
| 129
| [[Kultali Assembly constituency|Kultali]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Ganesh Chandra Mondal
|1,17,238
|51.57
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Mintu Halder
|70,061
|30.82
|47,177
|-
| 130
| [[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Samir Kumar Jana
|1,20,181
|51.85
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Asit Kumar Haldar
|98,047
|42.3
|22,134
| Rowspan=3 bgcolor=#CEAD56| '''1 April 2021'''
|-
| 131
| [[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Manturam Pakhira
|1,14,493
|52.14
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dipankar Jana
|89,191
|40.62
|25,302
|-
| 132
| [[Sagar (West Bengal Assembly constituency)|Sagar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Bankim Chandra Hazra
|1,29,000
|53.96
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Kamila Bikash
|99,154
|41.48
|29846
|-
| 133
| [[Kulpi Assembly constituency|Kulpi]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Jogaranjan Halder
|96,577
|50.01
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Pranab Kumar Mallik
|62,759
|32.5
|33,818
| Rowspan=14 bgcolor=#8FCB76| '''6 April 2021'''
|-
| 134
| [[Raidighi Assembly constituency|Raidighi]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Aloke Jaldata
|1,15,707
|48.47
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Santanu Bapuli
|80,139
|33.57
|35568
|-
| 135
| [[Mandirbazar Assembly constituency|Mandirbazar]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Joydeb Halder
|95,834
|48.04
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dilip Kumar Jatua
|72,342
|36.26
|23,492
|-
| 136
| [[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Biswanath Das]]
|1,04,952
|51.85
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Rabin Sardar
|66,269
|32.74
|38,683
|-
| 137
| [[Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency|Baruipur Purba]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Bivas Sardar|Bivas Sardar (Vobo)]]
|1,23,243
|54.75
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Chandan Mondal
|73,602
|32.7
|49,641
|-
| 138
| [[Canning Paschim Assembly constituency|Canning Paschim]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Paresh Ram Das
|1,11,059
|50.86
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Arnab Roy
|75,816
|34.72
|35,243
|-
| 139
| [[Canning Purba Assembly constituency|Canning Purba]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Saokat Molla
|1,22,301
|52.54
|bgcolor=#000080|
|[[Indian Secular Front|ISF]]
|Gazi Shahabuddin Siraji
|69,294
|29.77
|53,007
|-
| 140
| [[Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency|Baruipur Paschim]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Biman Banerjee
|1,21,006
|57.27
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Debopam Chattopadhyaya (Babu)
|59,096
|27.97
|61,910
|-
| 141
| [[Magrahat Purba Assembly constituency|Magrahat Purba]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Namita Saha
|1,10,945
|53.82
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Chandan Kumar Naskar
|56,866
|27.58
|54,079
|-
| 142
| [[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Gias Uddin Molla
|97,006
|49.93
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dhurjati Saha (Manas)
|50,065
|25.77
|46,941
|-
| 143
| [[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Pannalal Halder
|98,478
|43.69
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dipak Kumar Halder
|81,482
|36.15
|16996
|-
| 144
| [[Falta Assembly constituency|Falta]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sankar Kumar Naskar
|1,17,179
|56.35
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Bidhan Parui
|76,405
|36.75
|40,774
|-
| 145
| [[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachia]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Mohan Chandra Naskar
|1,18,635
|50.37
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Chandan Pal
|95,317
|40.47
|23,318
|-
| 146
| [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur (South 24 Parganas)]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Dilip Mondal]]
|1,36,509
|57.46
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Agniswar Naskar
|77,677
|32.7
|58,832
|-
| 147
| [[Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Dakshin]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Arundhuti Maitra (Lovely)
|1,09,222
|46.92
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Anjana Basu]]
|83,041
|35.67
|26,181
| Rowspan=11 bgcolor=#C5CEE8| '''10 April 2021'''
|-
| 148
| [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25148.htm?ac=148|access-date=2021-05-02|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505080021/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25148.htm?ac=148|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|bgcolor=#000080|
|[[Indian Secular Front|ISF]]
| [[Nawsad Siddique]]

|1,09,237
|45.1
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Karim Rezaul
|83,086
|34.31
|26,151
|-
| 149
| [[Kasba, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kasba]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Javed Ahmed Khan]]
|1,21,372
|54.39
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dr. Indranil Khan
|57,750
|25.88
|63,622
|-
| 150
| [[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Debabrata Majumdar (Malay)
|98,100
|45.54
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|[[Sujan Chakraborty|Dr. Sujan Chakraborty]]
|59,231
|27.5
|38,869
|-
| 151
| [[Sonarpur Uttar Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Uttar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Firdousi Begum
|1,19,957
|49.88
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Ranjan Baidya
|83,867
|34.87
|36,090
|-
| 152
| [[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollygunge]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Aroop Biswas]]
|1,01,440
|51.4
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
|51,360
|26.02
|50,080
|-
| 153
| [[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Ratna Chatterjee
|1,10,968
|50.01
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Payel Sarkar]]
|73,540
|33.15
|37,428
|-
| 154
| [[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]
|1,14,778
|49.51
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Srabanti Chatterjee]]
|63,894
|27.56
|50,884
|-
|155
| [[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dulal Chandra Das
|1,24,008
|56.38
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Umesh Das
|66,059
|30.03
|57,949
|-
| 156
| [[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Ashok Kumar Deb
|1,22,357
|56.41
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dr. Tarun Kumar Adak
|77,643
|35.8
|44,714
|-
| 157
| [[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency|Metiaburuz]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Abdul Khaleque Molla
|1,51,066
|76.85
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Ramjit Prasad
|31,462
|16
|1,19,604
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Kolkata district|'''Kolkata district''']]
|-
| 158
| [[Kolkata Port Assembly constituency|Kolkata Port]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Firhad Hakim]]
|1,05,543
|69.23
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Awadh Kishore Gupta
|36,989
|24.26
|68,554
| Rowspan=4 bgcolor=#61A1D7| '''26 April 2021'''
|-
| 159
| [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay|Sobhandeb Chattopadhyay]]
|73,505
|57.71
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|44,786
|35.16
|28,719
|-
| 160
| [[Rashbehari Avenue Assembly constituency|Rashbehari]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Debasish Kumar
|65,704
|52.79
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Lt. Gen. (Dr.) Subrata Saha
|44,290
|35.59
|21,414
|-
| 161
| [[Ballygunge Assembly constituency|Ballygunge]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Subrata Mukherjee]]
|1,06,585
|70.6
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Lokenath Chatterjee]]
|31,226
|20.68
|75,359
|-
| 162
| [[Chowrangee Assembly constituency|Chowrangee]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Nayna Bandyopadhyay
|70,101
|62.87
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Devdutta Maji
|24,757
|22.2
|45,344
| Rowspan=7 bgcolor=#91D6E3| '''29 April 2021'''
|-
| 163
| [[Entally Assembly constituency|Entally]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Swarna Kamal Saha
|1,01,709
|64.83
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Priyanka Tibrewal
|43,452
|27.7
|58,257
|-
| 164
| [[Beleghata Assembly constituency|Beleghata]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Paresh Paul
|1,03,182
|65.1
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Kashinath Biswas
|36,042
|22.74
|67,140
|-
| 165
| [[Jorasanko Assembly constituency|Jorasanko]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Vivek Gupta (politician)|Vivek Gupta]]
|52,123
|52.67
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Meena Devi Purohit
|39,380
|39.8
|12,743
|-
| 166
| [[Shyampukur Assembly constituency|Shyampukur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Shashi Panja|Dr. Shashi Panja]]
|55,785
|54.18
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sandipan Biswas
|33,265
|32.31
|22,520
|-
| 167
| [[Maniktala Assembly constituency|Maniktala]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Sadhan Pande]]
|67,577
|50.82
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Kalyan Chaubey]]
|47,339
|35.6
|20,238
|-
| 168
| [[Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency|Kashipur-Belgachia]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Atin Ghosh
|76,182
|56.48
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sibaji Sinha Roy
|40,792
|30.24
|35,390
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Howrah district|'''Howrah district''']]
|-
| 169
| [[Bally Assembly constituency|Bally]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Rana Chatterjee]]
|53,347
|42.38
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Baishali Dalmiya]]
|47,110
|37.43
|6,237
| Rowspan=8 bgcolor=#C5CEE8| '''10 April 2021'''
|-
| 170
| [[Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency|Howrah Uttar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Gautam Chowdhuri
|71,575
|47.81
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Umesh Rai
|66,053
|44.12
|5,522
|-
| 171
| [[Howrah Madhya Assembly constituency|Howrah Madhya]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Arup Roy]]
|1,11,554
|57.16
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sanjay Singh
|65,007
|33.31
|46,547
|-
| 172
| [[Shibpur Assembly constituency|Shibpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]
|92,372
|50.69
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Rathin Chakrabarty
|59,769
|32.8
|32,603
|-
| 173
| [[Howrah Dakshin Assembly constituency|Howrah Dakshin]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Nandita Chowdhury
|1,16,839
|53.85
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Rantidev Sengupta
|66,270
|30.55
|50,569
|-
| 174
| [[Sankrail Assembly constituency|Sankrail]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Priya Paul (politician)|Priya Paul]]
|1,11,888
|50.37
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Probhakar Pandit
|71,461
|32.17
|40,427
|-
| 175
| [[Panchla Assembly constituency|Panchla]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Gulsan Mullick
|1,04,572
|48.19
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Mohit Lal Ghanti
|71,821
|33.1
|32,751
|-
| 176
| [[Uluberia Purba Assembly constituency|Uluberia Purba]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Bidesh Ranjan Bose
|86,526
|44.83
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Pratyush Mandal
|69,400
|35.95
|17,126
|-
| 177
| [[Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency|Uluberia Uttar]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dr. Nirmal Maji
|91,501
|49.25
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Chiran Bera
|70,498
|37.95
|21,003
| Rowspan=7 bgcolor=#8FCB76| '''6 April 2021'''
|-
| 178
| [[Uluberia Dakshin Assembly constituency|Uluberia Dakshin]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Pulak Roy]]
|1,01,880
|50.37
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Papiya Adhikari|Papia Dey (Adhikary)]]
|73,442
|36.31
|28,438
|-
| 179
| [[Shyampur Assembly constituency|Shyampur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Kalipada Mandal
|1,14,804
|51.74
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Tanusree Chakraborty]]
|83,293
|37.54
|31,511
|-
| 180
| [[Bagnan Assembly constituency|Bagnan]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Arunava Sen (Raja)
|1,06,042
|53.04
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Anupam Mallik
|75,922
|37.97
|30,120
|-
| 181
| [[Amta Assembly constituency|Amta]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sukanta Kumar Paul
|1,02,445
|49.06
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Debtanu Bhattacharya
|76,240
|36.51
|26,205
|-
| 182
| [[Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency|Udaynarayanpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Samir Kumar Panja]]
|1,01,510
|51.21
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sumit Ranjan Karar
|87,512
|44.15
|13,998
|-
| 183
| [[Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency|Jagatballavpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sitanath Ghosh
|1,16,562
|49.45
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Anupam Ghosh
|87,366
|37.06
|29196
|-
| 184
| [[Domjur Assembly constituency|Domjur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Kalyan Ghosh
|1,30,499
|52
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Rajib Banerjee]]
|87,879
|35.01
|42620
| bgcolor=#C5CEE8| '''10 April 2021'''
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Hooghly district|'''Hooghly district''']]
|-
| 185
| [[Uttarpara Assembly constituency|Uttarpara]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Kanchan Mullick]]
|93,878
|46.96
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Prabir Kumar Ghosal
|57,889
|28.96
|35,989
| Rowspan=10 bgcolor=#C5CEE8| '''10 April 2021'''
|-
| 186
| [[Sreerampur Assembly constituency|Sreerampur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dr. Sudipto Roy
|93,021
|49.46
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Kabir Shankar Bose
|69,588
|37
|23,433
|-
| 187
| [[Champdani Assembly constituency|Champdani]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Arindam Guin (Bubai)
|1,00,972
|50.2
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dilip Singh
|70,894
|35.25
|30,078
|-
| 188
| [[Singur Assembly constituency|Singur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Becharam Manna
|1,01,077
|48.15
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Rabindranath Bhattacharya]]
|75,154
|35.8
|25,923
|-
| 189
| [[Chandannagar Assembly constituency|Chandannagar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Indranil Sen]]
|86,778
|47.63
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Deepanjan Kumar Guha
|55,749
|30.6
|31,029
|-
| 190
| [[Chunchura Assembly constituency|Chunchura]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Asit Mazumder (Tapan)
|1,17,104
|45.97
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Locket Chatterjee]]
|98,687
|38.74
|18,417
|-
| 191
| [[Balagarh Assembly constituency|Balagarh]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Manoranjan Byapari]]
|1,00,364
|45.63
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Subhas Chandra Haldar
|94,580
|43
|5,784
|-
| 192
| [[Pandua Assembly constituency|Pandua]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dr. Ratna De Nag
|1,02,874
|45.99
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Partha Sharma
|71,016
|31.75
|31,858
|-
| 193
| [[Saptagram Assembly constituency|Saptagram]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Tapan Dasgupta
|93,328
|48.56
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Debabrata Biswas
|83,556
|43.48
|9,772
|-
| 194
| [[Chanditala Assembly constituency|Chanditala]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Swati Khandoker
|1,03,118
|49.79
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Yash Dasgupta]]

|61,771
|29.83
|41,347
|-
| 195
| [[Jangipara Assembly constituency|Jangipara]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Snehasis Chakraborty
|1,01,885
|48.42
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Debjit Sarkar
|83,959
|39.9
|17,926
| Rowspan=8 bgcolor=#8FCB76| '''6 April 2021'''
|-
| 196
| [[Haripal Assembly constituency|Haripal]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dr. Karabi Manna
|1,10,215
|49.92
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Samiran Mitra
|87,143
|39.47
|23,072
|-
| 197
| [[Dhanekhali Assembly constituency|Dhanekhali]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Ashima Patra|Asima Patra]]
|1,24,776
|53.36
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Tusar Kumar Majumdar
|94,617
|40.46
|30,159
|-
| 198
| [[Tarakeswar Assembly constituency|Tarakeswar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Ramendu Sinharay]]
|96,698
|46.96
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dr. [[Swapan Dasgupta]]
|89,214
|43.33
|7484
|-
| 199
| [[Pursurah Assembly constituency|Pursurah]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Biman Ghosh
|1,19,334
|53.5
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dilip Yadav
|91,156
|40.86
|28,178
|-
| 200
| [[Arambag Assembly constituency|Arambagh]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Madhusudan Bag]]
|1,03,108
|46.88
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sujata Mondal
|95,936
|43.62
|7,172
|-
| 201
| [[Goghat Assembly constituency|Goghat]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Biswanath Karak]]
|1,02,227
|46.56
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Manas Majumdar
|98,080
|44.67
|4,147
|-
| 202
| [[Khanakul Assembly constituency|Khanakul]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Susanta Ghosh (politician)|Susanta Ghosh]]
|1,07,403
|49.27
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Munsi Nazbul Karim
|94,519
|43.36
|12,884
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Purba Medinipur district|'''Purba Medinipur district''']]
|-
| 203
| [[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Saumen Kumar Mahapatra
|1,08,243
|45.86
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Hare Krishna Bera
|1,07,450
|45.52
|793
| Rowspan=9 bgcolor=#CEAD56| '''1 April 2021'''
|-
| 204
| [[Panskura Purba Assembly constituency|Panskura Purba]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Biplab Roy Chowdhury
|91,213
|45.97
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Debabrata Pattanayek
|81,553
|41.11
|9,660
|-
| 205
| [[Panskura Paschim Assembly constituency|Panskura Paschim]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Phiroja Bibi
|1,11,705
|47.71
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sintu Senapati
|1,02,816
|43.91
|8,889
|-
| 206
| [[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Ashoke Dinda]]
|1,08,109
|48.17
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sangram Kumar Dolai
|1,06,849
|47.61
|1,260
|-
| 207
| [[Nandakumar Assembly constituency|Nandakumar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sukumar De
|1,08,181
|47.6
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nilanjan Adhikary
|1,02,775
|45.22
|5,406
|-
| 208
| [[Mahisadal Assembly constituency|Mahisadal]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Tilak Kumar Chakraborty
|1,01,986
|46.49
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Biswanath Banerjee
|99,600
|45.41
|2,386
|-
| 209
| [[Haldia Assembly constituency|Haldia]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Tapasi Mondal]]
|1,04,126
|47.15
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Swapan Naskar
|89,118
|40.36
|15,008
|-
| 210
| [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]] <ref name=Nandigram>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=Nandigram: After Hours of Confusion, BJP's Suvendu Adhikari Emerges Winner|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-election-bengal-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari|work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|access-date=2021-05-02|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202328/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Election Result 2021 LIVE: Nandigram MLA Election Result & Vote Share|url=https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/|work=Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Assembly Election Results 2021 LIVE - Nandigram Vidhan Sabha Election Results|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/nandigram-west-bengal-election-result-2021|work=Times Now}}</ref>
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|1,10,764
|48.49
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|1,08,808
|47.64
|1,956
|-
| 211
| [[Chandipur Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Soham Chakraborty]]
|1,09,770
|49.82
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Pulak Kanti Guria
|96,298
|43.71
|13,472
|-
| 212
| [[Patashpur Assembly constituency|Patashpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Uttam Barik
|1,05,299
|50.42
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Ambujaksha Mahanti
|95,305
|45.64
|9,994
| Rowspan=7 bgcolor=#FFF101| '''27 March 2021'''
|-
| 213
| [[Kanthi Uttar Assembly constituency|Kanthi Uttar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Sumita Sinha]]
|1,13,524
|49.7
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Tarun Kumar Jana
|1,04,194
|45.62
|9,330
|-
| 214
| [[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagabanpur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Rabindranath Maity]]
|1,21,480
|54.46
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Ardhendu Maity
|93,931
|42.19
|27,549
|-
| 215
| [[Khejuri Assembly constituency|Khejuri]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Santanu Pramanik]]
|1,10,407
|51.93
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Partha Pratim Das
|92,442
|43.48
|17,965
|-
| 216
| [[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Kanthi Dakshin]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Arup Kumar Das]]
|98,477
|50.58
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Jyotirmoy Kar
|88,184
|45.3
|10,293
|-
| 217
| [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Akhil Giri]]
|1,12,622
|50.72
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Swadesh Ranjan Nayak
|1,00,105
|45.08
|12,517
|-
| 218
| [[Egra Assembly constituency|Egra]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Tarun Kumar Maity]]
|1,25,763
|52.22
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Arup Dash
|1,07,272
|44.55
|18,491
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Paschim Medinipur district|'''Paschim Medinipur district''']]
|-
| 219
| [[Dantan Assembly constituency|Dantan]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Bikram Chandra Pradhan
|94,609
|48.18
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Saktipada Nayak
|93,834
|47.79
|775
| bgcolor=#FFF101| '''27 March 2021'''
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Jhargram district|'''Jhargram district''']]
|-
| 220
| [[Nayagram Assembly constituency|Nayagram]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dulal Murmu
|99,825
|52.52
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Bakul Murmu
|77,089
|40.55
|22,736
| Rowspan=3 bgcolor=#FFF101| '''27 March 2021'''
|-
| 221
| [[Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency|Gopiballavpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dr. Khagendra Nath Mahata
|1,02,710
|52.34
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sanjit Mahata
|79,106
|40.31
|23,604
|-
| 222
| [[Jhargram Assembly constituency|Jhargram]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Birbaha Hansda]]
|1,08,044
|54.34
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sukhamay Satpathy (Jahar)
|70,048
|35.23
|37,996
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Paschim Medinipur district|'''Paschim Medinipur district''']]
|-
| 223
| [[Keshiary Assembly constituency|Keshiary]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Paresh Murmu
|1,06,366
|50.01
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sonali Murmu
|91,036
|42.8
|15,330
| bgcolor=#FFF101| '''27 March 2021'''
|-
| 224
| [[Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Sadar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Hiran Chatterjee]]
|79,607
|46.45
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Pradip Sarkar
|75,836
|44.25
|3,771
| Rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CEAD56| '''1 April 2021'''
|-
| 225
| [[Narayangarh Assembly constituency|Narayangarh]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Suryakanta Atta
|1,00,894
|46.33
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Ramprasad Giri
|98,478
|45.23
|2,416
|-
| 226
| [[Sabang Assembly constituency|Sabang]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Manas Bhunia]]
|1,12,098
|47.46
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Amulya Maity
|1,02,234
|43.28
|9,864
|-
| 227
| [[Pingla Assembly constituency|Pingla]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Ajit Maity
|1,12,435
|49.17
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Antara Bhattacharya
|1,05,779
|46.26
|6,656
|-
| 228
| [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dinen Ray
|1,09,727
|54.85
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Tapan Bhuiya
|73,497
|36.74
|36,230
| bgcolor=#FFF101| '''27 March 2021'''
|-
| 229
| [[Debra Assembly constituency|Debra]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Humayun Kabir
|95,850
|46.79
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bharati Ghosh]]
|84,624
|41.31
|11,226
| Rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CEAD56| '''1 April 2021'''
|-
| 230
| [[Daspur Assembly constituency|Daspur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Mamata Bhunia
|1,14,753
|51.58
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Prashanth Bera
|87,911
|39.52
|26,842
|-
| 231
| [[Ghatal Assembly constituency|Ghatal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Shital Kapat
|1,05,812
|46.95
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Shankar Dolai]]
|1,04,846
|46.52
|966
|-
| 232
| [[Chandrakona Assembly constituency|Chandrakona]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Arup Dhara
|1,21,846
|48.87
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Shibram Das
|1,10,565
|44.35
|11,281
|-
| 233
| [[Garbeta Assembly constituency|Garbeta]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Uttara Singha
|94,928
|45.71
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Madan Ruidas
|84,356
|40.62
|10,572
| Rowspan=2 bgcolor=#FFF101| '''27 March 2021'''
|-
| 234
| [[Salboni Assembly constituency|Salboni]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Srikanta Mahata
|1,26,020
|50.57
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Rajib Kundu
|93,376
|37.47
|32,644
|-
| 235
| [[Keshpur Assembly constituency|Keshpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Siuli Saha
|1,16,992
|50.81
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Pritish Ranjan
|96,272
|41.82
|20,720
| bgcolor=#CEAD56| '''1 April 2021'''
|-
| 236
| [[Medinipur Assembly constituency|Medinipur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[June Malia]]
|1,21,175
|50.72
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Shamit Dash
|96,778
|40.51
|24,397
| bgcolor=#FFF101| '''27 March 2021'''
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Jhargram district|'''Jhargram district''']]
|-
| 237
| [[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Debnath Hansda]]
|99,786
|53.18
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Palan Saren
|60,213
|32.09
|39,573
| bgcolor=#FFF101| '''27 March 2021'''
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Purulia district|'''Purulia district''']]
|-
| 238
| [[Bandwan Assembly constituency|Bandwan]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Rajib Lochan Saren
|1,12,183
|47.07
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Parsi Murmu
|93,298
|39.14
|18,885
| Rowspan=9 bgcolor=#FFF101| '''27 March 2021'''
|-
| 239
| [[Balarampur, Purulia Assembly constituency|Balarampur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Baneswar Mahato
|88,803
|45.17
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Shantiram Mahato
|88,530
|45.03
|273
|-
| 240
| [[Baghmundi Assembly constituency|Baghmundi]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sushanta Mahato
|75,245
|36.76
|bgcolor={{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}|
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]]
|Ashutosh Mahato
|61,510
|30.05
|13,735
|-
| 241
| [[Joypur, Purulia Assembly constituency|Joypur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Narahari Mahato]]
|73,713
|36.66
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Phanibhushan Kumar
|61,611
|30.64
|12,102
|-
| 242
| [[Purulia Assembly constituency|Purulia]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Sudip Kumar Mukherjee]]
|88,899
|43.33
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sujoy Banerjee
|82,134
|40.12
|6,585
|-
| 243
| [[Manbazar Assembly constituency|Manbazar]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sandhyarani Tudu
|1,02,169
|48.39
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gouri Singh Sardar
|86,679
|41.05
|15,490
|-
| 244
| [[Kashipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Kamalakanta Hansda]]
|92,061
|47.68
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Swapan Kumar Beltharia
|84,829
|43.93
|7,240
|-
| 245
| [[Para Assembly constituency|Para]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Nadiar Chand Bouri]]
|86,930
|45.01
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Umapada Bauri
|82,986
|42.96
|3944
|-
| 246
| [[Raghunathpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raghunathpur]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Vivekananda Bauri]]
|94,994
|44.59
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Bouri Hazari
|89,671
|42.04
|5,323
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Bankura district|'''Bankura district''']]
|-
| 247
| [[Saltora Assembly constituency|Saltora]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Chandana Bauri]]
|91,648
|45.28
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Santosh Kumar Mondal
|87,503
|43.23
|4,145
| Rowspan=4 bgcolor=#FFF101| '''27 March 2021'''
|-
| 248
| [[Chhatna Assembly constituency|Chhatna]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Satyanarayan Mukhopadhyay]]
|90,233
|45.84
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Subasish Batabyal
|83,069
|42.20
|7,164
|-
| 249
| [[Ranibandh Assembly constituency|Ranibandh]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Jyotsna Mandi
|90,928
|43.06
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Kshudiram Tudu
|86,989
|41.19
|3,939
|-
| 250
| [[Raipur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Raipur]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Mrityunjoy Murmu
|1,01,043
|51.96
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sudhanshu Hansda
|81,645
|41.98
|19,398
|-
| 251
| [[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Arup Chakraborty
|92,026
|45.29
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Shyamal Kumar Sarkar
|79,649
|39.20
|12,377
| Rowspan=8 bgcolor=#CEAD56| '''1 April 2021'''
|-
| 252
| [[Bankura Assembly constituency|Bankura]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Niladri Sekhar Dana]]
|95,466
|43.79
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Sayantika Banerjee]]
|93,998
|43.12
|1,468
|-
| 253
| [[Barjora Assembly constituency|Barjora]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Alok Mukherjee
|93,290
|42.51
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Supriti Chatterjee
|90,021
|41.02
|3,269
|-
| 254
| [[Onda Assembly constituency|Onda]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Amarnath Shakha]]
|10,4940
|46.48
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Arup Kumar Khan
|93,389
|41.37
|11,551
|-
| 255
| [[Bishnupur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Bishnupur (Bankura)]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Tanmay Ghosh]]
|88,743
|46.79
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Archita Bid
|77,610
|40.92
|11,133
|-
| 256
| [[Katulpur Assembly constituency|Katulpur]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Harakali Protiher]]
|10,6022
|47.31
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sangeeta Malik
|94,237
|42.05
|11,785
|-
| 257
| [[Indas Assembly constituency|Indas]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Nirmal Kumar Dhara]]
|1,04,936
|48.04
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Runu Mete
|97,716
|44.73
|7,220
|-
| 258
| [[Sonamukhi Assembly constituency|Sonamukhi]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Dibakar Gharami]]
|98,161
|47.25
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dr Shyamal Santra
|87,273
|42.01
|10,888
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Purba Bardhaman district|'''Purba Bardhaman district''']]
|-
| 259
| [[Khandaghosh Assembly constituency|Khandaghosh]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Nabin Chandra Bag
|1,04,264
|47.85
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Bijan Mandal
|83,378
|38.26
|20,886
| Rowspan=8 bgcolor=#E3A6CB| '''17 April 2021'''
|-
| 260
| [[Bardhaman Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bardhaman Dakshin]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Khokan Das
|91,015
|44.32
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sandip Nandi
|82,910
|40.38
|8,105
|-
| 261
| [[Raina Assembly constituency|Raina]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Shampa Dhara
|1,08,752
|47.46
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Manik Roy
|90,547
|39.51
|18,205
|-
| 262
| [[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Alok Kumar Majhi
|96,999
|46.93
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Balaram Bapari
|79,028
|38.24
|17,971
|-
| 263
| [[Manteswar Assembly constituency|Manteswar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Chowdhury Siddiqullah
|1,05,460
|50.45
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Saikat Panja
|73,655
|35.24
|31,805
|-
| 264
| [[Kalna Assembly constituency|Kalna]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Deboprasad Bag (Poltu)
|96,073
|45.98
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Biswajit Kundu
|88,595
|42.4
|7,478
|-
| 265
| [[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Madhusudan Bhattacharya
|1,04,851
|47.92
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Bhismadeb Bhattacharya
|81,773
|37.37
|23,078
|-
| 266
| [[Bardhaman Uttar Assembly constituency|Bardhaman Uttar]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Nisith Kumar Malik
|1,11,211
|45.97
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Radha Kanta Roy
|93,943
|38.83
|17,268
|-
| 267
| [[Bhatar Assembly constituency|Bhatar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Adhikari Mangobinda
|1,08,028
|50.44
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Mahendranath Kowar
|76,287
|35.62
|31,741
| Rowspan=8 bgcolor=#9C85BD| '''22 April 2021'''
|-
| 268
| [[Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Dakshin]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Swapan Debnath
|1,05,698
|49.08
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Rajib Kumar Bhowmick
|88,288
|41
|17,410
|-
| 269
| [[Purbasthali Uttar Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Uttar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Tapan Chatterjee
|92,421
|43.52
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gobardhan Das
|85,715
|40.37
|6,706
|-
| 270
| [[Katwa Assembly constituency|Katwa]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Rabindranath Chatterjee
|1,07,894
|48.07
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Shyama Majumdar
|98,739
|43.99
|9,155
|-
| 271
| [[Ketugram Assembly constituency|Ketugram]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sekh Sahonawez
|1,00,226
|46.55
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Anadi Ghosh (Mathura)
|87,543
|40.66
|12,683
|-
| 272
| [[Mangalkot Assembly constituency|Mangalkot]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Apurba Chowdhury (Achal)
|1,07,596
|49.51
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Rana Protap Goswami
|85,259
|39.23
|22,337
|-
| 273
| [[Ausgram Assembly constituency|Ausgram]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Abhedananda Thander]]
|1,00,392
|46.25
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Kalita Maji
|88,577
|40.8
|11,815
|-
| 274
| [[Galsi Assembly constituency|Galsi]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Nepal Ghorui
|1,09,504
|49.21
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Bikash Biswas
|90,242
|40.55
|19,262
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Paschim Bardhaman district|'''Paschim Bardhaman district''']]
|-
| 275
| [[Pandaveswar Assembly constituency|Pandaveswar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Narendranath Chakraborty
|73922
|44.99
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Jitendra Tiwari]]
|70119
|42.68
|3803
| Rowspan=9 bgcolor=#61A1D7| '''26 April 2021'''
|-
| 276
| [[Durgapur Purba Assembly constituency|Durgapur Purba]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Pradip Mazumdar
|79303
|41.16
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Colonel [[Diptansu Chaudhury]]
|75557
|39.21
|3746
|-
| 277
| [[Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency|Durgapur Paschim]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Lakshman Chandra Ghorui]]
|91186
|46.31
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Biswanath Parial
|76522
|38.86
|14664
|-
| 278
| [[Raniganj (West Bengal Assembly constituency)|Raniganj]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Tapas Banerjee
|78164
|42.90
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dr. Bijan Mukherjee
|74608
|40.95
|3556
|-
| 279
| [[Jamuria Assembly constituency|Jamuria]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Hareram Singh
|71002
|42.59
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Tapas Kumar Roy
|62951
|37.76
|8051
|-
| 280
| [[Asansol Dakshin Assembly constituency|Asansol Dakshin]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Agnimitra Paul]]
|87881
|45.13
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Sayani Ghosh]]
|83394
|42.82
|4487
|-
| 281
| [[Asansol Uttar Assembly constituency|Asansol Uttar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Moloy Ghatak]]
|100931
|52.32
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Krishnendu Mukherjee
|79821
|41.38
|21110
|-
| 282
| [[Kulti Assembly constituency|Kulti]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Poddar]]
|81112
|46.41
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Ujjal Chatterjee
|80433
|46.02
|679
|-
| 283
| [[Barabani Assembly constituency|Barabani]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Bidhan Upadhyay
|88430
|52.26
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Arijit Roy
|64973
|38.40
|23457
|-
| colspan="14" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Birbhum district|'''Birbhum district''']]
|-
| 284
| [[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency|Dubrajpur]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Anup Kumar Saha]]
|98,083
|47.94
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Debabrata Saha
|94,220
|46.05
|3,863
| Rowspan=11 bgcolor=#91D6E3| '''29 April 2021'''
|-
| 285
| [[Suri Assembly constituency|Suri]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Bikash Roychoudhury
|1,05,871
|48.43
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Jagannath Chattopadhyay
|98,551
|45.08
|7,320
|-
| 286
| [[Bolpur Assembly constituency|Bolpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Sinha Chandranath
|1,16,443
|50.57
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Anirban Ganguly
|94,163
|40.89
|22,280
|-
| 287
| [[Nanoor Assembly constituency|Nanoor]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Bidhan Chandra Majhi
|1,12,116
|47.64
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Tarakeswar Saha
|1,05,446
|44.81
|6670
|-
| 288
| [[Labpur Assembly constituency|Labpur]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Abhijit Sinha (Rana)
|1,08,423
|51.14
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Biswajit Mondal
|90,448
|42.66
|17,975
|-
| 289
| [[Sainthia Assembly constituency|Sainthia]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Nilabati Saha
|1,10,572
|49.84
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Piya Saha
|95,329
|42.97
|15,243
|-
| 290
| [[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Abhijit Roy
|1,00,425
|50.36
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Shyamapada Mondal
|88,350
|44.3
|12,075
|-
| 291
| [[Rampurhat Assembly constituency|Rampurhat]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Asish Banerjee
|1,03,276
|47.52
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Subhasis Choudhury (Khokan)
|94,804
|43.62
|8,472
|-
| 292
| [[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dr. Asok Kumar Chattopadhyay
|1,08,289
|51.42
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nikhil Banerjee
|57,676
|27.39
|50,613
|-
| 293
| [[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Rajendra Prasad Singh (Raju Singh)
|1,17,438
|56.54
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Tapas Kumar Yadav (Ananda Yadav)
|60,533
|29.15
|56,905
|-
| 294
| [[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|Dr Mosarraf Hossain
|1,46,496
|67.23
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Debasish Roy
|48,250
|22.14
|98,246
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://eci.gov.in/files/category/94-west-bengal/ West Bengal General Legislative Election] at the ''[[Election Commission of India]]''

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]

K. Asif

2026-03-19T19:16:37Z

99notes:

{{Short description|Indian director (1922–1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Asif
| image = K. Asif.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Asif on the set of ''[[Mughal E Azam]]'' (1960).
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|06|14}}
| birth_place = [[Etawah]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1971|03|09|1922|04|14 }}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = {{ubl
| Akhtar Asif
| [[Sitara Devi]]
| [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]]
}}
| children = 6
|relatives=[[Dilip Kumar]] (brother-in-law) [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]] (brother-in-law)
| birth_name = Asif Karim
| years_active = 1945 - 1971
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|film producer|screenwriter}}
}}

'''K. Asif''' (born '''Asif Karim'''; 14 June 1922 – 9 March 1971) was an Indian [[film director]], [[film producer]] and [[screenwriter]] who is known for his epic film, ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960).

==Early life==
Asif was born in [[Etawah, Uttar Pradesh]], India to parents Dr. Fazal Karim and Bibi Ghulam Fatima. Asif went to Bombay and later took the professional name K. Asif. He eventually became a successful film director and producer.<ref name=cineplot>{{cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/k-asif#comment-313061 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |title=Profile of K. Asif (1924-1971)|website=Cineplot.com website|date=9 June 2010 |access-date=12 August 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915223846/http://cineplot.com/k-asif#comment-313061}}</ref>

==Career==
His directorial debut, ''[[Phool (1945 film)|Phool]]'' (1945), did very well at the box-office. In 1944, Asif planned to make a film called ''Mughal-e-Azam'' based on the life and times of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar the Great]]'s court dancer, based on the Urdu novel ''Anarkali''<nowiki/>' written by [[Imtiaz Ali Taj|Syed Imtiaz Ali Taj]], with [[Chandra Mohan (1905–1949)|Chandramohan]] as the male lead and the then upcoming actress [[Nargis]] as the female lead. However, in 1946, before the production of the film could begin, Chandramohan, died. Asif temporarily shelved the film. He produced the film ''Hulchul'' and released it in 1951.<ref name=cineplot/>

At that time, Asif recast ''Mughal-e-Azam'' with [[Dilip Kumar]] in the male lead and [[Madhubala]] in the female lead and restarted the production of the film in the same year. In 1960, after twelve years in production, ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' was released and became a huge hit at packed cinema houses across India.<ref name=cineplot/>

After the release and success of ''Mughal-e-Azam'', Asif planned yet another motion picture called ''[[Love and God]]'', his first directorial venture to be made completely in [[Color motion picture film|color]], and began production. The film was to star [[Guru Dutt]] and [[Nimmi]]. However, in 1964, when Dutt died, shooting came to a halt. Asif recast [[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]] in the male lead and resumed production. While filming, K. Asif died on 9 March 1971 at the age of 48/49 and the film was abandoned. In 1986, Asif's senior widow, Akhtar Asif, (younger sister of [[Dilip Kumar]]) released the film in an incomplete form.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

==Personal life==
K. Asif married four times. His first wife was Nigar Sultana who was approved of and welcomed by his family. She remained married to him until her death, despite his other marriages, and was the mother of six of Asif's children.

Asif's second wife was the singer and actress [[Sitara Devi]]. The marriage between them happened in unusual circumstances. Asif had a sister, Sikandar Begum, who was married to her first cousin, the actor [[Nazir Ahmed Khan]] (not to be confused with the actor [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]], brother of [[Dilip Kumar]]). Nazir Ahmed Khan fell in love with Sitara Devi and married her while still being married to Sikandar Begum; as a Muslim man in India, he could have up to four wives concurrently. Asif became enamoured of Sitara Devi, who was his sister's co-wife and his cousin's second wife. Nazir and Sitara were soon divorced, and shortly afterwards, Asif married Sitara, who thus became the wife, successively, of Sikandar Begum's husband and brother.

However, the marriage of Asif and Sitara lasted no more than a few months, and they were soon divorced. This happened because by then Asif had fallen in love with the actress [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]], who played the important role of Bahaar in Asif's magnum opus, ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''. Asif divorced Sitara Devi, apparently at her insistence, and married Sultana. Born in [[Hyderabad]] in [[south India]], Sultana had previously been married to the actor/director [[S. M. Yusuf]]. That marriage had been childless and had ended in divorce when Yusuf moved to [[Pakistan]] some years after the [[partition of India]] in 1947. Asif and Sultana became the parents of a daughter, the minor actress [[Heena Kausar]],<ref>[http://cineplot.com/heena-hina-kausar/ Heena (Hina) Kausar]</ref> who appeared in bit roles in a number of films. She became the second wife of the underworld gangster [[Iqbal Mirchi]], a close associate of India's most wanted criminal, [[Dawood Ibrahim]]. Among other crimes, Iqbal Mirchi is said to have been a drug-dealer and to have laundered Dawood Ibrahim's ill-gotten wealth through his business ventures.<ref>[https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/tame-end-for-iqbal-mirchi/articleshow/21849431.cms? Tame end to Iqbal Mirchi]</ref>

Asif's fourth and last wife was Akhtar, the younger sister of actor [[Dilip Kumar]]. Asif and Akhtar became acquainted with each other since Asif used to visit Kumar's house frequently during the making of Mughal-e-Azam. It is said that Kumar was extremely unhappy about his sister marrying Asif, and the consequent rift between Kumar and Asif never healed. Akhtar Begum and Asif remained married until his death in 1971. It was Akhtar Begum who ensured the completion and release of Asif's last movie, ''[[Love and God]]'', which was released in 1986, fifteen years after Asif's death.<ref name=cineplot/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Writer
! Producer
! Notes
|-
|1945
|''[[Phool (1945 film)|Phool]]''<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=upperstall>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/k-asif|url-status=dead|title=K. Asif filmography|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026162619/http://www.upperstall.com/people/k-asif |archive-date=26 October 2012|website=Upperstall.com website}}</ref>
| {{yes}}
|[[Kamal Amrohi]]<ref name=cineplot/>
|
|
|-
| 1951
|''[[Hulchul (1951 film)|Hulchul]]''<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=upperstall/>
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| 1960
| ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=upperstall/>
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1986
| ''Sastaa Khoon, Mehanga Paani''<ref name=cineplot/>
| {{yes}}
|
|
| Incomplete
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Love and God|Love And God]]''<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=upperstall/>
| {{yes}}
|
|
| Posthumous release
|-
|}

==Awards==
* [[8th Filmfare Awards|1960]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]] – ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''<ref name=cineplot/>
* 1960: [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]] – ''Mughal-e-Azam'': Nominated
* [[8th National Film Awards|1960]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|President's {{nat|Silver Medal}} for Best Feature Film in Hindi]] – ''Mughal-e-Azam''<ref name="8thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|title=8th National Film Awards (scroll down to page 12 of 44 for Film Review of Mughal-e-Azam (1960 film)|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

* {{cite book|author1=K. Asif|author2=Nasreen Munni Kabir|author3=Suhail Akhtar|title=The immortal dialogue of K. Asif's Mughal-e-azam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSEcAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-568496-4}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0039339|K. Asif}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asif, K.}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Etawah]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film directors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Placid D'Mello

2026-03-18T08:42:32Z

99notes: started a details - done

{{Short description|Indian trade union leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Placid D’Mello
| image = Placid D’Mello.jpg
| birth_date = 1919
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1958|03|20|1919}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
}}

'''Placid D'Mello''' (1919 – 20 March 1958) was an Indian trade union leader. He was the founder of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Mazdoor Union (MMU), [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] workers union and [[All India Port and Dock Workers Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-20 |title=A fierce union leader who showed the way to thousands of dock workers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/a-fierce-union-leader-who-showed-the-way-to-thousands-of-dock-workers-4533674/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE FATE OF MAN - The gradual decline of a hero who once could do no wrong |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-fate-of-man-the-gradual-decline-of-a-hero-who-once-could-do-no-wrong/cid/621342 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=Mumbai's last prominent union falls apart; senior Mazdoor Union leaders to form separate outfit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-s-last-prominent-union-falls-apart-senior-mazdoor-union-leaders-to-form-separate-outfit/story-bTBTLwZYgf6G5YyyvPHUZJ.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
D'Mello came to [[Bombay]] in 1936 and took the job of tally clerk at a stevedore company. Later, as a leader of dock workers, he demanded a war bonus owing to greater profits and an end to casual employment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramagundam |first=Rahul |title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670092888 |pages=88–89 |language=en}}</ref> Enraged by shoddy working conditions, D'Mello started organising dock workers in the early 1940's and became a working member of the Socialist Party faction led by Lohia and JP. D'Mello was also marshalling the Socialist base in Southern India mainly in his hometown of South Kanara, through his links with noted Coastal Canarian Socialist and Freedon fighter [[Ammembala Balappa]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dsouza|first=Chris Emmanuel |title=Bandh Samrat - Tales of Eternal Rebel |publisher=Cleverfox Publications Bangalore |isbn=978-9356480810 |pages= 11–12 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1949, D'Mello was arrested under Bombay Public Security Act and externed from [[Bombay]]. In April 1949, he arrived in [[Mangalore]] where he met [[George Fernandes]]. George used to considered D'Mello as his mentor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramagundam |first=Rahul |title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670092888 |pages=89–91}}</ref>

On 22 February 1950, a motorman strike was called in [[South Canara]] which lasted for seven days. But on the night the strike began, D'Mello was arrested under Preventive Detention Act and was jailed in [[Vellore]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramagundam |first=Rahul |title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670092888 |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> He was released on 6 October 1950 and returned to [[Bombay]] where he was received by around five-thousand dockers at [[Victoria Terminus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramagundam |first=Rahul |title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670092888 |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 August 1951, D'Mello was arrested again along with other senior leaders like S. R. Kulkarni. While still in jail, he was put up as a candidate by [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] in 1951 Bombay assembly election for Mazagaon Ghodapdeo constituency. He received 34.99% of the total votes polled, but lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay 1951 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4107-bombay-1951/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> After one year of arrest, two-hundred dock workers led by [[George Fernandes]] walked from [[Bombay]] to [[Poona]] to meet Chief Minister [[Morarji Desai]] for the release of D'Mello. He was released in March 1953, after eighteen months of imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramagundam |first=Rahul |title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670092888 |pages=102 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Placid D’Mello died on 20 March 1958, at the age of thirty-nine, in [[Calcutta]]. He was buried at [[Sewri Christian Cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramagundam |first=Rahul |title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670092888 |pages=122 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Mello, Placid}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Maharashtra]]
{{Improve categories|date=March 2023}}

M. Jeevan

2026-03-17T15:55:28Z

99notes: small changes

{{short description|Indian film director and photographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. Jeevan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Cinematographer, director
| website =
| footnotes =
| years_active = 2005{{endash}}present
| relatives = [[M. Sukumar]] (brother)
}}

'''M. Jeevan''' is an Indian director, [[cinematographer]] and still photographer, who has worked predominantly in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film industry.<ref>[http://silverscreen.in/sukumar/ ]{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Career==
Jeevan began his career as a still photographer and worked on big-budget films including [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1994) and ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997), [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' (1998) and [[Rajiv Menon]]'s ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' (2000). He also recruited his brother [[M. Sukumar|Sukumar]] to work on his assignments.<ref name="bwd">{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-cinematographer/sukumar/an-exclusive-interview-with-ace-cinematographer-sukumar.html|title=An exclusive interview with ace cinematographer, Sukumar.|work=behindwoods.com}}</ref> He subsequently continued working as a photographer in films including ''[[Minnale]]'' (2001), ''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]'' (2002) and ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' (2002) and struck up a good relationship with the director [[Prabhu Solomon]]. While launching ''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]'' (2006), the director [[Prabhu Solomon]] had asked Sukumar to make his first foray into cinematography but his reluctance meant that Jeevan, was handed the opportunity. Towards the end of the shoot, Jeevan became busy with other projects and Sukumar was brought in to work on a few portions in the film, including a song shoot in [[Chalakudi]]. The pair have since also exchanged work in ''[[Mynaa]]'' (2010) and ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' (2014).<ref name="bwd"/>

Jeevan has also directed films and first began making ''[[Mayilu]]'' (2012) for [[Prakash Raj]]'s production house in 2008. Delays meant that [[Pa. Vijay]]'s ''[[Gnabagangal]]'' (2009) became his first release, while ''Mayilu'' released three years later. Another film titled ''Sevanu'' featuring newcomer Aman and [[Oviya]] was shelved midway through production. He has since gone on to make ''[[Amara (film)|Amara]]'' (2014) and ''[[Mosakutty]]'' (2014), both starring debutant lead actors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-amara/article3639474.ece|title=Audio Beat: Amara|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/meet-the-man-behind-mayilu-kannada-news-61904.html|title=Meet the man behind Mayilu|work=indiaglitz.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! style="width:10%;" | Director
! style="width:10%;" | Cinematographer
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Karkaa Kasadara]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
| ''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Thoothukudi (film)|Thoothukudi]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjirukkum Varai (2006 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Gnabagangal]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Mayilu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Saattai]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
| ''[[Amara (film)|Amara]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Mosakutty]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'' || || {{yes}} || Telugu film
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Nayyapudai]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Capmaari]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Sembi]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|}

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Indian mathematics

2026-03-15T20:41:44Z

99notes: slightly refined layout for consistency

{{Short description|Development of mathematics in South Asia}}
{{redirect|Mathematics in India|the 2009 monograph by Kim Plofker|Mathematics in India (book)}}
{{Over-quotation|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

'''Indian mathematics''' emerged in the [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name="plofker" /> from 1200 BCE<ref name=hayashi2005-p360-361>{{Harv|Hayashi|2005|pp=360–361}}</ref> until the end of the 18th century. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by scholars like [[Aryabhata]], [[Brahmagupta]], [[Bhaskara II]], [[Varāhamihira]], and [[Madhava of Sangamagrama|Madhava]]. The [[Decimal|decimal number system]] in use today<ref name="irfah346">{{Harv|Ifrah|2000|p=346}}: "The measure of the genius of Indian civilisation, to which we owe our modern (number) system, is all the greater in that it was the only one in all history to have achieved this triumph. Some cultures succeeded, earlier than the Indian, in discovering one or at best two of the characteristics of this intellectual feat. But none of them managed to bring together into a complete and coherent system the necessary and sufficient conditions for a number-system with the same potential as our own."</ref> was first recorded in Indian mathematics.<ref>{{Harv|Plofker|2009|pp=44–47}}</ref> Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of [[0 (number)|zero]] as a number,<ref name="bourbaki46">{{Harv|Bourbaki|1998|p=46}}: "...our decimal system, which (by the agency of the Arabs) is derived from Hindu mathematics, where its use is attested already from the first centuries of our era. It must be noted moreover that the conception of zero as a number and not as a simple symbol of separation) and its introduction into calculations, also count amongst the original contribution of the Hindus."</ref> [[negative numbers]],<ref name=bourbaki49>{{Harv|Bourbaki|1998|p=49}}: Modern arithmetic was known during medieval times as "Modus Indorum" or method of the Indians. [[Leonardo of Pisa]] wrote that compared to method of the Indians all other methods is a mistake. This method of the Indians is none other than our very simple arithmetic of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Rules for these four simple procedures was first written down by [[Brahmagupta]] during the 7th century AD. "On this point, the Hindus are already conscious of the interpretation that negative numbers must have in certain cases (a debt in a commercial problem, for instance). In the following centuries, as there is a diffusion into the West (by intermediary of the Arabs) of the methods and results of Greek and Hindu mathematics, one becomes more used to the handling of these numbers, and one begins to have other "representation" for them which are geometric or dynamic."</ref> [[arithmetic]], and [[algebra]].<ref name=concise-britannica/> In addition, [[trigonometry]]<ref>{{Harv|Pingree|2003|p=45}} Quote: "Geometry, and its branch trigonometry, was the mathematics Indian astronomers used most frequently. Greek mathematicians used the full chord and never imagined the half chord that we use today. Half chord was first used by Aryabhata which made trigonometry much more simple. In fact, the Indian astronomers in the third or fourth century, using a pre-Ptolemaic Greek table of chords, produced tables of sines and versines, from which it was trivial to derive cosines. This new system of trigonometry, produced in India, was transmitted to the Arabs in the late eighth century and by them, in an expanded form, to the Latin West and the Byzantine East in the twelfth century."</ref>
was further advanced in India, and, in particular, the modern definitions of [[sine]] and [[cosine]] were developed there.<ref>{{Harv|Bourbaki|1998|p=126}}: "As for trigonometry, it is disdained by geometers and abandoned to surveyors and astronomers; it is these latter ([[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]], [[Hipparchus]], [[Ptolemy]]) who establish the fundamental relations between the sides and angles of a right angled triangle (plane or spherical) and draw up the first tables (they consist of tables giving the ''chord'' of the arc cut out by an angle <math>\theta < \pi</math> on a circle of radius ''r'', in other words the number <math> 2r\sin\left(\theta/2\right)</math>; the introduction of the sine, more easily handled, is due to Hindu mathematicians of the Middle Ages)."</ref> These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe<ref name=concise-britannica>"algebra" 2007. [https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-231064 ''Britannica Concise Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134632/http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-231064 |date=29 September 2007 }}. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 May 2007. Quote: "A full-fledged decimal, positional system certainly existed in India by the 9th century (AD), yet many of its central ideas had been transmitted well before that time to China and the Islamic world. Indian arithmetic, moreover, developed consistent and correct rules for operating with positive and negative numbers and for treating zero like any other number, even in problematic contexts such as division. Several hundred years passed before European mathematicians fully integrated such ideas into the developing discipline of algebra."</ref> and led to further developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics.

Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works, all composed in [[Sanskrit]], usually consisted of a section of ''[[sutra]]s'' in which a set of rules or problems were stated with great economy in verse in order to aid memorization by a student. This was followed by a second section consisting of a prose commentary (sometimes multiple commentaries by different scholars) that explained the problem in more detail and provided justification for the solution. In the prose section, the form (and therefore its memorization) was not considered so important as the ideas involved.<ref name="plofker">{{Harv|Kim Plofker|2007|p=1}}</ref><ref name=filliozat-p140to143>{{Harv|Filliozat|2004|pp=140–143}}</ref> All mathematical works were orally transmitted until approximately 500 BCE; thereafter, they were transmitted both orally and in manuscript form. The oldest extant mathematical document produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birch bark [[Bakhshali Manuscript]], discovered in 1881 in the village of [[Bakhshali]], near [[Peshawar]] (modern day [[Pakistan]]) and is likely from the 7th century CE.<ref name=hayashi95>{{Harv|Hayashi|1995}}</ref><ref name=plofker-brit6>{{Harv|Kim Plofker|2007|p=6}}</ref>

A later landmark in Indian mathematics was the development of the [[Series (mathematics)|series]] expansions for [[trigonometric function]]s (sine, cosine, and [[arc tangent]]) by mathematicians of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics|Kerala school]] in the 15th century CE. Their work, completed two centuries before the invention of [[calculus]] in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a [[power series]] (apart from geometric series).<ref>{{Harv|Stillwell|2004|p=173}}</ref> However, they did not formulate a systematic theory of [[derivative|differentiation]] and [[integral|integration]], nor is there any evidence of their results being transmitted outside [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Harv|Bressoud|2002|p=12}} Quote: "There is no evidence that the Indian work on series was known beyond India, or even outside Kerala, until the nineteenth century. Gold and Pingree assert [4] that by the time these series were rediscovered in Europe, they had, for all practical purposes, been lost to India. The expansions of the sine, cosine, and arc tangent had been passed down through several generations of disciples, but they remained sterile observations for which no one could find much use."</ref><ref>{{Harv|Plofker|2001|p=293}} Quote: "It is not unusual to encounter in discussions of Indian mathematics such assertions as that "the concept of differentiation was understood [in India] from the time of Manjula (... in the 10th century)" [Joseph 1991, 300], or that "we may consider Madhava to have been the founder of mathematical analysis" (Joseph 1991, 293), or that Bhaskara II may claim to be "the precursor of Newton and Leibniz in the discovery of the principle of the differential calculus" (Bag 1979, 294). ... The points of resemblance, particularly between early European calculus and the Keralese work on power series, have even inspired suggestions of a possible transmission of mathematical ideas from the Malabar coast in or after the 15th century to the Latin scholarly world (e.g., in (Bag 1979, 285)). ... It should be borne in mind, however, that such an emphasis on the similarity of Sanskrit (or Malayalam) and Latin mathematics risks diminishing our ability fully to see and comprehend the former. To speak of the Indian "discovery of the principle of the differential calculus" somewhat obscures the fact that Indian techniques for expressing changes in the Sine by means of the Cosine or vice versa, as in the examples we have seen, remained within that specific trigonometric context. The differential "principle" was not generalised to arbitrary functions—in fact, the explicit notion of an arbitrary function, not to mention that of its
derivative or an algorithm for taking the derivative, is irrelevant here"</ref><ref>{{Harv|Pingree|1992|p=562}} Quote:"One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by [[C.M. Whish|Charles Matthew Whish]], in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the ''Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society'', in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series ''without'' the calculus; but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution."</ref><ref>{{Harv|Katz|1995|pp=173–174}} Quote:"How close did Islamic and Indian scholars come to inventing the calculus? Islamic scholars nearly developed a general formula for finding integrals of polynomials by A.D. 1000—and evidently could find such a formula for any polynomial in which they were interested. But, it appears, they were not interested in any polynomial of degree higher than four, at least in any of the material that has come down to us. Indian scholars, on the other hand, were by 1600 able to use ibn al-Haytham's sum formula for arbitrary integral powers in calculating power series for the functions in which they were interested. By the same time, they also knew how to calculate the differentials of these functions. So some of the basic ideas of calculus were known in Egypt and India many centuries before Newton. It does not appear, however, that either Islamic or Indian mathematicians saw the necessity of connecting some of the disparate ideas that we include under the name calculus. They were apparently only interested in specific cases in which these ideas were needed. ... There is no danger, therefore, that we will have to rewrite the history texts to remove the statement that Newton and Leibniz invented calculus. They were certainly the ones who were able to combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between them, and turn the calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today."</ref>

==Prehistory==
[[File:Poids cubiques harappéens - BM.jpg|thumb|Cubical weights standardised in the Indus Valley civilisation]]
Excavations at [[Harappa]], [[Mohenjo-daro]] and other sites of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] have uncovered evidence of the use of "practical mathematics". The people of the Indus Valley Civilization manufactured bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favourable for the stability of a brick structure. They used a standardised system of weights based on the ratios: 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 1/2, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with the unit weight equaling approximately 28 grams (and approximately equal to the English ounce or Greek uncia). They mass-produced weights in regular [[geometrical]] shapes, which included [[hexahedron|hexahedra]], [[barrel]]s, [[cone (geometry)|cone]]s, and [[cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]]s, thereby demonstrating knowledge of basic [[geometry]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|title=Genèse de l'Inde|year=1997|page=113|language=fr|isbn=978-2-228-89116-5|publisher=Payot|location=Paris}}</ref>

The inhabitants of Indus civilisation also tried to standardise measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler—the ''Mohenjo-daro ruler''—whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length.<ref>{{Citation|last=Coppa|first=A.|title=Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry: Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population|journal=Nature|volume=440|date=6 April 2006|doi=10.1038/440755a|postscript=.|pmid=16598247|issue=7085|pages=755–6|display-authors=etal|bibcode = 2006Natur.440..755C |s2cid=6787162}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bisht|first=R. S.|year=1982|chapter=Excavations at Banawali: 1974–77|editor=Possehl, Gregory L.|title=Harappan Civilisation: A Contemporary Perspective|pages=113–124|location=New Delhi|publisher=Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.}}</ref>

Hollow cylindrical objects made of shell and found at [[Lothal]] (2200 BCE) and [[Dholavira]] are demonstrated to have the ability to measure angles in a plane, as well as to determine the position of stars for navigation.<ref>{{cite journal |first=S. R. |last=Rao |date=July 1992 |journal=Marine Archaeology |volume=3 |pages=61–62 |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/3082/J_Mar_Archaeol_3_61.pdf?sequence=2 |title=A Navigational Instrument of the Harappan Sailors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808011822/http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/3082/J_Mar_Archaeol_3_61.pdf?sequence=2 |archive-date=2017-08-08}}</ref>

==Vedic period==
{{Science and technology in India}}
{{See also|Vedanga|Vedas}}

===Samhitas and Brahmanas===
The texts of the [[Vedic Period]] provide evidence for the use of [[History of large numbers|large numbers]]. By the time of the ''[[Yajurveda|{{IAST|Yajurvedasaṃhitā-}}]]'' (1200–900 BCE), numbers as high as {{math|1012}} were being included in the texts.<ref name="hayashi2005-p360-361"/> For example, the ''[[mantra]]'' (sacred recitation) at the end of the ''annahoma'' ("food-oblation rite") performed during the [[Ashvamedha|''aśvamedha'']], and uttered just before-, during-, and just after sunrise, invokes powers of ten from a hundred to a trillion:<ref name=hayashi2005-p360-361/>

{{blockquote|Hail to ''śata'' ("hundred," {{math|102}}), hail to ''sahasra'' ("thousand," {{math|103}}), hail to ''ayuta'' ("ten thousand," {{math|104}}), hail to ''niyuta'' ("hundred thousand," {{math|105}}), hail to ''prayuta'' ("million," {{math|106}}), hail to ''arbuda'' ("ten million," {{math|107}}), hail to ''nyarbuda'' ("hundred million," {{math|108}}), hail to ''samudra'' ("billion," {{math|109}}, literally "ocean"), hail to ''madhya'' ("ten billion," {{math|1010}}, literally "middle"), hail to ''anta'' ("hundred billion," {{math|1011}}, lit., "end"), hail to ''parārdha'' ("one trillion," {{math|1012}} lit., "beyond parts"), hail to the ''{{IAST|uṣas}}'' (dawn), hail to the ''{{IAST|vyuṣṭi}}'' (twilight), hail to ''{{IAST|udeṣyat}}'' (the one which is going to rise), hail to ''udyat'' (the one which is rising), hail ''udita'' (to the one which has just risen), hail to ''svarga'' (the heaven), hail to ''martya'' (the world), hail to all.<ref name=hayashi2005-p360-361/>}}

Fractions are mentioned, as in the Purusha Sukta (RV 10.90.4):

{{blockquote|With three-fourths Puruṣa went up: one-fourth of him again was here.}}

The [[Satapatha Brahmana]] ({{circa}} 7th century BCE) contains rules for ritual geometric constructions that are similar to the Sulba Sutras.<ref>A. Seidenberg, 1978. The origin of mathematics. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol 18.</ref>

===Śulba Sūtras===
{{Main|Shulba Sutras}}
The ''[[Shulba Sutras|Śulba Sūtras]]'' (literally, "Aphorisms of the Chords" in [[Vedic Sanskrit]]) (c. 700–400 BCE) list rules for the construction of sacrificial fire altars.<ref>{{Harv|Staal|1999}}</ref> Most mathematical problems considered in the ''Śulba Sūtras'' spring from "a single theological requirement",<ref name=hayashi2003-p118>{{Harv|Hayashi|2003|p=118}}</ref> that of constructing fire altars which have different shapes but occupy the same area. The altars were required to be constructed of five layers of burnt brick, with the further condition that each layer consist of 200 bricks and that no two adjacent layers have congruent arrangements of bricks.<ref name=hayashi2003-p118/>

According to Hayashi, the ''Śulba Sūtras'' contain "the earliest extant verbal expression of the [[Pythagorean Theorem]] in the world, although it had already been known to the [[First Babylonian dynasty|Old Babylonians]]." <blockquote>The diagonal rope (''{{IAST|akṣṇayā-rajju}}'') of an oblong (rectangle) produces both which the flank (''pārśvamāni'') and the horizontal (''{{IAST|tiryaṇmānī}}'') <ropes> produce separately."<ref name=hayashi2005-p363>{{Harv|Hayashi|2005|p=363}}</ref></blockquote> Since the statement is a ''sūtra'', it is necessarily compressed and what the ropes ''produce'' is not elaborated on, but the context clearly implies the square areas constructed on their lengths, and would have been explained so by the teacher to the student.<ref name=hayashi2005-p363/>

They contain lists of [[Pythagorean triples]],<ref>Pythagorean triples are triples of integers {{math|(a, b, c)}} with the property: {{math|1=a2+b2 = c2}}. Thus, {{math|1=32+42 = 52}}, {{math|1=82+152 = 172}}, {{math|1=122+352 = 372}}, etc.</ref> which are particular cases of [[Diophantine equations]].<ref name=cooke198>{{Harv|Cooke|2005|p=198}}: "The arithmetic content of the ''Śulva Sūtras'' consists of rules for finding Pythagorean triples such as {{math|(3, 4, 5)}}, {{math|(5, 12, 13)}}, {{math|(8, 15, 17)}}, and {{math|(12, 35, 37)}}. It is not certain what practical use these arithmetic rules had. The best conjecture is that they were part of religious ritual. A Hindu home was required to have three fires burning at three different altars. The three altars were to be of different shapes, but all three were to have the same area. These conditions led to certain "Diophantine" problems, a particular case of which is the generation of Pythagorean triples, so as to make one square integer equal to the sum of two others."</ref> They also contain statements (that with hindsight we know to be approximate) about [[squaring the circle]] and "circling the square."<ref name=cooke199-200>{{Harv|Cooke|2005|pp=199–200}}: "The requirement of three altars of equal areas but different shapes would explain the interest in transformation of areas. Among other transformation of area problems the Hindus considered in particular the problem of squaring the circle. The ''Bodhayana Sutra'' states the converse problem of constructing a circle equal to a given square. The following approximate construction is given as the solution.... this result is only approximate. The authors, however, made no distinction between the two results. In terms that we can appreciate, this construction gives a value for {{math|π}} of 18 (3 − 2{{radic|2}}), which is about 3.088."</ref>

[[Baudhayana]] (c. 8th century BCE) composed the ''Baudhayana Sulba Sutra'', the best-known ''Sulba Sutra'', which contains examples of simple Pythagorean triples, such as: {{math|(3, 4, 5)}}, {{math|(5, 12, 13)}}, {{math|(8, 15, 17)}}, {{math|(7, 24, 25)}}, and {{math|(12, 35, 37)}},<ref name=joseph229>{{Harv|Joseph|2000|p=229}}</ref> as well as a statement of the Pythagorean theorem for the sides of a square: "The rope which is stretched across the diagonal of a square produces an area double the size of the original square."<ref name=joseph229/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theintellibrain.com/vedicmaths/|title=Vedic Maths Complete Detail|website= ALLEN IntelliBrain|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> It also contains the general statement of the Pythagorean theorem (for the sides of a rectangle): "The rope stretched along the length of the diagonal of a rectangle makes an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together."<ref name=joseph229/> Baudhayana gives an expression for the [[square root of two]]:<ref name=cooke200>{{Harv|Cooke|2005|p=200}}</ref>
::<math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1 + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{3\cdot4} - \frac{1}{3\cdot 4\cdot 34} = 1.4142156 \ldots</math>
The expression is accurate up to five decimal places, the true value being 1.41421356...<ref>The value of this approximation, 577/408, is the seventh in a sequence of increasingly accurate approximations 3/2, 7/5, 17/12, ... to {{radic|2}}, the numerators and denominators of which were known as "side and diameter numbers" to the ancient Greeks, and in modern mathematics are called the [[Pell numbers]]. If ''x''/''y'' is one term in this sequence of approximations, the next is (''x'' + 2''y'')/(''x'' + ''y''). These approximations may also be derived by truncating the [[continued fraction]] representation of {{radic|2}}.</ref> This expression is similar in structure to the expression found on a Mesopotamian tablet<ref>Neugebauer, O. and A. Sachs. 1945. ''Mathematical Cuneiform Texts'', New Haven, CT, Yale University Press. p. 45.</ref> from the Old Babylonian period (1900–1600 [[BCE]]):<ref name=cooke200/>
::<math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1 + \frac{24}{60} + \frac{51}{60^2} + \frac{10}{60^3} = 1.41421297 \ldots</math>
which expresses {{radic|2}} in the sexagesimal system, and which is also accurate up to 5 decimal places.

According to mathematician S. G. Dani, the Babylonian cuneiform tablet [[Plimpton 322]] written c. 1850 BCE<ref>Mathematics Department, University of British Columbia, [http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m446-03/pl322/pl322.html ''The Babylonian tabled Plimpton 322''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617151320/http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m446-03/pl322/pl322.html |date=17 June 2020 }}.</ref> "contains fifteen Pythagorean triples with quite large entries, including (13500, 12709, 18541) which is a primitive triple,<ref>Three positive integers <math>(a, b, c) </math> form a ''primitive'' Pythagorean triple if {{math|1=c2 = a2+b2}} and if the highest common factor of {{math|a, b, c}} is 1. In the particular Plimpton322 example, this means that {{math|1=135002+127092 = 185412}} and that the three numbers do not have any common factors. However some scholars have disputed the Pythagorean interpretation of this tablet; see Plimpton 322 for details.</ref> indicating, in particular, that there was sophisticated understanding on the topic" in Mesopotamia in 1850 BCE. "Since these tablets predate the Sulbasutras period by several centuries, taking into account the contextual appearance of some of the triples, it is reasonable to expect that similar understanding would have been there in India."<ref name=dani>{{Harv|Dani|2003}}</ref> Dani goes on to say:

{{blockquote|As the main objective of the ''Sulvasutras'' was to describe the constructions of altars and the geometric principles involved in them, the subject of Pythagorean triples, even if it had been well understood may still not have featured in the ''Sulvasutras''. The occurrence of the triples in the ''Sulvasutras'' is comparable to mathematics that one may encounter in an introductory book on architecture or another similar applied area, and would not correspond directly to the overall knowledge on the topic at that time. Since, unfortunately, no other contemporaneous sources have been found it may never be possible to settle this issue satisfactorily.<ref name=dani/>}}

In all, three ''Sulba Sutras'' were composed. The remaining two, the ''Manava Sulba Sutra'' composed by [[Manava]] (fl. 750–650 BCE) and the ''Apastamba Sulba Sutra'', composed by [[Apastamba]] (c. 600 BCE), contained results similar to the ''Baudhayana Sulba Sutra''.

;Vyakarana
{{main|Vyakarana}}

The Vedic period saw the work of Sanskrit grammarian {{IAST|[[Pāṇini]]}} (c. 520–460 BCE). His grammar includes a precursor of the [[Backus–Naur form]] (used in the description [[programming languages]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ingerman|first1=Peter Zilahy|title="Pānini-Backus Form" suggested|journal=Communications of the ACM|date=1 March 1967|volume=10|issue=3|pages=137|doi=10.1145/363162.363165|s2cid=52817672|issn=0001-0782|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Pingala (300 BCE – 200 BCE)==
Among the scholars of the post-Vedic period who contributed to mathematics, the most notable is [[Pingala]] (''{{IAST|piṅgalá}}'') ([[Floruit|fl.]] 300–200 BCE), a [[music theory|music theorist]] who authored the [[Chhandas]] [[Shastra]] (''{{IAST|chandaḥ-śāstra}}'', also Chhandas Sutra ''{{IAST|chhandaḥ-sūtra}}''), a [[Sanskrit]] treatise on [[Sanskrit prosody|prosody]]. Pingala's work also contains the basic ideas of [[Fibonacci number]]s (called ''maatraameru''). Although the ''Chandah sutra'' has not survived in its entirety, a 10th-century commentary on it by Halāyudha has. Halāyudha, who refers to the Pascal triangle as ''[[Mount Meru (mythology)|Meru]]-prastāra'' (literally "the staircase to Mount Meru"), has this to say:

{{blockquote|Draw a square. Beginning at half the square, draw two other similar squares below it; below these two, three other squares, and so on. The marking should be started by putting '''1''' in the first square. Put '''1''' in each of the two squares of the second line. In the third line put '''1''' in the two squares at the ends and, in the middle square, the sum of the digits in the two squares lying above it. In the fourth line put '''1''' in the two squares at the ends. In the middle ones put the sum of the digits in the two squares above each. Proceed in this way. Of these lines, the second gives the combinations with one syllable, the third the combinations with two syllables, ...<ref name=fowler96>{{Harv|Fowler|1996|p=11}}</ref>}}

The text also indicates that Pingala was aware of the [[Combinatorics|combinatorial]] identity:<ref name=singh36>{{Harv|Singh|1936|pp=623–624}}</ref>

::<math> {n \choose 0} + {n \choose 1} + {n \choose 2} + \cdots + {n \choose n-1} + {n \choose n} = 2^n </math>

;Kātyāyana
[[Kātyāyana]] (c. 3rd century BCE) is notable for being the last of the Vedic mathematicians. He wrote the ''Katyayana Sulba Sutra'', which presented much [[geometry]], including the general [[Pythagorean theorem]] and a computation of the [[square root of 2]] correct to five decimal places.

==Jain mathematics (400 BCE – 200 CE)==
Although [[Jainism]] as a religion and philosophy predates its most famous exponent, [[Mahavira]] (6th century BCE), most Jain texts on mathematical topics were composed after the 6th century BCE. [[Jain]] mathematicians are important historically as crucial links between the mathematics of the Vedic period and that of the "classical period."

A significant historical contribution of Jain mathematicians lay in their freeing Indian mathematics from its religious and ritualistic constraints. In particular, their fascination with the enumeration of very large numbers and [[infinity|infinities]] led them to classify numbers into three classes: enumerable, innumerable and [[Infinity|infinite]]. Not content with a simple notion of infinity, their texts define five different types of infinity: the infinite in one direction, the infinite in two directions, the infinite in area, the infinite everywhere, and the infinite perpetually. In addition, Jain mathematicians devised notations for simple powers (and exponents) of numbers like squares and cubes, which enabled them to define simple [[algebraic equations]] ({{IAST|bījagaṇita samīkaraṇa}}). Jain mathematicians were apparently also the first to use the word ''shunya'' (literally ''void'' in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]) to refer to zero. This word is the ultimate [[0 (number)#Etymology|etymological origin of the English word "zero"]], as it was [[calque]]d into Arabic as {{lang|ar|ṣifr}} and then subsequently borrowed into [[Medieval Latin]] as {{lang|la|zephirum}}, finally arriving at English after passing through one or more [[Romance languages]] (cf. French {{lang|fr|zéro}}, Italian {{lang|it|zero}}).<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite encyclopedia| first= Douglas| last= Harper |date=2011| entry-url=https://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=zero&searchmode=none | entry= Zero |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703014638/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=zero&searchmode=none |archive-date=3 July 2017 | title= Etymonline Etymology Dictionary| quote="figure which stands for naught in the Arabic notation," also "the absence of all quantity considered as quantity", {{circa}} 1600, from French zéro or directly from Italian zero, from Medieval Latin zephirum, from Arabic sifr "cipher", translation of Sanskrit sunya-m "empty place, desert, naught"}}
|{{Cite book |last=Menninger |first=Karl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFJHzSIj2u0C |title=Number Words and Number Symbols: A cultural history of numbers |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-486-27096-8 |pages=399–404 |access-date=5 January 2016 }}
| {{Cite web |date=December 2011 |title=zero, n. |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/232803?rskey=zGcSoq&result=1&isAdvanced=false |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65yd7ur9u?url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/232803?rskey=zGcSoq&result=1&isAdvanced=false |archive-date=7 March 2012 |access-date=4 March 2012 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] Online |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |quote="French zéro (1515 in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter) or its source Italian zero, for *zefiro, < Arabic çifr" }} }}</ref>

In addition to ''Surya Prajnapti'', important Jain works on mathematics included the ''[[Sthānāṅga Sūtra]]'' (c. 300 BCE – 200 CE); the ''Anuyogadwara Sutra'' (c. 200 BCE – 100 CE), which includes the earliest known description of [[factorial]]s in Indian mathematics;<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Datta | first1 = Bibhutibhusan | last2 = Singh | first2 = Awadhesh Narayan | editor1-last = Kolachana | editor1-first = Aditya | editor2-last = Mahesh | editor2-first = K. | editor3-last = Ramasubramanian | editor3-first = K. | contribution = Use of permutations and combinations in India | doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-7326-8_18 | pages = 356–376 | publisher = Springer Singapore | series = Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences | title = Studies in Indian Mathematics and Astronomy: Selected Articles of Kripa Shankar Shukla | year = 2019| isbn = 978-981-13-7325-1 | s2cid = 191141516 }}. Revised by K. S. Shukla from a paper in ''Indian Journal of History of Science'' 27 (3): 231–249, 1992, {{MR | 1189487}}. See p. 363.</ref> and the ''[[Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama]]'' (c. 2nd century CE). Important Jain mathematicians included [[Bhadrabahu]] (d. 298 BCE), the author of two astronomical works, the ''Bhadrabahavi-Samhita'' and a commentary on the ''Surya Prajinapti''; Yativrisham Acharya (c. 176 BCE), who authored a mathematical text called ''[[Tiloya Panatti|Tiloyapannati]]''; and [[Umasvati]] (c. 150 BCE), who, although better known for his influential writings on Jain philosophy and [[metaphysics]], composed a mathematical work called the ''[[Tattvārtha Sūtra]]''.

==Oral tradition==
Mathematicians of ancient and early medieval India were almost all [[Sanskrit]] [[pandit]]s (''{{IAST|paṇḍita}}'' "learned man"),<ref name=filliozat-p137>{{Harv|Filliozat|2004|p=137}}</ref> who were trained in Sanskrit language and literature, and possessed "a common stock of knowledge in grammar ([[vyakarana|''{{IAST|vyākaraṇa}}'']]), [[exegesis]] ([[mimamsa|''{{IAST|mīmāṃsā}}'']]) and logic ([[nyaya|''nyāya'']])."<ref name=filliozat-p137/> Memorisation of "what is heard" (''[[śruti]]'' in Sanskrit) through recitation played a major role in the transmission of sacred texts in ancient India. Memorisation and recitation was also used to transmit philosophical and literary works, as well as treatises on ritual and grammar. Modern scholars of ancient India have noted the "truly remarkable achievements of the Indian pandits who have preserved enormously bulky texts orally for millennia."<ref name=pingree1988a>{{Harv|Pingree|1988|p=637}}</ref>

===Styles of memorisation===
Prodigious energy was expended by ancient Indian culture in ensuring that these texts were transmitted from generation to generation with inordinate fidelity.<ref>{{Harv|Staal|1986}}</ref> For example, memorisation of the sacred ''[[Veda]]s'' included up to eleven forms of recitation of the same text. The texts were subsequently "proof-read" by comparing the different recited versions. Forms of recitation included the ''{{IAST|jaṭā-pāṭha}}'' (literally "mesh recitation") in which every two adjacent words in the text were first recited in their original order, then repeated in the reverse order, and finally repeated in the original order.<ref name=filliozat-p139>{{Harv|Filliozat|2004|p=139}}</ref> The recitation thus proceeded as:
<div style="text-align: center;"> '''word1word2, word2word1, word1word2; word2word3, word3word2, word2word3; ...'''</div>
In another form of recitation, ''{{IAST|dhvaja-pāṭha}}''<ref name=filliozat-p139/> (literally "flag recitation") a sequence of ''N'' words were recited (and memorised) by pairing the first two and last two words and then proceeding as:
<div style="text-align: center;"> '''word1word2, word''N'' − 1word''N''; word2word3, word''N'' − 2word''N'' − 1; ..; word''N'' − 1word''N'', word1word2;'''</div>
The most complex form of recitation, ''{{IAST|ghana-pāṭha}}'' (literally "dense recitation"), according to Filliozat,<ref name="filliozat-p139"/> took the form:
<div style="text-align: center;">'''word1word2, word2word1, word1word2word3, word3word2word1, word1word2word3; word2word3, word3word2, word2word3word4, word4word3word2, word2word3word4; ... '''</div>
That these methods have been effective is testified to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text, the ''[[Rigveda|{{IAST|Ṛgveda}}]]'' (c. 1500 BCE), as a single text, without any variant readings.<ref name=filliozat-p139/> Similar methods were used for memorising mathematical texts, whose transmission remained exclusively oral until the end of the [[Vedic period]] (c. 500 BCE).

===The ''Sutra'' genre===
Mathematical activity in ancient India began as a part of a "methodological reflexion" on the sacred [[Veda]]s, which took the form of works called [[Vedanga|''{{IAST|Vedāṇgas}}'']], or, "Ancillaries of the Veda" (7th–4th century BCE).<ref name=filliozat2004-p140-141>{{Harv|Filliozat|2004|pp=140–141}}</ref> The need to conserve the sound of sacred text by use of [[shiksha|''{{IAST|śikṣā}}'']] ([[phonetics]]) and ''[[chhandas]]'' ([[Metre (poetry)|metric]]s); to conserve its meaning by use of [[vyakarana|''{{IAST|vyākaraṇa}}'']] ([[grammar]]) and ''[[nirukta]]'' ([[etymology]]); and to correctly perform the rites at the correct time by the use of ''[[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpa]]'' ([[ritual]]) and [[jyotisha|''{{IAST|jyotiṣa}}'']] ([[astrology]]), gave rise to the six disciplines of the ''{{IAST|Vedāṇgas}}''.<ref name=filliozat2004-p140-141/> Mathematics arose as a part of the last two disciplines, ritual and astronomy (which also included astrology).
Since the ''{{IAST|Vedāṇgas}}'' immediately preceded the use of writing in ancient India, they formed the last of the exclusively oral literature. They were expressed in a highly compressed mnemonic form, the [[sutra|''sūtra'']] (literally, "thread"):

{{blockquote|The knowers of the ''sūtra'' know it as having few phonemes, being devoid of ambiguity, containing the essence, facing everything, being without pause and unobjectionable.<ref name=filliozat2004-p140-141/>}}

Extreme brevity was achieved through multiple means, which included using [[ellipsis]] "beyond the tolerance of natural language",<ref name=filliozat2004-p140-141/> using technical names instead of longer descriptive names, abridging lists by only mentioning the first and last entries, and using markers and variables.<ref name=filliozat2004-p140-141/> The ''sūtras'' create the impression that communication through the text was "only a part of the whole instruction. The rest of the instruction must have been transmitted by the so-called [[Guru-shishya tradition|''Guru-shishya parampara'']], 'uninterrupted succession from teacher (''guru'') to the student (''śisya''),' and it was not open to the general public" and perhaps even kept secret.<ref>{{Harv|Yano|2006|p=146}}</ref> The brevity achieved in a ''sūtra'' is demonstrated in the following example from the Baudhāyana ''Śulba Sūtra'' (700 BCE).
[[File:Domestic fire altar.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The design of the domestic fire altar in the ''Śulba Sūtra'']]
The domestic fire-altar in the [[Vedic period]] was required by ritual to have a square base and be constituted of five layers of bricks with 21 bricks in each layer. One method of constructing the altar was to divide one side of the square into three equal parts using a cord or rope, to next divide the transverse (or perpendicular) side into seven equal parts, and thereby sub-divide the square into 21 congruent rectangles. The bricks were then designed to be of the shape of the constituent rectangle and the layer was created. To form the next layer, the same formula was used, but the bricks were arranged transversely.<ref name=filliozat2004-p143-144>{{Harv|Filliozat|2004|pp=143–144}}</ref> The process was then repeated three more times (with alternating directions) in order to complete the construction. In the Baudhāyana ''Śulba Sūtra'', this procedure is described in the following words:

{{blockquote|II.64. After dividing the quadri-lateral in seven, one divides the transverse [cord] in three. II.65. In another layer one places the [bricks] North-pointing.<ref name=filliozat2004-p143-144/>}}

According to Filliozat,<ref>{{Harv|Filliozat|2004|p=144}}</ref> the officiant constructing the altar has only a few tools and materials at his disposal: a cord (Sanskrit, ''rajju'', f.), two pegs (Sanskrit, ''śanku'', m.), and clay to make the bricks (Sanskrit, ''{{IAST|iṣṭakā}}'', f.). Concision is achieved in the ''sūtra'', by not explicitly mentioning what the adjective "transverse" qualifies; however, from the feminine form of the (Sanskrit) adjective used, it is easily inferred to qualify "cord." Similarly, in the second stanza, "bricks" are not explicitly mentioned, but inferred again by the feminine plural form of "North-pointing." Finally, the first stanza, never explicitly says that the first layer of bricks are oriented in the east–west direction, but that too is implied by the explicit mention of "North-pointing" in the ''second'' stanza; for, if the orientation was meant to be the same in the two layers, it would either not be mentioned at all or be only mentioned in the first stanza. All these inferences are made by the officiant as he recalls the formula from his memory.<ref name=filliozat2004-p143-144/>

==The written tradition: prose commentary==
With the increasing complexity of mathematics and other exact sciences, both writing and computation were required. Consequently, many mathematical works began to be written down in manuscripts that were then copied and re-copied from generation to generation.

{{blockquote|India today is estimated to have about thirty million manuscripts, the largest body of handwritten reading material anywhere in the world. The literate culture of Indian science goes back to at least the fifth century B.C. ... as is shown by the elements of Mesopotamian omen literature and astronomy that entered India at that time and (were) definitely not ... preserved orally.<ref name=pingree1988b>{{Harv|Pingree|1988|p=638}}</ref>}}

The earliest mathematical prose commentary was that on the work, ''[[Aryabhatiya|{{IAST|Āryabhaṭīya}}]]'' (written 499 CE), a work on astronomy and mathematics. The mathematical portion of the ''{{IAST|Āryabhaṭīya}}'' was composed of 33 ''sūtras'' (in verse form) consisting of mathematical statements or rules, but without any proofs.<ref name=hayashi03-p122-123>{{Harv|Hayashi|2003|pp=122–123}}</ref> However, according to Hayashi,<ref>{{Harv|Hayashi|2003|p=123}}</ref> "this does not necessarily mean that their authors did not prove them. It was probably a matter of style of exposition." From the time of [[Bhaskara I]] (600 CE onwards), prose commentaries increasingly began to include some derivations (''upapatti''). Bhaskara I's commentary on the ''{{IAST|Āryabhaṭīya}}'', had the following structure:<ref name=hayashi03-p122-123/>

*'''Rule''' ('sūtra') in verse by [[Aryabhata|{{IAST|Āryabhaṭa}}]]
*'''Commentary''' by Bhāskara I, consisting of:
**'''Elucidation''' of rule (derivations were still rare then, but became more common later)
**'''Example''' (''uddeśaka'') usually in verse.
**'''Setting''' (''nyāsa/sthāpanā'') of the numerical data.
**'''Working''' (''karana'') of the solution.
**'''Verification''' (''{{IAST|pratyayakaraṇa}}'', literally "to make conviction") of the answer. These became rare by the 13th century, derivations or proofs being favoured by then.<ref name=hayashi03-p122-123/>

Typically, for any mathematical topic, students in ancient India first memorised the ''sūtras'', which, as explained earlier, were "deliberately inadequate"<ref name=pingree1988b/> in explanatory details (in order to pithily convey the bare-bone mathematical rules). The students then worked through the topics of the prose commentary by writing (and drawing diagrams) on chalk- and dust-boards (''i.e.'' boards covered with dust). The latter activity, a staple of mathematical work, was to later prompt mathematician-astronomer, [[Brahmagupta]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 7th century CE), to characterise astronomical computations as "dust work" (Sanskrit: ''dhulikarman'').<ref name="hayashi2003-p119"/>

==Numerals and the decimal number system==
It is well known that the decimal place-value system ''in use today'' was first recorded in India, then transmitted to the Islamic world, and eventually to Europe.<ref name=plofker2007-p395>{{Harv|Plofker|2007|p=395}}</ref> The Syrian bishop [[Severus Sebokht]] wrote in the mid-7th century CE about the "nine signs" of the Indians for expressing numbers.<ref name=plofker2007-p395/> However, how, when, and where the first decimal place value system was invented is not so clear.<ref>{{Harv|Plofker|2007|p=395}}; {{Harv|Plofker|2009|pp=47–48}}</ref>

The earliest extant [[writing system|script]] used in India was the [[Kharoṣṭhī|{{IAST|Kharoṣṭhī}}]] script used in the [[Gandhara]] culture of the north-west. It is thought to be of [[Aramaic]] origin and it was in use from the 4th century BCE to the 4th century CE. Almost contemporaneously, another script, the [[Brāhmī script]], appeared on much of the sub-continent, and would later become the foundation of many scripts of South Asia and South-east Asia. Both scripts had numeral symbols and numeral systems, which were initially ''not'' based on a place-value system.<ref name=hayashi2005-p366>{{Harv|Hayashi|2005|p=366}}</ref>

The earliest surviving evidence of decimal place value numerals in India and southeast Asia is from the middle of the first millennium CE.<ref name=plofker2009-p45>{{Harv|Plofker|2009|p=45}}</ref> A copper plate from Gujarat, India mentions the date 595 CE, written in a decimal place value notation, although there is some doubt as to the authenticity of the plate.<ref name=plofker2009-p45/> Decimal numerals recording the years 683 CE have also been found in stone inscriptions in Indonesia and Cambodia, where Indian cultural influence was substantial.<ref name=plofker2009-p45/>

There are older textual sources, although the extant manuscript copies of these texts are from much later dates.<ref name=plofker2009-p46>{{Harv|Plofker|2009|p=46}}</ref> Probably the earliest such source is the work of the Buddhist philosopher Vasumitra dated likely to the 1st century CE.<ref name=plofker2009-p46/> Discussing the counting pits of merchants, Vasumitra remarks, "When [the same] clay counting-piece is in the place of units, it is denoted as one, when in hundreds, one hundred."<ref name=plofker2009-p46/> Although such references seem to imply that his readers had knowledge of a decimal place value representation, the "brevity of their allusions and the ambiguity of their dates, however, do not solidly establish the chronology of the development of this concept."<ref name=plofker2009-p46/>

A third decimal representation was employed in a verse composition technique, later labelled ''[[Bhuta-sankhya]]'' (literally, "object numbers") used by early Sanskrit authors of technical books.<ref name=plofker2009-p47>{{Harv|Plofker|2009|p=47}}</ref> Since many early technical works were composed in verse, numbers were often represented by objects in the natural or religious world that correspondence to them; this allowed a many-to-one correspondence for each number and made verse composition easier.<ref name=plofker2009-p47/> According to Plofker,<ref name="Plofker 2009">{{Harv|Plofker|2009}}</ref> the number 4, for example, could be represented by the word "[[Veda]]" (since there were four of these religious texts), the number 32 by the word "teeth" (since a full set consists of 32), and the number 1 by "moon" (since there is only one moon).<ref name=plofker2009-p47/> So, Veda/teeth/moon would correspond to the decimal numeral 1324, as the convention for numbers was to enumerate their digits from right to left.<ref name=plofker2009-p47/> The earliest reference employing object numbers is a c. 269 CE Sanskrit text, [[Yavanajataka|''Yavanajātaka'']] (literally "Greek horoscopy") of Sphujidhvaja, a versification of an earlier (c. 150 CE) Indian prose adaptation of a lost work of Hellenistic astrology.<ref>{{Harv|Pingree|1978|p=494}}</ref> Such use seems to make the case that by the mid-3rd century CE, the decimal place value system was familiar, at least to readers of astronomical and astrological texts in India.<ref name=plofker2009-p47/>

It has been hypothesized that the Indian decimal place value system was based on the symbols used on Chinese counting boards from as early as the middle of the first millennium BCE.<ref name=plofker2009-p48>{{Harv|Plofker|2009|p=48}}</ref> According to Plofker,<ref name="Plofker 2009"/> <blockquote>These counting boards, like the Indian counting pits, ..., had a decimal place value structure ... Indians may well have learned of these decimal place value "rod numerals" from Chinese Buddhist pilgrims or other travelers, or they may have developed the concept independently from their earlier non-place-value system; no documentary evidence survives to confirm either conclusion."<ref name=plofker2009-p48/></blockquote>

==Bakhshali Manuscript==
The oldest extant mathematical manuscript in India is the ''[[Bakhshali Manuscript]]'', a birch bark manuscript written in "Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit"<ref name=plofker-brit6/> in the ''Śāradā'' script, which was used in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent between the 8th and 12th centuries CE.<ref name=hayashi2005-371>{{Harv|Hayashi|2005|p=371}}</ref> The manuscript was discovered in 1881 by a farmer while digging in a stone enclosure in the village of Bakhshali, near [[Peshawar]] (then in [[British India]] and now in [[Pakistan]]). Of unknown authorship and now preserved in the [[Bodleian Library]] in the [[University of Oxford]], the manuscript has been dated recently as 224–383 CE.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/illuminating-india-starring-oldest-recorded-origins-zero-bakhshali-manuscript/ | title=Illuminating India: Starring the oldest recorded origins of 'zero', the Bakhshali manuscript | date=14 September 2017 }}</ref>

The surviving manuscript has seventy leaves, some of which are in fragments. Its mathematical content consists of rules and examples, written in verse, together with prose commentaries, which include solutions to the examples.<ref name=hayashi2005-371/> The topics treated include arithmetic (fractions, square roots, profit and loss, simple interest, the [[rule of three (mathematics)|rule of three]], and ''[[regula falsi]]'') and algebra (simultaneous linear equations and [[quadratic equations]]), and arithmetic progressions. In addition, there is a handful of geometric problems (including problems about volumes of irregular solids). The Bakhshali manuscript also "employs a decimal place value system with a dot for zero."<ref name=hayashi2005-371/> Many of its problems are of a category known as 'equalisation problems' that lead to systems of linear equations. One example from Fragment III-5-3v is the following:

{{blockquote|One merchant has seven ''asava'' horses, a second has nine ''haya'' horses, and a third has ten camels. They are equally well off in the value of their animals if each gives two animals, one to each of the others. Find the price of each animal and the total value for the animals possessed by each merchant.<ref name=anton>Anton, Howard and Chris Rorres. 2005. ''Elementary Linear Algebra with Applications.'' 9th edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 864 pages. {{isbn|0-471-66959-8}}.</ref>}}

The prose commentary accompanying the example solves the problem by converting it to three (under-determined) equations in four unknowns and assuming that the prices are all integers.<ref name=anton/>

In 2017, three samples from the manuscript were shown by [[radiocarbon dating]] to come from three different centuries: from 224 to 383 CE, 680–779 CE, and 885–993 CE. It is not known how fragments from different centuries came to be packaged together.<ref name="Devlin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/sep/14/much-ado-about-nothing-ancient-indian-text-contains-earliest-zero-symbol|title=Much ado about nothing: ancient Indian text contains earliest zero symbol|last=Devlin|first=Hannah |date=2017-09-13|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-09-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Mason">{{cite news|url=http://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/reader/items/oxford-radiocarbon-accelerator-unit-dates-the-worlds-oldest-recorded-origin-of-the-zero-symbol.html|title=Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit dates the world's oldest recorded origin of the zero symbol|last=Mason|first=Robyn|date=2017-09-14|work=School of Archaeology, University of Oxford|access-date=2017-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914215605/http://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/reader/items/oxford-radiocarbon-accelerator-unit-dates-the-worlds-oldest-recorded-origin-of-the-zero-symbol.html|archive-date=14 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bodleian Library">{{cite news|url=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bodley/news/2017/sep-14|title=Carbon dating finds Bakhshali manuscript contains oldest recorded origins of the symbol 'zero'|date=2017-09-14|work=Bodleian Library|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>

==Classical period (400–1300)==
{{prose|section|date=March 2026}}
This period is often known as the golden age of Indian Mathematics. This period saw mathematicians such as [[Aryabhata]], [[Varahamihira]], [[Brahmagupta]], [[Bhaskara I]], [[Mahavira (mathematician)|Mahavira]], [[Bhaskara II]], [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]] and [[Nilakantha Somayaji]] give broader and clearer shape to many branches of mathematics. Their contributions would spread to Asia, the Middle East, and eventually to Europe. Unlike Vedic mathematics, their works included both astronomical and mathematical contributions. In fact, mathematics of that period was included in the 'astral science' (''jyotiḥśāstra'') and consisted of three sub-disciplines: mathematical sciences (''gaṇita'' or ''tantra''), horoscope astrology (''horā'' or ''jātaka'') and divination (saṃhitā).<ref name=hayashi2003-p119>{{Harv|Hayashi|2003|p=119}}</ref> This tripartite division is seen in Varāhamihira's 6th century compilation—''Pancasiddhantika''<ref>{{Harv|Neugebauer|Pingree|1970}}</ref> (literally ''panca'', "five", ''siddhānta'', "conclusion of deliberation", dated 575 [[Common Era|CE]])—of five earlier works, [[Surya Siddhanta]], [[Romaka Siddhanta]], [[Paulisa Siddhanta]], [[Vasishtha Siddhanta]] and [[Paitamaha Siddhanta]], which were adaptations of still earlier works of Mesopotamian, Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Indian astronomy. As explained earlier, the main texts were composed in Sanskrit verse, and were followed by prose commentaries.<ref name=hayashi2003-p119/>

===Fourth to sixth centuries===
;Surya Siddhanta

Though its authorship is unknown, the ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'' (c. 400) contains the roots of modern [[trigonometry]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Because it contains many words of foreign origin, some authors consider that it was written under the influence of [[Babylonian mathematics|Mesopotamia]] and Greece.<ref name="Origins of Sulva Sutras and Siddhanta">{{Citation|first=Roger|last=Cooke|author-link=Roger Cooke (mathematician)|title=The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course|publisher=Wiley-Interscience|year=1997|chapter=The Mathematics of the Hindus|isbn=978-0-471-18082-1|quote=The word ''Siddhanta'' means ''that which is proved or established''. The ''Sulva Sutras'' are of Hindu origin, but the ''Siddhantas'' contain so many words of foreign origin that they undoubtedly have roots in [[Mesopotamia]] and Greece.|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000cook/page/197 197]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000cook/page/197}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=April 2017}}

This ancient text uses the following as trigonometric functions for the first time:{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
*Sine (''[[Jya]]'').
*Cosine (''[[Kojya]]'').
*[[Inverse sine]] (''Otkram jya'').

Later Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhata made references to this text, while later [[Arabic]] and [[Latin]] translations were very influential in Europe and the Middle East.

;Chhedi calendar

This Chhedi calendar (594) contains an early use of the modern [[place-value]] [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]] now used universally.

;Aryabhata I

[[Aryabhata]] (476–550) wrote the ''Aryabhatiya.'' He described the important fundamental principles of mathematics in 332 [[shlokas]]. The treatise contained:
*[[Quadratic equation]]s
*[[Trigonometry]]
*The value of [[Pi|π]], correct to 4 decimal places.

Aryabhata also wrote the ''Arya Siddhanta'', which is now lost. Aryabhata's contributions include:

Trigonometry:

(See also : [[Aryabhata's sine table]])

*Introduced the [[trigonometric function]]s.
*Defined the sine (''[[jya]]'') as the modern relationship between half an angle and half a chord.
*Defined the cosine (''[[kojya]]'').
*Defined the [[versine]] (''[[utkrama-jya]]'').
*Defined the inverse sine (''otkram jya'').
*Gave methods of calculating their approximate numerical values.
*Contains the earliest tables of sine, cosine and versine values, in 3.75° intervals from 0° to 90°, to 4 decimal places of accuracy.
*Contains the trigonometric formula sin(''n'' + 1)''x'' − sin ''nx'' = sin ''nx'' − sin(''n'' − 1)''x'' − (1/225)sin ''nx''.
*[[Spherical trigonometry]].

Arithmetic:
*[[Simple continued fraction]]s.

Algebra:
*Solutions of simultaneous quadratic equations.
*Whole number solutions of [[linear equations]] by a method equivalent to the modern method.
*General solution of the indeterminate linear equation .

Mathematical astronomy:
*Accurate calculations for astronomical constants, such as the:
**[[Solar eclipse]].
**[[Lunar eclipse]].
**The formula for the sum of the [[Cube (algebra)|cubes]], which was an important step in the development of integral calculus.<ref name=katz>{{Harv|Katz|1995}}</ref>

;Varahamihira

[[Varahamihira]] (505–587) produced the ''Pancha Siddhanta'' (''The Five Astronomical Canons''). He made important contributions to trigonometry, including sine and cosine tables to 4 decimal places of accuracy and the following formulas relating [[sine]] and [[cosine]] functions:

*<math>\sin^2(x) + \cos^2(x) = 1</math>
*<math>\sin(x)=\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}-x\right)</math>
*<math>\frac{1-\cos(2x)}{2}=\sin^2(x)</math>

===Seventh and eighth centuries===
[[File:Brahmaguptra's theorem.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Brahmagupta's theorem]] states that ''AF'' = ''FD''.]]
In the 7th century, two separate fields, [[arithmetic]] (which included [[measurement]]) and [[algebra]], began to emerge in Indian mathematics. The two fields would later be called ''{{IAST|pāṭī-gaṇita}}'' (literally "mathematics of algorithms") and ''{{IAST|bīja-gaṇita}}'' (lit. "mathematics of seeds", with "seeds"—like the seeds of plants—representing unknowns with the potential to generate, in this case, the solutions of equations).<ref name=hayashi2005-p369>{{Harv|Hayashi|2005|p=369}}</ref> [[Brahmagupta]], in his astronomical work ''[[Brahmasphutasiddhanta|{{IAST|Brāhma Sphuṭa Siddhānta}}]]'' (628 CE), included two chapters (12 and 18) devoted to these fields. Chapter 12, containing 66 Sanskrit verses, was divided into two sections: "basic operations" (including cube roots, fractions, ratio and proportion, and barter) and "practical mathematics" (including mixture, mathematical series, plane figures, stacking bricks, sawing of timber, and piling of grain).<ref name=hayashi2003-p121-122>{{Harv|Hayashi|2003|pp=121–122}}</ref> In the latter section, he stated his famous theorem on the diagonals of a [[cyclic quadrilateral]]:<ref name=hayashi2003-p121-122/>

'''Brahmagupta's theorem:''' If a cyclic quadrilateral has diagonals that are [[perpendicular]] to each other, then the perpendicular line drawn from the point of intersection of the diagonals to any side of the quadrilateral always bisects the opposite side.

Chapter 12 also included a formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral (a generalisation of [[Heron's formula]]), as well as a complete description of [[rational triangle]]s (''i.e.'' triangles with rational sides and rational areas).

'''Brahmagupta's formula:''' The area, ''A'', of a cyclic quadrilateral with sides of lengths ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', respectively, is given by

: <math> A = \sqrt{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)} \, </math>

where ''s'', the [[semiperimeter]], given by <math> s=\frac{a+b+c+d}{2}.</math>

'''Brahmagupta's Theorem on rational triangles:''' A triangle with rational sides <math>a, b, c </math> and rational area is of the form:

:<math>a = \frac{u^2}{v}+v, \ \ b=\frac{u^2}{w}+w, \ \ c=\frac{u^2}{v}+\frac{u^2}{w} - (v+w) </math>
for some rational numbers <math>u, v, </math> and <math> w </math>.<ref>{{Harv|Stillwell|2004|p=77}}</ref>

Chapter 18 contained 103 Sanskrit verses which began with rules for arithmetical operations involving zero and negative numbers<ref name=hayashi2003-p121-122/> and is considered the first systematic treatment of the subject. The rules (which included <math> a + 0 = \ a</math> and <math> a \times 0 = 0 </math>) were all correct, with one exception: <math> \frac{0}{0} = 0 </math>.<ref name=hayashi2003-p121-122/> Later in the chapter, he gave the first explicit (although still not completely general) solution of the '''[[quadratic equation]]''':

:<math>\ ax^2+bx=c</math>

{{blockquote|To the absolute number multiplied by four times the [coefficient of the] square, add the square of the [coefficient of the] middle term; the square root of the same, less the [coefficient of the] middle term, being divided by twice the [coefficient of the] square is the value.<ref name=stillwell2004-p87>{{Harv|Stillwell|2004|p=87}}</ref>}}

This is equivalent to:

:<math>x = \frac{\sqrt{4ac+b^2}-b}{2a} </math>

Also in chapter 18, Brahmagupta was able to make progress in finding (integral) solutions of '''[[Pell's equation]]''',<ref name=stillwell2004-p72-73>{{Harv|Stillwell|2004|pp=72–73}}</ref>
:<math>\ x^2-Ny^2=1, </math>
where <math>N</math> is a nonsquare integer. He did this by discovering the following identity:<ref name=stillwell2004-p72-73/>

'''Brahmagupta's Identity:''' <math> \ (x^2-Ny^2)(x'^2-Ny'^2) = (xx'+Nyy')^2 - N(xy'+x'y)^2 </math>
which was a generalisation of an earlier identity of [[Diophantus]]:<ref name=stillwell2004-p72-73/> Brahmagupta used his identity to prove the following lemma:<ref name=stillwell2004-p72-73/>

'''Lemma (Brahmagupta):''' If <math>x=x_1,\ \ y=y_1 \ \ </math> is a solution of <math> \ \ x^2 - Ny^2 = k_1, </math> and,
<math> x=x_2, \ \ y=y_2 \ \ </math> is a solution of <math> \ \ x^2 - Ny^2 = k_2, </math>, then:
:<math> x=x_1x_2+Ny_1y_2,\ \ y=x_1y_2+x_2y_1 \ \ </math> is a solution of <math> \ x^2-Ny^2=k_1k_2</math>

He then used this lemma to both generate infinitely many (integral) solutions of Pell's equation, given one solution, and state the following theorem:

'''Theorem (Brahmagupta):''' If the equation <math> \ x^2 - Ny^2 =k </math> has an integer solution for any one of <math> \ k=\pm 4, \pm 2, -1 </math> then Pell's equation:
:<math> \ x^2 -Ny^2 = 1 </math>
also has an integer solution.<ref name=stillwell2004-p74-76>{{Harv|Stillwell|2004|pp=74–76}}</ref>

Brahmagupta did not actually prove the theorem, but rather worked out examples using his method. The first example he presented was:<ref name=stillwell2004-p72-73/>

'''Example (Brahmagupta):''' Find integers <math>\ x,\ y\ </math> such that:
:<math>\ x^2 - 92y^2=1 </math>
In his commentary, Brahmagupta added, "a person solving this problem within a year is a mathematician."<ref name=stillwell2004-p72-73/> The solution he provided was:
:<math>\ x=1151, \ y=120 </math>

;Bhaskara I

[[Bhaskara I]] (c. 600–680) expanded the work of Aryabhata in his books titled ''Mahabhaskariya'', ''Aryabhatiya-bhashya'' and ''Laghu-bhaskariya''. He produced:
*Solutions of indeterminate equations.
*A rational approximation of the [[sine function]].
*A formula for calculating the sine of an acute angle without the use of a table, correct to two decimal places.

===Ninth to twelfth centuries===
;Virasena

[[Virasena]] (8th century) was a Jain mathematician in the court of [[Rashtrakuta]] King [[Amoghavarsha]] of [[Manyakheta]], Karnataka. He wrote the ''Dhavala'', a commentary on Jain mathematics, which:
*Deals with the concept of ''ardhaccheda'', the number of times a number could be halved, and lists various rules involving this operation. This coincides with the [[binary logarithm]] when applied to [[power of two|powers of two]],<ref>{{citation| contribution=History of Mathematics in India|title=Students' Britannica India: Select essays|editor1-first=Dale|editor1-last=Hoiberg|editor2-first=Indu|editor2-last=Ramchandani|first=R. C.|last=Gupta |page=329|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000| contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC&q=Virasena+logarithm&pg=PA329}}</ref><ref name="Dhavala">{{Citation|first=A. N.|last=Singh|place=Lucknow University |title=Mathematics of Dhavala|url=http://www.jainworld.com/JWHindi/Books/shatkhandagama-4/02.htm|access-date=31 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511032215/http://www.jainworld.com/JWHindi/Books/shatkhandagama-4/02.htm |archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> but differs on other numbers, more closely resembling the [[p-adic order|2-adic order]].
Virasena also gave:
*The derivation of the [[volume]] of a [[frustum]] by a sort of infinite procedure.
It is thought that much of the mathematical material in the ''Dhavala'' can attributed to previous writers, especially Kundakunda, Shamakunda, Tumbulura, Samantabhadra and Bappadeva and date who wrote between 200 and 600 CE.<ref name="Dhavala"/>

;Mahavira

[[Mahavira (mathematician)|Mahavira Acharya]] (c. 800–870) from [[Karnataka]], the last of the notable Jain mathematicians, lived in the 9th century and was patronised by the Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha. He wrote a book titled ''Ganit Saar Sangraha'' on numerical mathematics, and also wrote treatises about a wide range of mathematical topics. These include the mathematics of:
*[[0 (number)|Zero]]
*[[Square (algebra)|Squares]]
*[[Cube (arithmetic)|Cubes]]
*[[square root]]s, [[cube root]]s, and the [[series (mathematics)|series]] extending beyond these
* Plane geometry
*[[Solid geometry]]
*Problems relating to the casting of [[shadows]]
*Formulae derived to calculate the area of an [[ellipse]] and [[quadrilateral]] inside a [[circle]].

Mahavira also:
*Asserted that the square root of a [[negative number]] did not exist
*Gave the sum of a series whose terms are [[square (algebra)|square]]s of an [[arithmetical progression]], and gave empirical rules for area and [[perimeter]] of an ellipse.
*Solved cubic equations.
*Solved quartic equations.
*Solved some [[quintic equation]]s and higher-order [[polynomial]]s.
*Gave the general solutions of the higher order polynomial equations:
**<math>\ ax^n = q</math>
**<math>a \frac{x^n - 1}{x - 1} = p</math>
*Solved indeterminate quadratic equations.
*Solved indeterminate cubic equations.
*Solved indeterminate higher order equations.

;Shridhara

[[Shridhara]] (c. 870–930), who lived in [[Bengal]], wrote the books titled ''Nav Shatika'', ''Tri Shatika'' and ''Pati Ganita''. He gave:
*A good rule for finding the volume of a [[sphere]].
*The formula for solving [[quadratic equation]]s.

The ''Pati Ganita'' is a work on arithmetic and [[measurement]]. It deals with various operations, including:
*Elementary operations
*Extracting square and cube roots.
*Fractions.
*Eight rules given for operations involving zero.
*Methods of [[summation]] of different arithmetic and geometric series, which were to become standard references in later works.

;Manjula

Aryabhata's equations were elaborated in the 10th century by Manjula (also ''Munjala''), who realised that the expression<ref name=Joseph-298-300>Joseph (2000), p. 298–300.</ref>
: <math>\ \sin w' - \sin w</math>

could be approximately expressed as

: <math>\ (w' - w)\cos w</math>

This was elaborated by his later successor Bhaskara ii thereby finding the derivative of sine.<ref name=Joseph-298-300/>

;Aryabhata II

[[Aryabhata II]] (c. 920–1000) wrote a commentary on Shridhara, and an astronomical treatise ''[[Maha-Siddhanta]]''. The Maha-Siddhanta has 18 chapters, and discusses:
*Numerical mathematics (''Ank Ganit'').
*Algebra.
*Solutions of indeterminate equations (''kuttaka'').

;Shripati

[[Sripati|Shripati Mishra]] (1019–1066) wrote the books ''Siddhanta Shekhara'', a major work on astronomy in 19 chapters, and ''Ganit Tilaka'', an incomplete [[arithmetic]]al treatise in 125 verses based on a work by Shridhara. He worked mainly on:
*[[Permutation|Permutations and combinations]].
*General solution of the simultaneous indeterminate linear equation.

He was also the author of ''Dhikotidakarana'', a work of twenty verses on:
*[[Solar eclipse]].
*[[Lunar eclipse]].

The ''Dhruvamanasa'' is a work of 105 verses on:
*Calculating planetary [[longitude]]s
*[[eclipse]]s.
*planetary [[Astronomical transit|transits]].

;Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravati

Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravati (c. 1100) authored a mathematical treatise titled ''Gome-mat Saar''.

;Bhaskara II

[[Bhāskara II]] (1114–1185) was a mathematician-astronomer who wrote a number of important treatises, namely the ''Siddhanta Shiromani'', ''[[Lilavati]]'', ''[[Bijaganita]]'', ''Gola Addhaya'', ''Griha Ganitam'' and ''Karan Kautoohal''. A number of his contributions were later transmitted to the Middle East and Europe. His contributions include:

Arithmetic:
*Interest computation
*Arithmetical and geometrical progressions
*Plane geometry
*Solid geometry
*The shadow of the [[gnomon]]
*Solutions of [[combinations]]
*Gave a proof for division by zero being [[infinity]].

Algebra:
*The recognition of a positive number having two square roots.
*[[Nth root|Surds]].
*Operations with products of several unknowns.
*The solutions of:
**Quadratic equations.
**Cubic equations.
**Quartic equations.
**Equations with more than one unknown.
**Quadratic equations with more than one unknown.
**The general form of [[Pell's equation]] using the [[chakravala method|''chakravala'' method]].
**The general indeterminate quadratic equation using the ''chakravala'' method.
**Indeterminate cubic equations.
**Indeterminate quartic equations.
**Indeterminate higher-order polynomial equations.

Geometry:
*Gave a proof of the [[Pythagorean theorem]].

Calculus:
*Preliminary concept of differentiation
*Discovered the [[differential coefficient]].
*Stated early form of [[Rolle's theorem]], a special case of the [[mean value theorem]] (one of the most important theorems of calculus and analysis).
*In his astronomical work, Bhāskara gives a result that looks like a precursor to infinitesimal methods: if <math>x \approx y</math> then <math>\sin(y) - \sin(x) \approx (y - x)\cos(y)</math>. This can be interpreted as the discovery that cosine is the derivative of sine, although he did not develop the notion of a derivative.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |first=Roger |last=Cooke |title=The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |year=1997 |chapter=The Mathematics of the Hindus |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000cook/page/213 213–215] |isbn=0-471-18082-3 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000cook/page/213}}</ref>
*Computed [[Pi|π]], correct to five decimal places.
*Calculated the solar year to 9 decimal places.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooke |first=Roger |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000cook |title=The history of mathematics : a brief course |date=1997 |publisher=New York : Wiley |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-471-18082-1}}</ref>

Trigonometry:
*Developments of [[spherical trigonometry]]
*The trigonometric formulas:
**<math>\ \sin(a+b)=\sin(a) \cos(b) + \sin(b) \cos(a)</math>
**<math>\ \sin(a-b)=\sin(a) \cos(b) - \sin(b) \cos(a)</math>

==Medieval and early modern mathematics (1300–1800)==

=== Navya-Nyaya ===
{{Main|Navya-Nyāya}}
The Navya-Nyāya or Neo-Logical darśana (school) of Indian philosophy was founded in the 13th century by the philosopher [[Gangesha Upadhyaya]] of [[Mithila (India)|Mithila]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vidyabhusana |first=Satis Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lG85RD9YZoC |title=A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1920 |isbn=9788120805651 |location=Delhi |pages=405–6 |language=en}}</ref> It was a development of the classical Nyāya darśana. Other influences on Navya-Nyāya were the work of earlier philosophers [[Vācaspati Miśra]] (900–980 CE) and [[Udayana]] (late 10th century).

Gangeśa's book [[Tattvacintāmaṇi]] ("Thought-Jewel of Reality") was written partly in response to Śrīharśa's Khandanakhandakhādya, a defence of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedānta]], which had offered a set of thorough criticisms of Nyāya theories of thought and language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Satis Chandra Vidyabhusana |url=https://archive.org/details/historyindianlog00vidy |title=A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools |date=1920 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |isbn=9788120805651 |location=Delhi |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindianlog00vidy/page/n438 405]}}</ref> Navya-Nyāya developed a sophisticated language and conceptual scheme that allowed it to raise, analyze, and solve problems in logic and epistemology. It involves naming each object to be analyzed, identifying a distinguishing characteristic for the named object, and verifying the appropriateness of the defining characteristic using ''pramanas''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ganeri |first=Jonardon |title=Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India |date=2023 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/entries/early-modern-india/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |edition=Winter 2023 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref>

=== Kerala School ===
{{Main|Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics}}
[[File:Kerala school chain of teachers.jpg|thumb|Chain of teachers of [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]]]
[[File:Pages_from_Yuktibhasa.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Pages from the [[Yuktibhāṣā|Yuktibhasa]] c.1530]]
The [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] was founded by [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]] in Kerala, [[South India]] and included among its members: [[Parameshvara]], [[Neelakanta Somayaji]], [[Jyeshtadeva]], [[Achyuta Pisharati]], [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] and Achyuta Panikkar. It flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school astronomers ''independently'' created a number of important mathematics concepts. The most important results, series expansion for [[trigonometric function]]s, were given in [[Sanskrit]] verse in a book by Neelakanta called ''Tantrasangraha'' and a commentary on this work called ''Tantrasangraha-vakhya'' of unknown authorship. The theorems were stated without proof, but proofs for the series for ''sine'', ''cosine'', and inverse ''tangent'' were provided a century later in the work ''[[Yuktibhāṣā]]'' (c.1500–c.1610), written in [[Malayalam]], by [[Jyesthadeva]].<ref name="roy">{{Harv|Roy|1990}}</ref>

Their discovery of these three important series expansions of [[calculus]]—several centuries before calculus was developed in Europe by [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Gottfried Leibniz]]—was an achievement. However, the Kerala School did not invent ''calculus'',<ref name=bressoud/> because, while they were able to develop [[Taylor series]] expansions for the important [[trigonometric functions]], they developed neither a theory of [[Derivative|differentiation]] or [[Integral|integration]], nor the [[fundamental theorem of calculus]].<ref name=katz/> The results obtained by the Kerala school include:

*The (infinite) [[geometric series]]: <math> \frac{1}{1-x} = 1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4+ \cdots\text{ for }|x|<1 </math><ref name=singh>{{Harv|Singh|1936}}</ref>
*A semi-rigorous proof (see "induction" remark below) of the result: <math>1^p+ 2^p + \cdots + n^p \approx \frac{n^{p+1}}{p+1}</math> for large ''n''.<ref name=roy/>
*Intuitive use of [[mathematical induction]], however, the ''[[Mathematical induction#Description|inductive hypothesis]]'' was not formulated or employed in proofs.<ref name=roy/>
*Applications of ideas from (what was to become) differential and integral calculus to obtain [[Taylor's theorem|(Taylor–Maclaurin) infinite series]] for sin x, cos x, and arctan x.<ref name=bressoud>{{Harv|Bressoud|2002}}</ref> The ''Tantrasangraha-vakhya'' gives the series in verse, which when translated to mathematical notation, can be written as:<ref name=roy/>
:: <math>r\arctan\left(\frac{y}{x}\right) = \frac{1}{1}\cdot\frac{ry}{x} -\frac{1}{3}\cdot\frac{ry^3}{x^3} + \frac{1}{5}\cdot\frac{ry^5}{x^5} - \cdots ,\text{ where }y/x \leq 1. </math>
:: <math>r\sin x = x - x \frac{x^2}{(2^2+2)r^2} + x \frac{x^2}{(2^2+2)r^2}\cdot\frac{x^2}{(4^2+4)r^2} - \cdots </math>
:: <math> r - \cos x = r \frac{x^2}{(2^2-2)r^2} - r \frac{x^2}{(2^2-2)r^2} \frac{x^2}{(4^2-4)r^2} + \cdots, </math>
: where, for ''r'' = 1, the series reduces to the standard power series for these trigonometric functions, for example:
::<math>\sin x = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \frac{x^7}{7!} + \cdots </math>
: and
::<math>\cos x = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} - \frac{x^6}{6!} + \cdots </math>
*Use of rectification (computation of length) of the arc of a circle to give a proof of these results. (The later method of Leibniz, using quadrature, ''i.e.'' computation of ''area under'' the arc of the circle, was ''not'' used.)<ref name=roy/>
*Use of the series expansion of <math>\arctan x</math> to obtain the [[Leibniz formula for π]]:<ref name=roy/>
:: <math>\frac{\pi}{4} = 1 - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} - \frac{1}{7} + \cdots </math>
*A rational approximation of ''error'' for the finite sum of their series of interest. For example, the error, <math>f_i(n+1)</math>, (for ''n'' odd, and ''i'' = 1, 2, 3) for the series:
:: <math>\frac{\pi}{4} \approx 1 - \frac{1}{3}+ \frac{1}{5} - \cdots + (-1)^{(n-1)/2}\frac{1}{n} + (-1)^{(n+1)/2}f_i(n+1)</math>
:: <math>\text{where }f_1(n) = \frac{1}{2n}, \ f_2(n) = \frac{n/2}{n^2+1}, \ f_3(n) = \frac{(n/2)^2+1}{(n^2+5)n/2}.</math>
*Manipulation of error term to derive a faster converging series for <math>\pi</math>:<ref name=roy/>
:: <math>\frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{3}{4} + \frac{1}{3^3-3} - \frac{1}{5^3-5} + \frac{1}{7^3-7} - \cdots </math>
*Using the improved series to derive a rational expression,<ref name=roy/> 104348/33215 for ''π'' correct up to ''nine'' decimal places, ''i.e.'' 3.141592653.
*Use of an intuitive notion of limit to compute these results.<ref name=roy/>
*A semi-rigorous (see remark on limits above) method of differentiation of some trigonometric functions.<ref name=katz/> However, they did not formulate the notion of a ''function'', or have knowledge of the exponential or logarithmic functions.

The works of the Kerala school were first written up for the Western world by Englishman [[C.M. Whish]] in 1835. According to Whish, the Kerala mathematicians had "''laid the foundation for a complete system of fluxions''" and these works abounded "''with fluxional forms and series to be found in no work of foreign countries.''"<ref name="whish">{{Harv|Whish|1835}}</ref>

However, Whish's results were almost completely neglected, until over a century later, when the discoveries of the Kerala school were investigated again by C. Rajagopal and his associates. Their work includes commentaries on the proofs of the arctan series in ''Yuktibhāṣā'' given in two papers,<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rajagopal | first1 = C. | last2 = Rangachari | first2 = M. S. | year = 1949 | title = A Neglected Chapter of Hindu Mathematics | journal = [[Scripta Mathematica]] | volume = 15 | pages = 201–209 | postscript = . }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rajagopal | first1 = C. | last2 = Rangachari | first2 = M. S. | year = 1951 | title = On the Hindu proof of Gregory's series | journal = [[Scripta Mathematica]] | volume = 17 | pages = 65–74 | postscript = . }}</ref> a commentary on the ''Yuktibhāṣā'''s proof of the sine and cosine series<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rajagopal | first1 = C. | last2 = Venkataraman | first2 = A. | year = 1949 | title = The sine and cosine power series in Hindu mathematics | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (Science) | volume = 15 | pages = 1–13 | postscript = . }}</ref> and two papers that provide the Sanskrit verses of the ''Tantrasangrahavakhya'' for the series for arctan, sin, and cosine (with English translation and commentary).<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rajagopal | first1 = C. | last2 = Rangachari | first2 = M. S. | year = 1977 | title = On an untapped source of medieval Keralese mathematics | doi = 10.1007/BF00348142 | journal = Archive for History of Exact Sciences | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 89–102 | s2cid = 51861422 | postscript = . }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rajagopal | first1 = C. | last2 = Rangachari | first2 = M. S. | year = 1986 | title = On Medieval Kerala Mathematics | journal = Archive for History of Exact Sciences | volume = 35 | issue = 2| pages = 91–99 | doi = 10.1007/BF00357622 | s2cid = 121678430 | postscript = . }}</ref>

Parameshvara (c. 1370–1460) wrote commentaries on the works of [[Bhaskara I]], [[Aryabhata]] and Bhaskara II. His ''Lilavati Bhasya'', a commentary on Bhaskara II's ''Lilavati'', contains one of his important discoveries: a version of the [[mean value theorem]]. [[Nilakantha Somayaji]] (1444–1544) composed the ''Tantra Samgraha'' (which 'spawned' a later anonymous commentary ''Tantrasangraha-vyakhya'' and a further commentary by the name ''Yuktidipaika'', written in 1501). He elaborated and extended the contributions of Madhava.

[[Citrabhanu]] (c. 1530) was a 16th-century mathematician from Kerala who gave integer solutions to 21 types of systems of two [[simultaneous equation|simultaneous]] algebraic equations in two unknowns. These types are all the possible pairs of equations of the following seven forms:
: <math>
\begin{align}
& x + y = a,\ x - y = b,\ xy = c, x^2 + y^2 = d, \\[8pt]
& x^2 - y^2 = e,\ x^3 + y^3 = f,\ x^3 - y^3 = g
\end{align}
</math>

For each case, Citrabhanu gave an explanation and justification of his rule as well as an example. Some of his explanations are algebraic, while others are geometric. [[Jyesthadeva]] (c. 1500–1575) was another member of the Kerala School. His key work was the ''Yukti-bhāṣā'' (written in Malayalam, a regional language of Kerala). Jyesthadeva presented proofs of most mathematical theorems and infinite series earlier discovered by Madhava and other Kerala School mathematicians.

=== Others ===
[[Narayana Pandit]] was a 14th century mathematician who composed two important mathematical works, an arithmetical treatise, ''Ganita Kaumudi'', and an algebraic treatise, ''Bijganita Vatamsa''. ''Ganita Kaumudi'' is one of the most revolutionary works in the field of combinatorics with developing a method for [[Permutation#Generation in lexicographic order|systematic generation of all permutations]] of a given sequence.
In his ''Ganita Kaumudi'' Narayana proposed the following problem on a herd of cows and calves:
{{blockquote|A cow produces one calf every year. Beginning in its fourth year, each calf produces one calf at the beginning of each year. How many cows and calves are there altogether after 20 years?}}
Translated into the modern mathematical language of [[Recurrence relation|recurrence sequences]]:
:{{math|1= Nn = Nn-1 + Nn-3}} for {{math|n > 2}},
with initial values
:{{math|1= N0 = N1 = N2 = 1}}.

The first few terms are 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 19, 28, 41, 60, 88,... {{OEIS|A000930}}.
The limit ratio between consecutive terms is the [[supergolden ratio]].
. Narayana is also thought to be the author of an elaborate commentary of [[Bhaskara II]]'s [[Lilavati]], titled [[Ganita Kaumudi|G''anita Kaumudia'']](or ''Karma-Paddhati'').<ref>{{Citation |last=Divakaran |first=P. P. |title=The Mathematics of India |chapter=From 500 BCE to 500 CE |date=2018 |series=Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences |pages=143–173 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1774-3_6 |access-date=2024-06-18 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1774-3_6 |isbn=978-981-13-1773-6}}</ref>

==Charges of Eurocentrism==
It has been suggested that Indian contributions to mathematics have not been given due acknowledgement in modern history and that many discoveries and inventions by [[Indian mathematicians]] are presently culturally attributed to their [[Western world|Western]] counterparts, as a result of [[Eurocentrism]]. According to G. G. Joseph's take on "[[Ethnomathematics]]":

<blockquote>[Their work] takes on board some of the objections raised about the classical Eurocentric trajectory. The awareness [of Indian and Arabic mathematics] is all too likely to be tempered with dismissive rejections of their importance compared to Greek mathematics. The contributions from other civilisations – most notably China and India, are perceived either as borrowers from Greek sources or having made only minor contributions to mainstream mathematical development. An openness to more recent research findings, especially in the case of Indian and Chinese mathematics, is sadly missing"<ref>Joseph, G. G., 1997. "Foundations of Eurocentrism in Mathematics". In ''Ethnomathematics: Challenging Eurocentrism in Mathematics Education'' (Eds. Powell, A. B. et al.). SUNY Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-3352-8}}. p.67-68.</ref></blockquote>

Historian of mathematics [[Florian Cajori]] wrote that he and others "suspect that [[Diophantus]] got his first glimpse of algebraic knowledge from India".<ref>{{Citation
| last = Cajori
| first = Florian
| author-link = Florian Cajori
| title = A History of Mathematics P 86
| year = 1893
| publisher = Macmillan & Co.
| chapter = The Hindoos
| quote = In algebra, there was probably a mutual giving and receiving [between Greece and India]. We suspect that Diophantus got his first glimpse of algebraic knowledge from India
}}
</ref> He also wrote that "it is certain that portions of Hindu mathematics are of Greek origin".<ref>Florian Cajori (2010). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ2Us3F7dSwC&pg=PA94 A History of Elementary Mathematics – With Hints on Methods of Teaching]''". p.94. {{ISBN|1-4460-2221-8}}</ref>

More recently, as discussed in the above section, the infinite series of [[calculus]] for trigonometric functions (rediscovered by Gregory, Taylor, and Maclaurin in the late 17th century) were described in India, by mathematicians of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics|Kerala school]], some two centuries earlier. Some scholars have recently suggested that knowledge of these results might have been transmitted to Europe through the trade route from [[Kerala]] by traders and [[Jesuit]] missionaries.<ref name=almeida/> Kerala was in continuous contact with China and [[Arabia]], and, from around 1500, with Europe. The fact that the communication routes existed and the chronology is suitable certainly make such transmission a possibility. However, no evidence of transmission has been found.<ref name=almeida>{{Citation | last1 = Almeida | first1 = D. F. | last2 = John | first2 = J. K. | last3 = Zadorozhnyy | first3 = A. | year = 2001 | title = Keralese Mathematics: Its Possible Transmission to Europe and the Consequential Educational Implications | journal = Journal of Natural Geometry | volume = 20 | pages = 77–104 | postscript = . }}</ref> According to [[David Bressoud]], "there is no evidence that the Indian work of series was known beyond India, or even outside of Kerala, until the nineteenth century".<ref name=bressoud/><ref name=gold>{{Citation | last1 = Gold | first1 = D. | last2 = Pingree | first2 = D. | year = 1991 | title = A hitherto unknown Sanskrit work concerning Madhava's derivation of the power series for sine and cosine | journal = Historia Scientiarum | volume = 42 | pages = 49–65 | postscript = . }}</ref>

Both Arab and Indian scholars made discoveries before the 17th century that are now considered a part of calculus.<ref name=katz/> However, they did not (as [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] and [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]] did) "combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the [[derivative]] and the [[integral]], show the connection between the two, and turn calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today".<ref name=katz/> The intellectual careers of both Newton and Leibniz are well-documented and there is no indication of their work not being their own;<ref name=katz/> however, it is not known with certainty whether the immediate ''predecessors'' of Newton and Leibniz, "including, in particular, Fermat and Roberval, [may have] learned of some of the ideas of the Islamic and Indian mathematicians through sources we are not now aware."<ref name=katz/> This is an area of current research, especially in the manuscript collections of Spain and [[Maghreb]], and is being pursued, among other places, at the [[CNRS]].<ref name=katz/>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
*[[Shulba Sutras]]
*[[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]
*[[Surya Siddhanta]]
*[[Brahmagupta]]
*[[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]
*[[Bakhshali manuscript]]
*[[List of Indian mathematicians]]
*[[Indian science and technology]]
*[[Indian logic]]
*[[Indian astronomy]]
*[[History of mathematics]]
*[[List of numbers in Hindu scriptures]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

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}}

==Further reading==
===Source books in Sanskrit===
*{{Citation
| last1=Keller
| first1=Agathe
| year=2006
| title=Expounding the Mathematical Seed. Vol. 1: The Translation: A Translation of Bhaskara I on the Mathematical Chapter of the Aryabhatiya
| publisher=Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag, 172 pages
| isbn=978-3-7643-7291-0
}}.
*{{Citation
| last1=Keller
| first1=Agathe
| year=2006
| title=Expounding the Mathematical Seed. Vol. 2: The Supplements: A Translation of Bhaskara I on the Mathematical Chapter of the Aryabhatiya
| publisher=Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag, 206 pages
| isbn=978-3-7643-7292-7
}}.
*{{Citation
| editor1-last=Sarma
| editor1-first=K. V.
| editor1-link=K. V. Sarma
| year=1976
| title={{IAST|Āryabhaṭīya}} of {{IAST|Āryabhaṭa}} with the commentary of Sūryadeva Yajvan
| publisher=critically edited with Introduction and Appendices, New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy
}}.
*{{Citation
| editor1-last=Sen
| editor1-first=S. N.
| editor2-last=Bag
| editor2-first=A. K.
| year=1983
| title=The Śulbasūtras of Baudhāyana, Āpastamba, Kātyāyana and Mānava
| publisher=with Text, English Translation and Commentary, New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy
}}.
*{{Citation
| editor1-last=Shukla
| editor1-first=K. S.
| year=1976
| title={{IAST|Āryabhaṭīya}} of {{IAST|Āryabhaṭa}} with the commentary of Bhāskara I and Someśvara
| publisher=critically edited with Introduction, English Translation, Notes, Comments and Indexes, New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy
}}.
*{{Citation
| editor1-last=Shukla
| editor1-first=K. S.
| year=1988
| title={{IAST|Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa}}
| publisher=critically edited with Introduction, English Translation, Notes, Comments and Indexes, in collaboration with [[K.V. Sarma]], New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy
}}.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120627102333/http://www.indohistory.com/science_and_mathematics.html Science and Mathematics in India]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021015003732/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Indian_mathematics.html An overview of Indian mathematics], ''[[MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive]]'', [[St Andrews University]], 2000.
*[http://www.famousmathematicians.net/famous-indian-mathematicians/ Indian Mathematicians]
*[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Indians.html Index of Ancient Indian mathematics], ''MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive'', St Andrews University, 2004.
*[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Projects/Pearce Indian Mathematics: Redressing the balance], [http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Projects Student Projects in the History of Mathematics]. Ian Pearce. ''MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive'', St Andrews University, 2002.
* {{In Our Time|Indian Mathematics|p0038xb0}}
* [http://cs.annauniv.edu/insight/index.htm InSIGHT 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060225014918/http://cs.annauniv.edu/insight/index.htm |date=25 February 2006 }}, a workshop on traditional Indian sciences for school children conducted by the Computer Science department of Anna University, Chennai, India.
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxearzN4q-babEVJZ2g0VnZCQzA/view?usp=sharing Mathematics in ancient India by R. Sridharan]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxearzN4q-baeVBEZ1RoUVJrcG8/view Combinatorial methods in ancient India ]
* [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxearzN4q-baaXZFcE5fZGk0SW8/view Mathematics before S. Ramanujan]
{{India topics}}
{{History of mathematics}}
{{histOfScience}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Mathematics}}
[[Category:Indian mathematics| ]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]

YouTube (channel)

2026-03-15T04:43:34Z

99notes: add lead further and added references

#REDIRECT [[YouTube (YouTube channel)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from other disambiguation}}
}}

Harishchandra Shaibya

2026-03-07T07:29:53Z

99notes: updated page

{{Short description|1985 Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Harishchandra Shaibya''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Religious films|religious]] [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by Ardhendu Chatterjee<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=Harishchandra+Shaibya&pg=PT261|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|last=Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen|date=10 July 2014|website=|isbn=9781135943189|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harishchandra Shaibya (1985) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/harishchandra-shaibya-34464|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124070726/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/harishchandra-shaibya-34464|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2020|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> based on [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] story of legendary King [[Harishchandra]]. This film was released on 30 August 1985 under the banner of B. B. M. Group Of Production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/harishchandra-shaibya-movie/14534|title=About Harishchandra Shaibya|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201940/http://www.gomolo.com/harishchandra-shaibya-movie/14534|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Harishchandra Shaibya (1984)|url=https://indiancine.ma/YOO|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

==Plot==
This film tells the story of the life of King ''Harishchandra'' who gave away his kingdom, sold his family and agreed to be a slave to fulfill the promise and truthfulness.

==Cast==
* [[Biswajit Chatterjee]] as [[Harishchandra]]
* [[Sandhya Roy]] as [[Shaivya (queen)|Shaibya]]
* [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty|Chiranjit]]
* [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Sage [[Viswamitra]]
* [[Utpal Dutt]] as [[Yama|Dharmaraj]]
* [[Alka Nupur]] as [[Menaka]]
* [[Anoop Kumar]] as Malavya
* [[Tapas Paul]] (guest appearance)
* [[Shekhar Chatterjee]]
* Satya Bandopadhyay as Sage [[Vasistha]]
* Sumitra Mukhopadhyay

==Soundtrack==
Music by [[Ravindra Jain]]. Lyrics by Bibhuti Mukhopadhyay. Songs sung by [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhonsle]], [[Aarti Mukherjee]], [[Hemant Mukherjee]], [[Manna De]], [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]], [[Yesudas]].<ref name=":0" /> 1 song which Ravindra Jain sang was excluded from the film.<ref>{{Citation |title=Thakur Tomar Eki Hoilo - YouTube Music |url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=_KCX0P1Iw3M |language=en |access-date=2022-04-10}}</ref>
<ol type="a">
<li> Drama Drimi Drimi - [[Kishore Kumar]]</li>
<li> O Ma Patito Paboni Gonge - [[Kishore Kumar]]</li>
<li> Keno Mukhe - [[Asha Bhonsle]]</li>
<li> Shunaho Manush Bhai - [[Hemant Mukherjee]]</li>
<li> Shunno Holo Ajodha - [[Manna De]]</li>
<li> Bhor Hoilo Phool Phutilo - Manna De, [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]
<li> Bhalo Koro - Hemlata
<li> Tamasi Mam Jivanam - [[Aarti Mukherjee]]
<li> Om Namah Shivay - [[K. J. Yesudas|Yesudas]], Aarti Mukherjee
<li> Shlok - Yesudas, Aarti Mukherjee
<li> Thakur Tomar Ae Ki Leela - [[Ravindra Jain]]
</ol>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1523452}}

[[Category:1985 fantasy films]]
[[Category:1985 drama films]]
[[Category:1980s fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:1985 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1985 in religion]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]
[[Category:Epic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Religious fantasy films]]
[[Category:Religious drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Religion in fantasy fiction]]
[[Category:Films about kings]]
[[Category:Films about Raja Harishchandra]]

Ajogyo

2026-03-04T00:12:06Z

99notes: made a stub v1...

{{Short description|2024 Bengali film by Kaushik Ganguly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Ajogyo
| image = File:Ajogyo 2024.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| producer = Surinder Singh Nispal Singh
| screenplay = Kaushik Ganguly
| story = Kaushik Ganguly
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Silajit Majumder]] [[Lily Chakravarty]]
| music = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] [[Anupam Roy]] [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]]
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| editing = Subhajit Singha
| studio = [[Surinder Films]]
| distributor = [[Surinder Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|06|07}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| gross =
| budget =
}}

'''''Ajogyo''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film written and directed by [[Kaushik Ganguly]]. The film stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Silajit Majumder]] and [[Lily Chakravarty]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogyo trailer: Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta's 50th film together explores unrequited love |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ajogyo-trailer-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-rituparna-senguptas-50th-film-together-explores-unrequited-love/cid/2020649 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=18 May 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] and [[Sudip Mukherjee]] play other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogyo Trailer: Rituparna Sengupta & Prosenjit reunite for their 50th film |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ajogyo-trailer-rituparna-sengupta-prosenjit-reunite-for-their-50th-film-66145.html |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=20 May 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogyo stars Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta share the secret of their sizzling chemistry |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-ajogyo-start-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-rituparna-sengupta-share-the-secret-of-their-sizzling-recipe/071aed4bc6331 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=Ottplay |date=4 June 2024|language=en}}</ref> It is produced by Surinder Singh and Nispal Singh under the banner of [[Surinder Films]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why did Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta not work together 14 years? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/why-did-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-rituparna-sengupta-not-work-together-for-14-years-the-ajogyo-pair-addresses-their-alleged-rift/articleshow/110611473.cms |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=Times of India |date=1 June 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogyo stars Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta: Our hit 'juti' is a celebration for the Bengali audience |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ajogyo-stars-prosenjit-and-rituparna-our-hit-juti-is-a-celebration-for-the-bengali-audience/c54c1e07db267 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=4 June 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=প্রসেনজিৎ ঋতুপর্ণা শিলাজিতের 'অযোগ্য' প্রেমের গল্প, উইকএন্ডে ট্রেলারেই বাজিমাত কৌশিকের |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/prosenjit-chatterjee-and-rituparna-sengupta-upcoming-movie-ajogyo-directed-by-kaushik-ganguly-trailer-out/articleshow/110227699.cms#google_vignette |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=18 May 2024|language=bn}}</ref>

This film marked the 50th collaboration of the iconic pair of [[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prosenjit]] - [[Rituparna Sengupta|Rituparna]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prosenjit and Rituparna on their 50th film together, Ajogyo |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/May/30/prosenjit-and-rituparna-on-their-50th-film-together-ajogyo |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=Indulge Express |date=31 May 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali film hit pair Prosenjit-Rituparna to turn up in their 50th movie |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2023/12/08/cal11-wb-film-hit-pair.html |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=The Week |date=8 December 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Indraadip Dasgupta]], [[Anupam Roy]] and [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]] did the music of the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=প্রসেনজিৎ-ঋতুপর্ণার ৫০! পর্দায় এবার 'অযোগ্য' হয়ে ম্যাজিক দেখাবে 'প্রিয় জুটি' |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-rituparna-sengupta-50th-film-ajogyo-by-kaushik-ganguly-rc-1402840.html |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[News 18|News 18 Bangla]] |date=6 December 2023|language=bn}}</ref> It was released in the theatres on 7 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=নির্বাচনের কোপ ঋতুপর্ণা-প্রসেনজিতের ৫০ তম ছবিতে! পয়লা বৈশাখের বদলে কবে মুক্তি পেতে পারে 'অযোগ্য'? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-rituparna-sengupta-s-50th-film-ajogyo-will-release-on-june-instead-of-poila-boisakh-due-to-election-31711884957306.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411081538/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-rituparna-sengupta-s-50th-film-ajogyo-will-release-on-june-instead-of-poila-boisakh-due-to-election-31711884957306.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 March 2024|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Filmmaker Kaushik Ganguly on 'Ajogyo' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Jun/06/filmmaker-kaushik-ganguly-on-ajogyo |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=Indulge Express |date=7 June 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prosenjit and Rituparna's 50th Film Ajogyo to Release on 7th of June Nationwide |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/prosenjit-and-rituparnas-50th-film-ajogyo-to-release-on-7th-of-june-nationwide20240607124215/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]] News |date=7 June 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prosenjit and Rituparna's 50th Film Ajogyo to Release on 7th of June Nationwide |url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/prosenjit-and-rituparnas-50th-film-ajogyo-to-release-on-7th-of-june-nationwide-90347.html#:~:text=Produced%20by%20one%20of%20the,Indraadip%20Dasgupta%20and%20Ranajoy%20Bhattacharjee. |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=Business Wire India |date=7 June 2024|language=en}}</ref> The film opened to positive responses from the critics and audiences alike.<ref>{{cite news |title=অযোগ্য মুভি রিভিউ |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/ajogyo-prosenjit-chatterjee-rituparna-sengupta-bengali-movie-review/moviereview/110836148.cms#google_vignette |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=9 June 2024|language=bn}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogyo Review: পর্ণা-প্রসেনের যোগ্য-'অযোগ্য' প্রমাণের মাঝে ফিরলেন চেনা কৌশিক, কেমন হল ঋতুপর্ণা-প্রসেনজিতের ৫০ তম ছবি? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ajogyo-movie-review-starring-rituparna-sengupta-prosenjit-chatterjee-31717957839115.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610042523/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ajogyo-movie-review-starring-rituparna-sengupta-prosenjit-chatterjee-31717957839115.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 June 2024|language=bn}}{{rating|4.1|5}}</ref> The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |title=অযোগ্যর নির্মাতারা সোমবার জানান, এই ছবি 'ব্লকবাস্টার' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-collection-jeet-rukminis-boomerang-earns-58-lakh-in-week-1-prosenjit-rituporna-ajogyo-almost-1-cr-31718616108379.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618021034/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-collection-jeet-rukminis-boomerang-earns-58-lakh-in-week-1-prosenjit-rituporna-ajogyo-almost-1-cr-31718616108379.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Parna's ([[Rituparna Sengupta]]) husband Raktim ([[Silajit Majumder]]) was suddenly fired from his job. In this crisis-ridden state, they received an unexpected guest Prosen Mitra ([[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]). He is her husband's confidante. The story revolves around whether Prasen will be able to usher in happiness in the breaking down family or will he create further problems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogya Release Date: পয়লা বৈশাখে বিশেষ চমক প্রসেনজিৎ-ঋতুপর্ণার, প্রকাশ্যে অযোগ্যর মুক্তির দিন |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-rituparna-senguptas-50th-movie-ajogya-will-release-on-7th-june-31713097858152.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529003643/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-rituparna-senguptas-50th-movie-ajogya-will-release-on-7th-june-31713097858152.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Bangla]] |date=14 April 2024|language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<ref>{{cite news |title=মুক্তি পেল প্রসেনজিৎ-ঋতুপর্ণার ৫০তম ছবি 'অযোগ্য' র ট্রেলার |url=https://kolkata24x7.in/entertainment/prosenjit-rituparna-starrer-ajogyo-trailer-released/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=Kolkata 24*7 |date=18 May 2024|language=bn}}</ref> as Prosen Mitra, Parna's ex-lover
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Parna, Raktim's wife
* [[Silajit Majumder]] as Raktim, Parna's husband
* [[Lily Chakravarty]] as Prosen's mother
* [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] as a solo traveller
* [[Sudip Mukherjee]] as Parna's boss

==Production==
===Announcement and Filming===
On 28 April 2024, director [[Surinder Films]] released an announcement poster of the film. The announcement poster mentioned the fact that it is going to be the 50th film of [[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prosenjit]] - [[Rituparna Sengupta|Rituparna]] duo.<ref>{{cite news |title='প্রাক্তন' প্রসেনজিৎ-ঋতুপর্ণার 'অযোগ্য' ছবি আনছেন কৌশিক, প্রকাশ্যে পোস্টার - Prosenjit Rituparna 50th Film |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-rituparna-sengupta-starrar-ajogyo-release-on-7th-june-wbs24042803502 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=ETB Bharat Bangla |date=28 April 2024|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogyo: Official poster of Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta's 50th film out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ajogyo-official-poster-of-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-rituparna-senguptas-50th-film-out/cid/2016487 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=28 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>

===Marketing===
The film was promoted and marketed as the 50th film of [[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prosenjit]] - [[Rituparna Sengupta|Rituparna]] duo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee exclusive interview: 'What is Commercial Cinema? I also want to know' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/prosenjit-chatterjee-exclusive-interview-what-is-commercial-cinema-i-also-want-to-know-101717586676607.html |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=6 June 2024|language=en}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 17 May 2024 on the [[YouTube]] channel of [[Surinder Films]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Ajogyo' Trailer: বড়পর্দায় আসছে প্রসেন-পর্ণা-রক্তিমের গল্প, 'অযোগ্য' ট্রেলারে স্পষ্ট সম্পর্কের টানাপোড়েন |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-rituparna-sengupta-starrer-kaushik-ganguly-movie-ajogyo-trailer-out-now-1068089 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=ABP News |date=18 May 2024|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=টালমাটাল জীবন থেকে অসম্পূর্ণ প্রেম, 'অযোগ্য'র ট্রেলারে প্রসেন-পর্ণা-রক্তিমের জটিল রসায়ন |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/prosenjit-chatterjee-rituparna-sengupta-silajit-majumder-in-ajogyo-movie-trailer/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=18 May 2024|language=bn}}</ref> Glimpses of the film were shown on the [[Biswa Bangla Gate]] as a part of the promotions. The film was mostly shot in parts of [[Kolkata]] and [[Puri]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta's glimpses shown on Biswa Bangla Gate |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ajogyo-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-rituparna-senguptas-glimpses-shown-on-biswa-bangla-gate/716bc1ffd8941 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=OTTplay |date=6 June 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ajogyo
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anupam Roy]], [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] and [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2023–24
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:42
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Surinder Films]]
| producer =
| misc =
}}

The music of the film has been composed by [[Anupam Roy]], [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] and [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]]. The lyrics were written by [[Kaushik Ganguly]], [[Anupam Roy]] and [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]].

The first single "Tui Amar Hobi Na" was released on 13 May 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=শ্রেয়ার কণ্ঠে যন্ত্রণার ছাপ, ঋতুপর্ণা-প্রসেনজিতের 'অযোগ্য'র প্রথম গান জুড়ে কেবলই ছেড়ে যাওয়ার কষ্ট |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rituparna-sengupta-prosenjit-chatterjees-film-ajogyo-s-first-song-tui-amar-hobi-na-is-out-now-sung-by-shreya-ghoshal-31715600377069.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513162614/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rituparna-sengupta-prosenjit-chatterjees-film-ajogyo-s-first-song-tui-amar-hobi-na-is-out-now-sung-by-shreya-ghoshal-31715600377069.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=13 May 2024|language=bn}}</ref> It created a controversy on social media regarding the wrong spelling of the word "Hobi".<ref>{{cite news |title='Ajogyo' Movie Song: 'এটা তো বাংলা নিয়ে বিতর্কসভা হচ্ছে না', কৌশিকের ছবির গানের 'বানান বিতর্ক' নিয়ে মত সঙ্গীত নির্মাতার |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/kaushik-ganguly-movie-ajogyo-song-tui-amar-hobi-na-spelling-controversy-music-director-ranajoy-bhattacharya-reacts-1067192 |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=14 May 2024|language=bn}}</ref> The second single "Ajogyo Ami", which is the title track of the film, was dropped on 22 May 2024. The third song "Keu Janbe Na" was released on 27 May 2024. The fourth single "Ajogyo Ami (Rock Version)" was released on 1 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=প্রথমবার এক ফ্রেমে প্রসেনজিৎ-রূপম-অনুপম, প্রকাশ্যে কৌশিক গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়ের ছবির 'অযোগ্য আমি' গান |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/prasenjit-chatterjee-rupam-islam-anupam-roy-starrer-ajogyo-ami-song-out-from-kaushik-ganguly-movie-1072180 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=ABP Ananda |date=3 June 2024|language=bn}}</ref> The fifth song "Amar Dukkhe Tumi" was released on 6 June 2024. The sixth single, a male version of "Tui Amar Hobi Na" was released on 15 June 2024.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 23:42
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tui Amar Hobi Na
| music1 = Ranajoy Bhattacharjee
| length1 = 3:15
| lyrics1 = [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]]
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title2 = Ajogyo Ami
| music2 = Anupam Roy
| length2 = 3:09
| lyrics2 = [[Anupam Roy]]
| extra2 = Anupam Roy
| title3 = Keu Janbe Na
| music3 = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| length3 = 3:33
| lyrics3 = [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title4 = Ajogyo Ami (Rock Version)
| music4 = Anupam Roy
| length4 = 3:59
| lyrics4 = Anupam Roy
| extra4 = [[Rupam Islam]]
| title5 = Amar Dukkhe Tumi
| music5 = Anupam Roy
| length5 = 4:51
| lyrics5 = Kaushik Ganguly
| extra5 = [[Iman Chakraborty]], [[Silajit Majumder]]
| title6 = Tui Amar Hobi Na (Male)
| music6 = Ranajoy Bhattacharjee
| length6 = 4:59
| lyrics6 = [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]]
| extra6 = [[Rupankar Bagchi]]
}}

==Release==
The film was released theatrically on 7 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Helmed by Kaushik Ganguly, Ajogyo marks the 50th on-screen collaboration between Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bad-boys-munjya-ajogyo-malhar-films-releasing-in-theatres-this-friday/cid/2025069 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=6 June 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogyo Trailer is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-trailer-of-kaushik-gangulys-next-is-out/articleshow/110227622.cms |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=Times of India |date=18 May 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film took a blockbuster opening at the box-office. In the first week, the film minted around {{INR}} 97 lakhs from multiplexes alone. It has collected over {{INR}}1.25 crore in the first two weeks.<ref>{{cite news |title=অযোগ্যর নির্মাতারা সোমবার জানান, এই ছবি 'ব্লকবাস্টার'। |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-collection-jeet-rukminis-boomerang-earns-58-lakh-in-week-1-prosenjit-rituporna-ajogyo-almost-1-cr-31718616108379.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618021034/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-collection-jeet-rukminis-boomerang-earns-58-lakh-in-week-1-prosenjit-rituporna-ajogyo-almost-1-cr-31718616108379.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Suparna Majumder of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film on a positive note and wrote "Kaushik Ganguly has successfully interwoven the emotions of love, anger, grief with the past and present. All the actors, specially Prosenjit, Rituparna and Silajit have successfully done their roles."<ref>{{cite news |title=প্রসেনজিৎ-ঋতুপর্ণা জুটির পঞ্চাশতম ছবি কতটা সুযোগ্য? পড়ুন 'অযোগ্য'র রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/here-is-the-review-of-prosenjit-chatterjee-rituparna-sengupta-starrer-ajogyo-movie/ |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=7 June 2024|language=bn}}</ref> Poorna Banerjee of ''[[Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The dialogues and script moves at a sluggish pace, making the second half more slow. Despite the music and the beautiful settings, the romance lacks emotional depth."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogyo Movie Review : The Prosenjit-Rituparna pair lacks spark in this dramatic saga |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/ajogyo/movie-review/110823872.cms |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Times of India |date=8 June 2024|language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Sudip Ghosh of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated the film 7.5 out of 10 stars and wrote "The director has failed to justify the thriller part in the film." He praised the chemistry between Prosenjit-Rituparna, acting of the actors, the story and its twists.<ref>{{cite news |title=বুম্বা-ঋতুর উথালপাথাল প্রেমসুরে 'অযোগ্য'র মাধ্যমে কৌশিকের যোগ্য সঙ্গত |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-rituparna-sengupta-starrer-50th-bengali-film-ajogyo-dgtl/cid/1522582 |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=8 June 2024|language=bn}}{{rating|7.5|10}}</ref> Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars. He specially praised Silajit's acting skills. She wrote "Silajit's tiny touches and simple gestures make the character look real and his subdued acting is a pleasure to watch. Prosenjit - Rituparna shared a charming chemistry." She praised the music, background score and cinematography. But he also criticised the elusiveness of Prasen's character and the umpteen number of times reference to [[Lord Jagannath]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogyo review: Silajit Majumder shines while Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta's chemistry sparkles in this mundane drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ajogyo-review-silajit-majumder-shines-while-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-rituparna-senguptas-chemistry-sparkles-in-this-mundane-drama/0973eb9429126 |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=8 June 2024|language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Souvik Saha of ''Cine Kolkata'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The stellar performance of the cast and dialogues are the USP of the film. But the slow second half and predictability of the film makes it a one time watch."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogyo Review : Kaushik Ganguly's Weakest Film Despite Stellar Performances |url=https://cinekolkata.com/review/ajogyo-review-kaushik-gangulys-weakest-film-despite-stellar-performances/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=Cine Kolkata |date=8 June 2024}}{{rating|2.5|5|lang=en}}</ref> Subhasmita Kanji of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 4.1 out of 5 stars and wrote "The performance of the whole cast, fine storytelling of the director, the music and dialogues - everything was perfect to make it a mind refreshing film."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajogyo Review: পর্ণা-প্রসেনের যোগ্য-'অযোগ্য' প্রমাণের মাঝে ফিরলেন চেনা কৌশিক, কেমন হল ঋতুপর্ণা-প্রসেনজিতের ৫০ তম ছবি? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ajogyo-movie-review-starring-rituparna-sengupta-prosenjit-chatterjee-31717957839115.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610042523/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ajogyo-movie-review-starring-rituparna-sengupta-prosenjit-chatterjee-31717957839115.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 June 2024}}{{rating|4.1|5|lang=bn}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt32308936}}

[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kaushik Ganguly]]
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]

Idi Sangathi

2026-03-03T18:06:04Z

99notes: fixed issues

{{short description|2008 film directed by Krishnan Seshadri Gomatam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Idi Sangathi
| image = Idi Sangathi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Chandra Siddhartha]]
| writer = Chandra Siddhartha
| based_on =
| starring = [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| music = John Varki [[Anup Rubens]] (score)
| producer = Yashvanth Valavala
| studio =
| cinematography = [[Jaya Krishna Gummadi]]
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|2008|02|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
}}

'''''Idi Sangathi''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language drama film directed by [[Chandra Siddhartha]]. The film stars [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] in the lead roles with [[Raja Abel|Raja]] in a cameo role. This film marks the second film in which they are paired together after the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kadhal Desam]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/21sd3.htm|title=Tabu reunites with Abbas after 12 years!|author=Radhika Rajamani|website=Rediff|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315021300/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/21sd1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is an adaptation of the novel ''Nuvve Kaadu''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-chandrasiddhardha-idisangathi.html|title=Chandra Siddhardha interview - chitchat - Telugu film director|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214173332/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-chandrasiddhardha-idisangathi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Satyamurthy
*[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Swarajyalakshmi
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Neeladri
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Chief Minister
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Police Officer
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]]
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Police Inspector
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[L. B. Sriram]]
*[[Brahmaji]]
*[[Raja Ravindra]]
*[[Gautam Raju]]
*[[Shankar Melkote]]
*[[Devadas Kanakala]]
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
*Janardhan
*Apoorva
*[[Raja Abel|Raja]] as Clover King ([[cameo appearance]])
*[[Anita Hassanandani]] and [[Sameksha|Samiksha]] as [[item number]]s
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Idi Sangathi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = John P. Varki
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2008
| recorded = 2008
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 17:30
| label = [[Madhura Audio]]
| producer = John. P. Varki
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music was composed by John P. Varki and was released on [[Madhura Audio]].

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =Track List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:30
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Pattu Cheera Katti
| extra1 = [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|lyrics1=Chaitanya Prasad
| length1 = 4:53

| title2 = Mela Mellaga Ra Ra
| extra2 = [[Suchitra]], Sujith
|lyrics2=Peddada Murthy
| length2 = 4:37

| title3 = Aateenu Ranitho
| extra3 =Suchitra, [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|lyrics3=Peddada Murthy
| length3 = 4:55

| title4 = Idhi Sangathi
| extra4 = Masterji
|lyrics4=Chaitanya Prasad
| length4 = 3:05

}}

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a two out of five stars stating that "Chandra Siddhartha has chosen a topical theme but fails in his depiction of it as the treatment is quite bland. Quite a disappointment, considering the good cast".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/25ssis.htm|title=Idi Sangathi is disappointing|author=Radhika Rajamani|date=25 February 2008|website=Rediff|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326041427/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/25ssis.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "''Idi Sangathi'' is one of those films that is unclear on whether to be full-fledged parallel cinema or proper commercial stuff. Sometimes it appears to want to be some kind of ''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro]]'', but all it can do is get in the same sentence of a review as that film".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/idi-sangathi/telugu/idi-sangathi-movie-reviews-1538-2.html |title=Idi Sangathi Review|access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704062433/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/idi-sangathi/telugu/idi-sangathi-movie-reviews-1538-2.html |url-status=live|website=fullhyd.com }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1606247}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 drama films]]

Inti No. 13

2026-03-03T09:13:59Z

99notes: made new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Inti No. 13
| image = Inti No 13.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Panna Royal
| writer = Venkat Balagoni (dialogues)
| screenplay = Panna Royal
| story = Panna Royal
| based_on = 
| producer = Hesan Pacha
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Naveed Babu
*Shivangi Mehra
*Irfan
*Nikisha
*[[Anandaraj]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = P. S. Mani Karnan
| editing = S. K. Chalam
| music = Vinod Yajamanya
| studio = Regal Film Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|3|1}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Inti No 13''''' ({{Translation|House Number 13}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Horror film|horror]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by Panna Royal and starring Naveed Babu, Shivangi Mehra, Irfan, Nikisha Rangwala and [[Anandaraj]]. According to the director, the film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-film-inti-number-13-a-success-due-to-thrilling-elements-director-panna-royal-8805628.html |title=Telugu Film Inti Number 13 A Success Due To 'Thrilling Elements': Director Panna Royal |date=6 March 2024 |website=News18 |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427194727/https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-film-inti-number-13-a-success-due-to-thrilling-elements-director-panna-royal-8805628.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Naveed Babu as Arjun
*Shivangi Mehra as Nitya
*Dr Irfan A syed as Sanjay
*[[Nikkesha Rangwala]]
*[[Anandaraj]] as Gajanand
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Prudhvi Raj]]
*[[Sudharshan]]
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Giribabu
*[[Satya Krishnan]]
* Vijaya Rangaraju
*[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]
*Deviyani
*[[Gundu Sudarshan]]
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
*[[Geetha Singh]]
*Sri Sudha
*Lakshmi Kiran
* Baby Sidhiksha
* Master Snehith
* Vijay Kumar
}}

== Production ==
The film's director Panna Royal worked as a VFX supervisor for thirty years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-panna-rayals-horror-legacy-continues-with-inti-no-13/articleshow/108224245.cms |title=Director Panna Rayal's horror legacy continues with Inti No 13 |date=5 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427195426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-panna-rayals-horror-legacy-continues-with-inti-no-13/articleshow/108224245.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was in the making since 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/intinumber13-firstlook.html |title=Inti No. 13 first look released |language=te |work=[[Idlebrain.com]] |date=15 December 2021 |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221053144/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/intinumber13-firstlook.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/inti-no-13-the-anandaraj-tanikella-bharani-horror-thriller-locks-its-release-date-finally/286df6ad14625 |title=Inti No. 13 - The Anandaraj, Tanikella Bharani horror thriller locks its release date finally |date=19 February 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427193846/https://www.ottplay.com/news/inti-no-13-the-anandaraj-tanikella-bharani-horror-thriller-locks-its-release-date-finally/286df6ad14625 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Overall, the film with its distinctive approach brings something new to the Telugu horror thriller landscape. The ending of the movie hints at a potential sequel, adding an element of anticipation for fans of the genre".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/inti-number-13/movie-review/109314758.cms |title=Inti Number 13 Movie Review : Eerie and visually engaging |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417090112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/inti-number-13/movie-review/109314758.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film two-and-three-quarters out of five stars and wrote that "''Inti No. 13'' emerges as a refreshing choice for aficionados of horror thrillers, rekindling the genre's allure amidst the prevailing dominance of action-centric films".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/inti-no-13-review-distinctive-narrative-approach-861972 |title='Inti No 13' review: Distinctive narrative approach |first=Suhas |last=Sistu |date=1 March 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427194727/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/inti-no-13-review-distinctive-narrative-approach-861972 |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Director Panna Royal, who has previously directed horror thrillers such as ''Calling Bell'' and ''Rakshasi'', manages to deliver a unique and gripping horror thriller yet again".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/inti-number-13-a-gripping-horror-thriller-that-works-review-108158081 |title=Inti Number 13: A Gripping Horror Thriller That Works |date=2 March 2024 |website=Times Now |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427194727/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/inti-number-13-a-gripping-horror-thriller-that-works-review-108158081 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|22489044}}

[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]

Silukkuvarupatti Singam

2026-03-03T03:12:49Z

99notes: New new post

{{Short description|2018 film directed by Chella Ayyavu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Silukkuvarupatti Singam
| image = Silukkuvarupatti Singam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chella Ayyavu]]
| producer = [[Vishnu Vishal]] Aryan Ramesh
| writer = [[Chella Ayyavu]]
| starring = [[Vishnu Vishal]] [[Regina Cassandra]]
| music = [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
| cinematography = [[Laxman Kumar|J. Laxman]]
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| studio = [[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu Vishal Studioz]] Turmeric
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2018|12|21|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2018 |title=Silukkuvarupatti Singam Movie Release Date 21 December Posters |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2018/12/silukkuvarupatti-singam-movie-release-date-21-december-posters.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165307/https://moviegalleri.net/2018/12/silukkuvarupatti-singam-movie-release-date-21-december-posters.html |archive-date=9 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=Moviegalleri.Net}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Silukkuvarupatti Singam''''' ({{translation}} Lion of Silukkuvarupatti) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Chella Ayyavu]]. Produced by [[Vishnu Vishal]], the film also features Vishnu in the lead role alongside [[Regina Cassandra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silukkuvarupatti Singam | Movie Release, Showtimes & Trailer | Cinema Online |url=http://www.cinema.com.my/movies/details.aspx?search=2018.14170.silukkuvarupatti.28271 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174341/http://www.cinema.com.my/movies/details.aspx?search=2018.14170.silukkuvarupatti.28271 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=17 January 2019 |website=www.cinema.com.my}}</ref> [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Anandaraj]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], and [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]], among others, form an ensemble cast. The film features [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] as composer, [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]] as editor, and [[Laxman Kumar]] as cinematographer. The venture began production in February 2017 and was released on 21 December 2018. Upon release, the film received mixed to positive reviews from the critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=7 February 2017 |title=It's Regina for Vishnu! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070217/its-regina-for-vishnu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020081545/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070217/its-regina-for-vishnu.html |archive-date=20 October 2019 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sathyamoorthy, alias Sakthi, is a laid-back constable in the Silukkuvarupatti police station who takes life too easy. Bhaskar is a new constable who is appointed by Sub-Inspector Muthaiya to assist Sakthi. Muthaiya keeps praising Sakthi nonstop due to the takes woven by Sakthi to score good points with him.

Cycle Shankar is a dreaded rowdy and don in Chennai. He is chased by Commissioner Panneerselvam after he murders a police officer in public, as the officer threatened to finish off Shankar. This starts a cat-and-mouse chase between the two. Rajeshwari, alias Raji, is Sakthi’s "love at first sight", which she does not reciprocate as he unknowingly insults her. Gradually, however, she warms up to him.

Minister Arumuga Perumal assigns Shankar the task of killing Nilakottai Narayanan without his henchmen. Shankar reaches a bar and settles down to have a drink. A couple of drunkards start to make a fuss, which turns into a full-blown riot. Added to the equation is Sakthi, who goes to the bar to have a half-boiled egg. While he goes to put the egg in his mouth, Shankar also simultaneously leaves and accidentally knocks the egg out of Sakthi's hand. Enraged, Sakthi beats up Shankar and throws him in jail, not knowing who he really is. In the melee, a thief steals Shankar's phone. Shankar's right-hand man Tony and Perumal keep calling the phone, leading to some hilarious scenes. Finally, Tony and his henchmen locate Shankar and get him released, but not before Shankar vows to kill Sakthi.

Sakthi meets Panneerselvam in disguise, who tells him to catch Shankar using the moniker "Operation Cycle". Sakthi, scared out of his wits, runs for his life. Meanwhile, Raji's father Ramalingam fixes an alliance for Raji as he is not happy with the idea of leaving his daughter a widow if Sakthi dies at the hands of Shankar. She then confronts Sakthi, who lies by saying that this is an undercover operation dubbed "Operation Cycle." Using this as an opportunity, and with the help of a dancer named Kanaka, Sakthi manipulates Shankar into kidnapping the groom and stops the marriage successfully. Tony also succeeds in kidnapping Narayanan and dumping him in the back of the truck, unbeknownst to Shankar. This leads to a car chase with Shankar chasing Sakthi and Raji, who are on a cycle; Narayanan's men chasing Shankar's men; and all chasing "Share Auto" Chandran.

Finally, Sakthi arrests Shankar, with the evidence of all those involved in the conspiracy getting released, and gets promoted to an SI, while Muthaiya gets suspended for six months by Superintendent A. Raghavan. The film ends with Sakthi marrying Raji, a phone call from Bhaskar telling Sakthi that Shankar has escaped from jail, and Raji (thinking that it is another undercover operation) indirectly telling Sakthi to capture Shankar again. On hearing this, Sakthi faints.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vishnu Vishal]] as Sathyamoorthy alias Sakthi
* [[Regina Cassandra]] as Rajeshwari (Raaji)
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Cycle Shankar
* [[Anandaraj]] as "Share Auto" Chandran
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Tony
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as PC Bhaskar
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Sub-Inspector Muthaiya
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Nilakkottai Narayanan
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Commissioner Panneerselvam
* [[Poster Nandakumar]] as Minister Arumuga Perumal
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Ramalingam, Raji's father
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Raji's mother
* [[Soundararaja]] as Rajapandi
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Sathyamoorthy's grandmother
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Superintendent A. Raghavan
* "[[Perazhagi]]" Gayathri Raj as Sneha
* [[Singamuthu]] as convict
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as thief
* Kadhal Saravanan as convict
* [[Oviya]] as Kanaga (cameo appearance)
* Sumathi G. as lady in the toilet
* Prema Priya as a lady in the police station
{{colend}}

==Production==
In May 2016, [[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu]] revealed that he would work on a film directed by [[Chella Ayyavu]], who directed Ajith's ''[[Aalwar]]'' in 2007. With [[Suseenthiran]]'s brother Saravanan reported to be the producer, after the postponement of his ''Veera Dheera Sooran'' starring Vishnu. [[Manjima Mohan]] was considered for the lead role, but the project did not materialise and Vishnu moved on to work on different projects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2016 |title=Vishnu to pair up with Manjima Mohan for his next with director Chella |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vishnu-to-pair-up-with-manjima-mohan-for-his-next-with-director-chella.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423164828/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vishnu-to-pair-up-with-manjima-mohan-for-his-next-with-director-chella.html |archive-date=23 April 2023 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Later in January 2017, Chella, an erstwhile assistant to director [[Ezhil]], confirmed that the project would be made with Vishnu on board as the producer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Vishnu Vishal's next is a comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vishnu-Vishals-next-is-a-comedy/articleshow/55685053.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215033302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vishnu-Vishals-next-is-a-comedy/articleshow/55685053.cms |archive-date=15 December 2017 |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Regina Cassandra]] joined the team in early February 2017, after the makers were keen to make most of her stature in the Telugu film industry too. The project began shoot in late March 2017, with the shoot announced to take place in Pollachi, Theni, Tirunelveli and Ambasamudram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=regina cassandra vishnu vishal: Regina Cassandra, Vishnu Vishal team up for comic entertainer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/regina-cassandra-vishnu-vishal-team-up-for-comic-entertainer/articleshow/56999440.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208204221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/regina-cassandra-vishnu-vishal-team-up-for-comic-entertainer/articleshow/56999440.cms |archive-date=2017-02-08 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnu Vishal plays constable in his next |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/feb/07/vishnu-vishal-plays-constable-in-his-next-1567692.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412224525/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/feb/07/vishnu-vishal-plays-constable-in-his-next-1567692.html |archive-date=12 April 2017 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=13 April 2017 |title=Vishnu Vishal's next titled Silukkuvaarupatti Singam |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130417/vishnu-vishals-next-titled-silukkuvaarupatti-singam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510090741/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130417/vishnu-vishals-next-titled-silukkuvaarupatti-singam.html |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

In April 2017, the film was titled ''Silukkuvarupatti Singam'' and actress [[Oviya]] was signed on to play a secondary role. Vishnu was keen to cast an actress he had previously acted with for the role, and was able to sign Oviya who had worked with him briefly during the production of ''[[Pattaya Kelappanum Pandiya]]'' (2014) which they both later opted out of.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2017 |title=Vishnu Vishal-Regina Cassandra new movie gets a title and one more heroine - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vishnu-vishal-oviya-regina-cassandra-next-new-movie-silukkuvarupatti-singam-dir-chella-tamil-news-183230.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717153518/http://www.indiaglitz.com/vishnu-vishal-oviya-regina-cassandra-next-new-movie-silukkuvarupatti-singam-dir-chella-tamil-news-183230.html |archive-date=17 July 2017 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=11 February 2017 |title=Etcetera |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Etcetera/article17287938.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809123514/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Etcetera/article17287938.ece |archive-date=9 August 2023 |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Release==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[STAR Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2018 |title=Vijay TV Grabs Silukkuvarpatti Singam Satellite Rights! |url=https://nettv4u.com/latest-tamil-celebrity-news/vijay-tv-grabs-silukkuvarpatti-singam-satellite-rights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412125953/https://nettv4u.com/latest-tamil-celebrity-news/vijay-tv-grabs-silukkuvarpatti-singam-satellite-rights |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=nettv4u.com}}</ref> The film was later dubbed and released in Hindi as ''The Fighter Man Singham 2'' in 2019.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Silukkuvarupatti Singam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Leon James
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:03
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
| prev_title = [[Next Enti?]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[LKG (film)|LKG]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Track listing
| headline=Tracklist
| total_length = 17:03
| extra_column =Singer(s)
| title1 = Dio Rio Diya
| extra1 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Santhosh Hariharan
| length1= 4:37
| title2 = Mayakkadha
| extra2 = Sudharshan Ashok
| length2 = 4:27
| title3 = Ey Dummy Pattaasu
| extra3 = Bamba Bakya
| length3 = 3:34
| title4 = Silukkuvarupatti Singam
| extra4 = [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]], Sargam Choir, V7H
| length4 = 4:25
}}

==Critical reception==
Times of India gave 3 stars and said it is a likeable comedy, and its only ambition is to be a lighthearted diversion, nothing more nothing less.<ref>{{Citation |title=Silukkuvarupatti Singam Review {3/5}: A largely family-friendly comedy that manages to be a lighthearted diversion |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/silukkuvarupatti-singam/movie-review/67168916.cms |access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> Indian Express gave 2 stars and commented that it is a fun film that isn't fun.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Silukkuvarpatti Singam' film review: This Vishnu Vishal-starrer is another 'fun' film that isn't fun |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/dec/21/silukkuvarpatti-singam-film-review-this-vishnu-vishal-starrer-is-another-fun-film-that-isnt-fu-1914644.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107070605/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/dec/21/silukkuvarpatti-singam-film-review-this-vishnu-vishal-starrer-is-another-fun-film-that-isnt-fu-1914644.html |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=2019-11-07 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Sify on the other hand, gave 3.5 stars and wrote "emerges a clear winner and much of that credit must go to its actors who pull out all stops to make it an enjoyable ride."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Silukkuvarpatti Singam review: Emerges a clear winner! (2018) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/silukkuvarpatti-singam-review-emerges-a-clear-winner-review-tamil-smuk3Hegebgcd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220084608/http://www.sify.com/movies/silukkuvarpatti-singam-review-emerges-a-clear-winner-review-tamil-smuk3Hegebgcd.html |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=2019-11-07 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7853260}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Leon James (composer)]]

Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala

2026-03-03T02:40:25Z

99notes: New

{{Short description|Indian Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala
| image = Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kevin
| producer = Durai Shudhakar
| writer =
| starring = [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]] [[Ishara Nair]] [[Manishajith]]
| music = Varshan Jayden
| cinematography = Rahim Babu
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Nila Promoters
| distributor = TN75 KK Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|03|26}}
| runtime = 114 mins
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala''''' ({{translation|Where Were You All These Days?}}) is a 2021 [[Tamil language]] romantic comedy film directed by Kevin and starring [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]] and [[Ishara Nair]] in the lead roles. Produced by Thilaka Arts, it was released on 26 March 2021.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]] as Sanjay
* [[Ishara Nair]]
* [[Manishajith]] as Kanimozhi
* Sahana Sheddy
* Krishnapriya
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Sanjay's mother
* Kevin
* [[Super Subbarayan]] as Nadangkannu
* [[K. Sivasankar]] as Master
* [[Rajendran]] as Nesamani
* [[Manobala]] as Ganesan
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Aspiring actor
* [[Bala Singh]] as Master
* [[Shakeela]] as Shakeela
* Mippu
* Lokesh
* Sharmila Thapa
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]]
}}

== Production ==
Kevin made his directorial debut with the film, twenty years after trying to break into the film industry. The film began production in early 2016 and [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]] was cast in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogi Babu and Rajendran's performances will be very lively in Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala, says director Kevin |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/mar/22/the-journey-of-a-film-23524.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Four actresses were signed on to star in the film - [[Ishara Nair]], [[Manishajith]], Sahana and Krishnapriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=12 July 2017 |title=Akhil romances four girls in EIIN |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120717/akhil-romances-four-girls-in-eiin.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

In June 2016, Ishara Nair complained that Kevin had subject her to sexual harassment in the sets of the film. She added that the director had wasted her dates, while also making unwelcome advances during the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |date=8 June 2016 |title=Shocking: 'Sathuranga Vettai' actress Ishaara Nair accuses director of sexual harassment |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shocking-sathuranga-vettai-s-ishaara-nair-accuses-director-of-sexual-harassment-2221257 |website=DNA India}}</ref>

Throughout 2020, Kevin tried to find distributors to release the film through an [[over-the-top media service]] but the lack of high-profile actors in the film meant that there were no takers.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala': The journey of a film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/mar/23/engada-iruthinga-ivvalavu-naala-the-journey-of-a-film-2280073.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released theatrically across Tamil Nadu on 26 March 2021. A critic from ''Maalaimalar'' gave the film a mixed review, citing it lacked excitement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=நாயகனின் சினிமா கனவு நிறைவேறியதா? - எங்கடா இருந்தீங்க இவ்வளவு நாளா விமர்சனம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2021/03/29152429/2482676/Engada-Irundeenga-Ivvalavu-Naala-movie-review.vpf |website=maalaimalar.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=10956706}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Noodles (film)

2026-03-03T02:31:24Z

99notes: page updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Noodles
| image = Noodles film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy
| writer = Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy
| producer = Pragna Arun Prakesh
| starring = {{Plain list |
*[[Harish Uthaman]]
*[[Sheela Rajkumar]]
*Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy
*Thirunavukkarasu
*Aazhiya Senthilkumar
*Vasant Marimuthu
}}
| cinematography = Vinoth Raja
| editing = Sarathkumar Kaleeswaran
| music = Robert Sargunam
| studio = Rolling Sound Pictures
| distributor = V House Productions
| released = {{film date|2023|9|8|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language =
}}

'''''Noodles''''' is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy and produced by Pragna Arun Prakesh. The film features [[Harish Uthaman]], [[Sheela Rajkumar]], Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy, Thirunavukkarasu, Aazhiya Senthilkumar, and Vasant Marimuthu. The same director remade the film in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Show Time (film)|Show Time]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |title='குடும்ப கதை.. சஸ்பென்ஸ் திரில்லர்.. மனநிறைவு கிடைக்கும்.. சின்ன பட்ஜெட் நல்ல படம்..' நூடுல்ஸ் படத்தின் கதாநாயகி ஷீலா ராஜ்குமார். |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/actress-sheela-rajkumar-female-lead-of-noodles-movie-reveals-interesting-details-about-the-film-noodles-directed-by-aruvi-madhan/articleshow/102990622.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908103706/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/actress-sheela-rajkumar-female-lead-of-noodles-movie-reveals-interesting-details-about-the-film-noodles-directed-by-aruvi-madhan/articleshow/102990622.cms |archive-date=2023-09-08 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A joyous moment in the neighborhood goes awry on a chance confrontation and doubles up the protagonist's woes in a freak accident. ''Noodles'' is a drama filled with suspense, thrill, humor, and loads of entertainment for the family.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as Saravanan
* [[Sheela Rajkumar]] as Sakthi
* Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy as Inspector Elango
* Thirunavukkarasu as Shankar
* Vasant Marimuthu as Lawyer Thirunavukkarasu
* Aazhiya Senthilkumar as Priya
* Baby Aazhiya as Priyu
* K. Miller Elamaran as Head Constable
* Pari Elavazhagan as Mobile Thief
* Sakthivel as Sakthi's father
* Kalavathi as Sakthi's mother
* Jayashree Senthil as Sakthi's sister
* Sathish Selvaraj as Neighbor
* Raja Appasamy as Shopkeeper
* Nahunaa as Meera
* Imthias Mohammed as Automan
* Uma Shankar Dhanapal as Cook
* Haritha as Jayanthi
* Subbalakshmi as Swetha
* Rathina Prakash as Prakash
* Sakthi as Ashwin
* Suraj as Yeshwanth
* Kuralarasan as Paperboy
* Nagaraj as Milkman
* Lakshmi as Auto Passenger
* Vishnu as Auto Passenger
}}

== Production ==
The film noted debuted director Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy. The entire film was shot in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2023 |title='Noodles': A claustrophobic adventure |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/aug/30/noodles-a-claustrophobicadventure-2609511.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908103706/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/aug/30/noodles-a-claustrophobicadventure-2609511.html |archive-date=2023-09-08 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The title look of the poster was released by [[Mari Selvaraj]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=இயக்குநர் மாரி செல்வராஜ் வெளியிட்ட 'நூடுல்ஸ்' திரைப்படத்தின் மோஷன் போஸ்டர் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/144311 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908104002/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/144311 |archive-date=2023-09-08 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref> and the trailer of the film was released on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Trailer of Harish Uthaman's Noodles is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/aug/24/trailer-of-harish-uthamans-noodles-is-here-46914.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908103707/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/aug/24/trailer-of-harish-uthamans-noodles-is-here-46914.html |archive-date=2023-09-08 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was produced by Rolling Sound Pictures and distributed by V House Productions.{{fact|date=February 2024}}

== Reception ==
''[[News7 Tamil]]'' critic wrote that "Madan, who has acted in films including ''[[Ayali (2023 TV series)|Ayali]]'' and ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]'', has proved that he knows how to direct through the film "Noodles". It is a small budget film, but it is well enjoyed."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=இயக்குநராக அறிமுகமாகும் அருவி மதன் - "நூடுல்ஸ்" திரைப்படத்தின் விமர்சனம்..! - |url=https://news7tamil.live/aruvi-madans-directorial-debut-noodles-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907183328/https://news7tamil.live/aruvi-madans-directorial-debut-noodles-movie-review.html |archive-date=2023-09-07 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=News7 Tamil |language=en-US}}</ref>''Logesh Balachandran'' of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 and stated that "While Noodles explores familiar themes, its intense and powerful screenplay keeps the audience captivated throughout."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Noodles Movie Review : An intense-yet-engaging thriller that's worth a watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/noodles/movie-review/103504503.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908112713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/noodles/movie-review/103504503.cms |archive-date=2023-09-08 |access-date=2023-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>.''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic rated 3 out if 5 and noted that "This film is an example that a good story doesn't need big money."<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2023-09-07 |title=Noodles |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/noodles-27391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908104452/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/noodles-27391 |archive-date=2023-09-08 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
{{IMDb title|28714919}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]
{{Improve categories|date=January 2024}}

Secunderabad–Hisar Express

2026-02-28T20:01:01Z

99notes:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Secunderabad–Hisar Express
| image = File:Rajkot Express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} (SC)
| stops = 32
| end = {{stnlnk|Hisar Junction}} (HSR)
| distance = {{convert|2416|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 46h 20m
| frequency = Bi-weekly {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 1 tier, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Pantry Car On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22737/22738
| speed = {{convert|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Secunderabad–Hisar Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Hisar Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 17037/17038 train numbers on bi-weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/katra-express-to-stop-at-chittapur-from-october-1/article9010146.ece "Katra Express to stop at Chittapur from October 1"]</ref><ref>[http://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=7588&did=146858054513263DDD9A0082B5ED9D374312699A2DF62.web91 Permanent Augmentation of Additional AC Coaches to Several Express Trains]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/SCR-seeks-MPLADs-CSR-funds-for-improving-amenities/article14493688.ece SCR seeks MPLADs, CSR funds for improving amenities]</ref>

== Service==

The 17037/Secunderabad–Hisar Express has an average speed of 52 km/h and covers 2416 km in 46h 20m. The 17038/Hisar–Secunderabad Express has an average speed of 52 km/h and covers 2416 km in 46h 45m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Balharshah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Wardha Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Badnera Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Akola Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Malkapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nandurbar}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Palanpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Abu Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Marwar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Pali Marwar}}
* {{stnlnk|Jodhpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Merta Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagaur}}
* {{stnlnk|Bikaner Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ratangarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Churu Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sadulpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hisar Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 120 kmph. The train consists of 27 coaches:

* 1 AC I Tier
* 3 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 12 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry car
* 2 Jeneral Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake
* 1 Luggage Rake
* 1 Guard Cabin

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Bhusawal|Bhusawal Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Secunderabad to Hisar Junction and vice versa.

== Rake sharing ==

The train shares its rake with 17001/17002 [[Sainagar Shirdi–Secunderabad Express]] and 17017/17018 [[Rajkot–Secunderabad Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Hisar Junction railway station]]
* [[Secunderabad Junction railway station]]
* [[Sainagar Shirdi–Secunderabad Express]]
* [[Rajkot–Secunderabad Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/209 17037/Secunderabad–Hisar Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1493 17038/Hisar–Secunderabad Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secunderabad-Hisar Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Sanjib Chattopadhyay

2026-02-28T09:15:40Z

99notes: slightly rework layout as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{distinguish|Sanjib Chandra Chattopadhyay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Sanjib Chattopadhyay 
সঞ্জীব চট্টোপাধ্যায়
| native_name = সঞ্জীব চট্টোপাধ্যায়
| image = Sanjeev Chattopadhyay photo.png
| image_size = 200px
| alt = Sanjib Chattopadhyay photo
| caption = Sanjib Chattopadhyay
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1934
|10|24}}<ref name="Sanjeev Chattopadhyay, 1934">{{cite web|title=Sanjeev Chattopadhyay, 1934|url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/sanjeevchattopadhyay.html|publisher=loc.gov|accessdate=15 July 2012}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer
| language = Bengali
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| education = Graduate, [[University of Calcutta]]
| alma_mater = [[Scottish Church College]], [[Calcutta]]
| period = Contemporary
| genre = Novel, Story, Spiritual, Fiction, Humanitarian
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{plainlist}}
* [[Lotakambal]]
* [[Shakha Prashakha]]
* [[Swet Patharer Table]]
{{endplainlist}}
| spouse = Geeta Chattopadhyay
| partner =
| children = Apurba Chattopadhyay
| relatives = {{plainlist}}
* [[Sambhunath Chattopadhyay]] ([[father]])
* [[Tulsi Chattopadhyay]] ([[mother]])
* [[Geeta Chattopadhyay]]
([[wife]])
* [[Apurba Chattopadhay]]
([[son]])
* [[Susmita Chattopadhyay]]
([[daughter in law]])
* [[Pooja Chattopadhyay]]
([[grand-daughter]])
* [[Suddha Chattopadhyay]]
([[grand-daughter]])
{{endplainlist}}
| awards = {{ubl|Ananda Purashkar (1981)|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2018)}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Sanjib Chattopadhyay''' ({{langx|bn|সঞ্জীব চট্ট্যোপাধ্যায়}}; born 24 October 1934<ref name="Sanjeev Chattopadhyay, 1934" /> in [[Kolkata]], [[Undivided India|India]]) is an Indian Bengali novelist and writer of short stories.<ref name="Sanjeev Chattopadhyay, 1934" /> His style is characterized by use of short satirical sentences mixed with very lively language.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

==Childhood and education==
Sanjib Chattopadhyay spent his childhood in the hilly terrain of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]<ref
name="blurb">[[Blurb]] of ''Dashti Kishore Upanyas'', collection of novels by Sanjib Chattopadhyay, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, 2012</ref> under the care of his father after his mother died when he was five. They relocated to Calcutta and he was admitted to Victoria Institution school which he joined at grade seven{{clarify|date=December 2010}}. He later graduated from the [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta|Scottish Church College]] where he studied chemistry.<ref>''Some Alumni of Scottish Church College'' in ''175th Year Commemoration Volume''. Scottish Church College, April 2008, p. 591</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.scotchem.org/selectedlist.htm
|title = Some of Our Distinguished Alumni
|publisher = Alumni of Chemistry department, Scottish Church College, Kolkata
|accessdate = 2008-11-13
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081121223953/http://www.scotchem.org/selectedlist.htm
|archivedate = 2008-11-21
}}</ref>

==Work==
The subjects of his [[fiction]] are mostly families living in [[Calcutta]] city. Within the confines of these homes, he challenges the moral values of the fast-changing [[middle class]] of the city. Chattopadhyay frequently uses old men as his protagonists. These aged characters create the spiritual and philosophical edge found in his novels ''Lotakambal'' (The Vessel and Quilt) and ''Shakha Prasakha'' (Branches). Arguably the most famous of his creations is ''Lotakambal''. His most famous novella ''Swet Patharer Table'' (The Ivory Table) is an example of his characteristic style of story-telling which mixes tension, dilemma, curiosity, pity, humor, and satire. He has written fiction for children and continues to write for magazines and newspapers. Chattopdhyay's current writing is related to Ramkrishna Paramhansa Sarada Devi and Swami Vivekananda. Some of his major works apart from the above-mentioned are:

* ''Parampadokamale'' (At His Divine Feet)
* ''Cancer''
* ''Duti Chair'' (Two Chairs)
* ''Roshe Boshe''
* ''Rakish Maa Roshe Boshe''
* ''Besh Achhi Roshe Boshe''
* ''Tumi Aar Aami'' (You And I)
* ''Eke Eke'' (One By One)
* ''Kolkata Achhe Kolkatatei'' (Calcutta Is In Calcutta)
* ''Sheuli'' - A novel about a family consisting of grandfather, grandmother, father, mother and their son and daughter with many aspirations nestled inside satire.
* ''Iti Palash''
* ''Iti Tomaar Maa''
* ''Bullet''
* ''Mapa Hashi Chapa Kanna'' (a book on satire)
* ''Halka Hashi Chokher Jol'' (a book on satire) [Light Smile Tears]
* ''Ujan Beye Jai''
* ''Mojar Foara''
* ''Bhagabaner Kaane Dilen Bhagabaner Naam'' by Dey's Publishing
* ''Nirbane Anirban Buddha Bhagaban'' by Dey's Publishing
* ''BHOR HOLO'' by Patra Bharati
* ''Ka Tobo Kanta'' by Dey's Publishing
* ''Porokiya'' by Patra Bharati
* ''BRAMHADATYIR BACCHA'' by Patra Bharati

Apart from these, his notable juvenile literature includes the Ruku-Suku and Badomama-Mejomama series (recompiled & published as ''Mama Samagra'' by KGB Prakashani) which are fun-filled and analyse various philosophical aspects of life through the eyes of children.

==Awards==
* Chattopadhyay is the recipient of the [[Ananda Puraskar]] in 1981.<ref name="blurb"/>
* He received the [[Banga Bibhushan]] award<ref>{{cite web | title=West Bengal Government confers Banga-bibhushan and Banga-bhusan Awards for excellence in different fields | website=AITC Official | date=2012-05-20 | url=http://aitcofficial.org/aitc/west-bengal-government-confers-banga-bibhushan-and-banga-bhusan-awards-for-excellence-in-different-fields/ | access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref> from the Govt. of West Bengal in May, 2012.<ref>{{cite web | title=Banga Bibhushan award conferred on Sanjib Chattopadhyay | website=The Hindu | date=2012-05-21 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/banga-bibhushan-award-conferred-on-suchitra-sen/article3439790.ece | access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref>
* He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2018 for his novel ''Sri Krishner Sesh Kota Din''<ref name="Dey 2018">{{cite web | last=Dey | first=Saheli | title=Bengal's Sanjib Chattopadhyay To Get Sahitya Academy Award | website=Kolkata24x7 | date=2018-12-05 | url=https://english.kolkata24x7.com/first-break-bengals-sanjib-chattopadhyay-to-get-sahitya-academy-award.html/ | access-date=2018-12-05 | archive-date=6 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206001603/https://english.kolkata24x7.com/first-break-bengals-sanjib-chattopadhyay-to-get-sahitya-academy-award.html/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Sahitya Akademi honour for Sanjib Chattopadhyay | website=The Times of India | date=2018-12-06 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sahitya-akademi-honour-for-sanjib-chattopadhyay/articleshow/66964599.cms | access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> at an age of 82 years.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Sanjeev}}
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian children's poets]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian satirists]]
[[Category:Indian satirical poets]]

Sita Kalyanam (1934 Telugu film)

2026-02-24T19:58:16Z

99notes:

{{short description|1934 film directed by Chitrapu Narasimha Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seetha Kalyanam
| image = Sita Kalyanam (1934 Telugu film).jpg
| director = Chitrapu Narasimha Rao
| producer = Pinapala Venkata Dasu
| writer = Ramana Murthy
| starring = Bezawada Rajaratnam Master Kalyani Madhavapeddi Venkatramayya T. Venkateswarlu 
| cinematography = [[K. Ramnoth]]
| music = [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]
| studio = Vel Pictures
| runtime = 133 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1934|10|6}}
}}

'''''Sita Kalyanam''''' is a 1934 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by Chitrapu Narasimha Rao and produced by Pinapala Venkata Dasu (P. V. Dasu) under the banner of Vel Pictures.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Seeta Kalyanam (1934) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BNG/info |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The film stars Bezawada Rajaratnam, Master Kalyani, and Madhavapeddi Venkatramayya, with music composed by [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sita Kalyanam |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/public/film/sita-kalyanam |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref> Released on 6 October 1934, it was a commercial success.<ref name="TeluguCinema" />

The film holds historical significance as the first Telugu [[Sound film|talkie]] to both feature outdoor sequences<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&dq=Sita+Kalyanam+%281934+Telugu+film%29&pg=PA260 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |pages=260 |language=en}}</ref> and be produced in [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3VTAAAAYAAJ&q=Sita+Kalyanam |title=Film World |date=1964 |publisher=T.M. Ramachandran |volume=1 |pages=132 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4PZDQAAQBAJ&dq=Sita+Kalyanam+%281934+Telugu+film%29&pg=RA1-PA26 |title=Once Upon a Time in India: A Century of Indian Cinema |date=2016-12-08 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-93-85990-40-3 |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> It is also notable as the second Telugu talkie produced by a Telugu filmmaker.<ref name=":3" />

== Plot ==
''Sita Kalyanam'' is based on the story of [[Sita]] from the [[Ramayana]], focusing on her marriage to [[Rama]]. The film emphasizes the divine and ceremonial aspects of the wedding, showcasing several key events leading up to their union.

== Cast ==
Source:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=1934 Seeta Kalyanam Songbook |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/ADI/2 |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
* Master Kalyani as [[Rama|Sri Rama]]
* Bezawada Rajaratnam as [[Sita|Seetha]]
* Madhavapeddi Venkatramayya as [[Vishvamitra|Viswamitra]]
* Nellore Nagarajarao as [[Dasharatha|Dasaratha]]
* Govindarajula Venkatramayya as [[Janaka]]
* T. Venkateswarlu as [[Ravana]]
* Nageshwar Rao as [[Lakshmana]]
* Kamala Kumari as [[Ahalya]]
* Suribabu as Gautama
* Kruthiventi Venkata Subbarao as Mareecha
* Lanka Krishnamurthy as Subahu
* Srihari as [[Kausalya]]
* Dasari Ramatilakam as [[Kaikeyi]]
* Kokilamani as [[Sumitra]]

== Production ==
Pinapala Venkata Dasu (P. V. Doss), who had previously built Minerva Talkies in [[Machilipatnam]] and Srikrishna Talkies in [[Repalle]], relocated to [[Chennai|Madras]], where he established Vel Pictures.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=కలకొండ |first=ఆదిత్య శివశంకర |date=23 May 2024 |title=తెలుగు టాకీ మొదలైన తరువాత మొదటి పదేళ్ళలో తెలుగు సినిమా.. |url=https://thebetterandhra.com/telugu/telugu-cinema/telugu-cinema-in-the-first-ten-years-after-telugu-talkie/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=TheBetterAndhra |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTluAAAAMAAJ&q=pv+das |title=History and Culture of the Andhras |date=1995 |publisher=Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University |isbn=978-81-86073-07-0 |pages=390 |language=en}}</ref> He partnered with a few local Tamil individuals for this venture. Vel Pictures is considered to be the first Telugu talkie studio founded in Madras.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thoraval |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ&q=Sita+Kalyanam |title=The Cinemas of India |date=2000 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4 |pages=346–347 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1L2DAAAQBAJ&dq=Sita+Kalyanam+%281934+Telugu+film%29&pg=PT165 |title=Indian Cinema: A Visual Voyage |publisher=[[National Film Development Corporation of India]] |isbn=978-81-230-2192-8 |language=en}}</ref> Due to the lack of available studios at the time, the team rented the bungalow of the [[Rao Venkata Kumara Mahipati Surya Rau|Pithapuram Raja]] and used temporary structures to facilitate film production.<ref name=":3" />

Their first project was ''Sita Kalyanam'', which became the second talkie film produced by a Telugu filmmaker. The film was an adaptation of [[Prabhat Film Company]]'s Tamil film of the [[Sita Kalyanam (1934 Tamil film)|same name]].<ref name=":1" /> Directed by Chitrapu Narasimha Rao, with [[K. Ramnoth]] as the cinematographer and A. K. Sekhar overseeing art direction.<ref name=":0" /> It was the first Telugu talkie to incorporate outdoor sequences, setting it apart from other early productions.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Music ==
The soundtrack features devotional songs and verses relevant to the mythological theme. The film's songs, composed by [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]] (Master Penchalayya), were well-received.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
''Seetha Kalyanam'' was released on October 6, 1934, and was a commercial success, garnering praise for its devotional content and performances by the lead actors.<ref name="TeluguCinema">{{cite journal |date=28 January 2007 |title=1931-2006: తెలుగు సినిమారంగం మేలిమలుపులు |trans-title=1931-2006: Important milestones of Telugu film industry |url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/DMhnP |journal=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |page=5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0261978|Seeta Kalyanam}}

[[Category:1934 films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:1930s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1934 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]

Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-21T13:27:24Z

99notes: New a post

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Tikamgarh
| map_image = Madhya Pradesh Lok Sabha constituencies (Tikamgarh highlighted).png
| map_caption = Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency within Madhya Pradesh
| established = 1952
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|reservation= SC
|assembly_cons = [[Tikamgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]] [[Jatara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatara ]] [[Prithvipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Prithvipur ]] [[Niwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Niwari ]] [[Khargapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khargapur ]] [[Maharajpur (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maharajpur]] [[Chhatarpur (Madhya Pradesh) (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhatarpur]] [[Bijawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijawar]]
| mp = [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Union Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image = File:MP Virendra Kumar.jpg
| latest_election_year = 2024
|electors =18,26,585<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | website=elections24.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
}}
'''Tikamgarh''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central India. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies. It is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|scheduled castes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=2348|title=Three new faces in Cong candidates' list|publisher=Central Chronicle|date=14 March 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050439/http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=2348|archivedate=17 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The constituency covers the entire [[Tikamgarh district]] and [[Niwari district]] and part of [[Chhatarpur district]]. Before delimitation, Tikamgarh, Jatara, Niwari, Khargapur, Maharajpur, Chhatarpur and Bijawar [[Vidhan Sabha]] segments were part of the erstwhile [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency]].
As per census Tikamgarh District has a population of 1,445,166 in 2011 out of which 760,355 are male and 684,811 are female. Population of Tikamgarh District in 2020/2021 is 1,616,201 (estimates as per aadhar uidai.gov.in feb 2019 data). Literate people are 747,940 out of 459,353 are male and 288,587 are female. People living in Tikamgarh District depend on multiple skills, total workers are 655,318 out of which men are 402,776 and women are 252,542. Total 251,049 Cultivators are depended on agriculture farming out of 187,192 are cultivated by men and 63,857 are women. 126,209 people works in agricultural land as labor, men are 75,717 and 50,492 are women. Tikamgarh District sex ratio is 901 females per 1000 of males.

==Assembly segments==
Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/election_commission/191208.asp|title=Three new Parliamentary seats come into existence Dewas, Tikamgarh and Ratlam in Shajapur, Seoni and Jhabua out|publisher=Department of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh government|date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621174614/http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/election_commission/191208.asp|archivedate=21 June 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|43
|[[Tikamgarh Assembly constituency|Tikamgarh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tikamgarh district|Tikamgarh]]
|Yadvendra Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|44
|[[Jatara Assembly constituency|Jatara]] (SC)
|[[Harishankar Khatik]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|45
|[[Prithvipur Assembly constituency|Prithvipur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Niwari district|Niwari]]
|Nitendra Singh Rathore
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|46
|[[Niwari Assembly constituency|Niwari]]
|Anil Jain
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|47
|[[Khargapur Assembly constituency|Khargapur]]
|[[Tikamgarh district|Tikamgarh]]
|Chanda Gaur
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|48
|[[Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Maharajpur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
|Kamakhya Pratap Singh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|51
|[[Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]]
|[[Lalita Yadav]]
|-
|52
|[[Bijawar Assembly constituency|Bijawar]]
|Babalu Rajesh Shukla
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2"| '''Party'''
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Ram Sahai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Kure Mate
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nathu Ram Ahirwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1977–2008 : Constituency abolished''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Virendra Kumar Khatik|Dr. Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Tikamgarh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 7,15,050
|percentage=65.1
|change={{increase}}3.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Pankaj Ahirwar
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 3,11,738
|percentage=28.38
|change=-1.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Dalluram Ahirwar
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 32,673
|percentage=2.97
|change=new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Pankaj Ahirwar
|party= Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
|votes=10,158
|percentage=0.92
|change=new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 12,831
|percentage = 1.17
|change = new
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =4,03,312
|percentage =36.72
|change ={{increase}}4.98
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =10,96,023{{efn|does not include postal ballots}}
|percentage =60.00
|change ={{decrease}}6.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Tikamgarh]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
|votes = 6,72,248
|percentage = 61.30
|change = +6.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kiran Ahirwar
|votes = 3,24,189
|percentage = 29.56
|change = +1.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = R.D. Prajapati
|votes = 42,585
|percentage = 3.88
|change = -2.32
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,48,059
|percentage = 31.74
|change = +4.5
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,97,454
|percentage = 66.62
|change = +16.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Tikamgarh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
|votes = 4,22,979
|percentage = 55.20
|change = +17.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ahirwar Dr Kamlesh Verma
|votes = 2,14,248
|percentage = 27.96
|change = -2.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Dr. Ambesh Kumari Ahirwar
|votes = 47,497
|percentage = 6.20
|change = {{same}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,08,731
|percentage = 27.24
|change = +19.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,66,878
|percentage = 50.16
|change = +6.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2009===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Tikamgarh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
|votes = 2,00,109
|percentage = 38.10
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =Ahirwar Vrindavan
|votes = 1,58,247
|percentage = 30.13
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Chintaman Kori Rampuriya
|votes = 47,497
|percentage = 6.20
|change = new
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,862
|percentage = 7.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,25,180
|percentage = 43.42
|change = new
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party

|swing = new
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Tikamgarh district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/madhya_pradesh/tikamgarh/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Tikamgarh lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|24.75|78.80|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tikamgarh (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhatarpur district]]
[[Category:Tikamgarh district]]

Nasik Caves

2026-02-20T15:43:36Z

99notes: cleanup formatting also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Ancient Buddhist and Jain caves in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Cave
| name = Trirashmi Caves Buddha and Jain leni Caves
| photo = Nasik cave 17.jpg
| photo_caption = Nasik Caves, Cave No. 17, built circa 120 CE.
| location = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| depth =
| length =
| coords = {{coord|19.9412|73.7486|display=inline,title}}
| survey =
| map=India#India Maharashtra
| label = Nasik Caves
| label_position = right
| relief=yes
| survey_format =
| discovery =
| geology =
| entrance_count =
| entrance_list =
| difficulty =
| hazards =
| access =
| translation =
| language =
| pronunciation =
}}
The '''Trirashmi Caves''',<ref>Michell, 383</ref> or '''Nashik Caves or [[Pandavleni]]''' is a holy Buddhist and Jain site located about 8 km south of the centre of [[Nashik]] (or Nasik), [[Maharashtra]], India. Most of the caves are [[viharas]] except for Cave 18 which is a [[chaitya]] of the 1st century [[BCE]].<ref name="Michell, 384">Michell, 384</ref> The style of some of the elaborate pillars or columns, for example in caves 3 and 10, is an important example of the development of the form.<ref>Harle, 55-56</ref> Cave 11 is a [[Jain]] cave dedicated to Lord Vrishabhanath ([[Rishabhanatha]]), the first [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]]. Some scholars suggest that the name '''Pandavleni''' is derived from the [[Pandavas]], characters in the [[Mahabharata]] epic, as some caves contain inscriptions related to early Brahmin or [[Hinduism|Hindu]] beliefs. Other caves in this [[Maharashtra]] area include the [[Karla Caves]], [[Bhaja Caves]], [[Patan Caves]] and [[Bedse Caves]].

==Caves==
These are a group of twenty-four Early Buddhist caves whose excavation was financed by kings, merchants, devotees and foreigners who supported [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]]. Cave No. 3 is a large [[vihara]] or monastery with some interesting sculptures. Cave No. 10 is also a [[vihara]], almost identical in design to Cave No. 3, but finer in detail and thought to be nearly as old as the [[Karla Caves]] near [[Lonavala]]. Cave No. 18 is a [[chaitya]] worship hall believed to be similar in date to the Karla Caves, with a finely sculptured and elaborate facade. This cave houses a stone-cut [[stupa]], statues of the Buddha, [[Jain]] Tirthankara [[Ṛṣabhadeva]], and icons of the [[yakṣas]] [[Maṇibhadra]] and [[Ambikā (Jainism)|Ambikā]]. The chaitya hall served as a chamber used for communal ceremonies, chanting, walking and seated meditation.There are water tanks that have been skilfully carved out of the solid rock.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.showcaves.com/english/in/subterranea/Pandavleni.html
|title=Pandavleni Caves
|publisher=showcaves.com
|access-date=2006-09-16
}}</ref>
[[File:Monsoon_Greens.jpg|left|thumb|Panorama from the caves, during the [[monsoon]] season.]]
The Nasik caves are some of the oldest in Maharashtra. Some are large and contain numerous rock-cut chambers that served as a [[viharas]] or monasteries for Jain and Buddhist monks. One of the older viharas contains a particularly elaborate facade, fine in sculptural detail and thought to be nearly as old as the Karla Cave near [[Lonavala]]

Some of the caves have images of the Buddha, [[bodhisattvas]], sculptures representing the kings, farmers, merchants and other rich iconography.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ajanta-ellora.com/pandavleni-caves.html |title=Pandavleni Caves Tour, Pandavleni Caves Tour in India, Pandavleni Caves in India, Pandavleni Cave Temples in India, Buddhist Caves of Pandavleni, Pandavleni Caves Travel in India |access-date=15 November 2016 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731023501/http://www.ajanta-ellora.com/pandavleni-caves.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/caves/pandavleni-caves.html|title = Pandavleni Caves - Pandavleni Caves Nashik, Pandu Lena Caves, Pandu Lena Maharashtra India}}</ref>

The site has an excellent ancient water management system with several [[irrigation tank|water tanks]] skillfully chiseled out of solid rock.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Pandavleni-Caves-26204.htm
|title=Pandavleni Caves
|publisher=india9
|access-date=2006-09-16
}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Pandav img4.JPG|thumb|300px|Part of the caves (Caves No.6 to No.8) at Pandavleni.]]
[[File:092pandavleni.jpg|thumb|Additional caves under the visitor's path at Pandavleni.]]
The caves can be traced back to the 1st century BCE by inscriptions that record donations made by kings and laity.<ref name="Michell, 384"/> Out of the twenty-four caves, two caves are a major attraction - cave No. 18, a chaitya (prayer hall) with a [[stupa]], and cave No. 10, structurally complete with famous inscriptions. Both of the caves have carved images of the Buddha and face eastwards.

The various inscriptions confirm that Nasik was ruled by three dynasties – the [[Western Kshatrapa]]s, the [[Satavahana]]s and the [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]]s. It seems there was always a conflict between Satavahanas and the Kshatrapas over supremacy. However, all the kings supported Buddhism. The inscriptions also confirm that local merchants donated huge sums for cave excavation and development.

===Layout and content===
The group of 24 caves were cut in a long line on the north face of a hill called Trirasmi. The importance of this group lies not only in the number of inscriptions of great historical significance belonging to the reigns of Satavahana and Kshaharata rulers, but also in representing a brilliant phase in the rock-cut architecture of the second century CE. There are 24 excavations though many seem small and less historically important. Starting at the east end, the caves are numbered westward. They are almost entirely of an early date, and while many were excavated to support the schools of [[Early Buddhist schools|Early Buddhism]], several show the artistic influence and styles of later schools called [[Mahayana]]. Mostly, the interior of the caves are starkly plain, in contrast to the heavily ornamented exterior.

==The caves and their inscriptions==
Inscriptions in caves 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19 and 20 are legible. Other inscriptions note the names [[Gautamiputra Satkarni]] and [[Vashishthiputra Pulumavi]] of the [[Satavahanas]], [[Ushavadata]] and his wife Dakshamitra, of the [[Western Satraps]], and the [[Yavana]] ([[Indo-Greek]]) Dhammadeva.

Since the caves were inhabited by the [[Early Buddhism (disambiguation)|Early Buddhism]] as well as Mahayana sects, one can see a nice confluence of structure and sculpture.

===Caves No. 1-2===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.1'''
|-
|Cave No.1: except the ornamental frieze over the front, no part of this cave is finished; it has been planned for a [[vihara]], with four columns between pilasters in front of a narrow veranda, but they are all left as square masses. A cell was begun at each end of the verandah. The front wall has been more recently partly blasted away. There are no inscriptions in this cave.<ref name="Fergusson 267">The cave temples of India, Fergusson, James, W.H. Allen &Co [https://archive.org/stream/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft p.267ff] (Public domain text)</ref> 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
001 Cave 1, Exterior, Side (33584610070).jpg|Cave 1, exterior
002 Cave 1, Exterior, Front (33584607550).jpg|Cave 1, front
003 Cave 1, Interior, Cell (33584605610).jpg|Interior
004 Cave 1, Interior, Window (33584603290).jpg|Interior
</gallery>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.2'''
|-
|Cave No.2 is a small excavation that may have been originally a veranda, 11.5 feet by 4.25 feet, with two cells at the back; but the front wall and dividing partition have been cut away, and the walls nearly covered with sculpture, consisting of sitting and standing Buddhas with attendant [[chauri]]-bearers, in some cases unfinished. These are the additions of [[Mahayana]] Buddhists of the sixth or seventh century CE.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/> 
The veranda apparently had two wooden pillars, and the projecting frieze is carved with the "rail pattern", much weather worn and very old. On the remaining
section of the back wall of the veranda, close under the roof, is a fragment of an inscription of [[Satavahana]] king [[Sri Pulumavi]] (2nd century CE):

{{blockquote|"Success! On the ..... day of the fifth -5th- fortnight of summer 
in the sixth -6th- year of king [[Sri Pulumavi|Siri-Pulumayi]], son of Vasithi...."|Cave No.2, inscription No.1<ref>Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.59]</ref>}}

Between this and the next cave are a tank with two openings above, a large scarped-out place, and two decayed recesses, one of them a tank; all along this space are blocks of rock blasted out or fallen down from above.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/> 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
005 Cave 2, Exterior, Side (33584601570).jpg|Cave 2, exterior
006 Cave 2, Exterior, Front (33584599620).jpg|Cave 2, front
007 Cave 2, Interior, Reliefs (33584597010).jpg|Interior
008 Cave 2, Buddha, Bodhisattvas and Devas (33156268223).jpg|Interior
</gallery>
|}

===Cave No.3, "Gautamiputra vihara" (circa 150 CE)===
[[File:010 Cave 3, Exterior (33156264563).jpg|thumb|350px|Cave No.3 "Gautamiputra vihara" (circa 150 CE). [https://www.google.com/maps/@19.9412942,73.748008,2a,75y,193.87h,108.11t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1srR4v5fhbFDEAAAGu3P9-Eg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en 3D Tour].]]
Cave No.3 at [[Nasik]] is one of the most important caves, and the largest, of the [[Pandavleni]] caves complex. It was built and dedicated to the [[sangha]] in the 2nd century CE by Queen Gotami Balasiri, mother of deceased [[Satavahana]] king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]], and contains many important inscriptions.

====The cave====
The cave is a [[vihara]] meant to provide shelter to Buddhist monks. It is, with cave No.10, the largest vihara cave in the Pandavleni Caves complex. The hall is 41 feet wide and 46 deep, with a bench round three sides. The cave has six pillars on the front porch, roughly similar to those of the early cave No. 10 built by the viceroy of [[Nahapana]] circa 120 CE. Inside, 18 monk cells are laid out according to a square plan, seven on the right side, six in the back, and five in the left.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>

;Entrance
The central door into this vihara is sculptured in a style reminiscent of the [[Sanchi]] gateways; the side pilasters are divided into six compartments, each filled mostly with two men and a woman, in different stages of some story which seems to end in the woman being carried off by one of the men.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/> Over the door are the three symbols, the [[Bodhi tree]], the [[stupa|dagoba]], and the [[chakra]] wheel with worshipers; at each side is a [[dvarapala]] or doorkeeper, holding up a bunch of flowers. If the carving on this door be compared with any of those at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], it may be found more crude and less bold, but the style of headdress agrees with that on the screen walls at [[Karla Caves|Karle]], [[Kanheri]], and in the paintings in Cave X at Ajanta, which probably belong to about the same age.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/> 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style=" font-size: 100%;"| Cave No.3, Entrance gate details
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Nasik Door of Cave 3 Gautamiputra Cave.jpg|General layout, reminding of a [[Sanchi]] gateway.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>
012 Cave 3, Verandah and Door (33156442493).jpg|Side view
File:016 Cave 3, Door Frame (33584393790).jpg|Door frame
014 Cave 3, Dwarapala, Left (33584577620).jpg|Left [[Dvarapala]]
015 Cave 3, Dwarapala, Right (33584570700).jpg|Right [[Dvarapala]]
</gallery>
|}

;Pillars
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="right" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 40%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style=" font-size: 100%;"| Pillars of cave No.3
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
Comparison of capitals Cave 10 Nahapana (left) vs Cave 3 Gautamiputra Satakarni.jpg|Comparison of the pillar capitals of [[Nahapana]]'s Cave 10 (left) and [[Gautamiputra Satakarni|Gautamiputra]]'s Cave 3 (right). The capitals of Cave No.3 are "much poorer in proportion", with a "shorter and less elegant form of the bell-shaped portion, and the corners of the frame that encloses the torus having small figures attached", pointing to a later period imitation.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>
Nasik Cave 3 columns.jpg|Cave No.3 pillars (back view). They have no base, and "stand on a bench in the veranda, and in front of them is a carved screen".<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>
</gallery>
|}
The veranda has six octagonal columns without bases between highly sculptured pilasters. The capitals of these pillars are distinguished from those in the [[Nahapana]] Cave No. 10 by the shorter and less elegant form of the bell-shaped portion of them, and by the corners of the frame that encloses the torus having small figures attached; both alike have a series of five thin members, overlapping one another and supporting four animals on each capital, bullocks, elephants, horses, [[sphinx]]es, etc..., between the front and back pairs of which runs the [[architrave]], supporting a projecting [[frieze]], with all the details of a wooden framing copied in it. The upper part of the frieze in this case is richly carved with a string course of animals under a richly carved rail, resembling in its design and elaborateness the rails at [[Amravati]], with which this vihara must be nearly, if not quite contemporary. The pillars stand on a bench in the veranda, and in front of them is a carved screen, supported by three dwarfs on each side the steps to the entrance.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/> 
The details of this cave and No. 10 are so alike that the one must be regarded as a copy of the other, but the capitals in No. 10 are so like those of the [[Karla Caves]]' [[chaitya]], while those in the veranda of this cave are so much poorer in proportion, that one is tempted to suppose this belongs to a later period, when art had begun to decay.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>

;Comparison with other sites
The architecture of the Nahapana cave (Cave No.10) is very similar to that of the [[Karla Caves]] Great [[Chaitya]]. Conversely, the architecture of cave No. 3 is very similar to that of the [[Kanheri]] [[Chaitya]]. This suggests that the two viharas cannot be very far apart in date from the two chaitya halls.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.3, "Gautamiputra Vihara" (reign of [[Sri Pulumavi]])'''
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
010 Cave 3, Exterior (33156264563).jpg|Cave 3, exterior
011 Cave 3, Pillars and Relief (33928504416).jpg|Cave 3, pillars
020 Cave 3, Chaitya Relief and Cells (33584555950).jpg|Interior
014 Cave 3, Dwarapala, Left (33584577620).jpg|[[Dvarapala]]
021 Cave 3, Chaitya Relief (33156425683).jpg|Chaitya relief
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
018 Cave 3, Pillar and Decoration (33584566420).jpg|Decoration
File:103 Cave no 03 (33928283896).jpg|Interior panorama
Nasik Vihara No3 plan.jpg|Plan of the [[vihara]]
</gallery>
|}

====Inscriptions====
[[File:Vashishthiputra Shri Pulumavi.jpg|thumb|Cave No.3 was completed and dedicated to the Samgha during the reign of Satavahana king [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi]] (130–159 CE).]]
One long inscription (No. 2) in the 19th year of [[Satavahana]] king [[Sri Pulumavi]] (2nd century CE), explains that Queen Gotami Balasiri, mother of glorious king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni|Gotamiputra]], caused this cave to be built and gave it to the [[sangha]].<ref name="EI 60">Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.60ff]</ref> There is also another long inscription (No.3) by Sri Pulumavi himself, also in the 22nd year of his reign.<ref name="EI 60"/> There are also inscriptions (No. 4 and No. 5) at the entrance of the cave by [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] (2nd century) in the 18th year of his reign, who claims a great victory.<ref name="EI 71">Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.71ff]</ref>

As mentioned above, one of the most important Nasik Caves inscription was made by Gautamiputra's mother the great queen Gotami Balasiri, during the reign of her grandson [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi]], in order to record the gift of Cave No.3. The full inscription consists in a long [[eulogy]] of Gautamiputra Satakarni, mentioning his valour, his military victories, and then her gift of a cave in the Nasik Caves complex.

The most important passages on this inscription related to the military victories of Gautamiputra Satakarni, in particular:
* the claim that Gautamiputra Satakarni "destroyed the [[Sakas]], [[Yavanas]] and [[Palhavas]]", alluding respectively to the [[Western Satraps]], the [[Indo-Greeks]] and the [[Indo-Parthians]]
* the claim that Gautamitra Satakarni "rooted out the [[Western Satraps|Khakharata]] race" and "restored the glory of the Satavahana family". The Khakharata refers to the Kshaharata dynasty, the family branch of [[Nahapana]], the important [[Western Satraps]] ruler.

The full inscription, located on the back wall of the veranda above the entrance, reads:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri''' Nasik Cave No.3, inscription No.2, 19th year of the reign of [[Sri Pulumavi]] (back wall of the veranda, above the left window of the entrance)
|-
|{{blockquote|
[[File:Nasik cave 3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri.jpg|thumb|300px|Full inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri (rubbing).<ref name="EI60"/>]]
[[File:Saka-Yavana-Pahlava inscription in the Nasik cave 3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri.jpg|thumb|The defeated "[[Western Satraps|Saka]]-[[Indo-Greeks|Yavana]]-[[Indo-Parthians|Palhava]]" ([[Brahmi script]]: 𑀲𑀓 𑀬𑀯𑀦 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀯) mentioned in the Nasik cave 3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri (end of line 5 of the inscription).<ref name="EI60">{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=E. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.8 |date=1906 |page=60 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56654#page/n75/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
"Success! In the nineteenth -19th- year of king Siri-[[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi|Pulumayi Vasithiputra]], in the second -2nd- fortnight of summer, on the thirteenth -13th- day, the great queen Gotami Balasiri, delighting in truth, charity, patience and respect for life; bent on penance, self-control, restraint and abstinence; fully working out the type of a royal Rishi's wife; the mother of the king of kings, Siri-[[Gautamiputra Satakarni|Satakani Gotamiputa]],
:*who was in strength equal to mount Himavat, mount [[Mount Meru|Meru]], mount Mandara; king of Asika, Asaka, Mulaka, Suratha, Kukura, [[Aparanta]], Anupa, Vidabha, Akaravanti; lord of the mountains Vindhya, Chhavata, Parichata, Sahya, Kanhagiri, Macha, Siritana, Malaya, Mahendra, Setagiri, Chakora; obeyed by the circle of all kings on earth;
:*whose face was beautiful and pure like the lotas opened by the rays of the sun; whose chargers had drunk the water of three oceans; whose face was lovely and radiant like the orb of the full moon; whose gait was beautiful like the gait of a choice elephant; whose arms were as muscular and rounded, broad and long as the folds of the lord of serpents; whose fearless hand was wet by the water poured out to impart fearlessness; of unchecked obedience towards his mother; who properly devised time and place for the pursuit of the triple object (of human activity); who sympathized fully with the weal and woe of the citizens;
:*who crushed down the pride and conceit of the [[Kshatriyas]]; who destroyed the [[Sakas]], [[Yavanas]] and [[Palhavas]]; who never levied nor employed taxes but in conformity to justice; alien to hurting life even towards an offending enemy; the furtherer of the homesteads of the low as well as of the twice-born; who rooted out the [[Western Satraps|Khakharata]] race; who restored the glory of the Satavahana family; whose feet were saluted by all provinces; who stopped the contamination of the four ''varnas''; who conquered multitudes of enemies in many battles; whose victorious banner was unvanquished; whose capital was unassailable to his foes;
:*who had inherited from a long line of ancestors the privilege of kingly music; the abode of traditional lore; the refuge of the virtuous; the asylum of Fortune; the fountain of good manners; the unique controller; the unique archer; the unique hero; the unique Brahmana; in prowess equal to Kama, Kesava, [[Arjuna]] and Bhimasena; liberal on festive days in unceasing festivities and assemblies; not inferior in lustre to Nabhaga, Nahusha, Janamejaya, Sagara, Yayati, Rama and Ambartsha; who, vanquishing his enemies in a way as constant as inexhaustible, unthinkable and marvelous; in battles fought by the Wind, [[Garuda]], the Siddbas, the [[Yakshas]], the Rakshasas, the Vidyadharas, the Bhutas, the Gandharvas, the [[Charan]]as, the Moon, the Son, the Asterisms and the Planets, (appeared to be himself) plunging into the sky from the shoulder of his choice elephant; (and) who (thus) raised his family to high fortune,
caused, as a pious gift, on the top of the Tiranhu mountain similar to the top of the [[Kailasa]], (this) cave to be made quite equal to the divine mansions (there). And that cave the great queen, mother of a [[Maharaja]] and grandmother of a Maharaja, gives to the Sangha of monks in the person of the fraternity of the Bhadavaniyas; and for the sake of the embellishment of that cave, with a view to honour and please the great queen his grandmother, her grandson lord of [Dakshina]patha, making over the merit of the gift to his father, grants to this meritorious donation (vis. the cave) the village Pisajipadaka on the south-west side of mount Tiranhu. 
Renunciation to the enjoyments of every kind."
|Nasik Caves inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri, Cave No.3<ref>Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.61-62]</ref>}}
|}

The above inscription shows an odd but fascinating blend of Vedic-Bramanic beliefs, religious and cultural, in mentioning caste (the "twice born" Brahmins and the "varnas," or Four Castes) and characters from the Mahabharata (Arjuna, Bhima) and Puranas (Nahusha), while also espousing beliefs in Buddhism ("Renunciation to the enjoyments of every kind," "..this meritorious donation") and openly supporting the [[sangha]]. Despite the eventual antagonism between Buddhists and Brahmins over royal patronage, the Satavahanas clearly supported both religious groups, perhaps trying to curry favor not only with the humans but also the divinities.

The next inscription is located right under the inscription of the Queen, only separated by a [[swastika]] and another symbol. The inscription (inscription No.3) was made by [[Sri Pulumavi]] himself, in the 22nd year of his reign, and records the gift of a village for the welfare of the monks dwelling in the cave built by his grandmother.<ref name="EI 60"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Inscription of Sri-Pulumavi''' Nasik Cave No.3, inscription No.3 (reign of [[Sri Pulumavi]])
|-
|{{blockquote|[[File:Nasik inscription No3.jpg|thumb|300px|Inscription of Sri-Pulumavi, Nasik cave No.3.]]
" Success ! The lord of Navanara, [[Sri Pulumavi|Siri-Pulumavi Vasithiputa]], commands Sivakhandila, the officer at Govadhana: The village of Sudisana here in the Govadhana district on the Southern road, which by us, in the 19th year, on the 13th day of the 2nd fortnight of summer, . . . . by the [[Sramana|Samanas]] of Dhanamkata who [dwell] here on mount Tiranhu ......, has been given to be owned by the [[Bhikshu]]s of that fraternity, the Bhadayaniyas dwelling in the Queen's Cave, to produce a perpetual rent for the care of the cave meritoriously excavated, - in exchange for this gift, -the village of Sudasana,- we give the village of Samalipada, here in the Govadhana district on the Eastern road; and this village of Samalipada, .......by the Maha-Aryaka, you must deliver to be owned by the Bhikshus of the school of the Bhadayaniyas dwelling in the Queen's Cave, to produce a perpetual rent for the care of the cave meritoriously excavated; and to this village of Samalipada we grant the immunity belonging to monk's land, (making it) not to be entered (by royal officers), not to be touched (by any of them), not to be dug for salt, not to be interfered with by the district police, (in short) to enjoy all kinds of immunities. With all these immunities you must invest it; and this donation of the village of Samalipada and the immunities take care to have registered here at Sudasana. And by the (officers) entrusted with the abrogation of the (previous) donation of the Sudasana village it has been ordered. Written by the Mahdsendpati Medhnna ....., kept (?) by the ....... of deeds (?). The deed was delivered in the year 22, the 7th day of the . . fortnight of summer; executed by .... . (?). With a view for the well-being of the inhabitants of Govadhana, Vinhupala proclaims the praise of the Lord: Obeisance to the Being exalted in perfection and majesty, the excellent Jina, the Buddha."
|Nasik Caves inscription of Sri-Pulumavi, Cave No.3<ref>Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.66-67]</ref>}}
|}

The next inscription of the cave is very important in that it seems to record the appropriation by king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] of a land previously owned by [[Nahapana]]'s viceroy [[Rishabhadatta|Usubhadata]], builder of Cave No.10, thereby confirming the capture of territory by the Satavahanas over the Western Satraps.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=383}}<ref>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India Upinder Singh [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA384 p.384]</ref> Since his mother made the final dedication of the cave during the reign of his son (inscription No.2 above), Gautamiputra Satakarni may have started the cave, but not finished it.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=92}} The inscription is on the east wall of the veranda in Cave No. 3, under the ceiling.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Inscription of Gautamiputra Satakarni, year 18''' Nasik Cave No.3, inscription No.4
|-
|{{blockquote|[[File:Nasik inscription No4.jpg|thumb|300px|Inscription of Gautamiputra Satakarni, Cave No.3, Inscription No.4.]][[File:017 Cave 3, Inscription (33928306816).jpg|thumb|300px|The two inscriptions of Gautamiputra Satakarni, written one after another. Cave No.3, Inscription No.4.]] 
" Success! From the camp of victory of the Vejayanti army, Siri-[[Gautamiputra Satakarni|Sadakani Gotamiputa]], lord of Benakataka of Govadhana, commands Vinhupalita, the officer at Govadhana: The Ajakalakiya field in the village of Western Kakhadi, previously enjoyed by [[Rishabhadatta|Usabhadata]], - two hundred - 200 - nivartanas, - that our field - two hundred - 200 - nivartanas - we confer on those Tekirasi ascetics; and to that field we grant immunity, (making it) not to be entered (by royal officers), not to be touched (by any of them), not to be dug for salt, not to be interfered with by the district police, and (in short) to enjoy all kinds of immunities; with those immunities invest it; and this field and these immunities take care to have registered here. Verbally ordered; written down by the officer Sivaguta; kept by the Mahasamiyas. The deed was delivered in the 18th year, on the 1st day of the 2nd fortnight of the rainy season; executed by Tapasa."
|Nasik Caves inscription of Gautamiputra Satakarni, Cave No.3<ref name="p.71-72">Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.71-72]</ref>}}
|}

A final inscription, written as a continuation of the previous one, and only separated by a [[swastika]], describes a correction to the previous inscription, as the donated lands and villages turned to be inappropriate. The inscription reads:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Inscription of Gautamiputra Satakarni, year 24''' Nasik Cave No.3, inscription No.5
|-
|{{blockquote|[[File:Nasik inscription No5.jpg|thumb|300px|Inscription of Gautamiputra Satakarni, Cave No.3, Inscription No.5.]]
" Success ! Order of the king, to be made over to Samaka, the officer at Govadhana, In the name of the king Satakani Gotamiputa and of the king's queen mother whose son is living, Samaka, the officer at Govadhana, shall be addressed with the usual civility and then shall be told thus: " We have here on mount Tiranhu formerly given to the mendicant ascetics
dwelling in the cave which is a pious gift of ours, a field in the village of Kakhadi; but this field is not tilled, nor is the village inhabited. Matters being so, that royal village of ours, which is now here on the limit of the town, from that field we give to the mendicant ascetics of Tiranhu one hundred -100 - nivartanas of land, and to that field we grant immunity, (making it) not to be entered (by royal officers), not to be touched (by any of them), not to be dug for salt, not to be interfered with by the district police, and (in short) to enjoy ail kinds of immunities; invest it with those immunities, and take care that the donation of the field and the immunities are duly registered." Verbally ordered; the deed written down by Lota, the door-keeper; (the charter) executed by Sujivin in the year 24, in the 4th fortnight of the rainy season, on the fifth -5th- day. The donation had been made in the year 24, in the
2nd fortnight of summer, on the 10th day."
|Nasik Caves inscription of Gautamiputra Satakarni, Cave No.3<ref name="p.71-72">Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.71-72]</ref>}}
|}

===Caves No.4-9===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.4'''
|-
|Cave No.4 is much destroyed and full of water to a considerable depth. The frieze is at a very considerable height, and is carved with the "rail pattern". The veranda has had two octagonal pillars between [[anta (architecture)|antae]], with bell-shaped capitals, surmounted by elephants with small drivers and female riders. There has also been a plain doorway and two grated windows leading into the cave, but only the heads of them remain. From the unusual height and the chisel marks in the lower part, apparently recent, it seems as if the floor of this cave had been cut away into a cistern below it. Indeed, when the cave ceased to be used as a monastery, from the breaking through of the floor into the water cistern below, the floor seems to have been quite hewn out to form a cistern. This seems to have been done in many cases here.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>
There are no inscriptions in this cave. 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
024 Cave 4, Front View (33156417033).jpg|Cave 4, exterior
025 Cave 4, Capital 1 (33156414543).jpg|Cave 4, pillar capital
026 Cave 4, Capital 3 (33928464506).jpg|Cave 4, pillar capital
027 Cave 4, Looking Outwards (33928461986).jpg|Cave 4, view from the inside.
</gallery>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.5'''
|-
|There are no inscriptions in this cave.
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Caves No.6-7-8'''
|-
|Cave No.6 has an inscription, mentioning its dedication by a merchant to the [[Samgha]].<ref name="EI 75">Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.75ff]</ref> An inscription at Cave No.7 explains it is a gift by a female ascetic named Tapasini to the Samgha.<ref name="EI 75"/> Two inscriptions at Cave No.8 explain the cave is a gift by a fisherman name Mugudasa.<ref name="EI 75"/> 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
028 Caves 6-9 (33928459836).jpg|From right to left, cave No.6, cave no.7, cave No.8, cave No.9
Pandulena 5.jpg|Cave 6, exterior
Nasik Caves 9 and 8.jpg|Caves 9 and 8.
</gallery>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.9'''
|-
|There are no inscriptions in this cave. 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
030 Cave 9, Exterior (33928304756).jpg|Cave 9, exterior
031 Cave 9, Interior (33584532980).jpg|Cave 9, interior
032 Cave 9, Looking Outward (33584531740).jpg|Cave 9, looking outward
033 Cave 9, Pillars (33584529460).jpg|Cave 9, pillars
</gallery>
|}

===Cave No.10 "Nahapana Vihara" (circa 120 CE)===
[[File:036 Cave 10, Front (33928302236).jpg|thumb|350px|Cave No.10 "Nahapana Vihara" (circa 120 CE). [https://www.google.com/maps/@19.9411679,73.7487037,2a,90y,214.72h,100.68t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1soVclYBjkF-cAAAGu3RCGIQ!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en 3D tour].]]
[[File:Silver coin of Nahapana British Museum.jpg|thumb|The [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Western Satraps]] ruler [[Nahapana]] built Cave No.10 circa 120 CE.]]
====The cave====
Cave No. 10 is the second largest Vihara, and contains six inscriptions of the family of [[Nahapana]]. The six pillars (two of them attached) have more elegant bell-shaped capitals than those in Cave No. 3, and their bases are in the style of those in the [[Karla Caves]] [[Chaitya]], and in that next to the Granesa Lena at [[Junnar]]; the frieze also, like those that remain on the other small caves between Nos.4 and 9, is carved with the simple rail pattern. At each end of the verandah is a cell, donated by "Dakhamitra, the daughter of King Kshaharata Kshatrapa Nahapana, and wife of Ushavadata, son of Dinika."<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>

;Inside hall
The inside hall is about 43 feet wide by 45 feet deep, and is entered by three plain doors, and lighted by two windows. It has five benched cells on each side and six in the back; it wants, however, the bench round the inner sides that can be found in Cave No.3; but, as shown by the capital and ornaments still left, it has had a precisely similar [[stupa|dagoba]] in low relief on the back wall, which has been long afterwards hewn into a figure of [[Bhairava]]. Outside the veranda, too, on the left-hand side, have been two reliefs of this same god, evidently the later insertions of some Hindu devotee.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>

;Comparisons
Since Nahapana was a contemporary of [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]], by whom he was finally vanquished, this cave predates by one generation Cave No. 3, completed in the 18th year of the reign of Gautamiputra's son [[Sri Pulumavi]]. Cave No.10 is probably contemporary with Cave No. 17, built by an [[Indo-Greek]] "[[Yavana]]".

Nahapana is also known for his association with the Great Chaitya in [[Karla Caves]], the largest [[Chaitya]] building of Southern Asia.<ref name="WHM">World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fg-lGID3WpQC&pg=PA42 p.42]</ref><ref>Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums, by George Michell, Roli Books Private Limited, 1 mai 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT72 p.72]</ref><ref>"This hall is assigned to the brief period of [[Kshatrapas]] rule in the western Deccan during the 1st century." in Guide to Monuments of India 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu - by George Michell, Philip H. Davies, Viking - 1989 Page 374</ref> Cave No. 10 and the Karla Caves Chaitya are extremely similar in style, and thought to be essentially contemporary.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.10 "Nahapana Vihara", circa 120 CE'''
|-
|Several inscriptions from the reign of [[Western Satraps]] ruler [[Nahapana]], explaining his viceroy built and donated the cave (see above in the article). This cave, from the reign of Nahapana is thus dated circa 120 CE. It is earlier than the other viharas of the reign of the [[Satavahana]] ruler [[Sri Pulumavi]], who is posterior to him by a generation. 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:036 Cave 10, Front (33928302236).jpg|Front
037 Cave 10, Verandah (33125843084).jpg|Veranda
038 Cave 10, Interior (33928438936).jpg|Interior
039 Cave 10, Chaitya and Umbrellas (33928437976).jpg|Chaitya and Umbrellas
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170px">
Nasik Cave 10.jpg
Nasik Vihara No10 plan.jpg|Plan of the [[vihara]]
</gallery>
|}

====Inscriptions====
[[File:040 Cave 10, Inscription (33928437016).jpg|thumb|Inscription No.11 by Dakhamitra, wife of [[Ushavadata]], in Cave No.10]]
[[File:Karla caves Chaitya pillars vs Pandavleni Cave No10 pillars.jpg|thumb|[[Karla Caves]] Chaitya pillars (left) compared to Pandavleni Caves Cave No10 pillars (right), all built by [[Ushavadata]], son-in-law of [[Nahapana]], circa 120 CE.]]
The '''Nasik inscription of Ushavadata''' is an inscription made in cave no.10 by [[Ushavadata]], a son-in-law of the [[Western Satraps]] ruler [[Nahapana]], in the years circa 120 CE. The main inscription on the doorfront (inscription No.10) is the earliest known instance of the usage of [[Sanskrit]], although a rather hybrid form, in western India.<ref name=RS>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780195099843 |pages=86–93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |language=en}}</ref> It also documents the Indian tradition of ''[[Dāna|dana]]'' (charity) to Buddhist monks and of building infrastructure to serve pilgrims and the general public by the 2nd-century CE.<ref name="RS" />

The inscriptions reveal that in 105-106 CE, [[Western Satraps]] defeated the Satavahanas after which Kshatrapa [[Nahapana]]'s son-in-law and Dinika's son- [[Ushavadata]] donated 3000 gold coins for this cave as well as for the food and clothing of the monks. Usabhdatta's wife (Nahapana's daughter), Dakshmitra also donated one cave for the Buddhist monks. Cave 10 - 'Nahapana Vihara' is spacious with 16 rooms.

Over the doorway of the left cell appears the following inscription:

{{blockquote|" Success ! This cell, the gift of Dakhamitra, wife of Ushavadata, son of Dinika, and daughter of king Nahapana, the Khshaharata Kshatrapa."|Inscription No.11, Cave 10, Nasik<ref>Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.81-82]</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=E. |last=Senart |year=1906 |editor-first=E. |editor-last=Hultzsch |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=VIII |url=https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica}}
</ref>}}

Two inscriptions in Cave 10 mentions the building and the gift of the whole cave to the [[Samgha]] by [[Ushavadata]], the son-in-law and viceroy of Nahapana:

{{blockquote|"Success ! [[Ushavadata]], son of Dinika, son-in- law of king Nahapana, the Kshaharata Kshatrapa, (...) inspired by (true) religion, in the Trirasmi hills at [[Govardhan Hill|Govardhana]], has caused this cave to be made and these cisterns."|Part of inscription No.10 of Ushavadata, Cave No.10, Nasik<ref>Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.78-79]</ref>}}
{{blockquote|"Success ! In the year 42, in the month Vesakha, [[Ushavadata]], son of Dinika, son-in- law of king Nahapana, the Kshaharata Kshatrapa, has bestowed this cave on the [[Samgha]] generally...."|Part of inscription No.12 of Ushavadata, Cave No.10, Nasik<ref>Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.82-83]</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Inscription of Ushavadata, son-in-law of Nahapana''' Nasik Cave No.10, inscription No.10
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Inscription No.10 Cave No.10 Nasik caves (longitudinal).jpg|Inscription No.10. of Ushavadata runs the length of the entrance wall, over the doors, and is here visible in parts between the pillars. The imprint was cut in 3 portions for convenience. Cave No.10, Nasik Caves.
</gallery>
|-
|{{blockquote|Full text of inscription No.10 (hybrid [[Sanskrit]], [[Brahmi script]]):<ref name=RS/>
"Success! [[Ushavadata]], Dinika's son, son-in-law of king [[Nahapana]], the [[Nahapana|Kshaharata]] [[Western Satraps|Kshatrapa]],
* who has given three-hundred-thousand cows, who has made .gifts of money and [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirthas]] on the river Barnasa, who has given sixteen villages to the gods and [[Brahmanas]], who causes one-hundred-thousand Brahmanas to be fed the (whole) year round, who has given eight wives to Brahmanas at the religious [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] of Prabhasa, who at [[Bharuch|Bharukachha]], Dedapura, Govardhana and Sorparaga has given the shelter of quadrangular rest-houses, who has made wells, tanks, and gardens, who has out of charity established free ferries by boats on the Iba, Parada, Damana, Tapi, Karabena and Dahanuka, and erected on both banks of these rivers shelters for meeting and such for gratuitous distribution of water, who has given thirty-two-thousand stems of coconut trees at the village Nanamgola to the congregation of Charakas at Pimditakvada, Govardhana, Suvarnamukha and the Ramatirtha in Sorparaga,
* inspired by (true) religion, in the Trirasmi hills at Govardhana, has caused this cave to be made and these cisterns.
* And by order of the lord I went to release the chief of the [[Uttamabhadras]], who had been besieged for the rainy season by the [[Malavas|Malayas]], and those Malayas fled at the mere roar (of my approaching) as it were, and were all made prisoners of the Uttamabhadra warriors.
* Thence I went to the Pokshara tanks, and there I bathed and gave three-thousand cows and a village. A field has also been given by him, bought at the hands of the Brahmana Asvibhuti, son of Varahi, for the price of four-thousand - 4,000 - [[karshapana]]s, which (field) belonged to his father, on the boundary of the town towards the north-western side. From it food will be procured for all monks, without distinction, dwelling in my cave."
|Inscription of Ushavadata, Nasik Cave No.10, inscription No.10.<ref>Epigraphia Indica Vol.2 [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.78-79]</ref>}}
|}

Altogether, the caves contain six inscriptions of the family of [[Nahapana]], but the Ushavadata inscription is particularly important in that it is the earliest known instance of the usage of [[Sanskrit]], although a rather hybrid form, in western India.<ref name="RS"/> Most of the other inscriptions made by the Western Satraps were in [[Prakrit]], using the [[Brahmi script]].<ref name="RS" />

In what has been described as "the great linguistical [[paradox]] of India", [[Sanskrit]] inscriptions first appeared much later than [[Prakrit]] inscriptions, although Prakrit is considered a descendant of the Sanskrit language.<ref name="RS"/> This is because Prakrit, in its multiple variants, had been favoured since the time of the influential [[Edicts of Ashoka]] (circa 250 BCE).<ref name="RS"/> Besides a few examples from the 1st century BCE, most of the early Sanskrit inscriptions date to the time of the [[Indo-Scythian]] rulers, either the [[Northern Satraps]] around [[Mathura]] for the earliest ones, or, slightly later, the closely related Western Satraps in western and central India.<ref name="RS"/> It is thought that these [[Indo-Scythian]] rulers became promoters of Sanskrit as a way to show their attachment to Indian culture: according to Salomon "their motivation in promoting Sanskrit was presumably a desire to establish themselves as legitimate Indian or at least Indianized rulers and to curry the favor of the educated Brahmanical elite".<ref name="RS"/>

The inscription was followed by the [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman|Junagadh rock inscription]], inscribed by [[Rudradaman I]] circa 150 CE, is "the first long inscription recorded entirely in more or less standard Sanskrit".<ref name="RS"/> Sanskrit inscriptions by the Western Satraps are not found for about two hundred years after the Rudradaman reign, but it is important because its style is the prototype of the [[Prashasti|eulogy-style]] Sanskrit inscriptions found in the [[Gupta Empire]] era.<ref name="RS"/> These inscriptions are all in the Brahmi script.<ref name="RS"/>

The first three lines of the inscription consist of a [[eulogy]] of Ushavadata, and are written in fairly standard Sanskrit, except for a few hybrid features, including several [[sandhi]] [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatuses]] and hybrid morphology (e.g. ''bhojāpayitrā'').<ref name="RS" /> The rest of the inscription records the actual donations, and is more hybrid.<ref name="RS" /> Ushavadatta is otherwise known for making inscriptions in [[Prakrit]] in the [[Karla Caves]], which, especially for the eulogy portion, are largely similar in content.<ref name="RS" />

According to [[Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|Richard Salomon]], Ushavadatta may have followed the example set by the [[Northern Satraps]] of Mathura, in using Sanskrit in some of his inscriptions.<ref name="RS" /> It would seem the usage of literary Sanskrit may have been a fashionable way of adding some formality to inscriptions which had traditionally been made in Prakrit.<ref name="RS"/>

===Caves No.11, "Jain cave"===
Cave No.11 is close to Cave No.10, but at a somewhat higher level. In the left end of the veranda is the fragment of a seat; the room inside is 11 feet 7 inches by 7 feet 10 inches, having a cell, 6 feet 8 inches square, at the left end, and another, not quite so large, at the back, with a bench at the side and back. In the front room is carved, on the back wall, in low relief, a sitting figure and attendants on a lion throne, and on the right-end wall a fat figure of [[Ambika (Jainism)|Amba]] on a tiger with attendants, and an [[Indra]] on an elephant: all are small, clumsily carved, and evidently of late [[Jainism|Jaina]] workmanship.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>

Cave No.11 has one inscription mentioning it is the gift of the son of a writer: " the benefaction of Ramanaka, the son of Sivamitra, the writer."<ref name="EI 90">Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.90ff]</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.11'''
|-
|
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
041 Caves 11-14 (33928435726).jpg|Caves 11 (forefront with stairs) to 14, exterior
042 Cave 11, Reliefs (33928300476).jpg|Cave 11, Jain reliefs
043 Cave 11, Relief (33969644505).jpg|Cave 11, Jain reliefs
Jain Ambika Relief in Nasik Cave No. 11.jpg|Cave 11, Relief of Ambika
Jain Indra or MAnibhadra Relief in Nasik Cave No. 11.jpg|Cave 11, Relief of Indra
</gallery>
|}

===Caves No.12-16===
Cave No.12 has one inscription mentioning it is the gift of a merchant named Ramanaka.<ref name="EI 90"/> Cave No.13 has no inscriptions.<ref name="EI 90"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Caves No.12-13-14'''
|-
|This is a group of chambers, probably the remains of three [[bhikshu]]grihas or hermitages, with one, two, and three cells respectively. The first has an inscription of a certain Hamanaka, mentioning an endowment of 100 [[karshapana]]s for "a garment to the ascetic residing in it during the rains". To the left is a tank, and then for thirty yards everything has been blasted and quarried away.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>
There are no inscriptions in the other two caves. 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Pandulena 2.jpg|Caves 12, 13 and Cave 14 (extreme left)
045 Cave 14, from Outside (33156381053).jpg|Caves 14, exterior
046 Cave 14, Buddha Sitting (33156378993).jpg|Cave 14, Buddha sitting
047 Cave 14, Bodhisattvas (33156374993).jpg|Cave 14, Bodhisattvas
048 Cave 14, Two Bodhisattvas (33156372643).jpg|Cave 14, Bodhisattvas
File:106 Cave no 14 (33969538375).jpg|Cave 14, interior panorama
</gallery>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.15'''
|-
|Cave No.15 seems to be only the inner shrines of a two-storeyed cave, the whole front of which has disappeared, and the upper is only accessible by a ladder. Both have on each of their three walls a sitting [[Buddha]] with the usual standing attendants, similar to what we find in Caves No.2 and 23, and in the later Ajanta Caves. These are, apparently, [[Mahayana]] works. Beyond them, another fifty feet has been quarried away by blasting, which has been continued along the outer portion of the terrace of Cave No.17.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>
There are no inscriptions in this cave.<ref name="Fergusson 267"/>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Nasik Cave 15.jpg|Interior panorama
049 Cave 15, Front View (33811690482).jpg|Front
050 Cave 15, Buddha (33584490400).jpg|Buddha
051 Cave 15, Seated and Teaching Buddha (33584488060).jpg|Seated and Teaching Buddha
052 Cave 15, Buddha on Lotus Throne (33811678612).jpg
</gallery>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.16'''
|-
|There are no inscriptions in this cave.
|}

===Cave No.17, "Yavana vihara" (circa 120 CE)===
[[File:Nasik cave 17.jpg|thumb|300px|Cave No.17, "Yavana vihara" (circa 120 CE). [https://www.google.com/maps/@19.9407684,73.7494411,2a,90y,296.34h,97.08t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s7z9X0ZcZQW0AAAGu3YJ6jw!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en 3D tour].]]
Cave No.17 was built by a devotee of Greek descent, who presents his father as being a [[Yavana]] from the northern city of [[Demetriapolis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Gauranga Nath|title=Hellenism in Ancient India|year=2012|page=20|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=9783864034145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCtKn4J1n38C&pg=PA20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhandarkar|title=Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture|year=1989|pages=60|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120604575|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUAvuYu-otEC&pg=PA60}}</ref> The cave is dated to around 120 CE.

====The cave====
;Inside hall
Cave 17 is the third large Vihara, though smaller than Nos.3, 10, 20, and has been executed close to the upper portion of the [[Chaitya]] cave. The hall measures 22 feet 10 inches wide by 32 feet 2 inches deep, and has a back aisle screened off by two columns, of which the elephants and their riders and the thin square members of the capitals only are finished. The steps of the shrine door have also been left as a rough block, on which a [[Hindu]] has carved the ''shalunkha'', or receptacle for a [[linga]]. The shrine has never been finished. On the wall of the back aisle is a standing figure of Buddha, 3.5 feet high; in the left side of the hall, 2 feet 3 inches from the floor, is a recess, 18.5 feet long and 4 feet
3 inches high by 2 feet deep, intended for a seat or perhaps for a row of metallic images; a cell has been attempted at each end of this, but one of them has entered the aisle of the Chaitya-cave just below, and the work has then been stopped. On the right side are four cells without benches.<ref name="Fergusson 271">The cave temples of India, Fergusson, James, W.H. Allen &Co [https://archive.org/stream/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft p.271ff] (Public domain text)</ref>
;Veranda
The veranda is somewhat peculiar, and it would seem that, at first, a much smaller cave was projected, or else by some mistake it was begun too far to the left. It is ascended
by half a-dozen steps in front between the two central octagonal pillars with very short shafts, and large bases and capitals, the latter surmounted by elephants and their riders, and the frieze above carved with the plain "rail pattern". They stand on a paneled base; but the landing between the central pair is opposite the left window in the back wall of the veranda, to the right of which is the principal door, but to the left of the window is also a narrower one. The veranda has then been prolonged to the west, and another door broken out to the outside beyond the right attached pillar; at this end of the veranda also is an unfinished cell.<ref name="Fergusson 271"/>

;Comparisons
The cave is later than the Chaitya next it, and the veranda a little later in style than the Nahapana Cave No.10. The interior with an image of the Buddha, was probably executed at a later date, around the 6th century CE.<ref name="Fergusson 271"/> Fergusson states later in his book that, from an architectural standpoint, Cave No.17 is contemporary with the Great Chatya at the [[Karla Caves]], but is actually a bit earlier in style than Cave No.10 of Nahapana at Nasik, but at no great interval of time.<ref name="Fergusson">{{cite book|last1=Fergusson|first1=James|last2=Burgess|first2=James|title=The cave temples of India|date=1880|publisher=London : Allen|pages=348–360|url=https://archive.org/stream/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft#page/351/mode/2up}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.17, "Yavana Vihara", circa 120 CE'''
|-
|
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Nasik cave 17 closeup.jpg|Exterior
054 Cave 17, Pillars and Inscription (33811675492).jpg|Entrance. The inscription is visible, in part, over the entrance.
057 Cave 17, Capital (33811669422).jpg|Pillar capital
058 Cave 17, Standing Buddha (33156344033).jpg|Standing Buddha (a later addition).<ref name="asi.nic.in">Archaeological survey of India [http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_pandulenacaves.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926230100/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_pandulenacaves.asp|date=26 September 2013}}</ref>
</gallery> 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
056 Cave 17, Interior (33811671682).jpg|Interior
File:108 Cave no 17 (33584369850).jpg|Interior panorama
</gallery>
|}

====Inscription====
[[File:Inscription Yonakasa No.18 Cave No.17 Nasik caves.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The "[[Yavana]]" inscription on the back wall of the veranda, over the entrance, is about 3 meters in length (photograph and rubbing). Detail of the word "Yo-ṇa-ka-sa" (adjectival form of "Yoṇaka", [[Brahmi]] [[File:Brahmi yo 2nd century CE.jpg|13px]][[File:Brahmi nn.svg|13px]][[File:Brahmi letter Ka.svg|13px]][[File:Brahmi s.svg|13px]]), with Nasik/[[Karla Caves|Karla]]-period [[Brahmi script]] for reference.]]
Cave No.17 has one inscription, mentioning the gift of the cave by Indragnidatta the son of the [[Yavana]] (i.e. [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] or [[Indo-Greek]]) Dharmadeva. It is located on the back wall of the veranda, over the main entrance, and is inscribed in large letters:

{{blockquote|"Success! (The gift) of Indragnidatta, son of Dhammadeva, the [[Yavana]], a northerner from Dattamittri. By him, inspired by true religion, this cave has been caused to be excavated in mount Tiranhu, and inside the cave a [[Chaitya]] and cisterns. This cave made for the sake of his father and mother has been, in order to honor all [[Buddha]]s bestowed on the universal [[Samgha]] by monks together with his son Dhammarakhita."|Inscription No.18, in Cave No,17<ref name="EI 90"/>}}

The city of "Dattamittri" may be the city of [[Demetriapolis|Demetrias]] in [[Arachosia]], mentioned by [[Isidore of Charax]].<ref name="EI 90"/> This [[vihara]] is probably contemporary to the reign of [[Western Satrap]] [[Nahapana]], circa 120 CE. 
The word "[[Yonaka|Yoṇaka]]", which was the current Greek Hellenistic form, is used in the inscription, instead of "[[Yavana]]", which was the Indian word to designate the [[Indo-Greeks]].<ref>The Greeks in Bactria and India by William Woodthorpe Tarn [https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA257 p.257]</ref> 
The Yavanas are also known for their donations with inscriptions at the Great [[Chaitya]] at the [[Karla Caves]], and at the [[Manmodi Caves]] in [[Junnar]].

===Cave No. 18: the [[Chaitya]]===
====The cave====
[[File:Nasik Cave 18.jpg|thumb|Cave No.18, the corner of cave No.17 is visible on the right. [https://www.google.com/maps/@19.94074,73.7494304,2a,90y,237.11h,125.71t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1seE6nluZG20sAAAGu3RfU4Q!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en 3D tour].]]
[[File:Nasik Cave 18 doorway.jpg|thumb|Cave No.18 doorway.]]
Cave No.18 is a [[chaitya]] design, comparable to the [[Karla Caves]] Chaitya, although earlier and much smaller and simpler in design. It is the only Chaitya cave of the group, belongs to a much earlier date; and though none of the three inscriptions on it supplies certain information on this point, yet the name of Maha Hakusiri, found in one of them, tends to push it back to some period about or before the [[Christian era]]. The carving, however, over the door and the pilasters with animal capitals on the façade on each side the great arch, and the insertion of the hooded snake, will, on comparison with the façades at [[Bedsa]] and [[Karla Caves|Karla]], tend to suggest an early date for this cave.<ref name="Fergusson 271"/>

;Chronology
Chaitya No. 18 participates to a chronology of several other Chaitya caves which were built in [[Western India]] under royal sponsorship.<ref name="Spink 1">{{cite book|last1=Spink|first1=Walter M.|title=Ajanta: Painting, sculpture, architecture|date=2005|publisher=BRILL|isbn=900414983X|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3me7pY6zJyEC&pg=PA1|language=en}}</ref> It is thought that the chronology of these early Chaitya Caves is as follows: first Cave 9 at [[Mahakali Caves|Kondivite Caves]], then Cave 12 at the [[Bhaja Caves]] and Cave 10 of [[Ajanta Caves]], around the 1st century BCE.<ref name="Le 108">{{cite book|last1=Le|first1=Huu Phuoc|title=Buddhist Architecture|date=2010|publisher=Grafikol|isbn=9780984404308|page=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA108|language=en}}</ref> Then, in chronological order: Cave 3 at [[Pitalkhora]], Cave 1 at [[Kondana Caves]], Cave 9 at [[Ajanta Caves]], which, with its more ornate designs, may have been built about a century later,<ref name="Spink 1"/> Only then appears Cave 18 at Nasik Caves, to be followed by Cave 7 at [[Bedse Caves]], and finally by the "final perfection" of the Great Chaitya at [[Karla Caves]] (circa 120 CE).<ref name="Le 108"/>

;Doorway
The doorway is evidently of an early date, and the ornament up the left side is almost identical with that found on the pillars of the northern gateway at [[Sanchi]], with which it consequently is in all probability coeval (1st century CE). The carving over the doorway, which represents the wooden framework which filled all openings, of a similar class, at that age, is of a much more ornamental character than usual, or than the others shown on this facade. Animals are introduced as in the [[Lomas Rishi]]. So also are the [[trisula]]s and shield emblems, in a very ornamental form, but almost identical with those existing in the [[Manmodi cave]] at [[Junnar]], which is probably of about the same age as this Chaitya.<ref name="Fergusson 271"/>

;Hall
The interior measures 38 feet 10 inches by 21 feet 7 inches, and the nave, from the door up to the [[stupa|dagoba]], 25 feet 4 inches by 10 feet, and 23 feet 3 inches high. The cylinder of the dagoba is 5.5 feet in diameter and 6 feet 3 inches high, surmounted by a small dome and very heavy capital. The gallery under the great arch of the window is supported by two pillars, which in all cases in the Chaitya caves are in such a form as strongly to suggest that a wooden frame was fastened between them, probably to hold a
screen, which would effectually shut in the nave from observation from outside. Five octagonal pillars, with high bases of the [[Karla Caves|Karle]] pattern but without capitals, on each side the nave, and five without bases round the dagoba, divide off the side aisles.<ref name="Fergusson 271"/>

The woodwork that once occupied the front arch, and the roof of the nave has long ago disappeared. Whether there ever were pillars in advance of the present facade as at [[Bedsa]], or a screen as at Karle, cannot be determined with certainty, unless by excavating largely among the debris in front. There was probably something of the kind, but the Viharas, inserted so close to it on either side, must have hastened the ruin of the side walls of it.<ref name="Fergusson 271"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.18, Chaitya'''
|-
|
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
Pandavleni Caves Nashik.jpg|Exterior of cave No.18. Cave No.17 is visible on the right, cave No.20 on the left, and a corner of cave No,19 bottom left.
Pandav Lena Entry.JPG|Entrance of cave 18
060 Cave 18, Chaitya and Pillars (33839377461).jpg|Interior
061 Cave 18, Chaitya (33584462420).jpg|The central [[stupa]].
063 Cave 18, Pillars and Inscriptions (33928383886).jpg|Pillars with inscription No.19
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170px">
File:109 Cave no 18 (33969536335).jpg|Panorama, looking towards the outside
File:Nasik Chaitya plan.jpg|Section and plan
</gallery>
|}

====Inscriptions====
The cave has several inscriptions. Inscription No.19 appears on the 5th and 6th pillars on the right aisle of the Chaitya, and explains that the cave received some perfecting by the wife of a government official, but the government in question remains unnamed:

{{blockquote|"By Bhatapalika, the grand-daughter of Mahahakusiri and daughter of the royal officer Arahalaya from Chalisilana, wife of the royal officer Agiyatanaka, of the treasure office, mother of Kapananaka, this [[Chaitya]]griha has been caused to be perfected on this mount Tiranhu."
|Inscription No.19, Cave No.18<ref name="EI 91">Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.91ff]</ref>}}

This inscription is slightly less ancient than the inscription on the doorway, suggesting that it was inscribed some time in the later phases of the construction of the cave.<ref name="EI 91"/>

Inscription No.20 explains that the decoration above the doorway was a donation of the people of nearby [[Nashik]] ("The gift of the village of Dhambhika, of the Nasik people"). Inscription No.21 records the donation of the rail pattern.<ref name="EI 91">Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.91ff]</ref>

===Cave No.19 "Krishna vihara" (100-70 BCE)===
[[File:Inscription Cave 19 Nasik.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|{{center|Inscription of king [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]] in cave No.19 (located on the upper sill of the right window).<ref name="EI 93"/> Also called the "Krishna inscription" from the King's name in the [[Puranas]]. This is the oldest known Satavahana inscription, circa 100-70 BCE.{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=168}} [[Brahmi script]]: '''𑀲𑀸𑀤𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑀓𑀼𑀮𑁂 𑀓𑀦𑁆𑀳𑁂 𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀺𑀦𑀺 𑀦𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀦''' '''𑀲𑀫𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀫𑀸𑀢𑁂𑀡 𑀮𑁂𑀡 𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀢''' ''Sādavāhanakule Kanhe rājini Nāsikakena'' ''Samaṇena mahāmāteṇa leṇa kārita'' "Under King Kanha of the Satavahana family this cave has been caused to be made by the officer in charge of the [[Sramana]]s at [[Nasik]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol 8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndica/page/n127 93] |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndica}}</ref>}}]]
Cave 19 is at a rather lower level even than the Chaitya cave, and some distance in advance of it, but the front and interior have been so filled up with earth as to conceal it from general view. It is a small [[Vihara]], 14 feet 3 inches square, with six cells, two on each side; their doors are surmounted by the Chaitya-arch ornament connected by a frieze of "rail pattern" in some places wavy. In the front wall are two lattice windows, and in the veranda two slender square pillars, the middle portion of the shaft being chamfered to an octagonal shape.<ref name="Fergusson 274"/>

The cave is exceedingly plain style, and the remarkable rectangularity of all its parts, agree perfectly with what might be expected in a Vihara of the first or second century BCE. Its close family likeness to Cave No.12 at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and others at [[Bhaja Caves|Bhaja]] and [[Kondane]], all of the earliest age, suggest about the same date.<ref name="Fergusson 274">The cave temples of India, Fergusson, James, W.H. Allen &Co [https://archive.org/stream/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft p.274ff] (Public domain text)</ref>

The cave has one inscription of king [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Krishna]] of the [[Satavahanas]], which is the oldest known Satavahana inscription, dated to 100-70 BCE:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brancaccio|first1=Pia|title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion|date=2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004185258|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA61|language=en}}</ref><ref name="EI 93"/>

{{blockquote|
𑀲𑀸𑀤𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑀓𑀼𑀮𑁂 𑀓𑀦𑁆𑀳𑁂 𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀺𑀦𑀺 𑀦𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀦 𑀲𑀫𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀫𑀸𑀢𑁂𑀡 𑀮𑁂𑀡 𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀢 
''Sādavāhanakule Kanhe rājini Nāsikakena Samaṇena mahāmāteṇa leṇa kārita'' 
"Under King Kanha of the [[Satavahana]] family, this cave has been caused to be made by the officer in charge of the [[Sramana]]s at Nasik."
|Inscription of Cave No.19<ref name="EI 93">Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.93 Inscription No.22]</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.19, "Krishna vihara", circa 100-70 BCE<ref name="Alcock">Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History by Susan E. Alcock [https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA168 p.168]</ref>'''
|-
|Cave No19 is located on the ground floor, to the left of the entrance of Cave No.18, and right under cave No.20. Cave No.19 has one inscription mentioning the dedication by a government officer during the rule of king [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Krishna]] of the [[Satavahanas]]. King Krishna, also called Kanha, is said to have ruled in the 1st century BCE (100-70 BCE), which makes Cave No.19 one of the earliest to be excavated.<ref name="asi.nic.in"/>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Nasik cave 19.jpg|Cave No.19
Nasik caves 19 and 20.jpg|Cave No.19 is located right under Cave No.20
Nasik Cave 19 half flower design.jpg|A halk-flower medallions design on a pillar of Cave No.19, typical of early designs such as those of [[Sanchi]].
File:Plan cave 19 Nasik.jpg|Plan and inside elevation of cave No.19, "Krishna vihara" (100-70 BCE).
</gallery>
|}

===Cave No.20: "Sri Yajna vihara" (circa 180 CE)===
[[File:Cave 20 Nasik.jpg|thumb|350px|Exterior. [https://www.google.com/maps/@19.9406851,73.7494762,2a,75y,144.85h,90t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sZ1Gi164sEOsAAAGu3QUfww!2e0!6s%2F%2Fgeo2.ggpht.com%2Fcbk%3Fpanoid%3DZ1Gi164sEOsAAAGu3QUfww%26output%3Dthumbnail%26cb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile.gps%26thumb%3D2%26w%3D203%26h%3D100%26yaw%3D146.49886%26pitch%3D0%26thumbfov%3D100!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en 3D tour].]]
[[File:Cave 20 plan.jpg|thumb|Cave 20 plan.]]
[[File:Gautamiputra Rajni Shri Satakarni.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Yajna Sri Satakarni]] (170-199 CE), in the 7th year of the reign of which the cave was completed. [[British Museum]].]]
Cave No.20 is another large Vihara, its hall varying in width from 37.5 feet at the front to 44 feet at the back and 61.5 feet deep. Originally it was little over 40 feet deep, but at a much later date it was altered and extended back by one "Marma, a worshipper," as recorded on the wall. It has eight cells on each side, one on the right rather a recess than a cell, two on the left with stone beds, while in the back are two cells to the left of the antechamber and one to the right, with one more on each side of the antechamber and entered from it.<ref name="Fergusson 275">The cave temples of India, Fergusson, James, W.H. Allen &Co [https://archive.org/stream/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft p.275ff] (Public domain text)</ref>

The hall is surrounded by a low bench as in Cave 3, and in the middle of the floor is a low platform, about 9 feet square, apparently intended for an asana or seat; but whether to place an image upon for worship, or as a "seat of the law", where the Thera or high priest might sit when teaching and discussing, is impossible to say. On the right-hand side, and nearer the front, are three small circular elevations in the floor much like ordinary millstones. They may be seats also for members of the clergy, or bases on which to set small moveable dagobas. But when the cave was altered and extended backward, the floor seems also to have been lowered a few inches to form the low dais and these bases.<ref name="Fergusson 275"/>

The antechamber is slightly raised above the level of the hall, from which it is divided by two richly carved columns between [[anta (architecture)|antae]]. On either side the shrine door is a gigantic [[dvarapala]], 9.5 feet high, with an attendant female, but so besmeared with soot for the cave has been long occupied by [[Bhairagis]], that minor details are scarcely recognisable. These dvarapalas, however, hold lotus stalks, have the same elaborate head-dresses, with a small dagoba in the front of one, and a figure of Buddha in the other, and have the same attendants and [[vidyahara]]s flying over head as we find in the later Buddhist caves at [[Aurangabad Caves|Aurangabad]].<ref name="Fergusson 275"/>

In the shrine, too, is the colossal image of Buddha, 10 feet high, seated with his feet on a lotus flower and holding the little finger of his left hand between the thumb and forefinger of his right. He is attended by two gigantic chauri-bearer with the same distinguishing features as the dvarapala. All this points to about the 7th century CE or later, as the age
of alteration of this cave.<ref name="Fergusson 275"/>

Fortunately there is an inscription of the 7th year of [[Yajna Sri Satakarni]] (170-199 CE), stating that "after having been under excavation for many years " it was then carried to completion by the wife of the commander-in-chief. It is quite clear, however, that the inner and outer parts were excavated at widely different ages.<ref name="Fergusson 275"/> This inscriptions shows, as the inscriptions of Yajna Sri Satakarni in [[Kanheri]] caves, that the Satavahanas had reclaimed the area of Kanheri and Nasik from the [[Western Satraps]] during the reign of Sri Yajna Satakarni.

The pillars of the veranda have the water-pot bases, and the bell-shaped capitals of those in [[Karla Caves|Karle]] Chaitya. Those of the sanctuary are represented, and belong to a widely distant age. Like No.17, it has a side door near the left end of the veranda, and a cell in that end.<ref name="Fergusson 275"/>

The façade has four octagonal pillars between antae, the shafts more slender than in any of the other caves, but the bases of the same pattern disproportionately large, as if the shafts had been reduced in thickness at a later date. They stand on a paneled base, with five low steps up to it between the middle pair. A low screen wall in front is nearly quite destroyed, except at the east end, where a passage led to a large irregular and apparently unfinished apartment with two plain octagonal pillars with square bases between pilasters in front, and having a water-cistern at the entrance.<ref name="Fergusson 275"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.20 "Sri Yajna vihara" (circa 180 CE)'''
|-
|
Cave No.20 has one large inscription, claiming that the unfinished cave was completed by the wife of a great general named Bhavagopa, during the 7th year of the rule of king [[Sri Yajna Satakarni]], son of [[Gautamiputra Satakarni|Gotami]], after having been started by the ascetic Bopaki.<ref name="EI 93"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Burgess|first1=Jas|title=Archaeological Survey Of Western India|date=1883|page=114|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.35775/2015.35775.Archaeological-Survey-Of-Western-India}}</ref> There are similar inscriptions of Sri Yajna Satakarni in cave 3 and cave 81 at [[Kanheri]]. This means probably that the cave was carved during the beginning of the end of the 2nd century CE. It also shows that the Satavahanas reclaimed the area of Nasik under Sri Yajna Satakarni. 
One more inscription over one of the small cellars mentions its gift by a lay devotee named Mamma.<ref name="EI 93"/> 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
Exterior pillars of Nasik Cave No. 20.jpg|Exterior
065 Cave 20, Buddha and Bodhisattvas (33584446680).jpg|Interior reliefs with Buddha and Bodhisattvas
066 Cave 20, Interior (33584444820).jpg|Interior
067 Cave 20, Cells (33584442420).jpg|Interior cells
</gallery>
|}

===Caves No.21-24===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Caves No.21 and No. 22'''
|-
|These two small caves do not have inscriptions
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:064 Caves 19 and 20 (33584450460).jpg|Exterior of caves No.21 and 22 (with pillars of Cave N.20 in the forefront).
Nasik Cave No. 21.jpg|Cave No. 21
Entrance of Nasik Cave No. 22.jpg|Entrance of Cave No. 22
</gallery>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.23'''
|-
|Cave No.23 is a large, nondescript, irregular cave, about 30 feet deep, with three shrines. To judge from the holes in the floor and roof it might be supposed that the front and partitions in it had been of wood; the whole façade, however, is destroyed. In front are several cisterns; on the floor is a raised stone bench and a circular base as if for a small structural dagoba; and all the shrines as well as many compartments on the walls are filled with sculptures of the Buddha attended by [[Padmapani]] and [[Vajrapani]] such as has only been seen in the two shrines high up on the scarp at Caves No.14 and 15, but so like what is found at [[Aurangabad Caves|Aurangabad]], [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]], and [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], that there can be no hesitation in ascribing it to a late age.<ref name="Fergusson 277"/>

Among the many repetitions of Buddha and attendants is a small figure on the wall that cuts off the third shrine from the larger portion of the cave, of Buddha reclining on his right side as represented entering [[nirvana]], much as he is found in [[Sri Lanka]] temples, and of which larger representations are found at Ajanta, Kholvi, and Aurangabad. All these, and the female figures of Tara, Lochana, and Mamukhi found in the shrines, clearly show that this was a [[Mahayana]] temple. The pillars in front of the entrance to the first shrine are also of a much more modern type than in any of the other caves in Nasik.<ref name="Fergusson 277">The cave temples of India, Fergusson, James, W.H. Allen &Co [https://archive.org/stream/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft p.277ff] (Public domain text)</ref>

Cave No.23 has one inscription recording the building of the cave in year 2 of the reign of [[Sri Pulumavi]].<ref name="EI 93"/> 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Pandulena 4.jpg|Interior
068 Cave 23, Pillars and Bodhisattvas (33584440030).jpg|Pillars and Bodhisattvas
Buddha in Nashik Cave No. 23 - 1.jpg|Buddha inside shrine
069 Cave 23, Buddha and Bodhisattvas (33584438020).jpg|Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
071 Cave 23, Buddha and Bodhjisattvas (33811650412).jpg|Interior reliefs
079 Cave 23, Meditating Buddha (33928331886).jpg|Meditating Buddha
Buddha in Nashik Cave No. 23 - 4.jpg|Reclining Buddha and other reliefs
</gallery>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Cave No.24'''
|-
|Cave No.24 is a small [[Bhikshu]]'s house, the lower part of which has all been quarried away. It probably consisted of a veranda with two small chambers at the back. The frieze is still pretty entire, and whilst preserving the copies of wooden forms, it is ornamented with a string of animal figures as in that of Cave 1; the ends of the projecting beams represented as bearing it, are carved with conventionalized forms of the Buddhist [[trisula]] or symbol of [[dharma]], the prongs in one case being changed into cats or some similar animals; seated on the lower beam under the rock at the west end is carved an owl, and at each end of the ornamented "rail pattern" is a rider on a sort of female centaur.<ref name="Fergusson 278">The cave temples of India, Fergusson, James, W.H. Allen &Co [https://archive.org/stream/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft p.278ff] (Public domain text)</ref>
Cave No.24 has one inscription recording the gift of the cave by a writer named Vudhika.<ref name="EI 93"/> 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Exterior of Nasik Cave No. 24.jpg|Exterior
084 Cave 24, Sculpted Ledge (33125744584).jpg|Sculpted ledge
085 Cave 24, Buddha and Bodhisattvas (33125741994).jpg|Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
086 Cave 24, Buddhas and Bodhisattva (33584402440).jpg|Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
</gallery>
|}

==Routes==

The caves are located high in the mountains of Trirashmi. Some caves are intricately connected by stone-cut ladders that join them to the other caves. Steps lead to the caves from the bottom of the hill. The peak of the Trirashmi Caves is also accessible by trekking of about 20 mins but the path is treacherous and dangerous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yotreks.com/Sahyadri/Caves/Pandavleni.html |access-date=16 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107034705/http://www.yotreks.com/Sahyadri/Caves/Pandavleni.html |archive-date=7 January 2009|title=Pandavleni Caves }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Cetiya]]
* [[Ajanta Cave]]
* [[Bedse Caves]]
* [[Bhaja Caves]]
* [[Kanheri Caves]]
* [[Karla Caves]]
* [[Pitalkhora Caves]]
* [[Shivneri Caves]]

== References ==
<references />
*Inscriptions on Cave 10, 13, 15, 16
*Maharashtratil Buddha Dhammacha Itihas
*M.S.More
*Leni Maharashtrachi
*Dawood Dalvi
*https://web.archive.org/web/20130926230100/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_pandulenacaves.asp

==Sources==
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
* Michell, George, ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1989, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA383 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 }}
* {{cite book |first=Carla M. |last=Sinopoli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA166 |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |editor=Susan E. Alcock |editor-link=Susan E. Alcock |chapter=On the edge of empire: form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |pages=166–168 |isbn=9780521770200 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA77 |year=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2941-1 }}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131001202528/http://nashik.nic.in/htmldocs/touristplaces.htm Official (Government) website of Nashik District]

{{Indian Buddhist Caves}}
{{Jain Caves in India}}

[[Category:Buddhist caves in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jain caves in India]]
[[Category:Caves of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nashik district]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in India]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Jain temples]]

National Highway 227 (India)

2026-02-08T11:13:06Z

99notes: further updated intro and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route= 227
|map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 227|text= Map of National Highway '''227''' in red}}
|map_custom = yes
|length_km=214
|direction=
|direction_a=
|terminus_a= [[Chakia, Bihar|Chakia]]|Chakia]]
|destinations=
|direction_b=
|terminus_b= [[Narahia]]
|junction=
|states= Bihar
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=27
|next_route =27
|next_type=NH
}}

'''National Highway 227''' ('''NH 227''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in India.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location= New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Nh227bhitthamore.jpg|thumb|NH227 signage board at Bhitthamore Border]]
[[File:National highway india.jpg|thumb|NH227 Signage Board by ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Highways in India}}
{{IND NH27 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Bihar]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Jo Bichar Gaye

2026-01-24T09:12:02Z

99notes: added lead per standard format

{{Short description|Pakistani television series}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{More plot|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jo Bichar Gaye poster.jpg
| image_size = 175
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = {{infobox name module|ur|{{noitalics|{{nastaliq|جو بچھڑ گئے}}}}}}
| genre = [[Period drama]]
| creator =
| based_on = {{based on|''Bichar Gaye''|Col. Z.I.Farrukh}}
| developer =
| writer = [[Ali Moeen]]
| screenplay = [[Haissam Hussain]] Mehreen Alam
| story =
| director = Haissam Hussain
| creative_director =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Wahaj Ali]]
* [[Maya Ali]]
* [[Talha Chahour]]
* [[Nadia Jamil]]
* [[Adnan Jaffar]]
* [[Sajid Shah]]
}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Sibte Hassan
| country = Pakistan
| language = {{plainlist|
* Urdu
* Bengali}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 14
| executive_producer = Haissam Hussain
| producer =
| location = {{plainlist|
* [[Lahore]]
}}
| cinematography =
| editor = Liaqat Baltee Ghayoor Hussain
| camera =
| runtime = 36 - 38 minutes
| company = H2 Films Productions
| budget =
| network = [[Geo Entertainment]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2021|12|12}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2022|03|13}}
| related =
}}
'''''Jo Bichar Gaye''''' ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|جو بچھڑ گئے}}|lit=Those Who Got Separated}}) is a Pakistani [[historical drama]] television series based on the book "Bichar Gaye" by Col. Z. I. Farrukh. The series is directed and produced by [[Haissam Hussain]] under his banner H2 Films, Mehreen Alam as co-writer for screenplay and written by [[Ali Moeen]]. It features [[Wahaj Ali]], [[Maya Ali]] and [[Talha Chahour]] in leading roles. Set in 1970 and 1971, ''Jo Bichar Gaye'' is based on the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971|1971 India-Pakistan war]], and the [[fall of Dhaka]].<ref name=mareh>{{cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1188965|title=Actor Wahaj Ali is sticking to TV for now|website=[[Dawn.com|Dawn]] Images|date=8 December 2021|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/854649|title=Wahaj Ali all set to star in drama 'Jo Bichar Gaye' alongside Maya|website=[[dailytimes.com.pk|Daily Times]]|date=14 December 2021}}</ref> It premiered on [[Geo Entertainment]] on 12 December 2021 and aired weekly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.somethinghaute.com/maya-ali-and-wahaj-ali-to-star-in-upcoming-drama-jo-bichar-gaye/|title=Maya Ali and Wahaj Ali to star in upcoming drama 'Jo Bichar Gaye'|website=Something Haute|date=10 December 2021|access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cutacut.com/2021/12/13/jo-bichar-gaye-episode-1/|title=Jo Bichar Gaye off to an impressive start|website=CutACut|date=13 December 2021|access-date=15 December 2021|author=Farheen Abdullah}}</ref> The show ended on 13 March 2022 with 14 episodes.

== Plot ==
The plot revolves around the political conflict between [[West Pakistan]] and [[East Pakistan]] (modern day [[Bangladesh]]) leading up to the 1971 India-Pakistan war, and deals with fictional events from 1970 to 1971.

== Cast ==
* [[Wahaj Ali]] as Rumi. A character based on [[Shafi Imam Rumi]]
* [[Maya Ali]] as Sonia Anwar
* [[Talha Chahour]] as Capt. Z.I. Farrukh
* [[Adnan Jaffar]] as Col A.Fakhruddin
* [[Nadia Jamil]] as Shabnam Anwar
* [[Sajid Shah]] as Anwarul Haq
* Fazal Hussain as Haroon Anwar
* Rana Majid as Capt. Salahuddin Baig
* Aurangzaib Mirza as Col Aurangzeb
* Ahmed Abbas as Capt. Kabeer Alam
* Umer Darr as Capt. Siddiqui
* Omar Cheema as Shil
* Shizza Khan as Koko Aftab
* Zaheer Taj as Maj. Ghayas ud Din
* Usman Zia as Professor Ajeet
* Fahad Hashmi as Union Leader
* Usama Rehan as Tameez ud Fin
* Shahrule Ali As [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
* Fahad Sokhta as Professor
* [[Shah Fahad]] as Politician
* Arsalan Dultana as Politician
* Major Omer Shabbir as Maj. Omer
* Ghulam Hussain as Mohammad Ruhul Amin
* Muneeb Qadir as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |caption=''Jo Bichar Gaye'', episodes |background=#693111 |overall=3 |season=1 |title=14 |airdate=14
|episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Oath
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|12|12}}
| LineColor = 693111
| ShortSummary = Captain Farrukh reaches [[Dhaka]] after being posted there, and feels that the circumstances are not good, favoring some major disaster. He is introduced to Brig. A. Fakhruddin, and updates him about the conditions. In [[Dhaka University]], Professor Ajeet addresses the students, telling them that they suffered a lot because of [[West Pakistan]]'s unfairness, and now they want freedom. Sonia condemns it, and asks "what kind of freedom?". On invitation, Farrukh goes to an event of Dhaka University's dramatic club society, where he encounters Sonia.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = The Last Toast
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|12|19}}
| LineColor = 693111
| ShortSummary = Students from West Pakistan go to Professor Ajeet to save their lives when some Bengali students try to kill them. He does not help them, and instead talks about his ideology. The next day, Sonia goes to the police station with some West Pakistani students to register a missing persons complaint. There she encounters Farrukh, who asks her what he can do to help her; she says he should find the students. At night, Farrukh goes to the university, where he sees Maj. Ghayas ud Din involved in anti-government activities and informs about it to Brig. A. Fakhruddin. On the other hand, Rumi discovers Sonia's support for the government and he complains to his paternal aunt, Shabnam, however, she supports her daughter. Farrukh meets her and tells Sonia there is still no information regarding the missing students. She invites him to the new years party at her house.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = [[1970 Pakistani general election|Future Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|12|26}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = [[Agartala Conspiracy]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|02}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising|Peaceful Protest]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|09}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Writ of the Government
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|16}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = [[Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War|Dead Reckoning]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|23}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = [[Battle of Gazipur|Ghazipur]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|30}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Dead Before Dawn
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|02|06}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = [[Operation Searchlight]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|02|13}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Uncivil War
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|02|20}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = The Last Prayer
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|02|27}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = [[Bangladesh Liberation War|The War]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|03|06}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|The Fall]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|03|13}}
| LineColor = 693111
}}
}}

==Production==
===Casting and development===
Wahaj revealed in an interview about his upcoming project with Maya.<ref name="mareh"/> Talha Chahour, a theatre actor makes his television debut with this serial. The serial marks comeback of Nadia Jamil after her cancer recovery.

===Filming===
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=280
| footer = Shooting locations: Clockwise from upper left: Government College, Lahore (upper two), Governor's house and Chamba House
| footer_align = center
| image1 = British Style Architecture - Government College University, Lahore.jpg
| image2 = Government College University, Lahore Tower - Side.jpg
| image3 = Chamba House, Lahore.JPG
| image4 = Governor's House, Lahore-Damn Cruze 2018.jpg
}}
The shooting of the series took place within [[Lahore]] at several locations, mainly [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]], [[Punjab University College of Information Technology|Punjab University Old Campus]], [[National College of Arts]] (NCA) and [[Chamba House, Lahore]]. A few scenes were filmed in [[Governor's House, Lahore]] too.

===Release===
The series was originally produced to be release on Green Entertainment, however due to the delayed launch of the network it could not happen and consequently the series aired on [[Geo Entertainment]].<ref name="mareh"/> The first and second teasers were released on 8 December 2021. The series premiered on 12 December 2021.

== Critical reception ==

The series received acclaim due to its execution and script.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cutacut.com/2022/02/23/jo-bichar-gaye-drama/?|title=Jo Bichar Gaye: A masterclass in storytelling|author=Hurmat Majid|date=23 February 2022|access-date=19 May 2022|work=Cutacut}}</ref>

In a review for ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', the reviewer praised its unbiased approach comparing it with Hussain's previous historical-period drama stating, "Like [[Haissam Hussain]]’s previous work ''[[Dastaan (2010 TV series)|Dastan]]'', which centred on [[Partition of India|Partition]], ''Jo Bichar Gaye'' does not indulge in triumphalist patriotism or demonisation."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1189238/|title=Jo Bichar Gaye Illustrates How Political Idealism Can Quickly Turn Into Conspiracy And Murder|date=21 January 2022|work=Dawn Images|author=Sadaf Hiader}}</ref> A review for ''[[The Express Tribune]]'' noted Wahaj Ali's performance as Rumi.<ref>{{cite web|website=Express Tribune|author=Entertainment Desk|date=22 February 2022|access-date=|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2343803/wahaj-ali-steals-praises-for-his-moving-performance-in-jo-bichar-gaye|title=Wahaj Ali steals praises for his moving performance in 'Jo Bichar Gaye'}}</ref> Noor-Ul-Huda of ''[[The News International]]'' found it as a "well-executed drama" with a "nuanced storyline" and commended the casting, direction, and subject matter, its attention to detail in cinematography, costuming, and visual effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/940896-the-ones-that-got-away|title=The ones that got away|author=Noor Ul Huda|date=March 13, 2022|work=The News International|archive-date=March 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313193155/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/940896-the-ones-that-got-away|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a review published by ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', the reviewer panned the series for its distorted portrayal of the 1971 Liberation War, showing protesting Dhaka University students as "uncouth bullies" and Pakistani army men as "righteous gentlemen", and noted the inaccurate depiction of historical events and its use of derogatory language towards Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Rakshanda Rahman Misha |date=2021-12-28 |title=Unapologetic distortion of history in Pakistani 1971 drama 'Jo Bichar Gaye' |url=https://online.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/unapologetic-distortion-history-pakistani-1971-drama-jo-bichar-gaye-2926856 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818202442/https://online.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/unapologetic-distortion-history-pakistani-1971-drama-jo-bichar-gaye-2926856 |archive-date=2024-08-18 |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Historian [[Anam Zakaria]], writing for ''Dawn'', argued that it distorts historical events, humanises Pakistani soldiers while depicting Bengalis as villains, and reinforces a narrative that absolves Pakistan of responsibility for the war.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact vs fiction: Pakistan must accept the uncomfortable truths about the 1971 war|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1726305|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216112903/https://www.dawn.com/news/1726305|author=Anam Zakaria|author-link=Anam Zakaria|date=16 December 2022|archive-date=16 December 2022|work=Dawn|url-status=live|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards==
{|class="wikitable style"
! Year
!Ceremony
!Categories
!Recipient
!Result
! Ref.
|-
|2022
|rowspan="7"|[[21st Lux Style Awards]]
|Best Emerging Talent in TV
|''[[Talha Chahour]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2387740/lsa-2022-and-the-nominees-are | title=LSA 2022: And the nominees are | date=23 November 2022 }}</ref>
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jo Bichar Gaye
| artist = Sibte Hassan
| type = soundtrack
| length = 5:50
| released = 29 January 2022
| label = Geo
| recorded = 2021
| language = Urdu
}}

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer
| total_length = 5:50
| all_music = Sibte Hassan
| all_lyrics = Mubashir Hasan
| title1 = Raste Kathin
| extra1 = Beena Khan
| note1 = Female version<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-jA3hrndyI|title=Jo Bichar Gaye - Episode 01 - Best Scene 10|last=HAR PAL GEO|via=YouTube|date=13 December 2021|access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref>
| length1 = 1:37
| title2 = Raste Kathin
| extra2 = Sibte Hassan
| note2 = Male version<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2btc1ovomw|title=Jo Bichar Gaye - New Song - Raasty Khatin - Sibte Hassan|last=HAR PAL GEO|via=YouTube|date=27 January 2022|access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref>
| length2 = 1:37
| title3 = Tanhai
| extra3 = Sibte Hassan
| note3 = co-written by Sibte Hassan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fd2D1LTJxgk|title=Tanhai OST - (Jo Bichar Gaye)|last=Sibte Hassan|via=YouTube|date=29 January 2022|access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref>
| length3 = 2:46
}}

== See also ==
* [[Khaab Toot Jaatay Hain]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Pakistani television dramas based on novels]]
[[Category:2021 Pakistani television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Pakistani television series endings]]
[[Category:Pakistani historical television series]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War fiction]]
[[Category:Geo TV original programming]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru]]

Nandan

2026-01-18T11:55:07Z

99notes: Created New Data.

{{wikt|sa:नन्दन}}
'''Nandan''' may refer to:

== Places ==
* [[Nandan County]], in Guangxi Province, China
* [[Nandan, Hyōgo]], a town in Mihara District, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan
* [[Nandan (Kolkata)]], a cultural center in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal
* [[Nandana Fort]], ruined fort in Punjab, Pakistan

== People ==
* [[Nandan of Ezhimalai]], a Sangam Period ruler in South India
* [[Nandana (actress)]], Indian actress
* [[Nandana Gunathilake]] (1962–2026), a Sri Lankan politician, Member of Parliament (2000–2010)
* [[Nandana Millagala]], a Sri Lankan politician
* [[Nandana Sen]], an Indian-born American actress, screenwriter, children's author, and child-rights activist
* [[Nandana Varma]], Indian actress primarily in Malayalam cinema
* [[Meera Nandan]] (born 1989), an Indian actress
* [[Satendra Nandan]] (born 1940), a Fiji-Indian academic and politician
* [[Satya Nandan]], a Fiji-Indian diplomat and lawyer
* [[Nandan Nilekani]] (born 1955), Indian entrepreneur
* [[C. K. Nandan]], an Indian cricket umpire

== Other uses ==
* ''Nandan'', a Hindi-language children's magazine published by [[HT Media]]
* Nándàn (男旦)]], specialized male actors who play female roles (''[[Dan (Chinese opera)|dàn]]'') in Chinese opera
* Nandana, the heavenly garden of Indra in [[Svarga]] in Hunduism

== See also ==
* [[Nandhini (disambiguation)]]
* [[Nandanam (disambiguation)]]
* [[Nandanar (disambiguation)]]
* [[Nandankanan (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig|geo|given name|surname}}

Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district

2026-01-12T01:00:39Z

99notes: made new place.

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Chhattisgarh|District]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Ghatiyari Gandai temple and ruins, Chhattisgarh - 40.jpg
| image_caption = Ghatiyari temple
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh
| coordinates = {{coord|21.53|80.98|display=title,inline}}
| coor_pinpoint = Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Durg
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat =
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 4
| area_total_km2 = 1553.84
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 368,444
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 70.01%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 1018
| leader_title = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name = 1
| leader_title1 = District Collector
| leader_name1 = Mr. Indrajeet Singh Chandrawal
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 3
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website =
}}

'''Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district''' is a district in the central Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]] which consists of three cities, [[Khairagarh]], [[Chhuikhadan]] and [[Gandai]]. It was carved out of [[Rajnandgaon]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title=Chhattisgarh: With new district promise, Cong wins Khairagarh by margin of 20,000 votes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congress-candidate-leads-in-chhattisgarhs-khairagarh-seat-7871860/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It is the 31st district of the state inaugurated by chief minister [[Bhupesh Baghel]].

==Geography==

The district lies on central-west of [[Chhattisgarh]] state. It is surrounded by district [[Kabirdham]] on the north, districts [[Durg]] and [[Bemetara]] on the east, district [[Rajnandgaon]] on the south and district [[Balaghat]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] on the west.

==Transport==
===Bus transport===

The main bus stands are situated in [[Khairagarh]] and [[Chhuikhadan]] city. The district is connected by [[List of state highways in Chhattisgarh|State highway]] SH5 (559.6 km long) between [[Shahdol]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] - [[Pandaria]] - [[Kawardha]] - [[Khairagarh]] - [[Chhuikhadan]] - [[Rajnandgaon]] - [[Antagarh]] - [[Geedam]] - [[Bailadila]] - [[Bhadrachalam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and SH22 (127.22 km long) between [[Abhanpur]] - [[Patan, Chhattisgarh|Patan]] - [[Durg]] - Jalbandha - [[Khairagarh]] - [[Lanji]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It also has connectivity to [[Raipur]], [[Bemetara]], [[Balaghat]], [[Gondia]], [[Nagpur]] and many more. The nearest airport of the district is [[Swami Vivekananda Airport]], Raipur 103.6 km (via National Highway 53) away.

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11368/download/14481/DDW22C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.34}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|chartreuse|5.49}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.18}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|mediumblue|0.44}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|0.41}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.14}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}At the time of the 2011 census, Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district had a population of 368,444, of which 42,935 (11.65%) live in urban areas. 55,458 (15.05%) were under 6 years of age. Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district has a literacy rate of 70.01% and a sex ratio of 1018 females to 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 40,119 (10.89%) and 50,801 (13.79%) of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Rajnandgaon |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/328/download/962/DH_2011_2209_PART_A_DCHB_RAJNANDGAON.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] |value1 = 93.97 |color1 = peachpuff
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 2.97 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] |value3 = 2.11 |color3 = darkturquoise
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.95 |color4 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 93.97% of the population in the district spoke [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], 2.97% [[Hindi]] and 2.21% [[Gondi language|Gondi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10198/download/13310/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2200.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Points of interest==

*[[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]] (previously palace of Royal family of Khairagarh)
*[[Chhindari Dam]] in Chhuikhadan
*Nathela waterfall in Chhuikhadan
*Prachin Siddha Shaktipeeth Maa Mahamaya Temple Kondka, Chhuikhadan (Kuldevi mother of Chhuikhadan princely state)
*Chandimata mandir in Nawagaon
*Baitalrani ghati in Chhuikhadan
*Dongeshwar Mahadev in Chhuikhadan
*Narmada mandir in Chaknaar

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Districts of Chhattisgarh]]

Saagar K Chandra

2026-01-05T22:08:24Z

99notes: started a data

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenplay writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saagar K. Chandra
| image = Saagar K Chandraa.jpg
| caption = Saagar K. Chandra
| birth_name = Kala Sagar
| birth_place = [[Nalgonda]], India ([[Telangana]])
| alma_mater = [[Vasavi College of Engineering]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2009{{ndash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|Geetha Reddy|2017}}
}}

'''Saagar K. Chandra''' (born '''Kala Sagar''') <ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday Saagar K Chandra: Fans flood Twitter with warm wishes for PSPK Rana Movie director |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-saagar-k-chandra-fans-flood-twitter-with-warm-wishes-for-pspk-rana-movie-director/articleshow/82705934.cms |access-date=17 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |quote=Saagar K Chandra has turned 41 today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2022 |title=Success gave me a new high |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200322/success-gave-me-a-new-high.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yalala |first=Sridhar |date=10 April 2022 |title=Dil se: Iragadeese Saagar |url=https://pynr.in/article/dil-se-iragadeese-saagar |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=The Pynr |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian film director and screenwriter who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He made his directorial debut film in 2012 with ''[[Ayyare]].'' He then directed ''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]'' (2016) and ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' (2022).

== Personal life ==

Chandra hails from [[Nalgonda district]] in present-day [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=The Film That Made Pawan Kalyan Trust Saagar K Chandra to Helm Bhimla Nayak |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-film-that-made-pawan-kalyan-trust-saagar-k-chandra-to-helm-bhimla-nayak-4810145.html |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> He was born to Rama Chandra and Sunitha Reddy. His birthname was Kala Sagar, but he changed it to Saagar K. Chandra to suffix his father's name.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2020 |title=లోకల్‌ జీవితాన్ని గ్లోబల్‌గా చూపించాలి! |url=https://www.ntnews.com/sunday/2020-08-16-68957 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816152757/https://www.ntnews.com/sunday/2020-08-16-68957 |archive-date=16 August 2020 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]]}}</ref> He also has a sister, Gauthami Reddy. He did his schooling in [[Nalgonda]] and graduated from [[Vasavi College of Engineering]] in Hyderabad,{{Efn|In an earlier interview, Chandra stated that he graduated from [[Osmania University]] in Electrical Engineering<ref name=":1" />}} and later moved to the [[United States]] to pursue his Masters. In 2017, he married Geetha Reddy.<ref name=":0" />

== Film career ==
He left his job in the US and moved back to [[Hyderabad]] in 2009 to pursue his career in films. He faced resistance from his family when he conveyed his interest in films, as he does not have a film background.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2022 |title=పవన్‌తో సినిమా అనగానే.. షాకయ్యా.. |trans-title=Movie with Pawan.. I was shocked ..! |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-article/sunday-magazine/life-journey-of-young-director-sagar-k-chandra/5/322000168 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> He worked as an assistant director to [[Ravi Babu]] in [[Amaravathi (2009 film)|''Amaravathi'']] (2009). He also worked with Madhura Sreedhar in the direction department. His first film as a director was ''[[Ayyare]]'' (2012), which got critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-20|title=Review : Ayyare – A thought Provoking Movie|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-ayyare-a-thought-provoking-movie.html|access-date=2022-02-20|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}</ref> Later, he directed ''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]'' (2016), which also critical acclaim and a commercial success as well.<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2017-01-01|title=Movie review 'Appatllo Okadundevadu': An excellent film that starts poorly|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010117/movie-review-appatllo-okadundevadu-an-excellent-film-that-starts-poorly.html|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, he directed the Telugu remake of ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'', titled ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'', starring [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Rana Daggubati]] and [[Nithya Menen]], under [[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2022 |title=Bheemla Nayak: Director Saagar K Chandra finishes filming Pawan Kalyan, Rana Daggubati-starrer |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/telugu/bheemla-nayak-director-saagar-k-chandra-finishes-filming-pawan-kalyan-rana-daggubati-starrer-154330 |access-date=20 February 2022 |website=News9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-27 |title=What makes Pawan Kalyan’s Bheemla Nayak work at the box office? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/what-makes-pawan-kalyan-bheemla-nayak-work-at-the-box-office-7790947/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Unlike the original, it received mixed reviews upon release, but it was a decent grosser at the box office, becoming Kalyan's highest-grosser of his career.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="2" | Credited as
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Writer
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Ayyare]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Directorial debut
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[Nandi Special Jury Award]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kulpreet |date=2017-11-15|title=Nandi Awards Winners List For 2014, 2015 and 2016|url=https://www.chitramala.in/nandi-awards-winners-list-2014-2015-2016-255062.html|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Chitramala}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
| 2026
| ''Tyson Naidu''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra, Saagar K}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Telangana]]

Basanti Devi College

2026-01-02T21:22:27Z

99notes: added info

{{Short description|Girl's College in south Kolkata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Basanti Devi College
| image = Basanti Devi College logo.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = Undergraduate & Postgraduate college
| established = {{start date and age|5 August 1959}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[University of Calcutta]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president = Dr. Shibranjan Chatterjee
| vice-president =
| principal = Dr. Indrila Guha
| students = 1500+
| undergrad = 1400+
| postgrad = 100+
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = 147B, Rash Behari Ave, Ballygunge
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 743355
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.519302|N|88.3616963|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map =
| campus = Urban
| language = Bengali, English
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{official URL}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Basanti Devi College''' is the first government sponsored Girls college in [[Kolkata]] and was founded by the [[Government of West Bengal]] in 1959 with the mission of empowerment of women. Named after the eminent freedom fighter [[Basanti Devi]], the first lady to be imprisoned under British Rule for being involved in the war of Independence of India. It is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of University of Calcutta |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/Affiliated%20college/College_frame.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218141029/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/Affiliated%20college/College_frame.htm |archivedate=2012-02-18 }}</ref>

== The College ==
Located at the junction of the urban and rural conglomerate, this premier college caters to the needs of girl students from both these areas. A large group of them are also from backward classes, minority communities and from below poverty line. The college offers scope for higher education for women with special needs.

Along with the Calcutta University stipulated academic curriculum, the college also offers scope for the empowerment of girl students by helping them to develop their self-help skills, self-reliance and independence. The College offers B.A. (Hons/Major/General), B.Sc (Hons/General) and M.A. in English (Self Financed) & M.A. in Political Science (Self Financed) under the University of Calcutta.

The College also has a Study Center under Netaji Subhas Open University (Center Code : A-02) which runs on Saturdays & Sundays Only.

==Notable alumni==
*[[Lopamudra Mitra]], singer
*[[Tanusree Chakraborty]], actress
*[[Rooqma Ray]], actress

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.basantidevicollege.edu.in/ Basanti Devi College / Kolkata /Calcutta ]

{{University of Calcutta}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Kuthiravattam Mental Hospital

2026-01-02T01:33:21Z

99notes: made a article.

{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = The Government Mental Health Centre
| org_group =
| image =
| caption = 
| logo =
| location = Kuthiravattam
| region =
| state =
| country = India
| coordinates =
| healthcare = Public
| type = Psychiatric
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency = 24 Hours
| affiliation = National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS)
| beds = 474
| founded =
| closed = 
| website =
| other_links = [[List of hospitals in India]]
}}

The Government Mental Health Centre at Kuthiravattam near [[Kozhikode]], India is a hospital for the mental patients. The government provides free treatment and food for the mentally ill patients here.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-10-10 |title=Master plan for Kozhikode mental health centre awaits government nod |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/master-plan-for-kozhikode-mental-health-centre-awaits-government-nod/article67404413.ece |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Recent developments==
Recently the Kerala Government has announced a detailed project report (DPR) for a Rs.20-crore renovation project has been prepared, Minister for Panchayats and Social Justice M.K. Muneer said. "What we are planning is a comprehensive renovation project modelled after the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in Bangalore," Dr. Muneer said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/kuthiravattam-mental-health-centre-may-get-a-facelift-soon/article7111773.ece|title=Kuthiravattam mental health centre may get a facelift soon|author=Staff Reporter|date=17 April 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ayyathan Gopalan|RaoSahib Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]] (First Indian Superintendent and Psychiatrist of Kuthiravattam mental hospital)
* [[Pottammal]]
* [[Govindapuram, Kozhikode|Govindapuram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|11.25476|N|75.79948|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Hospitals with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Psychiatric hospitals in India]]

Sardar Patel Stadium, Mehsana

2025-12-28T18:31:18Z

99notes: New a stub

{{Short description|Multi-purpose stadium in Mehsana, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Sardar Patel Stadium
| nickname =Mehsana Cricket Stadium
| fullname =
| image =Sardar Patel Stadium Mehsana.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Entrance to the stadium ground
| country = India
| location = Municipal Ground, [[Mehsana]], [[Gujarat]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|display=it}}
| broke_ground = 2019
| built =
| opened = {{start date|2022|10|19|df=y}}
| owner = Mehsana Municipality
| dimensions = {{convert|24000|sqm|abbr=on}}
| surface =
| cost = {{INRconvert|11|c}}
| architect =
| capacity = 3000
| tenants =
| website =
| public_transit =
| logo_size =
| type = [[Stadium]]
| event = [[Multi-purpose stadium|Multi-purpose]]
}}
'''Sardar Patel Stadium''' is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] and sports complex at Municipal Ground, [[Mehsana]], [[Gujarat]], India. It was built at the total cost of {{INRconvert|11|c}} and opened in October 2022.

== History ==
In 2019, the Mehsana Municipality announced the construction of the cricket stadium and sports complex at the cost of {{INRconvert|9|c|year=2019}}. Total {{INRconvert|5|c}} was financed by the [[Government of Gujarat]] while rest of the {{INRconvert|4|c}} was received from the [[Fourteenth Finance Commission]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2019-02-24 |title=ગુજરાતનું નવું નજરાણું: કરોડો રૂપિયાના ખર્ચે મહેસાણામાં બનશે અદ્યતન ક્રિકેટ સ્ટેડિયમ, જાણો વિગત |url=https://gujarati.abplive.com/news/gujarat/modern-cricket-stadium-will-be-ready-in-mehsana-at-uttar-gujarat-376846 |access-date=2022-03-15 |publisher=ABP Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-23 |title=મહેસાણા: મ્યૂનિસિપલ ગ્રાઉન્ડમાં 9 કરોડના ખર્ચે બનશે ક્રિકેટ સ્ટેડિયમ બનશે |url=https://atalsamachar.com/mehsana-the-cricket-stadium-will-be-built-at-the-cost-of-9/cid5591695.htm |access-date=2022-03-15 |publisher=Atal Samachar |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=મહેસાણામાં 11 કરોડના ખર્ચે બનશે અદ્યતન ક્રિકેટ સ્ટેડિયમ, તંત્ર દ્વારા કરાઇ જાહેરાત |url=https://www.vtvgujarati.com/news-details/cricket-stadium-will-be-built-cost-rs-11-crore-mehsana |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=VTV Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref> The floodlights of the stadium was originally proposed to cost additional {{INRconvert|2|c}}.<ref name=":0" /> The dimmer floodlight installation was proposed in 2022 to lower the costs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=મહેસાણાના નવા ક્રિકેટ સ્ટેડિયમમાં હવે ઓછા પ્રકાશવાળી લાઈટોની વિચારણા |url=https://navgujaratsamay.com/consideration-of-dim-lights-at-mehsanas-new-cricket-stadium-now/214694.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=NavGujarat Samay |language=gu}}</ref> The stadium was near completion in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=મહેસાણામાં ક્રિકેટ સ્ટેડિયમનું કાર્ય અંતિમ તબક્કામાં પહોંચ્યું |url=https://navgujaratsamay.com/work-on-the-cricket-stadium-in-mehsana-has-reached-its-final-stage/195782.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=NavGujarat Samay |language=gu}}</ref> It was officially named Sardar Patel Stadium. It was inaugurated on 19 October 2022 by Gujarat Chief Minister [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]] and former deputy chief minister [[Nitinbhai Patel|Nitin Patel]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-10-18 |title=Sports Facility: 5000 spectator capacity Sardar Patel Stadium built in Mehsana at cost of 11 crore, inauguration tomorrow |script-title=gu:ખેલકૂદની સુવિધા:મહેસાણામાં 11 કરોડના ખર્ચે 5000 પ્રેક્ષકોની ક્ષમતા ધરાવતા સરદાર પટેલ સ્ટેડિયમનું નિર્માણ, આવતીકાલે થશે લોકાર્પણ |language=gu |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/news/construction-of-sardar-patel-stadium-with-a-capacity-of-5000-spectators-at-a-cost-of-11-crores-in-mehsana-will-be-inaugurated-tomorrow-130455368.html |access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>

== Features ==
[[File:Sardar Patel Stadium Mehsana Ground at night 6.jpg|thumb|Stadium at night|left]]
The main stadium is spread over an area of {{convert|24000|sqm|abbr=on}}. It has seating capacity of 3000 people where cricket, hockey or football matches can be held. A basketball ground has seating capacity of 250 people where handball and volleyball matches can also be held. Two tennis courts with seating capacity of 250 people are constructed. It has a parking capacity of 250 cars and 1000 two-wheelers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

It is the first cricket stadium built in north Gujarat.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[Boter Kothani Vav]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{commonscat}}
[[Category:Mehsana]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Sports complexes]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vallabhbhai Patel]]

Saonli Basu

2025-12-28T16:48:40Z

99notes: New new details

{{Short description|Indian-American statistical geneticist}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=October 2025}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=October 2025}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs2}}
'''Saonli Basu''' is an Indian and American [[Statistical genetics|statistical geneticist]]. She is a professor in the Division of Biostatistics & Health Data Science of the [[University of Minnesota School of Public Health]], the founding director of the [[University of Minnesota]] Genomic Data Commons, and co-director of the analytics core in the Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain. Her research involves the use of [[Longitudinal study|longitudinal family studies]] and [[nonparametric statistics]] to study the genetics of complex traits and the interactions of the genome with the environment.{{r|dir}}

==Education and career==
Basu has a 1996 bachelor's degree from [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]. After a year of working as a marketing research associate, she returned to graduate study and received a 1998 master's degree from the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in [[Kolkata]]. She completed her Ph.D. in 2005 at the [[University of Washington]].{{r|cv}} Her doctoral dissertation, ''Allele-Sharing Methods for Linkage Detection Using Extended Pedigrees'', was supervised by [[Elizabeth A. Thompson]].{{r|mg}}

She joined the University of Minnesota as an assistant professor in the School of Public Health in 2005. She was promoted to associate professor in 2012 and full professor in 2019.{{r|cv}}

Basu was elected as chair of the [[American Statistical Association]] Section on Statistics in Genomics and Genetics for a term beginning in 2019.{{r|s2g2}}

==Recognition==
Basu was elected as a [[Fellow of the American Statistical Association]] in 2017.{{r|fasa}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name=cv>{{citation|url=https://directory.sph.umn.edu/sites/directory.sph.umn.edu/files/2022-11/basu-saonli-cv.pdf|title=Curriculum vitae|publisher=University of Minnesota School of Public Health|access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>

<ref name=dir>{{citation|url=https://directory.sph.umn.edu/bio/sph-a-z/saonli-basu|title=Saonli Basu, PhD|work=Faculty directory|publisher=University of Minnesota School of Public Health|access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>

<ref name=fasa>{{citation|url=https://ww2.amstat.org/fellows/|title=ASA Fellows|publisher=American Statistical Association|access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>

<ref name=mg>{{mathgenealogy|109847}}</ref>

<ref name=s2g2>{{citation|url=https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2018/07/01/martinezasapresident/|date=July 1, 2018|magazine=AmStat News|title=Bureau of Labor Statistics' Wendy Martinez Elected ASA President|access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*{{Google Scholar id|gTE2OosAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Saonli}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American geneticists]]
[[Category:American statisticians]]
[[Category:American women geneticists]]
[[Category:American women statisticians]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Statistical Institute alumni]]
[[Category:University of Washington alumni]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association]]

Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures

2025-12-27T16:26:07Z

99notes: creating basic entry basic info...

{{Short description|2008 video game}}
{{Featured article}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures
| image = Lego Indiana Jones cover.jpg
| alt = The LEGO logo is to the left of the game's word mark, both of which are at the top of the image. Below the word mark is a Lego minifigure wearing a brown fedora hat and a jacket, wielding a light brown whip. Behind the minifigure is a large ball of Lego blocks rolling after the character as he runs through a jungle scene.
| caption = Cover artwork, featuring the title character wielding his signature whip
| developer = [[Traveller's Tales]]
| publisher = [[LucasArts]]
| director = [[Jon Burton]]
| producer = Steve Wakeman
| programmer = Glyn Scragg
| artist = James Cunliffe
| composer = [[David Whittaker (video game composer)|David Whittaker]]
| series = ''[[Lego Indiana Jones]]''
| platforms = {{ubl|[[Microsoft Windows]]|[[Nintendo DS]]|[[PlayStation 2]]|[[PlayStation 3]]|[[PlayStation Portable]]|[[Wii]]|[[Xbox 360]]|[[Mac OS X]]}}
| released = {{Video game release|NA|3 June 2008|AU|4 June 2008|EU|6 June 2008}}'''Mac OS X'''{{Video game release|WW|28 November 2008}}
| genre = [[Action-adventure]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures''''' is a 2008 [[Lego]]-themed [[action-adventure game|action-adventure video game]] developed by [[Traveller's Tales]] and published by [[LucasArts]]. Based on the ''[[Indiana Jones]]'' franchise and the eponymous ''[[Lego Indiana Jones]]'' toy line, it follows the events of the first three ''Indiana Jones'' films: ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981), ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom|Temple of Doom]]'' (1984), and the ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade|Last Crusade]]'' (1989). The game includes local [[co-op mode]] gameplay, as well as [[Puzzle video game|puzzle]] and [[platformer]] aspects, and 84 [[playable character]]s with a variety of special abilities. As the players go through the stages, they collect the currency of ''Lego'' games known as Studs, avoid traps, assemble Lego constructions, and engage in combat. Climbing, swinging, and throwing objects as weapons were new inclusions not seen in previous ''Lego'' video games by Traveller's Tales.

LucasArts announced the game in 2007, with the developers basing its mechanics on their prior ''[[Lego Star Wars]]'' games. The design of puzzles was altered to fit the ''Indiana Jones'' franchise, but any mentions of [[Nazism]] from the franchise were removed, as Lego replaced the figures with characters that resemble them visually in its ''Indiana Jones'' [[Lego set]]s. Traveller's Tales also attempted to make ''Lego Indiana Jones'' more [[family-friendly]]. The game was advertised at conventions: a [[game demo]], [[Flash Player]] web game, and computer-animated short film were published during the development. ''Lego Indiana Jones'' was released for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation Portable]], [[Wii]], and [[Xbox 360]] platforms in June 2008, while [[Feral Interactive]] released the [[Mac OS X]] version in November 2008. It was made available on the [[Steam (service)|Steam]] digital distribution service in 2009.

''Lego Indiana Jones'' received generally favourable reviews from critics. Its gameplay, retelling of the films, and co-op mode were commended by reviewers. However, they had conflicting opinions about the second player's [[Artificial intelligence in video games|artificial intelligence]] and game mechanics. Reviewers also praised the game's graphics, environments, and soundtrack but disagreed on the sound effects. The Wii and Xbox 360 versions garnered praise, but the PSP version was criticised for its puzzles, excessive loading times, and lack of [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]] support. A [[Java Platform, Micro Edition|Java]] platformer ''Lego Indiana Jones'' mobile game and a sequel, ''[[Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues]]'', were released in 2008 and 2009, respectively.

== Gameplay ==
[[File:Lego Indiana Jones The Original Adventures gameplay.png|thumb|alt=Indiana Jones sitting on top of an elephant, with Short Round and Willie Scott standing aside in the jungles of Pankot Region|A screenshot of ''The Original Adventures'', featuring three playable characters. The [[Lego]] video game follows the story of the first three ''[[Indiana Jones]]'' films, being retold in a humorous manner.]]
''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' is an [[action-adventure game|action-adventure video game]] played from the [[Third-person view|third-person perspective]], in which the player controls a [[Lego figurine]] in areas inspired by ''[[Indiana Jones]]'' film scenes.<ref name="cvg">{{cite web |last=Bishop |first=Stuart |date=7 February 2008 |title=''Lego Indy'': First Concrete Details |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=181758 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210151001/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=181758 |archive-date=10 February 2008 |access-date=11 February 2008 |website=[[Computer and Video Games]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Docherty |first=Martin |date=25 February 2021 |title=Best ''Indiana Jones'' Games to Play Before the New Bethesda Title |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/best-indiana-jones-games/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830170713/https://www.gamesradar.com/best-indiana-jones-games/ |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[GamesRadar+]]}}</ref> The game also incorporates aspects of the [[Puzzle video game|puzzle]] and [[platformer]] game genres.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Roper |first=Chris |date=29 May 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/29/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426023427/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/29/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Alcala |first=Javier Andres |date=6 May 2008 |title=Reliquia para dos |trans-title=Relic for Two |url=https://as.com/meristation/2008/05/06/analisis/1210106340_018488.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901233754/https://as.com/meristation/2008/05/06/analisis/1210106340_018488.html |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |work=[[MeriStation]] |language=es}}</ref> It is a humorous retelling of ''Indiana Jones''' first three films: ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', ''[[Temple of Doom]]'', and the ''[[Last Crusade]].''<ref name="cvg" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=3 June 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' Whips Into Stores Nationwide |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/06/03/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-whips-into-stores-nationwide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112134729/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/06/03/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-whips-into-stores-nationwide |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> The game consists of three chapters, each with six [[Level (video games)|stages]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Craig |date=3 June 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventure'' Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/06/03/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventure-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825201909/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/06/03/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventure-review |archive-date=25 August 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Torres |first=Ricardo |date=13 March 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' Preview |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-preview/1100-6187691/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908195547/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-preview/1100-6187691/ |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> which are accessible from the game's hub, Barnett College. The location serves as [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]]'s teaching location in the ''Last Crusade''.<ref name="gameproreview">{{cite magazine |last1=Lewis |first1=Cameron |date=3 June 2008 |title=Review: ''LEGO Indy'' Swings on the Scene! |url=http://www.gamepro.com/microsoft/xbox360/games/reviews/189088.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605101603/http://www.gamepro.com/microsoft/xbox360/games/reviews/189088.shtml |archive-date=5 June 2008 |access-date=30 August 2024 |magazine=[[GamePro]]}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=12 May 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones The Videogame'' |url=https://as.com/meristation/2008/05/12/avances/1210572300_012496.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903232852/https://as.com/meristation/2008/05/12/avances/1210572300_012496.html |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[MeriStation]] |language=es}}</ref> The player can also unlock additional content, enable [[Cheating in video games|cheats]], and examine their own accolades and statistics in various classrooms of the game's hub.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roper |first=Chris |date=8 May 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' Hands-On |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/07/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-hands-on |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227173643/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/07/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-hands-on |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite news |last=Łukański |first=Marcin |date=10 June 2008 |title=LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures – recenzja gry |trans-title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' – Game Review |url=https://www.gry-online.pl/recenzje/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-recenzja-gry/zc1317 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910195428/https://www.gry-online.pl/recenzje/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-recenzja-gry/zc1317 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[Gry-Online]] |language=pl}}</ref> Upon selecting a stage, a cutscene appears that introduces the player to the segment of the film being played,<ref name="giantbombreview">{{cite news |last1=Shoemaker |first1=Brad |date=2 July 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' Review |url=https://www.giantbomb.com/reviews/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review/1900-6/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830181945/https://www.giantbomb.com/reviews/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review/1900-6/ |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[Giant Bomb]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Geddes |first=Ryan |date=22 February 2008 |title=GDC 2008: ''LEGO Indiana Jones'' Preview |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/02/22/gdc-2008-lego-indiana-jones-preview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904000250/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/02/22/gdc-2008-lego-indiana-jones-preview |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref> such as the boulder escape from ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' and the minecart escape from ''Temple of Doom''.<ref name="cvg" /><ref name="xplay">{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Tim |date=3 June 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' |url=http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/reviews/1787/LEGO_Indiana_Jones_The_Original_Adventures.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008002808/http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/reviews/1787/LEGO_Indiana_Jones_The_Original_Adventures.html |archive-date=8 October 2008 |access-date=4 June 2008 |website=[[X-Play]]}}</ref>

The game's primary mode is a two-player local [[co-op game]], with 84 [[Player character|playable characters]]; in the absence of a human partner, the game's [[artificial intelligence]] controls the second character.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Roberto |date=11 June 2008 |title=''Lego Jones'' |url=https://as.com/meristation/2008/06/11/analisis/1213164000_018443.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902152243/https://as.com/meristation/2008/06/11/analisis/1213164000_018443.html |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |work=[[MeriStation]] |language=es}}</ref><ref name="gamerevolution">{{cite news |last1=Sparks |first1=Shawn |date=27 June 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones'' Review |url=https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/41143-lego-indiana-jones-review-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523180221/http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/lego-indiana-jones |archive-date=23 May 2012 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[GameRevolution]]}}</ref> While playing for the first time, the player can only use preselected figures to complete [[Level (video games)|missions]]; after that, the player can use any other unlocked figure when replaying the game in the freeplay mode.<ref name="gameproreview" /><ref name=":21" /><ref name="xplay" /> Characters can also be bought in Barnett College, where the player can also personalise characters and make their own creations.<ref name="gamerevolution" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Shea |first=Cam |date=12 May 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'' AU Hands-On |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/12/lego-indiana-jones-au-hands-on |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906231216/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/12/lego-indiana-jones-au-hands-on |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=7 February 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones'' Q&A |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/lego-indiana-jones-qanda/1100-6185688/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901232249/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/lego-indiana-jones-qanda/1100-6185688/ |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> These figures can then interact with the environment in ways that others cannot do during the [[story mode]], allowing the player to obtain new items or find new puzzles and collectibles.<ref name="auto" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="teamxboxreview">{{cite news |last1=Eddy |first1=Andy |date=3 June 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' Review (Xbox 360) |url=http://reviews.teamxbox.com/xbox-360/1512/LEGO-Indiana-Jones-The-Original-Adventures/p1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604231835/http://reviews.teamxbox.com/xbox-360/1512/LEGO-Indiana-Jones-The-Original-Adventures/p1/ |archive-date=4 June 2008 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[TeamXbox]]}}</ref>

As the player progresses through ''Lego Indiana Jones'', they must gather Studs, the currency of ''Lego'' games, assemble Lego constructions to make specific items, avoid traps, and partake in combat with enemies.<ref name="auto" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Totilo |first=Stephen |date=18 February 2008 |title={{'}}''LEGO Indiana Jones''{{'}} Impressions, Including Four-Player Co-Op and Important Monkey Details |url=http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2008/02/18/lego-indiana-jones-impressions-including-four-player-co-op-and-important-monkey-details/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219161340/http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2008/02/18/lego-indiana-jones-impressions-including-four-player-co-op-and-important-monkey-details/ |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=19 February 2008 |website=[[MTV Multiplayer]]}}</ref> The game's mechanics and [[Game engine|engine]] are similar to the ''[[Lego Star Wars]]'' video games.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="gamerevolution" /> Players [[respawn]] indefinitely upon death.<ref name="giantbombreview" /><ref name="gireview">{{cite magazine |last1=Reiner |first1=Andrew |date=June 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones'' |url=http://gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/32F0B2A5-A86D-4422-986B-844C299E8492.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619072810/http://gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/32F0B2A5-A86D-4422-986B-844C299E8492.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 |access-date=30 August 2024 |magazine=[[Game Informer]]}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> Through certain stages, the player can also use vehicles and animals to navigate.<ref name="auto" /> Additionally, the player can collect Extras (a bonus that boosts their Studs total) by collecting parcels and mailing them to Barnett College,<ref name="auto" /><ref name="teamxboxreview" /> and unlock three bonus levels by collecting treasure in each stage.<ref name=":15" />{{Rp|page=2}}

''Lego Indiana Jones'' features special abilities for characters to solve puzzles and defeat enemies.<ref name="auto" /><ref name=":12" /> For example, Indy can wield his [[Bullwhip|whip]] to attack or tie up enemies, manipulate objects, or swing from the ceiling;<ref name="cvg" /><ref name="xplay" /> the [[Wii]] version of the whip is [[Motion detector|controlled physically]] by the player.<ref name=":3" /> When Indy is near snakes, his [[Ophidiophobia|fear]] prevents him from being productive, forcing the second player to assist him out.<ref name="cvg" /> The same effect applies to other characters, such as [[Willie Scott (character)|Willie Scott]].<ref name="auto" /><ref name="gameproreview" /> The game features a variety of characters, including shovel-carrying, wrench-using, high-jumping, and crawlable ones. [[Thuggee]] characters can communicate with ancient statues and characters who hold books, such as [[Henry Jones Sr]]., can decode hieroglyphs.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="xplay" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite news |last=Holt |first=Chris |date=15 January 2009 |title=Review: ''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/194526/lego_indiana_jones.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908175811/https://www.macworld.com/article/194526/lego_indiana_jones.html |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[Macworld]]}}</ref> The abilities to carry a shovel, use a wrench, or decode hieroglyphs can be obtained by any figure who acquires the required item.<ref name="auto" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Whitehead |first=Dan |date=2 June 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908170441/https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref> The player can also obtain weapons and rewards by excavating in certain areas or killing foes, however the weapons have limited ammunition.<ref name="cvg" /><ref name="auto" /><ref name="teamxboxreview" /> The ability to climb, swing, and throw objects as weapons was a new addition to the ''Lego'' video game series.<ref name="gamerevolution" /><ref name=":7" />

=== Nintendo DS ===
The [[Nintendo DS]] version of ''Lego Indiana Jones'' underwent changes to meet the DS's memory and size limits, as well as its touchscreen capabilities. Due to constraints, cutscene details were cut and compressed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /> Using a [[Nintendo DS#Hardware|digital pen]] (stylus), the player can control characters' special skills, such as Indy's whip or [[Satipo (Indiana Jones)|Satipo]]'s shovel, as well as components like switches.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /> The built-in microphone is used by the player to blow out torches, inflate rubber rafts, and launch the player in air when standing on propellers: this is done by the player blowing into the microphone.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /> The player can also play as Indy and [[Marion Ravenwood]]'s pet monkey, climbing to previously inaccessible areas.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news |last=Jordan |first=Jon |date=14 April 2008 |title=TT Games Talks Up ''Lego Indiana Jones''' Resourcefulness on DS and PSP |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/tt-games-talks-up-lego-indiana-jones-resourcefulness-on-ds-and-psp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518222243/https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/tt-games-talks-up-lego-indiana-jones-resourcefulness-on-ds-and-psp/ |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=[[Pocket Gamer]]}}</ref> The DS version includes a variety of [[minigame]]s, including action minigames, [[tangram]], and a cooking minigame where [[monkey brain]] dishes are prepared, a reference to ''Temple of Doom''.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Martin |date=10 March 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'' DS Preview |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/10/lego-indiana-jones-ds-preview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904000252/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/10/lego-indiana-jones-ds-preview |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Craig |date=7 May 2008 |title=Hands-on ''LEGO Indiana Jones'' |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/07/hands-on-lego-indiana-jones |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930170452/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/07/hands-on-lego-indiana-jones |archive-date=30 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Brice |first=Kath |date=25 February 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones'' on DS Has Monkey Brain Cooking Mini-Game |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/lego-indiana-jones-on-ds-has-monkey-brain-cooking-mini-game/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520062518/https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/lego-indiana-jones-on-ds-has-monkey-brain-cooking-mini-game/ |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=[[Pocket Gamer]]}}</ref>

== Development ==
''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' was developed by [[Traveller's Tales]] and published by [[LucasArts]].<ref name="auto" /><ref name="gamerevolution" /> The Nintendo DS version was developed by [[TT Fusion]], a subsidiary of Traveller's Tales that also worked on the ''[[Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga]]'' in 2007,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":19" /> while the [[Mac OS X]] version of ''Lego Indiana Jones'' was developed by Robosoft Technologies and published by [[Feral Interactive]].<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":23" /> [[Activision]] was also involved in publishing Nintendo DS, [[PlayStation 3]], and [[Xbox 360]] versions in Europe.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |last=Doroń |first=Piotr |date=15 May 2008 |title=Wieści ze świata w telegraficznym skrócie (15 maja 2008) |trans-title=World News in Brief (May 15, 2008) |url=https://www.gry-online.pl/newsroom/wiesci-ze-swiata-w-telegraficznym-skrocie-15-maja-2008/z99ff4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910195436/https://www.gry-online.pl/newsroom/wiesci-ze-swiata-w-telegraficznym-skrocie-15-maja-2008/z99ff4 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[Gry-Online]] |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lane |first=Gavin |date=21 December 2019 |title=Poll: Nintendo Switch Game of The Year – Rate Your Favourite Switch Games of 2019 |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/12/poll_nintendo_switch_game_of_the_year_-_rate_your_favourite_switch_games_of_2019?page=158 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910200939/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/12/poll_nintendo_switch_game_of_the_year_-_rate_your_favourite_switch_games_of_2019?page=158 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[Nintendo Life]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Purchese |first=Robert |date=18 February 2008 |title=''LEGO Indy Jones'' Has Four-Player Co-Op |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indy-jones-has-four-player-co-op |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522075609/https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indy-jones-has-four-player-co-op |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref> [[Jon Burton]] served as the game's director, Steve Wakeman as its producer, Glyn Scragg as the lead game programmer, James Cunliffe as the head of art, and [[David Whittaker (video game composer)|David Whittaker]] as its composer.<ref name=":25">{{Cite video game|title=Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures|developer=[[Traveller's Tales]]|publisher=[[LucasArts]]|platform=PC|scene=End Credits|date=6 June 2008}}</ref> During the development, Traveller's Tales parent company, [[TT Games]], was acquired by [[Warner Bros. Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Matt |date=8 November 2007 |title=Warner Bros. Swoops for Traveller's Tales |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/warner-bros-swoops-for-travellers-tales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903135034/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/warner-bros-swoops-for-travellers-tales |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=3 September 2024 |work=[[GamesIndustry.biz]]}}</ref> The acquisition had no negative impact on Traveller's Tales relations with LucasArts or [[Lego]].<ref name=":9" />

The game was heavily based on the ''Lego Star Wars'' games and their mechanics.<ref name=":7" /> According to Nick Ricks, a Traveller's Tales producer, the development team initially experimented with creating the game on top of ''Lego Star Wars'' because the ''Indiana Jones'' franchise also featured action components, resulting in what Ricks described as "''LEGO Star Wars'' set in 1945". Traveller's Tales then decided to develop ''Lego Indiana Jones'' from its foundation, introducing new features absent in previous ''Lego Star Wars'' games. The developers adjusted the design of puzzles due to the absence of [[the Force]] in the ''Indiana Jones'' series.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Martin |date=10 March 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'' Preview |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/10/lego-indiana-jones-preview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904114829/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/10/lego-indiana-jones-preview |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref> While working on ranged weapons, the developers debated whether ammunition should be limited. In the official release, they opted to limit ammo for enemy weapon drops, differing from the system used in previous ''Lego'' games.<ref name="cvg" /><ref name=":20" /> Jonathan Smith of TT Games said that the team succeeded in developing a recognisable personality for ''Lego Indiana Jones'' while retaining well-received game elements from prior ''Lego'' video games.<ref name=":19" />

Shawn Storc of LucasArts said their biggest obstacle during the development was aligning the gameplay and its character mechanics with the films, and only focused on replicating the first three films.<ref name=":7" /> Scholars noted that the game is an adaptation of the [[Lego toy set]] characters.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ruggill |first1=Judd Ethan |title=Gaming Matters: Art, Science, Magic, and the Computer Game Medium |last2=McAllister |first2=Ken S. |date=11 May 2011 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0-8173-1737-9 |pages=26 |chapter=Irreconcilability}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hageneuer |first=Sebastian |title=The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and the Media in the 21st Century |date=20 June 2024 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-040-02301-3 |pages=166 |chapter=Depicting Archaeology as Colonial Practice}}</ref> After their debut, Traveller's Tales announced that they would remove mentions of [[Nazism]] from ''Lego Indiana Jones'', citing the fact that Lego replaced Nazi characters with similar "genocidal, occultist, trenchcoat-wearing master-race" characters. Burton expressed the belief that "[the studio] doesn't want to change the game so much that we lose the audience".<ref name="cvg" /> Traveller's Tales also sought to make the game more [[family-friendly]], considering that children were the target group for ''Lego'' video games.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 April 2008 |title=Fresh ''Lego Indiana Jones'' Q&A Swings In |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/News/Story/200804/N08.0401.1527.26688.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612203950/http://www.gameinformer.com/News/Story/200804/N08.0401.1527.26688.htm |archive-date=12 June 2008 |access-date=10 September 2024 |magazine=[[Game Informer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2008 |title=Develop 08: Traveller's Tales on Making Children Cry |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/develop-08-travellers-tales-on-making-children-cry/1100-6195163/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512130313/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/develop-08-travellers-tales-on-making-children-cry/1100-6195163/ |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Ricks said that the developers discussed whether to include the German [[Iron Cross]]. Traveller's Tales improved the second player character mechanics and introduced special abilities that any player character could obtain, in contrast to ''Lego Star Wars'' games, where a character's ability could only be possessed by a single character. Another addition to the ''Lego Indiana Jones'' is the character's fear effect system, which Ricks regarded as a handy utility that emphasises the use of the second player character's powers when the main player is in danger.<ref name=":20" /> Storc saw the characters in ''Lego Indiana Jones'' as more athletic than in their prior ''Lego'' titles.<ref name=":7" />

In February 2008, LucasArts announced that up to four players would be able to play in co-op mode on consoles; this later turned out to be a miscommunication.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Purchese |first=Robert |date=21 February 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'' Not Four-Player |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indiana-jones-not-four-player |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705031133/https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indiana-jones-not-four-player |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref> LucasArts then clarified that while up to four characters could appear on screen, only two at a time could be player-controlled.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Totilo |first=Stephen |date=21 February 2008 |title={{'}}''LEGO Indiana Jones''{{'}} Fact Correction – Game Will Not Feature Four-Player Co-Op After All, Miscommunication Cited |url=http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2008/02/21/lego-indiana-jones-fact-correction-game-will-not-feature-four-player-co-op-after-all-miscommunication-cited/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226035542/http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2008/02/21/lego-indiana-jones-fact-correction-game-will-not-feature-four-player-co-op-after-all-miscommunication-cited/ |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=21 February 2008 |website=[[MTV Multiplayer]]}}</ref> ''Lego Indiana Jones''{{'}}s soundtrack is a mix of [[John Williams]] compositions featured in the films and a custom soundtrack inspired by them.<ref name=":25" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shamaly |first=Meena |date=27 January 2023 |title=John Williams' Musical Playground |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/game-show/game-show-john-williams/101756476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004175604/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/game-show/game-show-john-williams/101756476 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref> The game also incorporated music from ''[[The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones]]'' television series. [[Skywalker Sound]], a division of [[Lucasfilm]], assisted with game's sound effects and [[voice acting]].<ref name=":25" />

== Marketing and release ==
[[File:Legoland Windsor - Indiana Jones (2835946022).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=A Lego-ised statue of Indiana Jones at the Legoland Windsor in September 2008|''Lego Indiana Jones'' was extensively promoted at events, through video games, and a short animated film.]]
The financial success of the ''Lego Star Wars'' games series motivated LucasArts to license the ''Indiana Jones'' franchise to Traveller's Tales.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Serrano Acosta |first=Francisco Alberto |date=5 March 2008 |title=Lego Indiana Jones The Videogame, Impresiones |trans-title=''Lego Indiana Jones The Videogame'', Impressions |url=https://as.com/meristation/2008/03/05/avances/1204700400_009592.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903135034/https://as.com/meristation/2008/03/05/avances/1204700400_009592.html |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=3 September 2024 |work=[[MeriStation]] |language=es}}</ref> LucasArts unveiled the game under the [[working title]], ''Lego Indiana Jones: The Videogame'', at [[San Diego Comic-Con]] in July 2007, along with the first ''Indiana Jones'' Lego toy set for a release of January 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2007 |title=Traveller's Tales Raiding ''Lego Indiana Jones'' |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/travellers-tales-raiding-lego-indiana-jones/1100-6175793/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830225443/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/travellers-tales-raiding-lego-indiana-jones/1100-6175793/ |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ogden |first=Gavin |date=31 July 2007 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'' Unveiled – Trailer Here! |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/lego-indiana-jones-unveiled-trailer-here/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908160131/https://www.gamesradar.com/lego-indiana-jones-unveiled-trailer-here/ |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[GamesRadar]]}}</ref> To promote the game, ''Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga'' offered Indiana Jones as an unlockable character when it was released in November 2007; the character can be acquired by watching the ''Lego Indiana Jones'' trailer in a room next to [[Mos Eisley|Cantina]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2007 |title=''LEGO Star Wars: CS'' |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/player/25831.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510130521/http://www.gametrailers.com/player/25831.html |archive-date=10 May 2009 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[GameTrailers]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Geddes |first=Ryan |date=10 November 2007 |title=''Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga'' Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/10/lego-star-wars-the-complete-saga-review-4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830225443/https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/10/lego-star-wars-the-complete-saga-review-4 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref> In January 2008, ''Lego Indiana Jones'' was announced that it would join the [[Games for Windows]] brand line-up.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bishop |first=Stuart |date=8 January 2008 |title=Nine New Titles for Games for Windows |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/nine-new-titles-for-games-for-windows/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830225442/https://www.gamesradar.com/nine-new-titles-for-games-for-windows/ |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[GamesRadar]]}}</ref> [[The Lego Group]] also partnered with the game development studio Three Melons to promote the game by releasing ''Lego Indiana Jones Adventures'', an [[Adobe Flash Player]] web game, in February 2008. The game has [[2D graphics]] and auto-scrolling platformer mechanics, with four stages overall, while its menu features a museum where the player could learn about Indy and the stages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duraj |first=Robert |date=18 February 2008 |title=Webowa mini-gra LEGO Indiana Jones |trans-title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'' Web Mini-Game |url=https://www.gry-online.pl/newsroom/webowa-mini-gra-lego-indiana-jones/z19a6a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910195432/https://www.gry-online.pl/newsroom/webowa-mini-gra-lego-indiana-jones/z19a6a |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[Gry-Online]] |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones Adventures'' |url=https://kotaku.com/games/lego-indiana-jones-adventures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911172921/https://kotaku.com/games/lego-indiana-jones-adventures |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Kotaku]]}}</ref>

LucasArts also promoted ''Lego Indiana Jones'' at several conventions, including the [[Game Developers Conference]] in February and the [[New York Comic Con]] in April 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Collura |first=Scott |date=22 April 2008 |title=NYCC 08: Lucasfilm's Latest |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/04/22/nycc-08-lucasfilms-latest |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913115924/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/04/22/nycc-08-lucasfilms-latest |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramsay |first=Randolph |date=22 February 2008 |title=GDC '08: ''Lego Indiana Jones'' Impressions |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/gdc-08-lego-indiana-jones-impressions/1100-6186548/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908195545/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/gdc-08-lego-indiana-jones-impressions/1100-6186548/ |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> At the [[Play.com|Play.com Live]] event at [[Wembley Stadium]] on 15 and 16 March, Activision made the game playable for attendees.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibson |first=Ellie |date=6 March 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'' Gets Date |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indiana-jones-gets-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910195428/https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indiana-jones-gets-date |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref> [[Cartoon Network]] aired a computer-animated short film, ''Lego Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Brick'', on 10 May.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lewinski |first=John Scott |date=29 April 2008 |title=Cartoon Network Digs Up Animated Indy Lego Flick |url=https://www.wired.com/2008/04/cartoon-network-2/ |access-date=11 September 2024 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910225152/https://www.wired.com/2008/04/cartoon-network-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Game demo|demo version]] of ''Lego Indiana Jones'' was released on 13 May 2008,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thang |first=Jimmy |date=13 May 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'' Demo Now Live |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/13/lego-indiana-jones-demo-now-live |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906232002/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/13/lego-indiana-jones-demo-now-live |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref> and together with the trailer it was also included in a remastered [[Paramount Pictures]] re-release of the first three films in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2008 |title=''Indiana Jones'' DVD Set Whips Up Lego Demo |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/indiana-jones-dvd-set-whips-up-lego-demo/1100-6235095/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909230251/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/indiana-jones-dvd-set-whips-up-lego-demo/1100-6235095/ |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Garratt |first=Patrick |date=4 March 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones'' Demo to Be Included with Movies |url=https://www.vg247.com/lego-indiana-jones-demo-to-be-included-with-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910225154/https://www.vg247.com/lego-indiana-jones-demo-to-be-included-with-movies |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[VG247]]}}</ref> Although Activision announced that the demo would not be available on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, it was made accessible on the [[Xbox Live Marketplace]] on 27 June.<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bramwell |first=Tom |date=27 June 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'' Demo on Live |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indiana-jones-demo-on-live |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908170444/https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indiana-jones-demo-on-live |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref>

The full version of ''Lego Indiana Jones'' was released on 3 June 2008 in the United States and Canada for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 2]], PlayStation 3, [[PlayStation Portable]] (PSP), Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, and Wii platforms.<ref name=":2" /> A day later, ''Lego Indiana Jones'' was released in Australia, and on 6 June it was released in Europe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones'' Out In Australia |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2008/06/lego_indiana_jones_out_in_australia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830190019/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2008/06/lego_indiana_jones_out_in_australia/ |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[Kotaku Australia]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Ross |date=7 March 2008 |title=''Eurogamer'': ''Lego Indiana Jones'' Dated for Europe June 6 |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008-03-06-eurogamer-lego-indiana-jones-dated-for-europe-june-6.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112134728/https://www.engadget.com/2008-03-06-eurogamer-lego-indiana-jones-dated-for-europe-june-6.html |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[Engadget]]}}</ref> The Xbox 360 version is [[backward compatible]] with the [[Xbox One]] and the [[Xbox Series X/S]], allowing users to play the game on newer consoles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Makuch |first=Eddie |date=7 February 2017 |title=Next Xbox One Backwards-Compatible Game Arrives |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/next-xbox-one-backwards-compatible-game-arrives/1100-6447630/ |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]] |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910233247/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/next-xbox-one-backwards-compatible-game-arrives/1100-6447630/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly prior to its release, the fourth instalment of the ''Indiana Jones'' film series, ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'', premiered.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Kozanecki |first=James |date=2 June 2008 |title=AU Shippin' Out June 2 – June 6: ''Lego Indiana Jones'' |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/au-shippin-out-june-2-june-6-lego-indiana-jones/1100-6191887/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830190019/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/au-shippin-out-june-2-june-6-lego-indiana-jones/1100-6191887/ |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref>

In October 2008, Microsoft released a ''[[Kung Fu Panda (video game)|Kung Fu Panda]]'' and ''Lego Indiana Jones'' [[Product bundling|bundle]] for Pro and Elite configurations of Xbox 360.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuchera |first=Ben |date=9 October 2008 |title=Microsoft Shows Off Holiday Plans with Bundles, New Firmware |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2008/10/microsoft-shows-off-holiday-plans-with-bundles-new-firmware/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327032834/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2008/10/microsoft-shows-off-holiday-plans-with-bundles-new-firmware/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> The Mac OS X version of ''Lego Indiana Jones'' was internationally released on 28 November.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Gibson |first=Brad |date=17 November 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'': Mac Version to Arrive By the Month's End. |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-mac-version-to-arrive-by-the-month-s-end |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901220338/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-mac-version-to-arrive-by-the-month-s-end |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |work=[[GamesIndustry.biz]]}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Support for the Mac Version of... ''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' |url=http://support.feralinteractive.com/en/mac-games/legoindy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802044837/http://support.feralinteractive.com/en/mac-games/legoindy/ |archive-date=2 August 2012 |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=[[Feral Interactive]]}}</ref> The game, however, does not run on the [[Mac Mini#Intel polycarbonate (2006–2009)|Mac Mini]] computers, according to ''[[Macworld]]''.<ref name=":16" /> Following its release, ''Lego Indiana Jones'' was made available on [[Steam (service)|Steam]] on 8 July 2009, on Microsoft's [[Games for Windows – Live#Games on Demand|Games on Demand]] digital distribution service on 27 November 2009, and on [[PlayStation Now]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinclair |first=Brendan |date=7 July 2009 |title=LucasArts bring back catalog to Steam |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/lucasarts-brings-back-catalog-to-steam/1100-6212981/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303160352/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/lucasarts-brings-back-catalog-to-steam/1100-6212981/ |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guzmán |first=Javier |date=20 November 2009 |title=Dos nuevos títulos se incorporarán al catálogo de Games on Demand |trans-title=Two New Titles Will Be Added to the Games on Demand Catalogue |url=https://as.com/meristation/2009/11/20/noticias/1258716660_082223.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903234413/https://as.com/meristation/2009/11/20/noticias/1258716660_082223.html |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[MeriStation]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Makuch |first=Eddie |date=4 April 2017 |title=These Six ''Star Wars'' And ''Indiana Jones'' Games Arrive On PlayStation Now |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/these-six-star-wars-and-indiana-jones-games-arrive/1100-6449188/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910233248/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/these-six-star-wars-and-indiana-jones-games-arrive/1100-6449188/ |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> ''Lego Indiana Jones'' was released in 2014 on [[PlayStation Vita]], the successor of PSP, as part of a package of ''Lego'' video games.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nunneley-Jackson |first=Stephany |date=7 March 2014 |title=LEGO Mega Pack Bundles Announced for PS Vita |url=https://www.vg247.com/lego-mega-pack-bundles-announced-for-ps-vita |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521194339/https://www.vg247.com/lego-mega-pack-bundles-announced-for-ps-vita |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[VG247]]}}</ref> The game was available for free from 16 to 30 November 2020 for Xbox One, Xbox Series X and Series S users with [[Xbox Live Gold]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ruete |first=Borja |date=29 October 2020 |title=Estos son los juegos gratis con Gold para Xbox One en noviembre de 2020 |trans-title=These Are the Free Games with Gold for Xbox One in November 2020 |url=https://as.com/meristation/2020/10/29/noticias/1603988151_260634.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903232847/https://as.com/meristation/2020/10/29/noticias/1603988151_260634.html |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[MeriStation]] |language=es}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Video game reviews
| MC = (Xbox 360) 77/100<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360|title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' for Xbox 360|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=26 June 2021|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302131033/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures|url-status=live}}</ref> (PS3) 77/100<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3|title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' for Playstation 3|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=18 April 2022|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222154954/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures|url-status=live}}</ref> (PS2) 77/100<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-2|title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' Playstation 2|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=18 April 2022|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222154955/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-2/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures|url-status=live}}</ref> (PSP) 76/100<ref>{{cite web |title=''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' PSP Critic Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/critic-reviews/?platform=psp |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830170714/https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/critic-reviews/?platform=psp |url-status=live }}</ref> (PC) 78/100<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/critic-reviews/?platform=pc|title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' for PC|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=18 April 2022|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222160900/https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures|url-status=live}}</ref> (Nintendo DS) 80/100<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/critic-reviews/?platform=ds|title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' for DS|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=30 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830170717/https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/critic-reviews/?platform=ds|url-status=live}}</ref> (Wii) 78/100<ref>{{cite web |title=''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' Wii Critic Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/critic-reviews/?platform=wii |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830170715/https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/critic-reviews/?platform=wii |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GI = 7/10<ref name="gireview"/>
| GamePro = 9/10<ref name="gameproreview"/>
| GameRev = 8/10<ref name="gamerevolution"/>
| GSpot = (Xbox 360) 8/10<ref name="gamespotreviews">{{cite web |title=''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' |url=https://www.gamespot.com/games/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/reviews/ |website=[[GameSpot]] |date=6 June 2008 |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830181945/https://www.gamespot.com/games/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/reviews/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS2) 8/10<ref name="gamespotreviews"/> (PSP) 7/10<ref name="gamespotreviews"/> (PC) 8/10<ref name="gamespotreviews"/> (Nintendo DS) 7/10<ref name=":17"/>
| GB = 3/5<ref name="giantbombreview"/>
| IGN = 8/10<ref name="auto"/>
| OXM = 7.5/10<ref name="oxmreview"/>
| TX = 8.5/10<ref name="teamxboxreview"/>
| XPlay = 4/5<ref name="xplay"/>
| EuroG = 7/10<ref name=":15" />{{rp|p=2}}
| PG = (Nintendo DS) 4.5/5<ref name="pg_ds"/> (PSP) 3.5/5<ref name="pg_psp"/>
| TG = 4/5<ref name="guardian"/>
| rev1 = ''[[Gry-Online]]''
| rev1Score = 8/10<ref name=":21" />
}}
''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' received "generally favourable" reviews, according to review aggregator [[Metacritic]].<ref name="metacriticoverall">{{Cite web |title=''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/ |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[Metacritic]] |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830170713/https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Martin Docherty of ''[[GamesRadar+]]'' listed the game as one of the best ''Indiana Jones'' video games in 2021, while ''[[IGN]]'' listed it as one of the best ''Lego'' video games in 2023.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=The 10 Best LEGO Games of All Time |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/best-lego-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907233905/https://www.ign.com/articles/best-lego-games |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref> In a review for ''[[MeriStation]]'', Roberto Garcia appreciated the [[Crossover (fiction)|crossover]] of the ''Lego'' and ''Indiana Jones'' franchises, adding that the game took advantage of the success of the ''Kingdom of the Crystal Skull''.<ref name=":8" /> [[Paul Freeman (actor)|Paul Freeman]], who played the main antagonist [[René Belloq]] in ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', saw ''Lego Indiana Jones'' as entertaining.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibson |first=Ellie |date=18 April 2008 |title=Belloq from ''Indiana Jones'' |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/belloq-from-indiana-jones-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521212917/https://www.eurogamer.net/belloq-from-indiana-jones-interview |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref>

Reviewers complimented the gameplay of ''Lego Indiana Jones'' and its retelling of the films. Writing for ''IGN'', Chris Roper commended the incorporation of characters' phobias and the game's pacing due to the inclusion of new segments not featured in the original films. He highlighted the new segments that have created "bigger separations" between the game and the films than the ''Lego Star Wars'' games.<ref name="auto" /> In a review for ''[[GamePro]]'', Cameron Lewis viewed the minecart escape as one of the most unforgettable parts of ''Lego Indiana Jones''.<ref name="gameproreview" /> Reviewers have complimented the game's replayability features.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="gireview" /> Brad Shoemaker of ''[[Giant Bomb]]'' saw the gameplay as rough, with Tim Stevens of ''[[X-Play]]'' saying that it could have been improved with the addition of in-game help for certain puzzles.<ref name="giantbombreview" /><ref name="xplay" /> Reviewers have also praised the co-op mode.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="auto" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Shea |first=Cam |date=4 June 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'' AU Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/06/04/lego-indiana-jones-au-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907233903/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/06/04/lego-indiana-jones-au-review |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Lewis, on the other hand, disliked the absence of an [[Online game|online]] co-op mode.<ref name="gameproreview" /> Writing for ''GamesRadar'', David Houghton saw the first chapter unfavourably due to dull pacing, while the other two he viewed more positively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Houghton |first=David |date=9 May 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'': Hands-On Preview |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/lego-indiana-jones-hands-on-preview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908161633/https://www.gamesradar.com/lego-indiana-jones-hands-on-preview/ |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[GamesRadar]]}}</ref>

Critics had mixed perspectives regarding the game's overall mechanics, commending the overall [[physics engine]],<ref name=":15" /><ref name="oxmreview">{{cite magazine |last=Talbot |first=Ben |date=8 August 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones'' |url=http://www.oxm.co.uk/article.php?id=5601 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808162352/http://www.oxm.co.uk/article.php?id=5601 |archive-date=8 August 2008 |access-date=30 August 2024 |magazine=[[Official Xbox Magazine]]}}</ref> but the AI of the second player and enemies as chaotic.<ref name="gamerevolution" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last=McShea |first=Tom |date=2 June 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' Review |url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review/1900-6191936/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908195548/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review/1900-6191936/ |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Ben Talbot of ''[[Official Xbox Magazine]]'' conversely said the AI does its tasks well.<ref name="oxmreview" /> Stevens disliked the combat system for not featuring more complex mechanics of ''Lego Star Wars'' games, while Andrew Reiner of ''[[Game Informer]]'' and Shawn Sparks of ''[[GameRevolution]]'' commended Indy's abilities.<ref name="xplay" /><ref name="gamerevolution" /><ref name="gireview" /> Writing for ''[[Gry-Online]]'', Marcin Łukański praised the character fear system.<ref name=":21" /> Tom McShea of ''[[GameSpot]]'' complimented the diversity of items that the player can interact with but disliked ranged weapon mechanics.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /> Reviewers have criticised the camera mechanics as troublesome, but had mixed opinions on vehicle missions.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="teamxboxreview" /><ref name="gireview" /> Chris Holt of ''[[Macworld]]'' disliked the [[respawn]] system.<ref name=":16" />

The game's graphics have been commended by reviewers, who have primarily commended the environments and characters.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="xplay" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name="oxmreview" /> Sparks praised ''Lego Indiana Jones''{{'}}s overall graphics and cutscenes, and commended the addition of ''Star Wars'' characters.<ref name="gamerevolution" /> Reiner also complimented the game's graphics but unfavourably described the game as "''Lego Star Wars'' with an Indiana Jones skin slapped on top of it".<ref name="gireview" /> A ''[[Nintendo Gamer]]'' reviewer, however, said that the game is more visually appealing than ''Lego Star Wars'' and ''[[Lego Batman: The Videogame|Lego Batman]]'' games.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908160131/https://www.gamesradar.com/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-2/ |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[Nintendo Gamer]] |page=1}}</ref> A ''MeriStation'' reviewer, ''Lego Indiana Jones'' commended the motion blur and dynamic lighting, noting that the looks of original locations in the films retained their identity in the game.<ref name=":10" />

Reviewers also praised ''Lego Indiana Jones''{{'}}s overall soundtrack but were mixed on the sound effects. Reviewers have commended the film-inspired soundtracks.<ref name="gamerevolution" /><ref name="teamxboxreview" /><ref name="gireview" /><ref name=":13" /> Regarding sound effects, they were criticised by reviewers.<ref name="xplay" /><ref name="gireview" /> Chea and Neil Davey of ''[[The Guardian]]'', however, commended the sound effects.<ref name=":13" /><ref name="guardian">{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Neil |date=12 June 2008 |title=Games Review: ''Lego Indiana Jones'' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/jun/12/playstation.legoindianajones |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916055042/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/jun/12/playstation.legoindianajones |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Reiner complimented the snippets of film soundtracks composed by John Williams for "rightfully [burying]" sound effects and characters.<ref name="gireview" /> Andy Eddy of ''[[TeamXbox]]'' said that the music is dynamic, changing based on the "intensity of a scene".<ref name="teamxboxreview" />

=== Console versions ===
Reviewers have commended the looks of the game on the DS version, despite the [[pixelisation]] present in textures.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":14" /> Craig Harris of ''IGN'' said that despite the loss of graphical quality in cutscenes in the DS version, they provided the appropriate amount of humour that was not present in ''The Complete Saga''.<ref name=":0" /> Writing for ''[[Pocket Gamer]]'', Mark Walbank praised the design of minigames on the DS version.<ref name="pg_ds">{{Cite news |last=Walbank |first=Mark |date=11 June 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-ds-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520061844/https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-ds-review/ |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[Pocket Gamer]]}}</ref> McShea was not impressed, but still commended them for being well-integrated with the standard gameplay.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last=McShea |first=Tom |date=24 July 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' Review |url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review/1900-6194999/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908195546/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review/1900-6194999/ |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Garcia also said that actions performed with the stylus in the end become uninteresting and that these same actions can be performed more easily with buttons instead.<ref name=":8" /> Martin Robinson of ''IGN'' praised the microphone usage in the DS version.<ref name=":11" />

Reviewers criticised the gameplay of the PSP version,<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":26">{{Cite news |last=McShea |first=Tom |date=5 June 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' Review |url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review/1900-6192171/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908195545/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-review/1900-6192171/ |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> with Michael Thomsen of ''IGN'' calling it "the worst gameplay-wise" version of the game, due to not featuring multiplayer support, having longer loading times, and because of the PSP's analogue nub controls.<ref name=":14" /> McShea said that PSP's small screen size made the gameplay more difficult and foiling.<ref name=":26" /> Tracy Erickson of ''Pocket Gamer'' criticised the structure of puzzles on the PSP version, saying that each puzzle takes too long to complete.<ref name="pg_psp">{{Cite news |last=Erickson |first=Tracy |date=9 June 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-psp-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520070636/https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-psp-review/ |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=[[Pocket Gamer]]}}</ref>

Thomsen rated the Wii version as the best out of all console versions, due to the console's controls and overall experience.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Thomsen |first=Michael |date=30 July 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones The Original Adventures'' Head-To-Head |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/07/29/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-head-to-head |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907233907/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/07/29/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures-head-to-head |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Reviewers reported that the abilities of the [[Wii Remote]] were not used to the fullest extent in the game,<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roper |first=Chris |date=8 May 2008 |title=First Look: ''LEGO Indiana Jones'' |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/07/first-look-lego-indiana-jones |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930165957/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/07/first-look-lego-indiana-jones |archive-date=30 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref> and have to use the joystick to control the character. Javier Andres Alcala of ''MeriStation'' commended the Wii edition's graphics and characters looks.<ref name=":6" />

In comparison with Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of ''Lego Star Wars'' games, Francisco Alberto Serrano Acosta of ''MeriStation'' said that the PlayStation 3 version of ''Lego Indiana Jones'' is much more spirited and comprehensive.<ref name=":9" /> Thomsen complained about framerate issues and [[screen tearing]] in the PlayStation 3 version, and instead listed the Xbox 360 version as the best regarding ''Lego Indiana Jones''{{'}}s graphics, particularly due to the version's lighting, colours, and textures.<ref name=":14" /> McShea praised the looks of the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Wii versions of the game.<ref name=":18" />

Thomsen ranked the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions as the best in regards to ''Lego Indiana Jones''{{'}}s music and sound effects due to their usage of the [[Dolby Digital]] audio compression technology. He ranked the PlayStation 2 and Wii versions lower due to worse compression of [[Dolby Pro Logic II]], and the PSP version behind of the PlayStation and Wii versions. Despite placing the DS version last, Thomsen praised the addition of music despite the low memory of [[Nintendo Game Card|Game Cards]], but said that the music sounds worse when played at higher volume.<ref name=":14" /> Shaun McInnis of ''GameSpot'' commended the sounds of birds and water in the DS version.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McInnis |first=Shaun |date=9 May 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones'' Hands-On |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/lego-indiana-jones-hands-on/1100-6190704/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910211047/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/lego-indiana-jones-hands-on/1100-6190704/ |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref>

=== Sales ===
Shortly after its release, ''Lego Indiana Jones'' became the best-selling game in the United Kingdom during the second week of June 2008, surpassing ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'', according to [[Chart-Track]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Purchese |first=Robert |date=9 June 2008 |title=''LEGO'' Indy takes top spot from ''GTA IV'' |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indy-takes-top-spot-from-gta-iv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908203515/https://www.eurogamer.net/lego-indy-takes-top-spot-from-gta-iv |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref> It later returned to being the best-selling game in the United Kingdom in the fourth week of the same month,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garratt |first=Patrick |date=23 June 2008 |title=''Lego Indiana Jones'' Goes Back to Number One in UK |url=https://www.vg247.com/lego-indiana-jones-goes-back-to-number-one-in-uk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910225156/https://www.vg247.com/lego-indiana-jones-goes-back-to-number-one-in-uk |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[VG247]]}}</ref> and again briefly in July 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Purchese |first=Robert |date=22 July 2008 |title=UK Charts: ''LEGO Indy'' Back on Top |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/uk-charts-lego-indy-back-on-top |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527061732/https://www.eurogamer.net/uk-charts-lego-indy-back-on-top |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref> The game's Xbox 360 version received a "Platinum" sales award from the [[Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association]],<ref name="platinumelspa">{{cite web |title=ELSPA Sales Awards: Platinum |url=http://www.elspa.com:80/?i=3944 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515224703/http://www.elspa.com/?i=3944 |archive-date=15 May 2009 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=[[Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association]]}}</ref> indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.<ref name="gamasutrasales">{{cite web |author=Caoili |first=Eric |date=26 November 2008 |title=ELSPA: ''Wii Fit'', ''Mario Kart'' Reach Diamond Status in UK |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/112220/ELSPA_Wii_Fit_Mario_Kart_Reach_Diamond_Status_In_UK.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918063107/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/112220/ELSPA_Wii_Fit_Mario_Kart_Reach_Diamond_Status_In_UK.php |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref> During June 2008 in the United States, ''Lego Indiana Jones'' also sold 267,800 copies on the DS, 294,500 copies on the Wii, and 260,300 copies on the PlayStation 2.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thompson |first=Michael |date=18 July 2008 |title=NPD: Nintendo Wii the Top-Selling, Current-Gen Console |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2008/07/npd-nintendo-wii-the-top-selling-current-gen-console/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006020922/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2008/07/npd-nintendo-wii-the-top-selling-current-gen-console/ |archive-date=6 October 2016 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Award
! Category
! Result
! {{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[IGN]]'' [[Nintendo DS]] Awards
| Best Action Game
| {{Nominated}}
|<ref name="ignaction">{{cite web |date=15 December 2008 |title=''IGN'' DS: Best Action Game 2008 |url=http://bestof.ign.com/2008/ds/1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413101533/http://bestof.ign.com/2008/ds/1.html |archive-date=13 April 2009 |access-date=19 December 2008 |publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Local Multiplayer Game
| {{Nominated}}
|<ref name="ignlocal">{{cite web |date=15 December 2008 |title=''IGN'' DS: Best Local Multiplayer Game 2008 |url=http://bestof.ign.com/2008/ds/17.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219041948/http://bestof.ign.com/2008/ds/17.html |archive-date=19 December 2008 |access-date=19 December 2008 |publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[IGN]]'' [[Wii]] Awards
| Best Action Game
| {{Nominated}}
|<ref name="ignaction2">{{cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=''IGN'' Wii: Best Action Game 2008 |url=http://bestof.ign.com/2008/wii/1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222040736/http://bestof.ign.com/2008/wii/1.html |archive-date=22 December 2008 |access-date=19 December 2008 |publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Local Multiplayer Game
| {{Nominated}}
|<ref name="ignlocal2">{{cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=''IGN'' Wii: Best Local Multiplayer Game 2008 |url=http://bestof.ign.com/2008/wii/18.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222040854/http://bestof.ign.com/2008/wii/18.html |archive-date=22 December 2008 |access-date=19 December 2008 |publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[IGN]]'' Xbox Game of the Month
| June 2008 Game of the Month
| {{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Game of the Month: June 2008 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/06/30/game-of-the-month-june-2008 |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422194224/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/06/30/game-of-the-month-june-2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Spike Video Game Awards#2008 awards|2008 Spike Video Game Awards]]
| Best Game Based on a Movie or TV Show
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jenkins |first1=David |date=15 December 2008 |title=''Grand Theft Auto IV'' Triumphs at Spike 2008 Video Game Awards |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/-i-grand-theft-auto-iv-i-triumphs-at-spike-2008-video-game-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901224931/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/-i-grand-theft-auto-iv-i-triumphs-at-spike-2008-video-game-awards |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Develop (UK magazine)|2008 Develop Awards]]
| Best Use of a Licence
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cocker |first=Guy |date=31 July 2008 |title=Develop 08: Rockstar Rocks Award Ceremony |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/develop-08-rockstar-rocks-award-ceremony/1100-6195218/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910233248/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/develop-08-rockstar-rocks-award-ceremony/1100-6195218/ |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref>
|}

== Legacy ==
Shortly after the game's release, Storc signalled the creation of a sequel due to the absence of ''The Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'' from the first game.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hinkle |first=David |date=5 June 2008 |title=Producer Hints at ''LEGO Indiana Jones'' Sequel |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008-06-04-producer-hints-at-lego-indiana-jones-sequel.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911172921/https://www.engadget.com/2008-06-04-producer-hints-at-lego-indiana-jones-sequel.html |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Engadget]]}}</ref> A sequel titled ''[[Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues]]'' was announced in May 2009 by Traveller's Tales and LucasArts. In addition to the first three films, the game also includes and puts emphasis on the fourth film, ''The Kingdom of the Crystal Skull''. It also features a [[level editor]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Onyett |first=Charles |date=29 May 2009 |title=Pre-E3 2009: ''LEGO Indiana Jones 2'' Detailed |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/29/pre-e3-2009-lego-indiana-jones-2-detailed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163405/https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/29/pre-e3-2009-lego-indiana-jones-2-detailed |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref> It was released on 17 November in North America and two days later in Europe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 November 2009 |title=Weekly Video Game Releases: {{'}}''Assassin's Creed II''{{'}}, {{'}}''Left 4 Dead 2''{{'}}, {{'}}''Lego Indiana Jones 2''{{'}} |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/weekly-video-game-releases-assassin-s-creed-ii-left-4-dead-2-lego-indiana-jones-2-1818731.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910225152/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/weekly-video-game-releases-assassin-s-creed-ii-left-4-dead-2-lego-indiana-jones-2-1818731.html |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> The game received "mixed or average" reviews according to Metacritic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues'' |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-2-the-adventure-continues/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910225152/https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-indiana-jones-2-the-adventure-continues/ |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> A separate [[Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues (handheld video game)|handheld version]] was also released.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roper |first=Chris |date=20 November 2009 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues'' Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/11/20/lego-indiana-jones-2-the-adventure-continues-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903005909/https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/11/20/lego-indiana-jones-2-the-adventure-continues-review |archive-date=3 September 2021 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

A mobile version of ''Lego Indiana Jones'' was announced by [[THQ Wireless]] in October 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Spencer |first=Spanner |date=15 October 2008 |title=THQ Bringing ''LEGO Indiana Jones'' to the Mobile |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones/thq-bringing-lego-indiana-jones-to-the-mobile/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730053431/https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones/thq-bringing-lego-indiana-jones-to-the-mobile/ |archive-date=30 July 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Pocket Gamer]]}}</ref> The game, developed by Cobra Mobile with [[Java Platform, Micro Edition|Java]], featured platformer elements. Writing for ''Pocket Gamer'', Spanner Spencer unfavourably described it as a ''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'' clone.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Spencer |first=Spanner |date=29 October 2008 |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones'' |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones/lego-indiana-jones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724054014/https://www.pocketgamer.com/lego-indiana-jones/lego-indiana-jones/ |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Pocket Gamer]]}}</ref> It was released for [[mobile phone]]s in 2008 and the [[IPhone 3G|iPhone]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |title=''LEGO Indiana Jones Mobile Adventure'' |url=https://www.ign.com/games/lego-indiana-jones-mobile-adventure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911172921/https://www.ign.com/games/lego-indiana-jones-mobile-adventure |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erickson |first=Tracy |date=1 January 2009 |title=The 10 Most Anticipated iPhone Games of 2009 |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/features/the-10-most-anticipated-iphone-games-of-2009/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930165750/https://www.pocketgamer.com/features/the-10-most-anticipated-iphone-games-of-2009/ |archive-date=30 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=[[Pocket Gamer]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.lucasarts.com/games/legoindianajones/}}

{{Lego video games}}
{{Indiana Jones}}
{{Traveller's Tales}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Indiana Jones video games]]
[[Category:Lego video games|Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures]]
[[Category:LucasArts games]]
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[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
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1846 in India

2025-12-24T08:16:41Z

99notes:

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Year in India|1846}}
Events in the year '''1846 in India'''.

==Events==
* 1st Sikh War, 1845–46.<ref>''Everyman's Dictionary of Dates''; 6th ed. J. M. Dent, 1971; p. 261</ref>
* [[March 9]] - the [[Treaty of Lahore]] was a peace treaty marking the end of the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]. As a result [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] ceded Kashmir to the [[East India Company|British East India Company]].
* [[March 16]], [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)]], formalised the arrangements in the [[Treaty of Lahore]] between the [[British East India Company]] and [[Gulab Singh Dogra]] after the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], forming [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="treaty">Kashmir Legal Documents [http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/TreatyofAmritsar.html Treaty of Amritsar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105164806/http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/TreatyofAmritsar.html |date=2009-01-05 }}</ref>

==Law==
*Legal Practitioners Act

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1846}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1846 in India}}
[[Category:1846 in India| ]]
[[Category:1846 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar

2025-12-07T13:13:22Z

99notes: made data.

{{Short description|Research institute in Hisar , Haryana , India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar
| native_name = HARSAC
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image_name =
| coor = {{Coord|29.14|75.70|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| affiliations = [[ISRO]]
| established = {{start date and age|1986}}
| closed =
| type = [[Public universities|Public]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| rector =
| officer_in_charge = Dr. R.S. Hooda
| chairman = Sh. Vikas Gupta, IAS
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label = Director
| head =
| academic_staff = 27
| administrative_staff = 8
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad = 8
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| country = India
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| former_names =
| free_label = Area
| free = located within the [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|CCS HAU, Hisar]]
| athletics =
| colours =
| sports =
| nickname = HARSAC
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|http://www.harsac.org}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar''' ('''HARSAC'''), a collaborator of [[ISRO]], is a nodal agency for [[Indian Remote Sensing|Remote Sensing]] and [[GIS applications]] of the [[Government of Haryana]].<ref name=harsac>{{Cite web |url=http://www.harsac.org/ |title=Haryana Space Applications Centre info |access-date=10 March 2018 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310200943/http://www.harsac.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is located next to [[National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Hisar|Centre for Plant Biotechnology (PCB)]] within the [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar]] in the [[Haryana]] state of India. It provides various [[remote sensing]] applications such as in monitoring agriculture, forestry, water resources,
illegal constructions<ref name=hars1>[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/OYdYfQ0Y25gAgoOczfGLQP/Haryana-govt-to-use-drones-to-monitor-illegal-constructions.html Haryana govt to use drones to monitor illegal constructions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308085419/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/OYdYfQ0Y25gAgoOczfGLQP/Haryana-govt-to-use-drones-to-monitor-illegal-constructions.html |date=8 March 2018 }}, [[Livemint]], 25 Sep 2017.</ref> and encroachments,<ref name=hars5>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/haryana-to-conduct-aerial-survey-of-encroachments-with-drones/story-9gosyBUaezFGUDRbG8dGUJ.html Haryana to conduct aerial survey of encroachments with drones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316220327/https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/haryana-to-conduct-aerial-survey-of-encroachments-with-drones/story-9gosyBUaezFGUDRbG8dGUJ.html |date=16 March 2018 }}, [[Hindustan Times]], 2 June 2017.</ref> stubble burning<ref name=hars4>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/spurt-in-stubble-burning-in-haryana-since-diwali/article19920773.ece Spurt in stubble burning in Haryana since Diwali], [[The Hindu]], 25 October 2017.</ref> and pollution monitoring,<ref name=hars2>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-s-air-quality-reaches-dangerous-level-pollutants-twice-than-last-year/story-tckZIQIVRKuOvDPlhjToQM.html Haryana's air quality reaches dangerous level] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102047/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-s-air-quality-reaches-dangerous-level-pollutants-twice-than-last-year/story-tckZIQIVRKuOvDPlhjToQM.html |date=17 March 2018 }}, [[Hindustan Times]], 13 November 2017.</ref> and [[Adi Badri, Haryana#Saraswati river revival|revival]] of [[Saraswati River]].<ref name=hars3>[https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/revival-of-saraswati-river-haryana-govt-forms-technical-committee-1499164114.html Revival of Saraswati river: Haryana govt forms technical committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214411/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/revival-of-saraswati-river-haryana-govt-forms-technical-committee-1499164114.html |date=16 March 2018 }}, ''The Statesman'', 4 July 2017.</ref>

It also offers [[Master of Engineering|MTech]] degree in association with [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology|GJU Hisar University]].<ref name=hars6>[http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/160924-MTech-Geo-Informatics-Admission-into-Haryana-Space-Applications-Centre-HSRSAC.aspx Geo Informatics Admission into Haryana Space Applications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224013606/http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/160924-MTech-Geo-Informatics-Admission-into-Haryana-Space-Applications-Centre-HSRSAC.aspx |date=24 February 2018 }}, India Study Channel.</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2016, environmental activists accused a Senior Scientist of HARSAC for allegedly helping builders in encroaching upon a part of a 27 km long [[Stream|seasonal rivulet]] in [[Gurugram]], subsequently a departmental inquiry was conducted by the Director of the HARSAC.<ref name=hars7>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/encroachment-on-gurgaon-nullah/293712.html Role of the Haryana Space Application Centre under scanner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311201831/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/encroachment-on-gurgaon-nullah/293712.html |date=11 March 2018 }}, [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] (India), 11 September 2016.</ref> Another complaint before the Haryana Lokayukta against the HARSAC for allegedly providing favourable reports to the financial interests of unauthorised was disposed off after it was taken back by the complainant.<ref name=hars7/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight|India}}
;Lists
* [[List of universities and colleges in Hisar]]
* [[List of Indian satellites]]
* [[List of foreign satellites launched by India]]
* [[List of ISRO missions]]
* [[List of government space agencies]]
* [[Index of aerospace engineering articles]]

;Topics
* [[Timeline of Solar System exploration]]

;Organisations
* [[Department of Space]]
* [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]]
* [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]
* [[National Remote Sensing Centre]]
* [[Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization]]

==External links==
* [http://hrsdi.in Haryana Space Application Centre (HrDSI)]
* [http://hrsdi.in/link/maps.html Space Application Maps of Haryana], produced by Haryana Space Application Centre.
* [http://hrsdi.in/link/feature/Canal%20Network.pdf Canal network of Haryana], based on water from Western Yamuna Canal.
* [http://hrsdi.in/link/feature/Transport.pdf Multi-model transport network map of Haryana], created by HARSAC.
* [http://hrsdi.in/link/feature/Rail%20Network.jpg Railway network of Haryana], created by HARSAC.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{Agriculture in India}}
{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Haryana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Haryana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

Indian locomotive class WDM-4

2025-12-02T19:37:07Z

99notes: updated page

{{Short description|Class of diesel-electric locomotives}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Missing information|locomotive disposition|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WDM-4<ref name=IRFCAspecs>{{cite web |title=IRFCAspecs |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html#WDM-4}}</ref>
| powertype = Diesel
| image = WDM-4 18001 locomotive.jpg
| caption = Preserved loco at [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi]]
| builder = [[Electro-Motive Diesel]]
| buildmodel = [[EMD G16|EMD GT16]] (based on [[EMD SD24]])
| builddate = 1961–1962
| totalproduction = 72
|Britishclass=[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|uicclass=Co′Co′
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| bogies = [[Flexicoil suspension|Flexicoil]] Mark I cast steel
| locoweight = {{convert|112800|kg|abbr=on}}
| axleload = 18.8 tonnes
| fueltype = [[Diesel fuel]]
| primemover = [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] [[EMD 567|16-567D3A]]
| enginetype = [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] [[V16 engine|V16]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
| aspiration = [[Turbocharger|Turbo]]-[[Supercharger|Supercharged]]
| cylindercount = 16
| transmission = [[Diesel electric]]
| maxspeed = Restricted: {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}} Running: {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} Rated: {{convert|140|km/h|0|abbr=on}} Tested: {{convert|145|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = {{convert|2600|HP|abbr=on}}/ {{convert|2430|HP|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|28200|kgf|0|abbr=on}}
| trainbrakes = [[Vacuum brake|Vacuum]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| fleetnumbers = 18000-039, 18080-18111
| locale =[[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| withdrawndate = 2001
| disposition =
}}
The Indian locomotive class '''WDM-4''' is a class of [[diesel–electric locomotive]] that was developed in 1962 by [[Electro-Motive Diesel]] for [[Indian Railways]]. The model name stands for [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge (W)]], Diesel (D), Mixed traffic (M) engine, 4th generation (4). They entered service in 1962. A total of 72 WDM-4 locomotives were built between 1961 and 1962.

==Origin ==
The history of WDM-4 begins in the early 1960s with the stated aim of the [[Indian Railways]] to remove [[steam locomotive]]s from Indian Rails after recommendation of Karnail Singh Fuel Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report of the expert Committee on Coal Consumption on Railways, 1958|url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/report-expert-committee-coal-consumption-railways-1958|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> Therefore, required building a large number of [[Co-Co locomotives|Co-Co]] diesel locomotives producing at least 2,600 hp (1,900 kW) with [[road switcher]] cabs to achieve this aim. Thus Indian Railways began looking at various [[Diesel-electric train|diesel-electric]] designs.

Initially, the Indian railways invited tenders to build locomotives to the new specification. The following responses were received:

* General Motors (EMD) submitted their [[EMD SD24|SD24]], given model number GT16 for the India export version.<ref>{{Cite web|title=wdm3_001.jpg|url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Locos/Diesel/wdm1_4_5_6_7/wdm3_001.jpg.html|website=www.irfca.org|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> They had Co-Co bogies with 16-cylinder 2-stroke turbo-supercharged engines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WDM-4 specs for IR|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/WDM4.PDF}}</ref>
* [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]] submitted their model (RSD29 / [[ALCO DL560C|DL560C]]) with 2,600 hp, 16-cylinder, 4-stroke turbo-supercharged engine with Co-Co bogies.

Each company submitted their prototypes and Indian Railways designated these prototypes as the WDM-4 class and [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]] class respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Locomotives - General Information - I|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco.html#class|website=www.irfca.org|access-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref> It is not known as to why Indian Railways decided to classify it as WDM-4, as no WDM-3 class existed when they were ordered. Technologically the General Motors WDM-4 was superior to ALCO WDM-2, but Indian Railways required a transfer of technology agreement that would allow these locomotives to be indigenously manufactured in India. Since General Motors did not agree to the transfer of technology agreement, the ALCO prototype was selected for production.

However, even before the arrival of WDM-4 another type of diesel locomotive was imported from ALCO in 1957. This locomotive was classified as [[Indian locomotive class WDM-1|WDM-1]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Four decades of service: The early workhorses of India's diesel age - National Rail Museum|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/four-decades-of-service-the-early-workhorses-of-india-s-diesel-age/-gKCw2asIUlWLg|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> However, WDM-1s were not selected for mass production because of having only one forward cab at one end, necessitating turntables for the driver's field of view.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diesel Locomotive Roster – The WDM (ALCO) Series|url=https://24coaches.com/indian-railways-wdm-series/|date=October 30, 2013|website=24 Coaches|language=en-US|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref>

==Service history==
The WDM-4 locomotives were capable of hauling both freight and passenger trains, however they were primarily used on passenger service. The WDM-4 was India's first [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] locomotive, and a model of GT16.<ref name="EMD GT16 Order Numbers">{{cite web|title=TrainWeb.org|url=http://www.trainweb.org/emdloco/gt16.htm}}</ref> These were the fastest locomotives in India until the arrival of WAP-3 engines.

==See also==
*[[Indian locomotive class WDM-2]]
*[[List of diesel locomotives of India]]
*[[Indian Railways]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India}}
{{EMD misc}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WDM-4}}
[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of India|M-4]]
[[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1962]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Electro-Motive Division locomotives]]

Dhundhar

2025-11-29T22:28:27Z

99notes: cleanup

{{Short description|Historical region of Rajasthan}}
{{About|the natural and historical region|the state during the British Raj|Jaipur State}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{| class="infobox" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="width:250px; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="margin-left:inherit; background:pink; text-align:center; font-size:medium;"|Historical Region of North India '''Dhundhar'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" | <div style="position:relative; margin:0; border-collapse:collapse; border=;"1" cellpadding="0">
[[File:Hawaimahal.JPG|250px|Hawa Mahal]]</div>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Location'''
| [[Rajasthan]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''19th-century [[flag]]'''
| [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|50px]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''State established:'''
| 10th century
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Language]]'''
| [[Dhundhari]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Dynasty|Dynasties]]'''
| <ref>{{cite book |last=Meena |first=Madan|title=Tribe-British Relations in India |chapter=Rulers, Criminals and Denotified Tribe: A Historical Journey of the Meenas|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17 |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2021 |pages=275–290 |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17|isbn=978-981-16-3423-9 |s2cid=240554356 }}</ref> [[badgujar]],and [[Meena]] [[Adivasi|tribes india]]

| [[Kachwahas]] (987AD–1949 AD)
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Historical [[Capital (political)|capitals]]'''
| [[Khoh]], [[Dausa]],Jamwaramgahd, [[Amer, India|Amer]], [[Jaipur]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Separated states'''
| [[Alwar fort|Alwar]], [[Sikar district|sikar]] ,[[shekhawati]], [[Narwar Fort|narwar]] ,
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|}

'''Dhundhar''', also known as ''Jaipur region'', is a [[historical region]] of [[Rajasthan]] state in western [[India]]. It includes the districts of [[Jaipur District|Jaipur]], Jamwaramgahd ,[[Alwar district|Alwar]] , [[Neem ka Thana]], [[Sikar District|Sikar]] ,[[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|junjunu]] , [[shekhawati]] District lying to the east of the [[Aravalli Range]], [[Dausa District|Dausa]], [[Sawai Madhopur District|Sawai Madhopur]], [[Tonk District|Tonk]], the southern part of [[Kotputli]] and the northern part of [[Karauli District]]. All are the part of dhundhar region.

The region lies in east-central Rajasthan, and is bounded by the [[Aravalli Range]] on the northwest, [[Ajmer region|Ajmer]] to the west, [[Mewar]] region to the southwest, [[Hadoti]] region to the south, and , [[Bharatpur District|Bharatpur]], and Karauli districts to the east.

== Geography ==
In 1900, at the time of the Jaipur Kingdom, region had a total area of 15,579 square miles (40,349 km²).
[[File:Dhundhar Region (RAJ.) Suresh Godara.jpg|thumb|Dhundhar region includes areas near Jaipur.]]

The southern and central portions of the region lie in the basin of the [[Banas River]] and its [[ephemeral]] tributaries, including the Dhund River, which gives its name to the region. The northern portion of the region is drained by the ephemeral [[Banganga_River_(Rajasthan)|Banhanga River]], which originates in the Jaipur district and flows east to join the [[Yamuna]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state.

== History ==
{{see |Jaipur State}}
[[Dulha Rai]] captured Dhundhar after defeating Alan Singh Chanda, the ruler of the Chanda dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Meena |first=Madan|title=Tribe-British Relations in India |chapter=Rulers, Criminals and Denotified Tribe: A Historical Journey of the Meenas|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17 |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2021 |pages=275–290 |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17|isbn=978-981-16-3423-9 |s2cid=240554356 }}</ref>

Dulha Rai, probably the last ruler of the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty]] of Gwalior, had taken possession of it, had moved to Dausa and made Khoh his capital after Dausa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A history of Rajasthan |year=2006|page=395| publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=9788129108906 |language=en |oclc=80362053}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=|author-link= Arnold Wright, J. W. Bond|date= 2006|title='''Indian States''' A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&q=Khoh |location= |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |page=173|isbn=978-81-206-1965-4}}</ref>

Raja Dulherai expanded the state by mixing Manchi with Dhundhar. After Dulherai, his son Kokil Deo defeated the [[Susawat]]s of Amer and made Amer the capital of Dhundhar after [[Khoh]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}</ref>

== Culture ==
Generally, the liberal policies of the rulers permitted [[Jainism]] to flourish in [[Amber, India|Amber]] and later at Jaipur.

It continues to be one of the most important centers of Jainism in India. It is here where the [[Bispanth]]i/[[Digambar Terapanth]]i divisions among the Jains emerged in the 17th century.<ref>John E. Cort "A Tale of Two Cities: On the Origins of Digambara Sectarianism in North India." L. A. Babb, V. Joshi, and M. W. Meister (eds.), Multiple Histories: Culture and Society in the Study of Rajasthan, 39-83. Jaipur: Rawat, 2002.</ref> In the 17th century the [[Chittor]] seat of the [[Bhattaraka]]s of [[Mula Sangh]] [[Saraswati gachchha]] moved from Champawati to Sanganer and then to Amber and finally to Jaipur where the last Bhattarka was present until 1965. The lineage is:
*Narendrakirti ([[Vikram era|Samvat]] 1691, Sanganer) –
*Surendrakirti ([[Vikram era|Samvat]] 1722, Amber) –
*Jagatkirti –
*Devendrakirti –
*Mahendrakirti –
*Kshemendrakirti ([[Vikram era|Samvat]] 1815, Jaipur) –
*Surendrakirti –
*Sukhendrakirti –
*Nayankirti –
*Devendrakirti –
*Mahendrakirti<ref>Varni, Jinendra, Jainendra Siddhanta Kosa, in 4 volumes. New Delhi, 1970-1973</ref> –
*Chandrakirti.

== References ==

<references/>

{{coord|26.9260|N|75.8235|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:History of Jaipur]]
[[Category:Regions of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Historical regions of Asia]]

{{Historical regions of North India|state=expanded}}

ITA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role

2025-11-29T13:20:58Z

99notes:

{{Short description|Indian Television Academy award}}
{{Distinguish|Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name =
|image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2022 recipient: [[Sarita Joshi]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by a female Actor in a Supporting Role on Television
| presenter =
| country = [[India]]
| year = [[Shilpa Saklani]] for ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' (2005)
| holder = [[Sarita Joshi]] for ''[[Pushpa Impossible]]'' (2024)
| website =
}}
'''ITA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role''' is an award given by [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] as a part of its annual event for TV serials, to recognize a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a Supporting Role.

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year || Actor || Character || Show
!Ref
|-
| 2005
|[[Shilpa Saklani]]
|Ganga Sahil Virani
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=324|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2005|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
|[[Vaishali Thakkar]]
|Praveena Thakkar
|''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=325|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2006|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
|[[Achint Kaur]]
|Vedika
|''[[Virrudh]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=326|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2007|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
|[[Sadiya Siddiqui]]
|Sandhya
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=327|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2008|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
|[[Smita Bansal]]
|Sumitra
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|{{fact|date=December 2023}}
|-
| 2010
|[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
|Shailaja
|''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
|{{fact|date=December 2023}}
|-
| 2011
|[[Bhairavi Raichura]]
|Rajni
|''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
|{{fact|date=December 2023}}
|-
| 2012
|[[Rupal Patel]]
| Kokila Modi
|''[[Saath Nibhana Saathiya]]''
|-
| 2013
|rowspan=2|[[Neelu Vaghela]]
|rowspan=2|Santosh "Bhabho" Rathi
|rowspan=2|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|{{fact|date=December 2023}}
|-
| 2014
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=2893|title=GR8! TV Magazine - The 14th ITA Awards|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|[[Mrunal Thakur]]
|Bulbul Arora
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|[[Meghna Malik]]
|Suhasini Sinha
|''[[Dahleez (2016 TV series)|Dahleez]]''
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Sushmita Mukherjee]]
|Kanta
|''[[Gangaa]]''
|-
| 2017
|[[Rajeshwari Sachdev]]
|Radhabai
|''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]''
|
|-
| 2018
|[[Jaya Bhattacharya]]
|Radhika Malhotra
|''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]''
|
|-
|2019
|[[Rajeshwari Sachdev]]
|Mamta
|''[[Dil Hi Toh Hai]]''
|
|-
|2020
|[[Munmun Dutta]]
|Babita Iyer
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|first=Shweta |last=Keshri|title=ITA Awards 2021 full winners list out. Surbhi Chandna and Pratik Gandhi win big|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2021-full-winners-list-out-surbhi-chandna-and-pratik-gandhi-win-big-1769533-2021-02-15|access-date=2021-02-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Anita Raj]]
|Kulwant Kaur Dhillon
|''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''
|
|-
|2022
|[[Sarita Joshi]]
|Radha Limaye
|''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''
|
|-
|2023
|[[Lubna Salim]]
|Santosh Kaur Monga
|''[[Teri Meri Doriyaann]]''
|
|-
| 2024
|[[Sarita Joshi]]
| Radha Limaye
|''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''
|
|-
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Television Academy Awards|best actress supporting]]
[[Category:Television awards for Best Actress]]

Jawpur

2025-11-16T05:43:38Z

99notes: made data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Jawpur
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline = File:Jawpur Road - Dum Dum - Kolkata 2017-08-08 4048.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Jawpur Rd, Dum Dum
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[South Dumdum Municipality]] [https://www.sddm.ind.in/about]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6403|N|88.4077|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700074
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Jawpur''' is a locality in [[South Dumdum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=10 Feb 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=10 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.6180|88.4014}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Jawpur
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.6180|88.4014}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

=== Police station ===

Newly established [[Nagerbazar]] police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Jawpur areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=22 Feb 2025|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814175228/http://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Post office ===

Jawpore has a non-delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700074 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Dum Dum Road and Motijheel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postoffices.co.in/westbengal-wb/jawpore-kolkata-74/|title=Jawpore Post Office|publisher=|access-date=25 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Railways ===
[[Dum Dum Junction railway station]] is situated nearby.

=== Metro ===
[[Dum Dum metro station]] of [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] is situated nearby.

=== Bus ===
Several buses ply on [[Dum Dum Road]].

==Markets==
Markets near Jawpur area are:
* Kalindi Vatika Market
* Kalindi Bazar Market
* Dum Dum Road Market
* Dum Dum New Market

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
* [http://sddm.ind.in/ South Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

Bombay Gold Cup

2025-10-30T22:33:16Z

99notes:

{{Short description|Hockey tournament in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox sports league
| name = All India Bombay Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
| image =
| pixels =
| country = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| administrator = Mumbai Hockey Association
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
| sport = [[Field hockey]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1955}}
| tournament_format =
| folded =
| teams =
| champion = Indian Navy, Mumbai
| most_champs = [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]] (8 titles)
| tv =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mumbaihockey.org/default.aspx|mumbaihockey.org}}
| current =
}}
'''Bombay Gold Cup''' is a [[field hockey]] tournament organized by the Mumbai Hockey Association (MHA). It was instituted in 1955 by [[Naval Tata]], the then President of the Bombay Hockey Association. The Cup was donated by the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra [[Morarji Desai]] in 1955. MHA organises this All India Hockey Tournament as an annual feature and is held every year at [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra.<ref name="bgc">{{cite web|title=Bombay Gold Cup: BOMBAY GOLD CUP HOCKEY TOURNAMENT {{!}} GURU TEGH BAHADUR GOLD CUP HOCKEY TOURNAMENT|url=http://www.mumbaihockey.org/bombay-gold-cup.html#:~:text=Morarji%20Desai%20who%20was%20the,will%20be%20played%20under%20floodlight..|access-date=18 October 2022|website=www.mumbaihockey.org|publisher=The Mumbai Hockey Association|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411223120/http://mumbaihockey.org/bombay-gold-cup.html#:~:text=Morarji%20Desai%20who%20was%20the,will%20be%20played%20under%20floodlight..}}</ref>

==Venue==
The matches are held at [[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]].

==Teams==
The teams which participates in the tournament consists of public sector teams from across the country, such as Air India, Border Security Force, Central Railway, Bharat Petroleum, Punjab and Sind Bank etc.<ref name="mint">{{cite web |title=Indian hockey: The curious case of the Bombay Gold Cup |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/Z5A20XtmrZ2hnAprgJocvI/Indian-hockey-The-curious-case-of-the-Bombay-Gold-Cup.html |date=19 December 2015 |last=D'Souza |first=Dilip |publisher=LiveMint |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925142556/https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/Z5A20XtmrZ2hnAprgJocvI/Indian-hockey-The-curious-case-of-the-Bombay-Gold-Cup.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Results==
The results of the Bombay Gold Cup:<ref name="bgc"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Winner
!Runner-up
|-
|1955
|Lusitanians SC
|Bhawnagar (Nagpur)
|-
|1956
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Afghan Club
|Central Railway
|-
|1957
|Central Railway
|Punjab Hawks
|-
|1958
|Punjab Hawks
|Central Railway
|-
|1959
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|Central Railway
|-
|1960
|Lusitanians SC
|Burmah Shell
|-
|1961
|[[Madras Engineer Group|MEG]] (Bangalore)
|Presidents XI
|-
|1962
|Central Railway
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|1963
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|Madras
|-
|1964
|[[Mohun Bagan AC (field hockey)|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|-
|1965
|[[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|B.N. Railway]]
|[[Madras Engineer Group|MEG]] (Bangalore)
|-
|1966
|Northern Railway (Delhi)
|ICF (Perambur)
|-
|1967
|[[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]] (Delhi)
|Mysore XI
|-
|1968
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|[[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]
|-
|1969
|colspan=2|''Tata SC and [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]] were declared joint winners''
|-
|1970
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|[[Mohun Bagan AC (field hockey)|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|1971
|[[Services Sports Control Board|Services XI]]
|[[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]
|-
|1972
|Indian Airlines
|[[Services Sports Control Board|Services XI]]
|-
|1973
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|A.S.C (Meerut)
|-
|1974
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
|-
|1975
|Western Railway
|Signals (Jalandhar)
|-
|1976
|Southern Railway (Madras)
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
|-
|1977
|ASC (Jalandhar)
|Signals (Jalandhar)
|-
|1978
|EME - Jalandhar
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|1979
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|EME Jalandhar
|-
|1980
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|Signals - Jalandhar
|-
|1981
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|EME Jalandhar
|-
|1982
|ASC Jalandhar
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
|-
|1983
|[[Air India FC|Indian Airlines]]
|Bihar Regt Centre
|-
|1984
|CRPF (Neemuch)
|ASC Jalandhar
|-
|1985
|[[Air India FC|Indian Airlines]]
|{{flagicon|PAK}} PIA
|-
|1986
|[[Air India FC|Indian Airlines]]
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
|-
|1987
|ASC Jalandhar
|[[Air India FC|Indian Airlines]]
|-
|1988
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|1989
|Corps of Signals
|Namdhari XI
|-
|1992
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|Army XI
|-
|1993
|RCF Kapurthala
|Army XI
|-
|1999
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2001
|Air India
|Indian Airlines
|-
|2002
|Air India
|Indian Airlines
|-
|2003
|Indian Airlines
|Indian Oil
|-
|2004
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|Western Railway
|-
|2005
|Western Railway
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2006
|Army XI
|Bharat Petroleum
|-
|2007
|Bharat Petroleum
|Air India
|-
|2008
|Army XI
|Bharat Petroleum
|-
|2009
|Army XI
|Air India
|-
|2013<ref>{{cite web |title=IOC wins Bombay Gold Cup final |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/ioc-wins-bombay-gold-cup-final/article5281763.ece |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213185529/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/ioc-wins-bombay-gold-cup-final/article5281763.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Indian Oil Corporation
|Air India
|-
|2014<ref>{{cite web |title=Bombay Gold Cup: BPCL win a 19-goal thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/bombay-gold-cup-bpcl-win-a-19-goal-thriller/articleshow/45173626.cms |date=17 November 2014 |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018063519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/bombay-gold-cup-bpcl-win-a-19-goal-thriller/articleshow/45173626.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
|Indian Oil Corporation
|-
|2015<ref name="mint"/>
|Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
|Comptroller and Auditor General
|-
|2016<ref>{{cite web |title=SC Railways Win Bombay Gold Cup |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/sports/sc-railways-win-bombay-gold-cup-4591 |date=18 October 2022 |publisher=Mumbai Live |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018063520/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/sports/sc-railways-win-bombay-gold-cup-4591 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|South Central Railway
|Punjab National Bank
|-
|2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Oil Beat BPCL In The 52nd Bombay Gold Cup All India Hockey Tournament Final |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/sports/indian-oil-beat-bpcl-in-the-52nd-bombay-gold-cup-all-india-hockey-tournament-final-18736 |date=18 October 2022 |publisher=Mumbai Live |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018063521/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/sports/indian-oil-beat-bpcl-in-the-52nd-bombay-gold-cup-all-india-hockey-tournament-final-18736 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Indian Oil Corporation
|Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
|-
|2019<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Oil ward off brave PSB to win Bombay Gold Cup again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/indian-oil-ward-off-brave-psb-to-win-bombay-gold-cup-again/articleshow/68396315.cms |date=13 March 2019 |last=Roy |first=Dhananjay |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925192011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/indian-oil-ward-off-brave-psb-to-win-bombay-gold-cup-again/articleshow/68396315.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Indian Oil Corporation
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Result Summary 54th All India Bombay Gold Cup Hockey Tournament 2020 Mumbai, Maharashtra |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/static-assets/waf-images/uploadfile/9d/d5/a1/94c2a931-31cf-4528-a33c-74b9e91b35d7.pdf |date=2020 |publisher=Hockey India |access-date=5 November 2022 }}</ref>
|Indian Navy, Mumbai
|South Central Railway, Secunderabad
|}

==See also==
* [[:Category:Field hockey cup competitions in India|List of field hockey championships in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mumbaihockey.org/bombay-gold-cup.html#:~:text=Morarji%20Desai%20who%20was%20the,will%20be%20played%20under%20floodlight.. Bombay Gold Cup]

{{Field Hockey in India}}

[[Category:Sport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Field hockey in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1955]]
[[Category:Field hockey cup competitions in India]]

Ramu Manivannan

2025-10-30T10:07:40Z

99notes: started new info - done

{{Short description|He also runs an elementary school for tribal children near Vellore TN}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
'''Ramu Manivannan''' is the former Head of the Department of Politics & Public Administration, [[University of Madras]]. He is a Visiting Professor and Community Scholar at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the [[University of Denver]].<ref name="v706">{{cite web | last=Manivannan | first=Ramu | title=The many truths of Katchatheevu that no party wants to acknowledge | website=The Indian Express | date=3 April 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/many-truths-of-katchatheevu-9248725/ | access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref> He earlier taught in [[Hindu College, Delhi]] University and Department of Political Science, North Campus, [[Delhi University]] before shifting to Madras University. He was a Fellow of the [[United Nations University]], Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hss.iitm.ac.in/about-us/people/ramu-manivannan/ | title=Biography | publisher=DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS | accessdate=26 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="v028">{{cite web | title=Affiliated Faculty | website=International Studies | url=https://korbel.du.edu/regional-studies/content/affiliated-faculty | access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="j933">{{cite web | title=Retired TN professor to walk on foot for clean electoral system | website=Daijiworld.com | date=3 March 2024 | url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1172572 | access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref> He is the author of the book ''[[Sri Lanka: Hiding the Elephant]]'', which deals with the mass murder, the war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the Sri Lankan armed forces against Tamils.<ref name="j231">{{cite web | title=Sri Lanka Hiding The Elephant | website=Colombo Telegraph | date=22 December 2014 | url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/sri-lanka-hiding-the-elephant/ | access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="l024">{{cite web | last=Mathew | first=Tharian | title=Ramu Manivannan's Vellore Declaration to clean-up politics of freebies, cash for votes | website=dtnext | date=3 March 2024 | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/ramu-manivannans-vellore-declaration-to-clean-up-politics-of-freebies-cash-for-votes-771541 | access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Manivannan, Ramu}}
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:University of Denver faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

A. Sankara Reddy

2025-10-30T09:45:47Z

99notes: improve details for consistency additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Indian academic administrator}}
{{BLP one source|date=July 2025}}
'''A. Sankara Reddy''' is a former principal of [[Sri Venkateswara College]]. He was awarded the prestigious [[Padma Shri]] award in 2009 for his contributions in the field of literature and education.<ref name="Thorpe">{{cite book|author=Thorpe|title=The Pearson Concise General Knowledge Manual 2010|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMIIvR6KXRcC&q=sankara%20reddy&pg=PT504|access-date=8 August 2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2766-9|edition=New}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, A. Sankara}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
{{India-academic-bio-stub}}
{{Academic-administrator-stub}}

Jyoti Ranjan Nayak

2025-10-16T23:21:06Z

99notes: made a entry

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jyoti
| image = Jyoti Ranjan Nayak.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|10|24}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| occupation = ([[Odia Cinema|Odia]]) actor
| years_active = 2016 – present
| spouse = {{marriage |[[Simran Maharana]]|2025}}<ref name="Simran-Jyoti Marriage">{{cite news |title=ସିମ୍ରନଙ୍କ ହାତ ଧରିଲେ ଜ୍ୟୋତି |url=https://www.prameyaepaper.com/preview/284690/1536528/BHUBANESWAR/20250514/24 |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=Premeya |date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514133010/https://www.prameyaepaper.com/preview/284690/1536528/BHUBANESWAR/20250514/24 |archive-date=14 May 2025 |location=[[Bhubaneswar]] |language=or-IN |url-status=live}}</ref>
| children =
| father = Ramesh Kumar Nayak
| mother = Jayashree Sahu
| relatives = Ankit Kumar Nayak (brother)
| awards = [[Tarang Cine Awards|Tarang Cine Utsav, 2022]]
| website =
}}

'''Jyoti Ranjan Nayak''' is an Indian actor who mostly appears in Odia Film Industry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bal |first=Sandip |title=Ollywood stars celebrate Father’s Day |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/ollywood-stars-celebrates-fathers-day/articleshow/76496685.cms |access-date=2023-03-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He started his career in Ollywood through [[Mitha Mitha]] directed by Shrikant Gautam. But his first release was [[Dele Dhara Katha Sare]]. Later he appeared in [[Tu Mo Hero]], [[Happy Lucky]], [[Dil ka Raja]], [[Nijhum Rati ra Sathi]], [[Ole Ole Dil Bole]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-25 |title='ସୁପର ବୟ'ରେ ଜ୍ୟୋତିଙ୍କ ସହିତ ନଜର ଆସିବେ ଏହି ନାୟିକା {{!}} Kanak Lifestyle |url=https://lifestyle.kanaknews.com/upcoming-odia-film-super-boy-jyuoti-is-in-lead/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225165341/https://lifestyle.kanaknews.com/upcoming-odia-film-super-boy-jyuoti-is-in-lead/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born to Ramesh Kumar Nayak, an [[Indian Air Force Museum, Palam|Indian Air Force]] officer and homemaker Jayashree Nayak in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Post News |date=2019-05-17 |title=Making his own space - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/making-his-own-space/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref> He completed [[Bachelor of Technology|B. Tech]] from an institute in [[Chennai]].

== Career ==
Nayak started his career through an Odia television reality show named ''Mitha Mitha Jodi'' telecasted on Colors Odia to cast lead actors for the Odia movie ''Mitha Mitha'' by Shrikant Gautam. He won this show<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Jyoti and Ankita winners of Mitha Mitha Jodi on Colors Odia |url=https://incredibleorissa.com/jyoti-ankita-winners-of-mitha-mitha-jodi-colors-odia/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Incredible Orissa |language=en-US}}</ref> and got the film, but before its release his first movie ''Dele Dhara Katha Sare'' by Shailendra Mishra released in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-26 |title=ଦେଲେ ଧରା କଥା ସରେ |url=https://kanaknews.com/dele-dhara-katha-sare/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Before debuting in [[Ollywood]], he tried in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil Industry]], but due to language barrier, he couldn't succeed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ତାମିଲ ସିନେମାରେ ହିରୋ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତେ ଏହି ଓଲିଉଡ଼ ନାୟକ ! |url=https://sambad.in/entertainment/odiajyoti-14854/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Sambad |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Role
!Note
|-
|2016
|Dele Dhara Katha Sare
|Shailendra Mishra
|
|Debuted in Ollywood
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|Nijhum Rati ra Sathi
|Sanjay Nayak
|
|
|-
|Dil ka Raja
|Dillip Panda
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-25 |title=Who is Whose "Dil Ka Raja" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/mahurat-dil-ka-raja/articleshow/55045590.cms |access-date=2023-03-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Mitha Mitha
|Shrikant Gautam
|
|
|-
|''[[Tu Mo Hero]]''
|Dillip Panda
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Post News |date=2017-10-20 |title=Oriya film 'Tu Mo Hero' - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/oriya-film-tu-mo-hero/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''[[Happy Lucky]]''
|Sudhanshu Mohan Sahoo
|Lucky
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=((Odishatv Bureau)) |title=Tarang's multi-starrer 'Happy Lucky' to hit screens tomorrow |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/body-slider/tarangs-multi-starrer-happy-lucky-to-hit-screens-tomorrow-270220 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Tarang's multi-starrer 'Happy Lucky' to hit screens tomorrow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Ole Ole Dil Bole
|Kailash Mohapatra
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bal |first=Sandip |title=Jyoti Ranjan Nayak’s lockdown activities |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/jyoti-ranjan-nayaks-lockdown-activities/articleshow/75737622.cms |access-date=2023-03-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Sathi Tu Pheria
|Sudhakar Vasant
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-01 |title=Jyoti Ranjan Nayak Excited About His New Looks In ‘Saathi Tu Pheria’ |url=https://odishabytes.com/jyoti-ranjan-nayak-excited-about-his-new-looks-in-saathi-tu-pheria/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=odishabytes |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Pyar Alaga Prakara
|Heera Chaudhury
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|Tu Mo Suna Chadhei
|Dillip Panda
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-16 |title=Actress Elsa Ghosh To Clarify Her Outburst Soon |url=https://odishabytes.com/actress-elsha-ghose-to-clarify-her-outburst-soon/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=odishabytes |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Premare Rakhichhi 100ru 100
|Sanjay Nayak
|
|
|-
|From Me To You
|Hemanta Sahoo
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|Tu Bhari Beautiful
|Sanjay Nayak
|
|
|-
|Super Boy
|K. Anish
|
|
|-
|Mana Mo Neigalu Re
| rowspan="2" |Sanjay Nayak
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bal |first=Sandip |title=Mahurat of Sanjay Nayak-directorial held |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/mahurat-of-sanjay-nayak-directorial-held/articleshow/79980190.cms |access-date=2023-03-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|Au Gote Love Story
|
|
|-
|Tu Mora Ok
|Mrutyunjay Sahoo
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-08-23 |title=Amitabh Bachchan shares Odia film ‘ Tu Mor Ok’ poster |url=https://updateodisha.com/2022/08/23/amitabh-bachchan-shares-odia-film-tu-mor-ok-poster-79399/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Update Odisha-Odisha News I Latest News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023
|Bibhrant
|Biswabhushan Mohapatra
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2023 |title='ବିଭ୍ରାନ୍ତ'ର ଟ୍ରେଲର |page=25 |work=ପ୍ରମେୟ |issue=ତାରକା ଦୁନିଆ |url=https://moapi.prameyanews.com/prameya/document/pdf/63d0440351562.jpg |url-status=live |accessdate=22 March 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322161019/https://moapi.prameyanews.com/prameya/document/pdf/63d0440351562.jpg |archivedate=22 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Dotpen
|Aswini Tripathy
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=DotpenUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/oriya/movie-details/dotpen/movieshow/104369098.cms |access-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Om Swaaha
|S. Dillip Panda
|
|
|-
|2024
|Shri Jagannath Nka Nabakalebara
|Saubhagyalaxmi Jena (bini)
|
|
|}

== Awards ==

* [[Tarang Cine Awards|Tarang Cine Utsav, 2022]]: Best Entertainer of the Year for ''Super Boy''<ref>{{Citation |title=Tarang Cine Utsav 2022 {{!}} Entertainer Of The Year 2021 (Male) {{!}} Jyoti Ranjan Nayak {{!}} Super Boy {{!}} TCP |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCWClRpmd6E |access-date=2023-03-21 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm11918155}}
* {{Instagram|officialjyotiranjannayak}}
* {{YouTube|h=JRNSHORTSFORU}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Jyoti Ranjan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Cinema of Odisha]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress

2025-10-09T18:49:24Z

99notes: quick update

{{short description|Trade union in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox union
| name = Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress
| affiliation =
| members =
| abbreviation = INTTUC
| native_name =
| logo = File:INTTUC logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| founded =
| dissolved =
| merged =
| headquarters = 30B, Harish Chatterjee Street, [[Kalighat]], [[Kolkata]]-700026 , [[West Bengal]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| key_people = [[Dola Sen]] (President)}}

[[File:INTTUC flag.svg|200px|thumb|Flag of the union.]]

'''Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress''' (INTTUC) is a [[trade union]] organisation of India politically associated with [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. Dola Sen is the All India President of INTTUC.<ref name="a">{{Cite web|date=2014-03-08|title=MIRIK {{!}} INTTUC welcomes Dola Sen as poll candidate|url=http://echoofindia.com/mirik-inttuc-welcomes-dola-sen-poll-candidate-50983|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222548/http://echoofindia.com/mirik-inttuc-welcomes-dola-sen-poll-candidate-50983|archive-date=2014-05-12|access-date=2021-04-27|website=echoofindia.com|publisher=The Echo of India}}</ref><ref name="b">{{Cite web|date=2014-05-06|title=The Statesman: Supriyo makes it tricky for TMC, Left|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/53121-Supriyo-makes-it-tricky-for-TMC--Left.html?page=2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222108/http://www.thestatesman.net/news/53121-Supriyo-makes-it-tricky-for-TMC--Left.html?page=2|archive-date=2014-05-12|access-date=2021-04-27|website=thestatesman.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-03|title=Trinamul trade union leader in assault row|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120218/jsp/calcutta/story_15149750.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013321/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120218/jsp/calcutta/story_15149750.jsp|archive-date=2018-09-03|access-date=2021-04-27|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Organized labour}}
{{Trade unions in India navbox}}

[[Category:Trade unions in India]]
[[Category:National trade union centres of India]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-trade-union-stub}}