Qutub Khan Qutbuddin

2021-12-18T17:18:06Z

99.35.20.240: Abdul Qawi was his actual name

{{Short description|32nd Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohras}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Qutub Khan Qutbuddin
| native_name = قُطب خان قُطبُ الدِّين
| honorific_prefix = {{smallcaps|Syedna}}
| honorific_suffix = {{plainlist|
* {{smallcaps|as-Shaheed}}
* [[List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra|32nd]] [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] of the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]
}}
| image = Mazar e Qutbi Ahmedabad.jpg
| caption = Mazar-e-Qutbi, Saraspur, Ahmedabad (2010).
| resting_place = Ahmedabad, [[Gujarat]]
| birth_date = 30 [[Dhu al-Qadah]] 985 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] ; February 8, 1578 AD
| death_date = {{plainlist|
* 27 [[Jumada al-Akhir]] 1056 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]; July 11, 1646 AD (aged 68) 
}}
| birth_place = Ahmedabad, [[Mughal Empire]]
| birth_name = Qutubuddin
| citizenship =
| religion = [[Shi'a Islam]]
| sect = [[Ismailism]]
| subsect = [[Dawoodi Bohra]]
| jurisprudence = {{hlist|[[Mustaali]]|[[Tayyibi]]}}
| father = [[Dawood Bin Qutubshah]]
| relatives = [[Abd al-Tayyib Zakiuddin]] {{small|(brother)}}
| education =
| alma_mater =
| style =
| organization =
| home_town = [[Ahmedabad]], [[India]]
| net_worth =
| title = {{hlist|Syedna|Maulana|Shaheed}}
| office1 = [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]]
| term_start1 = 1644
| term_end1 = 1646
| predecessor1 = [[Kasim Khan Zainuddin]]
| successor1 = [[Syedna Feer Khan Shujauddin]]
| known_for = The first-ever [[shaheed]] amongst the Da'i al-Mutlaq
| boards =
| background = #ddeedd
}}
{{Ismailism}}

Syedna '''Qutub Khan Qutbuddin as-Shaheed''' ({{lang-ar|سيّدنا قُطب خان قُطبُ الدِّين الشهيد|lit=Qutub Khan, the Axis of Faith, the Martyred}}) was the 32nd [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] of the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]. He succeeded [[Kasim Khan Zainuddin|Kasim Khan Zainuddin bin Feer Khan]]. He was the first Da'i to be [[Shaheed|martyred]] for his faith, and in a manner that resembles the martyrdom of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], and so his burial place, ''Mazar-e-Qutbi'', is referred to as ''Choti Karbala'' ({{lit|little [[Karbala]]}}).<ref>{{Cite thesis|chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/76263/10/10_chapter%202.pdf|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529224408/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/76263/10/10_chapter%202.pdf |type=pdf |chapter=Tourism in Gujarat: A Macro View|last1=Bagchi |first1=Parthasarathi |date= 14 March 2016 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/76263 |title=Role of tourism in economic development of Gujarat}}</ref>{{rp|60}}

==Family==
His father was 27th Dai Syedna [[Dawood Bin Qutubshah]], his mother's name was Raani Aai Saheba binte Ali bhai bin Jiva bhai. He had two brothers: 29th Dai Syedna [[Abduttayyeb Zakiuddin I]], Miya Khan-ji and a sister called Habiba.

== Early life ==
Syedna Qutbuddin was born in Ahmedabad during the era of the 26th Dai, Dawood ibn Ajab Shah, on the night of 30th Dhu al-Qadah 985 AH. During his youth, he accompanied his father, the 27th Dai, Dawood Bin Qutubshah to [[Lahore]] to the court of the Mughal Emperor, [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Akbar]], during the [[Fitna (word)|fitnah]] of [[Sulayman bin Hassan]]. Akbar had summoned Qutub Shah to his court to address the dispute of succession raised by Sulayman, but ultimately issued a royal decree in Qutub Shah's favor.

== Accession ==
Qutbuddin was close-confidant to his brother, the 29th Da'i, [[Abd al-Tayyib Zakiuddin I]]. After his brother's death, Qutbuddin continued to serve the 30th Da'i, [[Ali Shams al-Din IV]], who was based in [[Yemen]]. Later, the 31st Da'i, Kasim Khan Zainuddin, appointed Qutbuddin as his ''Mazoon'' (second-in-command), and a while later, his ''Mansoos'' (successor).<ref name="sts">Khaza’in u Imam il Muttaqeen; By:Syedna Taher Saifuddin; 1372AH</ref>

Qutbuddin became Da'i al-Mutlaq in 1054 AH (1646 AD). He held the office for 1 year and 8 months before he was slain on the order of [[Aurangzeb]], the [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] governor of Gujarat, on the grounds of heresy.<ref name="jonah">{{cite book |first=Jonah |last=Blank |author-link=Jonah Blank |year=2001 |title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |page=44 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226056777 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDVHN6xkdiMC}}</ref>

== Martyrdom ==
In the month of Jumada al-Ula 1056 AH (1646 AD), false allegations of [[rafida]] (one who rejects the sunnat of [[Muhammad]], introduces innovations viz. [[bidat]], and practices exaggeration viz. [[ghulat]]), were made to Abdul Qawi (called Abdul Ghawi too), an office bearer of the governorate. On 28 Jumada al-Ula, Shah Beg arrested Qutbuddin and [[Feer Khan Shujauddin]].<ref name="sts2">(Kitab al-Tadhkirah ; By: Syedi Hasan-ji Badshah ibn Syedi Shamas-Khan, fore father of Syedna [[Taher Saifuddin]])</ref>

Qutbuddin and Shujauddin spent the next twenty days in prison, meanwhile, Abdul Qawi instructed his scholars to peruse books ceased from Qutbuddin's personal library but was unable to discern anything [[Blasphemy in Islam|blasphemous]] or [[Apostasy in Islam|apostastic]]. On 21 Jumada al-Akhir, Qutbuddin was summoned to an audience in front of Aurangzeb where Abdul Qawi asked him to enter guilty plea and [[tauba|repent]] for his sins in exchange for pardon. Qutbuddin retorted, "I am not ''rafzi'', nor were my forefathers. We are truly upon the [[sunnat]] of prophet [[Muhammad]]. I declare that there is [[Shahada|no God but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger]]. I read the [[Quran|holy book]], I offer [[namaaz|daily prayers]], give [[zakat]], [[Sawm|fast]] in the holy month of [[Ramadan]], and perform [[hajj]] to the [[Bayt al-Allah]]. I am a [[Muslim]]. How is my blood legal for you to shed?"<ref name="sts2"/>

Abdul Qawi had a group of elites from the city sign their names to a false confession (''mehzara'') under duress. The confession was introduced as evidence but [[Qadi|the judge]] demanded an in-person testimonial. On 26 Jumada al-Akhir, Abdul Qawi summoned two children from Qutbuddin's household who confessed under the false-pretense that Qutbuddin would be released. The judge instead issued [[Capital and corporal punishment in Islam|a death sentence]].<ref name="sts2"/>

On the morning of 27 Jumada al-Akhir 1056 H, Aurangzeb approved the execution order. Abdul Qawi had Shah Beg carry out [[Beheading in Islam|the death sentence]] immediately.<ref name="sts2"/>

== Succession ==
Qutbuddin was succeeded by [[Feer Khan Shujauddin]]. [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]], the current Da'i al-Mutlaq, is from his progeny.<ref>{{cite book|title=رسالة النعي المسماة - حكمة الغيبة القدسانية الابدية |trans-title=Hikmah al-Ghaybah al-Qudsāniyyah al-Abadiyyah|language=ar|last=Saifuddin|first=Aali Qadr Mufaddal|author-link=Aali Qadr Mufaddal|year=2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Daftary, Farhad, ''The Ismaili, Their History and Doctrine''(Chapter -Mustalian Ismailism-p. 300-310)
* Lathan, Young, ''Religion, Learning and Science''
* Bacharach, Joseph W. Meri, ''Medieval Islamic Civilisation''
* Luqmani, Ahmed Ismail. "A Short History of Fatemi Duaat"
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100621145429/http://www.mumineen.org/archive/awliya/duat-mutlaqeen-as/al-dail-ajal-syedna-qutubkhan-qutbuddin-ra-32nd-dail-mutlaq/ A short biography of Qutub Khan as-Shaheed]

{{Dā'ī al-Mutlaq}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = 32nd [[Da'i al-Mutlaq|Dā'ī al-Mutlaq]]
| years = 1054–1056 AH/ 1646–1648 AD
| before = [[Kasim Khan Zainuddin]]
| after = [[Feer Khan Shujauddin]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qutbuddin Shaheed}}
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra da'is]]
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohras]]
[[Category:1578 births]]
[[Category:1648 deaths]]

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Qutub Khan Qutbuddin