Insurgency in Northeast India

2022-03-31T11:22:42Z

82.178.245.69: robot: Update article

{{Short description|Internal security issues of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Insurgency in Northeast India
| partof =
| image = India-locator-map-NE.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Map of [[India]] with northeastern states highlighted red
| date = 1954–present ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year=1954}})
| place = [[Northeast India]] ([[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], [[Tripura]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Mizoram]]), [[West Bengal]] and [[Bhutan]]
| status = [[List of ongoing armed conflicts|Ongoing]] [[Human rights violation]]s by both sides<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/09/29/these-fellows-must-be-eliminated/relentless-violence-and-impunity-manipur|title="These fellows must be eliminated" – Relentless Violence and Impunity in Manipur|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907184112/http://www.hrw.org/report/2008/09/29/these-fellows-must-be-eliminated/relentless-violence-and-impunity-manipur|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| combatant1 = '''{{flag|India}}'''
* {{nowrap|[[File:CRPF Flag.svg|22px|Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces]] [[CRPF]]}}
*[[SULFA]]<ref>{{Cite book|page=196|title=Neo-Liberal Strategies of Governing India|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|first=Ranabir|last=Samaddar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Zee News]]|title=Prominent SULFA militant killed|date=19 November 2007|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/prominent-sulfa-militant-killed_408259.html|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221322/http://zeenews.india.com/home/prominent-sulfa-militant-killed_408259.html|archive-date=7 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
'''Supported by''' :
* {{flag|Bhutan}} (from 2003)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Times of India]]|date=16 December 2003|title=Bhutan Army seizes ULFA HQ|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bhutan-Army-seizes-Ulfa-HQ/articleshow/362611.cms}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bangladesh}}<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|title=BSF: Insurgent camps on Bangladesh-India border have almost disappeared|date=19 December 2017|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2017/12/19/bsf-insurgent-camps-bangladesh-india-border-almost-disappeared|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611024655/https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2017/12/19/bsf-insurgent-camps-bangladesh-india-border-almost-disappeared/|archive-date=11 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* {{flag|Myanmar}} (from 2018)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[India Today]]|title=While India was glued to Balakot airstrike, army carried out mega strikes along Myanmar border|date=15 March 2019|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/while-india-was-glued-to-balakot-airstrike-army-carried-out-mega-strikes-along-myanmar-border-1478637-2019-03-15|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315175411/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/while-india-was-glued-to-balakot-airstrike-army-carried-out-mega-strikes-along-myanmar-border-1478637-2019-03-15|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| combatant2 = '''Separatist groups:''' 
*[[United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia|UNLFW]]
**{{flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg}} [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland|NDFB]] (1986-2020)
**{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN]]
**{{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]]
**{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.png}} [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation|KLO]]
*CorCom
**{{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} [[United National Liberation Front|UNLF]]
**{{flagicon image|Bandera FPRM Manipur.png}} [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|PLA-M]]
**{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Kangleipak Communist Party|KCP]]
**[[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak|PREPAK]]
**[[Jaintia Rajya Movement of India|JRMI]]
**[[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup|KYKL]]
*AMULFA
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam|MULTA]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the National Liberation Front of Tripura.png}} [[National Liberation Front of Tripura|NLFT]] (1989-2015)
*{{flagicon image|In tpdf.gif}} [[All Tripura Tiger Force|ATTF]] (1990-2015)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} [[Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front|KLNLF]] (2004-21)
*{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Maoist Communist Party of Manipur|MCPM]]
*{{flagicon image|Zomi Revolutionary Army Flag.png}} [[Zomi Revolutionary Army|ZRA]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Bnei Menashe.svg}} [[Kuki National Army|KNA]] (1988-2005)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Bodo Liberation Tigers Force.png}} [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force|BLTF]] (1996-03)
{{Collapsible list
| title = '''Other:''' |
*[[Garo National Liberation Army|GNLA]] (2009-18)
*[[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council|HNLC]] (2000-10)
*[[People’s Democratic Council of Karbi Longri|PDCK]] (2016-21)
*[[Adivasi Cobra Force|ACF]] (1996-2012)
*[[Mizo National Front|MNF]] (1954-86)
*[[Tripura National Volunteers|TNV]] (1978-88)
*[[Dima Halam Daogah|DHD]] (2009-13)
*[[United People's Democratic Solidarity|UPDS]] (1999-2014)
}}

{{collapsible list
| title = '''Supported by:'''
|{{flag|China}}<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Indian Express]]|title=Chinese agencies helping North East militants in Myanmar|date=10 January 2017|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-agencies-helping-north-east-militants-in-myanmar-4468384/|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905004311/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-agencies-helping-north-east-militants-in-myanmar-4468384/|archive-date=5 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}(until 1976)</ref> (claimed by India)
|{{flag|Myanmar}} (until 2018)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Times of India]]|title=Myanmar support gives NE rebels a shot in the arm|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Myanmar-support-gives-NE-rebels-a-shot-in-the-arm/articleshow/47547895.cms|date=5 June 2015|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013192009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Myanmar-support-gives-NE-rebels-a-shot-in-the-arm/articleshow/47547895.cms|archive-date=13 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|{{flag|Bhutan}} (until 2003)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=Did Bhutan offer Rs. 200cr to ULFA for shifting base?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/did-bhutan-offer-rs-200cr-to-ulfa-for-shifting-base/story-WoixgwjxBdSMCH1p0zO93M.html|date=14 June 2014}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg}} [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|CPI (Maoist)]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Armed Conflict, Peace Audit and Early Warning 2014|first=D|last=Suba Chandran|publisher=SAGE Publishing|year=2015|quote=Maoists, in turn, are said to be providing explosives (ammonium nitrate) and funds to the northeast groups.}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|Flag of AQIS.jpg}} [[al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent|AQIS]] (only MULTA)<ref name="TimesISI">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ISI-al-Qaeda-assisting-Assam-militants/articleshow/46675883.cms |title=ISI, al-Qaeda assisting Assam militants | India News - Times of India |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730223855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ISI-al-Qaeda-assisting-Assam-militants/articleshow/46675883.cms |archive-date=30 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist |
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Ram Nath Kovind]] (2017–present)
----
* {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] (2006–present)
* {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abdul Hamid (politician)|Muhammed Abdul Hamid]] (2013–present)
* {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Myint Swe]] (2021–present)
}}
{{Collapsible list
| title = Former:
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] (1963–1967)
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Zakir Hussain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]] (1967–1969)
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Varahagiri Venkata Giri]] (1969–1974)
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] (1974–1977)
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] (1977–1982)
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Zail Singh]] (1982–1987)
| {{flagicon|India}} [[R. Venkataraman]] (1987–1992)
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] (1992–1997)
| {{flagicon|India}} [[K. R. Narayanan]] (1997–2002)
| {{flagicon|India}} [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] (2002–2007)
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Pratibha Patil]] (2007–2012)
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Pranab Mukherjee]] (2012–2017)
----
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]] (1963–1971)
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]] (1972–2006)
| {{flag icon|Bhutan}} [[Lam Dorji]] (1954–2010)
----
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] (1971–1972; 1975)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]] (1972–1973)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mohammad Mohammadullah]] (1973–1975)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]] (1975)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem]] (1975–1977)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Ziaur Rahman]] (1978–1981)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]] (1981–1982)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury|Abul Fazal Mohammad Ahsanuddin Chowdhury]] (1982–1983)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] (1983–1990)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]] (1990–1991; 1996–2001)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]] (1991–1996)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Badruddoza Chowdhury]] (2001–2002)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar]] (2002)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Iajuddin Ahmed]] (2002–2009)
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Zillur Rahman]] (2009–2013)
----
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Ne Win]] (1963–1981)
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[San Yu]] (1981–1988)
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Sein Lwin]] (1988)
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Maung Maung]] (1988)
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Saw Maung]] (1988–1992)
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Than Shwe]] (1992–2011)
| {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Thein Sein]] (2011–2016)
| {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Htin Kyaw]] (2016–2018)
| {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Win Myint (politician, born 1951)|Win Myint]] (2018–2021)
}}
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg}} [[G Bidai]]{{Surrender}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[Arabinda Rajkhowa]]{{POW}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[Paresh Baruah]] {{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[Anup Chetia]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} [[Kalalung Kamei]] {{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} [[Arambam Samerendra]] {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} [[Angami Zapu Phizo]]{{KIA}}}} [[Laldenga]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Karbi_Longri_N.C._Hills_Liberation_Front.svg}}[[I. K. Songbijit]]{{Surrender}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of the National Liberation Front of Tripura.png}} [[Biswamohan Debbarma]]{{POW}} Durga Minz{{Surrender}} Xabrias Khakha{{Surrender}} {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Bodo_Liberation_Tigers_Force.png}} [[Prem Singh Brahma|Prem Brahma]]{{Surrender}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.png}} [[Milton Burman]]{{POW}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.png}} [[Tom Adhikary]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} [[Men Sing Takbi]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} [[Pradip Terang]]{{Surrender}} {{Flagicon image|In tpdf.gif}} [[Ranjit Debbarma]]{{POW}}
| units2 =
| strength1 = {{Flagicon|India}} 200,000 in Nagaland (1995)<ref name=Code>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121112118/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/data/eacd_notes.pdf Uppsala conflict data expansion. Non-state actor information. Codebook] pp. 81–82; 176; 227; 249–250; 272–273; 291–294</ref> {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} 70,000 (1992)<ref name= Code /> {{Flagicon|Bhutan}} 8634 (2008)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/bhutan |title=Countries at the Crossroads: Bhutan |work=[[Freedom House]] |year=2011 |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307224119/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/bhutan |archive-date=7 March 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} and [http://www.raonline.ch/pages/story/bt/btstmilitia01.html "Bhutan's Militia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173525/http://raonline.ch/pages/story/bt/btstmilitia01.html |date=5 March 2016 }}. ''Kuensel''. 15 September 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</ref> {{Flagicon|Myanmar}} Unknown
| strength2 = {{flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg}} 1,500 (2010)<ref name="Andrew2010">{{cite book | author=Andrew T .H. Tan | title=Politics of Terrorism: A Survey | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXerAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 | date=18 October 2010 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-136-83336-6 | page=190 | access-date=8 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706202448/http://books.google.com/books?id=qXerAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 | archive-date=6 July 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} 2,000 (2005)<ref name="T–Nitin">{{cite magazine |title=A life roughed–out in the jungle |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main14.asp?filename=Ne100105A_life_roughed.asp |author=Nitin A. Gokhale |magazine=[[Tehelka]] |location=Hong Kong |date=1 October 2005 |access-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001603/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main14.asp?filename=Ne100105A_life_roughed.asp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} 4,500 (2007)<ref name="Diplomat">{{cite magazine | url=https://thediplomat.com/2011/03/22/is-china-backing-indian-insurgents/2/ | title=Is China Backing Indian Insurgents? | magazine=The Diplomat | date=22 March 2011 | access-date=27 April 2011 | author=Lyle Morris | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505053754/https://thediplomat.com/2011/03/22/is-china-backing-indian-insurgents/2/ | archive-date=5 May 2011 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} 225 (2008)<ref>[http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/08july19/national.htm ''DailyExcelsior'']{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> {{Flagicon image|Flag of the National Liberation Front of Tripura.png}} 850 (2004)<ref name='nps'>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/Latimer04.pdf |title=What can the United States learn from India to counter terrorism? |access-date=2009-03-01 |last=Latimer |first=William |date=March 2004 |publisher=[[Naval Postgraduate School]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716051523/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/Latimer04.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-16 }}</ref> ACF: 350 (2005)<ref name="MIPT">[http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930034433/http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 |date=30 September 2007 }} — MIPT</ref> {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Unknown
| casualties1 = {{flagdeco|India}} ''Since 1992'': 2,762 killed<ref name="satp.prg"/> {{flagdeco|Bhutan}} 13-36 killed, 43-68 injured{{efn|At least 39 Bhutanese soldiers, 4 Bhutanese police officers}}<ref name="Kuensel Online">{{cite web |title=A nation pays tribute |url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4394 |website=Kuensel Online |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610231908/http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4394 |archive-date=10 June 2011 |language=en |date=15 August 2004}}</ref><ref name="The Tribune">{{cite web |title=124 killed in Bhutan operation |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031217/main3.htm |website=The Tribune |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103072311/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031217/main3.htm |archive-date=3 January 2004 |language=en |date=17 December 2003}}</ref><ref name="Tshering Tobgay">{{cite web |last1=Tobgay |first1=Tshering |title=Thanking our armed forces |url=http://www.tsheringtobgay.com/monarchy/2011/thanking-our-armed-forces.html |website=Tshering Tobgay |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en |date=16 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web |title=NDFB militants strike in Bhutan |url=https://timesofindia.com/city/guwahati/NDFB-militants-strike-in-Bhutan/articleshow/7535965.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en |date=20 February 2011}}</ref>
| casualties2 = ''Since 1992'': 8,554 killed in India<ref name="satp.prg"/> 485-650 killed or captured in Bhutan<ref name="Kuensel Online"/><ref name="IPCS">{{cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Dipankar |last2=Laishram |first2=Bidhan S |title=Bhutan's "Operation All Clear": Implications for insurgency and security cooperation |url=http://www.ipcs.org/issue_briefs/issue_brief_pdf/IB18-OperationAllClear.pdf |website=IPCS |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en |date=5 January 2004}}</ref>
| casualties3 = {{flagdeco|India}} ''Since 1992'': 10,302 civilians killed<ref name="satp.prg">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/fatalitiesnorteast2006.htm|title=Fatalities in Terrorist Violence in India's Northeast ::South Asia Terrorism portal|publisher=Satp.org|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219002012/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/fatalitiesnorteast2006.htm|archive-date=19 December 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{flagdeco|India}} ''Since 1979'': 40,000 killed overall<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ploughshares.ca/pl_armedconflict/india-northeast-1979-first-combat-deaths/|title=India – Northeast (1979 – first combat deaths)|publisher=Ploug shares|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026205303/http://ploughshares.ca/pl_armedconflict/india-northeast-1979-first-combat-deaths/|archive-date=26 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}
{{Campaignbox Insurgency in Northeast India}}
{{Internal conflicts in India}}

'''Insurgency in Northeast India''' involves multiple armed separatist factions operating in some of [[India]]'s [[Northeast India|northeastern states]], which are connected to the rest of India by the [[Siliguri Corridor]], a strip of land as narrow as {{convert|14.29|miles||abbr=}} wide.

Northeastern India consists of seven states (also known as the ''[[Seven Sister States]]''): [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Tripura]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]], and [[Nagaland]]. Tensions existed between insurgents in these states and the central government as well as amongst their native indigenous people and migrants from other parts of India and illegal immigrants. Government of India claims that Insurgency has seen rapid decline in recent years, with a 70 per cent reduction in insurgency incidents and an 80 per cent drop in civilian deaths in the Northeast in 2019 compared to 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/70-per-cent-decline-in-insurgency-incidents-in-northeast-government/articleshow/74477320.cms?from=mdr|title = 70 per cent decline in insurgency incidents in Northeast: Government|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>

The [[2014 Indian general election]] had an 80% [[voter turnout]] in all northeastern states, the highest among all states of India according to Indian government. Indian authorities claim that this shows the faith of the northeastern people in Indian democracy.<ref name="Government of India">{{cite news|title=State-Wise Voter Turnout in General Election 2014|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=105116|access-date=7 April 2015|work=Election Commission of India|agency=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Government of India|date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604190700/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=105116|archive-date=4 June 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Eastern Army Commander Lt Gen Anil Chauhan claimed that as of 2020, the area of violence in the entire North East has shrunk primarily to an area which is the tri-junction between Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and north Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/insurgency-on-decline-in-north-east-tri-junction-between-assam-arunachal-and-north-nagaland-arc-of-violence-eastern-army-commander-8042641.html|title = Insurgency on decline in North East, tri-junction between Assam, Arunachal and north Nagaland arc of violence: Eastern Army commander-India News , Firstpost |publisher=FirstPost |date = 14 February 2020}}</ref>

== Mizoram ==
{{main|Zomi nationalism}}
=== Mizo uprising (1966) ===
{{see also|March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising}}

=== MNF insurgency (1966-1986) ===
[[Mizoram]]'s tensions were largely due to the simmering [[Assamese people|Assamese]] domination and the neglect of the [[Mizo people]]. In 1986, the [[Mizo accord]] ended the main secessionist movement led by the [[Mizo National Front]], bringing peace to the region.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Insurgency status is classified as partially active, due to secessionist/autonomy demands by the Chakmas and Brus. The Chakma and Reang tribes complain of religious and ethnic persecution, and complain that the dominant Mizo ethnic group, almost entirely Christian, wants to convert them to Christianity.<ref>{{cite book|author=Subir Bhaumik|title=Ethnicity, Ideology and Religion: Separatist movements in India's Northeast|url=https://apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf|year=2004|publisher=Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies|pages=229}}</ref>

== Manipur ==
{{Main|Insurgency in Manipur|Meitei nationalism}}
Manipur's long tradition of independence can be traced to the foundation of the [[Manipur (princely state)|Kangleipak State]] in 1110. The Kingdom of Manipur was conquered by [[Great Britain]] following the brief [[Anglo-Manipur War|Anglo-Manipuri War]] of 1891, becoming a British protectorate.<ref name=Psiu>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/insurgencies-in-manipur-politics-ideology/article95770.ece|title=Insurgencies in Manipur: politics & ideology|work=The Hindu|date=28 January 2010|access-date=30 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110081637/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/insurgencies-in-manipur-politics-ideology/article95770.ece|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Manipur became part of the Indian Union on 15 October 1949. Manipur's incorporation into the Indian state soon led to the formation of a number of insurgent organisations, seeking the creation of an independent state within the borders of Manipur, and dismissing the merger with India as involuntary.<ref name=CDPS>{{cite web|url=http://cdpsindia.org/manipur_insurgency.asp|title=Overview: Insurgency & Peace Efforts in Manipur|work=CDPS|date=26 January 2011|access-date=30 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206052141/http://cdpsindia.org/manipur_insurgency.asp|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Despite the fact that Manipur became a separate state of the Indian Union on 21 January 1972, the insurgency continued.<ref name=Psiu/>
On 8 September 1980, Manipur was declared an area of disturbance, when the Indian government imposed the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]] on the region; the act currently remains in force.<ref name=CDPS/>

The parallel rise of [[Naga nationalism]] in neighbouring [[Nagaland]] led to the emergence of the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN) activities in Manipur. Clashes between the Isak-Muivah and Khaplang factions of the NSCN further aggravated tensions, as [[Kuki people|Kuki tribals]] began creating their own guerrilla groups in order to protect their interests from alleged Naga violations. Skirmishes between the two ethnic groups took place during the 1990s. Other ethnic groups such as the [[Paite people|Paite]], [[Vaiphei people|Vaiphei]], [[Pangal]]s and [[Hmar people|Hmars]] followed suit establishing militant groups.<ref name=CDPS/>

The [[Kuki National Army]] also maintains one armed wing in Manipur.

=== UNLF (1964-present) ===
The first separatist faction known as the [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF) was founded on 24 November 1964.

=== Marxist & Maoist groups (1977-present) ===
Between 1977 and 1980, the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA), the [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (PREPAK) and the [[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (KCP), were formed, immediately joining the war.<ref name=CDPS/>

== Nagaland ==
{{Main|Naga nationalism|Ethnic conflict in Nagaland}}
Nagaland was created in 1963 as the 16th state of the Indian Union, before which it was a district of Assam. Active Naga-Kuki insurgent groups mainly demand full independence. The [[Naga National Council]] led by [[Phizo]] was the first group to dissent in 1947 and in 1956 they went underground.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

=== NSCN insurgency (1980-present) ===
The [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] was formed in 1980 to establish a Greater Nagaland, encompassing parts of Manipur, Nagaland, and the north Cachar hills (Assam). The NSCN split in 1988 to form two groups, NSCN(IM) and NSCN(K). As of 2015, both groups have observed a ceasefire truce with the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33762445 |title=India signs peace accord with Naga rebels |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2015 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715214955/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33762445 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|National Socialist Council of Nagaland—Khaplang]] is the second faction with the same aim of a Greater Nagaland and was formed in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-ambush-groups-that-attacked-the-6-dogra/|title=Manipur ambush: Groups that attacked the 6 Dogra|date=9 June 2015|access-date=9 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610113034/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-ambush-groups-that-attacked-the-6-dogra/|archive-date=10 June 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Suspected-NSCNK-militants-fire-at-Assam-Rifles-camp/articleshow/47573022.cms?|title=Suspected NSCN(K) militants fire at Assam Rifles camp|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613075408/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Suspected-NSCNK-militants-fire-at-Assam-Rifles-camp/articleshow/47573022.cms|archive-date=13 June 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/manipur-ambush-chinese-army-officials-in-touch-with-nscnk-leaders/|title=Manipur Ambush: 'Chinese Army officials in touch with NSCN(K) leaders'|date=9 June 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611231930/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/manipur-ambush-chinese-army-officials-in-touch-with-nscnk-leaders/|archive-date=11 June 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nscnk-move-at-behest-of-elements-in-china/article7295857.ece|title=NSCN(K) move at behest of elements in China?|author=Devesh K. Pandey, Dinakar Peri|work=The Hindu|date=9 June 2015|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110081637/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nscnk-move-at-behest-of-elements-in-china/article7295857.ece|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Tripura (1978-2009) ==
{{Main|Insurgency in Tripura}}
{{Further|Tripuri nationalism}}
The insurgent groups in [[Tripura]] emerged at the end of the 1970s, as ethnic tensions between the [[Bangladesh]]i infiltration and the tribal native population who were outnumbered by the former, hailing from other parts of India and nearby Bangladesh, which resulted in their being reduced to minority status even threatening them economically, socially, culturally; this resulted in a clarion call for safeguarding tribal rights and cultures. Such being the extent of desperation, this naturally resulted in hatred and suspicion and their status is classified as active.

The first militant outfit to form was [[Tripura National Volunteers]] (TNV), which was active until 1988.

The [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] was formed in March 1989. During the period 1992 to 2001, a total of 764 civilians and 184 members of the security forces were killed in NLFT attacks. In 2019, it signed the [[Tripura Peace Accord]] to end the insurgency.

The [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] was formed by local aboriginal tribes in 1990, who were gradually outnumbered both directly and indirectly, even at the cost of being threatened for their survival
economically and culturally, not to speak of their being reduced to minority population-wise; their sole aim is the expulsion of all [[Bengali language|Bangladeshi]] infiltration nearby Bangladesh.

== Assam Conflict ==
{{Main|Assam separatist movements|Bodo nationalism}}
[[Assam]] has been a refuge for militants for a number of years, due to its porous borders with [[Bangladesh]] and [[Bhutan]] and also due to its very close proximity to [[Myanmar|Burma]]. The main causes of the friction include anti-foreigner agitation in the 1980s, and the simmering indigenous-migrant tensions. The insurgency status in Assam is classified as "very active".{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} The government of Bangladesh has arrested and extradited senior leaders of the ULFA.<ref name="First Post">{{cite magazine|title=India to get back Ulfa leader Anup Chetia from Bangladesh|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/india-to-get-back-ulfa-leader-anup-chetia-from-bangladesh-919409.html|magazine=First Post|access-date=2014-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132232/http://www.firstpost.com/india/india-to-get-back-ulfa-leader-anup-chetia-from-bangladesh-919409.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Bodoland ===
*'''BLTF''' (1996-2003): The [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]] fought for autonomy of [[Bodoland]] under Prem Singh Brahma. It surrendered with the establishment of [[Bodoland Territorial Council]].
*'''NDFB''' (1986-2020): The [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] (NDFB) was formed in 1986 as the Bodo Security Force, and aims to set up an independent nation of [[Bodoland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/ndfb.htm|title=National Democratic Front of Bodoland|access-date=7 May 2017|publisher=SATP.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423103538/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/ndfb.htm|archive-date=23 April 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== ULFA (1990-present) ===

The [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] was formed in April 1979 to establish a sovereign state of Assam for the indigenous people of Assam through an armed struggle. In recent times the organisation has lost its middle rung leaders after most of them were arrested.<ref name="First Post"/>

=== KLO (1995-present) ===
The objective of the [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation]] (KLO) is to carve out a separate [[Kamtapur]] Nation. The proposed state is to comprise six districts in [[West Bengal]] and four contiguous districts of [[Assam]] which are [[Cooch Behar]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri]], North and South [[Dinajpur]] and [[Malda district|Malda]] of [[West Bengal]] and four contiguous districts of Assam – [[Kokrajhar]], [[Bongaigaon]], [[Dhubri]] and [[Goalpara]]. The KLO, in the beginning, was an unconcealed organisation, which was formed to address problems of the [[Koch Rajbongshi people]], such as large-scale unemployment, land alienation, perceived neglect of [[Rangpuri language|Kamtapuri language]], identity, and grievances of economic deprivation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/klo.htm|title=South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) on KLO|publisher=Satp.org|access-date=12 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216123552/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/klo.htm|archive-date=16 December 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Meghalaya ==
{{Main|Insurgency in Meghalaya}}
The state of [[Meghalaya]] was separated from the state of Assam in 1971, in order to satisfy the [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Synteng]] and [[Garo people|Garo]] for a separate state. The decision was initially praised as an example of successful national integration into the wider Indian state.<ref name=SwO>{{cite web|url=http://www.bethanylacina.com/Lacina_IndiaSeparatism_2013.pdf |title=Nationalism and the origins of separatist civil war in India |work=University of Rochester |access-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133721/http://www.bethanylacina.com/Lacina_IndiaSeparatism_2013.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>

This, however, failed to prevent the rise of [[national consciousness]] among the local tribal populations, later leading to a direct confrontation between [[Indian nationalism]] and the newly created Garo and Khasi nationalisms. A parallel rise of nationalism in the other members of the [[Seven Sister States]] further complicated the situation, resulting in occasional clashes between rebel groups.<ref name=SwO/>

The state wealth distribution system further fueled the rising separatist movements, as funding is practised through per-capita transfers, which largely benefits the leading ethnic group.<ref name=SwO/>

The first militant outfit to emerge in the region was the [[Hynniewtrep Achik Liberation Council]] (HALC). It was formed in 1992, aiming to protect the interests of Meghalaya's indigenous population from the rise of non-tribal ("Dkhar") immigration.<ref name=SoPR>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdpsindia.org/meghalaya_insurgency.asp|title=Overview: Insurgency & Peace Efforts in Meghalaya|work=CPDS|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205234530/http://cdpsindia.org/meghalaya_insurgency.asp|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A conflict of interest soon led to a split of the HALC. The Garo members formed the Achik Matgrik Liberation Army (AMLA) while the joint Jaintia-Khasi alliance of [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]] (HNLC) was formed in 1993. The HNLC claims to represent the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] - [[Pnar people|Jaintia people]], and its aim is to free Meghalaya from the alleged domination of the Garos and the outsiders (the "Dkhars").

The AMLA passed into obscurity, while the Achik National Volunteers Council (ANVC) took its place. The Garo-Khasi drift persisted as the HNLC had set up the goal of turning Meghalaya into an exclusively Khasi region; the ANVC, on the other hand, sought the creation of an independent state in the Garo Hills.<ref name=SoPR/>

A number of non-Meghalayan separatist groups have also operated in the region, including the [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] and the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/meghalaya/terrorist_outfits/plf_m.htm|title=People's Liberation Front of Meghalaya (PLF-M)|work=SATP|date=20 May 2014|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329033913/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/Meghalaya/terrorist_outfits/plf_m.htm|archive-date=29 March 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== GNLA insurgency (2010-present) ===
The most active outfit in the state is the Garo National Liberation Army (GNLA), which was formed in 2009.<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/Meghalaya/terrorist_outfits/GNLA.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709005608/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/meghalaya/terrorist_outfits/GNLA.HTM |date=9 July 2014 }} GNLA, Satp</ref>

== Other insurgent groups ==
=== In Assam ===
*'''UPDS''' (2004-2014): The [[United People's Democratic Solidarity]] was formed in March 1999 with the merger of two groups in Assam's [[Karbi Anglong]] district, the Karbi National Volunteers (KNV) and the Karbi People’s Front (KPF).{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} In 2004, the UPDS (Anti-Talks) renamed itself as the [[Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front|Karbi Longri North Cachar Hills Liberation Front (KLNLF)]], and its armed wing as the Karbi Longri North Cachar Hills Resistance Force (KNPR). In December 2014, the UPDS disbanded, following the mass surrender of all it cadres and leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2011dec14/assam_terror_outfit_disbands.html|title=Assam terror outfit disbands|date=14 December 2011|publisher=Twocircles.net|access-date=12 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016213258/http://twocircles.net/2011dec14/assam_terror_outfit_disbands.html|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

*'''KLNLF''' (2004-2021): The [[Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front]] is a militant group operating in the [[Karbi Anglong]] and [[Dima Hasao]] districts of [[Assam]] that was formed on 16 May 2004. The outfit claims to fight for the cause of Karbi tribes, and its declared objective is Hemprek Kangthim, meaning self-rule/self-determination of the [[Karbi people]]. It is closely linked with the ULFA ([[United Liberation Front of Assam]]){{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

*'''DHD''' (1995-2009): The [[Dima Halam Daoga]] (DHD) is a descendant of the Dimasa National Security Force (DNSF), which ceased operations in 1995. Commander-in-Chief Jewel Gorlosa, refused to surrender and launched the Dima Halam Daogah. After the peace agreement between the DHD and the central government in the year 2003, the group further broke out and DHD(J) also known as Black Widow was born which was led by Jewel Gorlosa. The Black Widow's declared objective is to create Dimaraji nation for the [[Dimasa people]] in [[Dima Hasao]] only. However the objective of DHD (Nunisa faction) is to include parts of Cachar, Karbi Anglong, and Nagaon districts in Assam, and sections of Dimapur district in Nagaland. In 2009 the group surrendered en masse to the [[CRPF]] and local police, 193 cadres surrendering on 2009-09-12 and another 171 on the 13th.<ref name=pti>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/281233_Over-360-militants-surrender-with-hi-tech-arms |title=Site Under Construction |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922213600/http://www.ptinews.com/news/281233_Over-360-militants-surrender-with-hi-tech-arms |archive-date=22 September 2009 }}</ref>

*'''MULTA''' (1996-present): The objective of the [[Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam]] (MULTA) is to establish an Islamic state in India under [[sharia]] law. The group composed of migrants and indigenous peoples who practiced Islam.<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/MULTA.htm |title=Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA) - Terrorist Group of Assam |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016095103/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/multa.htm |archive-date=16 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== Hmar ===
The Hmar People's Convention-Democracy (HPC-D) is an armed insurgency group formed in 1995 to create an independent [[Hmars|Hmar]] State in North East India. It is the offspring of the Hmar People's Convention (HPC), which entered into an agreement with the Government of Mizoram in 1994 resulting in the formation of the Sinlung Hills Development Council (SHDC) in North Mizoram. Their recruited cadres are from the States where the Hmar people are spread – Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya. The HPC(D) is demanding a separate administrative unit under the Sixth [[Third Schedule|Schedule of the Constitution of India]].{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

=== Taniland ===
{{Main|Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh}}
The National Liberation Council of Taniland (NLCT) was active along the Assam – Arunachal Pradesh border, and its members belong to the [[Tani (tribes)|Tani groups of people]] which are demanding [[Taniland]]. The group enjoys no support from the local population of Arunachal Pradesh who are fiercely pro-India and the group is all but defunct now.<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/detailsmall_news.asp?date1=10/22/2009&id=21 NSCN-IM designs to rejuvenate NLCT in Arunachal Pradesh, reveals investigation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012040439/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/detailsmall_news.asp?date1=10%2F22%2F2009&id=21 |date=12 October 2017 }}, ''South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP)''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bhaskarpegu.blogspot.in/2009/01/taniland-outfit-in-culminationorders.html|title=LOTTA|author=bhaskar pegu|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230193926/http://bhaskarpegu.blogspot.in/2009/01/taniland-outfit-in-culminationorders.html|archive-date=30 December 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Tani groups are one of the ethnic groups of northeast India (variously known as [[Mishing people|Mising]] in Assam and [[Adi people|Adi]], [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], [[Galo tribe|Galo]], Apatani, [[Tagin people|Tagin]], in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]) in India as well as the Lhoba in China who live along the frontier of India.<ref>[http://www.eurasiareview.com/21012014-india-outside-intrusions-arunachal-pradesh-analysis/ INDIA: OUTSIDE INTRUSIONS IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH – ANALYSIS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230203133/http://www.eurasiareview.com/21012014-india-outside-intrusions-arunachal-pradesh-analysis/ |date=30 December 2014 }}, ''Eurasia Review''</ref>

== Spillover in Bhutan ==
{{Main|Operation All Clear}}
Following the 1990 Operations ''Rhino'' and ''Bajrang'', Assamese separatist groups relocated their camps to Bhutan.<ref name=XdF/> In 1996 the Bhutan government became aware of a large number of camps on its southern border with India. The camps were set up by four Assamese separatist movements: the ULFA, NDFB, [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]] (BLTF) and [[Kamtapur Liberation Organization]] (KLO). The camps also harboured separatists belonging to the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN) and the [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] (ATTF).<ref name=CsV>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2010/02/09/Nation/HSEB-to-appoint-new-teachers/4979/|title=Operation All Clear: Bhutan's step for regional security|author=Anand Kumar|work=Kathmandu Post|date=25 December 2003|access-date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907005528/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2010/02/09/Nation/HSEB-to-appoint-new-teachers/4979/|archive-date=7 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

India then exerted diplomatic pressure on Bhutan, offering support in removing the rebel organisations from its soil. The government of Bhutan initially pursued a peaceful solution, opening dialogue with the militant groups on 1998. Five rounds of talks were held with ULFA, three rounds with DNFB, with KLO ignoring all invitations sent by the government. In June 2001 ULFA agreed to close down four of its camps; however, the Bhutanese government soon realized that the camps had simply been relocated.<ref name=XdF>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/IB18-OperationAllClear.pdf|title=Implications for insurgency and security cooperation|author=Dipankar Banerjee|work=IPCS|date=January 2004|access-date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040812/http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/IB18-OperationAllClear.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

By 2003 the talks had failed to produce any significant result. On 14 July 2003, military intervention was approved by the National Assembly.<ref name=XdF/> On 13 December 2003, the Bhutanese government issued a two-day ultimatum to the rebels. On 15 December 2003, after the ultimatum had expired, Operation All Clear – the first operation ever conducted by the [[Royal Bhutan Army]] – was launched.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EL19Df04.html|title=Bhutan army sees action at last|work=Asia Times|author=Arun Bhattacharjee|date=19 December 2003|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917165056/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EL19Df04.html|archive-date=17 September 2009|url-status=unfit|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

By 3 January 2004, the Royal Bhutan Army had killed about 120 militants. They managed to capture several senior ULFA commanders. Large numbers of rebels fled to [[Bangladesh]] and India. Militants also were dislodged from all 30 camps and 35 observation posts, with the camps burned and razed to the ground.<ref name=CsV/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/btbodo12d.html|title=RBA Makes Good Progress in Flushing Out Operations|work=Kuensel|access-date=26 October 2014|date=3 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814001308/http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/btbodo12d.html|archive-date=14 August 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Between 2008 and 2011, [[Royal Bhutan Police]] and [[Royal Bhutan Army]] personnel undertook numerous actions against alleged north Indian militants. Several firefights occurred while Bhutan military personnel were required to dispose of several explosive devices and destroyed a number of guerrilla camps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tsheringtobgay.com/monarchy/2011/thanking-our-armed-forces.html|title=Thanking our armed forces|author=Tshering Tobgay|date=16 December 2011|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141931/http://www.tsheringtobgay.com/monarchy/2011/thanking-our-armed-forces.html|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Spillover in Myanmar ==
{{main|Internal conflict in Myanmar|2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar}}
The [[India–Myanmar border|Indo-Burmese border]] was drawn over the homeland of many ethnic groups, such as the Mizos/Chins and the Nagas, with communities with strong ethnic ties living on both sides of the border. Several separatist groups have operated out of Myanmar, crossing into India via the porous border. <ref>{{cite web |title=A complex history and layered present: What determines India's response to military rule in Myanmar |date=20 May 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-complex-history-and-layered-present-what-determines-indias-response-to-military-rule-in-myanmar-7321626}}</ref>

India-Myanmar military cooperation dates back to the 1960s when the [[Tatmadaw]] intercepted Naga and Mizo rebels heading to China for training. Indian support for the pro-democracy movement in the 1980s had caused the Tatmadaw to stop their operations against the northeastern rebel groups. <ref name="TelegraphIndia">{{cite web |title=Myanmar's army is increasingly turning to India for training and weapons |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/myanmar-s-army-is-increasingly-turning-to-india-for-training-and-weapons/cid/1688466 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref>

After the [[2015 Manipur ambush]], India conducted surgical strikes against [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN-K]] camps inside [[Myanmar]], and inflicted significant casualties.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/myanmar-operation-70-commandos-finish-task-in-40-minutes/article7302348.ece|title=Myanmar operation: 70 commandos finish task in 40 minutes|date=10 June 2015|work=thehindu.com}}</ref>

In February and June 2019, Indian army and the Burmese [[Tatmadaw]] carried out joint operations ''Sunrise'' and ''Sunrise II'', targeting in co-ordination several militant groups along the Indo-Burma border including the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation (KLO), the NSCN-K, the United Liberation Front of Assam (I) and the National Democratic Front of Boroland (NDFB).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armies-of-india-myanmar-target-ne-militants-in-coordinated-operation/articleshow/69810618.cms |title=Armies of India, Myanmar target NE militants in coordinated operation |date=16 June 2019 |work=India Times}}</ref> In February, Burmese troops stormed the NSCN-K headquarters at [[Taga, Myanmar|Taga]]. The Indian army reciprocated by starting a major operation against the [[Arakan Army]] in south Mizoram. <ref name="TelegraphIndia"/>

== Alliances ==

=== CorCom ===
In [[Manipur]] the following militant groups have come together as the CorCOM<ref>{{cite web|title=The heart of revolutionary movement in Manipur is CorCom|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2014/07/the-heart-of-revolutionary-movement-in-manipur-is-corcom/|publisher=Kangla Online|access-date=2014-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909010014/http://kanglaonline.com/2014/07/the-heart-of-revolutionary-movement-in-manipur-is-corcom/|archive-date=9 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CorCom promises new face of revolution|url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..080714.jul14|publisher=E-Pao.net|access-date=2014-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909004507/http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..080714.jul14|archive-date=9 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which is a short name for Coordination Committee.<ref>[http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/corcom-coordination-committee CorCom (Coordination Committee)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230180541/http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/corcom-coordination-committee |date=30 December 2014 }}, ''Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium''</ref>

* [[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (KCP),
* [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]] (KYKL),
* [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (PREPAK), People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak-Pro (PREPAK-Pro),
* [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|Revolutionary People's Front]] (RPF)
* [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF)
* [[United People's Party of Kangleipak]] (UPPK)

CorCom is on the extremist organisations list of the Government of India, and is responsible for many bombings usually associated with Indian holidays and elections.<ref>[http://www.manipurtimes.com/news-article/the-peoples-chronicle-news/item/5972-corcom-in-goi-extremist-organisations-list CorCom in GOI extremist organisations list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230180617/http://www.manipurtimes.com/news-article/the-peoples-chronicle-news/item/5972-corcom-in-goi-extremist-organisations-list |date=30 December 2014 }}, ''Manipur Times''</ref>

=== WESEA Forum ===
Some of the above-mentioned militant groups have formed an alliance to fight against the governments of India, Bhutan and Myanmar. They use the term '''"Western Southeast Asia" (WESEA)'''<ref>[http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/43306/freedom-is-our-birthright-irengbam-chaoren-i Freedom is our birthright] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230203315/http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/43306/freedom-is-our-birthright-irengbam-chaoren-i |date=30 December 2014 }}, ''The Sangai Express'', Manipur</ref><ref>[http://www.sentinelassam.com/state.php?sec=2&subsec=2&ppr=1&dtP=2013-12-08 NDFB warns against divisive policies of Congress and AGP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101132/http://www.sentinelassam.com/state.php?sec=2&subsec=2&ppr=1&dtP=2013-12-08 |date=24 September 2015 }}, ''The Sentinel'', Assam</ref> to describe the region in which they operate: [[Northeast India]], [[Bhutan]], [[North Bengal]] and [[Myanmar]]. These groups include:<ref>{{cite web|title=NE rebels call general strike on I-Day|url=http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/41765/ne-rebels-call-general-strike-on-i-day|publisher=The Sangai Express|access-date=2014-09-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909031515/http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/41765/ne-rebels-call-general-strike-on-i-day|archive-date=2014-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=11 rebel groups call for Republic Day boycott|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/11-rebel-groups-call-for-Republic-Day-boycott/articleshow/29194133.cms|newspaper=The Times Of India|access-date=2014-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126012141/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/11-rebel-groups-call-for-Republic-Day-boycott/articleshow/29194133.cms|archive-date=26 January 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

* The [[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (KCP), [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]] (KYKL), [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (PREPAK), People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak-Pro (PREPAK-Pro), [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|Revolutionary People's Front]] and [[United National Liberation Front]] of [[Manipur]]
* [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]] of [[Meghalaya]],
* [[Kamtapur Liberation Organization]], which operates in [[Assam]] and [[North Bengal]],
* [[ULFA|United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)]]
* [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] of [[Tripura]].

=== United National Liberation Front of WESEA ===

Nine militant groups of the northeast, including the NSCN (Khaplang) and the ULFA faction led by Paresh Baruah, have come together to form a new unified front known as [[United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia|UNLFW]] during a meeting held in Myanmar in early 2015.<ref>[http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/National/NationalNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDA3OTI3OA%3D%3D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110081637/http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/National/NationalNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDA3OTI3OA%3D%3D |date=10 January 2016 }} Chinese blessings: Nine NE militant groups join hands, ''Nagaland Post''</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nine-miltant-groups-of-north-east-form-united-front-with-chinese-blessings/article1-1340500.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426194614/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nine-miltant-groups-of-north-east-form-united-front-with-chinese-blessings/article1-1340500.aspx |date=26 April 2015 }} Nine militant groups of NE form united front with Chinese blessings, ''Hindustan Times''</ref> Besides the NSCN (K) and ULFA-Independent, other groups that participated in the meeting held at Taga in Sagaing division of Myanmar earlier this month were the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Kanglei Yawol Kunna Lup (KYKL), the People’s Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK), the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), the United National Liberation Front (UNLF) and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (Songbijit faction) (NDFB).

=== All Muslim United Liberation Forum of Assam ===
The MULTA is said to be part of the AMULFA, an organization that rejects separatism in favor of sharia law.<ref name="Archived copy"/>

== Counter-insurgency ==
In 1955, an order of the day from the then [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]] to troops fighting insurgency in the north-east read,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Raghavan|first=V. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgCqCQAAQBAJ|title=Internal Conflicts: Military Perspectives|date=2012-08-22|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-82573-40-1|pages=190|language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=You must remember that all the people of the area in which you are operating are fellow-Indians... and the very fact that they are different and yet part of India is a reflection of India’s greatness. Some of these people are misguided and have taken to arms against their own people, and are disrupting the peace in this area. You are to protect the mass of the people from these disruptive elements. You are not there to fight the people in the area, but to protect them. You are fighting only those who threaten the people and who are a danger to the lives and properties of the people. You must therefore, do everything possible to win their confidence and respect and to help them feel that they belong to India.}}

== Assam-Mizoram border conflict ==
The dispute over the 165-km Assam-Mizoram border has its origin in British era demarcations. In 1995, the first major skirmishes were reported in Lushai Hills along the border. In 2018, 50 people were injured in clashes between Mizo activists and Assam police.

On July 26, 2021, five Assam police personnel were killed in an exchange of fire with their Mizoram counterparts at the border town of Vairengte.

Assam also has border disputes with Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh.

== See also ==
* [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983]]
* [[Separatist movements of India]]
* [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[Internal conflict in Myanmar]]
* [[Human rights in India]]
* [[List of organisations banned by the Government of India]]
* [[Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh]]

== Further reading ==

* A. Lanunungsang Ao; ''From Phizo to Muivah: The Naga National Question;'' New Delhi 2002
* ''Blisters on their feet: tales of internally displaced persons in India's North East;'' Los Angeles [u.a.] 2008; {{ISBN|978-81-7829-819-1}}
* Dutta, Anuradha; ''Assam in the Freedom Movement;'' Calcutta 1991
* Hazarika, Sanjoy; ''Strangers of the Mist: Tales of War and Peace from India's Northeast;'' New Delhi u.a. 1994
* Horam, M.; ''Naga insurgency: the last thirty years;'' New Delhi 1988
* International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (Hrsg.); ''The Naga nation and its struggle against genocide;'' Kopenhagen 1986
* Nibedom, Nirmal; ''The Night of the Guerillas;'' Delhi 1978
* Srikanth, H.; Thomas, C. J.; ''Naga Resistance Movement and the Peace Process in Northeast India;'' in: Peace and Democracy in South Asia, Vol. I (2005)
* ''Terrorism and separatism in North-East India;'' Delhi 2004; {{ISBN|81-7835-261-3}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|last= Rashid
|first= Ahmed
|author-link = Ahmed Rashid
|title= Pakistan on the Brink. The future of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the West
|date= 2013
|edition= Penguin Paperback
|orig-year=1st pub. 2012
|publisher= Penguin Books
|location= London
|isbn= 978-0-241-96007-3
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.tni.org/report/other-burma "The Other Burma: Conflict, counter-insurgency and human rights in Northeast India"]
* [http://www.clawsindia.in/index.php?action=master&task=199&u_id=57 Mansi Mehrotra Bodo Uprising]{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090913175312/http://www.sinlung.com/category/northeast Sinlung]
* [http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/3540/EWCWwp010.pdf;jsessionid=8B356F2092F36BC3F3709EC9FC0602D0?sequence=1 Insurgencies in Northeast India:Conflict, Co-option, and Change]
* [http://www.jneis.com/ Journal of North East India Studies]

{{Ongoing military conflicts}}
{{India separatist movements}}
{{Post-Cold War Asian conflicts}}
{{Military of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Insurgency In Northeast India}}
[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:21st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2013]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2014]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2015]]
[[Category:Internal security issues of India]]
[[Category:Separatism in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:Wars involving Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Wars involving Bhutan]]
[[Category:Wars involving Myanmar]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India| ]]
[[Category:Ongoing insurgencies]]
[[Category:Insurgencies in Asia]]
[[Category:Proxy wars]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Islamist insurgencies]]

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Insurgency in Northeast India