https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=71.164.154.82Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-05T01:13:59ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanguva&diff=550837Kanguva2026-05-30T09:35:11Z<p>71.164.154.82: basic expand references as per guidelines and added references</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Siva}}<br />
{{distinguish|Kangua}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Kanguva poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Siva (director)|Siva]]<br />
| story = Siva<br />Aadhi Narayana<br />
| screenplay = Siva<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = [[Madhan Karky]]<br />
}}<br />
| producer = {{ubl|[[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]|V. Vamsi Krishna Reddy|Pramod Uppalapati}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Suriya]]<br />
* [[Bobby Deol]]<br />
* [[Disha Patani]]<br />
}}<br />
| narrator = [[Arvind Swamy]]<!--Do not add dubbed versions. Films can be dubbed in any number of languages around the world.--><br />
| cinematography = [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetrivel Palanisamy]]<br />
| editing = [[Nishadh Yusuf]]<br />
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
| studio = {{ubl|[[Studio Green]]|UV Creations}}<br />
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]<br />
| released = {{film date|2024|11|14|df=yes}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| runtime = 155 minutes (original)<br />143 minutes (trimmed)<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=''Kanguva'' |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kanguva-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0mza5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241120071134/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kanguva-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0mza5 |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanguva |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=MDMwMzE1MTEyMDI0MDAwMjE= |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241127043041/https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=MDMwMzE1MTEyMDI0MDAwMjE= |archive-date=27 November 2024 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref><br />
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|300–350}} crore<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2023 |title=Most expensive Indian films of all time |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/entertainment/bollywood/most-expensive-indian-films-of-all-time-project-k-kalki-2898-ad-adipurush-jawan-rrr-brahmastra-1696008893488 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002200002/https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/ntertainment/bollywood/most-expensive-indian-films-of-all-time-project-k-kalki-2898-ad-adipurush-jawan-rrr-brahmastra-1696008893488 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2024 |title=Kanguva Teaser: Suriya and Bobby Deol starrer Promises Visual Spectacle |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kanguva-teaser-suriya-and-bobby-deol-starrer-promises-visual-spectacle-866425 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629230510/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kanguva-teaser-suriya-and-bobby-deol-starrer-promises-visual-spectacle-866425 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2024 |title=Kanguva's new poster is out; movie gets a new release date. Check Details |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/kanguva-s-new-poster-is-out-movie-gets-a-new-release-date-check-details-124091900961_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923091124/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/kanguva-s-new-poster-is-out-movie-gets-a-new-release-date-check-details-124091900961_1.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|106}} crore<ref name="BOHT" /><ref name="BOBS" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kanguva''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ŋ|ɡ|ʊ|ˈ|v|ɑː}} {{Translation|Man with the power of fire}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=17 April 2023 |title='Kanguva is a fictional story set in an imaginary world': Director Shiva |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/apr/17/kanguva-is-a-fictional-story-set-in-an-imaginary-world-director-shiva-2566507.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423053633/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/apr/17/kanguva-is-a-fictional-story-set-in-an-imaginary-world-director-shiva-2566507.html |archive-date=23 April 2023 |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy action film]]{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="genre" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2023 |title=Suriya 42 is titled 'Kanguva', will release in 2024; Watch teaser video |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/suriya-42-is-titled-kanguva-will-release-in-2024-watch-teaser-video/articleshow/99536471.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428155731/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/suriya-42-is-titled-kanguva-will-release-in-2024-watch-teaser-video/articleshow/99536471.cms |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Shreyanka |date=15 April 2023 |title=Suriya 42 Is Titled 'Kanguva', Fans Excited As Title Teaser To Be Launched Tomorrow |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/suriya-42-is-titled-kanguva-fans-excited-as-title-teaser-to-be-launched-tomorrow-7557967.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422120511/https://www.news18.com/movies/suriya-42-is-titled-kanguva-fans-excited-as-title-teaser-to-be-launched-tomorrow-7557967.html |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>}} directed by [[Siva (director)|Siva]] and produced by [[Studio Green]], together with UV Creations. The film stars [[Suriya]] in dual roles, alongside [[Bobby Deol]], [[Disha Patani]], [[Natty Subramaniam]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Redin Kingsley]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Ravi Raghavendra]] and [[Karunas]]. It is the Tamil debut of Deol and Patani. The film follows Francis Theodore, a [[bounty hunter]] in 2024, whose connection with a child is mysteriously connected to a fierce tribal warrior's promise to a child in the year 1070.<br />
<br />
The film was officially announced in April 2019 under the tentative title ''Suriya 39'', as it was to be the actor's 39th film as a leading actor; however, it was shelved due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and work conflicts. The project restarted in August 2022, under the tentative title ''Suriya 42.'' [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month and lasted for seventeen months before [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping]] up in January 2024. The title ''Kanguva'' was announced in April 2023. Filming locations included [[Chennai]], [[Goa]], [[Kerala]], [[Kodaikanal]] and [[Rajahmundry]]. The film has music composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], cinematography handled by [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetrivel Palanisamy]] and editing by [[Nishadh Yusuf]]. Produced on a budget of around {{INR|300–350}} crore, it is one of the [[List of most expensive Indian films#Films|most expensive Indian films]] ever made.<br />
<br />
''Kanguva'' was released worldwide on 14 November 2024 in standard, 3D and [[IMAX]] formats to negative reviews from critics. The film grossed {{INR}}106 crore, making it a box-office failure.<ref name="BOHT" /><ref name="BOBS" /><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
In 2024, Zeta, a young test subject for brain enhancement and superpower experiments, escapes from a Russian biomedical facility near the Indian border. The facility's commander deploys troops to recapture him. Meanwhile, in [[Goa]], bounty hunter Francis Theodore works with his friend, Colt 95, under the [[Goa Police]], apprehending criminals. Complicating matters, Francis's ex-girlfriend, Angela, and her partner, Accelerator, are rival bounty hunters.<br />
<br />
Zeta, now in Goa, encounters Francis and starts following him. After witnessing Colt kill a bounty target, Zeta seeks refuge with Angela but is quickly retrieved by Francis. While travelling with Francis, Zeta suffers a seizure. Francis takes Zeta to the hospital. He allows the child to stay with Colt and himself. At Francis's home, he begins drawing tribal patterns on the walls, triggering mysterious flashbacks from Francis's past life. The troops tracking Zeta eventually locate him, launching an attack on Francis and his team. Zeta is captured, prompting Francis to pursue them. As the chase unfolds, fragments of Francis's past are revealed.<br />
<br />
In 1070, Roman soldiers attempted to conquer Perumaachi, one of the five islands near the southern Indian subcontinent. With the help of Koduvan, a local inhabitant, they kill 100 warriors defending the island. However, one survivor, Selumaara, escapes and alerts the chieftain, Senthee. In retaliation, Senthee's son, Kanguva "Kanga", executes Koduvan in front of the tribe. Overcome with grief, Aeral, Koduvan's wife entrusts their son, Poruva, to Kanga before committing suicide by running into a fire. Kanga raises Poruva as his protégé and trains him to become a warrior.<br />
<br />
Failing to capture Perumaachi, the Romans allied with Udhiran, the chieftain of the neighbouring island, Arathi, adding to the existing feud between the two islands. Udhiran's two sons, Angasan and Atangkali lead an assault on Kanga and his tribe. During the conflict, Poruva stabs Kanga; despite this, Kanga overcomes his injuries, defeats Udhiran's sons, and later finds Poruva. He takes him back to Perumaachi, but the tribe banishes both to the uninhabited Dark Island. Kanga and Poruva grow closer, forming a strong bond at the Dark Island. Meanwhile, Udhiran kills the Romans who blames him for the failure.<br />
<br />
The women of Perumaachi eventually kill Udhiran's third son, Thumpan prompting Udhiran killing Perumaachi people including Senthee who delivered the items before dying to Kanga who was heartbroken about his death after learning about the incident and launch a final attack on the Dark Island. Kanga defeats Udhiran's forces but Poruva is captured by one of Udhiran's ally while battling them and taken to his ship. Kanga goes to rescue Poruva and confronts Udhiran aboard his ship. In a selfless act, Poruva sacrifices himself to ensure Kanga's victory. Devastated, Kanga kills Udhiran and vows to dedicate his future life to honouring Poruva's sacrifice. With Udhiran's lineage seemingly eradicated, his illegitimate son, Rathaangasan, born to a concubine, vows revenge.<br />
<br />
In 2024, Francis is revealed to be the reincarnation of Kanguva, while Zeta is the reincarnation of Poruva. Francis tracks them down and attacks the plane Zeta is in. He retrieves Zeta and has a brief moment where Kanga takes over him. Francis is still confused by his connection to Zeta and takes him in, unsure why he feels differently towards him. Meanwhile, the facility commander, Ryan, is revealed to be the reincarnation of Rathaangasan. Fully aware of his past life, the commander chooses to capture Zeta and Francis.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Suriya]] in dual roles as:<br />
** Kanguvan "Kanguva" "Kanga"{{efn|The character is referred to by both names.}}<br />
** Francis Theodore<br />
* [[Bobby Deol]] as Udhiran<br />
* [[Disha Patani]] as Angela ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by Krithika Nelson)<br />
* [[Natty Subramaniam]] as Koduvan, Poruvan's father<br />
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Nolasco Raposo<br />
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Colt 95<br />
* [[Redin Kingsley]] as Accelerator<br />
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Francis's mother<br />
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] in a cameo appearance in the song "Yolo" as Francis' friend<br />
* [[Ravi Raghavendra]] as Francis' father<br />
* [[Karunas]] as Sudaran<br />
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Miyasan<br />
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as Atangkaali<br />
* [[Kalairani]] as a villager<br />
* [[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Karaikoothan, Udhiran's aide<br />
* [[Vasundhara Kashyap]] as Aeral, Koduvan's wife and Poruvan's mother<br />
* B. S. Avinash as Senthee Thangaiyan<br />
* [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]] as Vijuran<br />
* [[Vatsan Chakravarthy]] as Thumban<br />
* Aniket Chouhan as Angasan<br />
* Saiyoen Nandan in dual roles as:<br />
** Poruvan "Poruva"<br />
** Zeta<br />
* [[Karthi]] in a cameo appearance in dual roles as:<br />
** Rathaangasan<br />
** Commander Ryan<br />
*[[Bjorn Surrao]] in a cameo appearance in the song "Yolo"<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
In March 2019, two months after the release of director [[Siva (director)|Siva]]'s ''[[Viswasam]]'', reports claimed that actor [[Suriya]] would collaborate with Siva for a film to be produced by [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] of [[Studio Green]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2019 |title=Suriya's next with director Siva? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-next-with-director-siva/articleshow/68344067.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511121033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-next-with-director-siva/articleshow/68344067.cms |archive-date=11 May 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=8 March 2019 |title=Suriya 39: Director Siva to team up with Suriya next! |url=https://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/suriya-39-director-siva-team-suriya-next/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719170420/http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/suriya-39-director-siva-team-suriya-next/ |archive-date=19 July 2019 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=Onlookers Media}}</ref> The project was in talks for quite a few months and Siva had committed to do a film with Studio Green for more than a year. On 22 April 2019, the film was announced under the [[Working title|tentative title]] ''Suriya 39'', being the 39th film of Suriya in a leading role. The project was confirmed to be bankrolled by Gnanavel Raja under Studio Green and was supposed to start filming after Suriya had completed work on ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=23 April 2019 |title=Suriya, director Siva join hands for first time for Suriya 39 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/suriya-director-siva-join-hands-for-first-time-for-suriya-39/story-ezUZdw8CNJcPTt69abfTCL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413012312/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/suriya-director-siva-join-hands-for-first-time-for-suriya-39/story-ezUZdw8CNJcPTt69abfTCL.html |archive-date=13 April 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=Suriya to team up with Viswasam director Siruthai Siva for a family entertainer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-to-team-up-with-viswasam-director-siruthai-siva-for-a-family-entertainer-1508006-2019-04-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308155608/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-to-team-up-with-viswasam-director-siruthai-siva-for-a-family-entertainer-1508006-2019-04-23 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> During May, [[Nayanthara]] was reportedly in talks to be the lead actress. According to sources, the film would be a family drama set in a village, similar to ''Viswasam''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2019 |title=Siruthai Siva's film with Suriya and Nayanthara to be on lines of Ajith's Viswasam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-to-romance-nayanthara-in-siruthai-siva-s-film-1525473-2019-05-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808200237/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-to-romance-nayanthara-in-siruthai-siva-s-film-1525473-2019-05-15 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2019 |title=Nayanthara cast opposite Suriya in Siva's movie? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/nayanthara-suriya-siva-film-5730154/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603063501/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/nayanthara-suriya-siva-film-5730154/ |archive-date=3 June 2019 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> However, before filming could begin, Siva decided to direct a film starring [[Rajinikanth]] (later titled ''[[Annaatthe]]'') which he had signed up even before the Suriya project. Suriya agreed to Rajinikanth's request to spare Siva for four months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=12 October 2019 |title=Rajinikanth's next with Sirutthai Siva grabbed by Sun Pictures |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/121019/rajinikanths-next-with-sirutthai-siva-grabbed-by-sun-pictures.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016175608/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/121019/rajinikanths-next-with-sirutthai-siva-grabbed-by-sun-pictures.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The start of filming was later pushed to November 2021 which did not pan out.<ref name="News18">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Tamil Star Suriya to Start Filming for Siva's Next Before 'Vaadivasal' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-star-suriya-to-start-filming-for-sivas-next-before-vaadivasal-4228157.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011163109/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-star-suriya-to-start-filming-for-sivas-next-before-vaadivasal-4228157.html |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> ''Suriya 39'' would later become ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' (2021), a separate project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Suriya's Jai Bhim first-look poster out, actor to play lawyer in film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-s-jai-bhim-first-look-poster-out-on-his-birthday-actor-to-play-a-lawyer-1831818-2021-07-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725064059/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-s-jai-bhim-first-look-poster-out-on-his-birthday-actor-to-play-a-lawyer-1831818-2021-07-23 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=23 July 2021 |title=Jai Bhim first look: Suriya plays a lawyer in his next |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-39-first-look-suriya-plays-a-lawyer-in-jai-bhim-7418953/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814131915/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-39-first-look-suriya-plays-a-lawyer-in-jai-bhim-7418953/ |archive-date=14 August 2021 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pre-production ===<br />
Siva began pre-production works on his film with Suriya in January 2021 when filming of ''Annaatthe'' was suspended due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2021 |title=Annaatthe delay forces Siva to start the pre-production of Suriya's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/annaatthe-delay-forces-siva-to-start-the-pre-production-of-suriyas-film/articleshow/80364120.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602001535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/annaatthe-delay-forces-siva-to-start-the-pre-production-of-suriyas-film/articleshow/80364120.cms |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2021 |title=Siva to work on Suriya's film as Rajinikanth starrer Annaatthe gets delayed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siva-to-work-on-suriya-film-as-rajinikanth-starrer-annaatthe-gets-delayed-7155506/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602001536/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siva-to-work-on-suriya-film-as-rajinikanth-starrer-annaatthe-gets-delayed-7155506/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> During that September, sets were erected in EVP Film City in [[Chennai]].<ref name="News18" /> In January 2022, Suriya affirmed that his film with Siva was still underway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=26 January 2022 |title=India's Suriya Talks Amazon Deal, 'Jai Bhim,' Future Projects (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/suriya-amazon-jai-bhim-oscars-1235161745/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306113846/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/suriya-amazon-jai-bhim-oscars-1235161745/ |archive-date=6 March 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2022 |title=It's confirmed! Suriya to join hands with directors Siva and Sudha Kongara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-confirmed-suriya-to-join-hands-with-directors-siva-and-sudha-kongara/articleshow/89173171.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527183906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-confirmed-suriya-to-join-hands-with-directors-siva-and-sudha-kongara/articleshow/89173171.cms |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> That March, either [[Anirudh Ravichander]] or [[Ravi Basrur]] were reported to be replacing [[D. Imman]], who was initially announced as the music composer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2022 |title=Suriya&nbsp;— Siva film to have Anirudh Ravichander's music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-siva-film-to-have-anirudh-ravichanders-music/articleshow/90393427.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710152610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-siva-film-to-have-anirudh-ravichanders-music/articleshow/90393427.cms |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, the makers chose [[Devi Sri Prasad]].<ref name="dsp">{{Cite news |date=19 August 2022 |title=Disha Patani and Devi Sri Prasad roped in for Suriya's film with Siruthai Siva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/disha-patani-and-devi-sri-prasad-roped-in-for-suriyas-film-with-siruthai-siva/articleshow/93663476.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831090756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/disha-patani-and-devi-sri-prasad-roped-in-for-suriyas-film-with-siruthai-siva/articleshow/93663476.cms |archive-date=31 August 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was launched on 21 August in [[Agaram Foundation]], [[Chennai]] with a customary [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony and was tentatively titled ''Suriya 42'', as it became Suriya's 42nd film in a leading role.<ref name=":)">{{Cite news |date=21 August 2022 |title='Suriya 42' begins with a pooja: Here is the list of cast and crew you need to know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-begins-with-a-pooja-here-is-the-list-of-cast-and-crew-you-need-to-know/articleshow/93687798.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902025346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-begins-with-a-pooja-here-is-the-list-of-cast-and-crew-you-need-to-know/articleshow/93687798.cms |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 24 August, Studio Green and UV Creations announced that they would jointly produce the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=24 August 2022 |title=Suriya officially announces commencement of Suriya 42; posts picture with Siva and Devi Sri Prasad |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/suriya-officially-announces-commencement-of-suriya-42-posts-picture-with-siva-and-devi-sri-prasad/f3f82e0aa6682 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129192318/https://www.ottplay.com/news/suriya-officially-announces-commencement-of-suriya-42-posts-picture-with-siva-and-devi-sri-prasad/f3f82e0aa6682 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]] and Richard Kevin were recruited to handle the cinematography and editing, respectively. Supreme Sundar was reported to have been chosen as the stunt choreographer.<ref name=":)" /> The film's motion poster was released on 9 September and revealed that it was a period action film, which would be released in [[3D film|3D]]. Nishadh Yusuf, of ''[[Thallumaala]]'' (2022) fame, replaced Kevin as the editor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2022 |title='Suriya 42': Motion poster of Suriya-Siva film out; Disha Patani to play female lead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suriya-42-motion-poster-of-suriya-siva-film-out-disha-patani-to-play-female-lead/article65869973.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211105722/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suriya-42-motion-poster-of-suriya-siva-film-out-disha-patani-to-play-female-lead/article65869973.ece |archive-date=11 February 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 16 April 2023, the title was announced as ''Kanguva'' through a title announcement teaser.<ref name="genre">{{Cite web |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=16 April 2023 |title=Suriya, Disha Patani's Suriya 42 is titled Kanguva, film to release in 2024. Watch intense teaser |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-disha-patanis-suriya-42-is-titled-kanguva-film-to-release-in-2024-watch-intense-teaser-2360661-2023-04-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416043323/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-disha-patanis-suriya-42-is-titled-kanguva-film-to-release-in-2024-watch-intense-teaser-2360661-2023-04-16 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Kumudam]]'' in late April, [[G. Dhananjayan]], who was in constant communication with the film's producers, said that the film could have a sequel. He said that the film's story was extensive, and the producers were unwilling to shorten it. Both Siva and Gnanavel Raja had been planning to create a sequel and Suriya had already agreed to it. Dhananjayan added that the decision to make a sequel would be made after filming ended.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Suriya's Kanguva could have a sequel; Suriya's character to have many dimensions |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/suriyas-kanguva-could-have-a-sequel-suriyas-character-to-have-many-dimensions/afb308e970183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428155212/https://www.ottplay.com/news/suriyas-kanguva-could-have-a-sequel-suriyas-character-to-have-many-dimensions/afb308e970183 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2023 |title=Suriya starrer 'Kanguva' will have a sequel to follow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-starrer-kanguva-will-have-a-sequel-to-follow/articleshow/99838495.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428104210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-starrer-kanguva-will-have-a-sequel-to-follow/articleshow/99838495.cms |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=28 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
Suriya would reportedly be seen in 13 different looks in the film, breaking the record set by his earlier film ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' (2009), he was seen in ten different looks.<ref name="looks">{{Cite news |date=29 December 2022 |title=Suriya will be sporting 13 different looks in Siruthai Siva's directorial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-will-be-sporting-13-different-looks-in-siruthai-sivas-directorial/articleshow/96594329.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230080224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-will-be-sporting-13-different-looks-in-siruthai-sivas-directorial/articleshow/96594329.cms |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The makeup artist Ranjith Ambady and his team took references from ''[[Apocalypto]]'' (2006) for designing one of Suriya's looks for the periodic portions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2023 |title=Suriya's look for 'Kanguva' is inspired by this American film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-look-for-kanguva-is-inspired-by-this-american-film/articleshow/105204083.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116154051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-look-for-kanguva-is-inspired-by-this-american-film/articleshow/105204083.cms |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> For his role, Suriya further shed 5 kilograms for his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2023 |title=Suriya reduces kilos for 'Kanguva', the latest picture of the actor goes viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-reduces-kilos-for-kanguva-the-latest-picture-of-the-actor-goes-viral/articleshow/105407880.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310185731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-reduces-kilos-for-kanguva-the-latest-picture-of-the-actor-goes-viral/articleshow/105407880.cms |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2022, Hindi actress [[Disha Patani]] was reportedly paired opposite Suriya, marking her Tamil debut.<ref name="dsp" /> Patani's inclusion was confirmed on 9 September.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=9 September 2022 |title='Suriya 42' motion poster: Siruthai Siva promises to present a fiery avatar of Suriya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-motion-poster-siruthai-siva-promises-to-present-a-fiery-avatar-of-suriya/articleshow/94090448.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913040328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-motion-poster-siruthai-siva-promises-to-present-a-fiery-avatar-of-suriya/articleshow/94090448.cms |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Yogi Babu]], [[Redin Kingsley]], [[Kovai Sarala]] and [[Anandaraj]] were reportedly cast in late-August to play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=Disha Patani makes her Tamil debut with Suriya 42 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/disha-patani-makes-her-tamil-debut-with-suriya-42-8113181/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921234119/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/disha-patani-makes-her-tamil-debut-with-suriya-42-8113181/ |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> That September, [[Ravi Raghavendra]] revealed his participation in the film,<ref name="*" /> while [[K. S. Ravikumar]] was reported being part of the cast in October, after he had shot for his portions in the second schedule of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2022 |title='Suriya 42': KS Ravikumar joins Suriya's film with Siruthai Siva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-ks-ravikumar-joins-suriyas-film-with-siruthai-siva/articleshow/94840088.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120003019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-ks-ravikumar-joins-suriyas-film-with-siruthai-siva/articleshow/94840088.cms |archive-date=20 November 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=KS Ravikumar joins Suriya 42 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/13/ks-ravikumar-joins-suriya-42-35581.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321000916/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/13/ks-ravikumar-joins-suriya-42-35581.html |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Kannada actor B. S. Avinash was cast in late April 2023.<ref name="_" /> It was only by late June that he announced his participation.<ref name="_">{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title='K.G.F' actor Avinash joins Suriya's 'Kanguva' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/k-g-f-actor-avinash-joins-suriyas-kanguva/articleshow/101167114.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704101507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/k-g-f-actor-avinash-joins-suriyas-kanguva/articleshow/101167114.cms |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title='KGF'-fame BS Avinash joins the cast of Suriya-Siva's 'Kanguva' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kgf-fame-bs-avinash-joins-the-cast-of-suriya-sivas-kanguva/article66993719.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630170255/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kgf-fame-bs-avinash-joins-the-cast-of-suriya-sivas-kanguva/article66993719.ece |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Towards the end of July 2023, Hindi actor [[Bobby Deol]] was brought on board as the main antagonist, making his Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=24 July 2023 |title=Bobby Deol is the main villain in Suriya-starrer 'Kanguva'. Details inside |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bobby-deol-is-the-main-villain-in-suriya-starrer-kanguva-details-inside-2410848-2023-07-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724113949/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bobby-deol-is-the-main-villain-in-suriya-starrer-kanguva-details-inside-2410848-2023-07-24 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Deol signed the film long before the release of his comeback breakthrough ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023),<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=19 August 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Bobby Deol reveals he signed Kanguva before Animal; always wanted to work with Suriya: 'He is a great actor' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/exclusive-bobby-deol-reveals-signed-kanguva-animal-always-wanted-work-suriya-great-actor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821161447/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/exclusive-bobby-deol-reveals-signed-kanguva-animal-always-wanted-work-suriya-great-actor/ |archive-date=21 August 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> and described his role to be "out of his comfort zone" as he had to be fluent in Tamil and learning it within two months was difficult which made the role even more challenging.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=8 December 2023 |title=Animal actor Bobby Deol opens up about his role in Kanguva; says it is a pleasure to work with Suriya in the film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/animal-actor-bobby-deol-opens-up-about-his-role-in-kanguva-says-it-is-a-pleasure-to-work-with-suriya-is-the-film/73dbcbae44122 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310170211/https://www.ottplay.com/news/animal-actor-bobby-deol-opens-up-about-his-role-in-kanguva-says-it-is-a-pleasure-to-work-with-suriya-is-the-film/73dbcbae44122 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> During the same period, [[Natty Subramaniam]] was signed on to play another antagonistic role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=21 July 2023 |title=Natty will be an antagonist in Suriya's period film with Siva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/natty-will-be-an-antagonist-in-suriyas-period-film-with-siva/articleshow/102002210.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722140605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/natty-will-be-an-antagonist-in-suriyas-period-film-with-siva/articleshow/102002210.cms |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=30 July 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Deol, in an interview to ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'', said his role required significant physical preparation, where he had to wear a hairpiece, apply scars and use custom-made contact lenses.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[File:The Terekhol River and Querim Beach, panoramic view, Goa, India.jpg|thumb|Part of the film was shot in [[Goa]].]]<br />
Filming was intended to begin in November 2021 after Siva's commitments in ''Annaatthe''. Later, it was pushed to July 2022 after Suriya had completed the shooting schedule of [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s ''[[Vanangaan]]'' in June and test shoot of [[Vetrimaaran]]'s ''Vaadivaasal'' in July.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2022 |title=Suriya&nbsp;— Siva project to go on grounds in July |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-siva-project-to-go-on-grounds-in-july/articleshow/91761735.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710152612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-siva-project-to-go-on-grounds-in-july/articleshow/91761735.cms |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's [[principal photography]] ultimately began with the first schedule on 24 August 2022 in [[Chennai]] with a customary [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=24 August 2022 |title=Suriya begins 42nd film with Siruthai Siva and Devi Sri Prasad. See pic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-begins-42nd-film-with-siruthai-siva-and-devi-sri-prasad-see-pic-1991867-2022-08-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829122908/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-begins-42nd-film-with-siruthai-siva-and-devi-sri-prasad-see-pic-1991867-2022-08-24 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2022 |title=It's official! Suriya announces his film with Siruthai Siva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-suriya-announces-his-film-with-siruthai-siva/articleshow/93750811.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115091045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-suriya-announces-his-film-with-siruthai-siva/articleshow/93750811.cms |archive-date=15 January 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first schedule was concluded in five days there.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2022 |title=Suriya to play multiple characters in 'Suriya 42': Buzz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-to-play-multiple-characters-in-suriya-42-buzz/articleshow/94248747.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002030202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-to-play-multiple-characters-in-suriya-42-buzz/articleshow/94248747.cms |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The second schedule commenced in [[Goa]] on 20 September.<ref name="*">{{Cite news |date=20 September 2022 |title=Suriya and Disha Patani start shooting for 'Suriya 42' in Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-and-disha-patani-start-shooting-for-suriya-42-in-goa/articleshow/94319230.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006015134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-and-disha-patani-start-shooting-for-suriya-42-in-goa/articleshow/94319230.cms |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Patani joined the sets the very next day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=21 September 2022 |title=Disha Patani begins shooting for Suriya 42 in Goa. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/disha-patani-begins-shooting-for-suriya-42-in-goa-see-pics-2002939-2022-09-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216110754/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/disha-patani-begins-shooting-for-suriya-42-in-goa-see-pics-2002939-2022-09-21 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> A massive set was erected in the outskirts where most portions had been shot. A stunt sequence involving more than 250 [[Extra (acting)|extras]] was also shot there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Suriya 42 Update: Massive set erected near Goa for second schedule; Disha Patani to start shooting |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/suriya-42-update-massive-set-erected-near-goa-for-second-schedule-disha-patani-to-start-shooting-1191058 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212084437/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/suriya-42-update-massive-set-erected-near-goa-for-second-schedule-disha-patani-to-start-shooting-1191058 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> During this schedule, pictures and footage from the sets were leaked and went viral, causing the studio, Studio Green, to warn of legal action against the ones responsible.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2022 |title='Suriya42' team issues warning against sharing pictures and videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya42-team-issues-warning-against-sharing-pictures-and-videos/articleshow/94440005.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208131809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya42-team-issues-warning-against-sharing-pictures-and-videos/articleshow/94440005.cms |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=26 September 2022 |title=Suriya 42 BTS pics and videos leaked, makers warn of legal action |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-42-bts-pics-and-videos-leaked-makers-warn-of-legal-action-2004812-2022-09-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008000833/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-42-bts-pics-and-videos-leaked-makers-warn-of-legal-action-2004812-2022-09-26 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The second schedule was completed on 11 October and the team took a break for a couple of weeks on the account of [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2022 |title='Suriya 42': it's a wrap for the Goa schedule of Suriya and Siruthai Siva's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-its-a-wrap-for-the-goa-schedule-of-suriya-and-siruthai-sivas-film/articleshow/94784920.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119043948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-its-a-wrap-for-the-goa-schedule-of-suriya-and-siruthai-sivas-film/articleshow/94784920.cms |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Disha Patani wraps up first schedule of Suriya 42 in Goa. See pic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/disha-patani-and-team-wrap-up-first-schedule-of-suriya-42-in-goa-see-pic-8202608/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022075358/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/disha-patani-and-team-wrap-up-first-schedule-of-suriya-42-in-goa-see-pic-8202608/ |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The next and third schedule was reported to commence again in Chennai and also in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] post-Diwali,<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2022 |title=The next schedule of 'Suriya 42' to take place in Chennai and Pondicherry post-Diwali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-next-schedule-of-suriya-42-to-take-place-in-chennai-and-pondicherry-post-diwali/articleshow/95029089.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418222555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-next-schedule-of-suriya-42-to-take-place-in-chennai-and-pondicherry-post-diwali/articleshow/95029089.cms |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while the subsequent schedule was set to be held in [[Sri Lanka]] for 60 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2022 |title=Next schedule of 'Suriya 42' to begin soon in Sri Lanka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/next-schedule-of-suriya-42-to-begin-soon-in-sri-lanka/articleshow/95731605.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201072528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/next-schedule-of-suriya-42-to-begin-soon-in-sri-lanka/articleshow/95731605.cms |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Since the film is set in two timelines and has a 1000-year old backstory, most parts filmed during the second schedule in Goa makes up the present day portions while the ones in the Sri Lanka schedule would make up the period ones. However, the film was eventually not shot in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Prachi |date=24 November 2022 |title=Suriya42: Suriya will fly off to Sri Lanka to shoot for the upcoming schedule |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/suriya42-suriya-will-fly-off-to-sri-lanka-to-shoot-for-the-upcoming-schedule-1200421 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203012837/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/suriya42-suriya-will-fly-off-to-sri-lanka-to-shoot-for-the-upcoming-schedule-1200421 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Suriya 42 next schedule to begin in Sri Lanka? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/24/suriya-42-next-schedule-to-begin-in-sri-lanka-37003.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207154404/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/24/suriya-42-next-schedule-to-begin-in-sri-lanka-37003.html |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
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For the next schedule, Suriya trained hard to sport a [[Rectus abdominis muscle|six pack]] look.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2022 |title=Suriya to sport a six-pack look again for Siruthai Siva's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-to-sport-a-six-pack-look-again-for-siruthai-sivas-film/articleshow/96024782.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212180658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-to-sport-a-six-pack-look-again-for-siruthai-sivas-film/articleshow/96024782.cms |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=5 December 2022 |title=Suriya looks super fit as he gets snapped at a gym in Mumbai; To sport a new look in Siva's film? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/suriya-looks-super-fit-as-he-gets-snapped-at-a-gym-in-mumbai-to-sport-a-new-look-in-sivas-film-1202134 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129002151/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/suriya-looks-super-fit-as-he-gets-snapped-at-a-gym-in-mumbai-to-sport-a-new-look-in-sivas-film-1202134 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> The third schedule began on 16 December in [[Ennore]], Chennai as reported,<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2022 |title=Disha Patani joins the sets of 'Suriya 42' as shoot resumes today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/disha-patani-joins-the-sets-of-suriya-42-as-shoot-resumes-today/articleshow/96275692.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223213922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/disha-patani-joins-the-sets-of-suriya-42-as-shoot-resumes-today/articleshow/96275692.cms |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> with Patani and [[Yogi Babu]] being included in this schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=16 December 2022 |title=Suriya, Disha Patani shoot for Siruthai Siva's Suriya 42 in Chennai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-disha-patani-shoot-for-siruthai-sivas-suriya-42-in-chennai-2310000-2022-12-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218162411/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-disha-patani-shoot-for-siruthai-sivas-suriya-42-in-chennai-2310000-2022-12-16 |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Suriya And Nayanthara Start Shooting For Suriya 42 in Chennai |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/suriya-and-nayanthara-start-shooting-for-suriya-42-in-chennai-6632173.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219111241/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/suriya-and-nayanthara-start-shooting-for-suriya-42-in-chennai-6632173.html |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Few days later, the team started shooting action sequences at a grand set erected at [[Ennore Port]], which were choreographed by Supreme Sundar, who was hired during this schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2022 |title=Suriya 42: Stunt sequence being shot at Ennore Port |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-stunt-sequence-being-shot-at-ennore-port/articleshow/96365970.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221080918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-stunt-sequence-being-shot-at-ennore-port/articleshow/96365970.cms |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=20 December 2022 |title=Supreme Sundar joins Suriya 42 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/dec/20/supreme-sundar-joins-suriya-42-37930.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213406/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/dec/20/supreme-sundar-joins-suriya-42-37930.html |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> It was a short schedule which was completed by late-December.<ref name="looks" /> By January 2023, 60% of shooting was completed. Filming resumed on 4 January 2023 at EVP Film City in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2023 |title=Suriya resumes shooting for 'Suriya 42' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-resumes-shooting-for-suriya-42/articleshow/96736486.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306080048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-resumes-shooting-for-suriya-42/articleshow/96736486.cms |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Suriya resumes shooting for Suriya 42? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/04/suriya-resumes-shooting-for-suriya-42-38384.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126212739/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/04/suriya-resumes-shooting-for-suriya-42-38384.html |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> It was completed by January end.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2023 |title=Period portions of 'Suriya42' to be shot next month |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/period-portions-of-suriya42-to-be-shot-next-month/articleshow/97312085.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/period-portions-of-suriya42-to-be-shot-next-month/articleshow/97312085.cms |archive-date=30 January 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In early February, the makers erected a set resembling an aeroplane for shooting action sequences.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=7 February 2023 |title=Suriya gearing up for a major stunt sequence in 'Suriya 42' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-gearing-up-for-a-major-stunt-sequence-in-suriya-42/articleshow/97695858.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210181357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-gearing-up-for-a-major-stunt-sequence-in-suriya-42/articleshow/97695858.cms |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Few days before that, an action sequence with around 50 extras clashing with Suriya was filmed in a gym.<ref name=":7" /><br />
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On 10 February, the concurrent schedule commenced yet again in Chennai. The team had started shooting action sequences from that day onwards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2023 |title='Suriya 42' next schedule begins today in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-next-schedule-begins-today-in-chennai/articleshow/97791646.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216020108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-next-schedule-begins-today-in-chennai/articleshow/97791646.cms |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Cinematographer [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]] brought [[Arri Alexa#Alexa 35|Alexa Super 35]] and [[Arri Alexa#Alexa LF|Alexa LF]] camera versions for a better output of the action sequences. ''Kanguva'' is the second Tamil film to use the Alexa Super 35 camera after ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2023 |title=Cinematographer Vetri uses a high-tech camera for 'Suriya 42' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/cinematographer-vetri-uses-a-high-tech-camera-for-suriya-42/articleshow/98209487.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224182720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/cinematographer-vetri-uses-a-high-tech-camera-for-suriya-42/articleshow/98209487.cms |archive-date=24 February 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In early March, Suriya was spotted hitting a gym, preparing for a massive action scene along with 200 bodybuilders.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2023 |title=Suriya films for an intense action scene for Siruthai Siva's directorial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-films-for-an-intense-action-scene-for-siruthai-sivas-directorial/articleshow/98356936.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307123051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-films-for-an-intense-action-scene-for-siruthai-sivas-directorial/articleshow/98356936.cms |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Few days later, Siva took a short break from filming after his brother, actor [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] had been hospitalised due to liver disease.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2023 |title='Suriya 42' title teaser to be launched grandly on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-title-teaser-to-be-launched-grandly-on-this-date/articleshow/98496291.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308211205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-title-teaser-to-be-launched-grandly-on-this-date/articleshow/98496291.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=Suriya 42 director Siva looks frightened visiting brother Bala at hospital |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/suriya-42-director-siva-looks-frightened-visiting-brother-bala-suffering-from-liver-related-illness-at-kochi-hospital-see-photo/2e575a02a9528 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308095535/https://www.ottplay.com/news/suriya-42-director-siva-looks-frightened-visiting-brother-bala-suffering-from-liver-related-illness-at-kochi-hospital-see-photo/2e575a02a9528 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> After the completion of this schedule, Siva and Suriya started filming the title teaser.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2023 |title='Suriya 42': Siruthai Siva films for the title teaser with Suriya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-siruthai-siva-films-for-the-title-teaser-with-suriya/articleshow/98579300.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319235141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-siruthai-siva-films-for-the-title-teaser-with-suriya/articleshow/98579300.cms |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was completed on 12 March.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2023 |title='Suriya 42' title teaser shoot completed! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-title-teaser-shoot-completed/articleshow/98607161.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320231919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-42-title-teaser-shoot-completed/articleshow/98607161.cms |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After a 10-day break,<ref name="vfx">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=17 April 2023 |title=Kanguva refers to a man with the power of fire, says Siva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-refers-to-a-man-with-the-power-of-fire-says-siva/articleshow/99546775.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418235005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-refers-to-a-man-with-the-power-of-fire-says-siva/articleshow/99546775.cms |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> shooting took place for one day in [[Kerala]] on 19 April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2023 |title='Kanguva' next schedule commences today in Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-next-schedule-commences-today-in-kerala/articleshow/99610968.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420135542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-next-schedule-commences-today-in-kerala/articleshow/99610968.cms |archive-date=20 April 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The next day, a new phase started in [[Kodaikanal]] at the forest areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=கொடைக்கானலில் தொடங்கியது சூர்யாவின் 'கங்குவா' படப்பிடிப்பு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/978526-surya-lead-kanguva-movie-shooting-started-kodaikanal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427084709/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/978526-surya-lead-kanguva-movie-shooting-started-kodaikanal.html |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was supposed to go on for about 20 days, but the team finished the schedule on 7 May.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2023 |title=Suriya wraps up the Kodaikanal schedule of 'Kanguva' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-wraps-up-the-kodaikanal-schedule-of-kanguva/articleshow/100054284.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509095144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-wraps-up-the-kodaikanal-schedule-of-kanguva/articleshow/100054284.cms |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
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The subsequent schedule started on 20 June 2023, at a grand set mounted in EVP Film City which was constructed that month start, in Chennai.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=25 June 2023 |title='Kanguva' song shoot to happen with more than 1500 dancers! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-song-shoot-to-happen-with-more-than-1500-dancers/articleshow/101258294.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-song-shoot-to-happen-with-more-than-1500-dancers/articleshow/101258294.cms |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A song, set in the period, featuring more than 1500 background artists and choreographed by [[Prem Rakshith]] was shot at the set, and the schedule was completed before the end of the month.<ref name=":8" /><ref name="Kodaikanal">{{Cite news |date=28 June 2023 |title=Suriya's 'Kanguva' song shoot wraps up; the team to head to Kodaikanal again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-song-shoot-wrapped-up-the-team-to-head-to-kodaikanal-again/articleshow/101327214.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704101458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-song-shoot-wrapped-up-the-team-to-head-to-kodaikanal-again/articleshow/101327214.cms |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The crew moved to Kodaikanal again for the next phase of filming and wrapped it up by the beginning of the coming month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2023 |title=Suriya's biggest film 'Kanguva' nearing completion with forest shoot in Kodaikanal |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/06/27/suriyas-biggest-film-kanguva-nearing-completion-with-forest-shoot-in-kodaikanal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629231539/https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/06/27/suriyas-biggest-film-kanguva-nearing-completion-with-forest-shoot-in-kodaikanal/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=[[The Shillong Times]]}}</ref> Following their time in Kodaikanal, the production team returned to EVP Film City to commence the successive phase of filming, on 5 August.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2023 |title=The next schedule of Suriya starrer 'Kanguva' begins in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-next-schedule-of-suriya-starrer-kanguva-begins-in-chennai/articleshow/102453097.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806062538/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-next-schedule-of-suriya-starrer-kanguva-begins-in-chennai/articleshow/102453097.cms |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 16 August 2023, production shifted to [[Rajahmundry]] where filming held for two weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=Suriya's 'Kanguva' next schedule starts in Rajahmundry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-next-schedule-starts-in-rajahmundry/articleshow/102795059.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818050506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-next-schedule-starts-in-rajahmundry/articleshow/102795059.cms |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 5 October 2023, following a brief break, the team moved to [[Bangkok]] for the penultimate schedule which was completed within three weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2023 |title='Kanguva' final schedule: Suriya starts shooting in Thailand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-final-schedule-suriya-starts-shooting-in-thailand/articleshow/104182158.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310185731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-final-schedule-suriya-starts-shooting-in-thailand/articleshow/104182158.cms |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2023 |title=The Thailand schedule of Suriya's 'Kanguva' wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-thailand-schedule-of-suriyas-kanguva-wrapped-up/articleshow/104726303.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310173455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-thailand-schedule-of-suriyas-kanguva-wrapped-up/articleshow/104726303.cms |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In late-November 2023, Suriya sustained a minor injury during a fight sequence when a rope camera fell on his shoulder.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2023 |title=Suriya gets injured on the sets of 'Kanguva', the shoot takes a halt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-gets-injured-on-the-sets-of-kanguva-shoot-takes-a-halt/articleshow/105438517.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310171950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-gets-injured-on-the-sets-of-kanguva-shoot-takes-a-halt/articleshow/105438517.cms |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, he took off from filming for two weeks to recover, thereby halting the production temporarily,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2023 |title=Suriya prescribed two weeks of rest following the injury at the 'Kanguva' set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-prescribed-two-weeks-of-rest-following-the-injury-at-the-kanguva-set/articleshow/105469755.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124131628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-prescribed-two-weeks-of-rest-following-the-injury-at-the-kanguva-set/articleshow/105469755.cms |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=Shoot of Kanguva postponed after Suriya gets injured on set |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Nov/23/shoot-of-kanguva-postponed-after-suriya-gets-injured-on-set-49828.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310170139/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Nov/23/shoot-of-kanguva-postponed-after-suriya-gets-injured-on-set-49828.html |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> before returning to the sets by mid-December.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2023 |title=Suriya returns to the sets of 'Kanguva', after recovering from injury |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-returns-to-the-sets-of-kanguva-after-recovering-from-injury/articleshow/106127553.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220070548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-returns-to-the-sets-of-kanguva-after-recovering-from-injury/articleshow/106127553.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Principal photography wrapped in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=Suriya wraps up Kanguva shoot, shares new still from sets. See here |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-wraps-up-kanguva-shoot-shares-new-still-from-sets-see-here-9103882/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111175259/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-wraps-up-kanguva-shoot-shares-new-still-from-sets-see-here-9103882/ |archive-date=11 January 2024 |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=Suriya's Kanguva moves into post-production |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Feb/14/suriyas-kanguva-moves-into-post-production-phase-52036.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215163028/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/feb/14/suriyas-kanguva-moves-into-post-production-phase-52036.html |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Post-production ===<br />
Post-production started in late June 2023 in [[Mumbai]] with work on the [[visual effects]] being commenced and Harihara Suthan serves as the [[visual effects supervisor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Manoj |date=25 June 2023 |title=Suriya's Kanguva OTT release to have this huge advantage |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/suriyas-kanguva-ott-release-to-have-this-huge-advantage/d28c492039821 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704103558/https://www.ottplay.com/news/suriyas-kanguva-ott-release-to-have-this-huge-advantage/d28c492039821 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> It will go on for several months as the film involves extensive visual effects and [[computer-generated imagery]], which had been progressing simultaneously.<ref name="vfx" /> Several international companies came on board to enhance the visual effects process.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2024 |title=Suriya's 'Kanguva' VFX breakdown promises a visual treat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-vfx-breakdown-promises-a-visual-treat/articleshow/111803039.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719153914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-vfx-breakdown-promises-a-visual-treat/articleshow/111803039.cms |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 14 February 2024, Suriya watched the final edit of the film with Siva and the rest of the technical crew members and appreciated the crew for their work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2024 |title=Kanguva: Suriya Joins The Team for Post-Production Works |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kanguva-suriya-joins-the-team-for-post-production-works |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310170201/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kanguva-suriya-joins-the-team-for-post-production-works |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2024 |title=Vetri Palanisamy shares pictures with Suriya as team 'Kanguva' resumes post production works on full swing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetri-palanisamy-shares-pictures-with-suriya-as-team-kanguva-resumes-post-production-works-on-full-swing/articleshow/107670198.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224224405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetri-palanisamy-shares-pictures-with-suriya-as-team-kanguva-resumes-post-production-works-on-full-swing/articleshow/107670198.cms |archive-date=24 February 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was also revealed that the post-production has been progressed into the next stage, with [[digital intermediate]], [[Color grading|colour grading]], [[previsualisation]] happening parallelly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=Suriya joins post-production work of Kanguva; sports a cool look |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/suriya-joins-post-production-work-of-kanguva-sports-a-cool-look-photos-1278542 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310170121/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/suriya-joins-post-production-work-of-kanguva-sports-a-cool-look-photos-1278542 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 21 February, Suriya began dubbing for his portions at Gnanavel Raja's then newly constructed post-production studio Aadnah Arts in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2024 |title=Suriya begins dubbing for Kanguva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-begins-dubbing-for-kanguva/articleshow/107876407.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309213548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-begins-dubbing-for-kanguva/articleshow/107876407.cms |archive-date=9 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2024 |title=Suriya begins dubbing for Kanguva |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Feb/21/suriya-begins-dubbing-for-kanguva-52247.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310170120/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Feb/21/suriya-begins-dubbing-for-kanguva-52247.html |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It was completed on 18 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2024 |title=Suriya completes dubbing for 'Kanguva'; the film's post-production work under process |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-completes-dubbing-for-kanguva-the-films-post-production-work-under-process/articleshow/113445938.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919010840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-completes-dubbing-for-kanguva-the-films-post-production-work-under-process/articleshow/113445938.cms |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Gnanavel Raja affirmed that Suriya's voice would be enhanced via [[artificial intelligence]] for dubbing in multiple languages.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2024 |title=Suriya's Kanguva to be dubbed in multiple languages using AI: Producer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-kanguva-to-be-dubbed-in-multiple-languages-using-artificial-intelligence-2616560-2024-10-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022063753/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-kanguva-to-be-dubbed-in-multiple-languages-using-artificial-intelligence-2616560-2024-10-14 |archive-date=22 October 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2024 |title='Kanguva' makers use AI technology to record Suriya's voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-makers-use-ai-technology-to-record-suriyas-voice/articleshow/114205615.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127042745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-makers-use-ai-technology-to-record-suriyas-voice/articleshow/114205615.cms |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 1 October, the film was converted into 3D formats by the [[Stereoscopy|stereoscopic]] conversion studio Rays 3D.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2024 |title='Kanguva' cinematographer shares an update on the 3D work of the film; Says it's exciting and thrilling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-cinematographer-shares-an-update-on-the-3d-work-of-the-film-says-its-exciting-and-thrilling/articleshow/113849635.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002010557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-cinematographer-shares-an-update-on-the-3d-work-of-the-film-says-its-exciting-and-thrilling/articleshow/113849635.cms |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Main|Kanguva (soundtrack)}}<br />
<br />
The [[soundtrack]] and [[film score]] were composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], in his fifth collaboration with Suriya after ''[[Maayavi]]'' (2005), ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' (2005), ''[[Singam]]'' (2010) and ''[[Singam II]]'' (2013) and second with Siva after ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2022 |title=Devi Sri Prasad is all set to stun us with his musical prodigy with 'Siruthai' Siva's 'Suriya 42' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/devi-sri-prasad-is-all-set-to-stun-us-with-his-musical-prodigy-with-siruthai-sivas-suriya-42/articleshow/94146230.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004204446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/devi-sri-prasad-is-all-set-to-stun-us-with-his-musical-prodigy-with-siruthai-sivas-suriya-42/articleshow/94146230.cms |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's music rights were purchased by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Suriya42: This popular label bags the audio rights of Suriya's next with Siva |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/suriya42-this-popular-label-bags-the-audio-rights-of-suriyas-pan-indian-film-with-siva/58443ac351839 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073133/https://www.ottplay.com/news/suriya42-this-popular-label-bags-the-audio-rights-of-suriyas-pan-indian-film-with-siva/58443ac351839 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> The first single "Fire Song" was released on 23 July 2024, coinciding with Suriya's 49th birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2024 |title=The Fire Song from 'Kanguva' is out now! The first single portrays Suriya's rage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/the-fire-song-from-kanguva-is-out-now-the-first-single-portrays-suriyas-rage/articleshow/111950689.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723122705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/the-fire-song-from-kanguva-is-out-now-the-first-single-portrays-suriyas-rage/articleshow/111950689.cms |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The second single "Yolo" was released on 21 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=18 October 2024 |title=Second single of Suriya-Siva's Kanguva to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/18/second-single-of-suriya-sivas-kanguva-to-be-out-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127013143/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/18/second-single-of-suriya-sivas-kanguva-to-be-out-on-this-date |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=Second single of Suriya-Siva's Kanguva titled 'Yolo' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/20/second-single-of-suriya-sivas-kanguva-titled-yolo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201152442/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/20/second-single-of-suriya-sivas-kanguva-titled-yolo |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The audio launch was planned to be held on 26 October at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Nehru Stadium]], Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=20 October 2024 |title=Suriya's Kanguva audio launch to happen on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/20/suriyas-kanguva-audio-launch-to-happen-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109173819/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/20/suriyas-kanguva-audio-launch-to-happen-on-this-date |archive-date=9 November 2024 |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It was initially reported that the audio launch was scheduled on 20 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2024 |title=Suriya's 'Kanguva' audio launch date announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-audio-launch-date-announced/articleshow/113903606.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004014621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-audio-launch-date-announced/articleshow/113903606.cms |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The third single "Thalaivane" was released on 29 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=29 October 2024 |title='Thalaivane' from Kanguva: Suriya is a ruthless warrior preparing for battle |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/29/thalaivane-from-kanguva-suriya-is-a-ruthless-warrior-preparing-for-battle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101142527/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/29/thalaivane-from-kanguva-suriya-is-a-ruthless-warrior-preparing-for-battle |archive-date=1 November 2024 |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The fourth single titled "Mannippu" was released on 7 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=7 November 2024 |title='Mannippu' song from Suriya's Kanguva out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/07/mannippu-song-from-suriyas-kanguva-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107171909/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/07/mannippu-song-from-suriyas-kanguva-out |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
A 94-second [[sizzle reel|glimpse]] video revealing Suriya's appearance from the periodic portions released on the midnight of 23 July 2023, coinciding with the actor's birthday, along with the film's first [[teaser poster]] also being unveiled on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2023 |title=Kanguva first glimpse: Suriya sports long hair as a fierce warrior; fans say film will 'break all records' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kanguva-first-glimpse-suriya-fierce-warrior-101690091424287.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310170140/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kanguva-first-glimpse-suriya-fierce-warrior-101690091424287.html |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2023 |title=Watch: The first look of Suriya in 'Kanguva' is out |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1053104/watch-the-first-look-of-suriya-in-kanguva-is-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310170123/https://scroll.in/reel/1053104/watch-the-first-look-of-suriya-in-kanguva-is-out |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> The teaser received praise for the visuals and setting.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2023 |title=Kanguva first glimpse out: Suriya looks fierce as a mighty warrior. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-kanguva-first-glimpse-out-on-actor-birthday-watch-video-8855363/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113132015/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-kanguva-first-glimpse-out-on-actor-birthday-watch-video-8855363/ |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2023 |title=Suriya starrer 'Kanguva' first glimpse gets an extraordinary response |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-starrer-kanguva-first-glimpse-gets-an-extraordinary-response/articleshow/102044510.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723113239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-starrer-kanguva-first-glimpse-gets-an-extraordinary-response/articleshow/102044510.cms |archive-date=23 July 2023 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 19 March 2024, 52-second [[teaser trailer]] was showcased at an event hosted by [[Amazon Prime Video]] in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2024 |title=Kanguva teaser released, hints at violent historical drama |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kanguva-teaser-released-hints-at-violent-historical-drama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423045249/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kanguva-teaser-released-hints-at-violent-historical-drama |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> where the streaming platform announced their acquisitions of big-budget Indian films, with ''Kanguva'' being one of them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2024 |title='Kanguva', 'The Rana Connection', 'Kantara': Amazon Prime Video Announces Slate Of South Series And Films For 2024 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/kanguva-the-rana-connection-kantara-amazon-prime-video-announces-slate-of-south-series-and-films-for-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411141604/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/kanguva-the-rana-connection-kantara-amazon-prime-video-announces-slate-of-south-series-and-films-for-2024 |archive-date=11 April 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |language=en}}</ref> Within three days, the teaser garnered 20 million views.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2024 |title=Kanguva teaser nears two crore views on YouTube |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/kanguva-teaser-nears-two-crore-views-on-youtube-775861 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921163704/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/kanguva-teaser-nears-two-crore-views-on-youtube-775861 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's first theatrical trailer was released on 12 August receiving positive reviews from the audience.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2024 |title=Kanguva trailer: స్టన్నింగ్ విజువల్స్.. అదిరిపోయిన యాక్షన్.. కంగువ ట్రైలర్ వచ్చేసింది.. బాహుబలి, ఆర్ఆర్ఆర్ సీన్లతో.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kanguva-trailer-released-suriya-bobby-deol-fight-for-supremacy-stunning-visuals-dsp-background-score-highlight-121723452131063.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813051652/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kanguva-trailer-released-suriya-bobby-deol-fight-for-supremacy-stunning-visuals-dsp-background-score-highlight-121723452131063.html |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=Kanguva trailer: Suriya and Siva promise a fiery feast this October |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kanguva-trailer-suriya-siva-bobby-deol-promise-a-fiery-feast-this-october-9509198/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812082140/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kanguva-trailer-suriya-siva-bobby-deol-promise-a-fiery-feast-this-october-9509198/ |archive-date=12 August 2024 |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> However, netizens noted that the trailer only focused on the periodic portions and the sequences set in the present timeline were not showcased.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2024 |title='Kanguva' trailer: Suriya starrer promises a film with epic emotions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-trailer-suriya-starrer-promises-a-film-with-epic-emotions/articleshow/112461548.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825192746/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-trailer-suriya-starrer-promises-a-film-with-epic-emotions/articleshow/112461548.cms |archive-date=25 August 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
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Promotional activities for the film kickstarted from 17 October, with a press interaction held at the MovieMax theatre in [[Andheri|East Andheri]], Mumbai that saw the attendance of Suriya and Deol.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2024 |title='Kanguva' promotions begin in Mumbai on Thursday! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-promotions-begin-in-mumbai-on-thursday/articleshow/114307315.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125011052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-promotions-begin-in-mumbai-on-thursday/articleshow/114307315.cms |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was followed by another event held at the outskirts of Delhi on 21 October,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2024 |title='Kanguva' promotions: Suriya gets a massive response in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-promotions-suriya-gets-a-massive-response-in-delhi/articleshow/114424735.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127020934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-promotions-suriya-gets-a-massive-response-in-delhi/articleshow/114424735.cms |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the team then promoting the film at the Fun Republic Mall in [[Andheri West|West Andheri]], Mumbai, on 23 October, by unveiling 30-feet tall hoarding of the poster featuring Suriya and Deol.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2024 |title='Kanguva' peaks at Mumbai promotion with a 30 feet cut-out for the Suriya starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-peaks-at-mumbai-promotion-with-a-30-feet-cut-out-for-the-suriya-starrer/articleshow/114503230.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126213444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-peaks-at-mumbai-promotion-with-a-30-feet-cut-out-for-the-suriya-starrer/articleshow/114503230.cms |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A fan interaction was held at the [[Cinépolis]] theatre in the mall with the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2024 |title=Disha Patani Smiles At The Cameras As She Arrives In Mumbai After Promoting Kanguva In Delhi {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/disha-patani-smiles-at-the-cameras-as-she-arrives-in-mumbai-after-promoting-kanguva-in-delhi-watch-9094266.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022054400/https://www.news18.com/movies/disha-patani-smiles-at-the-cameras-as-she-arrives-in-mumbai-after-promoting-kanguva-in-delhi-watch-9094266.html |archive-date=22 October 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
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On 24 October, another event was conducted at the AMB Cinemas theatre chain in [[Hyderabad]] with Suriya, Siva and the producers and distributors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2024 |title=Suriya gets emotional at Kanguva promotions in Hyderabad: 'I had tears watching all your love' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-gets-emotional-at-kanguva-promotions-in-hyderabad-i-had-tears-watching-all-your-love-9637276/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112131318/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-gets-emotional-at-kanguva-promotions-in-hyderabad-i-had-tears-watching-all-your-love-9637276/ |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2024 |title=Suriya gets emotional after receiving a warm welcome from Telugu fans in Hyderabad during 'Kanguva' promotions: 'This bond is very special' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/suriya-gets-emotional-after-receiving-a-warm-welcome-from-telugu-fans-in-hyderabad-during-kanguva-promotions-this-bond-is-very-special/articleshow/114559602.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241025002315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/suriya-gets-emotional-after-receiving-a-warm-welcome-from-telugu-fans-in-hyderabad-during-kanguva-promotions-this-bond-is-very-special/articleshow/114559602.cms |archive-date=25 October 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The same day, Suriya and Deol shot for an episode featured in the fourth season of the talk show [[Unstoppable (talk show)|''Unstoppable'']] hosted by [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |date=24 October 2024 |title=Unstoppable with NBK Kanguva episode: When, where to watch Suriya and team speak on the show |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/unstoppable-with-nbk-season-4-on-aha-this-tamil-superstar-is-the-second-guest-streaming-date-here/7610d2214c76 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> The episode is set to be aired on 8 November through [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2024 |title=Watch: Suriya in tears on Nandamuri Balakrishna's talk show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-cries-nandamuri-balakrishna-show-kanguva-agaram-foundation-2628442-2024-11-05 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The team further appeared on the eighth season of [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|Bigg Boss Telugu]] hosted by [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2024 |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu: బిగ్బాస్ స్టే్జ్ పై సూర్య సందడి.. ట్రయాంగిల్ లవ్ స్టోరీ బయటపెట్టిన పృథ్వీ.. |trans-title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu: Surya on Bigg Boss stage.. Prithvi revealed the triangle love story.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-8-telugu-october-26th-episode-highlights-suriya-on-bigg-boss-stage-in-kanguva-promotions-1383433.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127012822/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-8-telugu-october-26th-episode-highlights-suriya-on-bigg-boss-stage-in-kanguva-promotions-1383433.html |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[TV9 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref> Another fan meet event was hosted at Gokul Park, [[RK Beach]] Road, [[Visakhapatnam]] on 27 October.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 October 2024 |title=Suriya eager to join Telugu fans for an IMAX screening of 'Kanguva' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/suriya-eager-to-join-telugu-fans-for-an-imax-screening-of-kanguva/articleshow/114676434.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120145401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/suriya-eager-to-join-telugu-fans-for-an-imax-screening-of-kanguva/articleshow/114676434.cms |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2024 |title=Kanguva offers an exceptional cinematic experience in theaters: Hero Suriya at Mega event in Vizag |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/kanguva-vizagmeet.html#google_vignette |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107081858/https://idlebrain.com/news/today/kanguva-vizagmeet.html#google_vignette |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
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Promotional activities resumed on 4 November, with the team hosting two meet-and-greet events in [[Bangalore]]: one at the Phoenix Mall of Asia and another at the [[Orion Mall]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2024 |title=Actor Suriya on Kanguva release: I hope we have another Diwali on November 14 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-kanguva-november-14-release-hope-we-have-another-diwali-2628360-2024-11-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105091118/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-kanguva-november-14-release-hope-we-have-another-diwali-2628360-2024-11-05 |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=5 November 2024 |title=Suriya grilled for releasing Kanguva on the same day as Shiva Rajkumar's Bhairathi Ranagal: 'It's not intentional' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/suriya-grilled-for-releasing-kanguva-on-the-same-day-as-shiva-rajkumars-bhairathi-ranagal-its-not-intentional-101730781707499.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105063807/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/suriya-grilled-for-releasing-kanguva-on-the-same-day-as-shiva-rajkumars-bhairathi-ranagal-its-not-intentional-101730781707499.html |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> On 5 November, another event was held at the [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} More than 6,000 fans arrived at the venue which resulted in registering the highest attendance at the venue, but also faced issues due to overcrowding.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2024 |title=നടിപ്പിൻ നായകൻ കൊച്ചിയിൽ; വൻ വരവേൽപ്പൊരുക്കി ആരാധകർ {{!}} VIDEO |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actor-suriya-at-kochi-for-kanguva-promotions-1.10050764 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110191301/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actor-suriya-at-kochi-for-kanguva-promotions-1.10050764 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref> The following day, the team hosted another event at the Nishagandhi Auditorium in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2024 |title=Actor Suriya: കങ്കുവ പ്രൊമോഷന്റെ ഭാ ഗമായി സൂര്യ തിരുവനന്തപുരത്ത്; സ്വീകരണമൊരുക്കി ആരാധകർ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/videos/actor-suriya-at-trivandrum-for-kanguva-promotion-212135/amp |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref> A special screening of the film's 3D-enhanced first trailer was held at the [[Sathyam Cinemas]] theatre in Chennai on 7 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=தமிழ் சினிமாவை 'கங்குவா' அடுத்த கட்டத்துக்கு எடுத்துச் செல்லும்: சூர்யா நம்பிக்கை |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1336781-actor-surya-speech-at-kanguva-movie-3d-trailer-launch-event.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112214922/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1336781-actor-surya-speech-at-kanguva-movie-3d-trailer-launch-event.html |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The same evening, the film's pre-release event was held at [[Park Hyatt Hyderabad|Park Hyatt]], Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=7 November 2024 |title='Kanguva' pre release event looks star-studded |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kanguva-pre-release-event-looks-star-studded-920259 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110022558/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kanguva-pre-release-event-looks-star-studded-920259 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> The event was felicated by directors [[S. S. Rajamouli]], [[Boyapati Srinu]], producers [[Allu Aravind]], [[D. Suresh Babu|Daggubati Suresh Babu]] and actors [[Vishwak Sen]] and [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]] as the chief guests, alongside the cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=Suriya was inspiration for pan-India films, missed working with him: SS Rajamouli |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-inspiration-pan-india-films-missed-working-with-him-magadheera-ss-rajamouli-2630051-2024-11-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112205550/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-inspiration-pan-india-films-missed-working-with-him-magadheera-ss-rajamouli-2630051-2024-11-08 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
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On 10 November, the team hosted the promotional meet-and-greet event at the [[City Centre Deira]] in [[Dubai]],<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1855113962422968512 |user=KanguvaTheMovie |title=Get ready! Team #Kanguva will set foot at Dubai for a grand Meet and Greet ❤️🔥 On 10th November at Silicon Central Mall, Dubai 8 PM onwards |author=Kanguva |date=9 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> where the makers unveiled the film's second trailer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2024 |title=Kanguva release trailer: Suriya, Bobby Deol film all about 'resurrection' and fulfilling 'prophecy'. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kanguva-release-trailer-suriya-bobby-deol-film-all-about-resurrection-and-fulfilling-prophecy-watch-101731244675802.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126180238/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kanguva-release-trailer-suriya-bobby-deol-film-all-about-resurrection-and-fulfilling-prophecy-watch-101731244675802.html |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2024 |title='Kanguva' new trailer promises a fiery action drama from Suriya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-new-trailer-promises-a-fiery-action-drama-from-suriya/articleshow/115164218.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115071346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-new-trailer-promises-a-fiery-action-drama-from-suriya/articleshow/115164218.cms |archive-date=15 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 11 November, another event was hosted at the [[Lulu Hypermarket]] in [[Riyadh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2024 |title=Indian film icons Bobby Deol, Suriya hail Riyadh visit |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2579063/saudi-arabia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203140621/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2579063/saudi-arabia |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> On 12 November, the team attended another pre-release event at the [[Miraj Cinemas]], Wadala, Mumbai, with an exhibition showcasing the traditional outfits and costumes depicted in the film's periodic portions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Suriya starrer Kanguva team arrive for mega Pre-Release event in Mumbai |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/suriya-starrer-kanguva-team-arrive-for-mega-pre-release-event-in-mumbai-article-12866741.html/ |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=12 November 2024 |title=Tamil cinema eyes Hindi heartland as Kanguva leads a new marketing wave |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/tamil-cinema-takes-a-leaf-out-of-telugu-industry-s-playbook-for-pan-india-films-11731392477087.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114053845/https://www.livemint.com/industry/tamil-cinema-takes-a-leaf-out-of-telugu-industry-s-playbook-for-pan-india-films-11731392477087.html |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Mint}}</ref><br />
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== Release ==<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Kanguva'' was released theatrically on 14 November 2024 in standard, 3D and [[IMAX]] formats.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Suriya's Kanguva gets new release date, to hit theatres on November 14 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-bobby-deol-kanguva-release-on-november-14-2602589-2024-09-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920220658/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-bobby-deol-kanguva-release-on-november-14-2602589-2024-09-19 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=5 November 2024 |title=Suriya-Siva's Kanguva clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/08/suriya-sivas-kanguva-clears-censorship-formalities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202051644/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/08/suriya-sivas-kanguva-clears-censorship-formalities |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was initially scheduled to release on 10 October 2024, coinciding the occasion of Dusshera, but was postponed to avoid a box-office clash with ''[[Vettaiyan]]''.<ref name="release">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2024 |title='Kanguva' vs 'Vettaiyan' clash averted as Suriya makes way for Rajinikanth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kanguva-vettaiyan-suriya-rajinikanth-2591665-2024-09-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901115040/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kanguva-vettaiyan-suriya-rajinikanth-2591665-2024-09-01 |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, as well as the rest of the world, the film was released on the same day, however, in a version which was classified 15 by the [[British Board of Film Classification]] (BBFC) for strong violence and bloody images, following a few seconds of cuts.<ref name="BBFC" /><br />
<br />
Originally the film was set to be released in 10 languages, including dubbed versions in Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi, English and other Indian languages.{{efn|name="Motion poster"|As showcased in the film's motion poster released on 9 September 2022.<ref name=":0" />}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2023 |title=Suriya-starrer Kanguva To Be Released In 10 Different Languages Worldwide In 3D |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/suriya-starrer-kanguva-to-be-released-in-10-different-languages-worldwide-in-3d-8448157.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801092434/https://www.news18.com/movies/suriya-starrer-kanguva-to-be-released-in-10-different-languages-worldwide-in-3d-8448157.html |archive-date=1 August 2023 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> In November 2023, the makers announced that the film will be released in 38 languages.<ref name=":3" /> Speaking of this decision, Gnanavel Raja revealed that he was ambitious on "expanding the film's marketing and distribution to new territories, thereby opening doors to unparalleled box office success and broader international reach for Tamil cinema".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=Suriya's Kanguva to release in 38 languages worldwide in 3D and IMAX formats |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriyas-kanguva-will-be-released-in-38-languages-worldwide-in-3d-and-imax-formats-9036379/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123235559/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriyas-kanguva-will-be-released-in-38-languages-worldwide-in-3d-and-imax-formats-9036379/ |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Later, it was confirmed that the film would be released in 8 languages theatrically, which includes French, Spanish and Russian languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2024 |title=Suriya's 'Kanguva' to be released in THIS foreign language |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-to-be-released-in-this-foreign-language/articleshow/114304432.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124022548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-to-be-released-in-this-foreign-language/articleshow/114304432.cms |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=14 October 2024 |title=Suriya's voice to be dubbed in multiple languages for Kanguva with AI's help, confirms producer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/suriyas-voice-to-be-dubbed-in-multiple-languages-for-kanguva-with-ais-help-confirms-producer-101728884280843.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103162800/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/suriyas-voice-to-be-dubbed-in-multiple-languages-for-kanguva-with-ais-help-confirms-producer-101728884280843.html |archive-date=3 November 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Chinese and Japanese version were also planned for theatrical release.<ref name=":9" /><br />
<br />
=== Screenings and statistics ===<br />
Speaking at a press conference, Studio Green's CEO [[G. Dhananjayan]] assured that the film would be released in 10,000 screens worldwide.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2024 |title=Suriya's Kanguva to have a massive release on over 10,000 screens |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-kanguva-wide-release-10000-screens-worldwide-november-14-2628212-2024-11-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113120944/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-kanguva-wide-release-10000-screens-worldwide-november-14-2628212-2024-11-05 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> This included 2,500 screens across South India and 3,000–3,500 screens across North India.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suriya And Bobby Deol's Kanguva To Release On 10,000 Screens |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/suriya-and-bobby-deols-kanguva-to-release-on-10000-screens-9109839.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113121312/https://www.news18.com/movies/suriya-and-bobby-deols-kanguva-to-release-on-10000-screens-9109839.html |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In Tamil Nadu, the film would be released across 700 screens,<ref name=":12" /> while in Kerala, over 500 screens had been planned for theatrical premiere.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2024 |title=Suriya's Kanguva gears up for a grand release in Kerala with THIS many screens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-gears-up-for-a-grand-release-in-kerala-with-this-many-screens/articleshow/114530033.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113121502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-gears-up-for-a-grand-release-in-kerala-with-this-many-screens/articleshow/114530033.cms |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Distribution ===<br />
The [[Tamil Nadu]] distribution rights were acquired by Abinesh Elangovan's Abi & Abi Entertainment and Sakthi Film Factory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Suriya's Kanguva to release in Tamil Nadu by Abi & Abi Entertainment |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/24/suriyas-kanguva-to-release-in-tamil-nadu-by-abi-abi-entertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928112205/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/24/suriyas-kanguva-to-release-in-tamil-nadu-by-abi-abi-entertainment |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> [[AA Films]] was initially revealed as the theatrical distribution partner for the Hindi-dubbed versions,{{efn|name="Motion poster"}} but in January 2023, [[Pen Studios]] reportedly acquired the Hindi theatrical distribution rights.<ref name=":4" /> The Karnataka theatrical rights were sold to [[KVN Productions]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title='Kanguva' makers share Bobby Deol's first look on his 55th birthday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanguva-makers-share-bobby-deols-first-look-on-his-55th-birthday/article67782632.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310170121/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanguva-makers-share-bobby-deols-first-look-on-his-55th-birthday/article67782632.ece |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's co-producer UV Creations handled the acquisition for the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana distribution rights, while the theatrical rights for Nizam regions were acquired by [[Mythri Movie Makers]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=Mythri Movies To Distribute Suriya's Kanguva In Nizam; Film To Release On October 10 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/mythri-movies-to-distribute-suriyas-kanguva-in-nizam-film-to-release-on-october-10-article-111506216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141145/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/mythri-movies-to-distribute-suriyas-kanguva-in-nizam-film-to-release-on-october-10-article-111506216 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> The Kerala theatrical rights were initially sold to E4 Entertainment,{{efn|name="Motion poster"}} but Sree Gokulam Movies eventually acquired the rights with the film being distributed through Dream Big Films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Kanguva Movie: 'കങ്കുവ' കേരളത്തിലെത്തിക്കാൻ ഗോകുലം മൂവീസ്; ചിത്രം ഒക്ടോബർ 10ന് എത്തും |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/sree-gokulam-movies-will-bring-suriyas-most-awaited-movie-kanguva-to-kerala-theatres-203090 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922111115/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/sree-gokulam-movies-will-bring-suriyas-most-awaited-movie-kanguva-to-kerala-theatres-203090 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=Malayalam}}</ref> The international overseas rights were acquired by Phars Films, with United Kingdom and Europe distribution in association with [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref name="OS" /> The North American distribution rights were acquired by Prathyangira Cinemas.<ref name="OS" /><br />
<br />
=== Pre-release business ===<br />
''Kanguva'' was reported to have made a pre-release recovery of over {{INRConvert|500|c}} which includes digital, audio, satellite and distribution rights, becoming the first Tamil film to do so, surpassing the previous record of ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023), which reportedly did {{INRConvert|400|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2023 |title=Reports: 'Suriya 42' overpowers 'Leo' pre-release business |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/reports-suriya-42-overpowers-leo-pre-release-business/articleshow/98308464.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305015156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/reports-suriya-42-overpowers-leo-pre-release-business/articleshow/98308464.cms |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The South Indian digital rights of the film were sold for {{INRConvert|80|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2023 |title=Suriya's Kanguva breaks records with multi-crore digital rights deal with Amazon Prime Video |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/suriyas-kanguva-breaks-records-with-multi-crore-digital-rights-deal-with-amazon-prime-video/articleshow/99956244.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506144620/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/suriyas-kanguva-breaks-records-with-multi-crore-digital-rights-deal-with-amazon-prime-video/articleshow/99956244.cms |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The [[Hindi]] satellite, digital and theatrical rights were reportedly sold for {{INRConvert|100|c}}.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |date=2 January 2023 |title=Suriya 42 EXCLUSIVE: Jayantilal Gada acquires Hindi rights of the Suriya & Disha Patani film for THIS amount |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/suriya-42-exclusive-jayantilal-gada-acquires-hindi-rights-of-the-suriya-disha-patani-film-for-this-amount-1205352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203012907/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/suriya-42-exclusive-jayantilal-gada-acquires-hindi-rights-of-the-suriya-disha-patani-film-for-this-amount-1205352 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> The theatrical rights in the Telugu-speaking regions ranged from ₹25–30 crore (US$3.0–3.6 million).{{efn|''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' initially reported that the makers quoted {{INRConvert|30|c}} as the initial price for the film, but was eventually revised to {{INRConvert|25|c}}, according to ''[[The Hans India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2024 |title=Kanguva Makers Seek Rs 30 Plus Crs for Telugu Rights? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/suriyas-kanguva-telugu-dubbing-rights-at-30-crores-1308628 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710100044/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/suriyas-kanguva-telugu-dubbing-rights-at-30-crores-1308628 |archive-date=10 July 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Vineela |date=10 July 2024 |title=Did Surya's 'Kanguva' Secure a Rs. 25 Crore Deal for Telugu Theatrical Rights? |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/did-suryas-kanguva-secure-a-rs-25-crore-deal-for-telugu-theatrical-rights-890748 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711053621/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/did-suryas-kanguva-secure-a-rs-25-crore-deal-for-telugu-theatrical-rights-890748 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>}} Kerala theatrical rights were sold to {{INRConvert|10|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2024 |title=Suriya's 'Kanguva' Kerala theatrical rights sealed for career-best deal; fails to beat Vijay's 'GOAT' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-kerala-theatrical-rights-sealed-for-career-best-deal-fails-to-beat-vijays-goat/articleshow/112017413.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911015734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-kerala-theatrical-rights-sealed-for-career-best-deal-fails-to-beat-vijays-goat/articleshow/112017413.cms |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Overseas theatrical rights for the film were sold to {{INRConvert|40|c}}, which was the second-best for a Tamil film.<ref name="OS">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=23 August 2024 |title=Kanguva: Overseas rights of Suriya, Siva's film sold for a whopping price; read details |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kanguva-overseas-rights-of-suriya-siva-film-sold-for-a-whopping-price/d759ad3318743 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823075821/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kanguva-overseas-rights-of-suriya-siva-film-sold-for-a-whopping-price/d759ad3318743 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2023 |title=Suriya's Kanguva's South Indian digital rights sold to Amazon Prime for record price of Rs 80 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriyas-kanguva-south-indian-digital-rights-sold-to-amazon-prime-video-for-record-price-of-rs-80-crore-8587988/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506080626/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriyas-kanguva-south-indian-digital-rights-sold-to-amazon-prime-video-for-record-price-of-rs-80-crore-8587988/ |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film began streaming on Amazon Prime Video from 8 December 2024 in Tamil and dubbed versions of Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam languages.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2024 |title=Kanguva OTT release: When and where to watch Suriya, Bobby Deol film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kanguva-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-suriya-bobby-deol-film-2645968-2024-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207000500/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kanguva-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-suriya-bobby-deol-film-2645968-2024-12-06 |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=India Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
Publications described the film's critical consensus upon release as either mixed or negative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2024 |title=Kanguva box office collection day 2: Negative WOM comes into effect! Suriya's film sees massive fall on Friday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/kanguva-box-office-collection-day-2-negative-wom-comes-into-effect-suriyas-film-sees-massive-fall-on-friday-453947-2024-11-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124083758/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/kanguva-box-office-collection-day-2-negative-wom-comes-into-effect-suriyas-film-sees-massive-fall-on-friday-453947-2024-11-16 |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=15 November 2024 |title=Kanguva box office collection Day 1: Suriya's film needs to capitalise on weekend |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kanguva-box-office-collection-suriyas-film-manages-to-earn-this-much-on-day-one/7ce45a247849 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120145349/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/kanguva-box-office-collection-suriyas-film-manages-to-earn-this-much-on-day-one/7ce45a247849 |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Tina |date=14 November 2024 |title=Amaran success is casting a long shadow over Kanguva. Suriya's dream of a solo run isn't working |url=https://theprint.in/feature/amaran-success-long-shadow-over-kanguva-suriya-dream-solo-run/2356784/?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124084009/https://theprint.in/feature/amaran-success-long-shadow-over-kanguva-suriya-dream-solo-run/2356784/?amp |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Akshay |date=15 November 2024 |title=Kanguva: Latest product of Tamil cinema's FOMO that disrespects audience |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/kanguva-movie-opinion-suriya-bobby-deol-siva-tamil-cinema-2633607-2024-11-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115030056/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/kanguva-movie-opinion-suriya-bobby-deol-siva-tamil-cinema-2633607-2024-11-15 |archive-date=15 November 2024 |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2024 |title=Kanguva box office collection Day 2: Suriya's period drama takes a massive tumble, earns just Rs 9 crore across India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kanguva-box-office-collection-day-2-suriya-period-drama-sees-a-major-dip-9672475/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124084356/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kanguva-box-office-collection-day-2-suriya-period-drama-sees-a-major-dip-9672475/lite/ |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Raisa Nasreen of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "It is safe to say that ''Kanguva'' stands true to its theme, which is a war film that shuttles between two timelines—the present and the past."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Kanguva Movie Review: Suriya Stuns In A Brutal Tale On War And Vengence |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kanguva-movie-review-and-rating-suriya-bobby-deol-disha-patani-review-115286651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114071156/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kanguva-movie-review-and-rating-suriya-bobby-deol-disha-patani-review-115286651 |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Kanguva'' is not a great film but a decent entertainer with Suriya's impeccable performance being the biggest highlight."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Kanguva movie review: An impressive Suriya gives his all to Siva's visual grandeur which works only in parts |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kanguva-movie-review-an-impressive-suriya-gives-his-all-to-sivas-visual-grandeur-which-works-only-in-parts-13834925.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202041318/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kanguva-movie-review-an-impressive-suriya-gives-his-all-to-sivas-visual-grandeur-which-works-only-in-parts-13834925.html |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Kanguva'' is an action fantasy drama that aims for the skies. Sadly, it falters long before it even takes off. The initial 20 minutes of the film, which features the present-day portion, is truly a test of patience. Neither the so-called comedy lands nor do you get a sense of what's going on."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Kanguva review: Suriya-starrer has great ideas, but sub-par execution spoils it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kanguva-movie-review-suriya-bobby-deol-rating-sub-par-execution-2633154-2024-11-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114231631/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kanguva-movie-review-suriya-bobby-deol-rating-sub-par-execution-2633154-2024-11-14 |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Kanguva'' is definitely a spark that could have created a forest fire, but it settles to just gloriously burn down a few trees before gradually becoming a golden ember, a stark reminder of what could have been."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Kanguva Movie Review: An earnest Suriya gives his all for a Siva film that doesn't give him enough |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kollywood-movie-review/kanguva-movie-review-an-earnest-suriya-gives-his-all-for-a-siva-film-that-doesnt-give-him-enough-9668789/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129132611/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kollywood-movie-review/kanguva-movie-review-an-earnest-suriya-gives-his-all-for-a-siva-film-that-doesnt-give-him-enough-9668789/lite/ |archive-date=29 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV India|''NDTV'']] gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Kanguva'' is a visual treat enhanced by the star's tremendous screen presence. If only the script had more to it than just the sensory and the visceral, this would have been a film fully deserving of the sequel that is in the works."<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=14 November 2024 |title=Kanguva Review: Its Intent On Being The Tamil Baahubali And KGF Remains Untapped |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kanguva-review-its-intent-on-being-the-tamil-baahubali-and-kgf-remains-untapped-2-5-stars-7017602 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115010802/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kanguva-review-its-intent-on-being-the-tamil-baahubali-and-kgf-remains-untapped-2-5-stars-7017602 |archive-date=15 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[News 18]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "The core problem of ''Kanguva'' is it fails to have a single focus. It doesn't decide whether it is a film about this father and son relationship or a revenge story between two tribes."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanguva Movie Review: Suriya's Visually Superlative Film Has Grand Vision But Fails To Realise It |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kanguva-movie-review-suriyas-visually-superlative-film-has-grand-vision-but-fails-to-realise-it-9120065.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114062812/https://www.news18.com/movies/kanguva-movie-review-suriyas-visually-superlative-film-has-grand-vision-but-fails-to-realise-it-9120065.html |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Goutham S of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Kanguva, which was touted as a fantasy action movie, has left many aspects of the film unexplored. With the movie having chances of leaving even hardcore Suriya fans disappointed, it would be better to avoid the same in theaters."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Kanguva Movie Review: Suriya starrer fantasy movie suffers from a generic and over-the-top narration that denies satisfaction |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kanguva-movie-review-suriya-starrer-fantasy-movie-suffers-from-a-generic-and-over-the-top-narration-that-denies-satisfaction-1358261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114071625/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kanguva-movie-review-suriya-starrer-fantasy-movie-suffers-from-a-generic-and-over-the-top-narration-that-denies-satisfaction-1358261 |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Prathibha Joy of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Suriya lives and breathes Kanguva and is his earnest best, but that’s not going to be enough to salvage the film that’s crumbling at all other ends."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanguva movie review: Director Siva's lesson on how to blow up money on a dud |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kanguva-movie-review-director-siva-uses-suriya-for-costly-lesson-on-how-to-blow-up-a-lot-of-money/6f6773e69162 |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Ankit Ojha of [[The National (Abu Dhabi)|''The National'']] gave a rating of 2/5 and wrote, "the intensity of Suriya’s performances in his dual role and Deol’s terrifying presence as the villain will take its viewers to the end of the line, but there’s not much otherwise to hold onto as you leave the cinemas."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Ankit |title=Kanguva review: Suriya and Bobby Deal shine in fascinating and frustrating world-building experiment |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2024/11/14/kanguva-review-suriya-bobby-deol/#:~:text=Kanguva%20is%20a%20fascinating%20movie,building%20an%20enviable%20production%20design. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114232627/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2024/11/14/kanguva-review-suriya-bobby-deol/#:~:text=Kanguva%20is%20a%20fascinating%20movie,building%20an%20enviable%20production%20design. |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Nirmal Jovial of [[The Week (Indian magazine)|''The Week'']] gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Reports suggest a budget between {{INR}}300–350 crore, but once again, it proves that all the money in the world can't compensate for a weak script, and there's only so much the actors can do without strong storytelling."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Kanguva review: Suriya impresses but fails to salvage this bland period drama- The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/11/14/kanguva-review-suriya-2024-disha-patani-bobby-deol.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114062918/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/11/14/kanguva-review-suriya-2024-disha-patani-bobby-deol.html |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=theweek.in}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "With a story that banks too much on its period portions, and assures a far more promising storyline in future titles, ''Kanguva'' offers very little to enjoy at the present."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=14 November 2024 |title='Kanguva' movie review: A fiery Suriya headlines Siva's damp squib of a film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanguva-movie-review-a-fiery-suriya-headlines-sivas-damp-squib-of-a-film/article68868014.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114182901/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanguva-movie-review-a-fiery-suriya-headlines-sivas-damp-squib-of-a-film/article68868014.ece |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Suriya is the heart and soul of Kanguva but the film by Siva just doesn't do justice to his performance and commitment."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=14 November 2024 |title=Kanguva Review: Suriya's superb performance let down by weak writing and narration |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kanguva-review-suriya-s-superb-performance-let-down-by-weak-writing-and-narration-101731566399629.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202193108/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kanguva-review-suriya-s-superb-performance-let-down-by-weak-writing-and-narration-101731566399629.html |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Box office===<br />
''Kanguva'' grossed {{INR}}58.62 crore worldwide on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=Suriya-starrer Kanguva mints Rs 58.62 crore in worldwide gross on day one |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-suriya-starrer-kanguva-mints-rs-5862-crore-in-worldwide-gross-on-day-one-326578 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202072950/https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-suriya-starrer-kanguva-mints-rs-5862-crore-in-worldwide-gross-on-day-one-326578 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=[[Zee Media Corporation|Zee Business]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2024 |title=The Sabarmati Report And Kanguva Box Office Report |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8814 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117130627/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8814 |archive-date=17 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> The Hindi version earned {{INR}}3.25 crore net on its first day, and {{INR}}2.25 crore net on its second day.<ref name="BOI" /> The film earned approximately {{INR}}106 crore in its lifetime.<ref name="BOHT">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=HT Rewind: From Kanguva to Bade Miyan Chote Miyan, big-budget Indian films that failed at the box office in 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/ht-rewind-from-kanguva-to-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-big-budget-indian-films-that-failed-at-the-box-office-in-2024-101735214910124.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230123607/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/ht-rewind-from-kanguva-to-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-big-budget-indian-films-that-failed-at-the-box-office-in-2024-101735214910124.html |archive-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="BOBS">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2024 |title=Top 5 OTT releases this week: Mismatched to Kanguva, check full list |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/top-5-ott-releases-this-week-mismatched-to-kanguva-check-full-list-nc-124121300893_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215093201/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/top-5-ott-releases-this-week-mismatched-to-kanguva-check-full-list-nc-124121300893_1.html |archive-date=15 December 2024 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
<br />
=== Pre-release ===<br />
Prior to its release, a lawsuit was filed by [[Reliance Entertainment]] to stall the release of the film, citing Gnanavel Raja's unsettlement of dues from the former.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=Suriya-starrer Kanguva's Producer Faces Debt Dispute? What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/suriya-starrer-kanguvas-producer-faces-debt-dispute-what-we-know-9113607.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112214735/https://www.news18.com/movies/suriya-starrer-kanguvas-producer-faces-debt-dispute-what-we-know-9113607.html |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> A spokesperson from Reliance Entertainment claimed that Raja had taken a loan of an estimated {{INRConvert|99|c}} for film production, which includes ''[[Thangalaan]]'', but had only repaid {{INRConvert|45|c}} of the loan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=Have you heard? Suriya and Bobby Deol's Kanguva lands in legal soup |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/suriya-bobby-deol-kanguva-tabu-dune-sabarmati-report-song-aditi-rao-hydari-siddharth-23421875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112214755/https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/suriya-bobby-deol-kanguva-tabu-dune-sabarmati-report-song-aditi-rao-hydari-siddharth-23421875 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Mid-day}}</ref> The complainant also insisted to ban the film's theatrical release as well as the digital release of ''Thangalaan'', unless the remainder amount is being settled.<ref name=":10" /> The [[Madras High Court]] dismissed the case as Gnanavel Raja ensured that the remaining amount be settled before the film's theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Madras High Court rejects appeal to ban Suriya's 'Kanguva' release, deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madras-high-court-rejects-appeal-to-ban-suriyas-kanguva-release-deets-inside/articleshow/115105824.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110231257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madras-high-court-rejects-appeal-to-ban-suriyas-kanguva-release-deets-inside/amp_articleshow/115105824.cms |archive-date=10 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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On 12 November, Justice C. V. Karthikeyan and G. Jayachandran from the Madras High Court issued a restraining order against the film citing non-payment of {{INRConvert|20|c}} dues.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=12 November 2024 |title=Kanguva cannot be released without depositing ₹20 crore: Madras High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanguva-cannot-be-released-without-depositing-20-crore-madras-high-court/article68860135.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113160926/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanguva-cannot-be-released-without-depositing-20-crore-madras-high-court/article68860135.ece |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The court pertained to the agreement of Gnanavel Raja and businessman Arjunlal Sunderdas for a planned film production by investing {{INRConvert|40|c}}, but Sunderdas backed out of the project after investing {{INRConvert|12.85|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Actor Suriya's Kanguva release in limbo, HC directs producer to pay Rs 20 crore |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/actor-suriyas-kanguva-release-in-limbo-hc-directs-producer-to-pay-rs-20-crore |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> As Sunderdas died in 2014 as an insolvent, his assets and liabilities were managed by his official assignee who filed a complaint against Gnanavel Raja to repay the dues of {{INRConvert|10.35|c}} with an interest rate of 18 percent in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2024 |title=HC: Kanguva can't be released without depositing 20 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-high-court-orders-20-crore-deposit-for-kanguva-movie-release/articleshow/115229884.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113014803/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-high-court-orders-20-crore-deposit-for-kanguva-movie-release/articleshow/115229884.cms |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Since the assignee received only {{INRConvert|3.93|c}} from the said amount, with Gnanavel Raja settled and additional {{INRConvert|1|c}} before the release of ''Thangalaan'', the assignee moved to the current application, where the court, with no other alternatives, had issued that the film would not be released if the remaining amount being unsettled by 13 November.<ref name=":13" /> Later, senior counsel P. S. Raman, appearing for Gnanavel Raja, submitted a statement mentioning that his claiming that his clients had deposited {{INRConvert|6.41|c}} of the amount with the remaining {{INRConvert|3.75|c}} would be settled within four weeks. With this, the court lifted the restraining order, allowing the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Madras HC allows release of 'Kanguva', tells filmmaker to deposit Rs 3.75cr more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Nov/14/madras-hc-allows-release-of-kanguva-tells-filmmaker-to-deposit-rs-375cr-more |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115022509/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Nov/14/madras-hc-allows-release-of-kanguva-tells-filmmaker-to-deposit-rs-375cr-more |archive-date=15 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=13 November 2024 |title=Kanguva can be released on November 14, orders Madras High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanguva-can-be-released-on-november-14-orders-madras-high-court/article68864095.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114110710/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanguva-can-be-released-on-november-14-orders-madras-high-court/article68864095.ece |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
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The film's advance bookings delayed due to disputes between the distributors and exhibitors on the allotment of theatres and profit-sharing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2024 |title='கங்குவா' தியேட்டர்கள் ஒப்பந்தம் : தொடரும் சிக்கல் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/125298 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204084339/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/125298 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> As distributors quoted huge prices which the theatre owners and exhibitors refusing to negotiate, many single-screen theatres and multiplexes in Tamil Nadu did not sign agreement to screen the film and exhibitors preferred on ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' which released two weeks before, registered higher footfalls and occupancies.<ref name=":16" /> According to Tina Das of ''[[ThePrint]]'', the film's box office success had thwarted the plans of the solo release, resulting in screens being shared across all South Indian states.<ref name=":16" /> The Telugu version's release in the Nizam region, also faced similar issues as its distributor Mythri Movie Makers had disagreements with [[Asian Cinemas]] and [[PVR INOX]] resulting in the delayed bookings in the theatres owned by these chains.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshitha |date=13 November 2024 |title=5 hurdles Suriya-Bobby Deol's Kanguva faces during release: Legal issues, advance booking drama, competition from Amaran |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/5-hurdles-suriya-bobby-deols-kanguva-faces-during-release-legal-issues-advance-booking-drama-competition-from-amaran-101731479116548.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214064613/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/5-hurdles-suriya-bobby-deols-kanguva-faces-during-release-legal-issues-advance-booking-drama-competition-from-amaran-101731479116548.html |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Post-release ===<br />
After its release, ''Kanguva'' received negative reception and disappointment from audiences over the makers' exaggerated promotions and hype as a pan-Indian film, largely due to the depiction of epic historical fantasy portions in the film that had drawn comparisons parallel to [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Riya |date=17 November 2024 |title=Kanguva review: Suriya, Disha Patani, Bobby Deol's film is no Baahubali |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kanguva-review-suriya-disha-patani-bobby-deol-film-is-no-prabhas-ss-rajamouli-baahubali-3118379 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209110630/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kanguva-review-suriya-disha-patani-bobby-deol-film-is-no-prabhas-ss-rajamouli-baahubali-3118379 |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> Akshay Ramesh of ''[[India Today]]'' called ''Kanguva'' as the "latest product of Tamil cinema industry's [[Fear of missing out|FOMO]]" on delivering big-budget pan-Indian films such as the [[Baahubali (franchise)|''Baahubali'' franchise]], ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021) and ''[[RRR]]'' (2022) but suffered due to weak writing and screenplay.<ref name=":17" /> Some of the crew's exaggerated statements, with Gnanavel Raja stating on how the film would gross ₹2,000 crore, as well as how filmmakers would potentially avert clash with the potential sequel and Suriya's over-confident praise on the film were circulated and widely trolled.<ref name=":18" /> Fans also compared the film's fate post-release to that of Suriya's [[Anjaan (2014 film)|''Anjaan'']] (2014), a similar film which suffered social media backlash on not fulfilling the humongous expectations and caused its eventual failure.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=அடுத்த அஞ்சான் ரேஞ்சுக்கு ட்ரோல் செய்யப்படும் கங்குவா! முதல் நாள் வசூலே இத்தனை கோடியா? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/suriya-starrer-kanguva-movie-day-1-box-office-collection-gan-smyzmk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115041551/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/suriya-starrer-kanguva-movie-day-1-box-office-collection-gan-smyzmk |archive-date=15 November 2024 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[Asianet News]] Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
One of the major criticisms regarding the film was directed towards the sound mixing and editing, with many calling it loud and jarring.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=14 November 2024 |title='Kanguva' review: A eardrum-shattering saga of revenge |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1075471/kanguva-review-a-eardrum-shattering-saga-of-revenge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114085856/https://scroll.in/reel/1075471/kanguva-review-a-eardrum-shattering-saga-of-revenge |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Kanguva Review: Visually grand but very loud |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/kanguva-review-visually-grand-but-very-loud |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114160708/https://telugucinema.com/reviews/kanguva-review-visually-grand-but-very-loud |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Prominent sound designer and editor [[Resul Pookutty]] shared a review of the film, expressing his disappointment on the way sound design is being reviewed in mainstream films, affecting their craft and artistry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=14 November 2024 |title=Resul Pookutty on flak for Kanguva music: "Our craft and artistry caught up in the loudness war" |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/14/resul-pookutty-on-flak-for-kanguva-music-our-craft-and-artistry-caught-up-in-the-loudness-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114201931/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/14/resul-pookutty-on-flak-for-kanguva-music-our-craft-and-artistry-caught-up-in-the-loudness-war |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In response, Gnanavel Raja said this issue would be resolved, and cinemas showing the film were requested by the makers to "reduce two points of volume" to solve the problem.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=Kanguva makers take corrective measures after criticism for 'loud' music |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kanguva-makers-take-corrective-measures-after-criticism-for-loud-music-2633999-2024-11-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115122935/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kanguva-makers-take-corrective-measures-after-criticism-for-loud-music-2633999-2024-11-15 |archive-date=15 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, nearly 12 minutes of the film was trimmed and the film is re-modified and re-censored with the improved sound mixing, which began playing in theatres from 19 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=Suriya's Kanguva trimmed, loud audio issues sorted out after negative feedback |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-kanguva-trimmed-loud-audio-issue-sorted-negative-reviews-2635601-2024-11-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119062213/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-kanguva-trimmed-loud-audio-issue-sorted-negative-reviews-2635601-2024-11-19 |archive-date=19 November 2024 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2024 |title=Suriya's 'Kanguva' trimmed by 12 minutes, re-censored copy running in theatres now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-trimmed-by-12-minutes-re-censored-copy-running-in-theatres-now/articleshow/115437900.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120022708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-kanguva-trimmed-by-12-minutes-re-censored-copy-running-in-theatres-now/articleshow/115437900.cms |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Actress and Suriya's wife [[Jyothika]] shared a post on Instagram regarding the criticism directed towards the film, adding that the film's first 30 minutes had its flaws but complimented the efforts by the team to recreate the periodic portions throughout the rest of the film, calling it "a spectacle in cinema".<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2024 |title=Jyotika: Negative reviews for Suriya's 'Kanguva' seem like propaganda |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/jyotika-negative-reviews-for-suriyas-kanguva-seem-like-propaganda/article68878314.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231214013/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/jyotika-negative-reviews-for-suriyas-kanguva-seem-like-propaganda/article68878314.ece |archive-date=31 December 2024 |access-date=18 July 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2024 |title='First 30 minutes...' Jyothika slams 'Kanguva' negative reviews as Suriya movie struggles in box office |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/11/17/jyothika-slams-kanguva-negative-reviews-as-suriya-movie-struggles-in-box-office.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123095802/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/11/17/jyothika-slams-kanguva-negative-reviews-as-suriya-movie-struggles-in-box-office.html |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref> She noted that flaws are a part of most Indian films, but the criticism directed towards the film were harsh and that the targeted negativity from the first day of its release impacted the potential.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2024 |title=Jyotika defends husband Suriya's 'absolute cinematic experience' Kanguva, criticises film's 'jarring' sound: 'The first half hour doesn't work' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jyotika-defends-suriya-kanguva-jarring-sound-first-half-hour-doesnt-work-9673927/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127024854/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jyotika-defends-suriya-kanguva-jarring-sound-first-half-hour-doesnt-work-9673927/ |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> She also reiterated the film's failure at ''The Puja Talwar Show'', who added that worst films with big-budgets were doing well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2025 |title=Jyotika on defending Suriya's Kanguva amid harsh reviews: Seen bad films doing well |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jyotika-on-defending-suriya-kanguva-amid-harsh-reviews-seen-bad-films-doing-well-2691692-2025-03-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310143610/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jyotika-on-defending-suriya-kanguva-amid-harsh-reviews-seen-bad-films-doing-well-2691692-2025-03-10 |archive-date=10 March 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2025 |title=Jyotika says Suriya's Kanguva getting harsher reviews than other 'pathetic' movies irked her: 'Maybe some parts weren't good, but…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jyotika-says-suriyas-kanguva-getting-harsher-reviews-than-other-pathetic-movies-irked-her-9878741/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403111956/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jyotika-says-suriyas-kanguva-getting-harsher-reviews-than-other-pathetic-movies-irked-her-9878741/ |archive-date=3 April 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Jyothika's statement received more flak from social media users;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dishya |date=18 November 2024 |title=Jyotika Brutally Trolled After She Reveals She Helps Him Choose Films To Do Amid Kanguva's Failure |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jyotika-brutally-trolled-after-she-reveals-she-helps-him-choose-films-to-do-amid-kanguvas-failure-9125248.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119084520/https://www.news18.com/movies/jyotika-brutally-trolled-after-she-reveals-she-helps-him-choose-films-to-do-amid-kanguvas-failure-9125248.html |archive-date=19 November 2024 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> former playback singer [[Suchitra]] also noted that Jyothika's statement did more harm to the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2024 |title=Suchitra slams Jyotika for 'Kanguva' note, says she did more damage to Suriya's film with statement |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/11/18/playback-singer-suchitra-criticises-jyotika-statement-on-kanguva-film.html |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[OnManorama]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following, ''Kanguva''<nowiki/>'s negative response, the Tamil Film Active Producers' Association (TFAPA) urged to restrain public reviews of films through [[YouTube]] as they felt that it impacted the box office performance of Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2024 |title=Tamil Nadu producers seek ban on YouTube reviews in theatres after Kanguva backlash |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kanguva-suriya-tamil-nadu-producers-letter-ban-youtube-reviews-theatres-backlash-2636480-2024-11-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813155724/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kanguva-suriya-tamil-nadu-producers-letter-ban-youtube-reviews-theatres-backlash-2636480-2024-11-20 |archive-date=13 August 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2024 |title=The box-office upsets of Kanguva, Vettaiyan, and Indian 2: Demand for ban on YouTube reviews and who created this monster? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/the-box-office-upsets-of-kanguva-vettaiyan-and-indian-2-demand-for-ban-on-youtube-reviews-and-who-created-this-monster-9690540/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208215719/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/the-box-office-upsets-of-kanguva-vettaiyan-and-indian-2-demand-for-ban-on-youtube-reviews-and-who-created-this-monster-9690540/ |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In December 2024, the association eventually filed a writ petition at the [[Madras High Court]] regarding the same, but the court dismissed it, who claimed that they had no rights to curtail freedom of expression.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=3 December 2024 |title=Tamil film producers move HC seeking ban on movie reviews for three days from the date of release |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-film-producers-move-hc-seeking-ban-on-movie-reviews-for-three-days-from-release/article68941049.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219100219/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-film-producers-move-hc-seeking-ban-on-movie-reviews-for-three-days-from-release/article68941049.ece |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=18 July 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=14 December 2024 |title=Proposal for ban on film reviews: Threat to freedom of expression or desperation? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/proposal-for-ban-on-film-reviews-threat-to-freedom-of-expression-or-desperation-cinematic-saturday-2648830-2024-12-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215174919/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/proposal-for-ban-on-film-reviews-threat-to-freedom-of-expression-or-desperation-cinematic-saturday-2648830-2024-12-14 |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Future ==<br />
In July 2024, Gnanavel Raja stated that the sequel to ''Kanguva'' can be expected to release in the first half of 2027; either in January or the summer holidays.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2024 |title='Kanguva Part 2' will be released in January 2027; producer Gnanavel Raja reveals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-part-2-will-be-released-in-january-2027-producer-gnanavel-raja-reveals/articleshow/111624397.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911164611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanguva-part-2-will-be-released-in-january-2027-producer-gnanavel-raja-reveals/articleshow/111624397.cms |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However it's viability was questioned due to the film's failure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=10 December 2024 |title=Pan-Indian cinema: A plague of tiring sequels, buzzkill cliffhangers, ineffective cameos and half-films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pan-indian-cinema-a-plague-of-tiring-sequels-buzzkill-cliffhangers-ineffective-cameos-and-half-films/article68968430.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213150057/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pan-indian-cinema-a-plague-of-tiring-sequels-buzzkill-cliffhangers-ineffective-cameos-and-half-films/article68968430.ece |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
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* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
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{{Siva (director)}}<br />
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[[Category:Studio Green films]]</div>71.164.154.82https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttarakhand&diff=547818Uttarakhand2026-05-03T23:29:05Z<p>71.164.154.82: small refine references per standard format additionally per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State in northern India}}<br />
{{distinguish|Uttarkhan}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian state or territory<br />
| name = Uttarakhand<br />
| official_name = State of Uttarakhand<br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| image_style =<br />
| perrow = 1/2/2/1<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| image1 = Auli, India.jpg<br />
| caption1 = The [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s from [[Auli, India|Auli]]<br />
| image2 = Ganga aarti of haridwar.jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Aarti]] at [[Har Ki Pauri]]<br />
| image3 = Badrinath temple DSCN9998.jpg<br />
| caption3 = [[Badrinath Temple]]<br />
| image6 = Kedarnath Temple in Rainy season.jpg<br />
| caption6 = [[Kedarnath Temple]]<br />
| image5 = Jim Corbett National Park (India).jpg<br />
| caption5 = [[Jim Corbett National Park]]<br />
| image4 = Governor’s House, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.jpg<br />
| caption4 = [[Raj Bhavan, Nainital|Raj Bhavan]] in [[Nainital]]<br />
| Image5। = Triveni Ghat Ganga Aarti, Rishikesh.jpg<br />
| Caption5। = [[Triveni Ghat Ganga Aarti, Rishikesh]]<br />
}}<br />
| type = State<br />
| image_seal = Seal of Uttarakhand.svg<br />
| etymology = Northern Land<br />
| nicknames = Devabhumi; Land of the Gods<br />
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]])<br />"Truth alone triumphs"{{force singular}}<br />
| anthem = [[Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi]] ([[Hindi]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Now Uttarakhand Will Sing Its Own Official Song|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Now-Ukhand-will-sing-its-official-song/articleshow/50882569.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 February 2016|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026130144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Now-Ukhand-will-sing-its-official-song/articleshow/50882569.cms|archive-date=26 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />"Uttarakhand, Land of the Gods, O Motherland!"<br />
| image_map = IN-UT.svg<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|30.33|78.06|region:IN_type:city|name=Dehradun|display=inline,title}}<br />
| region = North India<br />
| before_was = Part of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| formation_date2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000|9 November 2000]]<br />
| formation_date3 = formation<br />
| formation_date4 = 9 November 2000<br />
| capital = Bhararisain<br />
| winter_capital = Dehradun<br />
| largestcity = Dehradun<br />
| districts = [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|13]]<br />
| Governor = [[Gurmit Singh (general)|Gurmit Singh]]<br />
| Chief_Minister = [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Pushkar Singh Dhami: BJP's Pushkar Singh Dhami to be next Uttarakhand chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pushkar-singh-dhami-to-be-next-uttarakhand-chief-minister/articleshow/84091689.cms |access-date=4 July 2021 |date=4 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002052249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pushkar-singh-dhami-to-be-next-uttarakhand-chief-minister/articleshow/84091689.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| legislature_type = Unicameral<br />
| assembly = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| assembly_seats = 70 seats<br />
| rajya_sabha_seats = 3 seats<br />
| lok_sabha_seats = 5 seats<br />
| judiciary = [[Uttarakhand High Court]]<br />
| area_total_km2 = 53483<br />
| area_rank = 19th<br />
| length_km = 320<br />
| width_km = 385<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news |last1=Asian News International |title=Nanda Devi: Operation to retrieve bodies of missing mountaineers hampered by bad weather |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nanda-devi-operation-to-retrieve-bodies-of-missing-mountaineers-hampered-by-bad-weather-1550180-2019-06-16 |work=India Today |date=16 June 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002162407/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nanda-devi-operation-to-retrieve-bodies-of-missing-mountaineers-hampered-by-bad-weather-1550180-2019-06-16 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| elevation_max_m = 7,817<br />
| elevation_max_point = [[Nanda Devi]]<br />
| elevation_min_m = 187<br />
| elevation_min_point = [[Sharda River|Sharda Sagar Reservoir]]<br />
| population_total = {{Increase}} 11,913,000<ref>{{Cite web | title=Population of Indian states 2025 - StatisticsTimes.com | url=https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/india/indian-states-population.php | access-date=23 May 2025 | website=statisticstimes.com}}</ref><br />
| population_as_of = 2025<br />
| population_rank = 21st<br />
| population_density = 213<ref name="Niti Ayog">{{cite web |title=Macro and Fiscal Landscape of the State of Uttarakhand |url=https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-03/Macro-and-Fiscal-Landscape-of-the-State-of-Uttarakhand.pdf |website=[[Niti Ayog]] |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref><br />
| population_urban = 35.90%<ref name="Niti Ayog"/><br />
| population_rural = 64.10%<ref name="Niti Ayog"/><br />
| population_demonym = [[List of people from Uttarakhand|Uttarakhandi]]<br />
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi]]<ref name="2011lang" /><br />
| additional_official = [[Sanskrit]]<ref name="sanskrit">{{cite news|last=Trivedi |first=Anupam |title=Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-uttarakhand/story-wxk51l8Re4vNxofrr7FAJK.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=19 January 2010 |access-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201065836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndia/Sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-Uttarakhand/Article1-499467.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name="sanskrit2">{{cite news|title=Sanskrit second official language of Uttarakhand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145846/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><br />
| official_script = [[Devanagari]]<br />
| GDP_footnotes = <ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_01_08_2019_for_uploading.xls|title=MOSPI Gross State Domestic Product|date=1 August 2019|website=[[Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426104343/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttarakhand-macro-economy-economics-and-statistics-department/1/398361.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per capita of Indian states - StatisticsTimes.com |url=https://statisticstimes.com/economy/india/indian-states-gdp-per-capita.php |website=statisticstimes.com |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603211542/https://statisticstimes.com/economy/india/indian-states-gdp-per-capita.php |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| GDP_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{INRConvert|3.78|lc|lk=r}}<ref>{{Cite web| title=Uttarakhand Budget Analysis 2025-26 | url=https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/uttarakhand/2025/Uttarakhand_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514013435/https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/uttarakhand/2025/Uttarakhand_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf | archive-date=14 May 2025}}</ref><br />
| GDP_year = 2024–2025<br />
| GDP_rank = 20th<br />
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|315000|lk=r}}<br />
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 10th<br />
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.722 {{color|green|high}} <ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref><br />
| HDI_year = 2023<br />
| HDI_rank = 20th<br />
| literacy = 87.6%<ref>{{Cite web | title=Literacy and education | url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/reports_and_publication/statistical_publication/social_statistics/WM16Chapter3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819082513/http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/reports_and_publication/statistical_publication/social_statistics/WM16Chapter3.pdf | archive-date=19 August 2019 | access-date=31 July 2025 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=TNPSC Current Affairs &#124; TNPSC Monthly Current Affairs | url=https://www.tnpscthervupettagam.com/currentaffairs-detail/nso-survey-for-2017-2018 }}</ref><br />
| literacy_year = 2017<br />
| literacy_rank = 13th<br />
| sex_ratio = 963[[female|♀]] / 1000[[male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2020">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead |page=4}}</ref><br />
| sexratio_year = 2011<br />
| sexratio_rank = 4th<br />
| iso_code = IN-UK <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|title=Standard: ISO 3166 — Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions|access-date=24 November 2023|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| registration_plate = UK<br />
| website = uk.gov.in<br />
| foundation_day = Uttarakhand Day<br />
| mammal = [[Alpine musk deer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/facts/|title=State Symbols of Uttarakhand |publisher=Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam Limited |access-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715112114/http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/facts/ |archive-date=15 July 2013}}</ref><br />
| bird = [[Himalayan monal]]<br />
| fish = [[Tor putitora|Golden mahseer]]<ref>{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20%26%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010035036/http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20%26%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=To protect the endangered 'mahaseer' fish, Uttarakhand set to rope in fishermen|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/to-protect-the-endangered-mahaseer-fish-uttarakhand-set-to-rope-in-fishermen/story-BI4UQ3JBbjypkVytn6xjpI.html|author=Sharma, Nihi|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010134641/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/to-protect-the-endangered-mahaseer-fish-uttarakhand-set-to-rope-in-fishermen/story-BI4UQ3JBbjypkVytn6xjpI.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| butterfly = [[Papilio bianor|West Himalayan common peacock]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.devalsari.org/images/Photo-Gallery/Common-Peacock-Male-Papilio-Bianor-Polyctor.jpg |title= Common Peacock Male Papilio Bianor Polyctor |access-date=7 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094143/http://www.devalsari.org/images/Photo-Gallery/Common-Peacock-Male-Papilio-Bianor-Polyctor.jpg |archive-date=8 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-to-declare-common-peacock-as-state-butterfly/story-FxHJdVUk9fcVsmPqTvXq1M.html |title=Uttarakhand To Declare Common Peacock As State Butterfly |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102220838/http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-to-declare-common-peacock-as-state-butterfly/story-FxHJdVUk9fcVsmPqTvXq1M.html |archive-date=2 January 2017 |date=18 November 2016 }}</ref><br />
| flower = [[Saussurea obvallata|Brahma Kamal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uttaraguide.com/statesigns.php |title=Uttarakhand State Signs &#124; Uttarakhand State Tree |publisher=uttaraguide.com |year=2012 |quote=State Flower : Brahma Kamal |access-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107042757/http://uttaraguide.com/statesigns.php |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref><br />
| tree = [[Rhododendron arboreum|Burans]]<br />
| image_highway = SH IN-UT.png<br />
| year_start = 9 November 2000<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Uttarakhand''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Uttarākhaṇḍ|ˈʊt̪ːəɾaːkʰəɳɖ}}, {{literally|Northern Land}}), also known as '''Uttaranchal''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|ʊ|t|ə|ˈ|r|æ|n|tʃ|ə|l}}; [[List of renamed places in India|the official name until 2007]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of 'Uttaranchal'|publisher=Collins English Dictionary|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/uttaranchal|access-date=16 May 2021|archive-date=30 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730042201/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/uttaranchal|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[North India|northern India]]. The state is bordered by [[Himachal Pradesh]] to the northwest, [[Tibet]] to the north, [[Nepal]] to the east and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the south. Uttarakhand has a total area of {{cvt|53,483|km2}}, equal to 1.6% of the total area of India. [[Dehradun]] serves as the state winter capital, with [[Bhararisain]] being the summer capital and [[Nainital]] being the judicial capital. The state is divided into two divisions, [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], with a total of [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|13 districts]]. The forest cover in the state is 45.4% of the state's geographical area. The cultivable area is 16% of the total geographical area. The two major rivers of the state, the [[Ganges]] and its tributary [[Yamuna]], originate from the [[Gangotri]] and [[Yamunotri]] glaciers respectively. Ranked 6th among the Top 10 Greenest States in India with Best AQI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/travel/news/top-10-greenest-states-in-india-with-best-aqi-nature-forest-cover-and-eco-friendly-living/ar-AA1CPLio?ocid=winp2fptaskbar&cvid=6852dbe0e5bd4b9aa58090778a8001ad&ei=24 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><br />
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Uttarakhand's history dates back to [[prehistoric times]], with archaeological evidence showcasing human habitation. It was part of the ancient [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] and the [[Panchala|Panchal]] kingdoms during the [[Vedic period|Vedic age]], and later saw the rise of dynasties like the [[Kuninda]]s and influence of [[Buddhism]] as evidenced by [[Ashokan edicts]]. Though primarily driven by agriculture and [[hydropower]], the state's economy is now dominated by the service industry. The service sector comprises primarily travel, tourism, and hotel industry. The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Uttarakhand is {{INRConvert|3.78|lc|lk=on|year=2025}}. The state contributes [[List of Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand|five]] seats to the lower house Lok Sabha <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Brijmohan |date=7 March 2013 |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Uttarakhand - Lok Sabha Seats in Uttarakhand |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/uttarakhand/lok-sabha-seats-in-uttarakhand.php |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=www.euttaranchal.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand|three]] seats to the upper house Rajya Sabha.<br />
<br />
Inhabitants of the state are called either [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] or [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] depending on their region of origin. [[Hinduism]] is practised by more than three-fourths of the population, with [[Islam]] being the next-largest religious group. [[Hindi]] is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state, along with native regional languages include [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]], [[Rongpo language|Rongpo]], [[Jad language|Bhotia]], [[Gujari language|Gurjari]] and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]. The state is often referred to as the "Devabhumi" ({{lit|Land of the Gods}}), due to its religious significance and numerous [[Hindu temple]]s and [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|pilgrimage centres]] found throughout the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2023 |title=About Uttarakhand - Uttarakhand Tourism |url=https://uttarakhandtourism.net/about-uttarakhand/ |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=uttarakhandtourism.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Along with several historical, natural and religious tourist destinations, including [[Char Dham]], [[Haridwar]], [[Rishikesh]], [[Panch Kedar]], [[Himalayas]], and [[Sapta Badri]]. Uttarakhand is also home to two [[World Heritage sites]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{See also|List of Indian state and union territory name etymologies}}<br />
Uttarakhand's name is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''uttara'' ({{lang|sa|[[wikt:उत्तर|उत्तर]]}}) meaning 'north', and ''khaṇḍa'' ({{lang|sa|[[wikt:खण्ड|खण्ड]]}}) meaning 'section' or 'part', altogether simply meaning 'Northern Part'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Escape to Uttarakhand: Your Himalayan Getaway |url=https://www.traveldreams.in/uttarakhand/ |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=Traveldreams |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The name finds mention in early [[Hindu scriptures]] as the combined region of "Kedarkhand" (present day [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]]) and "Manaskhand" (present day [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]). Uttarakhand was also the ancient [[Puranic]] term for the central stretch of the Indian [[Himalayas]].<ref name="autogenerated2001">Kandari, O. P., & Gusain, O. P. (Eds.). (2001). Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture & Society. Srinagar, Garhwal: Transmedia.</ref><br />
<!-- However, the region was given the name ''Uttaranchal'' by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[Government of India|union government]] and [[Government of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand state government]] when they started a new round of state reorganisation in 1998. Chosen as per BJP claims for its allegedly less-separatist connotations, since the proposed state name Uttarakhand had been used exclusively in all major statehood protests. The name change generated widespread controversy among many activists and citizens who saw it as a political act meant to hijack credit from the activist party [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]].<ref>Negi, B. (2001). "Round One to the Lobbyists, Politicians and Bureaucrats." ''The Indian Express'', 2 January.</ref> The name Uttarakhand remained popular in the region, while Uttaranchal was promulgated only through official usage.<ref name="Name1_UK">{{cite web | title=Parliament okays bill to rename Uttaranchal | website=The Times of India | date=7 December 2006 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/parliament-okays-bill-to-rename-uttaranchal/articleshow/737781.cms | access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><br />
In August 2006, [[Union Council of Ministers]] assented to the demands of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly]] and leading members of the [[Uttarakhand movement|Uttarakhand statehood movement]] to rename Uttaranchal state as Uttarakhand. Legislation to that effect was passed by the Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly in October 2006,<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061013/nation.htm#5 | agency = United News of India | title = Uttaranchal becomes Uttarakhand | work = The Tribune (India) | date = 13 October 2006 | access-date = 22 January 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030304/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061013/nation.htm#5 | archive-date = 11 May 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> and the Union Council of Ministers brought in the bill in the winter session of Parliament. The bill was passed by the Parliament and signed into law by then [[President of India|President]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] in December 2006, and since 1 January 2007 the state has been known as Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uttaranchal-is-Uttarakhand-BJP-cries-foul/articleshow/1014926.cms | title = Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul | last = Chopra | first = Jasi Kiran | date = 2 January 2007 | access-date = 22 January 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510141050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls | archive-date = 10 May 2013 | url-status=live | work = [[The Times of India]] | df = dmy-all }}</ref>--><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Main|History of Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|Garhwal Kingdom|Kumaon Kingdom|Landhaura|Timli state|Uttarakhand movement}}<br />
<br />
Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since [[prehistoric times]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bahuguna |first1=Vijay |last2=Joshi |first2=Maheshwar |title=Prehistoric rock engravings and painting: New discoveries in Uttarakhand Himalaya |url=https://www.academia.edu/31515391 |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214163652/https://www.academia.edu/31515391/Prehistoric_rock_engravings_and_painting_New_discoveries_in_Uttarakhand_Himalaya |url-status=live }}</ref> Though initially, it was believed that due to harsh climate and mountainous terrain, this was a barren and uninhabited land. But after various excavations and the study of ancient literature, it is now established that the history of Uttarakhand goes back to Stone Age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danish |first=Mohd |date=1 January 2022 |title=The Prehistoric Rock Shelter Paintings Of Lakhudiyar, Kumaon Uttarakhand, India-A Study |url=https://www.academia.edu/112534908 |journal=Zeichen JOURNAL |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214163652/https://www.academia.edu/112534908/The_Prehistoric_Rock_Shelter_Paintings_Of_Lakhudiyar_Kumaon_Uttarakhand_India_A_Study |url-status=live }}</ref> Evidences of [[Stone Age]] settlements have been found in various parts of Kumaon and Garhwal, particularly notable are the rock shelters at [[Lakhudiyar Caves|Lakhudyar]], [[Almora district|Almora]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand: ASI ने किया बड़ा खुलासा, लखुडियार की गुफाएं खोलेंगी आदि मानव कालीन रहस्य, यहां जानें सबकुछ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/nainital/lakhudiyar-caves-will-reveal-the-secrets-of-ancient-human-era-in-almora-2023-12-27 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214163652/https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/nainital/lakhudiyar-caves-will-reveal-the-secrets-of-ancient-human-era-in-almora-2023-12-27 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Rectangle designs, Painted Rock Shelter, Prehistoric art, Lakhudiyar caves, Hindu, Almora, Uttarakhand, India, One Lakh caves, India.jpg|thumb|left|Stone age paintings at Lakhudiyar Caves, Almora]]<br />
<br />
The region formed a part of the [[Uttarakuru]] Kingdom during the [[Vedic period|Vedic age]] of [[Ancient India]]. Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the [[Kuninda]]s in the second century BCE who practised an early form of [[Shaivism]]. [[Ashokan edicts]] at Kalsi show the early presence of [[Buddhism]] in this region.<br />
<br />
Ancient rock paintings, rock shelters, [[paleolithic age]] stone tools (hundreds of thousands of years old), and [[megaliths]] provide evidence that the mountains of the region have been inhabited since prehistoric times. There are also archaeological remains that show the existence of early [[Vedic period|Vedic]] ({{circa|1500 BCE}}) practices in the area.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand|url=http://britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736432/Uttarakhand|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702082101/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736432/Uttarakhand|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> The [[Pauravas]], [[Khasas]], [[Kirata]]s, [[Nanda Empire|Nandas]], [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]], [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]], [[Kuninda Kingdom|Kunindas]], [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], [[Karkota Empire|Karkotas]], [[Pala Empire|Palas]], [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratiharas]], [[Katyuri kings|Katyuris]], [[Doti|Raikas]], [[Chand kings|Chands]], [[Parmar (clan)|Parmar]]s or [[Panwar]]s, [[Khas Kingdom|Mallas]], [[Shah dynasty|Shahs]] and the [[British Raj|British]] have ruled Uttarakhand in turns.<ref name="autogenerated2001" /><br />
<br />
Among the first major dynasties of Garhwal and Kumaon were the [[Kuninda kingdom|Kunindas]] in the second century BCE who practised an early form of [[Shaivism]] and traded salt with Western [[Tibet]]. It is evident from the [[Ashoka]]n edict at Kalsi in Western Garhwal that [[Buddhism]] made inroads in this region. [[Folk Hinduism|Shamanic Hindu]] practices deviating from Hindu orthodoxy also persisted here. However, Garhwal and Kumaon were restored to nominal [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic Hindu]] rule due to the travels of [[Shankaracharya]] and the arrival of migrants from the plains.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| perrow = 2<br />
| total_width = 400<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| align = left<br />
| image1 = Sun Temple, Katarmal.jpg<br />
| caption1 = [[Katarmal]] Sun Temple constructed by the [[Katyuri Kings]] in the 9th century CE<br />
| image2 = Dandeshwar temple complex (6133874878).jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Jageshwar]] Temples Complex are a group of over 100 Hindu temples dated between 7th and 12th century.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Between the 4th and 14th centuries, the Katyuri dynasty dominated lands of varying extents from the Katyur valley (modern-day [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]]) in Kumaon. The historically significant temples at [[Jageshwar]] are believed to have been built by the Katyuris and later remodelled by the Chands. Other peoples of the [[Tibeto-Burman]] group known as [[Kirata]] are thought to have settled in the northern highlands as well as in pockets throughout the region, and are believed to be ancestors of the modern day [[Uttarakhand Bhotiya|Bhotiya]], [[Raji people|Raji]], [[Jad people|Jad]], and [[Ban Rawats|Banrawat]] people.<ref>Saklani, D. P. (1998). Ancient communities of the Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.</ref> During the medieval period, the region was consolidated under the [[Katyuri kings|Katyuri rulers]] of Kumaon also known as 'Kurmanchal Kingdom'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍe |first=Badarīdatta |title=History of Kumaun : English version of "Kumaon ka itihas" |date=1993 |publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot |isbn=81-900209-5-1 |oclc=645861049}}</ref> After the fall of Katyuris, the region was divided into the [[Kumaon Kingdom]] and the [[Garhwal Kingdom]].<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| perrow = 2<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| total_width = 220<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| align = left<br />
| image1 = Srinagar, Garhwal, 19th century.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Rope bridge across [[Alaknanda River]] at [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], 1784–94 – the capital of the [[Garhwal Kingdom]]<br />
| image2 = Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Fort of [[Champawat]], 1815 – the first capital of the [[Chand kings]] of [[Kumaon Kingdom]]<br />
}}<br />
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By the medieval period, the region was consolidated under the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] in the west and the [[Kumaon Kingdom]] in the east. During this period, learning and new forms of painting (the [[Pahari painting|Pahari]] school of art) developed.<ref>Pande, B. D. (1993). History of Kumaun: English version of "Kumaun Ka Itihas". Almora, U.P., India: Shyam Prakashan: Shree Almora Book Depot.</ref> Modern-day Garhwal was likewise unified under the rule of [[Parmar (clan)|Parmars]] who, along with many other [[Rajputs]] and [[Brahmins]], also arrived from the plains.<ref>Rawat, A. S. (1989). History of Garhwal, 1358–1947: an erstwhile kingdom in the Himalayas. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.</ref> In 1791, the expanding [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha Empire]] of [[Nepal]] overran [[Almora]], the seat of the Kumaon Kingdom. It was annexed to the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] by [[Amar Singh Thapa]]. In 1803, the Garhwal Kingdom also fell to the Gurkhas. After the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]], this region was ceded to the [[Company rule in India|British]] as part of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] and the erstwhile Kumaon Kingdom along with the [[Garhwal District|eastern region of Garhwal Kingdom]] was merged with the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]]. In 1816, the Garhwal Kingdom was re-established from a smaller region in [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri]] as a [[princely state]].<br />
[[File:Rang Mahal Landhaura.jpg|thumb|Rang Mahal of [[Landhaura]]]]<br />
In the southern part of Uttarakhand in [[Haridwar district]] (earlier part of [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]] till 1988) the dominance and kingship (rajya) was exercises by some local Hindu rulers, the area was under control of Parmar (Panwar) chief in eastern Saharanpur including Haridwar in kingship of Raja Sabha Chandra of [[Jhabrera (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jabarhera]] (Jhabrera). The Panwar clan held more than 500 villages there in upper Doab, and that situation was confirmed in 1759 in a grant by a Rohilla governor of 505 villages and 31 hamlets to one Manohar Singh (written in some records as Raja Nahar Singh son of Sabha Chandra). In 1792 [[Ram Dayal Singh|Ram Dayal]] and his son Sawai Singh were ruling the area but due to some family reasons Ramdayal left Jhabrera and went to Landhaura village, now some villages were under the control of Raja Ramdayal Singh at [[Landhaura]], and some under his son Sawai Singh at Jhabrera. Hence, there were two branches of Jhabrera State (riyasat) main branch at [[Jhabrera]] and the second one at Landhaura, both father and son were ruling simultaneously without any conflicts till the death of Raja Sawai Singh of Jabarhera in 1803. After the death of Sawai Singh total control of powers transferred to Ram Dayal Singh at Landhaura, but some villages were given to descendants of Sawai Singh and her widow to collect revenue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tareekh Gurjar Vol 5-تاریخ گرجر جلد پنجم.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2AJAVIyLgQwa1BfSm8xb0V3SDA/view |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Google Docs}}</ref><ref name="Chauhan 1998">{{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Rana Ali Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZmvnQEACAAJ |title=A Short History of the Gurjars: Past and Present |date=1998 |publisher=Chauhan Publications |isbn=978-969-8419-00-4 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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By 1803 the Landhaura villages numbered 794 under [[Raja Ram Dayal Singh]]. Raja Ram Dayal Singh died on 29 March 1813.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Atkinson|first=Edwin Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2xZmwEACAAJ&q=Landhaura%7Ctitle%3DStatistical|title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: 2.:Meerut division part 1|date=1875|publisher=North-Western Provinces Government|language=en}}</ref> These holdings, at least those in the original grant made by the Rohilla governor, were initially recognised by the British in land settlements concluded with Ram Dayal and his heirs. As the years passed, more and more settlements appear to have been made with the village communities, however, and by 1850 little remained of the once vast estate of the Landhaura Khübars.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Raheja|first=Gloria Goodwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6oYqw1BWAQC&pg=PA1|title=The Poison in the Gift: Ritual, Prestation, and the Dominant Caste in a North Indian Village|date=June 1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-70728-0|language=en|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617111159/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6oYqw1BWAQC&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref> There are many temples and Ghats on Ganga built by Rajas of Landhaura estate, therefore they also famous as ' Haridwari Rajas' in folk history and literature. Famous [[Daksheswar Mahadev Temple|Dakshamahadev Temple]] at Kankhal was built by Queen DhanKaur of Landhaura in 1810 A.D.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirvana India Enterprise |url=https://www.haridwartemple.com/article/id/1023/daksha-mahadev-temple |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=www.haridwartemple.com}}</ref><br />
[[File:Ram Mahal.jpg|thumb|Ram Mahal of [[Timli state|Timli estate]]]]<br />
Next the Timli estate Founded in Dehradun mid-15th century by Chaudhari Ram Singh, a member of the [[Chokar]] Hindu family, the estate remained under the rule of this dynasty until its eventual annexation.<ref name="Chauhan 1998"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murtaza |first1=Mahnoor |last2=Shad |first2=Dr Elizabeth |date=5 March 2024 |title=An overview of Ada Jafri's Autobiography "Jo Rahi So Bekhabri Rahi" |url=https://ojs.lgu.edu.pk/index.php/nooretahqeeq/article/view/2136 |journal=Noor e Tahqeeq |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=6–17 |doi=10.54692/nooretahqeeq.2024.08012136 |issn=2521-0157|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1548, two chieftains, Pohda Singh and Lal Karan, from the Titron region in Saharanpur district, crossed the [[Sivalik Hills|Sivalik hills]], conquered the entire Dehradun area, and established the [[Timli state|Timli estate]]. They also founded a town named Timli Chaudhari Bhagwan Singh have power of magistrate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C&dq=Bhagwan+Singhji+Choudhari&pg=PA222 |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George Robert Carlisle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wQ3AQAAMAAJ&dq=Timlee+Goojur&pg=RA1-PA101 |title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Dehra Doon |date=1874 |publisher=Printed at the Thomason Civil Engineering College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Walton |first=h G. Ed |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94182 |title=Dehra Dun, a Gazetteer, vol.1 |date=1911}}</ref><br />
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Raja Ranjit Singh of [[Samthar State|Samthar state]], born in 1943, was married at a young age to a princess from the Chokar family, which ruled in Timli estate in [[Dehradun]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C&dq=Timli+State&pg=PA251 |title=Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Ceded Conquered Provinces details.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Map of Uttarakhand as part of United Province |Uttarakhand as a part of the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]]]]<br />
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After India attained independence from the [[British Raj|British]], the Garhwal Kingdom was merged into the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], where Uttarakhand composed the Garhwal and Kumaon Divisions.<ref>Saklani, A. (1987). The history of a Himalayan princely state: change, conflicts and awakening: an interpretative history of princely state of Tehri Garhwal, U.P., A.D. 1815 to 1949 A.D. (1st ed.). Delhi: Durga Publications.</ref> Until 1998, Uttarakhand was the name most commonly used to refer to the region, as various political groups, including the [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] (Uttarakhand Revolutionary Party), began agitating for separate statehood under its banner. Although the erstwhile hill kingdoms of Garhwal and Kumaon were traditional rivals the inseparable and complementary nature of their geography, economy, culture, language, and traditions created strong bonds between the two regions.<ref>Aggarwal, J. C., Agrawal, S. P., & Gupta, S. S. (Eds.). (1995). Uttarakhand: past, present, and future. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co.</ref> These bonds formed the basis of the new political identity of Uttarakhand, which gained significant momentum in 1994, when demand for separate statehood achieved almost unanimous acceptance among both the local populace and national political parties.<ref>Kumar, P. (2000). The Uttarakhand Movement: Construction of a Regional Identity. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers.</ref><br />
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The most notable incident during this period was the [[Rampur Tiraha firing case]] on the night of 1 October 1994, which led to a public uproar.<ref>{{cite news|title=HC quashes CBI report on Rampur Tiraha firing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/HC-quashes-CBI-report-on-Rampur-Tiraha-firing/articleshow/104312.cms |date=31 July 2003 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020023855/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-31/india/27185864_1_quashes-rampur-tiraha-open-fire|archive-date=20 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 September 1998, the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] passed the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, which began the process of forming a new state.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980924/26750834.html Reorganisation Bill passed by UP Govt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907185215/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980924/26750834.html |date=7 September 2009 }} ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 24 September 1998.</ref> Two years later the [[Parliament of India]] passed the [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]] and thus, on 9 November 2000, Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the [[Republic of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=Arushi |date=9 November 2022 |title=Uttarakhand Foundation Day: The long struggle for the hill state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uttarakhand-foundation-day-the-long-struggle-for-the-hill-state-8258545/ |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231120258/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uttarakhand-foundation-day-the-long-struggle-for-the-hill-state-8258545/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Uttarakhand is also well known for the mass agitation of the 1970s that led to the formation of the [[Chipko movement|Chipko environmental movement]]<ref>Guha, R. (2000). The unquiet woods: ecological change and peasant resistance in the Himalaya (Expanded ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.</ref> and other social movements. Though primarily a [[livelihood]] movement rather than a forest conservation movement, it went on to become a rallying point for many future [[environmentalists]], environmental protests, and movements the world over and created a precedent for non-violent protest.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Robbins|first=Paul|title=Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|page=194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLFoFf3fbi0C&dq=Chipko+movement&pg=PA194 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110042140/https://books.google.com/books?id=BLFoFf3fbi0C&pg=PA194&dq=Chipko+movement|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-status=live|date=9 August 2004|isbn=978-1-4051-0266-7}}</ref> It stirred up the existing civil society in India, which began to address the issues of tribal and marginalised people. So much so that, a quarter of a century later, ''[[India Today]]'' mentioned the people behind the "forest satyagraha" of the Chipko movement as among "100 people who shaped India".<ref name=ITD>{{cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Anil|title=The Chipko Movement |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/chipko.html|work=India Today |access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823085113/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/chipko.html|archive-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> One of Chipko's most salient features was the mass participation of female villagers.<ref>Mishra, A., & Tripathi, (1978). '''Chipko''' movement: Uttaranchal women's bid to save forest wealth. New Delhi: People's Action/Gandhi Book House.</ref> It was largely female activists that played pivotal role in the movement. [[Gaura Devi]] was the leading activist who started this movement, other participants were [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]], [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]], and Ghanshyam Raturi, the popular Chipko poet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chipko Movement, India |url=http://iisd.org/50comm/commdb/desc/d07.htm |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321223139/http://www.iisd.org/50comm/commdb/desc/d07.htm|archive-date=21 March 2012}}</ref><br />
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== Geography ==<br />
{{Main|Geography of Uttarakhand|List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand}}<br />
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{{See also|Ecology of the Himalayas|Geology of the Himalayas}}<br />
[[File:India Uttarakhand relief map.svg|thumb|left|alt=Uttarakhand Relief Map|Topography map of Uttarakhand, showing elevations shaded from green to brown (higher)]]<br />
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Uttarakhand has a total area of {{cvt|53,483|km2}},<ref name="Uttarakhand" /> of which 86% is mountainous and 65% is covered by forest.<ref name=Uttarakhand /> Most of the northern part of the state is covered by high [[Himalaya]]n peaks and glaciers. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the expanding development of Indian roads, railways, and other physical infrastructure was giving rise to concerns over indiscriminate logging, particularly in the Himalaya. Two of the most important rivers in Hinduism originate in the glaciers of Uttarakhand, the [[Ganges]] at [[Gangotri]] and the [[Yamuna]] at [[Yamunotri]]. They are fed by myriad lakes, glacial melts, and streams.<ref>Negi, S. S. (1991). Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.</ref> These two along with [[Badrinath]] and [[Kedarnath]] form the [[Chota Char Dham]], a holy pilgrimage for the Hindus.<ref name=char1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india.com/business/chardham-to-get-rail-connectivity-indian-railways-pilgrimage-linking-project-to-cost-rs-43-29-crore-2124237/ |title=Chardham to get rail connectivity; Indian Railways pilgrimage linking project to cost Rs 43.29k crore, India.com, 12-May-2017 |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106041458/https://www.india.com/business/chardham-to-get-rail-connectivity-indian-railways-pilgrimage-linking-project-to-cost-rs-43-29-crore-2124237/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://gov.ua.nic.in/transport/chardham.htm Chard Dham Yatra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512200341/http://gov.ua.nic.in/transport/chardham.htm |date=12 May 2009 }} – Govt. of Uttarakhand, Official website.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140502222038/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dehradun/char-dham-yatra-kicks-off-as-portals-open/article1-1214974.aspx Char Dham yatra kicks off as portals open – Hindustan Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiapilgrimtours.com/articles/destination-profiles-of-the-holy-char-dhams-uttarakhand |title=Destination Profiles of the Holy Char Dhams, Uttarakhand<!-- Bot generated title --> |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309154546/https://www.indiapilgrimtours.com/articles/destination-profiles-of-the-holy-char-dhams-uttarakhand/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Uttarakhand lies on the southern slope of the Himalaya range, and the climate and vegetation vary greatly with elevation, from glaciers at the highest elevations to [[subtropical]] forests at the lower elevations. The highest elevations are covered by ice and bare rock. Below them, between {{convert|3000|and|5000|m|ft}} are the [[western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]]. The temperate [[western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]] grow just below the tree line. At {{convert|3000|to|2600|m|ft}} elevation they transition to the temperate [[western Himalayan broadleaf forests]], which lie in a belt from {{convert|2600|to|1500|m|ft}} elevation. Below {{convert|1500|m|ft}} elevation lie the [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]]. The [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]] and the drier [[Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands]] cover the lowlands along the Uttar Pradesh border in a belt locally known as [[Bhabar]]. These lowland forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture, but a few pockets remain.<ref>Negi, S. S. (1995). Uttarakhand: land and people. New Delhi: MD Pub.</ref><br />
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===Climate===<br />
Uttarakhand has a [[temperate climate|temperate]] but varies greatly from north to south.<ref name="Climate">{{cite web |title=Climate of Uttarakhand |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Uttarakhand.pdf |publisher=IMD Pune |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref> The climatic conditions experienced in the state vary [[Subtropics|subtropical]] in the southern part to [[Alpine climate|alpine]] in the upper reaches of the Himalayan mountain in the northern parts. The winter season from December to February, is extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between {{convert|comma=5|5|°C}} to {{convert|comma=5|20|°C}}. In higher altitudes and mountainous regions, temperatures often drop below freezing point.<ref name="Climate"/> Cold winds blow across Uttarakhand, especially in the higher altitudes and mountainous regions. These winds bring cold temperatures and often carry moisture, contributing to the heavy snowfall in places like the Himalayan ranges and hill stations.<ref name="Climate"/><br />
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During Pre-monsoon or hot weather season from March to May, temperature starts to rise and steadily rises till it reaches its peak in May to the middle of June, when the mean maximum temperature in southern parts and valleys of the state is at about {{convert|comma=5|34|°C}} C to {{convert|comma=5|38|°C}}, But in recent days the maximum temperature has increased up to 40&nbsp;°C (104&nbsp;°F). and mean minimum temperature is at about {{convert|comma=5|20|°C}} to {{convert|comma=5|24|°C}} C.<ref name="Daily Weather">{{cite web |title=Daily Weather Report For Uttarakhand |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/dehradun/mcdata/DWR.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Centre, Dehradun |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref> June to September constitutes the [[southwest monsoon]] season and the period of October and November is of post monsoon season. The state receives rainfall mainly due monsoon depressions originating in the [[Bay of Bengal]] during the southwest monsoon season. The total annual rainfall for the state as a whole is 133&nbsp;cm and total annual number of rainy days are about 63&nbsp;cm. Although, rainfall in the state varies from place to place due to its rugged topography. Precipitation is not heavy and occurs in the form of rain and snow. Winds are generally light of the order of 1 to 4 kmph in the valleys and 5 to 10 kmph at elevations of 2&nbsp;km increasing further with higher altitudes.<br />
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=== Flora and fauna ===<br />
{{See also|Indomalayan realm}}<br />
{| class="toccolours" style="margin:1em; float:right; width:25%"<br />
|+ '''State symbols of Uttarakhand'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''State animal'''<br />
| [[Alpine musk deer]] (''Moschus chrysogaster'')|| [[File:Moschus chrysogaster.jpg|50px]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''State bird'''<br />
| [[Himalayan monal]] (''Lophophorus impejanus'')|| [[File:Himalayan Monal Adult Female Tungnath Rudraprayag Uttarakhand India 14.06.2013.jpg|50px]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''State tree'''<br />
| [[Burans]] (''Rhododendron arboreum'') || [[File:Natural flowers, Chopta, Uttarakhand.jpg|50px]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''State flower'''<br />
| [[Brahma Kamal]] (''Saussurea obvallata)''|| [[File:Brahma Kamal.jpg|50px]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''State fruit'''<br />
| [[Kafal]] (''Myrica esculenta)''|| [[File:Kafal(blackberry) 2014-06-04 08-48.jpg|50px]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''State sport'''<br />
| [[Association football|Football]] || [[File:Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1995.jpg|50px]]<br />
|}<br />
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Uttarakhand has a diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of {{cvt|34,666|km2}}, which constitutes 65% of the total area of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand Annual Plan 2011–12 Finalisation Meeting Between Hon'ble Dputy Chairman, Planning Commission & Hon'ble Chief Minister, Uttarakhand|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/present/Uttarakhand.pdf|publisher=planningcommission.nic.in|access-date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515134301/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/present/Uttarakhand.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> The vegetation of the state majorly comprises alpine trees and tropical rainforests. The state is home to rare species of plants and animals, many of which are protected by sanctuaries and reserves. [[National parks of India|National parks]] in Uttarakhand include the [[Jim Corbett National Park]] (the oldest national park of India) in [[Nainital district|Nainital]] and [[Pauri Garhwal District]], and [[Valley of Flowers National Park]] & [[Nanda Devi National Park]] in [[Chamoli District]], which together are a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. A number of plant species in the valley are internationally threatened, including several that have not been recorded from elsewhere in Uttarakhand.<ref name="unesco335">{{cite web|title=Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/335/|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625213230/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/335|archive-date=25 June 2012}}</ref> [[Rajaji National Park]] in [[Haridwar District|Haridwar]], [[Dehradun District|Dehradun]] and Pauri Garhwal District and [[Govind Pashu Vihar National Park]] & [[Gangotri National Park]] in [[Uttarkashi District]] are some other protected areas in the state.<ref name=wildlife>{{cite web|title=Wildlife Eco-Tourism in Uttarakhand |url=http://www.uttarakhandforest.org/Data/SC_WildlifeEco-tourism.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123040254/http://www.uttarakhandforest.org/Data/SC_WildlifeEco-tourism.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2009 |publisher=uttarakhandforest.org |access-date=14 July 2012 }}</ref><br />
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[[Bengal tigers]] and [[leopards]] are found in areas that are abundant in hills but may also venture into the lowland jungles. Smaller felines include the [[jungle cat]], [[fishing cat]], and [[leopard cat]]. Other mammals include four kinds of deer ([[Muntjac|barking]], [[sambar deer|sambar]], [[hog deer|hog]] and [[chital]]), [[Sloth bear|sloth]], [[Brown bear|Brown]] and [[Asian black bear|Himalayan black bears]], [[Indian grey mongoose]]s, [[otter]]s, [[Martes flavigula|yellow-throated martens]], [[bharal]], [[Indian pangolin]]s, and [[langur]] and [[rhesus macaque|rhesus]] monkeys. In the summer, [[Asian elephant|elephants]] can be seen in [[herd]]s of several hundred. [[Marsh crocodile]]s (''Crocodylus palustris''), [[gharial]]s (''Gavialis gangeticus'') and other reptiles are also found in the region. Local crocodiles were saved from extinction by captive breeding programs and subsequently re-released into the [[Ramganga]] river.<ref>Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005):208. Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12219-9}}.</ref> Several freshwater terrapins and turtles like the [[Indian sawback turtle]] (''Kachuga tecta''), [[brahminy river turtle]] (''Hardella thurjii''), and [[Ganges softshell turtle]] (''Trionyx gangeticus'') are found in the rivers. Butterflies and birds of the region include [[Papilio helenus|red helen]] (''Papilio helenus''), the [[Hypolimnas bolina|great eggfly]] (''Hypolimnos bolina''), [[Danaus genutia|common tiger]] (''Danaus genutia''), [[Pareronia avatar|pale wanderer]] (''Pareronia avatar''), [[jungle babbler]], [[tawny-bellied babbler]], [[great slaty woodpecker]], [[red-breasted parakeet]], [[orange-breasted green pigeon]] and [[chestnut-winged cuckoo]].<ref name="Sharma1998">{{cite book|author=K. P. Sharma|title=Garhwal & Kumaon: A Guide for Trekkers and Tourists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSelsX-adscC&pg=PA56 |year=1998 |publisher=Cicerone Press Limited |isbn=978-1-85284-264-2 |pages=56– |access-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603060215/http://books.google.com/books?id=jSelsX-adscC&pg=PA56|archive-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> In 2011, a rare migratory bird, the [[bean goose]], was also seen in the [[Jim Corbett National Park]]. A critically endangered bird, last seen in 1876 is the Himalayan quail endemic to the western Himalayas of the state.<ref name=corbett>{{cite web|title=A Rare Visit of Ben Goose at Corbett|url=http://www.corbett-national-park.com/blog/a-rare-visit-of-ben-goose-at-corbett.html|publisher=corbett-national-park.com|access-date=15 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415132138/http://www.corbett-national-park.com/blog/a-rare-visit-of-ben-goose-at-corbett.html|archive-date=15 April 2015|date=11 May 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Evergreen oaks]], [[rhododendrons]], and [[conifers]] predominate in the hills. [[Prunus cerasoides]] (pahiyya), ''[[Sal (tree)|sal]]'' (''Shorea robusta''), [[silk cotton tree]] (''Bombax ciliata''), ''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]'', ''[[Mallotus philippensis]]'', ''[[Acacia catechu]]'', ''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'', and ''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' (camel's foot tree) are some other trees of the region. ''[[Albizia chinensis]]'', the sweet sticky flowers of which are favoured by sloth bears, are also part of the region's flora.<ref name="Sharma1998" /><br />
<br />
A decade long study by Prof. [[Chandra Prakash Kala]] concluded that the Valley of Flowers is endowed with 520 species of higher plants (''[[angiosperm]]s'', ''[[gymnosperm]]s'' and ''[[pteridophyte]]s''), of these 498 are [[flowering plant]]s. The park has many species of medicinal plants including ''[[Dactylorhiza hatagirea]]'', ''[[Picrorhiza kurroa]]'', ''[[Aconitum violaceum]]'', ''[[Polygonatum multiflorum]]'', ''[[Fritillaria roylei]]'', and ''[[Podophyllum hexandrum]]''.<ref>Kala, C.P. 2005. The Valley of Flowers; A newly declared World Heritage Site. Current Science, 89 (6): 919–920.</ref><ref>Kala, C.P. 2004. The Valley of Flowers; Myth and Reality. International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India</ref><br />
<br />
In the summer season of 2016, a large portion of forests in Uttarakhand caught fires and rubbled to ashes during [[2016 Uttarakhand forest fires|Uttarakhand forest fires]] incident, which resulted in the damage of forest resources worth billions of rupees and death of 7 people with hundreds of wild animals died during fires. During the [[2021 Uttarakhand forest fires]], there was widespread damage to the forested areas in Tehri district.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=6 April 2021|title=Indian Air Force Battles Uttarakhand Forest Blaze, 75 New Fires Reported|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-air-force-battles-uttarakhand-forest-blaze-75-new-fires-reported-2407790|access-date=7 April 2021|work=NDTV|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406195312/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-air-force-battles-uttarakhand-forest-blaze-75-new-fires-reported-2407790|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
A number of native plants are deemed to be of medicinal value.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The government-run [[Herbal Research and Development Institute]] carries out research and helps conserve medicinal herbs that are found in abundance in the region. Local traditional healers still use herbs, in accordance with classical [[Ayurvedic]] texts, for diseases that are usually cured by modern medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand) Used in the Traditional Medicine for Diabetes by Jaunsari Tribe|first1=Ankit|last1=Kumar|first2=Sonali|last2=Aswal|first3=Ashutosh|last3=Chauhan|first4=Ruchi Badoni|last4=Semwal|first5=Abhimanyu|last5=Kumar|first6=Deepak Kumar|last6=Semwal|date=1 June 2019|journal=Natural Products and Bioprospecting|volume=9|issue=3|pages=175–200|doi=10.1007/s13659-019-0202-5|pmid=30968350|pmc=6538708}}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134"><br />
Golden mahseer (Tor putitora) Babai River.jpg| [[Golden Mahseer]] (''Tor putitora'')<br />
File:Brännässla (Urtica Dioica).jpg|[[Urtica dioica|Kandali]] (''Urtica dioica'')<br />
Davidraju Common peacock-shillong.jpg|[[West Himalayan Common Peacock]] (''Papilio bianor polyctor'')<br />
File:Wild Himalaya Cherry's blooming at Doi suthep-pui national park.jpg|[[Prunus cerasoides|Paiyya]] (Prunus cerasoides)<br />
Himalayan Monal, Male (28466143101).jpg| [[Himalayan Monal]] (''Lophophorus impejanus'')<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{See also|List of cities in Uttarakhand by population|List of people from Uttarakhand|Garhwali people|Kumaoni people}}<br />
{{Historical population<br />
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web|title= A - 2 DECADAL VARIATION IN POPULATION SINCE 1901|publisher=Office of the Census Commissioner |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/05%20A-2%20Uttarakhand.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226074646/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/05%20A-2%20Uttarakhand.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Census Population">{{Citation|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=18 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| 1901 |1979866<br />
| 1911 |2142258<br />
| 1921 |2115984<br />
| 1931 |2301019<br />
| 1941 |2614540<br />
| 1951 | 2945929<br />
| 1961 | 3610938<br />
| 1971 | 4492724<br />
| 1981 | 5725972<br />
| 1991 | 7050634<br />
| 2001 | 8489349<br />
| 2011 | 10086292<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The native people of Uttarakhand are generally called Uttarakhandi and sometimes specifically either [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] or [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] depending on their place of origin in either the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] or [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region. According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Uttarakhand has a population of 10,086,292 comprising 5,137,773 males and 4,948,519 females, with 69.77% of the population living in rural areas. The state is the 20th most populous state of the country having 0.83% of the population on 1.63% of the land. The population density of the state is 189 people per square kilometre having a 2001–2011 decadal growth rate of 18.81%. The gender ratio is 963 females per 1000 males.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand Profile |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND005_Uttarakhand.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919150703/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND005_Uttarakhand.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="census">{{cite web|title=Census of India-2011 (Uttarakhand)|language=hi|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/uttarakhand/ppt_figures_press_rel.pdf|publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (ORGI)|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125075341/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/uttarakhand/ppt_figures_press_rel.pdf|archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Demography">{{cite web|title=Demography|url=http://uk.gov.in/pages/view/428-demography|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103061346/http://uk.gov.in/pages/view/428-demography|archive-date=3 January 2012}}</ref> The crude birth rate in the state is 18.6 with the [[total fertility rate]] being 2.3. The state has an [[infant mortality rate]] of 43, a [[maternal mortality rate]] of 188 and a [[crude death rate]] of 6.6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Health Survey 2010–2011 Fact Sheet|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/AHS_Baseline_Factsheets/Uttarakhand.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018163102/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/AHS_Baseline_Factsheets/Uttarakhand.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Social groups ===<br />
Uttarakhand has a multiethnic population spread across two geocultural regions: Garhwal, and Kumaon, including members of the native [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] and [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] communities as well as migrant groups, dominated by the [[Rajput]]-[[Brahmin]] hegemony.<ref name="IE_2017"/> Rajputs (of various clans) constitute around 35% of the state's population, followed by Brahmins at 20% to 25%,<ref name="IE_2017">{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Ashutosh |title=Uttarakhand elections: Across the border; next door to UP, new caste calculus |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-elections-2017/uttarakhand-elections-across-the-border-next-door-to-up-new-caste-calculus-4525289/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 February 2017 |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616105022/https://indianexpress.com/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-elections-2017/uttarakhand-elections-across-the-border-next-door-to-up-new-caste-calculus-4525289/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AajTak_Feb2022">{{cite news |last1=माहेश्वरी |first1=सुधांशु |title=उत्तराखंड: जहां सिर्फ ब्राह्मण-ठाकुर जाति वाले CM बने, कांग्रेस क्यों खेल रही दलित कार्ड? |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-elections/story/uttarakhand-election-brahmin-thakur-cm-dalit-congress-harish-rawat-ntc-1408958-2022-02-10 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=Aaj Tak |date=10 February 2022 |language=hi |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616103521/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-elections/story/uttarakhand-election-brahmin-thakur-cm-dalit-congress-harish-rawat-ntc-1408958-2022-02-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a 2007 study by [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]], Uttarakhand has the highest percentage of Brahmins of any state in India, with approximately 20% of the population.<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine |title=Brahmins in India |url=http://outlookindia.com/article/Brahmins-In-India/234783 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=4 June 2007 |access-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531222946/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Brahmins-In-India/234783 |archive-date=31 May 2014}}</ref> Uttarakhand is among the few Indian states where the historic [[Forward caste|Upper Caste]] forms a major share of the population.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Of the rest 18.3% of the population is classified as [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBCs) [[Gurjar]]s majorly.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cātaka |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vyAAAAAMAAJ&q=gurjar+garhwal+kumoun |title=Bhāratīya loka saṃskr̥ti kā sandarbha: Madhya Himālaya |date=1990 |publisher=Takshaśilā Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nauṭiyāla |first=Śivānanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xbu1AAAAIAAJ&q=gurjar+garhwal+kumoun |title=Gaṛhvāla-darśana |date=1988 |publisher=Sulabha Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Social Welfare Statistics|year=2018|url=https://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/HANDBOOKSocialWelfareStatistice2018.pdf|pages=238|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182657/https://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/HANDBOOKSocialWelfareStatistice2018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=उत्तराखंड:21 विधानसभा क्षेत्रों में चलती है OBC की सियासत, भाजपा,कांग्रेस सहित सभी राजनीतिक दल आरक्षण की पैरवी पर उतरे |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/story-uttarakhand-politics-of-obc-runs-in-21-assembly-constituencies-bjp-congress-all-political-parties-support-reservation-4333928.amp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228034254/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/story-uttarakhand-politics-of-obc-runs-in-21-assembly-constituencies-bjp-congress-all-political-parties-support-reservation-4333928.amp.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Hindustan |date=11 August 2021 |language=hi-IN |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="exoticindiaart.com">{{Cite web |title=The Pastoral Gujjar - A Study in Uttarakhand {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/pastoral-gujjar-study-in-uttarakhand-ubf236/ |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref> 18.76% of the population belongs to the [[Scheduled Castes]] (an official term for the lower castes in the traditional [[caste system in India]]). [[Scheduled Tribes]] such as the [[Jaunsari people|Jaunsaris]], [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiyas]], [[Tharu people|Tharus]], [[Bhoksa people|Buksas]], [[Raji people|Rajis]], [[Jad people|Jads]], and [[Banrawats]] constitute 2.89% of the population.<ref name="Demography" /> Several non-scheduled tribal groups such as [[Shaukas]] and Gurjars are also found here. [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gurjars]] (found in [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik hills]]) and [[Bhotiya]] are nomadic tribes while Jaunsaris are completely settled tribe.<ref name="exoticindiaart.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |date=3 September 2016 |title=Nomads of the Himalayas : A Fascinating Glimpse into the Rarely-Seen Forest World of the Van Gujjars |url=https://thebetterindia.com/67099/van-gujjars-himalayas-tribe-buffaloes/ |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shepherds Of Uttarakhand |url=https://himalayashelter.com/blogs/shepherds-of-uttarakhand/ |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=himalayashelter.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Languages ===<br />
The official language of Uttarakhand is [[Hindi]],<ref name="2011lang" /> which according to the 2011 census is spoken natively by {{sigfig|43.365|2}}% of the population,<ref name="census2011-C16">{{Cite web|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225/download/13337/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809134456/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225/download/13337/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX|url-status=live}} Figures for Jaunsari also include speakers of Jaunpuri.</ref> and is also used throughout the state as a lingua franca.<br />
<br />
The major regional languages of Uttarakhand are [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], which according to the 2011 census is spoken by {{sigfig|23.025|2}}% of the population, mostly in the western half of the state, [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], spoken in the eastern half and native to {{sigfig|19.941|2}}%, and [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]], whose speakers are concentrated in Dehradun district in the southwest and make up {{sigfig|1.345|2}}% of the state's population. These three languages are closely related, with Garhwali and Kumaoni in particular making up the [[Central Pahari]] language subgroup. The languages have been part of various scattered conservation efforts due to their active decline beginning in the later quarter of the 20th century. The decline is hypothesized to be the result of heavy state-sponsored promotion of Hindi as the official language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Garga |date=21 February 2016 |title=Why imposing Hindi on all is as bad an idea as insisting that India is a Hindu country |url=http://scroll.in/article/803869/why-imposing-hindi-on-all-is-as-bad-an-idea-as-insisting-that-india-is-a-hindu-country |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003212604/https://scroll.in/article/803869/why-imposing-hindi-on-all-is-as-bad-an-idea-as-insisting-that-india-is-a-hindu-country |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
All the languages enumerated so far belong to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] family. Apart from a few other minority Indo-Aryan languages, like [[Buksa language|Buksa Tharu]] and [[Rana Tharu language|Rana Tharu]] (of Udham Singh Nagar district in the south-east), [[Mahasu Pahari]] (found in Uttarkashi in the north-west), and [[Doteli language|Doteli]],<ref name="ethnologue20192">{{cite news |year=2019 |editor-last1=Eberhard |editor-first1=David M. |title=India – Languages |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401120331/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages |archive-date=1 April 2019 |website=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International |edition=22nd |editor-last2=Simons |editor-first2=Gary F. |editor-last3=Fennig |editor-first3=Charles D.}}</ref> Uttarakhand is also home to a number of indigenous [[Sino-Tibetan languages]], most of which are spoken in the north of the state. These include [[Jad language|Jad]] (spoken in Uttarkashi district in the north-west), [[Rongpo language|Rongpo]] (of Chamoli district), and several languages of Pithoragarh district in the north-east: [[Byangsi language|Byangsi]], [[Chaudangsi language|Chaudangsi]], [[Darmiya language|Darmiya]], [[Raji language|Raji]] and [[Rawat language|Rawat]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=S.R. |year=1993 |title=Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh-- an Introduction |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=53 |pages=343–348 |jstor=42936456}}</ref> Another indigenous Sino-Tibetan language, [[Rangas language|Rangas]], became extinct by the middle of the 20th century. Additionally, two non-indigenous Sino-Tibetan languages are also represented: [[Kulung language (Nepal)|Kulung]] (otherwise native to Nepal) and [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]].<ref name="ethnologue20192"/><br />
<br />
The Indian classical language [[Sanskrit]] has been declared a second official language,<ref name="sanskrit3">{{cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Anupam |date=19 January 2010 |title=Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-uttarakhand/story-wxk51l8Re4vNxofrr7FAJK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201065836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndia/Sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-Uttarakhand/Article1-499467.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2012 |access-date=30 August 2017 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="sanskrit22">{{cite news |date=21 January 2010 |title=Sanskrit second official language of Uttarakhand |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145846/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=30 August 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> by the BJP government for its allegedly historic association with the region.<br />
<br />
There are also sizeable populations of speakers of some of India's other major languages: [[Urdu]] ({{sigfig|4.218|2}}%) and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ({{sigfig|2.610|2}}%), both mostly found in the southern districts, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ({{sigfig|1.496|2}}%) and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] ({{sigfig|0.945|2}}%), both mainly present in Udham Singh Nagar district in the south-east, and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ({{sigfig|1.055|2}}%, found throughout the state, but most notably in Dehradun and Uttarkashi).<ref name="census2011-C16" /><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
! colspan=4| Uttarakhand: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census.<ref name="census2011-C16"/><br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
! Mother tongue code<br />
! Mother tongue<br />
! People<br />
! Percentage<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 002007 || [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 150,893<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.5%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 006102 || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 95,330<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.9%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 006195 || [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,322,406<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.0%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 006240 || [[Hindi]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 4,373,951<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.4%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 006265 || [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 135,698<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.3%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 006340 || [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,011,286<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.9%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 006439 || [[Mahasu Pahari|Pahari]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 16,984<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.2%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 010014 || [[Tharu languages|Tharu]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 48,286<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.5%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 013071 || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 5,989<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.1%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 014011 || [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 106,394<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.1%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 016038 || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 263,258<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.6%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 022015 || [[Urdu]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 425,461<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 031001 || [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhoti]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 9,207<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.1%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 046003 || [[Halam tribe|Halam]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 5,995<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.1%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 053005 || [[Gujari language|Gujari]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 9,470<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.1%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|| 115008 || [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 10,125<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.1%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|style="text-align: center;" | –<br />
|| [[Languages of India|Others]]<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 95,559<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.9%<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;" class="sortbottom"<br />
| colspan=2 | Total<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 10,086,292<br />
| style="text-align: right;" | 100.0%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| thumb = right<br />
| caption = Religion in Uttarakhand (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><br />
|label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 82.97 |color1 = DarkOrange<br />
|label2 = [[Islam]] |value2 = 13.95 |color2 = Green<br />
|label3 = [[Sikhism]] |value3 = 2.34 |color3 = navy<br />
|label4 = [[Christianity]] |value4 = 0.37 |color4 = Red<br />
|label5 = [[Buddhism]] |value5 = 0.15 |color5 = gold<br />
|label6 = [[Jainism]] |value6 = 0.09 |color6 = pink<br />
|label7 = Other or not stated |value7 = 0.13 |color7 = black<br />
}}<br />
<br />
More than four-fifths of Uttarakhand's residents are [[Hindus]].<ref name="Britannica" /> [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], [[Christians]], [[Buddhist]]s, and [[Jain]]s make up the remaining population, with the Muslims being the largest minority.<ref name="Britannica" /> Hill regions are almost entirely Hindu, while the plains regions have a significant minority of Muslims and Sikhs.<ref name="Demography" /><br />
<br />
== Administrative divisions ==<br />
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|List of districts of Uttarakhand|List of tehsils of Uttarakhand|List of parganas of Uttarakhand|List of community development blocks of Uttarakhand|List of urban local bodies in Uttarakhand|List of municipal corporations in Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Kumaon Garhwal.jpg|thumb|Kumaon and Garhwal in Uttarakhand]]<br />
<br />
Uttarakhand is divided into 13 [[Districts of Uttarakhand|districts]] under two divisions viz. [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]]. Each division is administered by a [[divisional commissioner]]. Four new districts named Didihat, Kotdwar, Ranikhet, and Yamunotri were declared by then Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]], on 15 August 2011 but yet to be officially formed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand CM announces four new districts|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-cm-announces-four-new-districts_726353.html|publisher=Zee News |access-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814065854/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-cm-announces-four-new-districts_726353.html|archive-date=14 August 2012|date=15 August 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text hover-highlight" "style="font-size: 100%" <br />
|+Population by divisions & districts<br />
! class=unsortable | Division<br />
! class=unsortable | Districts<br />
! class=unsortable | Population<br /> <small>(as of 2011)</small><ref name="census2011-C16" /><br />
|- valign=top<br />
! rowspan=7 {{vert header|stp=1|va=middle|[[Garhwal division]]}}<br />
| [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]] <br />
| 391,605<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]] <br />
| 1,696,694<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]] <br />
| 687,271<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]<br />
| 242,285<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]<br />
| 618,931<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]<br />
| 330,086<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]<br />
| 1,890,422<br />
|-class="sorttop static-row-header"<br />
! Colspan=2 | Garhwal division total<br />
! 5,857,294<br />
|- valign=top<br />
! rowspan=6 {{vert header|stp=1|va=middle|[[Kumaon division]]}}<br />
| [[Almora district|Almora]] <br />
| 622,506<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]<br />
| 259,898<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [[Champawat district|Champawat]]<br />
| 259,648<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [[Nainital district|Nainital]]<br />
| 954,605<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]<br />
| 483,439<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]<br />
| 1,648,902<br />
|-class="sorttop static-row-header"<br />
! Colspan=2 |Kumaon division total<br />
! 4,229,998<br />
|-class="sorttop static-row-header"<br />
! Colspan=2 |Uttarakhand state total<br />
! 10,087,292<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Each district is administered by a [[district magistrate]]. The districts are further divided into sub-divisions, which are administered by [[sub-divisional magistrate]]s; sub-divisions comprise [[tehsil]]s which are administered by a [[tehsildar]] and [[community development block]]s, each administered by a [[block development officer]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
<br />
[[Municipal governance in India|Urban areas]] are categorised into three types of municipalities based on their population; [[Municipal Corporation (India)|municipal corporations]], each administered by a [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]], [[Municipal Council (India)|municipal councils]] and, [[nagar panchayat]]s (town councils), each of them administered by a [[chief executive officer]]. [[Panchayati raj in India|Rural areas]] comprise the three tier administration; [[District Councils of India|district councils]], [[Panchayat samiti|block panchayats]] (block councils) and [[gram panchayat]]s (village councils).{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} All state and local government offices have a five-year term.<br />
<br />
According to the 2011 census, [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]], and [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]] are the most populous districts, each of them having a population of over one million.<ref name="census" /><br />
<br />
== Government and administration ==<br />
{{Main|Government of Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|Elections in Uttarakhand|Local elections in Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
Following the [[Constitution of India]], Uttarakhand, like all Indian states, has a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]]. The [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] is [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] consists of 70 members who are elected for five-year terms.<ref name="Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/uttranchal.htm|publisher=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in|access-date=3 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409004806/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/uttranchal.htm|archive-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> Assembly meetings are presided over by the [[Speaker of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker]], or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The [[Uttarakhand Council of Ministers]] is appointed by the Governor of Uttarakhand on the advice of the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and reports to the Legislative Assembly. [[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] leads the Official Opposition in the Legislative Assembly. The state contributes five seats to [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], and three seats to [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Parliament|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|publisher=Parliamentofindia.nic.in|access-date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709235221/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Government of Uttarakhand]] is a [[Democracy|democratically]] elected body in India with the [[List of governors of Uttarakhand|governor]] as its constitutional head and is appointed by the [[president of India]] for a five-year term. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the [[List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand|chief minister]] by the governor, and the council of ministers is appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the chief minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The Council of Ministers consists of [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet Ministers]] and [[Minister of State|Ministers of State]] (MoS). The Secretariat headed by the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] assists the council of ministers. The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government. Each government department is headed by a minister, who is assisted by an [[Additional Chief Secretary (India)|Additional Chief Secretary]] or a [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]], who is usually an officer of [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serves as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary.<br />
<br />
For administration, the state is divided into two divisions and 13 districts. [[Divisional Commissioner]], an IAS officer is the head of administration on the divisional level. The administration in each district is headed by a [[District collector|District Magistrate]], who is also an IAS officer, and is assisted by several officers belonging to state services. District Magistrate being the head of the district administration, is responsible for maintaining law and order and providing public services in the district. At the block level, the Block Development Officer (BDO) is responsible for the overall development of the [[Block (district subdivision)|block]]. The [[Uttarakhand Police]] is headed by an IPS officer of the rank of [[Director general of police]]. A [[Superintendent of Police]], an IPS officer assisted by the officers of the Uttarakhand Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Divisional Forest Officer, an officer belonging to the [[Indian Forest Service]] manages the forests, environment, and wildlife of the district, assisted by the officers of Uttarakhand Forest Service and Uttarakhand Forest Subordinate Service.<br />
<br />
The judiciary capital of the state is [[Nainital]], the seat of the [[Uttarakhand High Court]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/hcourts.htm|title=Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts|access-date=12 May 2008|publisher=Eastern Book Company}}</ref> with district courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the [[tehsil]] level. The president of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Uttarakhand judiciary on the advice of the [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] as well as the governor of Uttarakhand.<br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
{{See also|List of Uttarakhand state symbols}}<br />
<br />
=== Architecture and crafts ===<br />
{{See also|List of Monuments of National Importance in Uttarakhand|List of State Protected Monuments in Uttarakhand}}<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134"><br />
File:Hanol Mahasu04.jpg|[[Mahasu Devta Temple]] at Hanol, notable for its [[Hindu temple architecture|traditional wooden architecture]]<br />
File:Architectural details of a Dharamshala, estb. 1822, Haridwar.jpg|Architectural details of a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshala]], established 1822, Haridwar [[File:Rang_Mahal_Landhaura.jpg|thumb|Rang Mahal [[Landhaura]] ]]<br />
File:Solani Aquaduct Of Ganges Canal.jpg|[[Solani aqueduct]] on [[Ganges Canal]] at [[Roorkee]], built during the [[British Raj]]<br />
File:The Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Shri K.C. Pant speaking at the releasing of the Uttaranchal crafts map at the exhibition of "Artistic Crafts Maps of Jharkhand.jpg|The releasing of the Uttaranchal crafts map<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
Among the prominent local crafts is [[wood carving]] known as ''[[Likhai]]'', which appears most frequently in the [[Hindu temple architecture|ornately decorated temples]] of the Kumaon region in Uttarakhand. Intricately carved designs of floral patterns, deities, and geometrical motifs also decorate the doors, windows, ceilings, and walls of village houses. Paintings and murals are used to decorate both houses and temples.<br />
<br />
[[File:Abhisarika-nayika-mola-ram.jpg|thumb|right|''Abhisarika Nayika'', a painting by [[Mola Ram]]]]<br />
<br />
[[Pahari painting|Garwhali Miniature painting]] is a form of miniature painting that flourished in the region between the 17th and 19th century. [[Mola Ram]] is credited as the true father of the Garhwali Branch of the wider Pahari School. Kumaoni art often is geometrical in nature, while Garhwali art is known for its closeness to nature.<br />
<br />
[[Aipan art|'''Aipan''']] is a GI certified Kumaoni ritual folk art<ref>{{Cite news |title=GI tag for 7 indigenous products of Uttarakhand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/gi-tag-for-7-indigenous-products-of-ukhand/articleshow/86623486.cms |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214165154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/gi-tag-for-7-indigenous-products-of-ukhand/amp_articleshow/86623486.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> done mainly during special ceremonies, the festival of Diwali, marriages and other religious rituals. Its predominantly female practitioners believe that it invokes a divine power which brings about good fortune and deters evil. The art is special as it is done on empty walls, which are brick-red in colour, called ''geru''. The actual art is done with a white paste made of [[rice flour]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=pratibha |date=15 July 2015 |title=D'source Design Gallery on Aipan Uttarakhand Part 1 |url=https://www.dsource.in/gallery/aipan-uttarakhand-part-1 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=www.dsource.in |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214163654/https://www.dsource.in/gallery/aipan-uttarakhand-part-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Jyuti patta''' is a class of water color paintings done on rituals, called Jyuti. Some scholars also consider Jyuti to be synonymous with the word mother of the world. To give concrete form to the deity, two-dimensional geometry is given expression in the form of frescoes. This is a geometric or decorative semi-graphic structure in which different colours and symbols are used. This structure called Jyuti also gets a new dimension by the use of ochre or biswar of Tepan. Jyunti is prepared on the surface of wall or paper and the composition is given with cotton and a brush of limiter. In this artform, various qualities of a specific deity are shown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttranchal - Juthi Mathruka pattu |url=https://ignca.gov.in/coilnet/utrn0042.htm |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=ignca.gov.in |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929223804/https://ignca.gov.in/coilnet/utrn0042.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Other crafts of Uttarakhand include handcrafted [[gold jewellery]], [[basketry]] from Garhwal, [[shawl|woollen shawls]], [[scarf|scarves]], and [[carpet|rugs]]. The latter are mainly produced by the Bhotiyas of northern Uttarakhand.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
<br />
=== Arts and literature ===<br />
{{See also|Dehradun Literature Festival}}<br />
[[File:Sumitra nandan pant museum, kausani.jpg|thumb|alt=Sumitranandan Pant museum, Kausani|Sumitranandan Pant Museum, [[Kausani]]|left]]<br />
<br />
Uttarakhand's diverse ethnicities have created a rich literary tradition in languages including Hindi, Garhwali, Kumaoni, Jaunsari, and Tharu. Many of its traditional tales originated in the form of lyrical [[ballad]]s and chanted by itinerant singers and are now considered classics of [[Hindi literature]]. [[Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna]], [[Badri Datt Pandey]], [[Ganga Prasad Vimal]]; [[Mohan Upreti]], [[Naima Khan Upreti]], [[Prasoon Joshi]], [[Shailesh Matiyani]], [[Shekhar Joshi]], [[Shivani]], [[Taradutt Gairola]], [[Tom Alter]]; [[Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship|Lalit Kala Akademi fellow]] – [[Ranbir Singh Bisht]]; [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]ees – [[B. M. Shah]], [[Narendra Singh Negi]]; [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]ees – [[Leeladhar Jagudi]], [[Shivprasad Dabral Charan]], [[Manglesh Dabral]], [[Manohar Shyam Joshi]], [[Ramesh Chandra Shah]], [[Ruskin Bond]] and [[Viren Dangwal]]; [[Jnanpith Award]]ee and [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|Sahitya Akademi fellow]] [[Sumitranandan Pant]] are some major literary, artistic and theatre personalities from the state. prominent philosophers, Indian independence activists and social-environmental activists; [[Anil Prakash Joshi]], [[Basanti Devi (environmentalist)|Basanti Devi]], [[Gaura Devi]], [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]], [[Deep Joshi]], [[Hargovind Pant]], [[Kalu Singh Mahara]], [[Kunwar Singh Negi]], [[Mukandi Lal]], [[Nagendra Saklani]], [[Sri Dev Suman]], [[Ram Prasad Nautiyal]], [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]] and [[Vandana Shiva]] are also from Uttarakhand.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
=== Cuisine ===<br />
{{Main|Cuisine of Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|Kumaoni cuisine}}<br />
[[File:Bal mithai.jpg|thumb|[[Bal Mithai]], a popular sweet from Kumaon]]<br />
<br />
The primary food of Uttarakhand is vegetables with wheat being a staple, although non-vegetarian food is also served. A distinctive characteristic of Uttarakhand cuisine is the sparing use of tomatoes, milk, and milk-based products.<br />
<br />
Coarse grain with high fibre content is very common in Uttarakhand due to the harsh terrain. Crops most commonly associated with Uttarakhand are [[Buckwheat]] (locally called ''Kotu'' or ''Kuttu'') and the regional crops, ''Maduwa'' and ''Jhangora'', particularly in the interior regions of Kumaon and Garhwal. Generally, either [[Ghee|Desi Ghee]] or [[Mustard oil]] is used for the purpose of cooking food. Simple recipes are made interesting with the use of hash seeds ''[[Jakhya]]'' as spice, [[chutney]] made of [[Bhang]] is also a regional cuisine.<br />
<br />
[[Bal Mithai]] is a popular fudge-like sweet. Other popular dishes include Dubuk, Chains, Kap, Bhatiya, Jaula, Phana, Paliyo, Chutkani and Sei. In sweets; Swal, Ghughut/Khajur, Arsa, [[Rock candy|Mishri]], Gatta and [[Gulgula (doughnut)|Gulgulas]] are popular.<br />
<br />
Many regional variations of [[Kadhi]] called ''Jhoi'' or ''Jholi'' is also popular.<ref>Subodh Upadhyay, ''An Essence of Himalaya'', a book about Uttarakhand cuisine</ref> Another staple of the Kumaon region is a black soybean dal referred to as ''Bhatt'' or ''chudkani''. A grinded dal ''chaisu'' is also popular in the Garhwal region.<br />
<br />
The state has a predominant non-vegetarian population, with some estimates suggesting 75% of the population being non-vegetarian. Various boar, chicken, mutton and hare recipes are popular in the region. A popular mutton dish ''bhutwa'', is made from goat intestine and other offcuts.<br />
<br />
=== Dances and music ===<br />
[[File:Chanchari dance.jpg|thumb|left|Women performing chanchari, a popular folk dance from [[Bageshwar district|Danpur region]] in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]]]<br />
<br />
The dances of the region are connected to life and human existence and exhibit myriad human emotions. Langvir Nritya is a dance form for males that resembles gymnastic movements. Barada Nati folk dance is another dance of [[Jaunsar-Bawar]], which is practised during some religious festivals. Other well-known dances include Hurka Baul, Jhora-Chanchri, Chhapeli, Thadya, Jhumaila, [[Pandav Lila|Pandav]], Chauphula, and [[Chholiya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=उत्तराखंड में छोलिया है सबसे पुराना लोकनृत्य, जानिए इसकी खास बातें|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-choliya-is-the-oldest-folk-dance-of-uttarakhand-19707465.html|access-date=21 July 2020|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721045319/https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-choliya-is-the-oldest-folk-dance-of-uttarakhand-19707465.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Folk Dances Of North India|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/north-india.html |publisher=culturalindia.net|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718052314/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/north-india.html|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Music is an integral part of the Uttarakhandi culture. Popular types of folk songs include Mangal, Basanti, Khuder and Chhopati.<ref>{{cite web |title=Folk Songs of Uttarakhand|url=http://www.aboututtarakhand.com/Know-Abouts/Folk-Song/Folk-Songs.html |website=aboututtarakhand.com|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717183928/http://www.aboututtarakhand.com/Know-Abouts/Folk-Song/Folk-Songs.html|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> These folk songs are played on instruments including [[Dhol]], [[Damau]], Turri, [[Ransingha]], [[Dholak|Dholki]], Daur, [[Thali (percussion)|Thali]], [[Bhankora]], Mandan and [[Bagpipe|Mashakbaja]]. "[[Bedu Pako Baro Masa]]" is a popular folk song of Uttarakhand with international fame and legendary status within the state. It serves as the cultural anthem of Uttarakhandi people worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bedu Pako |url=http://www.bedupako.com|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215050139/http://bedupako.com/|archive-date=15 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.euttarakhand.com/bedu-pako-song|title=Bedu Pako Song – From Uttarakhand to Globe|date=16 November 2016|work=Uttarakhand Stories – Connect to Uttarakhand with eUttarakhand and Share Stories|access-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909222126/https://www.euttarakhand.com/bedu-pako-song|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Music is also used as a medium through which the gods are invoked. ''[[Jagar (ritual)|Jagar]]'' is a form of spirit worship in which the singer, or ''Jagariya'', sings a ballad of the gods, the ballads evoke local deities with allusions to great epics, like [[Mahabharat]] and [[Ramayana]], that describe the adventures and exploits of the god being invoked.<br />
<br />
[[B. K. Samant]], [[Basanti Bisht]], [[Chander Singh Rahi]], [[Girish Tiwari|Girish Tiwari 'Girda']], Gopal Babu Goswami, Heera Singh Rana, [[Jeet Singh Negi]], [[Meena Rana]], [[Mohan Upreti]], [[Narendra Singh Negi]] and [[Pritam Bhartwan]] are popular [[Indian folk music|folk singers]] and musicians from the state, so are [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood]] singer [[Jubin Nautiyal]] and [[country music|country]] singer [[Bobby Cash (singer)|Bobby Cash]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dylan of hills singes CM |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070130/asp/nation/story_7324156.asp |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=30 January 2007 |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021153616/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070130/asp/nation/story_7324156.asp|archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
=== Fairs and festivals ===<br />
The festivals of [[Kumbh Mela]] at [[Haridwar]], [[Ramlila]], [[Ramman (festival)|Ramman]] of [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]], the traditions of [[Vedic chant]]ings and [[Yoga]] are [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|included in the list]] of [[Intangible cultural heritage]] of the [[UNESCO]].<ref name="Kumbh Mela">{{cite web | title= Kumbh Mela | url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kumbh-mela-01258 | publisher= UNESCO Culture Sector | access-date= 7 December 2017 | archive-date= 7 December 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201207210911/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kumbh-mela-01258 | url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="ramlila">{{cite web|title=Ramlila – the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=38 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006063939/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=38 |archive-date=6 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name="ramman">{{cite web | title= Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas, India | url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00281 | publisher= UNESCO Culture Sector | access-date= 14 January 2013 | archive-date= 5 November 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151105115039/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00281 | url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="vedic">{{cite web|title=The Tradition of Vedic Chanting |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=37 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628222637/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=37 |archive-date=28 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Yoga">{{cite web | title= Yoga | url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/yoga-01163 | publisher= UNESCO Culture Sector | access-date= 2 December 2016 | archive-date= 7 December 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161207184240/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/yoga-01163 | url-status= live }}</ref><br />
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*''[[Kumauni Holi]]'', in forms including Baithki Holi, Khari Holi, and Mahila Holi, all of which start from [[Vasant Panchami]], are festivals and musical affairs that can last almost a month.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
*''Almora Dussehra'' is a regional variant of Dussehra, dating back to 1936. It is distinct for burning fifteen distinct effigies, each representing the members of the Hindu mythological villain Ravana's entire bloodline. The effigies are all ornate and exquisitely designed. They are paraded through the city of Almora before finally being set on fire to symbolise the triumph of good over evil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अल्मोड़ा का दशहरा: यहां होता है पूरे रावण कुल का दहन, एक दो नहीं फूंके जाते हैं 15 पुतले, विदेशी भी हैं मुरीद |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/almora/almora-dussehra-mahotsav-2023-2023-10-20 |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
*''[[Ramman (festival)|Ramman]]'' is an agro-religious festival and ritual masked theatre endemic to the Garhwali People in the Saloor Dungra village of the Painkhanda Valley in the Chamoli district. The festival serves as an offering to the village deity, Bhumichetrapal or Bhumiyal Devta, in the courtyard of the village temple. Every day of the festival, the Devta takes a round of the village. The festival lasts for ten days during which time the local epic of Rama is sung and masked dances depicting different aspects of life take place in the courtyard of the Bhumiyal Devta's temple.<br />
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[[File:Third Shahi Snan in Hari Ki Pauri.jpg|thumb|right|Pilgrims gather for the third ''Shahi Snan'' ("royal bath") at [[Har Ki Pauri]] in [[Haridwar, Uttarakhand]] on 14 April 2010 during [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela]].]]<br />
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*''[[Haridwar Kumbh Mela]]'', one of the major [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|Hindu pilgrimages]], takes place in Uttarakhand. [[Haridwar]] is one of the four places in India where this mela is organised. Haridwar most recently hosted the Purna [[Kumbh Mela]] from [[Makar Sankranti]] (14 January 2010) to Vaishakh Purnima Snan (28 April 2010). Hundreds of foreigners joined Indian pilgrims in the festival, which is considered the largest religious gathering in the world.<ref name=AFP>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/millions-dip-in-ganges-at-worlds-biggest-religious-festival-1944892.html |title=Millions dip in Ganges at world's biggest religious festival |access-date=3 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131616/https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/millions-dip-in-ganges-at-worlds-biggest-religious-festival-1944892.html |archive-date=6 February 2018 |date=13 April 2010 }}, [[The Independent]], 14 April 2010</ref><br />
*''Phool-Dei'' is a folk festival which welcomes the spring season in the state. The festival is celebrated on the first day of the Hindu month, Chaitra. In some places, the festival is celebrated as carnival and the celebration goes on for a month. The term 'Dei' refers to a ceremonial pudding which is the key food in this festival that is made from jaggery. White flour and curd are also offered. Young children gather together and go to every house in their village/towns with plates full of rice, jaggery, coconut, green leaves, and flowers. In return, they are presented with blessings and gifts like sweets, jaggery, and money. The wishing and blessing part also include placing flowers and rice on the doorsteps of the houses by the children. People of village sing and dance on their folk songs to celebrate the festival of spring along with exchanging wishes for well-being and prosperity of their family and relatives.<br />
*''Harela'' is a kumaoni festival hypothesized to date back to the indigenous population. 10–11 days before the Sankranti of Shravan, a bed is made by adding soil in bamboo pots etc. Grains grown during the rainy season like paddy, maize, urad etc. are sown, this is called Hariyala. Harakali Mahotsav, Idols of Gauri Maheshwar, Ganesha and Karkitkeya are made from clay, coloured in them and worshiped with various fruits, flowers, dishes and sweets in a bed of greenery on the night of the month of Sanat. On the second day, the Harela of Uttarang Puja is placed on the head. Sisters and daughters-in-law apply tilak and tilak and put Harela on their heads. They are given gifts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttranchal - Kumaon Ke Parvoutsav v Tyohar (Festival) |url=http://ignca.nic.in/coilnet/utrn0005.htm |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=ignca.nic.in |archive-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023015314/http://www.ignca.nic.in/coilnet/utrn0005.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*''[[Ganga Dussehra]]'', Vasant Panchami, Makar Sankranti, Ghee Sankranti, Khatarua, [[Vat Savitri]], and Phul Dei (The festival of spring) are other major festivals. In addition, various fairs like [[Kanwar Yatra]], [[Kandali Festival]], [[Ramman (festival)|Ramman]], [[Kartik Purnima|Kauthig]], [[Nauchandi Mela]], Giddi Mela, Uttarayani Mela and [[Nanda Devi Raj Jat]] take place.<br />
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== Economy ==<br />
{{Main|Economy of Uttarakhand}}<br />
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[[File:Vannage du riz, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|left|thumb|upright|alt=Rice winnowing|A woman winnowing rice, an important food crop in Uttarakhand]]<br />
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The Uttarakhand state is the second fastest growing state in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/madhya-pradesh-now-fastest-growing-state-uttarakhand-pips-bihar-to-reach-second/|title=Madhya Pradesh now fastest growing state, Uttarakhand pips Bihar to reach second|date=8 September 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=6 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503223718/http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/madhya-pradesh-now-fastest-growing-state-uttarakhand-pips-bihar-to-reach-second/|archive-date=3 May 2015}}</ref> Its gross state domestic product (GSDP) (at constant prices) more than doubled from {{INR}}24,786 crore in FY2005 to {{INR}}60,898 crore in FY2012. The real GSDP grew at 13.7% (CAGR) during the FY2005–FY2012 period. The contribution of the service sector to the GSDP of Uttarakhand was just over 50% during FY 2012. Per capita income in Uttarakhand is {{INR}} 198738 (FY 2018–19), which is higher than the national average of {{INR}} 126406 (FY 2018–19).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gusain |first=Raju |date=31 October 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/state-of-the-states/story/20141110-uttarakhand-macro-economy-economics-and-statistics-department-805710-2014-10-30 |title=Uttarakhand's per capita income up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426104343/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttarakhand-macro-economy-economics-and-statistics-department/1/398361.html |archive-date=26 April 2015 |magazine=India Today |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/uttarakhand-per-capita-income-rises-to-rs-1-03-lakh-114071101356_1.html|title=Uttarakhand per capita income rises to Rs 1.03 lakh |author=Shishir Prashant|date=11 July 2014|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502134236/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/uttarakhand-per-capita-income-rises-to-rs-1-03-lakh-114071101356_1.html|archive-date=2 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the total foreign direct investment in the state from April 2000 to October 2009 amounted to US$46.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand |url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttarakhand_060710.pdf|publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation |access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710231926/http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttarakhand_060710.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref><br />
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Like most of India, agriculture is one of the most significant sectors of the economy of Uttarakhand. [[Basmati]] rice, wheat, soybeans, groundnuts, coarse cereals, pulses, and [[oil seeds]] are the most widely grown crops. Fruits like apples, oranges, pears, peaches, lychees, and plums are widely grown and important to the large food processing industry. Agricultural export zones have been set up in the state for lychees, horticulture, herbs, medicinal plants, and basmati rice. During 2010, wheat production was 831 thousand tonnes and rice production was 610 thousand tonnes, while the main cash crop of the state, sugarcane, had a production of 5058 thousand tonnes. As 86% of the state consists of hills, the yield per hectare is not very high. 86% of all croplands are in the plains while the remaining is from the hills.<ref name="phd">{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand: The State Profile |url=http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Uttarakhand.pdf |publisher=PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry |access-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021054815/http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Uttarakhand.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2012 }}</ref> The state also holds the GI tag for Tejpatta ([[Cinnamomum tamala]]) or Indian bay leaf, which is known to add flavour to dishes and also possesses several medicinal properties.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tejpatta gets GI tag |work=Tribune |date=7 June 2016 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/tejpatta-gets-gi-tag-247787 |access-date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522110959/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/tejpatta-gets-gi-tag-247787 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:260px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"<br />
| colspan=2 style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| Economy of Uttarakhand at a Ggance<ref name="mospi.nic.in">{{cite web | url = http://mospi.nic.in | title = Uttarakhand Economy at a Glance | date = 1 August 2012 | work = State Domestic Product and other aggregates (2004–05 series) | publisher = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] | access-date = 1 August 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121009194142/http://www.mospi.nic.in/ | archive-date = 9 October 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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(figures in [[crore]]s of [[Indian rupee]]s)<br />
|-<br />
! Economy at a glance (FY-2012) || In Indian rupees<br />
|-<br />
| GSDP (current) || {{INR}}95,201<br />
|-<br />
| Per capita income|| {{INR}}103,000<br />
|}<br />
Other key industries include tourism and hydropower, and there is prospective development in IT, ITES, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and automobile industries. The service sector of Uttarakhand mainly includes tourism, information technology, higher education, and banking.<ref name="phd" /><br />
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During 2005–2006, the state successfully developed three Integrated Industrial Estates (IIEs) at [[Haridwar]], [[Pantnagar]], and [[Sitarganj]]; Pharma City at Selakui; Information Technology Park at Sahastradhara ([[Dehradun]]); and a growth centre at Sigaddi ([[Kotdwar]]). Also in 2006, 20 industrial sectors in public private partnership mode were developed in the state.<ref name=ppp>{{cite web|title=Uttaranchal (Uttarakhand)|url=http://www.pppinindia.com/infrastructure-uttaranchal.php |publisher=Government of India |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103053153/http://pppinindia.com/infrastructure-uttaranchal.php |archive-date=3 November 2011 }}</ref><br />
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== Transportation ==<br />
{{See also|Char Dham Highway|Char Dham Railway}}<br />
Uttarakhand has {{cvt|2,683|km}} of roads, of which {{cvt|1,328|km}} are national highways and {{cvt|1,543|km}} are [[state highways]].<ref name="ppp" /> The state has 14 national highways, comprising 2.2% of the total national highways length in India.<ref name="NH Share">{{cite web |title=List of National Highways in Uttarakhand |url=https://pwd.uk.gov.in/files/PWD/Length_of_NH.pdf |publisher=PWD Uttarakhand |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref> The [[Uttarakhand Transport Corporation]] (UTC), established on 31 October 2003 after reorganising the State Road Transport Corporation (SRTC). The corporation provides transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states. The UTC buses are the most common and affordable mode of transportation in Uttarakhand. As of 2012, approximately 1000 buses are being plied by the UTC on 35 nationalised routes along with many other non-nationalised routes. There are also private transport operators operating approximately 3000 buses on non-nationalised routes along with a few interstate routes in Uttarakhand and the neighbouring state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Information|url=http://transport.uk.gov.in/pages/display/54-history|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523044129/http://transport.uk.gov.in/pages/display/54-history|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> For travelling locally, the state, like most of the country, has [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[cycle rickshaw]]s. In addition, remote towns and villages in the hills are connected to important road junctions and bus routes by share mode of transportation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
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As over 86% of state's terrain consists of hills, railway services are very limited in the state and are largely confined to the plains. In 2011, the total length of railway tracks was about {{cvt|345|km}}.<ref name=ppp /> The most important railway station in [[Kumaon division|Kumaun Division]] of Uttarakhand is at [[Kathgodam]]. Kathgodam is the last terminus of the [[Broad-gauge railway|broad-gauge]] line of North East Railways that connects Nainital with Delhi, Dehradun, and [[Howrah]]. Other notable railway stations are at [[Pantnagar railway station|Pantnagar]], [[Lalkuan Junction railway station|Lalkuan]] and [[Haldwani railway station|Haldwani]]. [[Dehradun railway station]] is a railhead of the Northern Railways.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dehradun Railway Station|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/dehradun-railway-station.php|publisher=euttaranchal.com|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814042602/http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/dehradun-railway-station.php|archive-date=14 August 2012}}</ref> Haridwar station is situated on the Delhi–Dehradun and Howrah–Dehradun railway lines. One of the main railheads of the Northern Railways, Haridwar Junction Railway Station is connected by broad gauge line. Roorkee comes under Northern Railway region of Indian Railways on the main [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] – [[Mughal Sarai]] trunk route and is connected to major Indian cities. Other railheads are [[Rishikesh]], [[Kotdwar]] and [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]] linked to Delhi by daily trains.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
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[[Jolly Grant Airport]] in Dehradun and [[Pantnagar Airport]] in [[Pantnagar]] are the major airports and the main gateway to the state. Jolly Grant Airport is the busiest airport in the state with six daily flights to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi Airport]]. Pantnagar Airport of the Kumaon region have 1 daily air service to Delhi and return too. The state has also proposed creating the [[Naini Saini Airport]] in [[Pithoragarh]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt seeks Rs 25 cr from Centre for Naini-Saini airport|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-seeks-rs-25-cr-from-centre-for-naini-saini-airport-112121202003_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=7 August 2014 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060502/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-seeks-rs-25-cr-from-centre-for-naini-saini-airport-112121202003_1.html|archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> [[Bharkot Airport]] in [[Chinyalisaur]] in Uttarkashi district and [[Gauchar Airport]] in [[Gauchar]], Chamoli district.<br />
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== Tourism ==<br />
{{Main|Tourism in Uttarakhand}}<br />
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="134"><br />
Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG|[[Valley of Flowers National Park]]<br />
Ali bugyal2.jpg|View of a [[Bugyal]] (meadow) in Uttarakhand<br />
Har Ki Dun.jpg|[[Har Ki Doon]], a high-altitude [[hanging valley]]<br />
Rishikesh view across bridge.jpg|[[Rishikesh]] view and 13 stories Shiva temple across [[Lakshman Jhula]] bridge over the [[Ganges]]<br />
Kedarnath Temple - OCT 2014.jpg|[[Kedarnath Temple]] is one of the 12 [[Jyotirlingas]]<br />
</gallery><br />
[[File:Schematic Tourist Map of Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|Schematic tourist map of Uttarakhand]]<br />
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Uttarakhand has many tourist spots due to its location in the Himalayas. There are many ancient temples, forest reserves, national parks, hill stations, and mountain peaks that draw large number of tourists. There are 44 nationally protected monuments in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments&nbsp;– Uttarakhand|url=http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttranchal.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507125806/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttranchal.asp|archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref> [[Oak Grove School (Jharipani, Mussoorie)|Oak Grove School]] in the state is on the tentative list for World Heritage Sites.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tentative Lists|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922025437/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state|archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> Two of the most holy rivers in [[Hinduism]] the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]], originate in Uttarakhand. [[Binsar Devta]] is a popular Hindu temple in the area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bineshwar Mahadev Temple |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/bineshwar-mahadev-temple.php |website=eUttaranchal |access-date=16 February 2025}}<br />
</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Binsar Mahadev Temple, Pauri Garhwal |url=https://uttarakhandguide.com/packages/binsar-mahadev-temple-pauri-garhwal/ |website=Uttarakhand Guide |access-date=16 February 2025}}<br />
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Uttarakhand has long been called "Land of the Gods"<ref name=Uttarakhand>{{cite web|url=http://www.nainitaltourism.com/Uttarakhand_Uttaranchal.html|title=Info about Uttarakhand|publisher=Nainital Tours & Package|access-date=20 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125105932/http://www.nainitaltourism.com/Uttarakhand_Uttaranchal.html|archive-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> as the state has some of the holiest [[Hindu]] shrines, and for more than a thousand years, pilgrims have been visiting the region in the hopes of salvation and purification from sin. [[Gangotri]] and [[Yamunotri]], the sources of the Ganges and Yamuna, dedicated to [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]] respectively, fall in the upper reaches of the state and together with [[Badrinath]] (dedicated to [[Vishnu]]) and [[Kedarnath]] (dedicated to [[Shiva]]) form the [[Chota Char Dham]], one of Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious pilgrimage circuits. Haridwar, meaning "Gateway to the God", is a prime Hindu destination. [[Haridwar]] hosts the [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela]] every twelve years, in which millions of pilgrims take part from all parts of India and the world. [[Rishikesh]] near Haridwar is known as the preeminent [[yoga]] centre of India. The state has an abundance of temples and shrines, many dedicated to local deities or manifestations of Shiva and [[Durga]], references to many of which can be found in Hindu scriptures and legends.<ref>Dilwali, A., & Pant, P. (1987). The [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] Himalayas, ramparts of heaven. New Delhi: Lustre Press.</ref> Uttarakhand is, however, a place of pilgrimage for the adherents of other religions too. [[Piran Kaliyar]] Sharif near [[Roorkee]] is a pilgrimage site to [[Muslim]]s, [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib|Gurudwara Darbar Sahib]], in [[Dehradun]], [[Gurudwara Shri Hemkund Sahib|Gurudwara Hemkund Sahib]] in [[Chamoli district]], [[Gurudwara Nanakmatta Sahib]] in [[Nanakmatta]] and [[Gurudwara Reetha Sahib]] in [[Champawat district]] are pilgrimage centres for [[Sikh]]s. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] has also made its presence with the reconstruction of [[Mindrolling Monastery#Mindrolling in India|Mindrolling Monastery]] and its [[Buddha]] [[Stupa]], described as the world's highest at [[Clement Town]], Dehradun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dalai Lama Consecrates Stupa at Mindroling Monastery|work=VOA |date=29 October 2002 |url=http://www.voatibetanenglish.com/content/a-28-a-2002-10-29-4-1-90251907/1267487.html|publisher=Voice of America Tibetan|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921142137/http://www.voatibetanenglish.com/content/a-28-a-2002-10-29-4-1-90251907/1267487.html|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Incredible India {{!}} Uttarakhand |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/states/uttarakhand.html |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=www.incredibleindia.org |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722105345/https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/states/uttarakhand.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[Auli, India|Auli]] and [[Munsiari]] are well-known skiing resorts in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Skiing in Uttarakhand |url=https://www.visituttrakhand.com/skiing}}<br />
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The state has 12 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, which cover 13.8% of the total area of the state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Celebrating Uttarakhand Sthapna Diwas! Ten best cities of Uttarakhand one must visit|url=https://humaribaat.com/celebrating-uttarakhand-sthapna-diwas-ten-best-cities-of-uttarakhand-one-must-visit/ |agency=Humari Baat |issue=Travel |publisher=Humari Baat |date=11 November 2017 |access-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172351/https://humaribaat.com/celebrating-uttarakhand-sthapna-diwas-ten-best-cities-of-uttarakhand-one-must-visit/|archive-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> They are located at different altitudes varying from 800 to 5400 metres. The oldest national park on the Indian sub-continent, [[Jim Corbett National Park]], is a major tourist attraction.<ref name=wildlife /><br />
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[[File:Mt.Kedarnath.jpg|thumb|[[Garhwal Himalaya]] mountain range in [[Kedarnath]], Uttarakhand|left]]<br />
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[[Vasudhara Falls]], near [[Badrinath]], is a waterfall with a height of {{convert|122|m|ft}} set in a backdrop of snow-clad mountains.<ref name="harsh">{{cite book|last=Bisht|first=Harshwanti|title=Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya : with special reference to mountaineering and trekking in Uttarkashi and Chamoli Districts|year=1994|publisher=Indus Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173870064|pages=41, 43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C6DGU73WzsC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110042140/https://books.google.com/books?id=6C6DGU73WzsC|archive-date=10 January 2016}}</ref> The state has always been a destination for [[mountaineering]], [[hiking]], and [[rock climbing]] in India. A recent development in [[adventure tourism]] in the region has been whitewater [[rafting]] in Rishikesh. Due to its proximity to the Himalaya ranges, the place is full of hills and mountains and is suitable for trekking, climbing, skiing, camping, rock climbing, and paragliding.<ref>{{cite web|title=Destination for Adventure Sports|url=http://mapsofindia.com/maps/uttaranchal/uttaranchaltourist.htm|publisher=mapsofindia.com|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814113714/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttaranchal/uttaranchaltourist.htm|archive-date=14 August 2012}}</ref> [[Roopkund]] is a trekking site, known for the mysterious skeletons found in a lake, which was featured by [[National Geographic Channel]] in a documentary.<ref>{{cite web|title=UTET|url=http://www.whatismyresults.com/2013/09/UTET-answer-Key-UTET-Result.html|work=Uttarakhand|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912011106/http://www.whatismyresults.com/2013/09/UTET-answer-Key-UTET-Result.html|archive-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> The trek to Roopkund passes through the meadows of [[Bugyal]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
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[[New Tehri]] city has [[Tehri Dam]], with a height of {{Convert|260.5|m|ft}} is the tallest dam in India. It is currently ranked No 10 on the [[List of tallest dams|List of Tallest Dams]] in the world. Tehri Lake with a surface area of {{Convert|52|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, is the [[List of lakes of India|biggest lake]] in the state of Uttarakhand. It has good options for Adventure Sports and various water sports like Boating, Banana Boat, Bandwagon Boat, Jet Ski, Water Skiing, Para-sailing, Kayaking.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
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== Education ==<br />
{{Main|Education in Uttarakhand}}<br />
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{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand}}<br />
The educational system prevailing in the state's schools specifies an initial 10-year course of study, which is divided into three stages: lower primary, upper primary, and secondary school—known as 4+3+3, which signifies the number of years for each stage. After the first 10 years of schooling, students typically enroll in Higher Secondary Schooling in one of the three major streams—[[liberal arts]], [[commerce]], or [[science]]. Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional undergraduate (UG) degree-college programmes. Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. The majority of public schools are affiliated with the [[Uttarakhand Board of School Education]] (UBSE) use Hindi as a medium of instruction. Private schools in Uttarakhand—which use English as the language of instruction—are affiliated to one of three administering bodies, [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]], or [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]].<br />
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Uttarakhand has more than 20 universities, including one [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University|central university]], twelve [[state universities]], three [[deemed universities]], one [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] in [[Indian Institute Of Technology Roorkee|Roorkee]], one [[IIM]] in [[IIM Kashipur|Kashipur]] and an [[AIIMS]] in [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh|Rishikesh]]. Inaugurated by [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] in 1960, [[G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]], provides research and training in agriculture and engineering. Located in Bharsar and Ranichauri, [[Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry]], is a state agricultural university and has two campuses, one is in Bharsar town of [[Pauri Garhwal district]] and other is in Ranichauri town of [[Tehri Garhwal district]]. [[Kumaun University]]; located in Nainital, is one of the oldest universities in the region.<br />
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Uttarakhand is home to some of premier institutes of India that hold the status of national importance due to their significant contributions to education, research, and national development. Founded in 1906, [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] (FRI) is the oldest institutions of its kind. Its campus hosts the [[Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy]] (IGNFA), the staff college that trains officers selected for the [[Indian Forest Service]] (IFS). Located in [[Dehradun]], [[The Doon School]] has been consistently ranked as the best all-boys residential school in [[India]]. Established in 1959, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]] (LBSNA), [[Mussoorie]], trains civil servants for the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS). The [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA), is officer training academy for the [[Indian Army]]. The academy trains officer cadets for the Permanent Commission into the Army.<br />
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== Sports ==<br />
{{See also|Maharana Pratap Sports College}}<br />
[[File:Dehradun cricket stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]] in [[Dehradun]]]]<br />
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Due to its mountainous terrain and rivers, Uttarakhand attract tourists and adventure seekers for [[extreme sport|adventure sports]], such as [[paragliding]], [[sky diving]], [[rafting]] and [[bungee jumping]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribuneindia.com/2010/20101218/dplus.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India : Latest news, India, Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal, Uttarakhand, J&K, sports, cricket |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524034007/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101218/dplus.htm |archive-date=24 May 2013 }}</ref> Uttarakhand is home to some of the highest peaks in India, including [[Nanda Devi]] and [[Tirsuli]], popular for mountaineering expeditions and climbing activities. Traditional sports [[Mallakhamb]] (pole gymnastics), [[Gatka]] (a form of [[martial arts]]) and [[Gulli Danda]] (similar to cricket) are preserved, are preserved but have limited exposure. More recently, [[golf]] has also become popular with [[Ranikhet]] being a favourite destination.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
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The [[Cricket Association of Uttarakhand]] is the governing body for [[Cricket in India|cricket]] activities. The [[Uttarakhand cricket team]] represents Uttarakhand in [[Ranji Trophy]], [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]. [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]] in [[Dehradun]] is the home ground of Uttarakhand cricket team.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} Uttarakhand has state-level associations for various sports that organise tournaments and promote talent development.<br />
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The [[Uttarakhand State Football Association]] is the governing body for [[Football in India|association football]]. The [[Uttarakhand football team]] represents Uttarakhand in the [[Santosh Trophy]] and other leagues. The [[Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium]] in [[Haldwani]] is the home ground of Uttarakhand football team.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
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== Notable people ==<br />
{{See also|List of people from Uttarakhand}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Asia|Geography}}<br />
* [[Outline of Uttarakhand]]<br />
* [[Himalayan states]]<br />
* [[Indian Himalayan Region]]<br />
* [[Mountain Temples and Temple Mountains]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Duplicated citations|reason=DuplicateReferences script detected:<br />
* http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-uttarakhand/story-wxk51l8Re4vNxofrr7FAJK.html (refs: 7, 97)<br />
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece (refs: 8, 98)<br />
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<references><br />
<ref name="2011lang">{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=4 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 }}</ref><br />
</references><br />
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== Further reading ==<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Rivett-Carnac|first=J. H.|title=Archaeological Notes On Ancient Sculpturings On Rocks in Kumaon, India|url=https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicalno00rive#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1879|location=Calcutta|publisher=G.H. Rouse}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Upreti|first=Ganga Dutt|title=Proverbs & folklore of Kumaon and Garhwal|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924089930774#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1894|publisher=Lodiana Mission Press}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Oakley|first=E. Sherman|title=Holy Himalaya: The Religion, Traditions and Scenery of Himalayan Province (Kumaon and Garwhal)|url=https://archive.org/stream/holyhimalayareli00oaklrich#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1905|publisher=Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier|location=London}}<br />
* {{cite book |author1=Raja Rudradeva |editor=Haraprasada Shastri |title=Syanika Shastra: A Book on Hawking |url=https://archive.org/stream/syanikasatraorbo00rudruoft#page/n3/mode/2up |year=1910 |publisher=Asiatic Society |location=Calcutta }}<br />
* Handa, Umachand (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC History of Uttaranchal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207090054/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC |date=7 December 2023 }}''. Indus Publishing. {{ISBN|81-7387-134-5}}.<br />
* Husain, Z. (1995). ''Uttarakhand Movement: The Politics of Identity and Frustration, A Psycho-Analytical Study of the Separate State Movement, 1815–1995''. Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot. {{ISBN|81-85897-17-4}}<br />
* Sharma, D. (1989). ''Tibeto-Himalayan languages of Uttarakhand''. Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages, 3. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications. {{ISBN|81-7099-171-4}}<br />
* Phonia, Kedar Singh (1987). ''Uttarakhand: The Land of Jungles, Temples and Snows''. New Delhi, India: Lancer Books.<br />
* Mukhopadhyaya, R. (1987). ''Uttarakhand Movement: A Sociological Analysis''. Centre for Himalayan Studies special lecture, 8. Raja Rammohunpur, Distt. Darjeeling: University of North Bengal.<br />
* Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (2005). ''Uttaranchal: Historical and Cultural Perspectives''. B. R. Pub. Corp., {{ISBN|81-7646-463-5}}.<br />
* Negi, Vijaypal Singh, Jawaharnagar, P.O. Agastyamuni, Distt. Rudraprayag, ''The Great Himalayas'' 1998,<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
{{Sister project links |species=no|n= Uttarakhand|wikt=Uttarakhand|voy=Uttarakhand|q=no |s=no |b=no |v=no}}<br />
'''Government'''<br />
* [http://uk.gov.in/ Uttarakhand Government Portal]<br />
* [http://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/ Uttarakhand Tourism]<br />
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'''General information'''<br />
* {{Britannica|736432}} <br />
* [http://mountainshepherds.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/map-uttarakhand.pdf Map of Uttarakhand] with places of interest and historical attractions, mountainshepherds.com.<br />
* {{OSM relation|374810}}<br />
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{{Geographic Location<br />
| Centre = Uttarakhand<br />
| North = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{flag|China}}<br />
| Northeast =<br />
| East = [[Sudurpashchim Province]], {{flag|Nepal}}<br />
| Southeast =<br />
| South = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| Southwest = [[Haryana]]<br />
| West =<br />
| Northwest = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Navboxes|list=<br />
{{Uttarakhand}}<br />
{{Garhwal}}<br />
{{Kumaon}}<br />
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}<br />
{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}<br />
{{States and territories of India}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Uttarakhand| ]]<br />
[[Category:North India]]<br />
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 2000]]<br />
[[Category:2000 establishments in India]]</div>71.164.154.82