Memari II

2024-05-16T14:16:02Z

67.225.74.124: enhanced citations as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Memari II
|other_name =
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = bn
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map = File:Memari-II in Purba Bardhaman (West Bengal).svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =right
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]], [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Memari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Memari]], [[Manteswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manteswar]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 186.84
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 150,252
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|23|15|55|N|88|08|59|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 24
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 713168 (Paharhati) 713421 (Barapalasan) 713422 (Satgachia)
|area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
|area_code = 0342
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-37,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-38,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-41,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-42,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-44
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 74.59 per cent
|website = http://purbabardhaman.gov.in/
|footnotes =
}}
'''Memari II''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
During the reign of [[Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]], Munshi Syed Sadruddin (d. 1796) was appointed as the ''mutawalli'' (guardian) of the Baish Hazari [[pargana]]. He constructed a large [[madrasa]] and library in Bohar called Madrasa-i-Jalalia, in honour of [[Jalaluddin Tabrizi]],<ref name=begum>{{cite thesis|title=Bengal's contribution to Islamic studies during the 18th century|publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]]|year=1994|chapter=Religious institutions of Bengal in the eighteenth century: Buhar Madrasah|pages=44-50|first=Shabnam|last=Begum}}</ref> which produced hundreds of [[ulama]] including Ghulam Mustafa Burdwani, Izharul Haque, Abdur Rab Lucknowi, Abdur Rahman Lucknowi and Nurul Haque Ansari.<ref name=bahrul>{{cite thesis|title=Life and works of Mulla Bahrul Uloom (d. 1225 A.H.)|author=Molla, M. Isharat Ali|publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]]|year=1993|pages=48, 68-69|chapter=4. Life of Mulla Bahrul Uloom, his teachers and pupils, and views of prominent Ulama on him}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Map of purba bardhaman district.jpg|thumb|left|400px|CD blocks of Purba Bardhaman district]]
===Location===
Satgachia, a constituent panchayat of Memari II block, is located at {{coord|23.2653|N|88.1496|E|format=dms|}}.

Memari II CD Block is part of the Bardhaman Plain, the central plain area of the district. The area is surrounded by the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] on the east, the [[Ajay River|Ajay]] on the north-west and the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] on the west and south. Old river channels and small creeks found in the region dry up in the dry season, but the Bardhaman Plains are sometimes subject to heavy floods during the rainy season. The region has recent [[Alluvium|alluvial]] soils.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13-14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref>

Memari II CD Block is bounded by [[Manteswar (community development block)|Manteswar]] CD Block on the north, [[Kalna I]] CD Block on the east, [[Memari I]] CD Block on the south and [[Burdwan I]] and [[Burdwan II]] CD Blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html |title = Tehsil Map of Barddhaman |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref>

Memari II CD Block has an area of 186.84 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 115 gram sansads (village councils), 89 [[mouza]]s and 88 inhabited villages. [[Memari#Police station|Memari]] police station serves this block.<ref name=handbook2014/> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Paharhati]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 January 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Memari II block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Barapalason I, Barapalason II, Bijpur I, Bijpur II, Bohar I, Bohar II, Kuchut, Satgachia I and Satgachia II.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Memari II CD Block had a total population of 150,252, all of which were rural. There were 76,500 (51%) males and 73,752 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 15,567. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 35,933 (23.92%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 27,676 (18.42%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 January 2017}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Memari II block had a total population of 135,621, out of which 69,486 were males and 66,135 were females. Memari II block registered a population growth of 13.67 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Barddhaman District | access-date = 4 February 2017 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205026/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes]] at 35,310 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 24,819.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)9.htm |title=TRU for all Districts (SC & ST and Total) |access-date=4 February 2017 |work=Census 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040022/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST%28TRU1%299.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Memari II CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Mandalgram (10,171), Barapalashan (6,912), Bijur (5,430), Kuchut (4,598), Jabui (4,066), Begunia (5,962), Satgachhia (8,733) and Bohar (9,057).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Memari II CD Block was 100,455 (74.59% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 55,880 (81.49% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 44,575 (67.42% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.07%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the 2001 census, Memari II block had a total literacy of 69.89 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 79.54 per cent female literacy was 59.77 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 5, Bardhaman District |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211117/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bardhaman district|collapsible=y}}

===Languages and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Memari II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|72.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|24.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|2.54}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.41}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 109,447 and formed 72.84% of the population in Memari iI CD Block. Muslims numbered 36,383 and formed 24.21% of the population. Christians numbered 275 and formed 0.18% of the population. Others numbered 4,147 and formed 2.76% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In Bardhaman district the percentage of Hindu population has been declining from 84.3% in 1961 to 77.9% in 2011 and the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 15.2% in 1961 to 20.7% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of Indiia 2011: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman | work= Table 9: Population by religion in Badhaman district (1961-2011), Page 50|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 January 2017}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Memari II CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 83.46 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 15.57 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.97 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 83.46% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 15.57% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Memari II CD Block was 38.04%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Table 4.2: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Bardhaman 2005, page 94 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Livelihood===
In Memari II CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 17.10%, agricultural labourers 58.54%, household industry workers 2.11% and other workers 22.25%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Memari II CD Block is part of the area where agriculture dominates the scenario but the secondary and tertiary sectors have shown an increasing trend.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Block/ Sub-division wise Variation in Occupational Distribution of Workers, page 47 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 88 inhabited villages in Memari II CD block. All 88 villages (100%) have power supply. 86 villages (97.93%) have drinking water supply. 16 villages (18.18%) have post offices. All 88 villages (100%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 42 villages (47.73%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 54 villages (61.36%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 26 villages (29.55%) have [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]]. 7 villages (7.95%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 102 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 96 fertiliser depots, 10 seed stores and 42 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Memari II CD Block'''
|value1 = 17.41
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 6.55
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 3.40
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 15.18
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 57.46
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture Memari I could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 17.41%, patta (document) holders 6.55%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3.40%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 15.18% and agricultural labourers 57.46%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net cropped area in Memari II CD Block was 14,508 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 11,820 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Bardhaman | work = Table 3.10, Gross Cropped Area, Net Cropped Area and Cropping Intensity of different blocks of Bardhaman district 2003-04, Page 53 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, Memari II CD Block produced 97,129 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 30,826 hectares, 6,382 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 2,343 hectares, 33,269 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 7,464 hectares and 58,809 tonnes of potatoes from 2,700 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In Bardhaman district as a whole Aman paddy constituted 64.32% of the total area under paddy cultivation, while the area under Boro and Aus paddy constituted 32.87% and 2.81% respectively. The expansion of Boro paddy cultivation, with higher yield rates, was the result of expansion of irrigation system and intensive cropping.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman | work = Occupational Structure, Status and levels of Livelihood, page 55 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Memari II CD Block was 17,276.64 hectares, out of which 16,154.27 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 241.24 hectares by river lift irrigation and 881.13 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Memari II CD Block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Memari II CD Block has 8 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|SH 15]] running from Dainhat (in Bardhaman district) to Gadiara (in Howrah district) passes through this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Memari II CD Block had 113 primary schools with 8,103 students, 4 middle schools with 584 students, 16 high schools with 8,455 students and 6 higher secondary schools with 7,223 students. Memari II CD Block had 254 institutions for special and non-formal education with 6,773 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Memari II CD block, amongst the 88 inhabited villages, 7 villages did not have schools, 26 villages had two or more primary schools, 28 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 21 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Barddhaman, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1082, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref>

More than 6,000 schools (in erstwhile Bardhaman district) serve cooked [[Midday Meal Scheme|midday meal]] to more than 900,000 students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bardhaman.nic.in/middam/mdm.htm| title = Midday Meal – Burdwan, WB| publisher = District Authorities |access-date = 12 February 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Memari II CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 primary health centres with total 32 beds and 5 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 21 family welfare subcentres. 2,217 patients were treated indoor and 201,770 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Paharhati Rural Hospital at [[Paharhati]] (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Memari II CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Barapalasan (with 6 beds), Bitra (with 10 beds) and Bohar (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 19 January 2019}}</ref>

Memari II CD Block is one of the areas of Bardhaman district which is affected by a low level of arsenic contamination of ground water.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb7.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| access-date = 9 September 2011 | work = Bardhaman | publisher = SOES }}</ref>

==External links==
* [http://bardhaman.gov.in/blocks/blocks.htm District map showing blocks]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purba Bardhaman district]]

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Memari II