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Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier

2021-05-09T06:24:47Z

67.173.23.66: /* References */

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Napier
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KT|PC}}
| image = FrancisNapier10thLordNapier.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier in 1866
| order1 = Acting [[Viceroy of India]]
| term_start1 = 24 February 1872
| term_end1 = 3 May 1872
| monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| predecessor1 = [[John Strachey (civil servant)|Sir John Strachey]] As Acting Viceroy
| successor1 = [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|The Lord Northbrook]]
| order2 = [[Governor of Madras Presidency]]
| term_start2 = 27 March 1866
| term_end2 = 19 February 1872
| governor-general2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Sir William Thomas Denison]]
| successor2 = [[Alexander John Arbuthnot]] As Acting Governor
| order3 = [[List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Russia|Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Russia]]
| term_start3 = 1861
| term_end3 = 1864
| governor-general3 =
| predecessor3 = [[Sir John Crampton, 2nd Baronet|John Crampton]]
| successor3 = [[Sir Andrew Buchanan, 1st Baronet|Andrew Buchanan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1819|09|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thirlestane Castle]], [[Selkirkshire]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1898|12|19|1819|09|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Florence]], [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]]
| nationality = [[British people|British]]
| party =
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| profession =
| occupation =
| spouse = Anne Jane Charlotte Manners
}}

'''Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier and 1st Baron Ettrick''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KT|PC}} (15 September 1819 – 19 December 1898) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[Polyglot (person)|polyglot]], [[diplomat]] and colonial [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]]. He served as the [[British Ambassador to the United States|British Minister to the United States]] from 1857 to 1859, [[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to the Netherlands|Netherlands]] from 1859 to 1860, [[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Russia|Russia]] from 1861 to 1864, [[List of diplomats from the United Kingdom to Prussia|Prussia]] from 1864 to 1866 and as the [[Governor of Madras]] from 1866 to 1872. He also acted as the [[Viceroy of India]] from February to May 1872.

Francis Napier was born on 15 September 1819 to [[William Napier, 9th Lord Napier|William John Napier]] and had his early education through private tutors. He joined the [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1835 but did not complete his graduation. Instead, he mastered foreign languages and served as a diplomat in foreign missions. In 1866, he was appointed Governor of Madras and served from 1866 to 1872. On the assassination of the Earl of Mayo, the then Viceroy of India in February 1872, Napier was appointed to act temporarily as the Viceroy of India and served from February to May 1872. Napier returned to the United Kingdom in July 1872 and in his later life, chaired the [[Napier Commission]]. Napier died at [[Florence]], [[Italy]] on 18 December 1898 at the age of 79.

Napier was made a [[Knight of the Thistle]] in 1864. In 1872, he was created Baron Ettrick in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in recognition of his services in India.

== Early life and education ==
Francis Napier was born on 15 September 1819 to William John Napier, the 9th Lord Napier of Merchistoun and his wife, Elizabeth Cochrane-Johnstone at [[Thirlestane Castle]] in [[Selkirkshire]]. He was the eldest son of the couple.

Napier had his early education in private and was schooled at [[Saxe-Meiningen]]. He joined [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1835 but did not complete his graduation. However, he acquired a knowledge of a few foreign languages under the tutorship of one Rev. Walter Patterson. Napier became the 10th Lord Merchistoun on the death of his father William John Napier on 11 October 1834.

== Diplomatic career ==
Due to his fluency in multiple languages, Napier's lack of educational qualifications was overlooked and he was appointed to the British embassy at Vienna and later, Constantinople, where he served as an attache. In 1848, Napier was appointed Secretary of the British delegation at [[Naples, Italy|Naples]]. He served as the Acting Ambassador for a period of eighteen months in Naples, when Italy was embroiled in the [[Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848|Sicilian insurrection]].

After his experience in Naples, he found time to publish a book assessing contemporary painters in Naples.<ref>{{cite book|last= Napier|first=Lord Francis|title= ''Notes on Modern Painting at Naples.''|publisher=John W. Parker and Son |location=West Strand, London|year=1855|pages=I |url=https://archive.org/details/notesonmodernpa00napigoog }}</ref> An aristocratic haughtiness regarding the local populace infuses his writing, dismissing the skills of more than one artist, and in reactionary fashion, the revolutionary instincts of the masses. In the preface, he writes:
{{quote|It was the fortune of the author to hold a diplomatic employment at the Court of Naples, during a period in which the appropriate pastimes of that pleasant city were discarded for the illusions and regrets of political change. These transactions, of which the melancholy issue is notorious, were of a nature to engross and often to darken the thoughts of one, who had an intimate knowledge and a foreboding view of the revolutionary drama; the resources of society were limited by the suspicions and passions which altered and envenomed the conversation even of cultivated men; and the author was induced, alike by necessity and taste, to expend his relaxation and recover his serenity in the study of the local Arts.|''Notes on Modern Painting at Naples, 1850''}}

Napier's handling of affairs as acting ambassador in Naples impressed the then Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Lord Palmerston. He was posted to the British embassy at St Petersburg, where he became a close confidante of Tsar Alexander II. After serving short, satisfactory terms at the British embassies at [[St Petersburg]] and Constantinople, Napier was appointed envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary to the [[British Ambassador to the United States|United States]] and served from 1857 to 1859. Napier's tenure in Washington was soon mired in controversy. The abolitionist [[Charles Sumner]] and elements of the Northern press accused the British minister of being a pro-slavery partisan. More damaging still in the eyes of the British government was the claim that he had taken upon himself to declare in conversations that Britain recognized the [[Monroe Doctrine]], when all the British governments till then had repudiated it. Critics at the Foreign Office accused him of "giving up everything the United States can wish for, even before they ask it", which for them explained Napier's immense popularity with Washington's influential residents. He was recalled and given the less sensitive post of minister to the Netherlands.<ref>Brian Jenkins, ''Lord Lyons, A Diplomat in An Age of Nationalism and War'', McGill-Queen's University Press, 2014, pp. 85–89.</ref> Napier served there from 1859 to 1861 and in Prussia from 1864 to 1866. He was then appointed Governor of Madras in 1866 and served from 27 March 1866 to 19 February 1872.

== Governor of Madras ==
[[File:Napier Bridge 02.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Napier Bridge]] in Chennai]]

As soon as Napier took office as the Governor of Madras, he was faced with a severe famine in [[Ganjam District]]. He took the services of [[Florence Nightingale]] whom he had known in Constantinople. Napier undertook many major irrigation schemes during his tenure. The [[Pennar Dam]] was completed during his tenure and two other irrigation works, the [[Rushikulya Dam]] in Ganjam and the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] were conceived during his tenure.

Despite being at odds with different viceroys over financial issues throughout his tenure, Napier was able to resolve disputes in an amicable manner due to the friendly relations he had with [[Sir John Lawrence]] and well as his successor, [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]]. When the Earl of Mayo was assassinated in the Andamans on 8 February 1872, Napier was designated to act as the Viceroy of India and he served for a short time before being relieved by Lord Northbrook. For his creditable performance as Governor of Madras, Napier was created Baron Ettrick of Ettrick in the peerage of the United Kingdom.<ref name="nytimes_18720717">{{cite news|title=GREAT BRITAIN.; The American Squadron Protest of English Catholics Against Italy's Coorse to the Pope-Governor-General of India|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/07/17/79183308.pdf|place=London|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 July 1872}}</ref>

In 1869, Napier constructed the [[Napier Bridge]] across the [[Coovum River]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name="thehindu_20100729">{{cite news|title=Special lighting on Napier Bridge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article538839.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 July 2010|place=Chennai}}</ref> The [[Napier Park, Chennai|Napier Park]] in Chennai<ref name="sindianrailwayp18">{{cite book|title=Illustrated guide to the South Indian Railway: including the Mayavaram-Mutupet, and Peralam-Karaikkal railways|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_irg2AAAAMAAJ|year=1900|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_irg2AAAAMAAJ/page/n31 18]|publisher=[[Higginbotham's]]}}</ref> and the [[Napier Museum]] in [[Trivandrum]], [[Travancore]] were set up in his memory. Between 1866 and 1872,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html#2 |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422144749/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html#2 |archive-date=22 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> he had partially restored the [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]] as well, which was earlier demolished considerably by Grandson of [[Thirumalai Nayak|King Thirumalai Nayak]].

In addition there is a surgical ward in Stanley Medical College Hospital in Chennai, named in his honor. The ward was originally built with the help of donations by the Governor Napier.

== Later life and death ==

At the end of his term as acting Viceroy of India, Napier returned to the [[United Kingdom]] and acted as the President of the Social Science Association during its meetings at [[Plymouth]] and [[Glasgow]] in October 1874.<ref name="nytimes_18981219">{{cite news|title=BARON NAPIER IS DEAD.; He Was at One Time British Minister to This Country.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1898/12/20/102572013.pdf|work=The New York Times|date=19 December 1898}}</ref> During this time, Napier also served in the [[London School Board]].<ref name="nytimes_18981219" />

Lord Napier was the chairman of the [[Napier Commission]]<ref name="nytimes_18981219" />(the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Condition of Crofters and Cottars in the Highlands and Islands) which was appointed in 1883 and reported in 1884.

Napier died in [[Florence]], [[Italy]] on 19 December 1898 at the age of 79.<ref name="nytimes_18981219" />

== Honours ==
Napier was appointed to [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] in 1861 and made a [[Knight of the Thistle]] in 1864.

== Family==

Napier married Anne Jane Charlotte (1824–1911) on 2 September 1845. The couple had four sons.<ref name="burkep1104">{{cite book|title=Burke's Landed Gentry of Scotland|chapter=The Royal Household in Scotland|pages=1104|publisher=[[Burke's Peerage]]}}</ref>

* [[William Napier, 11th Lord Napier]] (1846–1913)
* John Scott (1848–1928)
* R. N. Basil (1850–1874)
* [[Mark Napier (MP)|Mark Francis]] (1852–1919)

== Portrait ==

''The New York Times'' gives a short physical description of Napier on his appointment as Viceroy of India.

{{quote|Lord Napier is sixty-two years old, considerably above middle size, strong, healthy, with calm, handsome face, gray hair and whiskers, an early riser, very often a late goer to bed, gifted with inexhaustible energy, tact common sense and acuteness of judgement.<ref name="nytimes_18720217">{{cite news|title=LORD NAPIER.; The Next Ruler for the Eastern Empire of Britain His Record What May be Expected of Him.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/02/17/78776641.pdf|work=The New York Times|date=17 February 1872}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Fiennes Twisleton Crampton|Sir John Crampton]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[British Ambassador to the United States|British Minister to the United States]]|years=1857–1859}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons|The Lord Lyons]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ralph Abercromby, 2nd Baron Dunfermline|Sir Ralph Abercromby]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to the Netherlands|British Minister to the Netherlands]]|years=1859–1860}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir Andrew Buchanan, 1st Baronet|Sir Andrew Buchanan]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Fiennes Twisleton Crampton|Sir John Crampton]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Russia|British Ambassador to Russia]]|years=1861–1864}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Andrew Buchanan (UK)|Sir Andrew Buchanan]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir Andrew Buchanan, 1st Baronet|Andrew Buchanan]] (as Minister)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of diplomats from the United Kingdom to Prussia|British Ambassador to Prussia]]|years=1864–1866}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lord Augustus Loftus]]}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Denison|Sir William Denison]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Madras]]|years=1866–1872}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alexander John Arbuthnot]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Viceroy of India]], ''acting'' |years=1872}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Ettrick]]|years=1872–1898}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Napier, 11th Lord Napier|William Napier]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Napier, Francis Napier, 10th Lord}}
[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Clan Napier|Francis]]
[[Category:Diplomatic peers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Russia]]
[[Category:Knights of the Thistle]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Prussia]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:Members of the London School Board]]
[[Category:Lords Napier]]
[[Category:Eldest sons of barons]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]

William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst

2021-05-09T05:44:59Z

67.173.23.66: /* External links */

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = The Lord Sandhurst
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Lordsandhurst caricature.jpg
| alt = Caricature of Lord Sandhurst sat with crossed arms and legs
| caption = ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' caricature, 1874
| birth_name = William Rose Mansfield
| birth_date = {{birth date|1819|6|21|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1876|6|23|1819|6|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ruxley]], [[Kent]], United Kingdom
| death_place = [[London]], United Kingdom
| placeofburial = [[Digswell]] church, [[Hertfordshire]], United Kingdom
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = [[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1835–1876
| rank = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| unit =
| commands = {{unbulleted list|[[Bombay Army]]|[[Indian Army]]}}
| battles =
| awards = {{unbulleted list|[[Baron Sandhurst]]|[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]|[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]}}
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[General]] '''William Rose Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCSI|PCi}} (21 June 1819 – 23 June 1876) was a British military commander who served as [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief]] of [[British India|India]] from 1865 to 1870.

In Bombay now Mumbai, there is local train station named after Baron Sandhurst. Sanhurst Road station in Central Line.

==Background and early life==
[[File:William_Rose_Mansfield.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Engraving of Sir William Mansfield|Portrait from the ''Illustrated London News'' 13 May 1865]]
Mansfield was born in [[Ruxley]], [[Kent]], the fifth of the seven sons of John Mansfield of Diggeswell House in [[Hertfordshire]], and his wife, Mary Buchanan Smith, daughter of General [[Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)|Samuel Smith]] of [[Baltimore]] in the [[United States]].<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|id=17996|title=Mansfield, William Rose, first Baron Sandhurst (1819–1876)|date=May 2006|first=T. R.|last=Moreman}}</ref> His grandfather was the prominent lawyer [[James Mansfield|Sir James Mansfield]], [[Solicitor General for England and Wales|Solicitor General]] from 1780 to 1782 and in 1783 and [[Chief Justice of the Common Pleas]] from 1804 to 1814.<ref name=odnb/>

In 1854, he married [[Margaret Sandhurst|Margaret Fellowes]], who became a noted suffragist and spiritualist after his death.

==Military career==
Mansfield was educated at [[Royal Military College Sandhurst|Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], and was commissioned into the [[53rd Foot]] as an ensign in 1835.<ref name=odnb/> He was promoted to lieutenant on 31 August 1838 and to captain on 10 February 1843.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=19651|page=1904|date=31 August 1838}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20195|page=468|date=10 February 1843}}</ref> He was mostly active in [[India]] and served in the [[Sutlej]] campaign of 1845 to 1846.<ref name=odnb/>
Promoted to major on 3 December 1847, he commanded the 53rd Regiment in the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] from 1848 to 1849<ref name=odnb/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20802|page=4480|date=3 December 1847}}</ref> and was employed in the [[Peshawar]] operations in 1851 and 1852,<ref name=odnb/> receiving promotion to lieutenant-colonel on 9 May 1851 and to colonel on 6 October 1854.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21207|page=1222|date=9 May 1851}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21634|page=3815|date=28 November 1854}}</ref>

In 1855, during the [[Crimean War]], Mansfield was appointed military adviser to the Ambassador at Constantinople [[Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe|Lord Stratford de Redcliff]], and accompanied him to the Crimea.<ref name=odnb/> He then returned to [[India]] and served as Chief-of-Staff during the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny campaign]] from 1857 to 1859, initially with the local rank of major-general. His role during the [[Siege of Lucknow]] in November 1857 saw his appointment [[Order of the Bath|Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (KCB) in March 1858.<ref name=odnb/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=22117 |date=24 March 1858 |page=1572 }}</ref> Promoted to major-general on 18 May 1858, he served as Commander-in-Chief of the [[Bombay Army]] from 1860 to 1865 and as [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] from 1865 to 1870.<ref name=odnb/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22140|page=2454|date=18 May 1858}}</ref> During this time, he was made Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23073 |date=20 February 1866 |page=973 }}</ref> and subsequently Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23616 |date=17 May 1870 |page=2585 }}</ref> Mansfield was then [[Commander-in-Chief, Ireland]] from 1870 to 1875.<ref name=odnb/> He was promoted to full general on 23 May 1872.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23910|page=4941|date=18 October 1872}}</ref>

In 1871 he was admitted to the [[Privy Council of Ireland|Irish Privy Council]]<ref name=odnb/> and raised to the peerage as '''Baron Sandhurst''', of Sandhurst in the County of Berkshire.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23718 |date=21 March 1871 |page=1492 }}</ref>

Sandhurst died in London on 23 June 1876, aged 57, and was buried at [[Digswell]] church, [[Hertfordshire]].<ref name=odnb/> He was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest son [[William Mansfield, 1st Viscount Sandhurst|William]], who was created Viscount Sandhurst in 1917.<ref name=odnb/> However, this title became extinct on his death while he was succeeded in the Barony by his younger brother.

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|escutcheon = Argent on a chevron embattled Azure between three maunches Sable an Eastern crown Or on a chief engrailed of the third a lion of the fourth combatant with a tiger cowed Proper.
|crest = Out of an Eastern crown Argent a gryphon’s head Sable beaked Or between two branches of laurel Proper.
|motto = Steadfast <ref>{{cite book|title=Burke's Peerage |date=1949}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{DNB|no-icon=1|prescript=|wstitle=Mansfield, William Rose|first=Henry Manners|last=Chichester|authorlink=Henry Manners Chichester|volume=36|pages=92–94}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Sir Hugh Rose]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Bombay Army|Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Army]]
| years = 1860–1865}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Sir Robert Napier]]}}

{{s-bef | before = [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Sir Hugh Rose]]}}
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{{s-aft | after = [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|The Lord Napier]]}}

{{s-bef | before = [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|The Lord Strathnairn]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Commander-in-Chief, Ireland]]
| years = 1870–1875}}
{{s-aft | after = [[John Michel (British Army officer)|Sir John Michel]]}}

{{S-reg|uk}}
{{s-new | creation}}
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| years = 1871–1876 }}
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{{S-end}}

{{Commander-in-Chief, India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhurst, William Rose Mansfield, 1st Baron}}
[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1876 deaths]]
[[Category:British Commanders-in-Chief of India]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-Chief, Ireland]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland]]
[[Category:British Army generals]]
[[Category:King's Shropshire Light Infantry officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Crimean War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]

John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence

2021-05-09T05:43:33Z

67.173.23.66: /* External links */

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Other people|John Lawrence}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Lawrence
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|Bt|GCB|GCSI|PC|}}
| image = John Lawrence by Maull and Polyblank.jpg
| caption = The then Sir John Lawrence photographed by Maull & Polybank, c. 1850s
| order1 = [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| term_start1 = 12 January 1864
| term_end1 = 12 January 1869
| monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| primeminister1 = {{List collapsed|title=See list|[[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|The Viscount Palmerston]] [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|The Earl Russell]] [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|The Earl of Derby]] [[Benjamin Disraeli]] [[William Ewart Gladstone]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[William Denison|Sir William Denison]] As Acting Viceroy and Governor-General
| successor1 = [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|The Earl of Mayo]]
|order2 = [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant Governor of Punjab]]
|term_start2 = 1 January 1859
|term_end2 = 25 February 1859
|governor_general2= [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|The Earl Canning]]
|predecessor2 = Office created
|successor2 = [[Robert Montgomery (colonial administrator)|Sir Robert Montgomery]]
|order3 = [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Chief Commissioner of Punjab]]
|term_start3 = 18 January 1853
|term_end3 = 31 December 1858
|governor_general3= [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|The Marquess of Dalhousie]] The Earl Canning
|predecessor3 = Office created
|successor3 = Office abolished
| birth_date = {{birth-date|4 March 1811|}}
| birth_place = [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]], [[North Riding of Yorkshire]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1879|6|27|1811|3|4}}
| death_place = London, United Kingdom
| nationality = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]]
| party =
| alma_mater = [[East India Company College]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Harriette Hamilton |1841}}
}}

'''John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCSI|PC}} (4 March 1811 – 27 June 1879), known as '''Sir John Lawrence, [[Baronet|Bt.]]''', between 1858 and 1869, was an English-born [[Ulster]]man who became a prominent British Imperial statesman who served as [[Viceroy of India]] from 1864 to 1869.

==Early life==
Lawrence was born in [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]], [[North Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/empire/episodes/episode_50.shtml |title = BBC – Radio 4 Empire – the Sepoy Rebellion (I)}}</ref> He was the youngest son born into a [[Ulster Protestants|Protestant]] [[Ulster-Scots people|Ulster-Scots]] family, his mother, Letitia Knox, being from [[County Donegal]] while his father was from [[Coleraine]] in [[County Londonderry]]. Lawrence spent his early years in [[Derry]], a city in the [[Provinces of Ireland|Province]] of [[Ulster]] in the northern part of [[Ireland]], and was educated at [[Foyle College]] and Wraxhall School in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]].<ref name="Venn-2011">{{cite book |last=Venn |first=John|date=15 September 2011|title=Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume 2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1108036146 }}</ref> His father had served in India as a soldier in the [[British Army]] and his elder brothers included [[George St Patrick Lawrence|Sir George Lawrence]] and [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Sir Henry Lawrence]].

At the age of sixteen, despite wishing for a military career like his brothers, his father enrolled him at the [[East India Company College]], Haileybury, believing a career as a civil servant offered better prospects.<ref name="Gibbon-1915">{{cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Frederick |date=1908 |title=The Lawrences of the Punjab |publisher=JM Dent & Co |location=London |isbn=978-1-331-55959-7 }}</ref> He attended Haileybury for two years, where by his own admission he was neither very idle nor very industrious, yet he won prizes in history, political economy and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

==Passage to India==
Lawrence entered the [[Bengal Civil Service]] and in September 1829 he set sail for India with his brother Henry. On arrival he settled at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] where he was expected to pass examinations in local vernacular.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> Having successfully mastered [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]], Lawrence's first job was as a [[magistrate]] and tax collector in Delhi.<ref name="Harlow & Carter-2015">{{cite book |last=Harlow & Carter |first=Barbara & Mia|date=2003 |title=Archives of Empire: Volume I. From The East India Company to the Suez Canal Volume 1 of Archives of Empire |publisher=Duke University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0822331640 }}</ref> After four years in Delhi he was transferred to [[Panipat]] and two years hence was placed in charge of [[Gurgaon district]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

In 1837, Lawrence was made a settlement officer at [[Etawah]]. Whilst doing the role he caught jungle fever and was close to death. He spent three months in [[Calcutta]] to convalesce but having failed to recover he returned to England in 1840. The following year, whilst in County Donegal he met and married his wife Harriette in August 1841.<ref name="Venn-2011"/> The couple then spent six months travelling Europe until news from the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] led to them returning to England, and back to India in the autumn of 1842.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

On his return to India, Lawrence was appointed a Civil and Sessions Judge in Delhi, and given responsibility over [[Karnal]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> During the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] between 1845 and 1846, [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]] sent orders for Lawrence to assist the armed forces. He played a key role ahead of the [[Battle of Sobraon]], ensuring supplies and guns were collected and transferred to the battle.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

==Punjab==
===Jullundur and the Hill States===
At the conclusion of the First Anglo-Sikh War, Sir Henry Hardinge appointed Lawrence to govern the newly-annexed [[Jullundur]] district and [[Hill States of India|Hill-States]] regions of the Punjab.<ref name="Harlow & Carter-2015"/> In that role he was known for his administrative reforms, for subduing the hill tribes, and for his attempts to end the custom of [[suttee]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> He attempted to tackle the issue of female infanticide, successfully threatening the Bedi's with confiscation of their lands if they didn't give up the practice.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> His assistant [[Robert Needham Cust|Robert Cust]] described Lawrence's interviews with native land-holders as follows:<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

{{bquote|"John Lawrence was full of energy – his coat off, his sleeves turned up above his elbows and impressing upon his subjects his principles of a just state demand...thou shall not burn thy widow, thou shall not kill thy daughters; thou shall not bury alive thy lepers."}}

Another assistant, [[Lewin Bentham Bowring|Lewin Bowring]], described how he had a rough tongue with the local chiefs, who had a wholesome dread of him. He was described as far abler than his brother at details, but was not held in as much affection by the chiefs.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

===Board of Administration===
Victory in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] established East India Company dominance in the Punjab, and on 30 March 1849, the Punjab was proclaimed a province of [[British India]]. Lawrence was appointed to a three man Board of Administration to govern the province, headed by his elder brother Henry. He was responsible for numerous reforms, including the abolition of internal duties and the establishment of a common currency and postal system.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> Lawrence championed improvements to local infrastructure and raising money for public works, including an extension of the [[Grand Trunk Road]] from Delhi to Peshawar, the construction of a highway from Lahore to [[Multan]], and construction on the Bari Doab Canal which provided a boon to cultivators in the area.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> He was also known for being financially astute, overseeing a fifty percent increase in revenue and ensuring the Punjab was delivering a surplus of over one million pounds sterling within three years of the Board being instituted.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

Lawrence disagreed with his brother Henry's policy of retaining the support of the local aristocracy, arguing it was too extravagant and hurting finances.<ref name="Harlow & Carter-2015">{{cite book |last=Harlow & Carter |first=Barbara & Mia|date=2003 |title=Archives of Empire: Volume I. From The East India Company to the Suez Canal Volume 1 of Archives of Empire |publisher=Duke University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0822331640 }}</ref> In December 1852, having overseen a highly productive period of governance, the Lawrence brothers offered their resignations.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] also feeling the necessity of a Board of Administration had ceased, sought to replace it with the new role of Chief Commissioner. Dalhousie rejected Lawrence's resignation, instead making him the first Chief Commissioner, meanwhile Henry went on to become [[Rajputana Agency|Agent in Rajputana]].<ref name="Harlow & Carter-2015">{{cite book |last=Harlow & Carter |first=Barbara & Mia|date=2003 |title=Archives of Empire: Volume I. From The East India Company to the Suez Canal Volume 1 of Archives of Empire |publisher=Duke University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0822331640 }}</ref>

===Chief Commissioner===
As Chief Commissioner, Lawrence carried on the policies from before - public works were extended, industry and education encouraged and surveying completed. He granted greater authority to villages, and upheld the decisions of village headsmen.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> In addition, Lawrence now also had responsibility for managing the mercurial group of assistants recruited by his brother known as [[Henry Lawrence's "Young Men"]].

In February 1856, Lawrence returned to Calcutta to wish farewell to the departing Lord Dalhousie who was retiring to England. As a parting gift, Dalhouse recommended Lawrence for the honour of [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]].<ref name="Venn-2011"/> Whilst in Calcutta, Lawrence spent three days with Henry, in what would be the last time the brothers were together.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

==Indian Mutiny==
{{See also|Indian Rebellion of 1857}}
[[File:John-Laird-Mair-Lawrence-1st-Baron-Lawrence.jpg|thumb|right|John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence in 1860s]]
Lawrence was in [[Rawalpindi]] when he received news of a sepoy uprising in [[Meerut]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

The Punjab garrison in May 1857 was 60,000 strong, consisting of 10,000 Europeans, 36,000 Hindustani sepoys and 14,000 Punjabi irregulars.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> His first step was to disarm potentially disaffected sepoys by splitting them into detachments and dispatching them to the Afghan frontier where they were less likely to rebel.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> His next steps were to send the [[Corps of Guides (India)|Corps of Guides]], [[55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)|1st Punjabi's (Coke's Afridis)]], [[54th Sikhs (Frontier Force)|4th Sikhs]] and [[4th Punjab Infantry Regiment|4th Punjab Infantry]] seven hundred miles to Delhi.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> To patrol the now militarily depleted Punjab, Lawrence then at the suggestion of [[John Nicholson (East India Company officer)|John Nicholson]] and [[Herbert Benjamin Edwardes|Herbert Edwardes]] deployed a movable column of lightly equipped European and Punjabi troops, and chose [[Neville Bowles Chamberlain|Neville Chamberlain]] to lead it.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

To guarantee the loyalty of the Punjab, he requested Sikh chiefs show gratitude for leniency following annexation, and [[Patiala]], [[Jhind]], [[Nabha]] and [[Kapurthala]] all offered troops and money in support of the British. This ensured the lines of communication between Delhi and Lahore remained open.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> He wrote to influential Sikhs who had previously rebelled during the Second Sikh War, and successfully secured their support by offering them a chance of redemption if they lent support against the mutiny. Lawrence was also able to gain the support of Muslims in the Punjab such as the Nawab of Karnal.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

As the fighting continued, Lawrence felt inclined to send the large contingent of European soldiers stationed at Peshawar to Delhi.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> This raised the prospect of an attack by [[Dost Mohammed Khan]] when the Peshawar garrison was left less secure. Lawrence's assistants, led by John Nicholson and even the Governor-General, [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]], were insistent on the need to protect Peshawar.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> Lawrence nonetheless placed greater importance on the fall of Delhi, and pressed ahead with the re-deployment of troops to Delhi. By 6 September, Lawrence wrote to Lord Canning that the Punjab had sent every man they could spare.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> On 14 September, Delhi had been recaptured and due to his actions Lawrence was acclaimed as the 'Saviour of India'.<ref>The Times, 29 July 1858, p. 8.</ref>

==Aftermath of Rebellion==
In the immediate aftermath of the rebellion, the British perpetrated acts of vengeance, including [[summary execution]]s.<ref>Metcalf, The Aftermath of Revolt, p. 295.</ref> In February 1858 Delhi became part of the Punjab, and Lawrence took steps to check the acts of vengeance.<ref>Metcalf, The Aftermath of Revolt, p. 295.</ref> That same month he wrote to Lord Canning urging him to permit sepoys who had not taken part in the mutiny to return home, and to grant an amnesty for those who did not murder anyone and had given up their arms.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

Calls were made to raze Delhi to the ground, and dismantle the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]], however Lawrence resisted such calls stating holy places should be spared.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> Popular opinion within British society was shaped by reports of the atrocities committed by the rebels and demanded the most severe retribution on the alleged culprits, an opinion which was resisted by Lord Canning and Lawrence.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

In 1858, the Punjab was made a Lieutenant Governorship which resulted in an increase in staff and other privileges. In February 1859, Lawrence handed over power to [[Robert Montgomery (colonial administrator)|Robert Montgomery]] and set sail for England. For his service in the mutiny he was created a [[baronet]], granted a [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], made a [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Councillor]] and received an annual pension from the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] of £2,000.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=22171 |date=6 August 1858 |page=3667}}</ref> On arrival in England he was greeted with a lavish ceremony at [[Guildhall]] and afforded an audience with [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> He also took up a role with the [[Council of India]] based at [[Whitehall]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

Additionally he received the freedoms of the cities of London (1858) and [[Glasgow]] (1860), the freedom of the [[Worshipful Company of Grocers]] (1859) and honorary doctorates of civil law from the universities of [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] (1859).<ref>Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence, vol. II, chs. 8 & 9.</ref>

==Viceroy of India==
[[File:John Lawrence's Executive Council 1864.jpg|thumb|right|Sir John Lawrence as [[Viceroy of India]], sitting middle, with his Executive Council members and Secretaries]]
On 12 January 1864, Lawrence returned to India, succeeding [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]] as [[Viceroy of India]]. His stated ambitions as Viceroy were to consolidate British power and to improve the ‘condition of the people’.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> One of his first acts was to ban the [[Hindu]] practice of throwing their dead into the [[Hooghly River]].<ref>Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence, vol. II, p. 418</ref> To enable Lawrence to claim both his annuity from the East India Company and his full salary as Viceroy, the [[Salary of Sir J. Lawrence Act 1864]] was passed in March 1864.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Collection of the Public General Statutes passed in the Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria: Being the Sixth Session of the Eighteenth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1864 |publisher=George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode |page=3}}</ref>

===Domestic policy===
Domestically, Lawrence sought to increase tenant security and to reduce fiscal assessments imposed on Indians, believing that what had worked in the Punjab would work across British India.<ref name="Wallace-2014">{{cite book |last=Wallace |first=Christopher Julian|date=June 2014|title='Masterly inactivity': Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864–1879 |publisher=King's College London }}</ref> He saw light taxation as a matter of fairness and pragmatism, arguing that for Indian yeomen to safeguard British rule it was essential that they should feel the benefits of a British administration. Lawrence resisted calls for increasing the taxation of salt that would have disproportionately affected poorer Indians. He calculated that the excise on salt increased its price as much as twelvefold in the Punjab, and perhaps by eight times in the North West Provinces.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> Lawrence abhorred the stance taken by many of his compatriots, who considered it their 'prerogative while in India to pay no taxation at all.' He characterised the non-official British community in India as 'birds of passage', rushing to amass wealth as quickly as possible with no care for what happened after their departure.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/>

Arguably the greatest failure of Lawrence's tenure was the [[Orissa famine of 1866]], in which an estimated one million Indians died.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> Part of the criticism focused on his moving the government apparatus to the cooler hills of [[Simla]] which was geographically remote from the centre of power in Calcutta.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> In response, Lawrence offered his resignation, but this was refused by [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]].<ref name="Wallace-2014"/>

===Foreign policy===
Lawrence's fame and extensive regional knowledge afforded him considerable scope by Westminster in determining Indian foreign policy.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/>

In June 1863, the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emir of Afghanistan]], Dost Muhammad Khan, died, resulting in civil war within Afghanistan at a time when the British government were concerned with [[Russian Empire|Russian]] expansionism in central Asia. Lawrence adopted a strategy of strict non-intervention on Afghanistan, devising a policy that would be known as 'masterly inactivity.' The policy meant no British envoys or troops were sent to Afghanistan, and civilian explorers were prohibited from wandering beyond the frontier. It has been argued the policy was shaped by Lawrence's experience of the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] where his brother George was held captive.<ref>J.L. Duthie, ‘Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson and the Art of Great Gamesmanship’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, XI (1983), 258.</ref>

Lawrence argued any attempt to restrain Russian advance in Afghanistan would lead to the eventual occupation of the country, as was the case in 1838.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> Vocal criticism of Lawrence's policy of ‘masterly inactivity’ came from serving or former British army officers in India such as [[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet|Henry Rawlinson]] and [[Sydney Cotton|Sir Sydney Cotton]].<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> Criticism centred on the belief that Britain's apparent passivity would allow Russia to establish her influence at Kabul.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/>

==Return to England==
Lawrence completed his five-year term as Viceroy and returned to England in January 1869. In April he was raised to the [[peerage]] as '''Baron Lawrence''', of the Punjaub and of [[Grateley]] in the [[Southampton|County of Southampton]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23483 |date=30 March 1869 |page=2006}}</ref>

[[Arthur Munby]], as quoted in ''Munby, Man of Two Worlds'', wrote: 'Thursday, 31st. May, 18??:... Passing through Kensington Tuesday, (29th.May) I saw a man of all others worth seeing-Sir John Lawrence. He was riding down the street alone—without even a groom:and no one knew or noticed him. A large, loosely made man: sitting grave and quiet on his horse; with sallow wrinkled face and grizzled moustache: riding along, an unappreciated king of men, with such keen eyes and such a solemn face! And he all unnoticed, and still a commoner, while [[Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden|Vernon Smith]] is a peer! But idiots are proverbially the favourites of fortune.'

In 1870 he was elected to represent the Chelsea division of the [[London School Board]], and was appointed Chairman at the first board meeting. He resigned from the position in November 1873.<ref>Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003.</ref>

Lawrence briefly returned to the public sphere in 1878 as a critic of the Conservative government's Afghan policy in the months preceding the [[Second Afghan War]].<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> He was nominated Chairman of an influential committee to oppose the policy of [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]] and the Indian government, and to oppose annexation and imperialism.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43098727 |title=Death of Lord John Lawrence. |newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] |volume=XLIV |issue=10,180 |location=South Australia |date=1 July 1879 |accessdate=12 February 2021 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

==Death==
Lawrence died in London on 27 June 1879, aged 68 and was buried at [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="Venn-2011"/>

==Family==
[[File:John Lawrence Statue.JPG|thumb|right|Statue of Lord Lawrence in Waterloo Place, London]]
Lawrence married Harriette Katherine, daughter of [[The Reverend]] Richard Hamilton, in 1841.<ref name="Venn-2011"/> They had 4 sons and 6 daughters:{{cn|date=October 2020}}

* Charlotte Lawrence (1839–)
* Catherine Letitia Lawrence (1843–1931)
* Harriette Emily Lawrence (1844–1918)
* [[John Lawrence, 2nd Baron Lawrence|John Hamilton Lawrence]] (1845–1913), succeeded his father as the [[Baron Lawrence|2nd Baron Lawrence]]
* [[Henry Arnold Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]] (1848–1902), a noted [[rugby football|rugby]] player who captained [[England national rugby union team|England]] in two matches, including the first ever international against [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]].
* Alice Margaret Lawrence (1850–1944), married Rev. Launcelot Charles Walford (1843-1936) on 14 July 1870. They had three daughters.
* Mary Emma Lawrence (1852–1939), married [[Francis Buxton|Francis William Buxton]], son of [[Sir Edward North Buxton, 2nd Baronet]] on 27 February 1872.They had three sons, and five daughters.
* [[Charles Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence of Kingsgate|Charles Napier Lawrence]] (1854–1927), businessman and was created [[Baron Lawrence of Kingsgate]] in 1923.
* [[Herbert Alexander Lawrence]] (1861–1943), a First World War general and a banker.
* Maude Agnes Lawrence (1865–1933)

==Legacy==
A boarding house at the [[East India Company College]] (today [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College]]) and a "house" at [[Foyle College]] was subsequently named after him. Lawrence is also a Senior Wing House at [[St Paul's School, Darjeeling]], in [[India]], where all the Senior Wing Houses are named after colonial-era civil service and military figures.

A statue of him stands at Foyle and Londonderry College (having been, originally, erected in [[Lahore]]). The statue, by Sir [[Joseph Edgar Boehm]], once showed Lawrence with a pen in one hand and a sword in the other, along with the caption "By which will you be governed?". The pen and sword were used to illustrate his versatility as an administrator and a soldier. Vandals have since damaged the sword. Another statue of Lawrence stands in Waterloo Place in central London.

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = [[File:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|centre|150px]][[File:Lawrence Escutcheon.png|centre|200px]]
|escutcheon = Ermine on a cross raguly Gules an eastern crown Or on a chief Azure two swords in saltire Proper pommels and hilts Gold between as many leopards’ faces Argent
|crest = Out of an eastern crown Or a cubit arm entwined by a wreath of laurel and holding a dagger all Proper.
|supporters = Dexter, an officer of the Guide Cavalry (Irregulars) of the Pathan tribe in the province of Peshawar habited and accoutred Proper. Sinister an officer of the Sikh Irregular cavalry also habited and accoutred Proper.
|motto = Be Ready<ref>{{cite book|title=Burke's Peerage |date=1949}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Attribution
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Lawrence, John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron}}
* Mundy, Man of Two Worlds.Derek Hudson.The Life and Diaries of [[Arthur Munby]], 1828–1910.Abacus Edition, 1974, published by Sphere Books.

==Further reading==
{{commons category|John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence}}
* {{Cite ODNB|id=16182|title=Lawrence, John Laird Mair}}
* {{cite book|author=William Ford|title=John Laird Mair Lawrence, a viceroy of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAYPAAAAQAAJ|year=1887}}
* Reginald Bosworth Smith, [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001266587 ''Life of Lord Lawrence,''] in 2 vols., (London: Smith Elder & Co., 1883)
** {{cite journal|title=Review of ''Life of Lord Lawrence'' by R. Bosworth Smith|journal=The Quarterly Review|date=April 1883|volume=155|pages=289–326|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924065563904;view=1up;seq=303}}

==External links==
* {{NPG name|name=John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef |before=[[William Denison|Sir William Denison]] (acting)}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] |years=1864–1869}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|The Earl of Mayo]]}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl |title=Chairman of the [[London School Board]] |years=1870–1873}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Charles Reed (British politician)|Sir Charles Reed]]}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Baron Lawrence]] | years=1869–1879}}
{{s-aft |after=[[John Lawrence, 2nd Baron Lawrence|John Hamilton Lawrence]]}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Baron Lawrence|Baronet]] '''(of the Army) | years='''1858–1879}}
{{s-aft |after=[[John Lawrence, 2nd Baron Lawrence|John Hamilton Lawrence]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, John Lawrence, 1st Baron}}
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[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Viceroys of India]]
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[[Category:History of Punjab]]
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