India-China Border Roads

2022-12-22T09:46:55Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Short description|Indian government project to develop border roads}}
{{Dynamic list|multiple=yes}}

{{Infobox
| bodystyle = width:22em
| titlestyle =
| above = India China Border Roads
| abovestyle = background:#cfc;
| subheader = ICBRs, ICB Roads
| imagestyle =
| captionstyle =
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = ICB roads Ladakh.png
| photo1b = ICB Roads in Uttarakhand.png
| photo2a = ICBR Roads in Arunachal Pradesh Phase 1.png
| photo2b =
| size = 240
| color = transparent
| border = 0
| text = Highlights in red for Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh
| text_background = transparent
}}
| caption =
| headerstyle = background:#bae6c6;
| labelstyle = background:#ddf width:8em%;
| header1 =
| label1 = Type of project
| data1 = Infrastructure development
| header2 =
| label2 = Current status
| data2 = Ongoing (Establishing connectivity and maintenance)
| header3 =
| label3 = Location
| data3 = Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh
| header5 =
| label5 = Approved
| data5 = 1999
| header6 = Length of roads
| label7 = Phase 1
| data7 = 3,323 km (approved in 2005)
| header8 =
| label8 = Phase 2
| data8 = 6,700 km (approved in 2020)
| label9 = Total length
| data9 = 10,023 km
| header10 = Status
| label11 = Phase 1
| data11 = 15% complete by 2012,<ref name=":TribuneBorderLogistics" /> 20% complete by 2015<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Sudhi Ranjan|date=27 February 2015|title=Only 20 Per Cent of India-China Strategic Border Roads Ready Till Now|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/only-one-fifth-of-india-china-strategic-border-roads-ready-till-now-743051|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-17|website=NDTV}}</ref> 46% complete and 95% connectivity established by 2021<ref name=":Status" />
| header11 =
| label12 = Phase 2
| data12 = Ongoing
| header12 =
| belowstyle =
| below = Some stretches of road are in disputed territory
}}
'''India-China Border Roads''' (ICBRs, ICB Roads) is a [[Government of India]] project for developing infrastructure along the [[Line of Actual Control|Sino-Indian border]] by constructing strategic roads, including bridges and tunnels.<ref name=":TribuneBorderLogistics">{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Ajay|date=9 June 2013|title=Border Logistics. As China builds on border, policy potholes block India. Poor access undermines defence. No one knows how to fund rail lines. Confusion over crossroads within BRO.|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130609/edit.htm#1|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Tribune India}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=2019-02-13|title=Speed up road construction along China border: Parliamentary panel asks BRO|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/speed-up-road-construction-along-china-border-parliamentary-panel-asks-bro/story-GACofYeYv5l6tbK3XDjbvO.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Jitendra Bahadur|date=17 June 2020|title=India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-accelerate-construction-of-roads-along-chinese-border-sources-1690060-2020-06-17|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-08|website=India Today}}</ref> The ICBR project is largely in response to Chinese infrastructure development along the borderlands with India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jakhar|first=Pratik|date=2020-07-30|title=India and China race to build along a disputed frontier|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53171124|access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref><ref name="chinaInfrastructure">{{Cite news|date=4 September 2020|title=China planning building spree in Tibet as India tensions rise, sources say|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-investment-tibet-idUSKBN25V1KS}}</ref>

As of May 2021, India is constructing at least 177 roads in two phases of over {{cvt|10023|km}} total length along its [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) with China under the "Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) of [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. This includes 73 roads of {{cvt|3323|km}} length under ICBR-I (Phase-I) approved in 2005 and additional 104 roads of more than {{cvt|6700|km}} length under ICBR-II (Phase-II) approved in 2020.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=India-China Border Row: India Continues To Upgrade Border Infrastructure As Chinese PLA Looks To Pre-Empt India|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/india-continues-upgrading-border-infrastructure-amid-chinese-challenges-in-himalayas/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The EurAsian Times}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2021-03-15|title=Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-09|title=Struggling with 73 roads, govt plans 55 more on China border|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/545284/struggling-73-roads-govt-plans.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

India has set up an inter-departmental "Empowered Committee" (EC) headed by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] to expedite the issue resolution and timely completion of ICBR infrastructure after the delay in forest/wildlife clearance and land acquisition, rugged terrain, limited working season due to winter and rains, scarcity of construction material, etc. resulted in the missed deadlines in the past.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 March 2021|title=Another 6,700-km roads to come up along LAC|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/another-6-700-km-roads-to-come-up-along-lac-226715|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Tribune India}}</ref> Some of the important already completed projects include the [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|Darbuk-Shayok-Daulat Beg Oldie Road]] (DS-DBO) and [[Atal Tunnel]] under [[Rohtang Pass]]; and the under-construction important projects include the [[Sela Tunnel]] in Arunachal Pradesh and a road-cum-rail tunnel under the [[Brahmaputra river]] in Assam.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Amid Ladakh standoff with China, India puts border roads in fast lane|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/020620/amid-ladakh-standoff-with-china-india-puts-border-roads-in-fast-lane.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

Several entities are responsible for constructing ICBR, including [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO) which handles the bulk of the ICBR road construction work,<ref name=":0" /> [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI), [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]] (MoDNER), [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD), public works departments of respective states and others.<ref name=":3" /> At least 67 per cent of the road network assigned to BRO falls under ICBR.<ref name=":0" />

By March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads ({{cvt|3205|km}}) or 95+ per cent of the total length had been achieved and among these 42 ({{cvt|1530|km}}) have been [[Asphalt concrete|black topped]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Nag|first=Devanjana|date=16 March 2021|title=Massive boost to infra along India-China border; Connectivity on 59 strategically important roads achieved|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/massive-boost-to-infra-along-india-china-border-connectivity-on-59-strategically-important-roads-achieved/2213742/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref name=":Status">{{Cite web|authors=PTI|date=2021-03-15|title=Connectivity achieved on 59 roads along India-China border — Rajnath Singh in Rajya Sabha|url=https://theprint.in/india/connectivity-achieved-on-59-roads-along-india-china-border-rajnath-singh-in-rajya-sabha/622450/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-18|website=ThePrint}}</ref>

== About ==
[[File:Darcha Padum Road Below Shinku La Lahaul Oct22 A7C 03533.jpg|thumb|The winding road below [[Shingo La]] in [[Lahaul]], Himachal Pradesh, that connects the region with [[Zanskar]] in Ladakh]]
=== Strategic infrastructure requirements ===
{{see also|Sino-Indian War|Line of Actual Control}}

In the wake of heightened road and track construction work undertaken by China along India's northern and eastern frontiers, India constituted a [[China Study Group]] (CSG) in 1997, to study the requirement of road communication, along the China border for brisk movement of troops in the event of armed conflict. At the end of the study, the CSG identified a network of 73 roads, called the India-China Border Roads (ICBR), to be developed along the Indo-China border. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) in 1999 approved the construction of these roads by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under the Ministry of Defence. The project was to be completed by 2006 but the deadline was then extended to 2012. The [[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]], a body for legislative oversight, appraised strategic road connectivity in 2018. With regard to the slow pace of construction of border roads, the Border Roads Organisation stated to the committee:<ref name=":4">[[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]] (February 2019) [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_50.pdf Fiftieth Report: Provision of all weather road connectivity under Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and other agencies up to International borders as well as the strategic areas including approach roads- An appraisal.] Ministry of Defence, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Government of India. [https://archive.today/20200619062007/http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_50.pdf Archived] from the original on 19 June 2020.</ref>
{{Quote|text=It would not be incorrect to say that few years back the philosophy of our nation was that we should not make roads as near to the border as possible. That philosophy is telling today very clearly as to why we do not have roads. It is only couple of years back that we suddenly decided a change of philosophy and said no, we must go as far forward as possible. It is going to take time. Unfortunately, the time cannot be compressed. Whatever we can do, it will take time.|author=BRO|title=|source=50th Report, Standing Committee on Defence (2018-19)}}Reasons such as climate, geography, land acquisition and natural disasters also accounted for the delays.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Dubey|first=Amitabh|date=3 July 2020|title=How True Is the Claim that Modi Govt Is the Architect of the Border Roads Project?|url=https://thewire.in/security/fact-check-india-china-border-roads|access-date=2020-09-07|website=The Wire}}</ref> In 2013 the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government took multiple administrative decisions to speed up construction. The [[2017 Doklam Standoff|2017 Doklam standoff]] further raised the profile of the issue with the [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] government for border infrastructure along the China border.<ref name=":10" /> ICBRs are present in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=":4" />

=== Border Infrastructure Management Authority (BIMA) ===
In May 2022, Indian govt sources announced establishment of the ''Border Infrastructure Management Authority'' (BIMA) which is responsible for the integrated development of the border areas including road, rail, water, power, communications infrastructure, and the ''Vibrant Village Program'' for improvement of living conditions of natives in these areas to prevent their out-migration as the border villages are considered strategic assets.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eye-on-china-govt-plans-border-infra-management-authority/articleshow/91242116.cms Eye on China, govt plans border infra management authority], The Times of India, 2 May 2022.</ref>

=== ICBR project phases ===
{{ anchor | Phase | Phases | phase | phases | ICBR Phases | ICBR phases }}

==== ICBR-I or Phase-1 ====
{{ anchor | ICBR-I | ICBR Phase-I | ICBR phase-I | ICBR Phase-1 | ICBR phase-1 }}

Phase-1 or ICBR-1 project was conceived in 1999 with a target completion date of 2012 to construct 73 strategic ICBRs of nearly 4000 km length.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=2018-04-20|title=Shortage of funds delaying strategic roads along China border|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/shortage-of-funds-delaying-strategic-roads-along-china-border/articleshow/63848147.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It was approved in 2005.<ref name=":1"/> Of the 73 ICBR in Phase-1, the construction of 61 roads was assigned to BRO and remaining 12 to [[Central Public Works Department|CPWD]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Of the 61 roads assigned to BRO, 12 roads of 1,064.14 km length in Ladakh, 5 roads of 116.99 km length in Himachal Pradesh, 14 roads of 355 km length in Uttarakhand, 3 roads of 61.98 km length in Sikkim, and 27 roads of 1,725.46 km length are in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Nag|first=Devanjana|date=16 March 2021|title=Massive boost to infra along India-China border; Connectivity on 59 strategically important roads achieved|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/massive-boost-to-infra-along-india-china-border-connectivity-on-59-strategically-important-roads-achieved/2213742/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> ICBR-I is seen as a successor of BRO's [[Himank|Project HIMANK]] which was initiated in 1985 for the construction of border roads in Ladakh.

As of March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads of 3,205.16 km length have been achieved. Of these 61 roads where connectivity has been achieved, 42 roads of 1,530.38 km have been paved with the black top.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Nag|first=Devanjana|date=16 March 2021|title=Massive boost to infra along India-China border; Connectivity on 59 strategically important roads achieved|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/massive-boost-to-infra-along-india-china-border-connectivity-on-59-strategically-important-roads-achieved/2213742/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Financial Express}}</ref>

==== ICBR-II or Phase-2 ====
{{ anchor | ICBR-II | ICBR Phase-II | ICBR phase-II | ICBR Phase-2 | ICBR phase-2 }}

ICBR-II was approved in 2020-21 fiscal budget,<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2021-03-15|title=Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> to construct additional 104 roads of more than 6,700 km length.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=India-China Border Row: India Continues To Upgrade Border Infrastructure As Chinese PLA Looks To Pre-Empt India|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/india-continues-upgrading-border-infrastructure-amid-chinese-challenges-in-himalayas/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The EurAsian Times}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 March 2021|title=Another 6,700-km roads to come up along LAC|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/another-6-700-km-roads-to-come-up-along-lac-226715|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Tribune India}}</ref> The proposal for the Phase 2 was first conceived in 2013 with the goal of constructing 32 roads along the border,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Jitendra Bahadur|date=17 June 2020|title=India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-accelerate-construction-of-roads-along-chinese-border-sources-1690060-2020-06-17|access-date=2020-06-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> expanded version of which was approved in 2020 with inclusion of additional roads.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2021-03-15|title=Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Amid the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|India-China skirmishes]], the government asked all bodies to speed up the construction of the roads.<ref name=":3" /> Additional labour was also sent to these areas to assist in speeding up construction.<ref name=":3" />

ICBR-II covers construction of several roads, 18 feet wide foot tracks and border out posts (BoPs) connecting several LAC [[Patrol Point|patrol point]]s (PP) and [[Border Personnel Meeting point|Border Personnel Meeting (BPM) point]]s. As of 2021, in Arunachal Pradesh under the ICBR-II India is building 57 roads, 32 helipads, 47 BoPs, 12 staging camps for [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]] and many 18 ft tracks.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2021-03-15|title=Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== BIMF funding and progress of construction ===
{{ anchor | BIMF | Border Infrastructure and Management Fund | Status | Progress | Construction status }}

ICBR infrastructure is funded by the “Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) which provides funding for India's border infrastructures along Bangladesh, Pakistan and China borders.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2021-03-15|title=Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Spending on ICBR tripled between 2016 and 2020, from {{INRConvert|4600|c|lk=on|year=2022}} to {{INRConvert|11800|c|lk=on|year=2022}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Rahul|date=2020-07-05|title=India's spending on LAC roads has tripled in 4 years|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-spending-on-lac-roads-has-tripled-in-4-years/articleshow/76803235.cms|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> Annual funding was as follows: INR 11,800 crore in 2020–21, INR 8,050 crore in 2019–20, INR 6,700 crore in 2018–19, INR 5450 crore in 2017–18, between INR 3,300 crore to INR 4,600 crore annually from 2008 to 2016.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Due to significantly increased annual funding, the ICBR construction picked up pace after 2014:

* Road length construction completed: 4,764 km roads during 2014-20 versus 3,610 km during 2008–14.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Cut (earthworks)|Mountain formation-cutting]] completed: 470 km during 2017-20 versus 230 km during 2008–17.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Road#Construction|Surface-clearing]] completed: 380 km during 2017-20 versus 170 km roads during 2008–17.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Bridges completed: 14,450 metres length during 2014-20 versus 7,270 metres during 2008–14.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Road tunnels completed: 6 tunnels during 2014-20 including [[Atal Tunnel]] at [[Rohtang Pass]] in the Himachal Pradesh versus 1 tunnel during 2008–14.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
Funds were also diverted from "General Staff (GS) roads"{{Efn|"GS roads ensure inter-valley and inter-sector movement along the LAC"|name=|group=}} to ICBRs.<ref name=":1" />

=== Types of ICBRs ===
Of the 73 ICBR of 3812 km, 61 of 3323.57 km were assigned to BRO, which have been subdivided based on their usage type. [[China Study Group]] had identified roads vital for defending the whole LAC at national level. Ministry of Defence had identified sub-national level inter-state and regional roads vital for larger military logistics, which were assigned to CPWD and state PWDs. ITBP which mans the forward staging areas and frontier posts on the LAC had identified strategic roads to connect the individual posts to the main trunk and arterial roads. Other roads include connecting inter state and state level.<ref name="jan1">[[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]] (February 2021) [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/17_Defence_10.pdf Defence Committee Action Taken Report], Lok Sabha Secretariat, Parliament of India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210827065820/http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/17_Defence_10.pdf Archived] on 27 August 2021.</ref> The work structure for the ICBRs is divided among different agencies including the [[NBCC (India) Limited|National Buildings Construction Corporation]] (NBCC), [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD), National Projects Construction Corporation (NPCC) and state public works departments.<ref name=":4" />

== List of ICB Roads ==
=== Phase 1 ===

Phase-I consists of 3812 km roads.<ref name=":TribuneBorderLogistics" /><ref name=":4" />


==== Key ====

* '''Maplink''': Interactive map with road.
*'''OSM ID''': Provides a link to road on [[OpenStreetMap]] (OSM) in the form of a relation.
*'''Status''': Status does not represent current state of the road.
*'''Length:''' Present / planned
*'''Comments and citation:''' Further information about the road including bridges and tunnels.

==== Arunachal Pradesh ====
[[File:ICBR Roads in Arunachal Pradesh Phase 1.png|thumb|300x300px|ICB Roads in Arunachal Pradesh<ref name=":TribuneBorderLogistics" />]]
In Arunachal Pradesh the ICBR project, in coordination with other government programmes, has connected a number of [[Border outpost|border outposts]] and frontier areas to the national highway network such as [[Kharsang La]], [[Taksing]], [[Lamang (Arunachal Pradesh)|Lamang]], [[Gelling (Arunachal Pradesh)|Gelling]], [[Kibithu]] and Dichu.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|last=Dange|first=Vaibhav|date=8 October 2020|title=One step closer|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/one-step-closer.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> Major road projects in Arunachal Pradesh include the '[[Sela Pass]] project' which consists of the under construction [[Sela Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 November 2017|title=To counter China and strengthen border security, India to construct 17 tunnels along LAC|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/to-counter-china-and-strengthen-border-security-india-to-construct-17-tunnels-along-lac/119619|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1"
|+Representative list of ICB roads in Arunachal Pradesh
! Route of road Maplink/OSM ID
! class="unsortable" |Interactive Map
! District
! Length
! Status
! class="unsortable" | Comments
!{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
! colspan="7" |Assam - Arunachal Pradesh
|-
! Orang-[[Kalaktang]]-Shergaon-[[Rupa, Arunachal Pradesh|Roopa]]- Tenga (OKSRT) {{maplink|id=Q110475730|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13649310}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110475730|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]]
|{{Convert|158|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Completed in 2016
| It provides alternate access to eastern flank of [[National Highway 13 (India)|National Highway 13]] [[File:NH13-IN.svg|frameless|27x27px]] which also goes to Tawang. Bridges at [[Kalaktang]], Gajni, Shikari, Sher, Balemu, Bomnag, Haflong.
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-17|title=Kiren Rijiju inaugurates Orang-Kalaktang- Shergaon-Rupa-Tenga Road|url=https://arunachal24.in/kiren-rijiju-inaugurates-orang-kalaktang-shergaon-rupa-tenga-road/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Arunachal24}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="7" |Arunachal Pradesh
|-
!Tato-Manigong-Tadagade {{maplink|id=Q110486321|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13651872}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110486321|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|[[Shi Yomi district|Shi Yomi]]
|{{Convert|86|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Partially complete
|Tato is 47 km southwest of [[Mechuka]], Manigong is 9 km west of Mechuka, Tadagade is 33 km from Manigong.
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
!Bona-[[Gelling (Arunachal Pradesh)|Gelling]] {{maplink|id=Q110489452|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13652936}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110489452|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|[[Upper Siang district|Upper Siang]]
|{{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Complete
|[[Gelling (Arunachal Pradesh)|Gelling]] is last Indian post on LAC. Gelling lies northeast of Bona. This is an extension of the '''Tuting-Bona-Gelling road'''.
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
![[Tame Chung Chung]]-[[Taksing]] {{maplink|id=Q110490013|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13653063}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110490013|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Upper Subansiri district|Upper Subansiri]]
|{{Convert|54|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Completed in 2017
| rowspan="3" |The road from [[Nacho, Arunachal Pradesh|Nacho]] goes to Tame Chung Chung (TCC) at [[Gelensiniak]]. From there it diverges towards [[Taksing]] and Maja (also spelt Maza), both close to the border.
Work on TCC-Taksing started in 2000 but was completed in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-20|title=BRO toeing Army targets on Indo-China border roads: ADG|url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2018/05/20/bro-toeing-army-targets-indo-china-border-roads-adg/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Arunachal Observer|language=en-US}}</ref> The road TCC-[[Bidak, Arunachal Pradesh|Bidak]] was completed in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2018|others=PTI|title=Arunachal Pradesh: BRO builds strategic road in remote Arunachal Pradesh district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bro-builds-strategic-road-in-remote-arunachal-pradesh-district/articleshow/62952725.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Bidak">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Pradeep|date=14 February 2018|title=BRO links remote villages on Indo-China border|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bro-links-remote-villages-on-indochina-border/1252951|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Outlook India}}</ref>
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
![[Tame Chung Chung]]-[[Maja, Arunachal Pradesh|Maja]] {{maplink|id=Q110516201|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13660521}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110516201|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|{{Convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Complete till Bidak
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
!Nacho-[[Tame Chung Chung]] {{maplink|id=Q110516368|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13660549}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110516368|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|{{Convert|78|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Partially complete
|<ref name="jan1" />
|-
!Jang-Rama Sapper {{maplink|id=Q110486185|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13651811}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110486185|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Tawang]]
|{{Convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Completed in 2016
|It provides access to Tawang and forms the northern/upper part of [[National Highway 13 (India)|National Highway 13]]. [[File:NH13-IN.svg|frameless|27x27px]] It was completed in 2016. It is a part of the unfinished '''Balipara-Charduar-Tawang road'''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-08-29|title=Balipara-Charduar-Tawang Road to be completed by 2021|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/balipara-charduar-tawang-road-to-be-completed-by-2021/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Sentinel Assam}}</ref> (Jang also spelt as Jung)
|<ref>K P Purushotham (2017) [http://bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/1520491265-Vtk%20history%20%20Apr%202017.pdf History of Project Vartak]. Border Roads Organisation, India. pg 8.</ref>
|-
![[Sangestar Tso]]-Kharsang La {{maplink|id=Q110530832|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13664340}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110530832|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|{{Convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Complete
| [[File:Lake Shungtser at Tawang-3.jpg|left|frameless|165x165px]]It lies very close to and southeast of [[Bum La Pass]], north of Tawang, east of Lumpo and it forms the part of Bum La Road. BRO ensure maintenances.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=10 February 2019|title=Work on border roads intensified: BRO DG|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2019/02/11/work-on-border-roads-intensified-bro-dg/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Arunachal Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Image of [[Sangestar Tso]].
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-02-11|title=Border Roads Organization To Speed Up Road Work In Arunachal|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/border-roads-organization-to-speed-up-road-work-in-arunachal/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=|publisher=Sentinel Assam}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
|-
![[Zemithang]]-[[Khinzemane]] {{maplink|id=Q110532437|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13664456}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110532437|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|{{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Complete
|The upper portion of the road is close to the [[Namka Chu]] river.
|<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
!Yarlung-Lamang
|
|[[Shi Yomi district|Shi Yomi]]
|N/A
|N/A
|Lamang is last Indian outpost near [[Mechuka]]. Yarlung post is en-route Lamang.
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 March 2021|title=Arunachal Pradesh Speaker & Minister meet jawans of ITBP at Lamang Post|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/arunachal-pradesh-speaker-minister-meet-jawans-of-itbp-at-lamang-post-528968|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Sentinel Assam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-12-13|title=Govt to build 27 roads along India-China Border|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/13/govt-to-build-27-roads-along-india-china-border-1166004057.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=One India|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Uttarakhand ====
[[File:ICB Roads in Uttarakhand.png|thumb|ICB Roads in Uttarakhand]]
In Uttarakhand, the border most points of [[Pulam Sumda]], [[Mana Pass]], [[Niti Pass]], [[Lapthal|Lapthal and Rimkhim]], and [[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]] have been connected.<ref name=":18" />
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1"
|+Representative list of ICB roads in Uttarakhand
! Route of road Maplink/OSM ID
! class="unsortable" |Interactive Map
! District
! Length
! Status
! class="unsortable" | Comments
!{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
! colspan="7" |Uttarakhand
|-
![[Nelang|Nelong]]-Naga-[[Jadhang]]/Sonam {{maplink|id=Q110543269|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13667660}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110543269|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|[[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]
|{{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Partially complete
|Nelang-Naga road forks into 2 roads, one each leading to Sonam<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-06|title=BRO completes road project, reaching Nelong valley becomes convenient|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bro-completes-road-project-reaching-nelong-valley-becomes-convenient-1502762604.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=7 June 2019|title=BRO constructs two strategically important roads on China border|url=http://www.pioneeredge.in/bro-constructs-two-strategically-important-roads-on-china-border/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621024905/http://www.pioneeredge.in/bro-constructs-two-strategically-important-roads-on-china-border/|archive-date=21 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> and [[Sang, Uttarakhand|Jadhang]] IBTP border outposts (BoPs). Jadganga River bridge is on this route. The fork toward Sonam continues to [[Pulam Sumda]]. This is also known as the '''Nelgang-Pulam Sumda road'''.
|<ref name="jan1" />
|-
![[Joshimath]]-[[Malari]]-Girthidobla-Sumna-Rimkhim {{maplink|id=Q110542766|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13667486}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110542766|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
|{{Convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Partially complete
|[[Barahoti|Bara Hoti]]-[[Lapthal]] disputed sector is 100 km from Joshimath. Joshimath-Malari road forks to 2 different ITBP posts at Malari, to Sumna-Rimkhim post in the east and another post to the west. Bridges at Dhak, Tamak, Suraithota, Subaigadhera<ref name="be1">{{Cite web|date=26 December 2019|title=Joshimath-Malari highway inaugurated|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Joshimath-Malari-highway-inaugurated|access-date=2020-06-19|website=www.projectstoday.com}}</ref> ITBP has 42 BoPs (border outposts) in Bara Hoti sector and [[Mana Pass]] area.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=Chauhan|first=Neeraj|date=2020-07-18|title=Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eyeing-national-security-uttarakhand-itbp-to-improve-border-infrastructure/story-UKZOI5g5xzJ5KDnCCM8V7K.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=BRO officials asked to speed up pending road projects|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/bro-officials-asked-to-speed-up-pending-road-projects/story-bAInj85nna4zQ3Z49sjadL.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name="comp1">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/After-24-yrs-of-work-strategic-military-outpost-near-India-China-border-connected-with-motorable-road/articleshow/55358605.cms After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India China border], Times of India, 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Yogesh|date=11 November 2016|title=After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India-China border connected with motorable road|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/after-24-yrs-of-work-strategic-military-outpost-near-india-china-border-connected-with-motorable-road/articleshow/55358605.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
![[Mana, Uttarakhand|Mana]]-[[Mana Pass]] {{maplink|id=Q110543284|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13667703}}
|{{#tag:mapframe|{{Bharatpedia:Map data/Mana-Mana Pass road}}|zoom=8|frameless=1|align=center|height=150|latitude=30.8448|longitude=79.3881 |width=150}}
|{{Convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Complete
|[[File:Mana Village, Badrinath, Uttarakhand, India.jpeg|left|frameless|165x165px]]Image of [[Mana, Uttarakhand|Mana village]]. [[Mana Pass]] is located on the [[China]]–[[India]] border.
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=2020-06-13|title=3,500 Jharkhand workers to be hired for Ladakh road projects|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/3500-jharkhand-workers-to-be-hired-for-ladakh-road-projects/articleshow/76347531.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref>
|-
!Tawaghat-Ghatiabagarh-[[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]] {{maplink|id=Q110543696|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13667911}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110543696|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
|{{Convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Complete
|[[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]] area and the pass, [[Kalapani territory]], Kailash Mansarovar road.
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 May 2020|title=Nepal Objects Road Passing Through Lipulekh Pass, India Reacts|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-nepal-objects-road-passing-through-lipulekh-pass-india-reacts/352445|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621194617/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-nepal-objects-road-passing-through-lipulekh-pass-india-reacts/352445|archive-date=21 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nandi|first=Shreya|date=2020-05-08|title=BRO opens new 80-km road for Kailash Mansarovar pilgrims|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bro-opens-new-80-km-road-for-kailash-mansarovar-pilgrims-11588956919993.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>
|-
![[Munsiyari]]-[[Milam, India|Milam]] {{maplink|id=Q110543368|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13667746}}
|
|
|Partially complete
|[[Milam, India|Milam]] is the last village.
|<ref name=":7" />
|}

====Ladakh====
[[File:ICB roads Ladakh.png|thumb|ICB Roads in Ladakh]]
The forward most localities and border outposts of [[Daulat Beg Oldie]] (DBO), [[Hotspring]], [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]] and [[Zursar]] have been connected. Roads connectivity has reduced their reliance on air transport.<ref name=":18" />
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1"
|+Representative list of ICB roads in Ladakh
!Route of road Maplink/OSM ID
!Interactive Map
!District
!Length
!Status
!Comments
!{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
! colspan="7" |Ladakh
|-
!Harong-[[Chushul]] {{maplink|id=Q110553134|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13671808}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110553134|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Leh district|Leh]]
|{{Convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Complete
| Part of the {{Convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''[[Spangmik]]-[[Tangtse]]-Harong-[[Chushul]]-Tsaga-Loma route''' on towards [[Nyoma]].
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
![[Phobrang]]-[[Marsimik La]]-[[Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley|Hot Springs]] {{maplink|id=Q110553221|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13671836}}
|{{maplink|id=Q110553221|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|{{Convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Complete
| Route from [[Lukung]] near Pangong Tso towards Hot Springs close to the LAC.
|<ref name="jan1" /><ref name=":7" />
|-
![[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|Darbuk-Shyok-DBO]] {{maplink|id=Q96375957|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13671859}}
|
|{{Convert|255|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Complete
| Route is partially along the [[Shyok River]] and LAC. Also called the '''DS-DBO road''' or the '''Sub-Sector North Road.'''
|
|-
![[Sasoma–Saser La Road|Sasoma-Saser La]] {{maplink|id=Q96419312|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13671925}}
|
|{{Convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Partially complete
| [[File:Sasser Pass, Nubra ca. 1857.jpg|left|frameless|160x160px]]The road will provide alternate connectivity to DBO in addition to existing DS-DBO road. Image of [[Sasser Pass]].
|
|-
![[Koyul]]-Photila-Chisumle-Zurasar {{maplink|id=Q110553569|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=13671950}}
|
|{{Convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Complete
| [[Demchok sector]]. Zurasar is one of the last border posts in the area.
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
! colspan="7" |Himachal Pradesh - Ladakh
|-
!Leh-[[Upshi]]-[[Sarchu]] {{maplink|id=Q251599|type=line}} {{OSM|relation=333878}}
|{{maplink|id=Q251599|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|[[Leh district|Leh]]
|{{Convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Complete
|[[File:Bajaj Chetak.jpg|left|frameless|160x160px]]Part of the {{Convert|428|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''[[Leh–Manali Highway]]'''.
|
|-
![[Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road|Nimmu–Padum–Darcha]]
|
|[[Leh district|Leh]], [[Kargil district|Kargil]], [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]
|{{Convert|285|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Partially complete
|[[File:New Road Zanskar Sumdo Lahaul Oct20 D72 18201.jpg|left|frameless|165x165px]]First all weather road to Ladakh. Third access route to Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=11 September 2019|title=Zanskar celebrates as new 'road' brings it 600km closer to Himachal Pradesh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/zanskar-celebrates-as-new-road-brings-it-600km-closer-to-himachal-pradesh/articleshow/71076975.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2020-08-25|title=Govt pushes hard to complete 1st all-weather route to Ladakh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-pushes-hard-to-complete-1st-all-weather-route-to-ladakh/story-bG46RSR4r0xZ2V1jvP5vLM.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-26|others=PTI|title=India laying new road between Ladakh and Darcha in Himachal Pradesh|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-laying-new-road-between-ladakh-and-darcha-in-himachal-pradesh-11598412313302.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Livemint}}</ref> Image represents a section below Zanskar Sumdo in Lahaul.
|
|}

==== Sikkim====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1"
!Route of road
!Interactive Map
!District
!Length
!Status
!Comments
!{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
! colspan="7" |Sikkim
|-
!Gangtok- Chunghang
|
|Northeast Sikkim
|
|Complete
|
|
|-
!Tr Jn-Bheem Base-[[Doka La|Dokala]]
|
|India-China-Bhutan Tri-junction
|19.72
|Complete
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=3 October 2019|title=How 7-Hour Journey On Mule Track To Doklam Now Takes Army Only 40 Minutes|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/how-7-hour-journey-on-mule-track-to-doklam-now-takes-army-only-40-minutes-2111047|access-date=2020-06-19|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-03|title=Doklam: one motorable road complete, second to be constructed by March 2021|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/doklam-one-motorable-road-complete-second-to-be-constructed-by-march-2021/articleshow/71424958.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Vijay|date=13 February 2021|title=Amid LAC deployments, parliamentary panel flags delays in border road construction|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/amidst-lac-deployments-parliamentary-panel-flags-delays-in-border-road-construction-211893|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Tribune India}}</ref>
|
|}
== Related geo-strategic projects ==
Geostrategic initiatives include the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] and the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]].

=== Border airport and ALG projects ===
{{anchor | ALG | AGL | Airports | Airbases | Airbase | Indian Air Force stations}}
{{see also | List of Indian Air Force stations#AGL | l1= Indian Airbases | List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases | l2= Chinese Airbases | :Category:Indian Army bases | l3= Indian Army bases | Western Theater Command | l4= China's bases along LAC }}
[[File:Map_of_Western_Theatre_of_PLA.svg|thumb|240x180px|[[Western Theater Command]] of China, area under integrated command.]]

The [[People's Liberation Army]]'s [[Western Theater Command]] is responsible for the defense of China along the whole [[line of actual control]] with India.<ref name="lac1">{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=13 May 2016|title=Eye on India, China raises Tibet military command rank|url=http://tibet.net/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007044449/http://tibet.net:80/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/|archive-date=7 October 2018|access-date=2016-10-01|website=|publisher=India Today|via=Central Tibetan Administration}}</ref> The [[Indian Armed Forces]] has divided the LAC into 3 sectors - the ''western sector'' across [[Ladakh]] and the Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin, the ''central sector'' across [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttrakhand]], and the ''eastern sector'' across [[Sikkim]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="lac2">{{Cite web|last=Fazl-e-Haider|first=Syed|date=15 July 2020|title=Twisting India's Chicken's Neck|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/twisting-india-s-chicken-s-neck|url-status=live|access-date=2020-07-18|website=The Intepreter|publisher=Lowy Institute}}</ref> Similarly, the [[Indian Airforce]] has the [[Prayagraj]]-based [[Central Air Command]], [[Delhi]]-based [[Western Air Command]], and [[Shillong]]-based [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] to cover the LAC.

* [[Ladakh]] airports and advanced landing grounds (ALGs) at [[Daulat Beg Oldi]], [[Fukche]], [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh]], [[Nyoma]], [[Padum]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-23|title=India plans advanced landing strips at Ladakh, Tawang|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/387892/india-plans-advanced-landing-strips.html|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> [[Thoise]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Prateek|date=26 July 2016|title=India's Growing Military Footprint in Eastern Ladakh: Facing China {{!}} cogitASIA CSIS Asia Policy Blog|url=http://www.cogitasia.com/indias-growing-military-footprint-in-eastern-ladakh-facing-china/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=www.cogitasia.com|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> and the proposed [[Tangtse#Advanced Landing Ground|Parma Valley]] ALG.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Prateek|date=26 July 2016|title=India's Growing Military Footprint in Eastern Ladakh: Facing China|url=http://www.cogitasia.com/indias-growing-military-footprint-in-eastern-ladakh-facing-china/|url-status=live|access-date=8 January 2022|website=|publisher=cogitASIA [[Center for Strategic and International Studies ]] (CSIS) Asia Policy Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=O'Donnell|first1=Frank|last2=Bollfrass|first2=Alexander K.|date=March 2020|title=The Strategic Postures of China and India: A Visual Guide|url=https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/strategic-postures-china-and-india-visual-guide|url-status=live|access-date=8 January 2022|website=[[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]]}}</ref>
* [[Himachal Pradesh]] shares 250 km border with China.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=19 June 2020|title=Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti grows amid increasing India-China tension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Airports include [[Shimla Airport]],<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=19 June 2020|title=Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti grows amid increasing India-China tension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Kullu-Manali Airport]],<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=19 June 2020|title=Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti grows amid increasing India-China tension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and the proposed [[Rangrik]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=19 June 2020|title=Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti grows amid increasing India-China tension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Uttrakhand]] has 350 km border with Tibet.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=Chauhan|first=Neeraj|date=2020-07-18|title=Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eyeing-national-security-uttarakhand-itbp-to-improve-border-infrastructure/story-UKZOI5g5xzJ5KDnCCM8V7K.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Airports and ALGs include [[Chinyalisaur Airport]] and [[Pithoragarh Airport]] ALG.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=Chauhan|first=Neeraj|date=2020-07-18|title=Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eyeing-national-security-uttarakhand-itbp-to-improve-border-infrastructure/story-UKZOI5g5xzJ5KDnCCM8V7K.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sikkim]] consists of the [[Pakyong Airport]] ALG.
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]] has a number of airports and ALGs at [[Aalo]], [[Mechuka Advanced Landing Ground|Mechuka]], [[Pasighat]], [[Tawang Air Force Station]], [[Tuting]], [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijoynagar]], [[Walong Advanced Landing Ground|Walong]], [[Ziro]], [[Daporijo Airport|Daporijo]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web|date=22 May 2018|others=IANS|title=UDAN reaches Arunachal Pradesh; first commercial flight flagged off|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095406/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html|archive-date=20 November 2018|access-date=19 November 2018|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Bikash|date=21 May 2018|title=Arunachal Pradesh finally gets connected with Guwahati by a commercial flight|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119215833/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms|archive-date=19 November 2018|access-date=19 November 2018|publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref> and the proposed [[Alinye (ALG)]],<ref name="Archived copy" /><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" />

=== Border bridge projects ===
* Teesta River road bridge in Sikkim, already completed in 2020 will serve Doklam sector.
* [[Teesta River]] railway bridge, under construction in July 2020 and on target for completion by December 2020.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Avijit|date=19 June 2020|title=Scurry to finish rail and road links to border|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/scurry-to-finish-rail-and-road-links-to-india-china-border/cid/1782001|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Telegraph India}}</ref>
* [[Brahmaputra River#Planned bridges|New bridges on Brahmaputra River]] in Assam will serve Arunachal Pradesh in Eastern Sector.

=== Border railway projects ===
{{ main | Future_of_rail_transport_in_India#Geo | l1= Strategic rail lines of India }}

India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) has identified at least 15 new [[Future of rail transport in India#Geo|geostrategic rail lines]] to be constructed near the [[Line of Actual Control|China]], [[India–Pakistan border|Pakistan]] and [[India–Nepal border|Nepal]] borders for troop deployments.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2013|others=PTI|title=India to lay 14 strategic railway lines near China, Pak border|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-lay-14-strategic-railway-lines-near-china-pak-border/articleshow/24777163.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In comparison, China has built lines up to [[Shigatse]] in Tibet, with plans to connect it to Nepal and further to India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhat|first=Aditya|date=2016-12-01|title=Real reason why India is building 14 strategic rail lines|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/real-reason-why-india-building-14-strategic-rail-lines-706534|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=International Business Times}}</ref> After these lines were proposed by the ministry of defense in 2013, the [[Government of India]] approved the initial surveys of all 14 lines in 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dastidar|first=Avishek G|date=2014-10-22|title=Government gives go-ahead to 4 strategic rail lines along China border|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/government-gives-go-ahead-to-4-strategic-rail-lines-along-china-border/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Some of these as well as other related projects are as follows:

=== Other border road projects ===

* Ladakh-Himachal-Uttrakhand
**[[Char Dham Highway]], not part of ICBR
** [[Poo, Himachal Pradesh|Pooh]]–[[Chumar]] Road & [[Harsil]]-[[Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant|Kharcham]] Road. Both were announced in September 2020 in addition to the ICBR phase 1, and each will cost between INR2,000 cr to INR3,000 cr.<ref name=hars1>
[https://theprint.in/defence/modi-govts-infra-push-along-china-border-2-new-roads-alternate-route-to-daulat-beg-oldie/502013/?amp Modi govt’s infra push along China border — 2 new roads, alternate route to Daulat Beg Oldie], The Print, 15 sept 2020.</ref><ref name=hars2>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|author-link=Ajai Shukla|date=17 September 2020|title=Modi, Xi Jinping and Six Years of Battle for the Psychological High Ground|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/modi-xi-jinping-six-years-summits-ladakh|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Wire}}</ref>

* Sikkim
** [[Bagrakote]]-[[Gangtok]] Highway: 250 km-long road originating from [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH17]] (NH31 as per old numbering) near Bagrakote in the [[Dooars]] to Gangtok is being upgraded to national highway standard in July 2020 by the National Highway and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited. It passes through [[Algarah]]-[[Lava, West Bengal|Lava]]-[[Rishyap]] (in West Bengal on Sikkim border)-[[Rhenock]]-[[Rorathang]]-[[Pakyong]]-[[Ranipool]] to Gangtok. In addition to the existing landslide-prone [[National Highway 10 (India)|NH10 Sevoke-Gangtok Highway]], this will provide alternate access to the state capital Gangtok and beyond to the India-China border.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Avijit|date=19 June 2020|title=Scurry to finish rail and road links to border|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/scurry-to-finish-rail-and-road-links-to-india-china-border/cid/1782001|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Telegraph India}}</ref>
* Arunachal Pradesh
**[[Arunachal Frontier Highway]], proposed along the India-China border and is not part of ICBR.
** [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal East-West Corridor]], proposed across the foothills of lower upper Arunachal Pradesh, not part of ICBR.
** [[Trans-Arunachal Highway]], existing operational highway.

=== Border tunnel projects ===
{{anchor | Tunnel | Tunnels }}
{{ see also | List of rail tunnels in India by length }}

As of sept 2021, India is constructing 31 road tunnels (up from 17 tunnels of 100km total length planned in 2017), 20 in J&K and 11 in Ladakh, at the combined cost of INR1.4 lakh crore (~US$17.5 billion), this includes tunnels constructed by [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH).<ref name=zorawar3>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/zojila-z-morh-tunnels-all-you-need-to-know/tunnels-on-srinagar-leh-highway/slideshow/86644539.cms Zojila, Z-Morh tunnels: All you need to know about], Economic Times, 30 Sept 2021.</ref> As of November 2022, of the projects assigned to BRO, 5 were complete, 8 were under construction, 11 were in planning and DPR phase, the rest have been assigned to other entities.<ref name=tnew2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/border-roads-organisation-blazes-a-trail-in-most-testing-conditions/articleshow/95608878.cms CITY
Border Roads Organisation blazes a trail in most testing conditions], Times of India, 18 nov 2022.</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Some of these tunnels have dual road and rail usage. BRO has been constructing tunnels the strategic ICBR roads on Sino-Indian border to provide the year-round all-weather connectivity. Without these tunnels, the road access to high altitude posts on Sino-India border is closed for six months every year due to snowfall and rain, and supplies are through airlift only. These tunnels will reduce the travel time and operational costs, and eliminate the risk of avalanche and landslide. List of tunnels, from west to east along the Indo-Chinese border, is as follows:<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=13 July 2018|title=For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/for-year-round-border-security-india-plans-tunnels-on-china-border/articleshow/61522629.cms|access-date=2022-01-09}}</ref><ref name="tun2">{{Cite web|date=16 January 2015|title=Voyants bagged Independent Engineer Services in Arunachal Pradesh|url=http://www.voyants.in/2015/01/16/voyants-bagged-independent-engineer-services-in-arunachal-pradesh/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-09|publisher=VOYANTS}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Route
! Tunnel name
! State
! Length (km)
! Operational (as of dec 2022)
! Opening (yyyy (Mmm))
! Type (Road / Rail / Dual)
! Status/Comment

|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Jammu–Baramulla line|Jammu–Baramulla rail line tunnels]]
| [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 11.215 km
| Y
| 2013 (Dec)<ref name=tnew5/>
| Rail
| 3 tunnels in the project.<ref name=tnew5>[https://asianatimes.com/the-engineering-marvel-usbrl-and-its-significance/ The Engineering Marvel USBRL and its Significance.], Asian Times, 13 sept 2022.</ref>

|-
| T13
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 9.8 km
| Y
| 2022 (Dec)<ref name=tnew5/>
| Rail
|

|-
| T49
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 12.758 km
| N
| 2023 (Dec)<ref name=tnew5/>
| Rail
|

|-
| rowspan="5" | [[National Highway 44 (India)#Tunnel|NH44 Jammu-Udhampur-Patnitop-Banihal-Srinagar Highway tunnels]]
| Chenani-Nashri [[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 9.028 km
| Y
| 2017 (Apr)
| Road
| 12 tunnels on NH44, two major tunnels are Dr. Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tunnel & Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel.<ref name=tnew8>[https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/73383/25-massive-projects-including-national-highways-in-jammu-region-at-cost-of-rs-11800-cr.html 25 Massive Projects Including National Highways In Jammu Region, At Cost Of Rs 11,800 Cr], Cross Town News, 19 jan 2022.</ref>

|-
| [[Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 8.45 km
| Y
| 2021 (Dec)
| Road
| <ref name=tnew8/>

|-
| 4-[[Nandni tunnels]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 1.4 km
| Y
| 2022 (Dec)
| Road
| Between Jammu-Udhampur.<ref name=tnew8/>

|-
| [[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel#Tunnel|Sudhmahadev–Dharanga Tunnel]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 8 km
| N (under construction)
| 2025? (?)
| Road
| Uni-directional twin-tube tunnel near [[Patnitop]] costing INR2,598 cr.<ref name=tnew4/>

|-
| [[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel#Tunnel|Khellani Tunnel]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 2.5 km
| N (under construction)
| 2025? (?)
| Road
| <ref name=tnew7/>

|-
| rowspan="1" | [[National Highway 244 (India)|NH244]] [[Kishtwar]]-[[Qazigund]]-[[Anantnag]] highway
| [[Sinthan Top#Tunnel|Singhpora-Vailoo tunnel]] (Sinthan Top Tunnel)
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 10.3 km
| N (under construction)
| 2025? (?)
| Road
| cost INR3,253 cr.<ref name=tnew4>[https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/after-long-wait-light-at-the-end-of-2-key-rs-6000-crore-jk-tunnel-projects-as-govt-invites-global-tenders-5676901.html After Long Wait, Light at End of 2 Key Rs 6,000-Crore J&K Tunnel Projects as Govt Invites Global Tenders], News18, 3 Aug 2022.</ref><ref name=tnew7>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/work-on-6-new-tunnels-in-jk-and-ladakh-to-start-in-next-2-years-gadkari/articleshow/78691393.cms Work on 6 new tunnels in J&K and Ladakh to start in next 2 years: Gadkari], Times of India, 16 oct 2020.</ref> Cost INR4,650 cr. MoRTH approved project since before 2018.

|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Kathua]]-Basohli-Bani-Chattergala-Bhaderwah highway
| Bhaderwah Tunnel
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 3.5 km
| N (DPR)
| 2027? (?)
| Road
| 2-lane tunnel.<ref name=tnew4/> Cost INR1,133 cr. MoRTH approved project since before 2018.

|-
| [[Chattergalla Tunnel]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 6.8 km
| N (DPR)
| 2027? (?)
| Road
| 2-lane tunnel.<ref name=tnew4/> Cost INR808 cr. MoRTH approved project since before 2018.

|-
| rowspan="4" | [[National Highway 144A (India)|NH144A]] Jammu-[[Akhnoor]]-[[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] highway tunnels (4 tunnels)
| [[National Highway 144A (India)#Tunnel|Kandi tunnel]] (Tunghi Morh-Chaura tunnel)
| Jammu and Kashmir
| ? km
| N (under construction)
| 2024 (Aug)
| Road
| Paved-shoulder highway, Jammu-Akhnoor 4-lanes & Akhnoor-Poonch 2-lanes. All 4 tunnels built by BRO.<ref name=tnew3/>

|-
| [[National Highway 144A (India)#Tunnel|Sungal Tunnel]] (Daghun-Sungal tunnel)
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 2.7 km
| N (under construction)
| 2024 (Aug)
| Road
| 2-lane tunnel between Daghun village Kali Dwar temple and Chowki Choura, cost INR797 cr for 9.35 section including tunnel.<ref name=tnew3>[https://telanganatodahttps://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/jammu-todays-paper/construction-of-akhnoor-to-poonch-highway-in-full-swing Construction of Akhnoor to Poonch highway in full swing], Greater Kashmir, 10 nov 2022.</ref>

|-
| [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]] tunnel (Rajal-Kallar tunnel)
| Jammu and Kashmir
| ? km
| N (under construction)
| 2024 (Aug)
| Road
| 2-lane.<ref name=tun1>[https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/nowshera-tunnel-on-akhnoor-poonch-road-approved/ Nowshera tunnel on Akhnoor- Poonch road approved], Daily Excelsior,11-2-2021.</ref>

|-
| [[National Highway 144A (India)#Tunnel|Bhimbar Gali tunnel]] (Kalai-Bhatadurian tunnel)
| Jammu and Kashmir
| ? km
| N (under construction)
| 2024 (Aug)
| Road
| Paved-shoulder highway, Jammu-Akhnoor 4-lanes & Akhnoor-Poonch 2-lanes. All 4 tunnels built by BRO.<ref name=tnew3/>

|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]]-[[Sophian]] [[Mughal Road]] highway tunnels
| Pir ki Gali Tunnel (Chhatapani-Zaznar Tunnel)
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 8 km
| N (DPR done)
| 2025? (?)
| Road
| Poonch-Shopian 2-lane highway with paved shoulder and 2-lane tunnel will cost INR4,000 cr. DPR was ready in mid 2022.<ref name=tnew9>[https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/front-page/dpr-for-historic-mughal-road-tunnel-near-completion-officials DPR for historic Mughal Road tunnel near completion: Officials], Greater Kashmir, 9 may 2022.</ref> Tunnel from Chhatapani from the Poonch side to Zaznar from Shopian, "ideally there should be another tunnel that starts from Thanamandi and ends at Buflaiz to make it an all-weather road".<ref name=buf1/> Tunnel cost INR2,000, JICA-funded MoRTH approved project since before 2018.

|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Tangdhar, Jammu and Kashmir|Tangdhar]]-[[Kupwara]] highway tunnel
| [[Sadhna Pass]] Tunnel
| Jammu and Kashmir
| ? km
| N (DPR done)
| 2025? (?)
| Road
| 2-lane highway with paved shoulder and 2-lane tunnel announced in dec 2021.<ref name=buf1>[https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/30-road-links-tunnels-worth-rs-50000-cr-to-give-jammu-and-kashmir-big-infrastructural-push-4515929.html 30 Road Links, Tunnels Worth Rs 50,000 Cr to Give Jammu and Kashmir Big Infrastructural Push], News18, 3 dec 2021.</ref>

|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Paddar]]-Atholi-[[Machail Mata|Machail]]-[[Zanskar]]-[[Kargil]] highway tunnel
| Paddar-Zanskar Tunnel (Machail-Zanskar Tunnel)
| Jammu and Kashmir
| ? km
| N (DPR done)
| 2025? (?)
| Road
| 2-lane highway with paved shoulder and 2-lane tunnel announced in dec 2021.<ref name=buf1/><ref name=buf2>[https://www.constructionworld.in/amp/transport-infrastructure/highways-and-roads-infrastructure/morth-okays-release-of-rs-5.62-bn-for-akhnoor-poonch-nh/36707 MoRTH okays rekease if 5.6 bn for Akhnoor-Poonch NH], Construction World, 30 sept 2022.</ref>

|-
| rowspan="6" | [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH1 Srinagar-Kargil-Leh tunnels]]
| [[Z-Morh Tunnel]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 6.5 km
| N (under construction)
| 2023 (Dec)
| Dual
| 2-lane tunnels, Zojila-La & Z-Morh are 100 km southwest of Kargil.<ref name=zorawar2/><ref name=zorawar3/><ref name=zorawar4/>

|-
| [[Zoji-la Tunnel]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 14.2 km
| N (under construction)
| 2023 (Dec)
| Dual
| <ref name=zorawar2>[https://telanganatoday.com/everything-about-zoji-la-tunnel Everything about Zoji La Tunnel], Telengana Today, 29 Oct 2021.</ref><ref name=zorawar3/><ref name=zorawar4>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/strategic-zojila-tunnel-to-see-defence-forces-crossing-into-ladakh-2-years-ahead-of-deadline/article65267630.ece Strategic Zojila tunnel to see defence forces crossing into Ladakh 2 years ahead of deadline], The Hindu, 28 March 2022.</ref>

|-
| Nilgrar Tunnel-I
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 0.433 km
| N (under construction)
| 2023 (Dec)
| Dual
| Twine-tube tunnel part of approach road to Zojila tunnel's west portal.<ref name=nilg1>[https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tunnels-in-jammu-kashmir Tunnels in Jammu Kashmir], Drishti, accessed 14 dec 2022.</ref>

|-
| Nilgrar Tunnel-II
| Jammu and Kashmir
| 1.95 km
| N (under construction)
| 2023 (Dec)
| Dual
| Twine-tube tunnel part of approach road to Zojila tunnel's west portal.<ref name=nilg1/>

|-
| [[Namika La]]
| Ladakh
| ? km
| N (DPR)
| 2027? (?)
| ?
| <ref name=tnew1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tunnels-across-major-passes-in-ladakh-in-offing-to-cost-rs-5000cr/articleshow/95746991.cms Tunnels across major passes in Ladakh in offing; to cost Rs 5,000cr], Times of India, 24 nov 2022.</ref>

|-
| [[Fotu La]]
| Ladakh
| ? km
| N (DPR)
| 2027? (?)
| ?
| <ref name=tnew1/>

|-
| rowspan="1" | Kargil-[[Batalik]]-Dah-[[Khalatse]] route tunnel
| [[Hamboting La]]
| Ladakh
| ? km
| N (DPR)
| 2027? (?)
| Road
| 31 km east of Kargil between Kargil & [[Batalik]], provides an alternate to NH1 Kargil-Leh.

|-
| rowspan="1" | Leh-Khalsar-Siachen route
| [[Khardung La]]
| Ladakh
| 5.5 km
| N (DPR)
| 2027? (?)
| Road
| 2-lane tunnel on Khardung La going north from Leh town to [[Siachen]] & [[Nubra valley]].<ref name=tnew1/>

|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Hemis]]-[[Tangste]]-[[Durbuk]]-[[Pangong Tso]] route
| [[Ke La]]
| Ladakh
| ? km
| N (DPR)
| 2027? (?)
| Road
| 2-lane tunnel.<ref name=tnew1/>

|-
| rowspan="4" | [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH3]] [[Leh-Manali Highway]]
| [[Lungalacha La]] tunnel
| Ladakh
| 14.5 km
| N (Tender)
| 2027? (?)
| Road (or Dual?)
| <ref>{{Cite web|last=Vashisht|first=Abhinav|date=27 September 2020|title=As Rohtang dream becomes reality, focus on 4 more tunnels|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/as-rohtang-dream-becomes-reality-focus-on-4-more-tunnels-147715|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Tribune India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=13 July 2018|title=For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/for-year-round-border-security-india-plans-tunnels-on-china-border/articleshow/61522629.cms|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref> Cost for Lachung La tunnel INR6,747 cr.

|-
| ''[[Bara-lacha la]]''
| Ladakh
| ?
| N (Tender)
| 2027? (?)
| Road (or Dual?)
|

|-
| ''[[Tanglang La]]''
| Ladakh
| 7.5 km
| N (Tender)
| 2027? (?)
| Road (or Dual?)
| Cost for Tanglang La tunnel INR3,490 cr.

|-
| [[Rohtang Tunnel]]
| Himachal Pradesh
| 9.02 km
| Y
| 2020 (Jul)
| Dual

|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road]]
| [[Shingo La#Shingo La Tunnel|Shingo La Tunnel]]
| Himachal Pradesh
| 4.25 km
| N (under construction)
| 2027? (?)
| Road
| Provides an alternate route to NH3 Leh-Manali Highway to reach Leh. Cost INR4,095 cr for 8.8 km tunnel & approach Road.

|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Harsil]]-Kharcham Highway
| [[Lamkhaga Pass]] tunnel
| Himachal & Uttrakhand
| ?
| N (DPR)
| 2027? (?)
| Road
| Connect Harsil & Kharcham via Lamkhaga Pass tunnel, & connect to Pooh-Chumar-Hanle Highway.<ref name=khar1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/one-step-closer.html One step closer],Daily Pionner, 8 april 2020.</ref>

|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Char Dham Railway]]
| Char Dham rail tunnels
| Uttrakhand
| ?
| N (DPR)
| 2027? (?)
| Rail
| [[Char Dham Railway]] multiple rail tunnels.

|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Char Dham Highway]]
| Char Dham highway tunnels
| Uttrakhand
| ? km
| N (under construction)
| 2024 (Dec)
| Road
| [[Char Dham Highway]] multiple road tunnels e.g. Chamba tunnel

|-
| Chamba tunnel
| Uttrakhand
| 0.440 km
| Y
| 2021 (Jan)
| Road
| Under the town on [[Rishikesh]]-[[Dharasu]] road.<ref name=tnew2/>

|-
| rowspan="1" | NH310A [[Chungthang]]-[[Tung, Sikkim|Tung]] North Sikkim highway
| [[Theng Tunnel]]
| Sikkim
| 0.578 km
| Y
| 2018 (Oct)
| Road
|

|-
| rowspan="1" | [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH6 Silchar-Shillong Highway]]
| [[National Highway 6 (India)#Route|Sonapur Tunnel]]
| Meghalaya
| 0.120 km
| Y
| 2008 (Sept)
| Road
| On NH6 (old NH44) inside [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India#Meghalaya|Narpuh Sanctuary]] northwest of [[Silchar]], connects Meghalaya with Assam's [[Barak Valley]] in Meghalaya's southeast.<ref name=tnew2/>

|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Brahmaputra River]]
| [[Brahmaputra River#Tunnel|Numaligarh-Gohpur under-river tunnel]]
| Assam
| 15.6 km
| N (DPR)
| 2029? (?)
| Dual
| Twin-tubes 22 metres below river connecting [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]] will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 b).<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref>

|-
|rowspan="2" |[[National Highway 13 (India)|NH13 Bogibeel (Assam)-Tawang Highway]]
| [[Nechiphu Pass]]
| Arunachal Pradesh
| 0.5 km
| N (under construction)
| 2023 (Jan)
| Dual
| 2-lane tunnel halfway between Tawang & [[Dirang]]

|-
| [[Sela Tunnel]]s
| Arunachal Pradesh
| 1.790 km & 0.475 km
| N (under construction)
| 2023 (Jan)
| Dual
| D-shaped single-tube Nechiphu Pass tunnel halfway between Bomdila & Bhalukpong.
|}



=== Sea ports and waterways projects ===
[[Sagarmala]] port development project and the [[List of National Waterways in India|National Waterways projects]] will also enhance geostrategic capabilities along LAC and elsewhere. Waterway projects in Assam on Brahmaputra River and its tributaries are of geostrategic importance for the movement of military assets, these include [[National Waterway 2]] and [[Subansiri River]].

=== Under-river tunnel ===
Gohpur–Numaligarh under-river tunnel, is an under construction tunnel under the Brahmaputra river.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Mobile and internet connectivity ===

In June 2020, it was announced that 54 villages in the Ladakh region; including the [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]] is among the 19 in Kargil, 11 in Zanskar and 7 in [[Nubra]] Valley; will receive [[cellular network|mobile phone connectivity]] from [[Jio]] via the satellite connected towers under the [[Universal Service Obligation Funding]] (USOF) programme.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/54-villages-in-ladakh-to-get-mobile-connectivity-104602 |title=54 villages in Ladakh to get mobile connectivity |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=26 June 2020 |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Radars ===

* Uttarakhand
** Doppler radar at [[Mukteshwar]] and [[Surkanda Devi]]<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Prashant|date=17 October 2019|title=Doppler radars will be installed in Uttarakhand by March 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/doppler-radars-will-be-installed-in-ukhand-by-march-2020/articleshow/71620337.cms|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
** Air defence radars, under construction, at [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]], [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]] and [[Uttarkashi]]<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Lalmani|date=2020-09-12|title=IAF plans to set up Air Defence Radars in 3 Uttarakhand districts|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/iaf-plans-to-set-up-air-defence-radars-in-3-uttarakhand-districts-6592690/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== Northeast connectivity projects ===
* [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region#Projects|Northeast Connectivity projects]]
* [[India–Myanmar barrier#Look-East Connectivity|Look-East Connectivity projects]]
* [[North-South and East-West Corridor]]
* [[Burma–India relations#India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway|India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway]]
* [[Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation#BCIM Economic Corridor|BCIM Economic Corridor]]
* [[Asian Highway Network]]
* [[Brahmaputra River#Bridges|List of bridges on Brahmaputra River]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Transport|Roads|Railways}}
[[India-China border infrastructure]]
; Geostrategic
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[Western Theater Command]], China
* [[List of disputed territories of India|East, Central and Western Command LAC]], of India
* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
* [[List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases]]

; Similar rail development
* [[Future of rail transport in India]], rail development

; Similar roads development
* [[Bharatmala]]
** [[Diamond Quadrilateral]], Subsumed in Bharatmala
** [[Golden Quadrilateral]], completed national road development connectivity older scheme
** [[National Highways Development Project]], Subsumed in Bharatmala
** [[North-South and East-West Corridor]], Subsumed in Bharatmala
* [[Expressways of India]]

; Similar ports and river transport development
* [[List of National Waterways in India]]
* [[Sagar Mala project]], national water port development connectivity scheme

; Similar air transport development
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
* [[UDAN]], national airport development connectivity scheme

; General
* [[List of National Highways in India by highway number]]
* [[List of National Highways in India]]
* [[Transport in India]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Rahul Prakash (May 2013). [https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/OccasionalPaper_42b.pdf Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: An Update]. ORF
* {{Cite web|last=Sethi|first=Abheet Singh|date=2015-06-29|title=82% Roads Along China Border Unfinished|url=https://www.indiaspend.com/82-roads-along-china-border-unfinished-31084/|url-status=live|website=IndiaSpend}}
* {{Cite news|last=Mandhana|first=Niharika|date=2017-04-05|title=India Moves Mountains to Build Military Road to China Border|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/india-moves-mountains-to-build-military-road-to-china-border-1491384609|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660}}
* {{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Pranav|date=2015-05-18|title=Will finish building China border infrastructure by 2018: Rao Inderjit|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/will-finish-building-china-border-infrastructure-by-18-rao-inderjit/|url-status=live|website=The Indian Express}}

{{China–India relations}}

[[Category:China–India border]]
[[Category:Roads in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Roads in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Transport in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Transport in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Roads in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:China–India relations]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Border Roads Organisation roads]]

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India-China Border Roads

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