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College Days (2010 film)

2026-05-07T17:11:50Z

4Eileen59m: Put Up A Entry More To Come

{{Short description|2010 Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = College Days
| image = College Days (2010 film).jpeg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Jiyen Krishnakumar|G. N. Krishnakumar]]
| producer = Seena Sadath
| story =
| writer = G. N. Krishnakumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
*[[Biju Menon]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' Ronnie Raphael '''Score:''' [[Stephen Devassy]]
| cinematography = [[Sujith Vaassudev]]
| editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| studio = Pavithram Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|11|19}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''College Days''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by [[Jiyen Krishnakumar|G. N. Krishnakumar]]. The film stars [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] and [[Biju Menon]] in pivotal roles. The film received mixed reviews from the critics and the audience. The script and the performances of Indrajith, Biju Menon and Jagathy Sreekumar were praised where as the cast, screenplay and direction were criticised.

==Plot==
The movie opens with the sequences of first year medical student Athira pushed to death by a notorious gang of five friends Joe Joseph, Anand, Anu Ramachandran, Rakhi and Satheesh, the State Minister Ramakrishnan's son. But with the influential system and false testimony of the college principal, the gang is let free and is allowed to continue with their studies.

After the titles, the movie moves on to another fresh year with the same gang continuing with their menacing activities. Rohit Menon, a young man arrives from [[Bangalore]], to do House Surgency in the same college, who enters into a tussle with the group from day one. The friends now plot many plans to corner him and get him evacuated from the college but each of them misfires and now they are into one big plot that is sure to kick him out. But this time, something goes haywire and Rohit is killed. The gang somehow buries him in a forest, but the [[Deputy inspector general of police|Commissioner]] Sudeep Hariharan who is after the case is more than intimidating for them to handle. Each one in the group gets mysteriously killed by Rohit's supposed spirit. Joe gets killed in an [[Anatomy|anatomy lab]], by hanging; Rakhi gets beaten to death in a forest; Anand is tied up and left on the road, where a truck runs over him; Anu is killed in a hospital using a scalpel. Satheesh is suspected for these murders. He gets arrested for Rohit's murder but gets released on bail after a false evidence given by a police officer, who is Satheesh's man. That night Sudeep catches them and confirms that Satheesh's fate will be the same.

After many twist and turns, Sudeep discovers that Rohit is alive and arrests him from Satheesh's house where Rohit was trying to kill him. On questioning, Rohit reveals that his real name is Ananthakrishnan and the real Rohit died in an accident 6 months ago. He also admits that he had murdered Satheesh's friends on purpose. Digging deeper, Sudeep gets to know his flashback where it is revealed that Athira, was actually Ananthakrishnan's love interest. On the night of her death, she was speaking to Ananthakrishnan in phone and kept it connected, where Ananthakrishnan witnessed her last breath. From then on, his mind was only up for revenge and the tussle that happened between him and the gang was planned by him to infuriate them. Sudeep understands Rohit's plight and ensures him justice he deserves. However, Rohit takes a vow to kill Satheesh.

The next day, Ananthakrishnan is taken to Satheesh by the policeman, who was Satheesh's right hand man. After a prolonged fight, Ananthakrishnan, despite warning from Sudeep, kills Satheesh by strangling him with his [[Handcuffs|handcuff]] and throwing him down a [[bridge]]. Sudeep and his team stay helpless. Ananthakrishnan, though convinced that his revenge is finally done, surrenders to Sudeep.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Rohit Menon (fake)/ Anantha Krishnan
*[[Biju Menon]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|Commissioner]] Sudeep Hariharan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*Rayan Raj as Satheesh Ramakrishnan
*[[Govind Padmasoorya]] as Joe Joseph
*Sajith Raj as Anand
*[[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]] as Anu Ramachandran
*[[Dhanya Mary Varghese]] as Rakhi
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Philip Pothen, College Principal
*[[Saikumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Minister Ramakrishnan, Satheesh's father
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Shine Raj (Munthirippadam)
*Priya Nair as Amala
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Augustine
*[[Appa Haja]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Vijayakumar
*[[Dinesh Panicker]] as Ramachandran, Anu's father
*[[Geetha Vijayan]] as Malathi, Satheesh's mother
*[[Lishoy]] as Joseph, Joe's father
*[[Mohan Jose]] as Manavalan Mathai
*[[Chembil Ashokan]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Keshavan Kutty
*[[Vijay Menon]] as Dr. Ravindranath KN
*[[Sasi Kalinga]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] ''[[Mortuary]]'' Mohanan
*[[Venu Nagavally]] as Rohit Menon's father
*[[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] as the real Rohit Menon (photo presence)
*[[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] as Athira ([[Cameo Appearance]])
{{Colend}}

==Production==
The film was shot during June 2010.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2010/jun/11/kaadhal-sandhya-in-a-cop-film-122746.html | title='Kaadhal' Sandhya in a cop film | work=[[The New Indian Express]] | access-date=2022-05-11 | archive-date=2022-05-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511083122/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2010/jun/11/kaadhal-sandhya-in-a-cop-film-122746.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by Ronnie Raphael.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/college-days/xyYCn4kQaOM_|title=College Days|work=[[Jiosaavn]]|access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| "Jaganu Jaganu Thaka" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || 5:23
|-
| "Vennilavin Chirakileri" (male)|| [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] || 4:34
|-
| "Thumbipenne" || [[Jassie Gift]], Afsal, Rimi Tony, Kripa || 3:59
|-
| "Vennilavin Chirakileri" (female) || [[Shweta Mohan]] || 4:34
|-
| Theme Music || Ronnie Raphael || 2:16
|-
|}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "''College Days'' could be a classic case of not using the resources well. One gets the feeling that if it was approached with more passion and discipline, it could have been a nicer movie".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/college-days-review-malayalam-pclxKDiebahbf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604195705/https://www.sify.com/movies/college-days-review-malayalam-pclxKDiebahbf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2020|title=College Days|work=[[Sify]]|date=22 November 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt8202710}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]

Ananya Nagalla

2026-05-05T09:24:12Z

4Eileen59m:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ananya Nagalla
| image = Ananya Nagalla in 2025.jpg
| caption = Ananya Nagalla in a floral saree during a photoshoot, 2025
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Sathupalli]], Telangana, India
| education = Raja Mahendra College of Engineering, [[Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy district|Ibrahimpatnam]]
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2019–present
}}

'''Ananya Nagalla''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. She made her debut with ''[[Mallesham]]'' (2019) and went onto appear in films such as ''[[Play Back]]'' (2021) and ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' (2021). She won the [[Gaddar Telangana Film Awards]] for her performance in the film ''[[Pottel]]'' (2024).

== Early life ==
Nagalla was born in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in [[Sathupalli]] of [[Khammam district]] in [[Telangana]] (then in [[Andhra Pradesh]]) to Venkateswara Rao and Vishnu Priya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-17 |title=మేం తక్కువేం కాదు |trans-title=We are no less |url=https://www.ntnews.com/sunday/bathukamma-18042021-59190/ |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |language=te |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510182616/https://www.ntnews.com/sunday/bathukamma-18042021-59190/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2021-07-18 |title=గ్లామర్‌ రంగంలో అందరి సంగతేమో కానీ.. నా విషయంలో జరిగింది ఇదే – Namasthe Telangana |language=te |work=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |url=https://www.ntnews.com/sunday/vakeelsaab-actress-ananya-nagalla-tells-about-her-job-before-movies-and-are-film-struggles-146889/ |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718183534/https://www.ntnews.com/sunday/vakeelsaab-actress-ananya-nagalla-tells-about-her-job-before-movies-and-are-film-struggles-146889/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her father is a businessman and her family moved to [[Hyderabad]] for her studies. She completed her [[Bachelor of Technology|BTech]] in Raja Mahendra College of Engineering, [[Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy district|Ibrahimpatnam]] and worked in [[Infosys]] before pursuing a career in the film industry.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
While working, Nagalla appeared in the short film ''Shaadi'' and was nominated as Best Actress at the [[SIIMA Short Film Awards]]. She was later auditioned and selected for the 2019 biographical ''[[Mallesham]]'' co-starring [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda|Priyadarshi]]. She was credited with her birth name Anusha Nagalla in the film.<ref name="bn">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-29 |title=Padma Shri winner Chintakindi Mallesham biopic 'Mallesham' starring Priyadarshi and Anusha Nagalla released the trailer of the film today. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/priyadarshis-mallesham-trailer-is-here-and-its-promising/articleshow/69563874.cms |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021064112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/priyadarshis-mallesham-trailer-is-here-and-its-promising/articleshow/69563874.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Nagalla took a break from her work to prepare for the role.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=2019-07-10 |title=Ananya Nagalla talks about her role in 'Mallesham' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ananya-nagalla-mallesham/article28347456.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908070633/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ananya-nagalla-mallesham/article28347456.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Reviewing the film, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' critic Murali Krishna CH appreciated her, stating "Ananya Nagalla shines in the role of Mallesham's wife Padma. Her innate innocence seeps into her performance."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Mallesham movie review: Priyadarshi shines in this no-frills biopic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mallesham-priyadarshi-shines-in-this-no-frills-biopic-drama-5799709/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908070633/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mallesham-priyadarshi-shines-in-this-no-frills-biopic-drama-5799709/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The News Minute]]'' stated: "Ananya is endearing and has been given a lot of scope to emote."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-20 |title='Mallesham' review: A charming biopic on the man who transformed weaving |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mallesham-review-charming-biopic-man-who-transformed-weaving-103975 |website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908070637/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mallesham-review-charming-biopic-man-who-transformed-weaving-103975 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]''{{'s}} Sangeetha Devi Dundoo also echoed the same and wrote: "Ananya brings in the innocence required for her part and makes a promising debut."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2019-06-20 |title='Mallesham' review: A biopic that spells hope |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mallesham-review-a-indie-spirited-biopic-is-a-heart-warming-portrayal-of-tenacity-and-triumph/article28084956.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908070634/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mallesham-review-a-indie-spirited-biopic-is-a-heart-warming-portrayal-of-tenacity-and-triumph/article28084956.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Nagalla appeared in the [[Science fiction film|sci fi]] drama film ''[[Play Back]]''. A reviewer of ''[[Zee Cinemalu]]'' felt that Nagalla was the stand out among the actors. "Ananya was decent but none of the other actors could do justice for their characters," they added.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Movie Review – 'ప్లే బ్యాక్' |url=http://www.zeecinemalu.com/movie-review/play-back-movie-telugu-review-186009/ |website=[[Zee Cinemalu]] |language=te |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512052926/http://www.zeecinemalu.com/movie-review/play-back-movie-telugu-review-186009/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, she also appeared in the [[Pawan Kalyan]]-starrer ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'', a remake of the [[Hindi]] film [[Pink (2016 film)|''Pink'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-13 |title=Ananya Nagalla on a new high |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130621/ananya-nagalla-on-a-new-high.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908070637/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130621/ananya-nagalla-on-a-new-high.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Director [[Venu Sriram]] cast her in the film following her role in ''Mallesham.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-21 |title=Ananya Nagalla revels in her upcoming fan-girl moment |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/211219/ananya-nagalla-revels-in-her-upcoming-fan-girl-moment.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908070636/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/211219/ananya-nagalla-revels-in-her-upcoming-fan-girl-moment.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sangeetha Devi in her review for ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised her performance, stating: "The women — Nivetha, Anjali and Ananya — are remarkable. Nivetha and Ananya in particular internalise and convey the mixed feelings of courage, fear and despair effectively."<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2021-04-09 |title='Vakeel Saab' movie review: Pawan Kalyan amplifies 'no means no' in a masala-laced adaptation |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/vakeel-saab-review-pawan-kalyan-amplifies-no-means-no/article34279888.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410043533/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/vakeel-saab-review-pawan-kalyan-amplifies-no-means-no/article34279888.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' critic wrote: "Nivetha Thomas, Anjali and Ananya have excelled in their parts, justifying each of their presence in the film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Vakeel Saab movie review |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/090421/a-resounding-statement-on-feminism.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410072048/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/090421/a-resounding-statement-on-feminism.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, Nagalla played the protagonist in [[Tantra (film)|''Tantra'']].<ref name="Tantra Movie Review: A tiresome, convoluted horror-thriller" /> Speaking about her performance in the film, a reviewer from ''[[Times Now]]'' wrote, “Ananya Nagalla shines in the lead role, effortlessly portraying [her character]'s journey with her captivating screen presence.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=Tantra Review: Scares You Stiff With Rituals And Tantric Teachings |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/tantra-review-scares-you-stiff-with-rituals-and-tantric-teachings-review-108520993 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
===Feature films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ananya Nagalla films and roles
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Mallesham]]'' || Padma || ||<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021 || ''[[Play Back]]'' || Sujatha || ||<ref name=":3" />
|-
| ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' || Divya Nayak || ||<ref name=":4" />
|-
| ''[[Maestro (2021 film)|Maestro]]'' || Pavithra || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2021 |title=Maestro Movie Review : A pulpy remake that doesn't veer off-course for the most part |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/maestro/movie-review/86262391.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921021212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/maestro/movie-review/86262391.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Urvasivo Rakshasivo]]'' || Divya || Special appearance ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023 || ''[[Shaakuntalam]]'' || Anasuya || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Ananya Nagalla on sharing screen space with Samantha in Shakuntalam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rL2TfBvMUg8&t=275s |language=te |date=2021-09-13 |publisher=[[TV9 Telugu]] |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913125911/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rL2TfBvMUg8&t=275s |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Malli Pelli (2023 film)|Malli Pelli]]'' || Young Parvati || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/malli-pelli/movie-review/100525068.cms |title=Malli Pelli Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527023217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/malli-pelli/movie-review/100525068.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anveshi]]'' || Dr. Anu || ||<ref name="Anveshi: Vijay Dharan, Simran Gupta and Ananya Nagalla starrer set for a grand worldwide release on November 10">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Anveshi: Vijay Dharan, Simran Gupta and Ananya Nagalla starrer set for a grand worldwide release on November 10 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anveshi-vijay-dharan-simran-gupta-and-ananya-nagalla-starrer-set-for-a-grand-worldwide-release-on-november-10/articleshow/104087099.cms |access-date=17 November 2023 |date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117172604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anveshi-vijay-dharan-simran-gupta-and-ananya-nagalla-starrer-set-for-a-grand-worldwide-release-on-november-10/articleshow/104087099.cms |archive-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
| [[Tantra (film)|''Tantra'']]|| Rekha || ||<ref name="Tantra Movie Review: A tiresome, convoluted horror-thriller">{{cite news |last1=Cinema Express |first1= |title=Tantra Movie Review: A tiresome, convoluted horror-thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Mar/15/tantra-movie-review-a-tiresome-convoluted-horror-thriller |access-date=17 March 2024 |date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317182812/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Mar/15/tantra-movie-review-a-tiresome-convoluted-horror-thriller |archive-date=17 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Darling (2024 film)|''Darling'']]
|Dr. Nandini
|
|
|-
|''[[Pottel]]'' || Bujjamma || ||
|-
|''[[Srikakulam Sherlock Holmes]]''
|Bhrama
|
|
|-
| 2026 || ''Lechindi Mahila Lokam''|| || ||
|-
|}

===Televisions===
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Network
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Bahishkarana]]''|| Lakshmi || [[ZEE5]]||<ref>{{cite web |title=Teaser of Telugu Web Series Bahishkarana Out |url= https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/teaser-of-telugu-web-series-bahishkarana-out-anjalis-transformation-is-stunning-article-111552937 |website=TimesNowNews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Ananya Nagalla short film credits
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
| 2017 || ''Shaadi'' || Shanti || ||<ref name="hindu" />
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
| 2020
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| ''[[Mallesham]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2019 {{!}} Nominations|url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-09-08|website=[[SIIMA]]|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223640/https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| [[Gaddar Telangana Film Awards]]
| Special Jury – Best Actress
| ''[[Pottel]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards 2024 full list of winners: Kalki 2898 AD wins best film, Allu Arjun wins best actor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-2024-full-list-of-winners-kalki-2898-ad-wins-best-film-allu-arjun-wins-best-actor-101748511071615.html |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDB name|nm8440701}}
* {{Twitter|ananyanagalla}}
{{Commons}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagalla, Ananya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Khammam district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Khalid Saifi (activist)

2026-05-05T00:33:48Z

4Eileen59m: created basic bio w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Khalid Saifi
| birth_date = 3 February 1981
| birth_place = Khureji Khas, Delhi
| alma_mater = Symbiosis College, Pune
| spouse = Nargis Saifi
| children = 3 Children
| mother = Fatima
| father = Abdul Lateef
}}

'''Khalid Saifi''' ({{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|خالد سیفی}}}}) is a human rights activist and co-founder of United Against Hate.<ref name=uscirf>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-02 |title=Khalid Saifi |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/religious-prisoners-conscience/forb-victims-database/khalid-saifi |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=www.uscirf.gov |language=en}}</ref> He actively participated in the protests against the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|NRC and CAA]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Simra |date=2025-08-08 |title=“Small relief, but only acquittal will bring joy,” says wife of anti-CAA activist Khalid Saifi on his 10-day bail after 5 years in jail |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/anti-caa-activist-khalid-saifi-jailed-under-uapa-granted-10-days-interim-bail/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref> Currently, Khalid Saifi is a political prisoner, having been in jail since the [[2020 Delhi riots]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-05 |title=Delhi riots case: HC dismisses plea by Khalid Saifi against attempt to murder charge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-riots-case-hc-dismisses-plea-by-khalid-saifi-against-attempt-to-murder-charge/article68831667.ece |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Khalid Saifi was born on February 3, 1981, at his ancestral home in Khureji Khas, Delhi. His father is Abdul Latif and his mother is Fatima. His father is originally from Moradabad ([[Uttar Pradesh]]) but settled in Delhi. His father ran a furniture business.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-09 |title=Activist Khalid Saifi gets 10-day interim bail after five years in custody under UAPA in Delhi riots case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Aug/09/activist-khalid-saifi-gets-10-day-interim-bail-after-five-years-in-custody-under-uapa-in-delhi-riots-case |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

After completing his early education, Khalid Saifi completed his bachelor's degree from Symbiosis College, Pune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली दंगे 2020: अदालत ने खालिद सैफी को 10 दिन की अंतरिम जमानत दी, किस आधार पर मिली बेल? |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/delhi-riots-2020-court-grants-10-day-interim-bail-to-khalid-saifi-201760359319948.amp.html |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

He later earned a [[master's degree]] in business administration (MBA) from the same institution.<ref name=uscirf/>

UAH was founded in 2017 by human rights activists Khalid Saifi and Umar Khalid in response to the 2017 Junaid mob lynching incident and with the aim of coherently fighting against the growing hatred against minority communities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-16 |title=Condemn police brutality on Khalid Saifi |url=https://cjp.org.in/condemn-police-brutality-on-khalid-saifi/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}</ref>

Upon its inception, UAH began documenting hate crimes across the country, providing legal and financial assistance to victims' families, and conducting public awareness campaigns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जानिए कौन है खालिद सैफी, जिसे दिल्ली दंगों की साजिश रचने के मामले में पुलिस ने गिरफ्तार किया {{!}} Police arrests Khalid Saifi in Delhi Chand Bagh violence case KPP {{!}} Asianet News Hindi |url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/national-news/police-arrests-khalid-saifi-in-delhi-chand-bagh-violence-case-kpp-qbnx06/articleshow-4fx3m3 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=hindi.asianetnews.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=دہلی فسادات کے ملزم خالد سیفی کو 10 دنوں کی عبوری ضمانت، جانئے کس بنیاد پر ملی ضمانت |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!bharat/delhi-riots-accused-khalid-saifi-granted-10-day-interim-bail-to-visit-his-ailing-mother-urn25101306145 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ur}}</ref>

Over time, people whose relatives had been victims of hate crimes or caste/religion-based persecution also became part of the campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली दंगा: हत्या की कोशिश के आरोप में नहीं मिली HC से राहत, खालिद सैफी की याचिका खारिज |url=https://www.aajtak.in/crime/news/story/delhi-riots-united-against-hate-founder-khalid-saifi-petition-dismissed-delhi-high-court-attempt-to-murder-case-police-crime-pvzs-dskc-2089209-2024-11-05 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=بیورو |first=قومی آواز |date=2024-02-07 |title=دہلی فسادات: خالد سیفی کی درخواست ضمانت کی مخالفت میں استغاثہ کے طویل دلائل، ہائی کورٹ کا اظہارِ برہمی |url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/delhi-riots-prosecutions-long-arguments-against-khalid-safis-bail-plea-high-court-expresses-anger |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Qaumi Awaz |language=ur}}</ref> Khalid Saifi’s UAH has carried out notable work in many places so far.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NADAR |first=A. GANESH |title=United Against Hate |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/united-against-hate/20191226.htm |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> The organization provides substantial assistance in cases related to hate crimes, ranging from filing police complaints to supporting legal action. It has also helped in preventing communal clashes in Dausa, Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Aditya |date=2020-03-12 |title=Who ‘United Against Hate’ Are And Why Amit Shah is Targeting Them |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/united-against-hate-amit-shah-khalif-saifi-hate-crimes-delhi-violence |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saifi, Khalid}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim activists]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People involved in the Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Kayadu Lohar

2026-05-01T10:40:18Z

4Eileen59m:

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image = File: Kayadu Lohar IMG 202209077 212437 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kayadu in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Tezpur]], [[Assam]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actress|Model}}
| years_active = 2021-Present
}}

'''Kayadu Lohar''' (born 11 April 2000)<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=Kayadu Lohar | പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലെ നങ്ങേലി; കയാദു ലോഹറിന്‍റെ വിശേഷങ്ങള്‍ |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/movies-pathonpatham-noottandu-actress-kayadu-lohar-about-her-character-ak-555620.html |website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref> is an Indian actress and model who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=I am here to stay and work in south Indian films: Model-turned-actor Kayadu Lohar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/nov/15/i-am-here-to-stay-and-work-in-south-indian-filmsmodel-turned-actor-kayadu-lohar-2383606.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130234911/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/nov/15/i-am-here-to-stay-and-work-in-south-indian-filmsmodel-turned-actor-kayadu-lohar-2383606.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She made her acting debut with the Kannada film ''[[Mugilpete]]'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Manoranjan's Mugilpete to be released on November 19 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/oct/27/manoranjans-mugilpete-to-be-released-on-november-19-27512.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124111128/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/oct/27/manoranjans-mugilpete-to-be-released-on-november-19-27512.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/nov/22/mugil-pete-brings-back-old-fashioned-romance-2386436.html |title='Mugil Pete' brings back old-fashioned romance |website=The New Indian Express |date=22 November 2021 |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126044318/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/nov/22/mugil-pete-brings-back-old-fashioned-romance-2386436.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and got breakthrough with the Tamil film ''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'' (2025).

== Early life ==
Kayadu Lohar hails from [[Tezpur]], [[Assam]], and has been living in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=Kayadu Lohar {{!}} പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലെ നങ്ങേലി; കയാദു ലോഹറിന്‍റെ വിശേഷങ്ങള്‍ |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/movies-pathonpatham-noottandu-actress-kayadu-lohar-about-her-character-ak-555620.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> She is the daughter of Mohanlal Lohar and Sunita. She was educated at St. Francis De Sales School in Pune. Later, she studied at Don Bosco College in Pune<ref>{{cite web |title=BISMumbai - Bosco Information Service Mumbai - BIS #6916 DB Yerwada Alumna Kayadu Lohar comes home |url=https://bis.sdbinb.in/bis-6916-db-yerwada-alumna-kayadu-lohar-comes-home?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=bis.sdbinb.in}}</ref> and then did her [[Bachelor's degree]] in Commerce from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fresh Face winner Kayadu Lohar in Manoranjan's next - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/fresh-face-winner-kayadu-lohar-in-manoranjans-next/articleshow/72126071.cms |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=20 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Tamil superhit film Dragon's actress Kayadu Lohar? A look at her education and family background |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/who-is-tamil-film-dragons-actress-kayadu-lohar-a-look-at-her-education-and-family-background/articleshow/118554969.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=3 March 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kayadu Lohar started her career with a jewellery pageant contest and later won the Times of India's Everyuth Fresh Face Season 12.<ref name="spotboye.com">{{Cite web |title=Puneite Kayadu Lohar, Pune's Fresh Face Winner To Be Seen In Marathi And Kannada Films |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/puneite-kayadu-lohar-pune-s-fresh-face-winner-to-be-seen-in-marathi-and-kannada-films/5ddb9f430cada251e9c312a5 |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=spotboye.com}}</ref>

Lohar made her acting debut in the 2021 Kannada film ''[[Mugilpete]]'' when she was participating in Times Fresh Face Competition.<ref name="spotboye.com"/> Her first Malayalam film ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' was released in September 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=Five Mollywood films that are lined up for release this Onam |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/31/mollywood-films-onam-releases-malayali-festivities-ott-theatre.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901065748/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/31/mollywood-films-onam-releases-malayali-festivities-ott-theatre.html |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=Pathonpathaam Noottandu censored with U/A |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/aug/18/pathonpathaam-noottandu-censored-with-ua-33859.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902093353/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/aug/18/pathonpathaam-noottandu-censored-with-ua-33859.html |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=റിപ്പോർട്ടർ |first=ഫിൽമി |date=12 September 2022 |title='19-ാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലെ' നങ്ങേലിയെ സ്‌ക്രീനില്‍ കണ്ട് പൊട്ടിക്കരഞ്ഞ് നായിക; വീഡിയോ പകര്‍ത്തി സെന്തില്‍ |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/film-news/video-viral-of-pathonpatham-noottandu-actress-kayadu-lohar-into-tears-after-seeing-the-movie-92330 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=reporterlive.com |language=ml |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915101721/https://www.reporterlive.com/film-news/video-viral-of-pathonpatham-noottandu-actress-kayadu-lohar-into-tears-after-seeing-the-movie-92330 }}</ref> [[Alluri (film)|''Alluri'']], her first Telugu film in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=C |first=Sam |date=23 September 2022 |title=Alluri Movie Review: అల్లూరి మూవీ రివ్యూ & రేటింగ్…! {{!}} The Telugu News |url=https://thetelugunews.com/reviews/alluri-movie-review-and-rating-in-telugu.html |access-date=23 September 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2022 |title='Alluri' Movie Review: Can Sree Vishnu Score a Commercial Hit? |url=https://telugu.yousay.tv/en/alluri-movie-review-can-sree-vishnu-score-a-commercial-hit.html |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=YouSay |language=en-US |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923071909/https://telugu.yousay.tv/en/alluri-movie-review-can-sree-vishnu-score-a-commercial-hit.html }}</ref> ''[[I Prem U]]'', her first Marathi film in 2023 and ''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'', her first Tamil film in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-26 |title=Kayadu Lohar's self-made meme sparks debate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kayadu-lohars-self-made-meme-sparks-debate/articleshow/118579766.cms |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her upcoming releases include ''Thaaram, Idhayam Murali.'' Lohar was reported to portray the lead actress opposite to [[Silambarasan]] in his upcoming film tentatively titled ''STR49'' which is directed by Ramkumar Balakrishnan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-20 |title=Kayadu Lohar to pair up with Silambarasan in 'STR 49' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kayadu-lohar-to-pair-up-with-silambarasan-in-str-49/articleshow/119247167.cms |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Mugilpete]]'' || Apoorva || [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || ||<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/manuranjan-ravichandran-is-back-on-set-after-a-year-for-mugilpete/articleshow/81418884.cms |title=Manuranjan Ravichandran is back on set after a year, for Mugilpete |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310162654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/manuranjan-ravichandran-is-back-on-set-after-a-year-for-mugilpete/articleshow/81418884.cms |url-status=live |first=Vinay |last=Lokesh |date=10 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' || [[Nangeli]] || [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=നങ്ങേലിയെ കണ്ട് തിയറ്ററിലിരുന്ന് കരച്ചിലടക്കാനാവാതെ കയാദു; വിഡിയോ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/09/14/senthil-krishn-shares-actress-kayadu-lohars-video-from-pathombatham-nootandu-movie.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Alluri (film)|Alluri]]'' || Sandhya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Actress/Read/994534353/Why-She-Is-Not-Promoting-Her-Telugu-Debut-Film |title=Why She Is Not Promoting Her Telugu Debut Film? |website=indiaherald.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[I Prem U]]'' || Veena || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]|| || <ref>{{Cite news |title='I Prem You': Abhijit Amkar and Kayadu Lohar team up for a romantic film - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/i-prem-you-abhijit-amkar-and-kayadu-lohar-team-up-for-a-romantic-film/articleshow/89659223.cms |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=18 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Oru Jaathi Jaathakam]]'' || Payal || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=4 March 2024 |title=Teaser of Vineeth Sreenivasan's Oru Jaathi Jathakam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/04/teaser-of-vineeth-sreenivasans-oru-jaathi-jathakam-out |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'' || Pallavi Parasuram|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2024-11-07 |title=Kayadu Lohar joins Pradeep Ranganathan and Anupama Parameswaran in Dragon |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/07/kayadu-lohar-joins-pradeep-ranganathan-and-anupama-parameswaran-in-dragon |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2026 || ''[[Funky (film)|Funky]]'' || Chitra || Telugu || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-16 |title='Funky' release date: Makers shift release plans of Vishak Sen and Kayadu Lohar starrer comedy drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/funky-release-date-makers-shift-release-plans-of-vishak-sen-and-kayadu-lohar-starrer-comedy-drama/articleshow/126000190.cms |access-date=2025-12-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pallichattambi]]'' || [[Kerala People's Arts Club|K. P. A. C.]] Rebecca || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{cite news |author1=Entertainment news |title=Tovino Thomas–Kayadu Lohar pair up in Dijo Jose Antony's directorial 'Pallichattambi' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/tovino-thomaskayadu-lohar-pair-up-in-dijo-jose-antonys-directorial-pallichattambi-xarflelz |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|[[I'm Game (2026 film)|I'm Game]]}}
|{{TableTBA}}
| rowspan= "1" |Malayalam
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayadu Lohar Joins Dulquer Salmaan's I'm Game {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/kayadu-lohar-joins-dulquer-salmaans-im-game-80197.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|The Paradise}}
|Subbu
| rowspan="1" |Telugu
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-12-21 |title=Paradise: ప్యారడైజ్ సెట్స్ లో ఎంట్రీ ఇచ్చిన కయాడు లోహర్ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/news/kayadu-lohar-entered-the-paradise-sets-911825.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-15 |title=Kayadu Lohar in Nani's The Paradise: Reports |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/15/kayadu-lohar-in-nanis-the-paradise-reports |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Idhayam Murali}} || {{TableTBA}}
| rowspan="1" | Tamil|| Post-production || <ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-14 |title=Atharvaa's next titled 'Idhayam Murali'; teaser out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/atharvaa-next-titled-idhayam-murali-aakash-baskaran-preity-mukundhan-kayadu/article69218820.ece |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Immortal}}
|{{TableTBA}}
| rowspan="1" | Tamil
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-09 |title=GV Prakash and Kayadu Lohar's film is titled Immortal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/09/gv-prakash-and-kayadu-lohars-film-is-titled-immortal |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|STR49}}
|{{TableTBA}}
| rowspan="1" | Tamil
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-04-27 |title=Kayadu Lohar joins Silambarasan TR in STR 49 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/27/kayadu-lohar-joins-silambarasan-tr-in-str-49 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Thaaram}}
|{{TableTBA}}
| rowspan="1" |Malayalam
|Filming
|<ref>{{cite news |author1=timesnownews |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-pauly-nikhila-vimal-kayadu-lohar-to-team-up-for-thaaram-film-starts-rolling/articleshow/95278813.cms |title=Nivin Pauly, Nikhila Vimal, Kayadu Lohar to team up for 'Thaaram' |newspaper=Times of India |date=2022-11-03 |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Khalifa}}
|Mehrin
| rowspan="1" |Malayalam
|Filming
|<ref>{{cite news |date=April 23, 2026 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran starrer action thriller 'Khalifa' release date announced; Here's when the Vysakh directorial will be OUT in theatres |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-starrer-action-thriller-khalifa-release-date-annoucned-heres-when-the-vysakh-directorial-will-be-out-in-theatres/articleshow/130464850.cms}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Year
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Song
!Language
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Notes
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Lyrics
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Singers
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Co-Actor
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2026
|"Pavazha Malli"
|Tamil
|[[Single (music)|Single]] – [[Think Music|Think Music India]]
| Vivek
| [[Sai Abhyankkar]], [[Shruti Haasan]]
| [[Sai Abhyankkar]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|id=nm11469931}}
* {{Instagram|id=kayadu_lohar_official}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lohar, Kayadu}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Aragini

2026-04-29T23:42:56Z

4Eileen59m: put up a details - done

{{short description|Kannada-language, romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aragini
| image =
| caption =
| writer = P. H. Vishwanath
| producer = B. N. Ravishankar R. Prakash
| director = [[P. H. Vishwanath]]
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Sudha Rani]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = R. Manjunath
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Hitech Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|1|09}}
| runtime = 130 mins
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aragini''''' is a 1995 [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language, [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[P. H. Vishwanath]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/aragini-1995 |title=Aragini (1992) Kannada movie|work=Chiloka}}</ref> It stars [[Ramesh Aravind]] and [[Sudha Rani]] in lead roles along with [[Sanketh Kashi]], [[Ramesh Bhat]] and [[Padma Vasanthi]] in key supporting roles. The music is composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]].

The film, upon release, proved to be successful at the box-office and went on to win several awards at [[1994-95 Karnataka State Film Awards]].

==Cast==
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Sathya
* [[Sudha Rani]] as Rani
* [[Sanketh Kashi]]
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* Ramesh Pandit
* [[Padma Vasanthi]]
* [[Sihi Kahi Geetha]]

== Production ==
[[P. H. Vishwanath]] was set to make a film with [[Ramesh Aravind]] about two thieves co-starring [[Baby Shamili]]. After a film with a similar storyline starring Baby Shamili was released, Vishwanath changed the story in two days and cast [[Sudha Rani]] as her dates were readily available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/entertainment/ramesh-aravind-about-blockbuster-aragini-movie-released-in-1995-in-mahanati-season-2/articleshow-i6pt8yu|title=Ramesh Aravind: ಶೂಟಿಂಗ್ ಶುರುವಾಗೋ ಮೊದ್ಲೇ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ರಿಲೀಸ್ : 'ಅರಗಿಣಿ'ಯ ರೋಚಕ ಸ್ಟೋರಿ ಹೇಳಿದ ರಮೇಶ್|work=[[Asianet News]]|date=28 June 2025|first=Suchethana|last=D|access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aragini
| type = film
| artist = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1995
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 20:46
| label =
| producer = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannadafilmlyrics.com/songs/Aragini_1995|title=Aragini Kannada Mp3 Songs|work=Kannadafilmlyrics.com}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Kanna Muchche"
|[[Doddarange Gowda]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|4:54
|-
|2
|"Kusumavu Neenu"
|[[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|4:44
|-
|3
|"Andu Naanu Yaro"
|M. N. Vyasa Rao
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|3:34
|-
|4
|"Midiyuthire Hrudaya"
|[[Geethapriya]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|3:55
|-
|5
|"Mereva Hareya Baralu"
|[[Doddarange Gowda]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|4.05
|-
|}

==Awards==
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer]] - R. Manjunath
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Sound Recording]] - V. Balachandra Menon

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt29274468}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|aragini}}

{{P. H. Vishwanath}}

[[Category:1995 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 romantic drama films]]

Keyaar

2026-04-28T19:20:52Z

4Eileen59m: created the info from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keyaar
| image =
| caption =
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Kothanda Ramaiah
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|1|1}}<ref name="maalaimalar1">{{cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/08/18233448/k-r-cinema-history.html |title=டைரக்டர், தயாரிப்பாளர், தியேட்டர் அதிபர், விநியோகஸ்தர் 4 துறைகளில் சாதனை படைத்த 'கேயார்'எதிர் நீச்சல் போட்டு வெற்றி பெற்றார் |publisher=Cinema.maalaimalar.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828033553/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/08/18233448/k-r-cinema-history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| othername = K. R.
| yearsactive = 1975–present
| spouse =
| website =
| occupation = Film director, producer, distributor, exhibitor, media personality
}}
'''Kothanda Ramaiah''' (also known as '''K. R.''' and '''Keyaar''') is an Indian film director, producer, distributor and exhibitor. He has held various leading positions in different film industry organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Want-to-restore-the-honour-and-respect-of-TFPC-Kothanda-Ramaiah/articleshow/22518049.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140208165521/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-13/news-interviews/42012369_1_tamil-film-producers-tfpc-old-titles |url-status=live |archive-date=8 February 2014 |title=Want to restore the honour and respect of TFPC: Kothandaramiah |date=13 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/clean-sweep-for-kr-group-in-tfpc-elections-news-tamil-njind4ggjij.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910221811/http://www.sify.com/movies/clean-sweep-for-kr-group-in-tfpc-elections-news-tamil-njind4ggjij.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2013 |title=Clean sweep for KR group in TFPC elections! |website=[[Sify]] |date=8 September 2013 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kollywood Director Kothanda Ramaiah Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/director/kothanda-ramaiah |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

KR studied film processing at the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|Adyar Film Institute]] in Chennai in 1972.<ref name="maalaimalar1"/> Upon graduation in 1975, he spent three years as a technician in [[DD Chennai|Doordarshan Kendra]]. KR made his debut film as a director and producer with the Malayalam film ''Sisirathil Oru Vasantham''. Prior to its release, the film faced a number of distribution problems and was eventually released by Suguna Screens in 1980. Although the film failed at the box office, it provided him the incentive to move into film distribution and exhibition across [[Tamil Nadu]] covering territories including: Chennai City, North Arcot, South Arcot, Chengelpet, Pondicherry, and Tirupathi. He distributed successful films such as: ''[[Thillu Mullu]]'', ''[[Thai Veedu]]'', ''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]'', ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'', ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'', ''[[Chinna Poove Mella Pesu]]'', ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'', ''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]'', ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'', ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]'', ''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]],'' and ''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]'' 3D in Tamil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/08/19232152/my-dear-kuttichathan-kr-cinema.html |title=சோதனைகளை வென்று 'மை டியர் குட்டிச்சாத்தான்' மகத்தான வெற்றி! |publisher=Cinema.maalaimalar.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204006/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/08/19232152/my-dear-kuttichathan-kr-cinema.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 1991, KR has directed and produced a series of medium budget films. His directorial debut in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''[[Eeramana Rojave]]'' featured new actors and was a huge commercial success. His most notable collaborations are with actors [[Vijayakanth]], [[Ramki]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], and with [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] on several occasions. In total he has directed fourteen feature films. His film ''[[Dancer (2005 film)|Dancer]]'', released in 2005, most notable for its protagonist who was a one legged dancer played by Kutty, a highly talented and differently abled artist, won the [[National Film Awards|National Award]], three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|State Awards]], and an award at the prestigious Canadian film festival.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} The film also had a special screening at the London Disability Arts Forum.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

His involvement in film production includes producing and financing over forty films in various Indian Languages. While he was involved in film distribution he was also an exhibitor with twenty-eight theatres leased across: [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], and [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]]; he also ran the Sathyam Cinemas in [[Chennai]] from 1984 to 1993.

He has played a role in some of the landmarks of Tamil cinema including: India's First ever 3D ''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]'' in Tamil and Telugu; ''[[Pesum Padam]]'' a movie without dialogue starring [[Kamalhassan]]; ''[[Maaveeran (1986 film)|Maaveeran]]'' starring [[Rajinikanth]]; the first 70mm Tamil Film, ''Engalayum Vazha Vidungal'' a film which was notable for animals talking on screen; ''[[Spy Kids 3D]]'' using Anaglyph technology for the first time;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/03/16/stories/2004031601170200.htm| title=Spy Kids with a difference|date=2004-03-16|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 March 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and ''Jai Vedalam'' the first film to be released in 3D in four languages.

He was elected president of the Tamil Film Producers' Council (TFPC) in 2013 and has worked on issues including title registration, financially supporting bankrupt producers, and helping see through the release of delayed projects.<ref>{{cite web |author=Tamilcinema24.com |url=http://www.tamilcinema24.com/news.php?id=result-of-tamil-nadu-producer-council-election-kr-07-09-135887 |title=Result of Tamil Nadu Producer council election – Result of Tamil Nadu Producer Council Election – Kr- Keyar- Thanu- Viay Team- Suriya Team |publisher=Tamilcinema24.com |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=10 February 2014 |archive-date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140208165522/http://www.tamilcinema24.com/news.php?id=result-of-tamil-nadu-producer-council-election-kr-07-09-135887 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other initiatives include streamlining and reducing the cost of publicity and having actors participate in all promotional activities for their films.

KR has also written a book ''Idhuthaan Cinema'' (''This is Cinema'') in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] published in 2003. It details the nuances of cinema and predicts its future viewed from today. He has been an authority on cinema since the early 1980s giving the industry insights and a way forward for the years ahead.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

KR worked at Raadaan Mediaworks as vice president.

==Member and honorary positions==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Post
! Organisation
! Notes
|-
| Chairman of the Jury || Chennai International Film Festival - Tamil Feature Film Category|| Dec 2022
|-
| President || Tamil Film Producers' Council || From 2013 – 2014
|-
| President || [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce]] || From 2000 – 2001
|-
| Jury Member || [[National Film Awards]] || 2001
|-
| Vice President || [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce]] || From 1985 – 2000 Several Occasions
|-
| Member || [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce]] || From 1985, representing Dispute Committee, Title Registration, Publicity Clearance, Property Development Committee, Management Committee of Cinema Centenary Club
|-
|Chair Person || National Award Selection Committee || For "Wholesome Entertainment"
|-
| Chair Person || National Award Selection Committee || For "Oscar Award" in the category of "Best Foreign Film Award"
|-
| General Secretary || South Indian Film & TV Directors Association ||
|-
| Founder President || Tamil Film Chamber of Commerce || From 1987 – 1991
|-
| Founder, Permanent Trustee || Tamil Film Producers' Welfare Trust || Founded in 1994
|-
| Former President || Madras City, Chengai District Film Distributors Welfare Association || From 1985 – 1988
|}

He was one of the members of an eight-member advisory committee, which included several personalities from across the country, to advise the Honorable Union Minister in the Indian [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] Mrs.[[Sushma Swaraj]] on major issues related to policy and other matters pertaining to the Indian film industry in 2001.

He also served on the five-member committee appointed by the Government of [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1989 to study and submit a white paper on the state of the [[Tamil Film Industry]].

==Filmography==

===As director===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Shishirathil Oru Vasantham]]'' || [[Malayalam]] film; Also producer
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Eeramana Rojave]]'' ||Also producer
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' ||
|-
||1995 || ''[[Mayabazar (1995 film)|Mayabazar]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1996 || ''[[Irattai Roja]]'' ||Remake of Telugu film ''[[Shubha Lagnam]]''
|-
| ''[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]'' ||Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]''
|-
| ''[[Alexander (1996 film)|Alexander]]'' ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]'' ||Remake of Telugu film ''Aame''
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998 || ''[[Kavalai Padathe Sagodhara]]'' ||Remake of Malayalam film [[Kalyanji Anandji (film)]]
|-
| ''[[Dharma (1998 film)|Dharma]]'' ||Remake of Hindi film ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]''
|-
| ''[[Kumbakonam Gopalu]]'' ||Remake of Kannada film ''[[Gauri Ganesha]]''
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kadhal Rojave]]'' ||Remake of Hindi film ''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]''
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Dancer (2005 film)|Dancer]]'' || Also producer; Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Producer
|}

===As distributor===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year !! rowspan="2" | Film !! colspan="2" | Role !! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Producer !! style="width:100px;"|Distributor
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Thillu Mullu]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Ram Lakshman (film)|Ram Lakshman]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Enga Ooru Kannagi]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Nenjil Oru Raagam'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Ranga (1982 film)|Ranga]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Rani Theni]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Payanangal Mudivathillai]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Deviyin Thiruvilayadal'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Poi Satchi'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Naan Kudithu Konde Irrupen'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Thalaiyanai manthiram'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Sashti Viratham'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Thai Veedu]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Vaazhkai (1984 film)|Vazhkai]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[My Dear Kuttichathan|My Dear Kuttichathan 3D]]'' || || {{Yes}} || India's first 3D film
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Nalla Naal]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Anbulla Rajinikanth]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Kuva Kuva Vaathugal]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Paadum Vaanampadi'' || {{Yes}} || ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]] (Hindi film)'' || || {{Yes}} || Distribution rights [[South India]] & Remake rights [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Anveshana|Paadum Paravaigal]]'' || {{Yes}} || || Dubbed version of ''[[Anveshana]]''
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Japanil Kalyanaraman]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Aduthathu Albert]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Poove Poochooda Vaa]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Avan (1985 film)|Avan]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Anthasthu]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Padikkaatha Pannaiyar]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Jai Vedalam 3D'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Dubbed version of ''Jai Vedalam''
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Kunguma Chimil]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Poo Ondru Puyalaanadhu'' || || {{Yes}} || Dubbed version of ''[[Pratighatana]]''
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Mythili Ennai Kaathali]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Maaveeran (1986 film)|Maaveeran]]'' || || {{Yes}} || First Tamil film in 70mm
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Chinna Poove Mella Pesu]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Velaikaran]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Pesum Padam]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[En Jeevan Paduthu]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Illam (film)|Illam]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Manamagale Vaa]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Paravaigal Palavitham]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Solaikuyil]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Maapillai]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Raasukutti]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Pengal Veetin Kangal'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Gunaa]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Thanthu Vitten Ennai]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Aavarampoo]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Chinna Marumagal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]'' || || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram]]'' ||{{Yes}} || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' || || {{Yes}} || via [[Global United Media]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]'' || || {{Yes}} || via [[Global United Media]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'' || || {{Yes}} || via [[Global United Media]] (Tamil/ Malayalam/ Telugu)
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]'' || || {{Yes}} || via [[Global United Media]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Thoongavanam]]'' || || {{Yes}} || via [[Global United Media]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' || || {{Yes}} || via [[Global United Media]]
|-
| 2016 ||'' [[Kammatipaadam]]'' || || {{Yes}} || via [[Global United Media]]
|-
| 2016 ||'' [[Abhinetri (2016 film)|Devi(L)]]'' || || {{Yes}} || via [[Global United Media]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' || || {{Yes}} || via [[Global United Media]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sherlock Toms]]'' || || {{Yes}} || via [[Global United Media]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' || || {{Yes}} || via [[Global United Media]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'' || || {{Yes}} || [[KR Infotainment]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Yatra (2019 film)|Yatra]]'' || || {{Yes}} || [[KR Infotainment]]
|-
| 2022 || ''Aayiram Porkasugal'' || || {{Yes}} || [[KR Infotainment]]
|-

|}

===As actor===
*''[[Pondatti Thevai]]'' (1990)<ref>{{cite AV media |url-status = live |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/iiifQ1hLpms |archive-date = 2021-12-11| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiifQ1hLpms |title = Pondatti Thevai Movie : Thalapathi Dinesh, And Ashwini, Sentiment Scene |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' (2002)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0450779}}
* [http://www.krfilms.net Official Website]
{{Keyaar}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian film distributors]]

Jessore District

2026-04-27T23:37:03Z

4Eileen59m: refine article and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|District in Khulna Division, Bangladesh}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jessore District 
| official_name = Jashore District
| native_name = যশোর জেলা
| native_name_lang = bn
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Bangladesh|District of Bangladesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Jashore Collectorate Building, Bangladesh.jpg
|photo2a = JashoreAirportRenovated.jpg
|photo2b =
|photo3a = Shaheed Mashiur Rahman Hall , Jessore University of Science and Technology.jpg
|photo3b =Govt. Michael Madhusudan (M M) College, Jashore – সরকারি মাইকেল মধুসূদন (এম এম) কলেজ, যশোর - Arts Building.jpg
}}
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Jessore Collectorate Building, [[Jessore Airport]], [[Michael Madhusudan College]], [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = BD Jashore District locator map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Jessore District in Bangladesh
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| mapframe-point = none
| pushpin_map = Bangladesh
| pushpin_label_position = Khulna
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Khulna Division|Khulna]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = District Established
| established_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|1781|p=y}}
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jessore]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Deputy Commissioner (Bangladesh)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Md. Ashek Hasan Sagar (16083)
| leader_title1 = [[District Councils of Bangladesh|District Council Chairman]]
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = Chief Executive Officer
| leader_name2 = Md. Asaduzzaman
| area_total_km2 = 2606.94
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 7
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2022census" />
| population_total = 3076144
| population_as_of = [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022]]
| population_rank =
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Bangladesh|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 7400
| website = {{URL|jessore.gov.bd}}
| area_code = 0421
| iso_code = BD-22
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}}0.717<ref>[https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/BGD/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 HDI]. Global Data Lab. 16 March 2025</ref> {{color|#0c0|high}} · [[List of regions of Bangladesh by Human Development Index|2nd of 20]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
}}
[[File:Jessore District upazila geocode map - Small Area Atlas Bangladesh.svg|thumb|Jessore District upazila geocode map]]
'''Jessore District''', [[List of renamed places in Bangladesh|officially]] '''Jashore District'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh changes English spellings of five districts |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-changes-english-spellings-of-five-districts |work=[[Bdnews24.com]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207090212/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-changes-english-spellings-of-five-districts |access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=7 February 2023 }}</ref><ref name=AlHasnat2018>{{cite news |author=Mahadi Al Hasnat |date=2 April 2018 |title=Mixed reactions as govt changes English spellings of 5 district names |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/142256/mixed-reactions-as-govt-changes-english-spellings |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206234258/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/142256/mixed-reactions-as-govt-changes-english-spellings |access-date=8 April 2018|archive-date=6 February 2024 }}</ref><ref name=Eagle2018>{{cite news |last1=Eagle |first1=Andrew |title='A' is for 'orange' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/society/orange-1556602 |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |date=2 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> ({{langx|bn|যশোর জেলা}}; {{IPA|bn|Jaw-shor Jela}}), is a [[Districts of Bangladesh|district]] in southwestern [[Bangladesh]]. It is bordered by [[India]] to the west, [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]] districts to the south, Khulna and [[Narail]] to the east, and [[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]] and [[Magura District|Magura]] districts to the north. [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] is the capital of the district. Jessore is the home to the ancestors of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Jashore was the first independent district of Bangladesh in 1971.

Jessore district was established in 1781. It consists of 8 municipalities, 8 [[Upazilas of Bangladesh|upazilas]], 92 unions, 1,329 [[mouza]]s, 1,477 villages and 120 [[Mahallah|mahallas]]. The upazilas are: [[Abhaynagar Upazila]], [[Bagherpara Upazila]], [[Chaugachha Upazila]], [[Jessore Sadar Upazila]], [[Jhikargachha Upazila]], [[Keshabpur Upazila]], [[Manirampur Upazila]], and [[Sharsha Upazila]].

The district produces a variety of crops. [[Date sugar]], called ''patali'', is made from the sap of locally grown date trees. It is cooked, thickened and crystallised using a traditional method. Patali is mainly produced in [[Khajura]], but many date trees are cultivated in the Keshabpur Upazila and Manirampur Upazila areas.

==History==
{{Main|History of Jessore}}
Jessore district once belonged to the ancient [[Janapadas|Janapada]] of [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] (বঙ্গ) Janapada. In the 15th century, Jessore was a part of the kingdom of [[Pratapaditya]]. It was then conquered by the Mughals.

British administration was fully established in Jessore district in 1781 when the governor-general ordered the opening of a court at Murali near Jessore.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Jessore |volume=15 |page=337}}</ref> In 1947, Jessore was divided between India and Pakistan. Except for the [[Bangaon]] and [[Gaighata]] thanas, the district became part of [[East Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHQIAAAAQAAJ&q=ancient+Khulna | title=A Report on the District of Jessore: Its Antiquities, Its History, and Its Commerce | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | author=Westland, James | year=1871}}</ref>

The Bengali soldiers stationed at [[Jessore Cantonment]] and [[Mutiny|mutinied]] against the [[Pakistan Army]] on 29 March 1971. They were led by [[Hafizuddin Ahmed|Captain Hafiz Uddin]] and Lieutenant Anwar in an uprising where 300 soldiers were killed. The rebels killed 50 Pakistani soldiers at [[Chanchara]].
==Geography==
Jessore District encompasses 2606.94 km2. It is bounded by [[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]] and [[Magura District|Magura]] districts at the north, [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]] and [[Khulna District|Khulna]] districts at the south, [[Narail District|Narail]] and Khulna districts at the east, and [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]] districts of [[West Bengal]] of India at the west. Major rivers that flow through this region are the [[Bhairab River|Bhairab]], [[Teka River|Teka]], [[Hari River (Bangladesh)|Hari]], [[Sree River (Jessore)|Sree]], [[Aparbhadra River|Aparbhadra]], [[Harihar River|Harihar]], [[Buribhadra River|Buribhadra]], [[Chitra River|Chitra]], [[Betna River|Betna]], [[Kopothakho River|Kopotakkho]], and the [[Mukteshwari River|Mukteshwari]].<ref name=Banglapedia>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/sorrow-jessore-lasting-decades-getting-graver-every-year-1332595|title=Sorrow of jessore: Lasting for decades, getting graver every year|date=20 December 2016|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>

===Climate===
Annual average temperature range from {{convert|15.4|to|34.6|°C|°F}}. The annual rainfall is {{convert|1537|mm|in}}.
{{Weather box
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|location = Jessore
|Jan high C = 22.9
|Feb high C = 27.0
|Mar high C = 33.4
|Apr high C = 41.0
|May high C = 38.1
|Jun high C = 32.6
|Jul high C = 31.4
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 32.1
|Oct high C = 31.5
|Nov high C = 29.2
|Dec high C = 24.9
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 15.4
|Feb mean C = 19.3
|Mar mean C = 26.1
|Apr mean C = 34.6
|May mean C = 33.0
|Jun mean C = 29.2
|Jul mean C = 28.4
|Aug mean C = 28.6
|Sep mean C = 28.7
|Oct mean C = 27.2
|Nov mean C = 23.1
|Dec mean C = 17.8
|Jan low C = 9.0
|Feb low C = 11.7
|Mar low C = 18.9
|Apr low C = 28.3
|May low C = 27.9
|Jun low C = 25.8
|Jul low C = 25.5
|Aug low C = 25.6
|Sep low C = 25.4
|Oct low C = 23.0
|Nov low C = 17.0
|Dec low C = 10.6
|year low C =
|Jan precipitation mm = 11
|Feb precipitation mm = 19
|Mar precipitation mm = 40
|Apr precipitation mm = 77
|May precipitation mm = 168
|Jun precipitation mm = 314
|Jul precipitation mm = 304
|Aug precipitation mm = 293
|Sep precipitation mm = 245
|Oct precipitation mm = 144
|Nov precipitation mm = 28
|Dec precipitation mm = 8
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan humidity = 46
|Feb humidity = 35
|Mar humidity = 36
|Apr humidity = 44
|May humidity = 60
|Jun humidity = 76
|Jul humidity = 75
|Aug humidity = 76
|Sep humidity = 74
|Oct humidity = 70
|Nov humidity = 51
|Dec humidity = 44
|year humidity =
|source = [http://en.climate-data.org/location/31710 National news papers]
|date=January 2014}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|align=center
|percentages=pagr
|1974 |1335342
|1981 |1710608
|1991 |2106996
|2001 |2471554
|2011 |2764547
|2022 |3076144
|footnote= Sources:<ref name="2022census" /><ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Jessore|url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Jessore.pdf|website=|publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=24 June 2022|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712032704/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Jessore.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

According to the [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022 Census of Bangladesh]], Jessore District had 798,032 households and a population of 3,076,144 with an average 3.79 people per household. Among the population, 510,121 (16.58%) inhabitants were under 10 years of age. The population density was 1,180 people per km2. Jessore District had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 56.5%,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jessore District - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Jessore_District |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref> compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1,018 females per 1,000 males. Approximately, 23.39% of the population lived in urban areas. The ethnic population was 5,386.<ref name="2022census">{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-11-20-05-20-e6676a7993679bfd72a663e39ef0cca7.pdf |title=Population and Housing Census 2022 National Report |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |date=November 2023 |isbn= |volume=1 |pages=}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jessore District (2022)<ref name="2022census"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]]|green|89.62}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]]|darkorange|10.19}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.19}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religion in present-day Jessore District
! rowspan="2" |Religion
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web |title=Census of India, 1941 Volume VI Bengal Province |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|84–85}}{{Efn|1941 figures are for Sadar subdivision and Sarsa thana of Bongaon subdivision of erstwhile Jessore district, which roughly corresponds to the present district.}}
! colspan="2" |1981<ref name="census2011" />
! colspan="2" |1991<ref name="census2011" />
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="census2011" />
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="census2011" />
! colspan="2" |2022<ref name="2022census" />
|-
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
!{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!%
|-
|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
|349,554
|62.44%
|1,427,885
|83.47%
|1,822,747
|86.51%
|2,170,973
|87.84%
|2,446,162
|88.48%
|2,756,729
|89.62%
|-
|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]
|208,647
|37.27%
|277,764
|16.24%
|278,315
|13.21%
|293,841
|11.89%
|310,184
|11.22%
|313,592
|10.19%
|-
|Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
|1,644
|0.29%
|4,959
|0.29%
|5,934
|0.28%
|6,740
|0.27%
|8,201
|0.30%
|5,823
|0.19%
|-
!Total Population
!559,845
!100%
!1,710,608
!100%
!2,106,996
!100%
!2471,554
!100%
!2,764,547
!100%
!3,076,144
!100%
|}

The Muslim population is the majority religion, while Hindus, the largest minority, have been growing much more slowly. There is a community of around 5,300 Christians in the district, mainly in Jhikargachha and Jessore Sadar upazilas.

The main occupations are agriculture 39.84%, agricultural labour 24.13%, other wage labour 2.68%, commerce 11.99%, service 8.66%, industry 1.41%, transport 3.11% and others 8.18%.

Jessore District's administrative framework was established in 1781. It consists of the following eight [[upazila]]s
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Upazila]] !! Area in km2 !! 2011 Census population
|-
|[[Abhaynagar Upazila|Abhaynagar]]
|247.21
|262,434
|-
|[[Bagherpara Upazila|Bagherpara]]
|308.29
|216,897
|-
|[[Chaugachha Upazila|Chaugachha]]
|269.31
|231,370
|-
|[[Jhikargacha Upazila|Jhikargachha]]
|307.96
|298,908
|-
|[[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
|258.44
|253,291
|-
|[[Jessore Sadar Upazila|Jessore Sadar]]
|435.22
|742,898
|-
|[[Manirampur Upazila|Manirampur]]
|444.20
|417,421
|-
|[[Sharsha Upazila|Sharsha]]
|336.28
|341,328
|}

The upazilas are further divided into 9 municipalities, 36 wards, 92 unions, 1,329 mouzas, 1,434 villages and 120 mahallas.

== Economy ==
The economy of Jessore District is traditionally agrarian, but in recent decades it has diversified into industry, trade, services, and communications. Due to its geographical position, Jessore is considered a commercial gateway to the south-western region of Bangladesh. The district is home to the country's largest land port [[Benapole Land Port]], the domestic [[Jessore Airport]], railway and road networks, and the [[Noapara River Port]].<ref>https://tbsnews.net</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
Agriculture remains the backbone of Jessore’s economy. Major crops include rice, wheat, jute, maize, potatoes, vegetables, and a variety of fruits. Jessore is especially known for its flower cultivation; flowers grown in [[Godkhali]], [[Jhikargacha Upazila|Jhikargacha]] and [[Sharsha Upazila|Sharsha]] are supplied across the country. The district was once famous for its date juice and molasses, which are still produced during winter. Aquaculture is another significant sector; numerous ponds and hatcheries in the district produce fish and fry (spawn) that are supplied nationwide.<ref>https://shampratikdeshkal.com/opinion/news/2405144072</ref>

=== Industry ===
Jessore has a growing light engineering and mechanical workshop industry. Small factories and workshops produce and repair vehicles, motorcycles, agricultural machinery, and other equipment. Traditional industries include wooden furniture, bamboo and cane products, and handmade combs. The government has also approved the establishment of an [[Export Processing Zone]] (EPZ) and an economic zone in Jessore, which are expected to attract both local and foreign investment.<ref>https://www.khaborerkagoj.com/economics-business/806096</ref>

=== Trade and communication ===
[[Benapole Land Port]] is the largest land port in Bangladesh and serves as the principal gateway for trade with India. Many local residents are engaged directly or indirectly in port-related businesses. The [[Noapara River Port]] facilitates trade in goods such as coal, fertilizers, and industrial raw materials. Jessore has road and rail links with Dhaka and other districts, supporting the transport of agricultural and industrial products. [[Jessore Airport]], the only operational domestic airport in the south-western region, plays a vital role in business and tourism.<ref>https://tbsnews.net</ref>

=== Infrastructure and services ===
Almost every union in the district now has access to electricity, which has boosted irrigation, cottage industries, and service activities. Rural roads, bridges, and culverts have improved the marketing of agricultural products. Jessore is also emerging in the field of information technology. A [[Hi-Tech Park]] is under construction in the district headquarters, which is expected to become a future hub for the IT industry.<ref>https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/national/news/606397</ref>

=== Challenges and prospects ===
Despite progress, many agricultural and industrial sectors in Jessore lag behind in modern technology and quality control. Climate change and natural disasters pose challenges to agricultural activities. However, sectors such as flower cultivation, fruits and vegetables, aquaculture, date-based products, light engineering, and information technology hold great potential to make Jessore one of the most promising economic regions of Bangladesh.<ref>https://bonikbarta.com/home/news_description/322285</ref>

==Arts and culture==
[[File:মণিহার সিনেমা হল.jpg|thumb|left|[[Monihar]] is the last remaining cinema hall in the city of Jessore.]]
There were 21 cinema halls in the district in 2000.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akbar |first1=Zahid |title=Single-screen theatres going out of fashion in Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/single-screen-theatres-going-out-fashion-bangladesh-1872076 |work=The Daily Star (Bangladesh) |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> As of 2021, only six survive: four in smaller towns, and two in the city of Jessore.<ref name="jn3Apr2021">{{cite news |script-title=bn:চিত্রামোড়-নিরালাপট্টি আছে, নেই শুধু সিনেমা হল |trans-title=There is Chitramore-Niralapatti, just no cinema halls |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/entertainment/news/655836 |work=[[Jago News 24]] |date=3 April 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> One of the latter, Tosbir Mohol, once the country's second oldest theater with a revolving stage, is being restored for stage productions.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:যশোরে শতবর্ষী ঘূর্ণায়মান নাট্যমঞ্চ ফিরছে স্বরূপে |trans-title=Jessore's century-old revolving stage is returning to its original form |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/city/568344/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87 |work=[[Jugantor]] |date=1 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> The other, [[Monihar]], the largest cinema hall in Bangladesh when it was built in 1983, with 1400 seats,<ref name="jn3Apr2021" /> reported record revenues in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shahnewaz |first1=Sadi Mohammad |title=The film industry's unforeseen revival |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/weekend-read/news/the-film-industrys-unforeseen-revival-3098901 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |date=20 August 2022}}</ref>

Jessore-based theater troupe Bibartan has staged more than 4,000 performances (stage plays, street theater, and works for children) since their founding in 1989.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:নাট্য সংগঠন বিবর্তন যশোরের তিন দশক |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/bangla-face/231396/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95 |work=[[Jugantor]] |date=13 October 2019 |language=bn}}</ref>

[[Jessore Institute Public Library]], established in 1854, is one of the oldest public libraries in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Sultan Uddin |year=1994 |title=Librarianship and the State of Libraries in Bangladesh |publisher= Luthfun Nessah Begum|page=98 |isbn=978-984-30-0092-7}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Jessore District football team.png|thumb|1968 East Pakistan National Football Championship runners-up Jessore District football team.]]
Football and cricket are the two most popular sports in Jessore. Cricketers from the district represent the [[South Zone cricket team (Bangladesh)|South Zone]] in the [[Bangladesh Cricket League]]. In football, Jessore most notably won the [[Sher-e-Bangla Cup|National Football Championship]] in 1976. Notable footballers from the district includes [[Mannaf Rabby]], [[Kowsar Ali]], and [[Md Rabby Hossen Rahul|Rabby Hossen Rahul]]. Lutfor Rahman, a member of the [[Shadhin Bangla football team]], also hailed from the district. In 1973, the Jessore Zonal football team hosted a historic game against [[FC Dinamo Minsk|Dinamo Minsk]] from the [[Soviet Union]], which ended in a 0–9 defeat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/83681/dynamo-moscow%E2%80%99s-visit-to-jessore|title=Dynamo Moscow's visit to Jessore|first=Shishir|last=Hoque|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901113638/https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/83681/dynamo-moscow%E2%80%99s-visit-to-jessore|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Shamsul Huda Stadium]], formerly known as the Jessore Stadium, serves as the district's main venue for football and cricket. The stadium notably hosted the [[National Football Championship (Pakistan)|Pakistan National Football Championship]] in 1968. The Shams-Ul-Huda Football Academy, operated by the Jessore District Sports Association (JDSA), is one of the most notable football academies in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/legacy-dreams-1667116|title=A legacy of dreams|first=Anisur|last=Rahman|access-date=April 10, 2024|date=November 30, 2018|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref>

==Points of interest==
* [[Sagardari Union|Sagardari]] is the birthplace of the poet [[Michael Madhusudan Dutta]]. His large villa consists of a huge garden, a small museum and houses. The front gate has a solid sculpture work. The Kobodak River is at a stone's throw away
* Bharat Bhaina (locally called Bharter Dewl) is the relics of ancient Buddhist Temple of the 6th century at [[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
* [[Mirzanagar Hammamkhana]] is a structure of Mughal's at [[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
* [[Dhalijhara Buddha Bihar]] is one of the outstretched and unique Buddhist Temples of the 8th century among [[South Asia]] at [[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
* Sheikhpura 3 Domed Mosque
* [[Khan Jahan Ali's Dighi]] at [[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
* [[Marshina Baor]], a proposed ecopark at [[Keshabpur Upazila|Keshabpur]]
* [[Jhikargachha Upazila]]
* [[Abhaynagar Upazila]]
[[File:Michael Madhusudan Dutta Home 1.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The main gate of the house of Michael Madhusudan Dutta at Sagardari village in Jessore. This house is currently being used as a museum.]]
* In Vaatnogor at [[Abhaynagar Upazila]], ruins of eleven temple complex, dedicated to [[Shiva]]
* A terracotta plaque bearing the image of Mallinath, a female tirthankar (saint) of the Jain religion, was found at the [[Mound of Dam Dam Peer]] in [[Manirampur Upazila]].<ref name=tourism>{{cite web |author= Duke Khan | access-date = 13 September 2013 |year= 2013 |url = http://touristbd.com/tourism-in-jessore/ | title = Tourism in Jessore. }}</ref> [[File:Mound_of_Dam_Dam_Peer_2.jpeg|thumb| [[Mound of Dam Dam Peer]] in [[Manirampur Upazila]]. ]] It is believed to be the most ancient relic discovered from this part of the world.<ref name=AmarJessore>{{cite web |author= Duke Khan |access-date= 13 September 2013 |year= 2013 |url= http://www.amarjessore.com/amar_jessore/article.php?ref=moghol&details_id=130 |title= Dam Dam Peerosthan in Manirampur Upazilla. |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150416094957/http://www.amarjessore.com/amar_jessore/article.php?ref=moghol&details_id=130 |archive-date= 16 April 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> The Department at Khulna said that the plaque is at least 1800 years old. It is currently kept at the Khulna Museum.<ref name=khulnadiv>{{cite web |author= Duke Khan |access-date= 17 November 2013 |year= 2013 |url= http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/node/830292 |title= A short description of archaeological sights – Khulna Division |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://archive.today/20140902095838/http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/node/830292 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Jessoreinfo>{{cite web |author= Duke Khan |first= and Md. Shariful Islam |work= Jessore Info. | access-date = 13 September 2013 | url = http://manirampur.wapka.mobi | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190102122501/http://manirampur.wapka.mobi/ | archive-date = 2 January 2019 | title = Mound of Dam Dam Peer in Manirampur Upazilla.}} [http://www.jessore.info/index.php?option=content&value=787 Alt URL]</ref>
* Gazir Dorgah
* [[File:20220731173148 IMG 2460.jpg|thumb|The Front View of Jashore Airport]] [[Jessore Airport]], [[Jessore Cantonment College|Jessore Cantonment]] and Air Force Base Matiur Rahman
* Avaynogor's Khanjahan Ali Jame Mosque
* Jamidar Bari at Shridhorpur
* Konnadah Archajjo Baor at [[Sharsha Upazila|Sarsha]]
* [[Benapole]] Port
* [[Sonanodia Baor]]
* Fakhir Tika at Godkhali
* Shimulia Mission (Saheb Bari)
* Grave of Birshrestho Lance Nayek Noor Muhammad Sheikh
* Khatura Baor
* Moktarpur Lalu Babu Jamidar Bari
* Solo Khada Jamidar Bari
== Transport ==
Jessore has well connected road, rail and air transport links to other major cities and water transport links to Khulna and Mongla of Bangladesh. It boasts one of the first rail networks established in the Indian subcontinent.

=== Road ===
Jessore is located 183 km south west from [[Dhaka]], the capital of Bangladesh by road and 60 km north from Khulna. It is also connected with the Indian city of [[Kolkata]] which is 120 km west through [[Benapole land port]] via [[AH1]]. The road from Jessore to Kolkata is a part of the historic [[Jessore Road]].

=== Railway ===
[[Jessore Junction railway station]] is a major junction on the [[broad gauge]]-based network of the Western Railway. The network has links extended into Indian territory. Service linking the capital Dhaka and Kolkata April 2008. As well as in 2019, Both India And Bangladesh government agreed to 4 minute stop in Jessore Junction railway station through [[Bandhan Express]] which connect Khulna to Kolkata.

=== Air ===
[[File:Jashore Airport.jpg|thumb|Jashore Airport]]
The [[Jessore Airport]], near the city, is an airfield for the [[Bangladesh Air Force]]. One of the oldest airfield in Bangladesh and the subcontinent. Alongside military service, its runway caters to seven commercial flights daily which includes US Bangla, Novo and Biman Bangladesh Airlines, for domestic flights.

== Education ==

===Universities===
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]

===Medical colleges===
* [[Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jashore]]

===Colleges===
There are 56 master's level, degree (honors), and degree (pass) colleges in the district:<ref name="College of Jashore">{{cite web |title=List of Colleges |url=https://banbeis.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/banbeis.portal.gov.bd/files/29479d98_ae35_4471_9087_0924aacd88d3/clg%20(1).xlsx |website=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Education Information and Statistics]] |format=Excel |access-date=28 July 2025 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705063142/http://banbeis.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/banbeis.portal.gov.bd/files/29479d98_ae35_4471_9087_0924aacd88d3/clg%20%281%29.xlsx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Michael Madhusudan College]], Jashore
* A.B.C.D College
* Amdabad College Jessore
* Bagharpara Degree College
* Bagharpara Mohila College
* Bankra Degree College
* Benapol Degree College, Sharsha
* Bhabadaha Mahavidyalaya
* Bhoyrab Adarsha Mahabyddalya
* Cantonment College, Jessore
* Chowgacha Government College, Chowgacha, Jessore
* Chowgacha Mridhapara Mohila College, Chowgacha, Jessore
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College, Jessore
* Dr: Afil Uddin College
* Fazila Tunnesa Mohila Degree College
* Gabkhali Magura United College
* Ganganandapur Degree College, Jhikargacha
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur
* Government Bir Shrestha Noor Mohammad College
* Hamidpur Al Hera College
* Hazi Abdul Motaleb Mahila College
* Hizaldanga Shahid Flight. Lt. Masud Memorial College
* Jessore College
* Jessore Government City College Jessore
* [[Jashore Govt. Mahila College|Jessore Government Mohila College]], Jessore
* Jhikargacha Mohila Degree College, Jhikargacha
* Kapatackha Shammilani Degree College
* Kazi Nazrul Islam Degree College, Jessore
* Mashiahati Degree College, Jessore
* Mirjapur Adarsha Mohila Degree College Khajura
* Monirampur Government Degree College
* Monirampur Mahila Degree College
* Mukterswari Degree College
* Muktijoddha College, Rudrapur
* Naopara Model College
* Narikel Baria College
* Natun Hat Public College
* Navaran College
* Noapara Mohila College
* Noapara College, Abhaynagar
* Pakshia Ideal College, Sharsha
* Panjia Mahabiddalaya
* Rajganj Mohabiddalaya
* Rupdia Shaheed Smarity College
* S.M. Habibur Rahman Pouro College, Chowgacha
* Sammilani Degree College
* Shaheed Moshiur Rahman Degree College, Jhikargacha
* Shahid Sirajuddin Hossain Government College
* Shammalini Girls Degree College, Jhikargacha
* Shimulia Collage, Jhikargacha
* Singia Adarsha Degree College, Basundia
* Solua Adarsha Degree College
* Talbaria Degre College
* Upashahar Degree College, Jessore
* Upashahar Mohila Degree College, Jessore
* Vangura Adarsha Degree College
* Raghunath Nagar Mohabiddalaya

==Media==

===newspapers and magazines===
;List of daily newspapers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jessore.gov.bd/node/18612|script-title=bn:পত্র পত্রিকা|access-date=16 July 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140718004325/http://www.jessore.gov.bd/node/18612|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Daily Runner
* Daily Noapara
* Daily Kalyan
* Daily Purobi
* Daily Deshitaishy (দৈনিক দেশহিতৈষী)
* Daily Sfulingo (দৈনিক স্ফুলিঙ্গ)
* Daily Jessore
* Daily Loksamaj
* Daily Gramer kagoj
* Daily Pravat Feri
* Daily Samajer Kagoj
* Daily Spandan
* Daily Gramer Kantha
* Daily Joruri Shangbad

; List of weekly magazines
* Weekly Sonali Din
* Weekly Nawapara
* Weekly Banglalok
* Weekly Manabadhikar Sangbad
* Weekly Bojro kolom
* Weekly Sharsha Barta
* Weekly Prattohiki
* Weekly Ganomanos
;List of Fortnightly
* Mot-Motantar
;List of monthly magazines
* Monthly Ghumonter Dak
* Monthly Gramer Sangbad
* Monthly Photo Report
;List of literary magazines
* Bangla Literature
* Ranoveree by Ahmad Ferdous

==Notable people==
{{alumni|residents|date=March 2025}}
*[[Raushan Ali|Raushan Ali Bishwas]] (1921–1994), former Governor of Jessore
* [[Sanatana Goswami]], sage, writer
* [[Rupa Goswami]], Bengali poet, philosopher and writer
* [[Maharaja Pratapaditya]], warrior, adhipati or ruler of Kingdom of Jessore
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], Bengali poet and playwright
* [[Manomohan Bose]], Bengali poet, playwright and journalist
* [[Jnanadanandini Devi]], Bengali writer, social reformer, pioneer in women's movement in India
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]], Bengali chemist, philanthropist and otherwise known as father of modern chemical science in India
* [[Sisir Kumar Ghosh]], founder of ''Amrita Bazar Patrika'', fighter in Independence Struggle of India
* [[Kali Nath Roy]], nationalist journalist and the chief editor of the newspaper, The Tribune
* [[Saroj Dutta]], Indian political activist, poet, editor of Amrit Bazar Patrika
* [[Jadunath Majumdar]], [[Rai Bahadur]], journalist, writer, member of Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Nani Gopal Majumdar]], Indian archaeologist
* [[P. C. Bose]], fighter, labour activist and politician
* [[Kanak Mukherjee]], political activist, women's movement pioneer in India
* [[Farida Akhtar]], popularly known as Babita, Bangladeshi Film actress
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaishnab saint, acarya of the Holy Name
* [[Jatin Bala]], poet and Dalit author
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar, member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Mashiur Rahman (politician from Jessore)|Mashiur Rahman]], politician of the [[Awami League]]
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], poet, Islamic scholar and social reformer
* [[Md Rabby Hossen Rahul]], Bangladeshi footballer, [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh football team]]
* [[Kowsar Ali]], Bangladeshi footballer and field hockey player, [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh football team]] and [[Bangladesh men's national field hockey team|Bangladesh hockey team]]
* [[Syed Rasel]], Bangladeshi cricketer, [[Bangladesh cricket team]]
* [[Iqbal Quadir]], founder of Grameenphone
* [[M. Shamsher Ali]], Bangladeshi astrophysicist
* [[Jiban Ratan Dhar]], politician, army officer
* [[ASHK Sadek]], former dducation minister of Bangladesh
* [[Mohammad Moniruzzaman]], writer, poet, professor, fighter and lyricist
* [[Mohammad Rafiquzzaman]], lyricist
* [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], Indian film and television actor
* [[Mustafa Monwar]], painter, sculptor, artist
* [[S. M. Imdadul Hoque]], Bangladesh Army officer
* [[Champa]], actress, model
* [[Kishori Mohan Bandyopadhyay]], Bengali scientist, social worker and fighter
* [[Latifur Rahman]], 10th Chief Justice of Bangladesh and the 2nd Chief Adviser of Bangladesh
* [[Harendranath Munshi]], Indian independence activist
* [[Dilara Zaman]], Bangladeshi Actress

==See also==
{{Portal|Bangladesh}}
* [[Khulna Division]]
* [[Divisions of Bangladesh]]
* [[Districts of Bangladesh]]
* [[Upazilas of Bangladesh]]
* [[Administrative geography of Bangladesh]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|jessore.gov.bd}}

{{Jessore District}}
{{Bangladesh cities}}
{{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jessore District]]
[[Category:Districts of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Districts of Bangladesh established before 1971]]
[[Category:Khulna Division]]

Ghulam Nabi Kazi

2026-04-23T19:59:37Z

4Eileen59m:

{{short description|Pakistani Educationist (1884-1955}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Cleanup-rewrite|date=June 2024}}
[[Image:KB G N Kazi.jpg|thumb|Khan Bahadur Ghulam Nabi Kazi MBE as Director Public Instruction Sindh in 1938]]

[[Khan Bahadur]] Ghulam Nabi Kazi [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (b: 1884 [[Naushero Feroze]], [[British India]] – 1955) was an educator in [[Sindh]]. He rose to the position of first Director of Public Instruction, Sindh after remaining Educational Inspector, Sindh in the [[Bombay Presidency]] during the [[British Empire]].<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/619303/newspaper/column Tribute paid to Dr Nabi Bakhsh Baloch] Dawn (newspaper), Published 8 April 2011, Retrieved 29 May 2021</ref>

==Family==
His father, Din Mohamed Kazi, was a highly notable personality of the area. He was closely related to the renowned intellectual [[Allama I. I. Kazi]]. Kazi was severely shocked when his wife Maryam was diagnosed as having cancer in 1942 by his cousin [[Dr Ali Ahmed S Kazi]] and her death devastated him. He died in 1955 and was survived by two sons [[A G N Kazi]] and Justice [[Bashir Ghulam Nabi Kazi]], two daughters Khaki and Ayesha, married to Mumtaz Kazi and [[Ahmed Hussain A Kazi]], respectively.

==Career==
Kazi started his career as Principal of the Naushero Feroze Madressah. High schools during those days were called madressahs to dispel the impression that they were averse to religion and this name served to increase the enrolment of students. As soon as Sindh became a separate province in 1936, he was appointed to head the Education Sector as Director of Public Instructions Sindh by the Governor Sir [[Lancelot Graham]]. In that capacity he was also Member of the Education Advisory Board of India and often visited the capital Delhi to represent his province in these meetings.Member and Invitees to the meetings of the Education Advisory Board in Delhi (1935-1940).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/3H/123H0501.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211174854/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/3H/123H0501.htm |archive-date=11 February 2011|website=education.nic.in website|date=20 May 2006|title=MEMBER OF THE BOARD AND INVITEES TO THE MEETINGS (1935)|access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> He was with Sir Lancelot Graham when the latter visited the Sindh Madressah School on 8 August 1936.<ref>History of the Sindh Madressah Karachi.</ref> He carried out several reforms in the education sector with the help of his colleagues such as Khan Bahadur S D Contractor and Khan Bahadur Noor-ud-Din Ghulamally Nana. He retired in 1939, and was succeeded by Dr [[Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XqvNbwAACAAJ Khan Bahadur Ghulam Nabi Kazi is listed among the notable Indian Educationists] Google Books website, Published 2010, Retrieved 29 May 2021</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lnAMAQAAMAAJ&q=khan+bahadur+ghulam+nabi+kazi Khan Bahadur Ghulam Nabi Kazi as educationist on Google Books website] Retrieved 29 May 2021</ref>

==Titles awarded==
*He was awarded the title of Khan Bahadur in 1934 by [[King George VI]] of the [[United Kingdom]].
*He was knighted [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) on 2 January 1939 for his efforts for good governance in the education sector and rapid improvement in the literacy rate in the province.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34585/supplement/17/data.pdf Khan Bahadur Ghulam Nabi Kazi's award during the British Empire] SUPPLEMENT To The LONDON GAZETTE, Published 2 January 1939, Retrieved 29 May 2021</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| title = Director of Public Instruction Sind
| before = New Office
| after = [[Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota]]
| years = 1936-1939
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Pakistan-bio-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan Bahadur, Kazi, Ghulam Nabi}}
[[Category:Pakistani educational theorists]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People from Sind Division]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:Sindhi scholars]]

Tashi Gyalson

2026-04-21T23:25:29Z

4Eileen59m: put up a stub

{{short description|Indian politician, from Ladakh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Adv. Tashi Gyalson
| image = Adv. Tashi Gyalson.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 11th Feb 1975
| birth_place = [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency =
| office = Former CEC/Chairman, LAHDC Leh
| term_start = 31, October, 2020
| term_end = 31 October 2025
| predecessor = Sh. Gyal Wangyal
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| spouse = Tsetan Angmo
| children = Jigmet Edzes Wangmo and Jetsun Siya Mentok
| website =
}}

'''Adv. Tashi Gyalson''' is a prominent political leader, lawyer, and public figure from the Union Territory of Ladakh, India. A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ]], he is known for his pragmatic leadership, legal acumen, and advocacy for Ladakh’s development and cultural preservation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/politics/student-leader-lawyer-a-sharp-politician-who-is-tashi-gyalson-bjps-candidate-for-ladakh/2054177/ | title=Student leader, lawyer & a 'sharp' politician' — who is Tashi Gyalson, BJP's candidate for Ladakh | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=24 April 2024 }}</ref> Gyalson rose to prominence as the Former Chief Executive Councillor (CEC) of the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh]], and was nominated as the BJP’s candidate<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bjp-drops-sitting-mp-namgyal-nominates-tashi-gyalson-for-ladakh-seat/article68098609.ece | title=BJP drops sitting MP Namgyal, nominates Tashi Gyalson for Ladakh seat | work=The Hindu | date=23 April 2024 | last1=Ashiq | first1=Peerzada }}</ref> [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[2024 Indian general election]]. Former Chairman/Chief Executive Councilor of the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/bharat-news/tashi-gyalson-appointed-as-lahdc-leh-chairman/na20201031212802560 | title=Tashi Gyalson appointed as LAHDC Leh chairman | date=31 October 2020 }}</ref>

== Education ==
Adv Tashi Gyalson holds a Bachelor's Degree in Law from Campus Law Centre, [[University of Delhi]].

== Political career ==
Tashi Gyalson's political journey began as a student leader with his association with the BJP Yuva Morcha in 1997, where he was part of the founding team in Ladakh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/politics/student-leader-lawyer-a-sharp-politician-who-is-tashi-gyalson-bjps-candidate-for-ladakh/2054177/ |title=Student leader, lawyer, a sharp politician: Who is Tashi Gyalson, BJP's candidate for Ladakh? |publisher=The Print |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2023}}</ref> However, he quit the BJP in 2000 and returned to the fold in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tashi-gyalson-bjp-ladakh-lok-sabha-polls-9287416/ | title=Meet Tashi Gyalson, BJP's pick for Ladakh who backs UT status demand | date=24 April 2024 }}</ref> In between, he was associated [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]]. In 2014, he contested the Assembly Election from the Nubra Assembly Constituency in Ladakh as a PDP candidate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/gyalson-nominated-pdp-candidate/ |title=Gyalson nominated PDP candidate |publisher=Daily Excelsior |date=November 18, 2014 |access-date=October 10, 2023}}</ref>

A staunch advocate for Union Territory (UT) status for Ladakh, Gyalson played a pivotal role in disbanding the PDP in the Leh district and joining the [[Ladakh Union Territory Front]], a unified platform demanding UT status for Ladakh.<ref>https://m.rediff.com/news/2002/aug/26jk1.htm</ref> Later his staunch support to UT status to Ladakh led to his expulsion from the PDP after he signed a memorandum supporting UT status for Ladakh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pdp-expels-leh-district-chief-for-demanding-union-territory-status-for-ladakh-1470085 |title=PDP expels Leh district chief for demanding Union Territory status for Ladakh |publisher=NDTV |date=August 18, 2015 |access-date=October 10, 2023}}</ref> Gyalson returned to active politics in 2019, rejoining the BJP.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.reachladakh.com/news/politics/ladakh-pdp-president-along-with-other-members-joins-bjp | title=Leh PDP President, along with other members, joins BJP }}</ref> His return to the BJP marked the beginning of his rise as a key political figure in Ladakh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/politics/student-leader-lawyer-a-sharp-politician-who-is-tashi-gyalson-bjps-candidate-for-ladakh/2054177/ |title=Student leader, lawyer, a sharp politician: Who is Tashi Gyalson, BJP's candidate for Ladakh? |publisher=The Print |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2023}}</ref>

In the 2020 LAHDC Leh elections, Gyalson was elected as a councilor from the Lingshed constituency and subsequently became the Chairman and Chief Executive Councillor of the 6th LAHDC, Leh.<ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/bjps-tashi-gyalson-elected-as-chairman-of-lahdc-leh-angchuk-as-deputy/</ref> As the head of LAHDC-Leh, Gyalson has been instrumental in addressing issues such as infrastructure development, focus on holistic education, environmental conservation, and the preservation of Ladakh's cultural identity.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/dalai-lama-praise-ethical-learning-ladakh-schools-1503092931.html | title=Dalai Lama all praise for ethical learning Ladakh schools | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=23 July 2022 }}</ref>

== 2024 Lok Sabha Candidacy ==
In April 2024, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] announced Tashi Gyalson as its candidate for the [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency]], replacing the incumbent MP [[Jamyang Tsering Namgyal]], amid anti-incumbency sentiments and growing demands for Sixth Schedule implementation. The decision was widely viewed as a strategic move to address anti-incumbency sentiments and bolster the party's standing in the region.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bjp-drops-sitting-mp-namgyal-nominates-tashi-gyalson-for-ladakh-seat/article68098609.ece | title=BJP drops sitting MP Namgyal, nominates Tashi Gyalson for Ladakh seat | work=The Hindu | date=23 April 2024 | last1=Ashiq | first1=Peerzada }}</ref> Gyalson, was considered a strong candidate due to his clean image, grassroots connect & administrative experience.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/politics/student-leader-lawyer-a-sharp-politician-who-is-tashi-gyalson-bjps-candidate-for-ladakh/2054177/ | title=Student leader, lawyer & a 'sharp' politician' — who is Tashi Gyalson, BJP's candidate for Ladakh | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=24 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/bjp-drops-mp-namgyal-bets-on-tashi-gyalson-as-ladakh-candidate-101713898764849.html</ref> However, despite his credentials, Gyalson lost the parliamentary election.

== Role in High-Powered Committee ==

In November 2023, Tashi Gyalson was appointed as a member of a high-powered committee constituted by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs]] to address the demands of the people of Ladakh. The committee, chaired by Minister of State [[Nityanand Rai]], was tasked with ensuring the protection of land and employment for [[Ladakh]]'s residents. Despite several rounds of talks, the dialogue reached an impasse in 2024, highlighting the complexities of the issue.

== Political Stance and Vision ==
Tashi Gyalson is a staunch supporter of Ladakh's Union Territory status and has consistently advocated for the region's development. However, he has maintained a nuanced position on the Sixth Schedule, emphasizing the need for detailed discussions and a balanced approach. His leadership is characterized by a focus on dialogue, inclusivity, and sustainable development.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indusdispatch.in/lahdc-leh-passes-resolution-for-constitutional-protection-for-land-jobs-culture-trade-environment/ | title=LAHDC Leh passes resolution for constitutional protection for land, jobs, culture, trade & environment | date=10 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/dalai-lama-praise-ethical-learning-ladakh-schools-1503092931.html | title=Dalai Lama all praise for ethical learning Ladakh schools | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=23 July 2022 }}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2025, Tashi Gyalson was honoured with the Mahakaruna Award by the Mahabodhi [[International Meditation Centre]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indusdispatch.in/cec-gyalson-honoured-with-mahakaruna-award-2025/ | title=CEC Gyalson honoured with Mahakaruna Award 2025 | date=8 January 2025 }}</ref> to mark the Mahakaruna Diwas. The award recognized Gyalson's leadership and commitment to compassionate governance, particularly his focus on social welfare, education, and sustainable development in Ladakh.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gyalson, Tashi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Ladakh]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:People from Leh district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]

Shyam Singh (politician)

2026-04-21T12:15:29Z

4Eileen59m: put up a biography...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{similar names|Shyam Singh (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|2|20|df=y}}<ref name="haryana">{{Cite web|url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/?id=22945|title=MLA Details - Haryana Vidhan Sabha|website=haryanaassembly.gov.in|date=17 July 2018 |language=en|access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Agriculture
| education =
| office = [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Radaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Radaur]]
| preceded = [[Bishan Lal Saini]]
| succeeded =
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| constituency1 = [[Radaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Radaur]]
| preceded1 = [[Bishan Lal Saini]]
| succeeded1 = [[Bishan Lal Saini]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2019
| alma_mater = Kurukshetra university, Haryana (B. A. Philosophy)
| spouse = Bimla Devi
| website =
| father =
}}

'''Shyam Singh''' is a former member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] representing the [[Radaur]] Vidhan Sabha Constituency in [[Haryana]].<ref name="haryana"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shyam}}
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1948 births]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

India AI Impact Summit 2026

2026-04-19T15:45:07Z

4Eileen59m: created initial article from scratch.

{{Short description|2026 conference in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox summit meeting
|name=India AI Impact Summit 2026
|image=
|logo=2026_AI_Impact_Summit_Logo.png
|logo_size = 150px
|date=16–20 February 2026
|country=India
|venues=[[Bharat Mandapam]], [[New Delhi]]
|URL=[https://impact.indiaai.gov.in/ impact.indiaai.gov.in]
|follows=[[AI Action Summit 2025]]
|precedes=AI Summit, [[Geneva]]
}}

The '''India AI Impact Summit 2026''' (also abbreviated as the '''AI Impact Summit''') was an international summit on [[artificial intelligence]] held at [[Bharat Mandapam]], [[New Delhi]], India, from 16 to 21 February 2026.<ref name="pib-announce">{{cite press release |title=India-AI Impact Summit 2026 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2216805 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="btoday-agenda">{{cite news |title=AI Impact Summit 2026: What to expect — agenda, speakers & key sessions |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/ai-impact-summit-2026-what-to-expect-agenda-speakers-key-sessions-516192-2026-02-15 |work=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |date=15 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> It is the fourth in a series of global AI summits following the [[AI Safety Summit|Bletchley Park AI Safety Summit]] in 2023, the [[AI Seoul Summit 2024|AI Seoul Summit]] in 2024, and the [[AI Action Summit 2025|AI Action Summit]] in Paris in 2025.<ref name="crowell">{{cite web |title=Setting the Agenda for Global AI Governance: India to Host AI Impact Summit in February 2026 |url=https://www.crowell.com/en/insights/client-alerts/Setting-the-Agenda-for-Global-AI-Governance-India-to-Host-AI-Impact-Summit-in-February-2026 |website=Crowell & Moring LLP |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> Organised under the IndiaAI Mission by the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], it is the first summit in the series to be hosted by a [[Global South]] nation. This series of AI summits will continue with the AI Summit in [[Geneva]] to be hosted by [[Switzerland]] in 2027.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Switzerland to host next AI Summit in Geneva in 2027: Swiss President Parmelin |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/switzerland-to-host-next-ai-summit-in-geneva-in-2027-swiss-president-parmelin/ |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The summit was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 19 February 2026.<ref name="pmindia-inaug">{{cite web |title=PM to inaugurate India AI Impact Summit 2026 on 19 February |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-to-inaugurate-india-ai-impact-summit-2026-on-19-february/ |website=Prime Minister of India |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> The opening ceremony was also addressed by French President [[Emmanuel Macron]] and [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[António Guterres]].<ref name="indiatv-modi">{{cite news |title=PM Modi to inaugurate India AI Impact Summit 2026 at Bharat Mandapam today |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-india-ai-impact-summit-2026-at-bharat-mandapam-on-thursday-february-19-emmanuel-macron-antonio-guterres-latest-updates-2026-02-18-1030829 |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> The summit was attended by over 20 heads of state and a delegation of global technology leaders including Sundar Pichai (Google), Sam Altman (OpenAI), and Demis Hassabis (DeepMind).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-20 |title=India’s AI summit draws global leaders, big pledges and some chaos |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/asia/indias-ai-summit-draws-global-leaders-big-pledges-chaos-rcna259855 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

The event faced criticism for organisational issues,<ref name=":0" /> misrepresentation of non-Indian products as Indian,<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/more-embarrassment-for-galgotias-university-after-robodog-in-house-soccer-drone-from-korea-called-out/articleshow/128502877.cms</ref><ref name=":1" /> and a perceived focus on [[Trade show|trade fair]] activities over substantive governance.<ref name=":2" />

== Background ==
The AI Impact Summit was an international summit on [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) held in [[New Delhi]] from 16 to 20 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2025 |title=Public consultation for the Indian AI Impact Summit 2026 |url=https://www.sustainableaicoalition.org/public-consultation-for-the-indian-ai-impact-summit-2026/ |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=Coalition for Sustainable AI |language=en-US|publisher=[[Ministry of Ecological Transition (France)|Ministry of Ecological Transition and Territorial Cohesion]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India AI Impact Summit 2026 |url=https://impact.indiaai.gov.in/ |access-date=9 February 2026 |website=India AI Impact Summit 2026 |language=en}}</ref> It followed the [[AI Action Summit 2025|AI Action Summit]] in Paris in February 2025, the [[AI Seoul Summit 2024|AI Seoul Summit]] in 2024 and the Bletchley Park [[AI Safety Summit 2023|AI Safety Summit]] in 2023.

According to [[Crowell & Moring]], the changing summit titles seemed to reflect a broader shift in focus away from [[AI safety]] and [[AI governance|governance]] toward practical impact, implementation, and measurable outcomes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Setting the Agenda for Global AI Governance: India to Host AI Impact Summit in February 2026 |url=https://www.crowell.com/en/insights/client-alerts/Setting-the-Agenda-for-Global-AI-Governance-India-to-Host-AI-Impact-Summit-in-February-2026 |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=Crowell & Moring - Setting the Agenda for Global AI Governance: India to Host AI Impact Summit in February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Ahead of the summit, an international panel of experts published the second [[International AI Safety Report]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Booth |first=Harry |date=3 February 2026 |title=U.S. Withholds Support From Global AI Safety Report |url=https://time.com/7364551/ai-impact-summit-safety-report/ |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=TIME |language=en}}</ref>

The summit was structured around three foundational pillars, termed "''[[Sutras]]''": People, Planet, and Progress.<ref name="pib-announce" /> Seven thematic working groups were established to deliver outcomes across these pillars, covering AI for economic growth and social good; democratising AI resources; inclusion for social empowerment; safe and trusted AI; human capital; science; and resilience, innovation, and efficiency.<ref name="btoday-agenda" />

== Programme ==
The summit ran over five days, later extended to six following overwhelming public response.<ref>{{cite web |title=AI Impact Summit 2026 Witnesses Massive Participation From Students And Tech Enthusiasts: Government Extends Expo Date |url=https://www.newsx.com/tech-and-auto/ai-impact-summit-2026-witnesses-massive-participation-from-students-and-tech-enthusiasts-government-extends-expo-date-check-new-schedule-and-registration-details-168890/ |website=NewsX |date=February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> Originally scheduled to conclude on 20 February, the event was extended to 21 February with expanded evening hours for the exhibition.<ref>{{cite news |title=AI Impact Summit 2026 extended till February 21 |url=https://www.dynamitenews.com/national/ai-impact-summit-2026-extended-till-february-21-full-schedule-here |publisher=Dynamite News |date=February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

=== India AI Impact Expo ===
The India AI Impact Expo, inaugurated by Prime Minister Modi on 16 February, featured over 300 exhibitors from 30 countries across more than 10 thematic pavilions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi Inaugurates India AI Impact Expo 2026 Ahead of Global AI Summit |url=https://in.eventfaqs.com/2026/02/17/prime-minister-narendra-modi-inaugurates-india-ai-impact-expo-2026-ahead-of-global-ai-summit/ |website=EventFAQs |date=17 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> Pavilions were organised across thematic zones aligned with the summit's three pillars, showcasing AI applications in healthcare, agriculture, education, and sustainable industry.<ref name="btoday-agenda" />

=== Leaders' Plenary and CEO Roundtable ===

The Leaders' Plenary on 19 February brought together heads of state, ministers, and representatives from multilateral institutions to outline national and global priorities on AI governance, infrastructure, and international cooperation.<ref name="pmindia-inaug" /> A CEO Roundtable, held the same evening, convened senior executives from global technology and industry firms with government leaders to discuss investment, research collaboration, and deployment of AI systems.<ref name="pmindia-inaug" />

=== Research Symposium ===
A Research Symposium on AI and its Impact was held on 18 February, with the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad|IIIT Hyderabad]] as knowledge partner. Discussions covered sovereign AI infrastructure, global adoption challenges, research breakthroughs, and policy priorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=India AI Impact Summit 2026 Day 3: Key sessions, speakers to track today |url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/india-ai-impact-summit-2026-day-3-key-sessions-speakers-to-track-tech-defence-126021800133_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

== Participants ==
The summit drew delegations from over 100 countries, including more than 20 heads of state and 60 ministers. Notable attendees from the technology industry included [[Sundar Pichai]] ([[Google]]), [[Sam Altman]] ([[OpenAI]]), [[Dario Amodei]] ([[Anthropic]]), [[Demis Hassabis]] ([[Google DeepMind]]), and [[Mukesh Ambani]] ([[Reliance Industries]]).<ref name="indiatv-modi" /> Representatives from multilateral institutions included Sangbu Kim of the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India AI Impact Summit 2026 |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2026/02/05/india-ai-impact-summit-2026 |website=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

== Announcements and outcomes ==
=== Indian AI models ===
Several Indian AI models and products were unveiled during the summit. [[Sarvam AI]], an Indian AI laboratory, launched a new generation of [[large language model]]s, including 30-billion and 105-billion parameter models using a [[mixture of experts]] architecture, as well as text-to-speech, speech-to-text, and vision models.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian AI lab Sarvam's new models are a major bet on the viability of open source AI |url=https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/18/indian-ai-lab-sarvams-new-models-are-a-major-bet-on-the-viability-of-open-source-ai/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> Sarvam also introduced the Kaze smartglasses, described as the company's first hardware product, which Prime Minister Modi tested at the expo.<ref>{{cite web |title=India AI Impact Summit 2026: PM Modi Tests Sarvam AI Smartglasses |url=https://www.analyticsinsight.net/news/india-ai-impact-summit-2026-pm-modi-tests-sarvam-ai-smartglasses-first-hardware-to-launch-in-may-2026 |website=Analytics Insight |date=February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

The government-backed BharatGen Param2 model, a 17-billion parameter model supporting 22 Indian languages with multimodal capabilities, was also launched at the summit.<ref name="bstandard-models">{{cite news |title=Which AI models will India unveil at 2026 Impact Summit |url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/artificial-intelligence-impact-summit-2026-indian-models-126021600187_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=16 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure commitments ===
[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Union Minister]] [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] outlined India's "whole-of-nation" AI strategy, describing plans to build a "frugal, sovereign and scalable" AI ecosystem.<ref>{{cite news |title=India charts full-stack AI strategy to compete in global tech race |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ai/india-charts-full-stack-ai-strategy-to-compete-in-global-tech-race-report |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> The government announced plans to add more than 20,000 [[graphics processing unit|GPUs]] to India's existing base of 38,000 under the IndiaAI Compute Portal.<ref name="bstandard-models" />

[[Microsoft]] announced at the summit that it was on track to invest US$50 billion by the end of the decade to bring AI to lower-income countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Microsoft pledges $50 billion to tackle AI inequality |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/18/business/ai-impact-summit-microsoft-inequality-investment |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

Goa reaffirmed its commitment to artificial intelligence at the India AI Impact Summit 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2026 |title=Goa strengthens AI commitment at India AI Impact Summit 2026 |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/goa-strengthens-ai-commitment-at-india-ai-impact-summit-2026/}}</ref>

=== Guinness World Record ===
During the summit, India set a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the most pledges received for an AI responsibility campaign in 24 hours, with 250,946 valid pledges collected between 16 and 17 February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=AI Impact Summit: India sets Guinness World Record with over 250,000 AI responsibility pledges in 24 hours |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/tech-today/news/story/ai-impact-summit-india-sets-guinness-world-record-with-over-250000-ai-responsibility-pledges-in-24-hours-516815-2026-02-18 |newspaper=Business Today |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> The campaign, conducted in partnership with [[Intel]] India as part of the IndiaAI Mission, exceeded its initial target of 5,000 pledges.<ref>{{cite news |title=India AI Impact Summit enters Guinness World Records |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/business/india-ai-impact-summit-enters-guiness-world-records-648867 |newspaper=Millennium Post |date=February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

== Controversies and criticisms ==
=== Galgotias University incident ===
On 18 February, [[Galgotias University]] faced widespread criticism after a representative presented a robot dog at the university's exhibition pavilion as an indigenous development. Social media users identified the robot as the Unitree Go2, a commercially available product manufactured by Chinese company [[Unitree Robotics]].<ref name="aljazeera-robot">{{cite news |title=Indian university faces backlash for presenting Chinese robot as its own |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/18/indian-university-faces-backlash-for-presenting-chinese-robot-as-its-own |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="scmp-robot">{{cite news |title=Indian university's Chinese robot dog claim at AI Impact Summit slammed as 'shameless' |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3343900/indian-universitys-chinese-robot-dog-claim-ai-impact-summit-slammed-shameless |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> IT Secretary [[S. Krishnan]] stated that the government did not want exhibitors to showcase items that were not their own, and the university was directed to vacate its stall.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Galgotias University ordered to vacate India AI Summit venue amid row over China-bought robot dog |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/galgotias-university-ordered-to-vacate-india-ai-summit-venue-amid-row-over-china-bought-robot-dog-2026-02-18-1030737 |publisher=India TV |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> Galgotias University issued an apology, stating that the representative had been "ill-informed" and was not authorised to speak to the press.<ref>{{cite news |title=Galgotias University apologises over Chinese robodog row at AI Summit |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/galgotias-university-apologies-over-chinese-robodog-row-at-ai-summit-our-representative-was-ill-informed-2026-02-18-1030795 |publisher=India TV |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

The incident drew political reactions, with the [[Indian National Congress]] using it to criticise the government.<ref name="aljazeera-robot" /> The controversy was amplified after Union IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw had earlier shared a video clip of the robot on social media, which was subsequently deleted.<ref name="scmp-robot" />

=== Organisational issues ===
On day 1 of the Summit, Dhananjay Yadav, a [[Bengaluru]]-based entrepreneur had alleged that his product was stolen in the Summit. He called it as a pain for the people in an [[Twitter|X]] post. He further wrote, "Think about this: We paid for flights, accommodation, logistics and even the booth. Only to see our wearables disappear inside a high-security zone".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2026 |title=Bengaluru founder’s product stolen at Delhi AI summit, he calls it ‘shocking’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/bengaluru-founder-s-product-stole-at-delhi-s-ai-summit-he-calls-it-shocking-101771289633140.html |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Later, the stolen devices were recovered by The Delhi Police.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2026 |title=Tech CEO thanks Delhi police for recovery of devices at AI summit expo, is roasted online |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tech-ceo-thanks-delhi-police-for-recovery-of-devices-at-ai-summit-expo-is-roasted-online/cid/2147885 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>

[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] reported that delegates were left stranded without food or water during a security lockdown ahead of the Prime Minister's visit on 19 February.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=India's Big AI Moment Starts on Chaotic Note as Modi Arrives |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-02-17/india-s-big-ai-moment-starts-on-chaotic-note-as-modi-arrives |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=17 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> The summit venue was closed to the public on 19 February for the Prime Minister's visit, leading to criticism from attendees who had registered for that day.<ref>{{cite web |title=India AI Impact Summit 2026 shut for public on Feb 19 for PM Modi visit |url=https://www.digit.in/news/general/india-ai-impact-summit-2026-shut-to-public-on-feb-19-for-pm-modi-visit-event-extended-till-feb-21.html |website=Digit |date=February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
===Protests by the Indian Youth Congress (IYC) ===

On 20 February, some members of the [[Indian Youth Congress]] (IYC) carried out protests inside the venue with slogans such as "PM is compromised" and the criticism of the recent trade deal between India and the US. 4 of these members were sent to police custody by the court on 22 February.<ref name="p265">{{cite web | last=Jha | first=Prashant | title=Youth Congress protest at AI Summit imperilled India's diplomatic image: Delhi court sends 4 to police custody | website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news | date=22 February 2026 | url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/youth-congress-protest-at-ai-summit-imperilled-indias-diplomatic-image-delhi-court-sends-4-to-police-custody | access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> While [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] condemned these protests, with its spokesperson Shehzad Poonawalla saying, "From being anti-BJP, you have gone to being anti-national? If you have a problem with the BJP, then protest at the BJP office, Jantar Mantar, or outside the PM's office. But the people of the country and their alliance partners condemn them for their attempt to defame India in front of the entire world at the AI Summit."<ref name="w233">{{cite web | title='Congress is anti-national...': BJP's Shehzad Poonawalla on IYC protest at AI summit | website=Lokmat Times | date=21 February 2026 | url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/congress-is-anti-national-bjps-shehzad-poonawalla-on-iyc-protest-at-ai-summit/ | access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Congress leader [[Harish Rawat]] defended the protests, saying "it's also a fact that AI might become a tool in the hands of a few individuals… It's the opposition's job to warn against that… It's not the first time such international events have been opposed. I know how the BJP protested during the Commonwealth Games… To say that such opposition has happened for the first time is not correct. The BJP has been doing this while in the opposition."<ref name="k541">{{cite web | last=Inputs) | first=TNM (With ANI | title=Congress Leader Defends Youth Congress Protest at AI Summit | website=The News Mill | date=21 February 2026 | url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/02/congress-leader-defends-indian-youth-congress-protest-at-india-ai-impact-summit/ | access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref>

These protestors were granted bail by the Delhi high court on 2 March.<ref name="q635">{{cite web | last=Thapliyal | first=Nupur | title=AI Summit Protest: Delhi Court Grants Bail To 9 Indian Youth Congress Workers; Says Protest Was 'Political Critique' | website=Live Law | date=2 March 2026 | url=https://www.livelaw.in/amp/news-updates/ai-summit-protest-political-critique-9-accused-get-bail-525132 | access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>

== Reception and analysis ==

''[[Bloomberg News]]'' reported that Prime Minister Modi used the summit to assert India's global AI ambitions following a challenging year in foreign policy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi Seizes AI Summit to Assert India's Global Ambitions After Tough Year |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-02-17/modi-seizes-ai-summit-to-assert-india-s-global-ambitions-after-tough-year |work=Bloomberg News |date=17 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

''TechPolicy.Press'' published several critical analyses of the summit. One article argued that the summit's structure granted "multinational corporations parity with sovereign governments" through the CEO Roundtable and Leaders' Plenary, while providing no equivalent high-level platform for civil society, labour leaders, or human rights defenders. A separate analysis contended that India's approach to AI governance, like France's before it, treated the summits primarily as trade events, and that any Delhi Declaration was unlikely to translate into substantive global governance commitments.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=India's AI Summit Could Prove to be New Delhi's Lost Opportunity |url=https://www.techpolicy.press/indias-ai-summit-could-prove-to-be-new-delhis-lost-opportunity/ |website=TechPolicy.Press |date=19 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

''TechPolicy.Press'' also reported that the United States delegation arrived at the summit with an agenda centred on "domination" rather than cooperation, framing AI as a geopolitical race against China.<ref>{{cite web |title=US Delegation Heads to India AI Summit Intent on 'Domination' |url=https://www.techpolicy.press/us-delegation-heads-to-india-ai-summit-intent-on-domination/ |website=TechPolicy.Press |date=16 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]'' published an analysis of the summit's engagement with AI risks, including environmental impact, labour displacement, and the potential for surveillance and bias.<ref>{{cite web |title=AI Impact Summit 2026: The Dark Side Of Tech, Analysed |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/ai-impact-summit-2026-the-dark-side-of-tech-analysed |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

== Global AI Summit series ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Global AI Summit series
|-
! Year !! Name !! Location !! Host
|-
| 2023 || [[AI Safety Summit 2023|AI Safety Summit]] || [[Bletchley Park]], United Kingdom || {{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|-
| 2024 || [[AI Seoul Summit 2024|AI Seoul Summit]] || [[Seoul]], South Korea || {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]]
|-
| 2025 || [[AI Action Summit]] || [[Paris]], France || {{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|-
| 2026 || [[India AI Impact Summit 2026|AI Impact Summit]] || [[New Delhi]], India || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
|-
| 2027 || AI Summit || [[Geneva]], Switzerland || {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]]<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 2028 || AI Summit || UAE || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[UAE]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Switzerland to host 2027 AI Summit in Geneva; UAE in 2028: President Parmelin |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/switzerland-to-host-2027-ai-summit-in-geneva-uae-in-2028-president-parmelin-101771514558469.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 February 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Artificial intelligence]]
* [[AI Safety Summit 2023]]
* [[AI Seoul Summit 2024]]
* [[AI Action Summit 2025]]
* [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
* [[Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Artificial intelligence conferences]]
[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in India]]
[[Category:2026 conferences]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:February 2026 in India]]
[[Category:2026 in artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Regulation of artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Organised events in New Delhi]]
[[Category:2020s in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]

Puzzolana

2026-04-18T23:46:28Z

4Eileen59m: Adding new post with sources...

{{Short description|Indian manufacturing company}}
{{See also||Pozzolana}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Puzzolana
| logo = Puzzolana logo.jpg
| logo_class = 
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| hq_location_city = Hyderabad
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
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| area_served = 
| key_people = Prakash Pai (Designated Partner) Anantha Pai (Designated Partner)<ref name="one"/>
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| footnotes = 
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}}
'''Puzzolana''' is an Indian [[manufacturing]] company specializing in [[Crusher|crushing]] and [[Mechanical screening|screening]] equipment within the [[Heavy equipment|heavy machinery]] sector.<ref name="one">{{Cite web |title=Puzzolana, Tata International announce tie-up |url=https://www.tatainternational.com/media_reports/puzzolana-tata-international-announce-tie-up/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=Tata International |publisher=[[Tata Group]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185714/http://tatainternational.com/media_reports/puzzolana-tata-international-announce-tie-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sakshi.S.Basutkar |date=January 16, 2026 |title=Maersk returns MECL service to Suez |url=https://www.logupdateafrica.com/shipping/maersk-returns-mecl-service-to-suez-1357847 |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=www.logupdateafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 17, 2020 |title=Puzzolana Group’s Abhijeet Pai joins 9Unicorns as partner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/puzzolana-groups-abhijeet-pai-joins-9unicorns-as-partner/articleshow/79261739.cms |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812211457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/puzzolana-groups-abhijeet-pai-joins-9unicorns-as-partner/articleshow/79261739.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 26, 2017 |title=Puzzolana to enter African market |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/puzzolana-to-enter-african-market/article17668413.ece |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035243/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/puzzolana-to-enter-african-market/article17668413.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2017 |title=Puzzolana eyes US acquisition |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/puzzolana-eyes-us-acquisition/article9601816.ece |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=BusinessLine |publisher=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puzzolana forms JV with Italian firm |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/puzzolana-forms-jv-with-italian-firm-110072100042_1.html |language=en-IN |publisher=[[Business Standard]] }}</ref>

==Company==
Puzzolana participated in [[Bauma (trade fair)|Bauma]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puzzolana Machinery Fabricators at the bauma 2025 |url=https://exhibitors.bauma.de/en/exhibitors-and-products/exhibitors-brand-names/exhibitors-brand-names-details/exhibitorDetail/ID/1381869/?cHash=c0dc649478717110452de82cdde559a7 |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=exhibitors.bauma.de |publisher=[[Bauma (trade fair)]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[EXCON]] exhibitions.

==Media gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=Puzzolana at [[EXCON]] 2025, [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre|BIEC]]
|width=175 | height=175 |mode=nolines |align=center
|File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (883).jpg
|File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (886).jpg
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{official website}}

[[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Crane manufacturers]]
[[Category:Construction equipment manufacturers]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Mehnaz Hoosein

2026-04-17T21:14:42Z

4Eileen59m: added initial details from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mehnaz Hoosein
| image = Neumos Show.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Mehnaz at Neumos, Seattle, Washington (4 March 2011)
| birth_name = Mehnaz Hoosein
| native_name_lang = English, Hindi, Sanskrit, Bengali
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|01|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, India
| origin = India
| genre = {{ublist|[[Indipop]]|[[Progressive Rock]]|[[Worldbeat]]}}
| occupation = {{ublist|Singer, song-writer}}
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 1996–present
| label = {{ublist|[[BMG Music]]|[[Universal Music Group]]|[[Magnasound]]|[[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]]|Mowlawner Records}}
| website = {{URL|www.mehnazmusic.com}}
}}
'''Mehnaz Hoosein''' (born 30 January 1973) is an [[Indian pop]] singer and songwriter from [[Mumbai, India]], popularly known for her hit song 'Banoongi Main Miss India'. She is a graduate from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]. At the age of 13, Mehnaz started her vocal training in Hindustani classical music under the tutelage of Pandit Bhavdeep Jaipurwale. She began training as a dancer with [[Shiamak Davar]] from 1988 and performed with the Shiamak Davar Institute of Performing Arts till 1995. Mehnaz achieved success with her song Miss India which won her the 1996 [[Channel V]] Music Award for Best Female Pop Vocalist.<ref name="Miss India">{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/second-innings/487064 | first=Debesh | last=Banerjee | date=9 July 2009 | title=Second Innings | newspaper=The Indian Express | accessdate=26 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.therecordmag.com/jan2007/indipop.htm The Record Music Magazine (January 2007). "Indipop, pop, snap and crackle!". Retrieved 19 March 2013]</ref><ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?202717 Biswadeep Ghosh, 18 December 1996, 10 questions, Mehnaaz, Channel Vs Best Female Voice award winner, is poised to go international, Outlookindia.com. Retrieved 18 March 2013]</ref> At the time, Mehnaz was managed by [[Diana Hayden]] who was crowned [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] the same year. It was in the nineties that [[Indi-pop]] began to emerge as an alternative to film music in India when a large number of pop singers emerged on the music scene.

==Early life and career==

In 1996, Mehnaz won the [[Screen Awards|Screen Videocon Award]] for Best Pop Singer for her debut album Miss India in the Non-Film Music category. Her song ''Main Hoon'' (composed by [[Merlin D'Souza]]) from the album Miss India was featured on the soundtrack of [[Deepa Mehta]]'s movie ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120803095112/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/review/8 Rachel Malik (1996). "Fire". BFI Film Forever. Retrieved 11 March 2013]</ref> In 1997 she was featured in a multi-artist video called ''Wajah Muskurane Ki'' (A Reason to Smile) to celebrate 50 years of Indian independence and the video aired on Indian television channels. Mehnaz recorded a duet titled ''Senada Cinta'' with [[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]] Malaysia's recording artist Iwan in 1998.<ref>[http://ww.smashits.com/miss-india-mehnaz-well-on-her-way-to-being-miss-world/bollywood-gossip-764.html P.B. Shukla (2008). "Miss India Mehnaz well on her way to being Miss World". Smashits.com. Retrieved 19 March 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130615223329/http://ww.smashits.com/miss-india-mehnaz-well-on-her-way-to-being-miss-world/bollywood-gossip-764.html |date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> In 1998, she sang the number ''Paisa paisa paisa'' for the soundtrack of the indie film ''[[Bombay Boys]]''.<ref name=BombayBoys>'[http://beardscratchers.com/artist/ashutosh-phatak/release/bombay-boys?m=0b59a58e-fab8-449e-a84d-011378bcfbe8 "Bombay Boys by Ashutosh Phatak". Beardscratchers.com. Retrieved 18 March 2013]</ref>
In 1999, Mehnaz recorded a duet called ''You Are The Reason'' with [[Graham Russell]] and [[Russell Hitchcock]] of the band [[Air Supply]] for the soundtrack of [[Dev Benegal]]'s award-winning film ''[[Split Wide Open]]''.<ref name="You Are The Reason">[https://www.amazon.com/Yours-Truly-Air-Supply/dp/B00005JXQ6/ "Yours Truly" AirSupply, "You Are The Reason" (Featuring Mehnaz) (Album Version). Amazon Music. (2001). Retrieved 15 March 2013]</ref> She released her second solo album titled ''Mausam'' with BMG Crescendo in 1999. In the year 2000, Mehnaz recorded the song ''Dreamcatcher'' for the soundtrack of the indie film ''Snip!'', directed by Sunhil Sippy.<ref name=Snip>[https://music.apple.com/gb/album/dreamcatcher-snip-soundtrack/392944801?i=392944866%2F iTunes Preview (2000). Snip (OST), Various Artists. Universal Music India Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 18 March 2013]</ref><ref>[http://www.planetbollywood.com/music/Snip/index.html Mandeep Bahra, Music review of Snip, Planetbollyood.com. Retrieved 18 March 2013]</ref> She was also featured on the duet You Are The Reason on ''Yours Truly'', the fifteenth album by Air Supply released in 2001.<ref name="You Are The Reason"/>
Mehnaz was a judge on [[Channel V]]'s, Coke V Popstars 2 in 2003.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160318013049/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-03-26/news/27539098_1_vj-purab-popstars-pop-band TNN (26 March 2003). "Channel V tie up for Popstars 2". The Economic Times, Indiatimes.com. Retrieved 15 March 2013]</ref>
In 2006, Mehnaz' released her third solo album ''Sajnaa'' with Universal Music India.<ref name=Sajnaa>[http://music.ovi.com/in/en/pc/Artist/Mehnaz/430582/ "Mehnaz, Most downloaded album, Sajnaa". Universal Music India Ltd., Nokia Music. (January 2006). Retrieved 12 March 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826103326/http://music.ovi.com/in/en/pc/Artist/Mehnaz/430582 |date=26 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061119020103/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/albumreview/3093.html Aelina, (November 14, 2006). "Sajnaa, Mehnaz". IndiaGlitz. Retrieved 12 March 2013]</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20061106-mehnaz-all-set-for-comeback-with-latest-offering-sajnaa-782243-2006-11-05 Kimi Dangor (6 November 2006). Pops a new tune, Mehnaz all set for come back with latest offering "Sajnaa", IndiaToday.in. Retrieved 15 March 2013]</ref>

== Mehnaz and Manooghi Hi ==

In 2007, Mehnaz travelled to the United States and collaborated with local musicians who eventually formed the core of the Seattle-based band, [[Manooghi Hi]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/From-Banoongi-Main-to-Manooghi-Hi/articleshow/4463132.cms/ Nicole Dastur (30 April 2009). "From Banoongi Main, to Manooghi Hi!". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 March 2013]</ref> As lead singer of Manooghi Hi, Mehnaz brought her background and knowledge of Indian pop and [[Hindustani classical music]] to the all-American pure rock sensibilities of the band; Jonathan Zwickel of ''[[The Seattle Times]]'' said 'their sound has never before been attempted'.<ref name=Manooghi>[http://www.manooghihi.com/ Manooghi Hi. Retrieved 19 March 2013] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610063729/http://www.manooghihi.com/ |date=10 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>[http://o.seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/musicnightlife/2008931133_sxsw290.html Jonathan Zwickel (29 March 2009). "SXSW notebook: A Seattle writer encounters Seattle bands ... in Austin The Seattle Times." Retrieved Date 18 March 2013]</ref> Mehnaz and Manooghi Hi vocalize in several South Asian languages, including English, Urdu, Sanskrit, Hindi and Bengali. Manooghi Hi released two albums titled ''Hi'' in 2009,<ref name=Hi>[http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/manooghihi/ Manooghi Hi (2009). "Manooghi Hi". cdbaby.com. Retrieved 12 March 2013]</ref><ref>[http://www.techgnosis.com/chunkshow-single.php?chunk=chunkfrom-2009-03-13-1729-0.txt Eric Davis (13 March 2009). Manooghi Hi East meets West and swaps clothes. Retrieved 19 March 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129124716/http://techgnosis.com/chunkshow-single.php?chunk=chunkfrom-2009-03-13-1729-0.txt |date=29 November 2010 }}</ref> and ''Silence'' in 2011.<ref name=Silence>[http://www.muzikreviews.com/reviews.php?ID=1707/ Brian McKinnon (11 July 2011). Muzikreviews.com, Manooghi Hi. Silence. Retrieved 12 March 2013]</ref> Mehnaz was featured on the 2012, the [[Barrett Martin]] album release ''Artifact'' on Sunyata Records.

In 2012, Mehnaz moved to New Orleans to pursue her dream of living in one of the most musical cities in the world. She has performed at [[Voodoo Fest]] with Leslie Blackshear Smith.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nola.com/music/index.ssf/2013/11/vocalist_mehnaz_hoosein_meets.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090359/http://www.nola.com/music/index.ssf/2013/11/vocalist_mehnaz_hoosein_meets.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mehnaz has also performed with Master Sarode player [[Aashish Khan]] and (Shringar) Larry Sieberth, Andrew McLean, Michael Skinkus and Tim Green. Mehnaz has been collaborating with pianist, composer and producer Lawrence Sieberth and was featured at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival 2015.<ref>[http://www.glidemagazine.com/134815/new-orleans-jazz-fest-5215-saturday-elton-john-jerry-lee-lewis/Leslie Michele Derrough (2 May 2015). Retrieved 3 May 2015]</ref>

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:8em;"| Title
! scope="col"| Details
|-
! scope="row"|''Miss India''
|
* Released: April 1996
* Label: BMG Crescendo
* Formats: CD, [[Cassette tape|cassette]], digital download
|-
! scope="row"|''Mausam''
|
* Released: July 1999
* Label: [[Magnasound Records|Magnasound]], BMG Crescendo
* Formats: CD, cassette
|-
! scope="row"|''Sajnaa''
|
* Released: 2006
* Label: Universal Music Group
* Formats: CD, cassette
|-
! scope="row"|''Hi'' (as part of Manooghi Hi)
|
* Released: 2009
* Label: Manooghi Hi Records
* Formats: CD, Digital download
|-
! scope="row"|''Silence'' (as part of Manooghi Hi)
|
* Released: 2011
* Label: Manooghi Hi Records
* Formats: CD, Digital download
|-
|}

===Soundtrack albums===
*''Bombay Boys'' (1998)<ref name=BombayBoys/>
*''[[Split Wide Open]]'' (1999)
*''Snip'' (2000)<ref name=Snip/>

===Compilation albums===
*''32 Smash Hits'' (2000) BMG Crescendo Music
*''Hitz Unlimited'' (2002) Zee Records<ref>{{cite web|title=Hitz Unlimited (2002) – Hindi Album, Tracklist, Full Album Details and more|url=http://www.zubeendiscography.com/2021/09/3370633522256848326.html|website=ZG Discography|access-date=2021-09-21|language=en}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|title=Hitz Unlimited (2002) – Hindi Album, Tracklist, Full Album Details and more (Archived)|url=http://www.zubeendiscography.com/2021/09/3370633522256848326.html|language=en|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref>

===Featured on albums===

*''Air Supply'' (2001), Giant Records / Warner Bros.<ref name="You Are The Reason"/>
*''Clockwork'' (2011), Slow Bunny Records.<ref>[http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/slow-bunny/album/clockwork/track/diamonds-in-the-sun-feat-mehnaz-hoosein/ Clockwork, Slow Bunny. Rhapsody. (December 2011). Retrieved 14 March 2013.]</ref>
*''Artifact'' (2012), Barrett Martin Group, Sunyata Records.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Artifact-Barrett-Martin-Group/dp/B007UMCVKI/ Barrett Martin Group, Artifact (May 15, 2012), Featuring Hindustani Vocalist Mehnaz Hoosein, Amazon Music, Retrieved 12 March 2013]</ref>

===Other albums===
*''A Reason To Smile'' (1997) Magnasound

==Awards and Nominations==
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ebf5ff;"
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Channel V Music Awards'''
|-
|1996
|Best Female Pop Singer
|"Main Hoon" from ''Miss India''
|{{won}}
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Screen Awards'''
|-
|1997
|Best Pop Singer
|"Main Hoon" from ''Miss India''
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{commonscat}}
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoosein, Mehnaz}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]

Korei Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:19Z

4Eileen59m: created a stub needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Korei}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Korei
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 53
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]]
| established = 1974
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Akash Dasnayak.JPG
| mla = [[Akash Dasnayak]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,09,605{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Korei''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Jajpur district]], [[Odisha]], India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The area of this state legislature constituency includes [[Byasanagar]], Korei block and 9 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Bhotaka, Laxminagar, Pahanga, Badakainchi, Gandhan, Tikarpada, Bahadalpur, Narasinghpur and Mugupal) of Rasulpur block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp24.htm|title= 24 - Korai Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 3 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.01}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.6}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.75}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|56.98}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|55.18}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|38.21}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|49.58}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|63.37}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.77}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|54.38}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|60.55}}
}}

Since its formation in 1974, 12 elections have been held here till 2024.

The members elected from Korei constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Korei Assembly Election Results 2024: Korei Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/korei-constituency-result-18053 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Akash Dasnayak]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="News18 2019" />
|[[Ashok Kumar Bal]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Akash Dasnayak]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[Pritiranjan Gharai]]
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Sanchita Mohanty<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3629-orissa-2004/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3628-orissa-2000/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Ashok Kumar Das]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Rama Chandra Khuntia
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ashok Kumar Das]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1st June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Akash Dasnayak]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Sandhyarani Das by a margin of 5,646 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Korei}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Akash Dasnayak]]
|votes = 79,658
|percentage = 48.01
|change = {{increase}}19.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Sandhyarani Das
|votes = 74,012
|percentage = 44.61
|change = {{decrease}}4.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bandita Parida
|votes = 8,177
|percentage = 4.93
|change = {{decrease}}14.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 746
|percentage = 0.45
|change = {{decrease}}0.04
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,646
|percentage = 3.4
|change = {{decrease}}17.36
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,65,925
|percentage = 79.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
Elections to Korei constituency was held along with 2019 General elections on 29 April 2019. The vote counting was held on 23 May 2019. In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ashok Kumar Bal]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Candidate Biswajeet Nayak by margin of 30724 votes.<ref name="News18 2019">{{cite web | title=Korei Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Korei Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. | website=News18 | date=2019-04-29 | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/korei-election-result-s18a053/ | access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Korei<ref name="Election Commission of India 2019">{{cite web | title=Election Commission of India | website=Election Commission of India | date=2019-04-12 | url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/CandidateCustomFilter?_token=qiTfFACsRdJ0vQd1abIr3dju4oWLiSR3vCWqMXlm&electionType=3&states=S18&phaseName=4&constId=53&page=1 | access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref><ref name="Assembly Election 2019 Korei 53">{{cite web | title=Election Commission of India | website=Assembly Election 2019 | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1853.htm?ac=53 | access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref><ref name="News18 2019" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Bal]]
|votes = 73403
|percentage = 49.6
|change = {{decrease}}6.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biswajeet Nayak
|votes = 42679
|percentage = 28.84
|change = {{increase}}17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bandita Parida
|votes = 28486
|percentage = 19.25
|change = {{decrease}}4.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 731
|percentage = 0.49
|change = {{decrease}}0.3
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30724
|percentage = 20.76
|change = {{decrease}}11.55
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 147989
|percentage = 75.51
|change = {{decrease}}0.16
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 194105
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Akash Dasnayak]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Biswajeet Nayak by a margin of 42,867 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Korei<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Korei|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1853.htm?ac=53|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=19 August 2014|archive-date=20 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820002951/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1853.htm?ac=53|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Korei (53)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=53|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=19 August 2014|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819210704/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=53|url-status=usurped}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Akash Dasnayak]]
|votes = 73,966
|percentage = 55.75
|change = {{down}}1.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Biswajeet Nayak|votes=31,099|percentage=23.44|change={{down}}10.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sanchita Mohanty|votes=15,761|percentage=11.88|change={{up}}6.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=911|percentage=0.69|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=42,867|percentage=32.31|change=9.03}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,681|percentage=76.28|change=9.32}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,73,934
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pritiranjan Gharai]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Hemalata Khuntia by a margin of 25,112 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=25112 |accessdate=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Korei<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pritiranjan Gharai]]
|votes = 61,448
|percentage = 56.98
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Hemalata Khuntia|votes=36,336|percentage=33.69|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sanchita Mohanty|votes=6,101|percentage=5.66|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=25,112|percentage=23.28{{efn|% of total valid votes}}|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,07,871|percentage=66.96|change=''-''}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jajpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|20.96|86.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Jajpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Orissa]]

Songsak Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:37:39Z

4Eileen59m: put up new info...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Songsak
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| type=SLA
| map_image = Songsak Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 41
| district = [[East Garo Hills district|East Garo Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Mukul Sangma]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = {{formatnum:31824}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Songsak''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[East Garo Hills district|East Garo Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It falls under [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="election">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/songsak.html |title=Songsak (Meghalaya) Assembly Constituency Elections |work=elections.in |accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Elwin Sangma || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1975 elections in India#Meghalaya|1975 By-election]] || rowspan=2 | Miriam D. Shira
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Elwin Sangma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Lahinson M. Sangnia || {{Full party name with color|Hill People's Union}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=2 | Tonsing N Marak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Heltone N. Marak || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2005 elections in India#Meghalaya|2005 By-election]] || Tonsing N Marak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | [[Nihim D. Shira]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Mukul Sangma|Dr. Mukul Sangma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Songsak<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mukul Sangma|Dr. Mukul Sangma]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=12,689 |percentage=44.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nihim D. Shira]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=12,317 |percentage=43.51% |change={{increase}}8.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Champion R. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,232 |percentage=7.88% |change={{decrease}}34.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thomas Marak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=776 |percentage=2.74% |change={{decrease}}10.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarenni Marak |party=Republican Party of India |votes=296 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=196 |percentage=0.69% |change={{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=372 |percentage=1.31% |change= {{decrease}}6.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,310 |percentage=88.96% |change= {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,824 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Trinamool Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Songsak<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mukul Sangma|Dr. Mukul Sangma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,274 |percentage=42.75% |change={{increase}}22.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nihim D. Shira]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=8,444 |percentage=35.14% |change={{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thomas Marak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,077 |percentage=12.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun N Marak |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=800 |percentage=3.33% |change={{decrease}}4.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fardina C. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=464 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silman Marak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=405 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay R Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=274 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=216 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,830 |percentage=7.62% |change= {{decrease}}3.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,030 |percentage=90.04% |change= {{increase}}2.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,687 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}8.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Songsak<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nihim D. Shira]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=6,697 |percentage=34.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fardina C. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=4,518 |percentage=23.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tonsing N Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,947 |percentage=20.20% |change={{decrease}}11.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lahinson M. Sangnia |party=Independent politician |votes=2,779 |percentage=14.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun N Marak |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,594 |percentage=8.16% |change={{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,179 |percentage=11.15% |change= {{increase}}9.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,535 |percentage=87.85% |change= {{decrease}}4.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,236 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Songsak<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nihim D. Shira]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,687 |percentage=33.15% |change={{increase}}18.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tonsing N Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,357 |percentage=31.23% |change={{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anderson Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=4,259 |percentage=24.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay R Marak |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,456 |percentage=8.49% |change={{decrease}}5.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Clever N. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=395 |percentage=2.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=330 |percentage=1.92% |change= {{decrease}}2.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,154 |percentage=92.67% |change= {{increase}}21.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,510 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 elections in India#Meghalaya|2005 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Songsak<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb2005/index.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - Jan-Feb 2005 |publisher=Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tonsing N Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,890 |percentage=27.67% |change={{decrease}}5.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anderson Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=3,260 |percentage=23.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay R Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=2,063 |percentage=14.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nihim D. Shira]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,045 |percentage=14.54% |change={{decrease}}16.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doly Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,900 |percentage=13.51% |change={{decrease}}20.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peter Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=550 |percentage=3.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rokhawma Shira |party=Independent politician |votes=353 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=630 |percentage=4.48% |change= {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,061 |percentage=70.84% |change= {{decrease}}2.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,849 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}6.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Songsak<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Heltone N. Marak |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=4,875 |percentage=34.00% |change={{increase}}18.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tonsing N Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,693 |percentage=32.73% |change={{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anderson Sangma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,467 |percentage=31.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anilla D Shira |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=302 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=182 |percentage=1.27% |change= {{decrease}}17.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,337 |percentage=73.26% |change= {{increase}}3.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,578 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Songsak<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tonsing N Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,089 |percentage=34.08% |change={{decrease}}15.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heltone N. Marak |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,817 |percentage=15.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lahinson M. Sangnia |party=Garo National Council |votes=1,722 |percentage=14.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haward N. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,590 |percentage=13.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anderson Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,522 |percentage=12.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Clearshon K. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=947 |percentage=7.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Miriam D. Shira |party=Independent politician |votes=311 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,272 |percentage=18.94% |change= {{decrease}}4.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,998 |percentage=74.29% |change= {{decrease}}2.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,121 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Songsak<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tonsing N Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,105 |percentage=49.31% |change={{increase}}32.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rockefeller G. Momin |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=2,713 |percentage=26.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lahinson M. Sangnia |party=Hill People's Union |votes=2,535 |percentage=24.49% |change={{decrease}}17.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,392 |percentage=23.10% |change= {{decrease}}2.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,353 |percentage=75.79% |change= {{increase}}10.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,253 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Hill People's Union |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Songsak<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lahinson M. Sangnia |party=Hill People's Union |votes=3,047 |percentage=42.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Choronsing Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,219 |percentage=16.94% |change={{decrease}}24.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tonsing Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=986 |percentage=13.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,828 |percentage=25.40% |change= {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,196 |percentage=66.37% |change= {{increase}}7.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,649 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill People's Union |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Songsak<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Elwin Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,190 |percentage=41.51% |change={{increase}}10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rockefeller G. Momin |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,370 |percentage=25.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Miriam D. Shira |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,191 |percentage=22.57% |change={{increase}}5.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemson Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=270 |percentage=5.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binsing Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=4.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=820 |percentage=15.54% |change= {{increase}}11.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,276 |percentage=58.45% |change= {{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,643 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Songsak<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Miriam D. Shira |party=Independent politician |votes=1,156 |percentage=35.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Choronsing Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,035 |percentage=31.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arquish Momin |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=557 |percentage=16.88% |change={{decrease}}65.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rockefeller G. Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=551 |percentage=16.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=121 |percentage=3.67% |change= {{decrease}}61.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,299 |percentage=46.44% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,756 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}47.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1975===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1975 elections in India#Meghalaya|1975 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Songsak<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/bye-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/1973-45-songsak-bye-elections.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110052138/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/bye-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/1973-45-songsak-bye-elections.pdf|access-date=10 January 2025 |archive-date=10 January 2025 |title=Bye-Election to Legislative Assembly : 1975 |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Miriam D. Shira |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,268 |percentage=82.68% |change={{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jangsan Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=475 |percentage=17.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,793 |percentage=65.37% |change= {{increase}}6.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,743 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Songsak<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Elwin Sangma |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=819 |percentage=74.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Projengton Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=176 |percentage=16.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binjamin Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=98 |percentage=8.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=643 |percentage=58.83% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,093 |percentage=23.56% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,996 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Songsak]]
* [[East Garo Hills district]]
* [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}
{{coord|25.650|90.607|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:East Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Lion (2006 film)

2026-04-07T10:37:47Z

4Eileen59m:

{{Short description|2006 Malayalam film directed by Joshiy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lion
| image = Lion movie.jpg
| alt = 

| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| producer = Noushad
| writer = [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dileep]]|[[Kalasala Babu]]|[[Kavya Madhavan]]|[[Vijayaraghavan]]}}
| music = {{ubl|'''''Songs''''': [[Deepak Dev]]|'''''Score''''': [[Ouseppachan]]}}
| cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| studio = N. N. S Arts
| distributor = Shan Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|1|28|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/roar-is-delayed-tamil-news-20126|title=Roar is delayed - Tamil News|date=31 January 2006|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Lion''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller]] film written by [[Udaykrishna-Sibi K. Thomas]] and directed by [[Joshiy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/will-it-roar--tamil-news-19838|title=Will it roar? - Tamil News|date=19 January 2006|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2017/09/28/ramaleela-malayalam-movie-review-dileep.html|title=ദിലീപിന് 'വിജയ'ലീല; റിവ്യു|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref> The film stars [[Dileep]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/dileep-ready-to-roar-telugu-news-17172|title=Dileep ready to roar - Telugu News|date=4 October 2005|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> [[Kalasala Babu]], [[Kavya Madhavan]] and [[Vijayaraghavan]] alongside a supporting cast that include [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Saikumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Shammi Thilakan]], [[Riyaz Khan]] and [[Karthika Mathew|Karthika]]. The film was produced by Noushad and distributed by Shan Entertainment. The film received positive reviews and was a blockbuster at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dileep-joshiy-new-movie-on-air-eapen-1.4250514|title=അവതാരത്തിന് ശേഷം ജോഷിയും ദിലീപും വീണ്ടും; 'ഓണ്‍ എയര്‍ ഈപ്പന്‍' ഒരുങ്ങുന്നു|website=Mathrubhumi|date=3 November 2019 }}</ref> It was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Nam Naadu (2007 film)|Nam Naadu]]'' (2007) with Karthika replaces Kavya as the female lead<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/lion-to-get-remade-telugu-news-31439|title=Lion to get remade - Telugu News|date=29 May 2007|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sarath-kumar-in-a-malayalam-remake-tamil-news-29992|title=Sarath Kumar in a Malayalam remake - Tamil News|date=20 March 2007|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/21ssnam.htm|title=Sarath Kumar can't save Nam Nadu|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Evadaithe Nakenti]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/evadaithey-nakenti-review-telugu-pclwlfdcfddfb.html|title=Evadaithey Nakenti|work=Sify|access-date=11 May 2022|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223193906/https://m.sify.com/movies/evadaithey-nakenti-review-telugu-pclwlfdcfddfb.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jun/26/location-diaries-real-or-fake-1834040.html|title=Location Diaries: Real or fake?|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 June 2018 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film revolves round a socio-political family where Balagangadhara Menon, the [[Education Minister]] lives with his son Krishnakumar alias Unni, a politician, his wife Lakshmi, three daughters and two sons-in-law. Also with them is his P.A Joseph. Menon is always fond of his sons-in-law Pavithran and [[District Collector]] Gopinath and thinks that his son is a barrier to him as he tries to control their corrupt activities. Menon wants to become the [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]] himself by increasing college fees and throwing away the blame Avarachan, the present C.M since Avarachan was an honest politician. This causes major protests throughout the state, but the CM refuses to give in. Sharika alias Shari and her mother Devaki come to their place as she got a temporary school teacher post in the area. Both were servants in Menon's house long back, but was dispelled by him due to a childish love affair between Unni and Shari. Shari then involves in a public Drinking Water Case and seeks Menon for help. Finding that Menon is not reliable, she along with Unni goes to Collector's office but is again thrown back. Finally they move through Judicial ways and blocks the case.

Meanwhile, Unni's younger sister Meenakshi is in love with an ordinary school teacher Prasad and Unni tries to unite them. When Menon and others learn of this, they blindly refuse and want [[Assistant superintendent|ASP]] Harshan to marry Meenakshi as a part of their socio-political assets. Pavithran sends his henchmen to kill Prasad, and keeps Unni in prison in an unwarranted case. Meenakshi is forcefully married to Harshan, and Unni is helpless. Later Unni is released. The next day, Shari gets a cellphone belonging to the murderer of Prasad and she with the help of Unni goes to [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Vijayan and submits the evidence. The murderer is arrested and subsequently Menon also, after being traced of a phone call from the former.

Menon decides to use this opportunity as a political game and blames the CM against this. Much irritated, the CM meets the [[Governor of Kerala|Governor]] asking to dissolve the state assembly. The governor does so, and all MLAs including Menon are fired. The next general election is to be held soon and party initially decides to place Krishnakumar as candidate from his constituency instead of Menon. However, Menon convinces the party members to make him the candidate later. Krishnakumar is once again depressed, but his friends force him to contest as an Independent candidate, to which he agrees.

During the campaigning, Krishnakumar brings out the political dramas of his opponents and donates eradicatesoney he obtained from Vendor Chandy and other various businessmen as charity. Post election, Menon is surprised to find that Krishnakumar had won against him by a slight margin. Menon's party coalition wins seventy out of 140 seats and the opposition has 69. As Krishnakumar's support was required for the party to attain majority, he makes use of the situation by demanding the state Home Minister post. Even Menon supports this and the party council has no choice and they agree. Thomman Chakko becomes the next CM while Krishnakumar and others become members of his cabinet.

Krishnakumar makes use of his position in good ways and eradicates most of the corrupt evil activities in the state with the help of the Police force and his friends. He even chases down high politicians and brings out the black money they kept. He transfers Harshan to [[Bihar]]. Thomman Chakko is also blackmailed against his corrupt assets and has no choice than obeying Krishnakumar. Meanwhile, Krishnakumar convinces Shari to marry him, and both register their marriage soon. This irritates Menon and he dispels both of them from entering house. Later, Krishnakumar and Shari began to live happily in the Minister's official residence.

Pavithran in the meantime tries to eliminate Unni in several ways but fails. He tells Menon that Unni should be killed. Menon gets stuck up at this and finally decides to be a good man. He secretly meets Unni and Shari to apologise, and tells them to return home soon. He even decides to arrange a press meet to bring out all his corruptions. Pavithran finds that all his illegal wealth would be gone, and kills Menon using his henchmen depicting it as a lorry accident (by hitting the lorry with Menon's car). But unknown to him Menon's P.A. Joseph boards the car on which Menon travels for the press meet. Joseph survives the accident, and later reveals it to Krishnakumar. He tracks down the lorry drivers but it becomes a futile attempt. He is finally informed by Pavithran's wife Shobha, who had overheard Pavithran's conversations to kill Menon. Pavithran decides to flee to [[Singapore]] but is confronted by Krishnakumar and the police. In a fight, Krishnakumar kills Pavithran using Vijayan's service revolver and awaits arrest. But everyone convinces him to forget the incident. Vijayan consoles him and convinces him that the state needs incorruptible and honest ministers like him.The police closes down the [[First information report|FIR]] under CRPC 130/131 security acts.

In the end Krishnakumar is seen congratulated by Ex. C.M Avarachan. Krishnakumar has now risen up not just as a politician and as the home minister of home affairs, but as a statesman and his mission continues by giving the message "Leadership is action and not position".

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Dileep]] as B. Krishnakumar Menon "Unni", [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Minister of Home Affairs]], [[Government of Kerala]]
**Ashwin as Young Krishnakumar
*[[Kalasala Babu]] as Chandanakkattil Balagangadhara Menon, Unni's father and the former [[Education Minister]] of Kerala
*[[Saikumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Pavithran, Menon's son-in-law and Unni's brother-in-law
*[[Vijayaraghavan]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Vijayan, Krishnakumar's security team member
*[[Kavya Madhavan]] as Sharika "Shari", Unni's wife and a primary school teacher
**Pallavi Narayan as Young Sharika
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Joseph, Menon's and Unni's [[personal assistant|PA]]
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Thomman Chacko, the new [[Chief Minister]] of [[Kerala]]
*[[Shammi Thilakan]] as [[District Collector#India|Collector]] Gopinath [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as [[Additional Superintendent of Police#India|ASP]] Harshan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#Kerala|DYSP]] Anantharaghavan, Krishnakumar's Security Team Member
*[[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as [[Sub Inspector#Kerala|SI]] Prathapa Varma, Krishnakumar's security Team Member
*[[Madhupal]] as Krishnakumar's friend
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as Krishnakumar's friend
*Bineesh Kodiyeri as Krishnakumar's friend
*Saji Soman as Krishnakumar's friend
*[[Karthika Mathew]] as Meenakshi Harshan (Meenootty), Unni's younger sister
*[[Shobha Mohan]] as Lakshmi Menon, Unni's mother
*[[P. Sreekumar]] as P. K. Abraham/ Avarachan, Ex-[[Chief Minister]] of [[Kerala]]
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Vendor Chandy
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Pottakkuzhy Chellappan, Minister for Forests and Wildlife, [[Kerala]]
*Sudheer Sukumaran as Police Officer
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Devaki, Shari's mother
*[[Saiju Kurup]] as Prasad, Meenakshi's lover
*[[Suvarna Mathew]] as Rashmi, Pavithran's wife & Unni's elder sister
*[[Lakshmi Priya]] as Shobha, Gopinath's wife & Unni's younger sister
*[[Kollam Thulasi]] as Minister Divakaran
*Poojapura Radhakrishnan as Minister
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Minister Kizhuppally
*[[Idavela Babu]] as Thomman Chacko's and Abraham's P.A
*[[Jagannatha Varma]] as [[Director General of Police#India|DGP]]
*Vishnu Prasad as Police Officer
*[[Harisree Ashokan]] as Election Posterman
*[[Anil Murali]] as Vettoor Shivan
*[[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Narayanan, Prasad's father
*[[Ambika Mohan]] as Prasad's mother
*[[Ponnamma Babu]] as [[Advocate]] Nancy Varghese, Public Prosecutor
*Kalabhavan Prajod as TV Reporter
*Nandu Pothuval as Journalist Ananthakumar
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Pavithran's spy
*Abraham Koshy as Minister
*Rani Larius as Minister
*Jolly Easow as Minister
*[[Bose Venkat]] as goon
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film was mainly shot in and around [[Trivandrum]]. Two songs from the film, ''Chirimani Mulle'' and ''Sundari Onnu Parayu'', were filmed in [[New Zealand]].

==Soundtrack==
The music was by [[Deepak Dev]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]. The background music was scored by [[Ouseppachan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/listen-to-popular-malayalam-music-audio-song-chirimanimulle-from-movie-lion-starring-dileep-and-kavya-madhavan/videoshow/80281312.cms|title = Listen to Popular Malayalam Music Audio Song 'Chirimanimulle' from Movie 'Lion' Starring Dileep and Kavya Madhavan | Entertainment - Times of India Videos|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Lion: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 10:30

| title1 = Chirimani Mulle
| extra1 = [[Afsal]], [[Jyotsna]]
| length1 = 4:50

| title2 = Sundari Onnu Parayu
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Swetha Mohan]]
| length2 = 5:40
}}

==Box office==
The film was a blockbuster at the box office and received positive reviews from the critics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|title=Superstars continue their reign|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122900200100.htm|accessdate=25 July 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103213257/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122900200100.htm|archivedate=3 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/the-lion-roars-tamil-news-20259|title=The Lion roars - Tamil News|date=7 February 2006|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2642/malayalam/lion/639/review.htm|title=Lion Review | Lion Malayalam Movie Review by K. T. Thomas|date=21 November 2005|website=NOWRUNNING}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/lion/index.htm|title=Lion movie review-Lion Malayalam movie review-Lion review|website=www.webindia123.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/the-lion-review-malayalam-movie-7974|title=The Lion review. The Lion Malayalam movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0928191}}

[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian political films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deepak Dev]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]

INS Guldar

2026-04-05T18:22:32Z

4Eileen59m: created initial stub nd citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=L-32, L-34, L-21, L-22 LSTs and LCUs beached.jpg
|image_caption=INS ''Guldar'' (second ship from top)
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS ''Guldar''
|namesake= [[Leopard]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=गुलदार की आबादी बढ़ने से गुलजार हुए जंंगल, माना जाता है धरती का सबसे खतरनाक जीव - Guldar Leopard Increasing In India Wildlife Sanctuary India - Amar Ujala Hindi News Live | url=https://www.amarujala.com/columns/blog/guldar-leopard-increasing-in-india-wildlife-sanctuary-india | access-date=2026-04-05 | website=www.amarujala.com}}</ref>
|owner=
|operator=
|registry=
|route=
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=*[[Gdańsk Shipyard]]
*[[Stocznia Gdynia]]
|original_cost=
|yard_number=
|way_number=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|sponsor=
|christened=
|completed=
|acquired=
|commissioned= December 1985
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned= 12 January 2024
|maiden_voyage=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport=
|identification=[[Pennant number]]: L21
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|honors=
|captured=
|fate=
|status= Decommissioned
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Kumbhir|landing ship}}
|type=
|tonnage=
|displacement= 1120 tons (standard)
|length= 83.9 m <ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/landing_ships_kumbhir.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |accessdate=2011-02-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216124010/http://indiannavy.nic.in/landing_ships_kumbhir.htm |archivedate=2010-12-16 }}</ref>
|beam= 9.7 m
|height=
|draught= 1.3 metres (extreme bow and 2.58 metres (stern)
|depth= 5.2 m
|hold_depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion= 2 x 2200 hp Soviet Kolomna 40-D two stroke diesel engines.
|sail_plan=
|speed= {{convert|18|kn}}
|range=
|endurance=
|test_depth=
|boats=
|capacity=
|troops=
|complement= 120 (incl. 12 officers)
|crew=
|time_to_activate=
|sensors= SRN 7453 radar
|EW=
|armament=*2 × AK-230 30mm guns
*2 × WM18A rocket launcher
*MANPADs.
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft= 1 [[HAL Chetak]]
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}
'''INS ''Guldar''''' was a {{sclass|Kumbhir|landing ship}} of the [[Indian Navy]].

==History==
Built at the [[Gdańsk Shipyard]] in Poland, INS ''Guldar'' was commissioned in December 1985. After over 38 years of service, the ship was decommissioned on 12 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1995782|title=INS CHEETAH, GULDAR AND KUMBHIR DECOMMISSIONED AFTER 40 YEARS OF GLORIOUS SERVICE|date=2024-01-13|access-date=2024-01-17}}</ref> The ship is planned to be sunk off the coast of the [[Sindhudurg district]] in [[Maharashtra]] and be used for [[Scuba diving tourism|scuba diving and tourism.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=Soon, sunken Indian Navy ship to anchor scuba-diving tourism in Maharashtra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/soon-sunken-indian-navy-ship-to-anchor-scuba-diving-tourism-in-maharashtra-2682483-2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Kumbhir-class tank landing ship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guldar}}
[[Category:Kumbhir-class tank landing ships]]
[[Category:1985 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Gdańsk]]
[[Category:Naval ships built in Poland for export]]

List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2024 Indian general election

2026-04-01T13:02:25Z

4Eileen59m: adding new stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
This is a list of [[National Democratic Alliance]] candidates in the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=From Shiv Sena to SBSP to AIADMK: Complete list of 38 parties attending BJP-led NDA meet|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/national-democratic-alliance-meet-38-parties-participation-full-list-latest-updates-2023-07-18-881623|website=India TV|language=en|date=18 July 2023}}</ref>
[[File:2024 NDA Alliance Lok Sabha Seat Sharing.svg|right|2024 NDA Alliance Lok Sabha Seat Sharing|350px]]
==Seat sharing summary==
{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header defaultcenter" style="font-size: 90%"
! colspan="2" |Party
!State/UT
! colspan="2" |Seats contested
! colspan="2" |Seats won
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=33}}
|[[#Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|75<ref>Nishad Party candidate contested on BJP symbol</ref>
| rowspan="33" |441<ref name="Full list of BJP candidates and their constituencies">{{cite news |title=Full list of BJP candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-elections-2024-full-list-of-bjp-candidates-and-their-constituencies/article68075536.ece |access-date=20 April 2024 |date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420100446/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-elections-2024-full-list-of-bjp-candidates-and-their-constituencies/article68075536.ece |archive-date=20 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
|33
|rowspan="33" |240
|-
|[[#West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|42
|12
|-
|[[#Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
|29
|29
|-
|[[#Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|28
|9
|-
|[[#Gujarat|Gujarat]]
|26
|25
|-
|[[#Karnataka|Karnataka]]
|25
|17
|-
|[[#Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
|25
|14
|-
|[[#Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|23
|0
|-
|[[#Odisha|Odisha]]
|21
|20
|-
|[[#Bihar|Bihar]]
|17
|12
|-
|[[#Telangana|Telangana]]
|17
|8
|-
|[[#Kerala|Kerala]]
|16
|1
|-
|[[#Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
|13
|8
|-
|[[#Punjab|Punjab]]
|13
|0
|-
|[[#Assam|Assam]]
|11
|9
|-
|[[#Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
|11
|10
|-
|[[#Haryana|Haryana]]
|10
|5
|-
|[[#Delhi|Delhi]]
|7
|7
|-
|[[#Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
|6
|3
|-
|[[#Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
|5
|5
|-
|[[#Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
|4
|4
|-
|[[#Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2
|2
|-
|[[#Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|2
|1
|-
|[[#Goa|Goa]]
|2
|1
|-
|[[#Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2
|2
|-
|[[#Tripura|Tripura]]
|2
|2
|-
|[[#Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|1
|1
|-
|[[#Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
|1
|0
|-
|[[#Ladakh|Ladakh]]
|1
|0
|-
|[[#Manipur|Manipur]]
|1
|0
|-
|[[#Mizoram|Mizoram]]
|1
|0
|-
|[[#Puducherry|Puducherry]]
|1
|0
|-
|[[#Sikkim|Sikkim]]
|1
|0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[#Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| colspan="2" |17
| colspan="2" |16
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|[[#Bihar|Bihar]]
| colspan="2" |16
| colspan="2" |12
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|[[#Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| colspan="2" |15
| colspan="2" |7
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[#Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| colspan="2" |10
| colspan="2" |0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|[[#Bihar|Bihar]]
| colspan="2" |5
| colspan="2" |5
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|[[#Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|4
| rowspan="2" |5
|1
| rowspan="2" |1
|-
|[[#Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]]
|1
|0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|[[#Kerala|Kerala]]
| colspan="2" |4
| colspan="2" |0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|[[#Karnataka|Karnataka]]
| colspan="2" |3
| colspan="2" |2
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|dab=yes}}
|[[#Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| colspan="2" |3
| colspan="2" |0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[#Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| colspan="2" |2
| colspan="2" |0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)|dab=yes}}
|[[#Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| colspan="2" |2
| colspan="2" |1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|[[#Assam|Assam]]
| colspan="2" |2
| colspan="2" |1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|[[#Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| colspan="2" |2
| colspan="2" |2
|-
| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|[[#Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
|colspan="2" |2
| colspan="2" |0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|[[#Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| colspan="2" |2
| colspan="2" |2
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|[[#Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
| colspan="2" |1
| colspan="2" |1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|[[#Bihar|Bihar]]
| colspan="2" |1
| colspan="2" |1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|[[#Manipur|Manipur]]
| colspan="2" |1
| colspan="2" |0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|[[#Nagaland|Nagaland]]
| colspan="2" |1
| colspan="2" |0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|dab=yes}}
|[[#Sikkim|Sikkim]]
| colspan="2" |1
| colspan="2" |1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|[[#Bihar|Bihar]]
| colspan="2" |1
| colspan="2" |0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[#Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| colspan="2" |1
| colspan="2" |0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
|[[#Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| colspan="2" |1
| colspan="2" |0
|-
| {{Full party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|[[#Assam|Assam]]
| colspan="2" |1
| colspan="2" |1
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|[[#Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| colspan="2" |1
| colspan="2" |0
|-
! colspan=3| Total
! colspan=2|541
! colspan="2" |293
|}

==Andaman and Nicobar Islands==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
[[File:2024_Lok_Sabha_Andman_and_Nicobar_Islands_NDA.png|75px|right]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|1}}
{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!Poll On
!colspan="3"|Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==Andhra Pradesh==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:2024 NDA Alliance Lok Sabha Seat Sharing Andhra Pradesh.svg|225px|right]]
{{Party legend|Telugu Desam Party|17}} 
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|6}} 
{{Party legend|Jana Sena Party|2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]] (ST)
| rowspan="25" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Kothapalli Geetha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!2
|[[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
|[[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!3
|[[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|[[Appalanaidu Kalisetti | Kalisetty Appala Naidu]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
|[[Mathukumilli Bharat]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!5
|[[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
|[[C. M. Ramesh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!6
|[[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|[[Tangella Uday Srinivas]]
|{{party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!7
|[[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]] (SC)
|[[Harish Balayogi GM | Ganti Harish Madhur]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!8
|[[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|[[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!9
|[[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]
|[[Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!10
|[[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|[[Putta Mahesh Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!11
|[[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|[[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]
|{{party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!12
|[[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
|[[Kesineni Chinni|Kesineni Sivanath]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!13
|[[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
|[[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!14
|[[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|[[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!15
|[[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]] (SC)
|[[Krishna Prasad Tenneti]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!16
|[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|[[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!17
|[[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
|[[Byreddy Shabari]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!18
|[[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
|[[Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!19
|[[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
|[[Ambica G Lakshminarayana Valmiki]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!20
|[[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
|[[B. K. Parthasarathi]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!21
|[[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
|Chadipiralla Bhupesh Reddy
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!22
|[[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|[[Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!23
|[[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]] (SC)
|[[Velagapalli Varaprasad Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!24
|[[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
|[[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!25
|[[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]] (SC)
|[[Daggumalla Prasada Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==Arunachal Pradesh==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[File:Arunachal Pradesh NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png |right|225px|Arunachal Pradesh NDA]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|2}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!Poll On
!colspan="3"|Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[Kiren Rijiju]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
|[[Tapir Gao]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==Assam==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Assam}}
[[File:Assam 2024 NDA seat share.png|2024 NDA Alliance Lok Sabha Seat Sharing Assam|right|225px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|11}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-03 |title=Lok Sabha polls 2024: BJP shares revised list of candidates for Assam. Know why |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lok-sabha-polls-2024-bjp-shares-revised-list-of-candidates-for-assam-know-why-101709449519427.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> 
{{Party legend|Asom Gana Parishad|2}} 
{{Party legend|United People's Party Liberal|1}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
!colspan="3"|Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Joyanta Basumatary]]
|{{ party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
|[[Zabed Islam]]
|{{ party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!3
|[[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
|[[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
|{{ party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|[[Dilip Saikia]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!5
|[[Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
|bgcolor=#7B68EE| 7 May 2024
|Bijuli Kalita Medhi
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!6
|[[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu]] (ST)
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|Amarsing Tisso
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!7
|[[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]
|[[Kripanath Mallah]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!8
|[[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]] (SC)
|[[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!9
|[[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
|Suresh Bora
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!10
|[[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!11
|[[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
|[[Ranjit Dutta]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!12
|[[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|[[Pradan Baruah]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!13
|[[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!14
|[[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
|[[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Bihar==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Bihar}}
[[File:NDA Seat Sharing Bihar 2024.png|2024 Lok Sabha NDA Seat Sharing in Bihar|right|200px]]
{{party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|17}} 
{{party legend|Janata Dal (United)|16}} 
{{party legend|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|5}} 
{{party legend|Hindustani Awam Morcha|1}} 
{{legend2|#999966|[[Rashtriya Lok Morcha|RLM]] (1) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Sunil Kumar Kushwaha]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Paschim Champaran]]
|[[Sanjay Jaiswal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!3
|[[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]]
|[[Radha Mohan Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
|[[Lovely Anand]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!5
|[[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|[[Devesh Chandra Thakur]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!6
|[[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!7
|[[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Ramprit Mandal]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!8
|[[Supaul Lok Sabha constituency|Supaul]]
|[[Dileshwar Kamait]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!9
|[[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!10
|[[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|[[Mujahid Alam]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!11
|[[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]
|[[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!12
|[[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]]
|[[Santosh Kumar Kushwaha]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!13
|[[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]
|bgcolor=#7B68EE| 7 May 2024
|[[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!14
|[[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
|bgcolor=#E9967A| 13 May 2024
|[[Gopal Jee Thakur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!15
|[[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093| 20 May 2024
|Raj Bhusan Nishad
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!16
|[[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Veena Devi]]
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!17
|[[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj]] (SC)
|[[Alok Kumar Suman]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!18
|[[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
|Vijayalakshmi Devi Kushwaha
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!19
|[[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
|[[Janardan Singh Sigriwal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!20
|[[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!21
|[[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]] (SC)
|[[Chirag Paswan]]
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!22
|[[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiarpur]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Nityanand Rai]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!23
|[[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]] (SC)
|Shambhavi Chaudhary
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!24
|[[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]
|[[Giriraj Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!25
|[[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
|bgcolor=#7B68EE| 7 May 2024
|Rajesh Verma
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!26
|[[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|[[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!27
|[[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
|[[Giridhari Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!28
|[[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
|bgcolor=#E9967A| 13 May 2024
|[[Lalan Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!29
|[[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]
| rowspan="8" bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|[[Kaushalendra Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!30
|[[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Sahib]]
|[[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!31
|[[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency|Pataliputra]]
|[[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!32
|[[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]
|[[R. K. Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!33
|[[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]
|[[Mithlesh Tiwari]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!34
|[[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]] (SC)
|[[Shivesh Kumar|Shivesh Ram]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!35
|[[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]]
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#999966|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Morcha|RLM]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
!36
|[[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]
|[[Chandeshwar Prasad]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!37
|[[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!38
|[[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya]] (SC)
|[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|{{party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!39
|[[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]]
|[[Vivek Thakur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!40
|[[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui]] (SC)
|Arun Bharti
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==Chandigarh==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh}}
[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Chandigarh NDA.svg|2024 Lok Sabha Chandigarh NDA|right|75px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|1}}
{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!Poll On
!colspan="3"|Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]
|bgcolor=#9ACD32| 1 June 2024
|[[Sanjay Tandon]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Chhattisgarh==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh}}
[[File:Chhattisgarh NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|right|Chhattisgarh NDA |100px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|11}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
!colspan="3"|Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja]] (ST)
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]] (ST)
|[[Radheshyam Rathiya]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!3
|[[Janjgir-Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir-Champa]] (SC)
|[[Kamlesh Jangde]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Korba Lok Sabha constituency|Korba]]
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!5
|[[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]
|[[Tokhan Sahu]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!6
|[[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA| 26 April 2024
|[[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!7
|[[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!8
|[[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!9
|[[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
| bgcolor=#87CEFA| 26 April 2024
|[[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!10
|[[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!11
|[[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]] (ST)
| bgcolor=#87CEFA| 26 April 2024
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu}}
[[File:2024_Lok_Sabha_DNH_NDA.png|50px|right]][[File:2024_Lok_Sabha_DD_NDA.png|50px|right]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|2}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli Lok Sabha constituency|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Kalaben Delkar]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[Daman and Diu Lok Sabha constituency|Daman and Diu]]
|[[Lalubhai Patel]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

== Delhi ==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Delhi}}
[[File:Delhi NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|right|100px|Delhi NDA]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|7}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
|1
|[[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
| rowspan="7" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Praveen Khandelwal]]
| {{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|2
|[[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North East Delhi]]
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
| {{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|3
|[[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
|[[Harsh Malhotra]]
| {{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|4
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
|[[Bansuri Swaraj]]
| {{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|5
|[[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi]] (SC)
|[[Yogender Chandoliya]]
| {{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|6
|[[West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|West Delhi]]
|[[Kamaljeet Sehrawat]]
| {{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|7
|[[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
|[[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]]
| {{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==Goa==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Goa}}
[[File:Goa_NDA_Seat_Sharing.png|right|75px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|2}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|North Goa]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Shripad Naik]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa]]
|Pallavi Srinivas Dempo
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Gujarat==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Gujarat}}
[[File:Gujarat NDA Seat Sharing.png|right|100px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|26}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!Poll On
!colspan="3"|Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]] (SC)
| rowspan="26" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Vinodbhai Chavda]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
|Rekhaben Chaudhary
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!3
|[[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
|[[Bharatsinhji Dabhi]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
|Haribhai Patel
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!5
|[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
|Shobhanaben Baraiya
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!6
|[[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
|[[Amit Shah]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!7
|[[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
|[[Hasmukh Patel (politician)|Hashmukh Patel]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!8
|[[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]] (SC)
|Dinesh Makwana
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!9
|[[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
|Chandubhai Shihora
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!10
|[[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]]
|[[Parshottam Rupala]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!11
|[[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
|[[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!12
|[[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jamnagar]]
|[[Poonamben Maadam]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!13
|[[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
|[[Rajesh Chudasama]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!14
|[[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
|Bharat Sutariya
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!15
|[[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
|Nimuben Bambhania
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!16
|[[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
|[[Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel|Mitesh Patel]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!17
|[[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
|[[Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan|Devusinh Chauhan]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!18
|[[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
|Rajpalsinh Mahendrasinh Jadhav
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!19
|[[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency|Dahod]] (ST)
|[[Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor|Jasvantsinh Bhabhor]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!20
|[[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
|Hemang Joshi
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!21
|[[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]] (ST)
|Jashubhai Rathwa
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!22
|[[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]
|[[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!23
|[[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]] (ST)
|[[Parbhubhai Vasava]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!24
|[[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
|[[Mukesh Dalal]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!25
|[[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
|[[C. R. Patil]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!26
|[[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]] (ST)
|Dhaval Patel
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|}

==Haryana==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Haryana}}
[[File:Haryana NDA Seat Sharing.png|right|75px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|10}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!Poll On
!colspan="3"|Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]] (SC)
| rowspan="10" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|Banto Kataria
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!2
|[[Kurukshetra Lok Sabha constituency|Kurukshetra]]
|[[Naveen Jindal]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!3
|[[Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency|Sirsa]] (SC)
|[[Ashok Tanwar]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!4
|[[Hisar Lok Sabha constituency|Hisar]]
|[[Ranjit Singh Chautala]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!5
|[[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency|Karnal]]
|[[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!6
|[[Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency|Sonipat]]
|[[Mohan Lal Badoli]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!7
|[[Rohtak Lok Sabha constituency|Rohtak]]
|[[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!8
|[[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwani–Mahendragarh]]
|[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!9
|[[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Gurgaon]]
|[[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!10
|[[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad]]
|[[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|}

==Himachal Pradesh==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh}}
[[File:Himachal NDA Seat Sharing.png|right|100px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|4}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|[[Rajeev Bhardwaj]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
|[[Kangana Ranaut]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!3
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
|[[Anurag Thakur]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]] (SC)
|[[Suresh Kumar Kashyap]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

== Jammu and Kashmir ==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir}}
[[File:2024 Lok Sabha NDA Jammu and Kashmir Map.svg|2024 Lok Sabha NDA Jammu and Kashmir Map|right|100px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency|Baramulla]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
! colspan="4" rowspan="3" |DNC
|-
!2
|[[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Srinagar]]
|bgcolor=#E9967A| 13 May 2024
|-
!3
|[[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag–Rajouri]]
|bgcolor=#6495ED| 25 May 2024
|-
!4
|[[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]
|bgcolor=#FFFACD| 19 April 2024
|[[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!5
|[[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA| 26 April 2024
|[[Jugal Kishore Sharma]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==Jharkhand==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Jharkhand}}
[[File:2024 NDA Alliance Lok Sabha Seat Sharing Jharkhand.svg|NDA seat sharing in Jharkhand|150px|right]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|13}} 
{{Party legend|All Jharkhand Students Union|1}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|[[Tala Marandi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!2
|[[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]] (ST)
|[[Sita Soren]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!3
|[[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
|[[Nishikant Dubey]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|Kalicharan Singh
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!5
|[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]]
|[[Annpurna Devi]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!6
|[[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
|{{ party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!7
|[[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
|[[Dulu Mahato]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!8
|[[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
|[[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!9
|[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
|[[Bidyut Baran Mahato]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!10
|[[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]] (ST)
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Geeta Koda]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!11
|[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]] (ST)
|[[Arjun Munda]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!12
|[[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]] (ST)
|[[Sameer Oraon]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!13
|[[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamau]] (SC)
|[[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!14
|[[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|Manish Jaiswal
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==Karnataka==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Karnataka}}
[[File:2024 Karnataka NDA seat share Lok Sabha election.jpg|150px|right]]

{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|25}} 
{{Party legend|Janata Dal (Secular)|3}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]
|Rowspan=14 bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Annasaheb Jolle]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!2
|[[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]
|[[Jagadish Shettar]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!3
|[[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot]]
|[[P. C. Gaddigoudar]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]] (SC)
|[[Ramesh Jigajinagi]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!5
|[[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]] (SC)
|[[Umesh. G. Jadhav]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!6
|[[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]] (ST)
|[[Raja Amareshwara Naik]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!7
|[[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency|Bidar]]
|[[Bhagwanth Khuba]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!8
|[[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]
|Basavaraj Kyavator
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!9
|[[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]] (ST)
|[[B. Sriramulu]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!10
|[[Haveri Lok Sabha constituency|Haveri]]
|[[Basavaraj Bommai]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!11
|[[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad]]
|[[Pralhad Joshi]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!12
|[[Uttara Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Uttara Kannada]]
|[[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!13
|[[Davanagere Lok Sabha constituency|Davanagere]]
|Gayathri Siddeshwara
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!14
|[[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]
|[[B. Y. Raghavendra]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!15
|[[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi Chikmagalur]]
|Rowspan=14 bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|[[Kota Srinivas Poojary]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!16
|[[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]
|[[Prajwal Revanna]]
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
!17
|[[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada]]
|Brijesh Chowta
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!18
|[[Chitradurga Lok Sabha constituency|Chitradurga]] (SC)
|[[Govind Karjol]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!19
|[[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
|[[V. Somanna]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!20
|[[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
|[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
|{{Won}}
|-
!21
|[[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
|[[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!22
|[[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar]] (SC)
|S. Balaraj
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!23
|[[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]]
|[[C. N. Manjunath]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!24
|[[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]
|[[Shobha Karandlaje]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!25
|[[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Central]]
|[[P. C. Mohan]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!26
|[[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]
|[[Tejasvi Surya]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!27
|[[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikballapur]]
|[[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!28
|[[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]] (SC)
|M. Mallesh Babu
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

== Kerala ==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Kerala}}
[[File:2024 Kerala Lok Sabha election NDA seat share.png|100px|right]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|16}} 
{{Party legend|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|4}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency|Kasaragod]]
|Rowspan=20 bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|M. L. Ashwini
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!2
|[[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Kannur]]
|C. Raghunath
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!3
|[[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency|Vatakara]]
|Prafulla Krishna
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!4
|[[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]]
|[[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!5
|[[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Kozhikode]]
|M. T. Ramesh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!6
|[[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]
|Dr. Abdul Salam
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!7
|[[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency|Ponnani]]
|Niveditha Subramanian
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!8
|[[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
|C. Krishnakumar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!9
|[[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency|Alathur]] (SC)
|Dr. T. N. Sarasu
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!10
|[[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur]]
|[[Suresh Gopi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!11
|[[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency|Chalakudy]]
|K.A. Unnikrishnan
|{{party name with color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!12
|[[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]
|Dr. KS Radhakrishnan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!13
|[[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency|Idukki]]
|Sangeetha Vishwanathan
|{{party name with color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!14
|[[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]
|Thushar Vellappally
|{{party name with color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!15
|[[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]
|[[Sobha Surendran]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!16
|[[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]] (SC)
|Baiju Kalasala
|{{party name with color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!17
|[[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency|Pathanamthitta]]
|Anil K. Antony
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!18
|[[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Kollam]]
|[[Krishna Kumar (actor)|G. Krishnkumar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!19
|[[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency|Attingal]]
|[[V. Muraleedharan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!20
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|}

==Ladakh==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Ladakh}}
[[File:2024 Lok Sabha NDA Ladakh Map.svg|2024 Lok Sabha NDA Ladakh Map|right|100px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|1}}
{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]
| bgcolor=#DB7093| 20 May 2024
|Tashi Gyalson
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Lakshadweep ==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Lakshadweep}}
{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|1}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep]] (ST)
| bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|T. P. Yusuf
|{{ party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Madhya Pradesh==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh}}
[[File:Madhya Pradesh NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|right|100px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|29}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Morena Lok Sabha constituency|Morena]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Shivmangal Singh Tomar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind]] (SC)
|[[Sandhya Ray]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!3
|[[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]
|[[Bharat Singh Kushwah]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna]]
|[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!5
|[[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sagar]]
|[[Lata Wankhede]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!6
|[[Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Tikamgarh]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|[[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!7
|[[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh]]
|[[Rahul Lodhi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!8
|[[Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency|Khajuraho]]
|[[V. D. Sharma]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!9
|[[Satna Lok Sabha constituency|Satna]]
|[[Ganesh Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!10
|[[Rewa Lok Sabha constituency|Rewa]]
|[[Janardan Mishra]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!11
|[[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[Rajesh Mishra]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!12
|[[Shahdol Lok Sabha constituency|Shahdol]] (ST)
|[[Himadri Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!13
|[[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur]]
|[[Ashish Dubey]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!14
|[[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency|Mandla]] (ST)
|[[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!15
|[[Balaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balaghat]]
|[[Bharti Pardhi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!16
|[[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]
|[[Vivek Bunty Sahu]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!17
|[[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshangabad]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA| 26 April 2024
|[[Darshan Singh Choudhary]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!18
|[[Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency|Vidisha]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!19
|[[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]]
|Alok Sharma
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!20
|[[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Rajgarh]]
|[[Rodmal Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!21
|[[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency|Dewas]] (SC)
| rowspan="8" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Mahendra Solanki]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!22
|[[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency|Ujjain]] (SC)
|[[Anil Firojiya]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!23
|[[Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency|Mandsaur]]
|[[Sudhir Gupta]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!24
|[[Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency|Ratlam]] (ST)
|[[Anita Nagar Singh Chouhan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!25
|[[Dhar Lok Sabha constituency|Dhar]] (ST)
|[[Savitri Thakur]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!26
|[[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]
|[[Shankar Lalwani]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!27
|[[Khargone Lok Sabha constituency|Khargone]] (ST)
|[[Gajendra Patel]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!28
|[[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency|Khandwa]]
|[[Gyaneswar Patil]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!29
|[[Betul Lok Sabha constituency|Betul]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#7B68EE| 7 May 2024
|[[Durga Das Uikey]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==Maharashtra==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra}}
[[File:2024 NDA Alliance Lok Sabha Seat Sharing Maharashtra.svg|225px|right]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|28}} 
{{Party legend|Shiv Sena|15}} 
{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|4}} 
{{Party legend|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|1}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#E9967A| 13 May 2024
|[[Heena Gavit]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!2
|[[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule]]
| bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|[[Subhash Bhamre]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!3
|[[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Smita Wagh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Raver Lok Sabha constituency|Raver]]
|[[Raksha Khadse]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!5
|[[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav|Prataprao Jadhav]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!6
|[[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
|[[Anup Dhotre]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!7
|[[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]] (SC)
|[[Navneet Kaur Rana]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{lost}}
|-
!8
|[[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]
|[[Ramdas Tadas]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!9
|[[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[Raju Devnath Parwe|Raju Parwe]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!10
|[[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!11
|[[Bhandara-Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara-Gondiya]]
|[[Sunil Baburao Mendhe|Sunil Mendhe]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!12
|[[Gadchiroli-Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Gadchiroli-Chimur]] (ST)
|[[Ashok Nete]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!13
|[[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
|[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!14
|[[Yavatmal-Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal-Washim]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|Rajashri Patil
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!15
|[[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]
|Baburao Kadam Kohalikar
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!16
|[[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
|[[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar|Prataprao Chikhalikar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!17
|[[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
|[[Mahadev Jankar]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!18
|[[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Raosaheb Danve]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{lost}}
|-
!19
|[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
|[[Sandipanrao Bhumre]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!20
|[[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]] (ST)
| rowspan="12" bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|[[Bharati Pawar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!21
|[[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
|[[Hemant Godse]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!22
|[[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]] (ST)
|[[Hemant Vishnu Savara]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!23
|[[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]]
|[[Kapil Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!24
|[[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
|[[Shrikant Shinde]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!25
|[[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thane]]
|[[Naresh Mhaske]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!26
|[[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]
|[[Piyush Goyal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!27
|[[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]
|[[Ravindra Waikar]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!28
|[[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
|[[Mihir Kotecha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!29
|[[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]
|[[Ujjwal Nikam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!30
|[[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]
|[[Rahul Shewale]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!31
|[[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
|[[Yamini Jadhav]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!32
|[[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]
|bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Sunil Tatkare]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!33
|[[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#E9967A| 13 May 2024
|[[Shrirang Barne]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!34
|[[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]]
|[[Murlidhar Mohol]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!35
|[[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
|bgcolor=#7B68EE| 7 May 2024
|Sunetra Pawar
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!36
|[[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency|Shirur]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!37
|[[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
|[[Sujay Vikhe Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!38
|[[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]] (SC)
|[[Sadashiv Lokhande]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!39
|[[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
|[[Pankaja Munde]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!40
|[[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Osmanabad]]
| rowspan="9" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
| Archana Ranajagjitsinha Patil
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!41
|[[Latur Lok Sabha constituency|Latur]] (SC)
|[[Sudhakar Tukaram Shrangare|Sudhakar Shrangare]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!42
|[[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]] (SC)
|[[Ram Satpute]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!43
|[[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]
|[[Ranjit Naik-Nimbalkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!44
|[[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]
|[[Sanjaykaka Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!45
|[[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]
|[[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!46
|[[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg]]
|[[Narayan Rane]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!47
|[[Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency|Kolhapur]]
|[[Sanjay Mandlik]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!48
|[[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|Hatkanangle]]
|[[Dhairyasheel Sambhajirao Mane|Dhairyasheel Mane]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

== Manipur==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Manipur}}
[[File:2024 Lok Sabha NDA Alliance Seat Sharing Manipur.svg|2024 Lok Sabha NDA Alliance Seat Sharing Manipur|right|100px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|1}} 
{{Party legend|Naga People's Front|1}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! Colspan=2|Poll on
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Inner Manipur]]
|Colspan=2 bgcolor=#FFFACD| 19 April 2024
|Thounaojam Basanta Kumar Singh
| {{ party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!2
|[[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#FFFACD| 19 April 2024
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|Kachui Timothy Zimik
| {{ party name with colour|Naga People's Front}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Meghalaya==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Meghalaya}}
[[File:2024 Lok Sabha NDA Seat Sharing Meghalaya.svg|2024 Lok Sabha NDA Seat Sharing Meghalaya|right|150px]]
{{Party legend|National People's Party (India)|2}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong (ST)]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[Ampareen Lyngdoh]]
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!2
|[[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura (ST)]]
|[[Agatha Sangma]]
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Mizoram==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Mizoram}}
[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Mizoram NDA.svg|right|75px|Mizoram NDA]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|1}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram (ST)]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|Vanlalhmuaka
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

== Nagaland ==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Nagaland}}
[[File:Nagaland NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|right|75px|Nagaland NDA]]
{{Party legend|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|1}}
{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|Chumben Murry
|{{ party name with colour|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

== Odisha ==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Odisha}}
[[File:Odisha NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|150px|right]]{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janta Party|21}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Bargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bargarh]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|[[Pradip Purohit]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh]] (ST)
|[[Jual Oram]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!3
|[[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sambalpur]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency|Keonjhar]] (ST)
|[[Ananta Nayak]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!5
|[[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]] (ST)
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|[[Naba Charan Majhi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!6
|[[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
|[[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!7
|[[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak]] (SC)
|[[Avimanyu Sethi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!8
|[[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]] (SC)
|[[Rabindra Narayan Behera]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!9
|[[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency|Dhenkanal]]
|bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Rudra Narayan Pany]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!10
|[[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency|Bolangir]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|[[Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!11
|[[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Malvika Devi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!12
|[[Nabarangpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nabarangpur]] (ST)
|[[Balabhadra Majhi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!13
|[[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency|Kandhamal]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|[[Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!14
|[[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]
|bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!15
|[[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|[[Baijayant Panda]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!16
|[[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]] (SC)
|[[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!17
|[[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Sambit Patra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!18
|[[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Aparajita Sarangi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!19
|[[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|[[Anita Subhadarshini]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!20
|[[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!21
|[[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]] (ST)
|Kaleram Majhi
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Puducherry ==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Puducherry}}
[[File:2024_Lok_Sabha_NDA_PY.jpg|50px|right]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|1}}
{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry]]
|bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[A. Namassivayam]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Punjab==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Punjab}}
[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Punjab NDA Coloured.svg|2024 Lok Sabha Punjab NDA Coloured|right|100px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|13}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| rowspan="13" bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|[[Dinesh Singh (Punjab politician)|Dinesh Singh]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!2
|[[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]
|[[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!3
|[[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
|Manjeet Singh Manna Miawind
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!4
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]] (SC)
|[[Sushil Kumar Rinku]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!5
|[[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]] (SC)
|Anita Som Parkash
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!6
|[[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
|Subhash Sharma
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!7
|[[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
|[[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!8
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]] (SC)
|Gejja Ram Valmiki
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!9
|[[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]] (SC)
|[[Hans Raj Hans]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!10
|[[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozpur]]
|[[Rana Gurmit Singh Sodhi]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!11
|[[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda]]
|Parampal Kaur Sidhu
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!12
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
|[[Arvind Khanna]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!13
|[[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]
|[[Preneet Kaur]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Rajasthan==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Rajasthan}}
[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Rajasthan NDA.svg|2024 Lok Sabha Rajasthan NDA|right|125px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|25}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ganganagar]] (SC)
| rowspan="11" bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|Priyanka Balan
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!2
|[[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency|Bikaner]] (SC)
|[[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!3
|[[Churu Lok Sabha constituency|Churu]]
|[[Devendra Jhajharia]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!4
|[[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]]
|[[Shubhkaran Choudhary]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!5
|[[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency|Sikar]]
|[[Sumedhanand Saraswati]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!6
|[[Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur Rural]]
|[[Rao Rajendra Singh]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!7
|[[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur]]
|[[Manju Sharma (politician)|Manju Sharma]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!8
|[[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
|[[Bhupender Yadav]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!9
|[[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]] (SC)
|[[Ramswaroop Koli]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!10
|[[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli–Dholpur]] (SC)
|Indu Devi Jatav
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!11
|[[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]] (ST)
|Kanhaiya Lal Meena
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!12
|[[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk–Sawai Madhopur]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|[[Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!13
|[[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer]]
|[[Bhagirath Chaudhary]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!14
|[[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]
|bgcolor=#FFFACD| 19 April 2024
|[[Jyoti Mirdha]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!15
|[[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
| rowspan="11" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|[[P. P. Chaudhary]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!16
|[[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jodhpur]]
|[[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!17
|[[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency|Barmer]]
|[[Kailash Choudhary]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!18
|[[Jalore Lok Sabha constituency|Jalore]]
|[[Lumbaram Choudhary]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!19
|[[Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Udaipur]] (ST)
|[[Manna Lal Rawat]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!20
|[[Banswara Lok Sabha constituency|Banswara]] (ST)
|[[Mahendrajeet Singh Malviya]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!21
|[[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]]
|[[Chandra Prakash Joshi]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!22
|[[Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency|Rajsamand]]
|[[Mahima Kumari Mewar]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!23
|[[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]]
|[[Damodar Agarwal]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!24
|[[Kota Lok Sabha constituency|Kota]]
|[[Om Birla]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!25
|[[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency|Jhalawar–Baran]]
|[[Dushyant Singh]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==Sikkim==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Sikkim}}
[[File:Sikkim NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|right|75px]][[File:Sikkim Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|right|75px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|1}} 
{{Party legend|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|1}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!rowspan="2"|1
|rowspan="2"|[[Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency|Sikkim]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FFFACD| 19 April 2024
|Dinesh Chandra Nepal
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
||[[Indra Hang Subba]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|{{Won}}
|}

==Tamil Nadu==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:2024 NDA Alliance Lok Sabha Seat Sharing Tamil Nadu.svg|right|175px|Tamil Nadu NDA]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|23}} 
{{Party legend|Pattali Makkal Katchi|10}} 
{{Party legend|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|3}} 
{{Party legend|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam|2}} 
{{Party legend|Independent politician|1}} 
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
|1
|[[Thiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvallur]] (SC)
|Rowspan=39 bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
| Pon V Balaganapathy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|2
|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
|R. C. Paul Kanagaraj
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|3
|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|4
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]
| Vinoj P. Selvam
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|5
|[[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|V.N. Venugopal
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|6
|[[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kancheepuram]] (SC)
| Jothi Venkatesh
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|7
|[[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]
|K. Balu
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|8
|[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
| [[A. C. Shanmugam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|9
|[[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|C. Narasimhan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|10
|[[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|Sowmiya Anbumani
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|11
|[[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|A Ashwathaman
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|12
|[[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]
|[[A. Ganeshkumar]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|13
|[[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency|Villupuram]] (SC)
|Murali Shankar
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|14
|[[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]
| Devdas Wodeyar
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|15
|[[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
|Annadurai
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|16
|[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
|[[K. P. Ramalingam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|17
|[[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]
|P. Vijayakumar
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|18
|[[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
| A.P. Muruganandam
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|19
|[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]] (SC)
|[[L. Murugan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|20
|[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|{{ill|K. Annamalai (BJP Politician)|lt=K. Annamalai|ta|அண்ணாமலை குப்புசாமி}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|21
|[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
|K Vasantharajan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|22
|[[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
|M. Thilagabama
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|23
|[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
|V. V. Senthil Nathan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|24
|[[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
|Senthilnathan
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|25
|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
|[[T. R. Paarivendhar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|26
|[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
|[[Thangar Bachan]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|27
|[[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]] (SC)
|[[P. Karthiyayini]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|28
|[[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|M.K.Stalin
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|29
|[[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]] (SC)
|SGM Ramesh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|30
|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]
|M Muruganandam
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|31
|[[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
|T Devanathan Yadav
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|32
|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
| Raama Sreenivasan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|33
|[[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]]
| [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran|T. T. V. Dinakaran]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|34
|[[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|[[Radhika Sarathkumar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|35
|[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam|O. Paneerselvam]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|36
|[[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukudi]]
|S. D. R. Vijayaseelan
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|37
|[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]] (SC)
| B John Pandian
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|38
|[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|39
|[[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanyakumari]]
|[[Pon Radhakrishnan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|}

==Telangana==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Telangana}}
[[File:Telangana NDA Seat Sharing.png|right|125px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|17}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]] (ST)
| rowspan="17" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[G. Nagesh|Godam Nagesh]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]] (SC)
|Gomasa Srinivas
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!3
|[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!4
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!5
|[[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
|[[B. B. Patil|Bheemarao Basawanthrao Patil]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!6
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
|[[Raghunandan Rao]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!7
|[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!8
|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy|Gangapuram Kishan Reddy]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!9
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|Kompella Madhavi Latha
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!10
|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!11
|[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|[[D. K. Aruna|Dharmavarapu Kottam Aruna]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!12
|[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]] (SC)
|Pothuganti Bharath Prasad
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!13
|[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[Shanampudi Saidireddy]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!14
|[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!15
|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]] (SC)
|Aroori Ramesh
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!16
|[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]] (ST)
|[[Sitaram Naik|Azmeera Seetaram Naik]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
!17
|[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
|Tandra Vinod Rao
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

== Tripura ==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Tripura}}
[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Tripura NDA.svg|2024 Lok Sabha Tripura NDA|right|75px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|2}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
!1
|[[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
|bgcolor=#FFFACD| 19 April 2024
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!2
|[[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|[[Kriti Singh Debbarma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|}

==Uttar Pradesh==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh}}
[[File:2024 NDA Alliance Lok Sabha Seat Sharing Uttar Pradesh.svg|2024 NDA Alliance Lok Sabha Seat Sharing Uttar Pradesh|right|150px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|75}} 
{{Party legend|Rashtriya Lok Dal|2}} 
{{Party legend|Apna Dal (Soneylal)|2}} 
{{Party legend|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|1}} 
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
|1
|[[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saharanpur]]
| rowspan="7" bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[Raghav Lakhanpal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|2
|[[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar (politician)|Pradeep Kumar Chaudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|3
|[[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]
|[[Sanjeev Balyan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|4
|[[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor]]
|[[Chandan Chauhan]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|5
|[[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency|Nagina]] (SC)
|[[Om Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|6
|[[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency|Moradabad]]
|[[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|7
|[[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]]
|[[Ghanshyam Singh Lodhi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|8
|[[Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency|Sambhal]]
|bgcolor=#7B68EE| 7 May 2024
|Parmeshwar Lal Saini
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|9
|[[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency|Amroha]]
| rowspan="7" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|[[Kanwar Singh Tanwar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|10
|[[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]
|[[Arun Govil]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|11
|[[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]
|Rajkumar Sangwan
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|12
|[[Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ghaziabad]]
|[[Atul Garg]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|13
|[[Gautam Buddh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gautam Buddh Nagar]]
|[[Mahesh Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|14
|[[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]] (SC)
|[[Bhola Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Bhola Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|15
|[[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]]
|[[Satish Kumar Gautam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|16
|[[Hathras Lok Sabha constituency|Hathras]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#7B68EE| 7 May 2024
|[[Anoop Pradhan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|17
|[[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency|Mathura]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA| 26 April 2024
|[[Hema Malini]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|18
|[[Agra Lok Sabha constituency|Agra]] (SC)
| rowspan="8" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|19
|[[Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur Sikri]]
|[[Rajkumar Chahar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|20
|[[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency|Firozabad]]
|Thakur Vishwadeep Singh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|21
|[[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]]
|[[Jaiveer Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|22
|[[Etah Lok Sabha constituency|Etah]]
|[[Rajveer Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|23
|[[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency|Badaun]]
|Durvijay Singh Shakya
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|24
|[[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency|Aonla]]
|[[Dharmendra Kashyap]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|25
|[[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]
|[[Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|26
|[[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency|Pilibhit]]
|bgcolor=#FFFACD| 19 April 2024
|[[Jitin Prasada]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|27
|[[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Shahjahanpur]] (SC)
| rowspan="7" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Arun Kumar Sagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|28
|[[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency|Kheri]]
|[[Ajay Mishra Teni]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|29
|[[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency|Dhaurahra]]
|[[Rekha Verma (born 1973)|Rekha Verma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|30
|[[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency|Sitapur]]
|[[Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)|Rajesh Verma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|31
|[[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency|Hardoi]] (SC)
|[[Jai Prakash|Jai Prakash Rawat]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|32
|[[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency|Misrikh]] (SC)
|[[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|33
|[[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency|Unnao]]
|[[Sakshi Maharaj]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|34
|[[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Mohanlalganj]] (SC)
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|[[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|35
|[[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
|[[Rajnath Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|36
|[[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]
|[[Dinesh Pratap Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|37
|[[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]
|[[Smriti Irani]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|38
|[[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sultanpur]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Maneka Gandhi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|39
|[[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]]
|[[Sangam Lal Gupta]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|40
|[[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Mukesh Rajput]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|41
|[[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency|Etawah]] (SC)
|[[Ram Shankar Katheria]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|42
|[[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]]
|[[Subrat Pathak]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|43
|[[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur Urban]]
|Ramesh Awasthi
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|44
|[[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur]]
|[[Devendra Singh (politician)|Devendra Singh Bhole]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|45
|[[Jalaun Lok Sabha constituency|Jalaun]] (SC)
| rowspan="6" bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|[[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|46
|[[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency|Jhansi]]
|[[Anurag Sharma (politician)|Anurag Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|47
|[[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
|[[Pushpendra Singh Chandel|Kunwar Pushpendra Singh Chandel]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|48
|[[Banda Lok Sabha constituency|Banda]]
|[[R. K. Singh Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|49
|[[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur]]
|[[Niranjan Jyoti|Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|50
|[[Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency|Kaushambi]] (SC)
|[[Vinod Sonkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|51
|[[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency|Phulpur]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|Praveen Patel
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|52
|[[Prayagraj Lok Sabha constituency|Prayagraj]]
|Neeraj Tripathi
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|53
|[[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency|Barabanki]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|Rajrani Rawat
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|54
|[[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faizabad]]
|[[Lallu Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|55
|[[Ambedkar Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|bgcolor=#6495ED| 25 May 2024
|[[Ritesh Pandey]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|56
|[[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#E9967A| 13 May 2024
|Arvind Gond
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|57
|[[Kaiserganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kaiserganj]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093| 20 May 2024
|Karan Bhushan Singh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|58
|[[Shravasti Lok Sabha constituency|Shravasti]]
|bgcolor=#6495ED| 25 May 2024
|[[Saket Misra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|59
|[[Gonda Lok Sabha constituency|Gonda]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093| 20 May 2024
|[[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|60
|[[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Domariyaganj]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Jagdambika Pal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|61
|[[Basti Lok Sabha constituency|Basti]]
|[[Harish Dwivedi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|62
|[[Sant Kabir Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
|[[Praveen Kumar Nishad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|63
|[[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|[[Pankaj Chaudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|64
|[[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]
|[[Ravi Kishan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|65
|[[Kushi Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Kushi Nagar]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Dubey]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|66
|[[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency|Deoria]]
|[[Shashank Mani|Shashank Mani Tripathi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|67
|[[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon]] (SC)
|[[Kamlesh Paswan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|68
|[[Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Lalganj]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Neelam Sonkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|69
|[[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]]
|[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|70
|[[Ghosi Lok Sabha constituency|Ghosi]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|Arvind Rajbhar
|{{party name with color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|71
|[[Salempur Lok Sabha constituency|Salempur]]
|[[Ravindra Kushawaha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|72
|[[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]
|[[Neeraj Shekhar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|73
|[[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaunpur]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Kripashankar Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|74
|[[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency|Machhlishahr]] (SC)
|[[B. P. Saroj]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|75
|[[Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghazipur]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|Parasnath Rai
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|76
|[[Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency|Chandauli]]
|[[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|77
|[[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]]
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|78
|[[Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadohi]]
|bgcolor=#6495ED| 25 May 2024
|[[Vinod Kumar Bind]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|79
|[[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|[[Anupriya Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|80
|[[Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency|Robertsganj]] (SC)
|[[Rinki Kol]]
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}
|{{Lost}}
|}

==Uttarakhand==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in Uttarakhand}}
[[File:Uttarakhand NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|right|100px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|5}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll On
! colspan="3" |Candidate
!Result
|-
|1
|[[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
|Rowspan=5 bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|2
|[[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|3
|[[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]] (SC)
|[[Ajay Tamta]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|4
|[[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|5
|[[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{ party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

== West Bengal ==
{{Main|2024 Indian general election in West Bengal}}
[[File:West Bengal NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|right|100px]]
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|42}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Constituency
!Poll On
!Candidate
!colspan="2"|Party
!Result
|-
|1
|[[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar]] (SC)
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|[[Nisith Pramanik]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|2
|[[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars]] (ST)
|[[Manoj Tigga]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|3
|[[Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency|Jalpaiguri]] (SC)
|[[Jayanta Kumar Roy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|4
|[[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|[[Raju Bista]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|5
|[[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]
|Kartik Paul
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|6
|[[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat]]
|[[Sukanta Majumdar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|7
|[[Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Uttar]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|[[Khagen Murmu]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|8
|[[Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Dakshin]]
|[[Sreerupa Mitra Chaudhury|Sreerupa Mitra Chowdhury]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|9
|[[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]
|Dhananjay Ghosh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|10
|[[Berhampore Lok Sabha constituency|Baharampur]]
|bgcolor=#E9967A| 13 May 2024
|Nirmal Kumar Saha
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|11
|[[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
|bgcolor=#7B68EE| 7 May 2024
|[[Gouri Shankar Ghosh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|12
|[[Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnanagar]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|Amrita Roy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|13
|[[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Ranaghat]] (SC)
|[[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|14
|[[Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bangaon]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|[[Shantanu Thakur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|15
|[[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]]
|[[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|16
|[[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dum Dum]]
| rowspan="9" bgcolor=#9ACD32|1 June 2024
|Shilbhadra Dutta
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|17
|[[Barasat Lok Sabha constituency|Barasat]]
|[[Swapan Majumder]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|18
|[[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
|Rekha Patra
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|19
|[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]] (SC)
|Ashok Kandari
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|20
|[[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]] (SC)
|Ashok Purakayet
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|21
|[[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|Abhijit Das
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|22
|[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|Anirban Ganguly
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|23
|[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
|[[Debasree Chaudhuri]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|24
|[[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Uttar]]
|[[Tapas Roy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|25
|[[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|Rathin Chakraborty
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|26
|[[Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency|Uluberia]]
|Arun Uday Paul Choudhary
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|27
|[[Serampore Lok Sabha constituency|Sreerampur]]
|Kabir Shankar Bose
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|28
|[[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
|[[Locket Chatterjee]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|29
|[[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]] (SC)
|Arup Kanti Digar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|30
|[[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
| rowspan="8" bgcolor=#6495ED|25 May 2024
|[[Abhijit Gangopadhyay]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|31
|[[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Kanthi]]
|Soumendu Adhikari
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|32
|[[Ghatal Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatal]]
|[[Hiran Chatterjee]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|33
|[[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram]] (ST)
|Pranat Tudu
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|34
|[[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]]
|[[Agnimitra Paul]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|35
|[[Purulia Lok Sabha constituency|Purulia]]
|[[Jyotirmay Singh Mahato]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|36
|[[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
|[[Subhash Sarkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|37
|[[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Bishnupur]] (SC)
|[[Saumitra Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|38
|[[Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency|Bardhaman Purba]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|[[Asim Kumar Sarkar|Ashim Kumar Sarkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|39
|[[Bardhaman-Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
|[[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|40
|[[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
|[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|41
|[[Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bolpur]] (SC)
|Priya Saha
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|42
|[[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum]]
|Debtanu Bhattacharya
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Lists of National Democratic Alliance candidates in Indian general elections}}
* [[List of Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates for the 2024 Indian general election]]
* [[List of Left Front candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
* [[List of Left Democratic Front candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2024 Indian general election]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{National Democratic Alliance}}
{{Indian elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}

[[Category:Candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian political candidates|NDA]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance|Candidates]]

Jawaharlal Nehru

2026-03-28T16:51:25Z

4Eileen59m:

{{short description|Prime Minister of India from 1947 to 1964}}
{{redirect|Nehru}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Pandit]]
| name = Jawaharlal Nehru
| honorific_suffix = 
| image = Jawaharlal Nehru 1957 crop.jpg
| caption = Nehru in {{circa|1957}}
| office = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| term_start = 15 August 1947
| term_end = 27 May 1964
| monarch = [[George VI]] {{nowrap|(until 1950)}}
| president = {{ubl|[[Rajendra Prasad]] (from 1950)|[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]}}
| governor_general = {{ubl|[[Lord Mountbatten]]|[[C. Rajagopalachari]] {{awrap|(until 1950)}}}}
| deputy = [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] {{nowrap|(until 1950)}}
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (acting) [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
| office2 = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister of External Affairs]]
| term_start2 = 2 September 1946
| term_end2 = 27 May 1964
| primeminister2 = ''Himself''
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
| office3 = Head of the [[Interim Government of India]]
| governor_general3 = {{ubl|[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Earl Wavell]] |Lord Mountbatten }}
| term_start3 = 2 September 1946
| term_end3 = 15 August 1947
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 17 April 1952
| term_end4 = 27 May 1964
| constituency4 = [[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor4 = ''Constituency established''
| successor4 = [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1889|11|14}}
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[North-Western Provinces]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1964|05|27|1889|11|14}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| death_cause = 
| resting_place = [[Shantivan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kamala Kaul]]|1916|1936|end=died}}
| children = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| parents = {{ubl|[[Motilal Nehru]]|[[Swarup Rani Nehru]]}}
| relatives =  [[Nehru–Gandhi family]]
| education = {{ubl|[[Harrow School]]|[[Trinity College, Cambridge]]|[[Inner Temple]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Lawyer]]|[[Politician]]}}
| awards = [[#Awards and honours|See below]]
| signature = Jawaharlal Nehru Signature.svg
| module = {{listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Tryst with Destiny- Speech by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.ogg|title=Jawaharlal Nehru's voice|type=speech|description=[[Tryst with Destiny]] speech delivered on the eve of [[India's independence]] Recorded 14 August 1947}}
| vicepresident = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 
[[Zakir Husain]]
| order = 
| order2 = 
| order1 = 
}}
{{Jawaharlal Nehru series}}
'''Jawaharlal Nehru'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|w|ɑː|h|ɚ|l|ɑː|l|_|ˈ|n|eɪ|r|u}} {{respell|jə|WAH|her|lahl|_|NAY|roo}} {{small|or}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɛ|r|u}} {{respell|NERR|oo}},<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nehru "Nehru"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''. 2020. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014207/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nehru|date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Nehru|access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref> {{langx|hi|जवाहरलाल नेहरू|Javāharlāl Nehrū}}; {{IPA|hi|dʒəˌʋaːɦəɾˈlaːl ˈneːɦɾuː|IPA|Hi-JawaharlalNehru.ogg}}}} (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was an Indian [[Anti-colonial nationalism|anti-colonial nationalist]],<ref>–
*{{cite book |last = Tickell | first = Alex | title = City Fictions of the New India: Literature, Infrastructure, Citizenship | location = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2025 | isbn = 9780198921226|page = 39|quote = Admittedly, the mythical grandeur of anti-colonial nationalism is evident elsewhere in the prose of ''[[The Discovery of India|The Discovery]]''}}
*{{cite book |last = Bhattacharyya | first = Harihar | chapter = Nehru's Approach to Nationhood and Nation-building and its Relevance Today | title=The Legacy of Nehru: Appraisal and Analysis | editor1-last = Lobo | editor1-first = Lancy | editor2-last = Shah | editor2-first = Jayesh| location = New Delhi | publisher = Manohar | year = 2018 |isbn = 978-93-5098-189-4|page = 75 | quote = How can one forget that unlike [[Bankim Chandra Chaterjee|Bankim]], Nehru and Gandhi were leading participants in the same anti-colonial nationalist movements despite their different approaches?}}
</ref> [[secular humanist]],<ref>–
*{{cite book | last = Nath| first = Sushmita|title = The Secular Imaginary: Gandhi, Nehru, and the Idea(s) of India| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2022|isbn = 9781009276566|pages=157–158|quote= Thus, we see that a secular and scientific humanism undergirded Nehru’s conception and application of reason to politics and society. And despite the universal appeal of secular humanism and scientific spirit, one could, in Nehru’s opinion, ‘add to them or seek to mould them in accordance with our national genius’.}}</ref> [[social democrat]],<ref>—
* {{cite book |last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|title=India Since 1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpK7oyb0kvkC&pg=PA64|page=64|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49866-1|quote=Nehru was a social democrat who believed that liberal political and economic institutions could deliver economic growth with redistribution. The 1950s witnessed greater state control over industrial activity and the birth of the industrial licensing system, which made it necessary for companies to seek the permission of the government before initiating business in permitted areas.|last2=Mukherji|first2=Rahul}}
* {{cite book |last=Schenk|first=Hans|title=Housing India's Urban Poor 1800–1965: Colonial and Post-colonial Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-XkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-00-019185-1|quote=The idea that the state should actively and in a planned and 'rational' and 'modern' manner promote development originated abroad. Inspiration came to some extent from the Soviet Russian planned economic development, and for some, including Nehru, from the—at that time still a bit remote—concept of the West European and largely social-democrat idea of the 'Welfare' state.}}
* {{cite book |last=Winiecki|first=Jan|title=Shortcut or Piecemeal: Economic Development Strategies and Structural Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEISDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|page=41|year=2016|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=9789633860632|quote=Nehru, a Fabian socialist, or social-democrat in modern parlance, either did not read Mill or disregarded the (minimal) institutional requirements outlined by that classical writer. In Nehru's view, it was the state that should direct the economy from the center, as well as decide about the allocation of scarce resources.}}
* {{cite book |last=Chalam|first=K. S.|title=Social Economy of Development in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XumoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA325|page=325|year=2017|publisher=Sage|isbn=9789385985126|quote=Social democrats advocate peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism. While Jawaharlal Nehru was considered as a social democrat, his colleague in the Constituent Assembly, B. R. Ambedkar, was emphatic about state socialism. It appears that the compromise between these two ideas has been reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy. The principles of social democracy and/or democratic socialism can be interrogated in the context of the present situation in India.}}</ref> and statesman who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century. Nehru was a principal leader of the [[Indian nationalist movement]] in the 1930s and 1940s. Upon India's independence in 1947, he served as the country's first [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] for 16 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inc.in/our-inspiration/pandit-jawaharlal-nehru|title=PANDIT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU|publisher=Indian National Congress}}</ref> Nehru promoted parliamentary [[Democracy in India|democracy]], [[Secularism in India|secularism]], and [[Science and technology in India|science and technology]] during the 1950s, powerfully influencing India's arc as a modern nation. In international affairs, he steered India clear of the two blocs of the [[Cold War]]. A well-regarded author, he wrote books such as ''[[Letters from a Father to His Daughter]]'' (1929), ''[[An Autobiography (Nehru)|An Autobiography]]'' (1936) and ''[[The Discovery of India]]'' (1946), that have been read around the world.

The son of [[Motilal Nehru]], a prominent lawyer and [[Indian nationalist]], Jawaharlal Nehru was educated in England—at [[Harrow School]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], and trained in the law at the [[Inner Temple]]. He became a [[barrister]], returned to India, enrolled at the [[Allahabad High Court]] and gradually became interested in national politics, which eventually became a full-time occupation. He joined the [[Indian National Congress]], rose to become the leader of a progressive faction during the 1920s, and eventually of the Congress, receiving the support of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who was to designate Nehru as his political heir. As [[Congress president]] in 1929, Nehru called for [[Purna Swaraj|complete independence]] from the [[British Raj]].

Nehru promoted the idea of the [[Secular state|secular nation-state]] in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 provincial elections]], allowing the Congress to sweep the elections and form governments in several provinces.{{efn|... he told his colleagues that the provincial elections, scheduled for the following year in accordance with the 1935 Act, would be fought on a radical socio-economic programme, which he confidently expected to carry the country. ... It was with this radical programme that Nehru and his colleagues overwhelmed the Muslim League and other parties in the 1937 provincial elections; the League gained but a quarter of seats reserved for Muslims, while the rest went to Congress candidates. It seemed a spectacular demonstration of the power of a secular, socialist and internationalist Congress over any of the narrowly defined alternatives, including the Gandhian programme. All acknowledged the highly successful electoral attraction of Nehru.<ref name=stein-arnold-nehru-326-327>{{cite book |last=Stein |first=B. |author-link=Burton Stein |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=D. |year=2010 |title=A History of India |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |place=Oxford |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 |pages = 326–327|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC}}</ref>}}<ref name=stein-arnold-nehru-326-327/> In September 1939, the Congress ministries resigned to protest Viceroy [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]]'s decision to join the war without consulting them. After the [[All India Congress Committee]]'s [[Quit India Resolution]] of 8 August 1942, senior Congress leaders were imprisoned, and for a time, the organisation was suppressed. Nehru, who had reluctantly heeded Gandhi's call for immediate independence, and had desired instead to support the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] war effort during [[World War II]], came out of a lengthy prison term to a much altered political landscape. Under [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the Muslim League had come to dominate Muslim politics in the interim. In the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 provincial elections]], Congress won the elections, but the League won all the seats reserved for Muslims, which the British interpreted as a clear mandate for Pakistan in some form. Nehru became the interim prime minister of India in September 1946 and the League joined his government with some hesitancy in October 1946.

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, Nehru gave a critically acclaimed speech, "[[Tryst with Destiny]]"; he was sworn in as the [[Dominion of India]]'s prime minister and raised the Indian flag at the [[Red Fort]] in Delhi. On 26 January 1950, when India became a republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], Nehru became the [[Republic of India]]'s first prime minister. He embarked on an ambitious economic, social, and political reform programme. Nehru promoted a pluralistic [[multi-party]] democracy. In foreign affairs, he led the establishment of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], a group of nations that did not seek membership in the two main ideological blocs of the Cold War. Under Nehru's leadership, the Congress dominated national and state-level politics and won elections in [[1951–52 Indian general election|1951]], [[1957 Indian general election|1957]] and [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]. He [[Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru|died in office]] from a heart attack in 1964. His birthday is celebrated as [[Children's Day (India)|Children's Day]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/jawaharlal-nehru-architect-of-modern-india/story-Ch4DgrerxtY448l0yxulTO.html|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Architect of modern India|date=14 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
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== Early life and career (1889–1912) ==

=== Birth and family background ===
[[File:Anand Bhawan, Allahabad.jpg|thumb|[[Anand Bhawan]] the Nehru family home in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]]]]
Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] in [[British Raj|British India]] to mother [[Swarup Rani Nehru|Swarup Rani]] [[née]] Thussu (1868–1938) and father [[Motilal Nehru]] (1861–1931).{{sfn|Zachariah|2004|p=11}} Both parents belonged to the community of [[Kashmiri Pandits]], or [[Brahmins]] originally from the [[Kashmir valley]]. Motilal, a self-made [[barrister]] of wealth, served as [[president of the Indian National Congress]] in 1919 and 1928.<ref>{{cite news |last=Babu |first=D. Shyam |title=Nehru and the Kashmir quandary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehru-and-the-kashmir-quandary/article28362589.ece |url-status=live |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 July 2019 |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202142950/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehru-and-the-kashmir-quandary/article28362589.ece |archive-date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nanda |first=B.R. |url= |title=The Nehrus: Motilal and Jawaharlal |date=1963 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= |location= |pages=38–40 |author-link=}}</ref> Swarup Rani, raised in a family settled in [[Lahore]],{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=21}} was Motilal's second wife, the first having died in [[childbirth]]. Jawaharlal was the firstborn.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=25}} Two sisters followed, the elder of which, [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit|Vijaya Lakshmi]], became the first female president of the [[United Nations General Assembly]].<ref>[[Smith, Bonnie G.]] ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-19-514890-9}}. pp. 406–407.</ref> The younger, [[Krishna Hutheesing]], became a noted writer, authoring several books on her brother.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/jawaharlal-nehru-freedom-struggle-icon-maker-of-modern-india/story-VdEiIZ6OtVV2NFtTuToL2I.html|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Freedom struggle icon, maker of modern India|date=2 December 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 November 2021|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115110906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/jawaharlal-nehru-freedom-struggle-icon-maker-of-modern-india/story-VdEiIZ6OtVV2NFtTuToL2I.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Krishna Hutheesing, an Author and a Sister of Nehru, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/11/10/archives/mrs-krishna-hutheesing-an-author-and-a-sister-of-nehru-dies.html |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=10 November 1967 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709213838/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/11/10/archives/mrs-krishna-hutheesing-an-author-and-a-sister-of-nehru-dies.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Childhood ===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with his mother Swarup Rani and father Motilal Nehru, 1894.jpg|thumb|right|Jawaharlal Nehru as a child with his mother [[Swarup Rani]] and father [[Motilal Nehru]], 1894.jpg]]
Nehru described his childhood as "sheltered and uneventful". He grew up in an atmosphere of privilege, which included life in the mansion [[Anand Bhavan]] in [[Allahabad]]. He was educated at home by private [[governess]]es and tutors.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=22}} One of these was an Irishman, Ferdinand T. Brooks, who was interested in [[theosophy]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[Balkrishna Govind Gokhale|Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind]] |title=Nehru and History |journal=History and Theory |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=311–322 |year=1978 |jstor=2504742 |issn=0018-2656 |doi=10.2307/2504742}}</ref> The [[Irish Home Rule]] and [[Indian Home Rule]] leaguer [[Annie Besant]] initiated Jawaharlal into the [[Theosophical Society]] when he was thirteen. However, his interest in theosophy was not enduring, and he left the society shortly after Brooks departed as his tutor.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=23}} Nehru was to write: "For nearly three years [Brooks] was with me and in many ways, he influenced me greatly".<ref name="OPM">Misra, Om Prakash. 1995. ''Economic Thought of Gandhi and Nehru: A Comparative Analysis''. M.D. Publications. {{ISBN|978-81-85880-71-6}}. pp. 49–65.</ref>

Nehru's theosophical interests led him to study the [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist]] and [[Hindu scriptures]].{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=88}} According to [[B. R. Nanda]], these scriptures were Nehru's "first introduction to the religious and cultural heritage of [India]....[They] provided Nehru the initial impulse for [his] long intellectual quest which culminated...in ''[[The Discovery of India]]''."{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=88}}

=== Youth ===
[[File:Nehru at Harrow.png|thumb|upright=0.9|alt= Photograph of Nehru dressed in a cadet uniform |A young Nehru dressed in a cadet's uniform at [[Harrow School]] in England]]
Nehru became an ardent nationalist during his youth.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enmjrZiAe9EC&pg=PA12 |title=Encyclopaedia of eminent thinkers |last=Bharathi |first=K.S. |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7022-684-0|publisher=Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd}}</ref> The [[Second Boer War]] and the [[Russo-Japanese War]] intensified his feelings. Of the latter he wrote, "[The] Japanese victories [had] stirred up my enthusiasm. ...[[Nationalistic]] ideas filled my mind. ... I mused of Indian freedom and Asiatic freedom from the [[thraldom]] of Europe."<ref name="OPM" /> Later, in 1905, when he had begun his institutional schooling at [[Harrow School|Harrow]], a leading school in England where he was nicknamed "Joe",<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tharoor|first=Shashi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_R5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22joe%22+%22nehru%22&pg=PT32|title=Nehru: The Invention of India|date=27 November 2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-355-0}}</ref> [[G. M. Trevelyan]]'s [[Garibaldi]] books, which he had received as prizes for academic merit, influenced him greatly.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=36}} He viewed Garibaldi as a revolutionary hero. He wrote: "Visions of similar deeds in India came before, of [my] gallant fight for [Indian] freedom and in my mind, India and Italy got strangely mixed together."<ref name="OPM" />

=== Graduation ===
Nehru went to [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], in October 1907 and graduated with an honours degree in [[natural science]] in 1910.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=43}} During this period, he studied politics, economics, history and literature with interest. The writings of [[Bernard Shaw]], [[H. G. Wells]], [[John Maynard Keynes]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson|Lowes Dickinson]] and [[Meredith Townsend]] moulded much of his political and economic thinking.<ref name="OPM" />

After completing his degree in 1910, Nehru moved to London and studied law at the [[Inner Temple]] (one of the four [[Inns of Court]] to which English barristers must belong).<ref name="Sen-1964">Sen, Zoë Keshap C. 1964. "Jawaharlal Nehru." ''Civilisations'' 14(1/2):25–39. {{JSTOR|41230788}}.</ref> During this time, he continued to study [[Fabian Society]] scholars including [[Beatrice Webb]].<ref name="OPM" /> He was [[called to the Bar]] in 1912.<ref name="Sen-1964" />{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=47}}

=== Legal practice ===
[[File:Nehru barrister.png|thumb|upright=0.9|right|alt= Photograph if Nehru in his barrister's attire |Jawaharlal Nehru, Barrister-at-Law]]
After returning to India in August 1912, Nehru enrolled at the [[Allahabad High Court]] and tried to settle down as a barrister. His father was one of the wealthiest barristers in British India, with a monthly income exceeding Rs. 10,000 (£850).{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=34}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Pandey | first=B.N. | title=Nehru | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | year=1976 | isbn=978-1-349-00792-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PO-wCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 | page=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bhagavan | first=Manu | title=Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit| publisher=Penguin Random House India | year=2023 | isbn=9789357086462 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4DyEAAAQBAJ | page=23}}</ref> Although Nehru was expected to inherit the family's lucrative practice,{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=167}} he had little interest in his profession, and relished neither the practice of law nor the company of lawyers. His involvement in nationalist politics was to gradually replace his legal practice. In 1945–46, he was a member of the [[INA Defence Committee]] during the [[INA Trials]], putting on a barrister's gown and appearing in court after over twenty-five years.{{sfn|Gopal|1976|p=308}}

== Nationalist movement (1912–1939) ==

=== Civil rights and home rule: 1912–1919 ===
[[File:Kamala and Jawaharlal Nehru 1916.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=See captionKamala and Jawaharlal Nehru marriage ceremony|Nehru and Kamala Kaul at their wedding in Delhi, 1916]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru and his family in 1918.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|alt=Family portrait of Nehru, his wife and daughter |Nehru in 1919 with wife [[Kamala Nehru|Kamala]] and daughter [[Indira Gandhi|Indira]]]]
Nehru's father, Motilal, was an important [[Early Nationalists|moderate]] leader of the Indian National Congress. The moderates believed [[British rule]] was modernising, and sought reform and more participation in government in cooperation with British authorities.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nanda|first=B.R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pI19BgAAQBAJ|title=Gokhale: The Indian Moderates and the British Raj|date=2015|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=9781400870493|language=en|pages=484–486}}</ref> However, Nehru sympathised with the Congress radicals,{{sfn| Zachariah|2004|pp=20–21}} who promoted [[Swaraj]], [[Swadeshi movement|Swadesh]], and boycott. The two factions had [[Surat Split|split]] in 1907. After returning to India in 1912, Nehru attended the annual session of the Congress at [[Patna]].{{sfn|Ghose|1993|p=25}} The Congress was then considered a party of moderates and elites dominated by [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]],{{sfn|Ghose|1993|p=25}}{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=50}} and Nehru was disconcerted by what he saw as "very much an English-knowing [[upper-class]] affair".{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=49}} However, Nehru agreed to raise funds for the ongoing [[Satyagraha|Indian civil rights movement]] led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in South Africa.{{sfn|Ghose|1993|p=25}}{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=50}} In 1916, Nehru married [[Kamala Kaul]], who came from a Kashmiri Pandit family settled in Delhi.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=173}} Their only daughter, [[Indira Gandhi|Indira]], was born in 1917. Kamala gave birth to a son in 1924, but the baby lived for only a few days.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=330}}

The influence of moderates declined after Gokhale died in 1915.{{sfn|Ghose|1993|p=25}} Several nationalist leaders banded together in 1916 under the leadership of [[Annie Besant]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] to voice a demand for Swaraj or [[self-governance]]. Besant and Tilak formed separate [[Indian Home Rule movement|Home Rule League]]s. Nehru joined both groups, but he worked primarily with Besant, with whom he had a close relationship since childhood.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=55}} He became the secretary of Besant's Home Rule League.<ref name="JNACA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnmf.in/chrono.html |title=Jawaharlal Nehru – a chronological account |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604220450/http://www.jnmf.in/chrono.html |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=23 June 2012|website=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund (JNMF)}}</ref> In June 1917, the British government arrested Besant. The Congress and other organisations threatened to launch protests if she was not freed. The government was forced to release Besant in September, but the protestors successfully negotiated further [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|concession]]s.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=58}}

=== Non-cooperation and afterwards: 1919–1929 ===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru, circa 1925.jpg|alt=|thumb|281x281px|Jawaharlal Nehru, circa 1925]]

Nehru met Gandhi for the first time in 1916 at the [[Lucknow]] session of the Congress,{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=55}} but he had been then dissuaded by his father from being drawn into Gandhi's satyagraha politics.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=214}} 1919 marked the beginning of a strong wave of nationalist activity and subsequent government repression that included the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh killings]]. Motilal Nehru lost his belief in constitutional reform, and joined his son in accepting Gandhi's methods and paramount leadership of the Congress.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=228}} In December 1919, Nehru's father was elected president of the Indian National Congress in what is regarded as "the first Gandhi Congress".{{sfn| Zachariah|2004|p=39}} During the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]] launched by Gandhi in 1920, Nehru played an influential role in directing political activities in the United Provinces (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]) as provincial Congress secretary.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=325}} He was imprisoned on 6 December 1921 on charges of anti-governmental activities,{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=259}} marking the first of eight periods of detention between 1921 and 1945, lasting over nine years in all. In 1923, Nehru was imprisoned in [[Nabha State|Nabha]], a [[princely state]], when he went there to see the struggle that was being waged by the [[Sikhs]] against the corrupt [[Mahant]]s. He was released after his sentence was unconditionally suspended by the British administration under the criminal procedure code.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=106}} By 1923, Nehru had emerged as a national figure of some stature. He was elected general secretary of the Congress,{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=323}} president of the United Provinces Congress,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leoene|first=Fabio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itS-DwAAQBAJ|title=Prophet and Statesmen in Crafting Democracy in India: Political Leadership, Ideas, and Compromises|date=2019|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9781498569378|language=en|page=105}}</ref> and mayor of Allahabad all in the same year.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=325}}

The non-cooperation movement was halted in 1922 as a result of the [[Chauri Chaura incident]].{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=267}} Nehru's two-year term as general secretary ended after 1925,{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=323}} and earlier that year he resigned as mayor of Allahabad due to his disillusionment with municipal politics.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=327}} In 1926, Nehru left for Europe with his wife and daughter to seek treatment for his wife's tuberculosis diagnosis.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=331}} While in Europe, he was invited to attend the Congress of oppressed nationalities in Brussels, Belgium.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=334}} The meeting was called to coordinate and plan a common struggle against [[imperialism]]. Nehru represented India and was elected to the Executive Council of the [[League against Imperialism]] which was born at this meeting.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 45071841|title = The Indian Nationalist Movement and the League of Nations: Prologue to the United Nations|last1 = Keenleyside|first1 = T.A.|journal = [[India Quarterly]]|year = 1983|volume = 39|issue = 3|pages = 281–298|doi = 10.1177/097492848303900303|s2cid = 150520531}}</ref> He made a statement in favour of complete independence for India.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=335}} Nehru's stay in Europe included a visit to the Soviet Union, which sparked his interest in [[Marxism]] and socialism. Appealed by its ideas but repelled by some of its tactics, he never completely agreed with [[Karl Marx]]'s ideas. However, from that time on, the benchmark of his [[Marxian economics|economic]] view remained Marxist, adapted, where necessary, to Indian circumstances.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|url=https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni04hoib/page/108/mode/2up|title=Students' Britannica India|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni03hoib/page/107 107]|url-access=registration}}</ref> After returning to India in December 1927, Nehru was elected to another two-year term as Congress general secretary.{{sfn|Nanda|2007|p=391}}

=== Declaration of independence ===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru and Motilal Nehru in 1929.jpg|thumb|Nehru, President-elect of the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in 1929, with the outgoing President, his father Motilal]]
[[File:Gandhi Nehru 1929.jpg|thumb|Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi in 1929]]
Nehru was one of the first leaders to demand that the Congress Party should resolve to make a complete and explicit break from all ties with the British Empire. The Madras session of Congress in 1927, approved his resolution for independence despite Gandhi's criticism. At that time, he formed the Independence for India League, a pressure group within the Congress.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dutt|first=R.C.|url={{Google books|2WI31XdK8pkC|page=PR9|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Socialism of Jawaharlal Nehru|date=1981|publisher=Shakti Malik, Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-128-7|location=New Delhi|pages=54–55|access-date=8 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi-1991">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/patellife00rajm|title=Patel: A Life|date=28 November 1991|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|via=Internet Archive|pages=171|first=Rajmohan|last=Gandhi|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi}}</ref> In 1928, Gandhi agreed to Nehru's demands and proposed a resolution that called for the British to grant Dominion status to India within two years.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nag|first=Kingshuk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duHwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|title=Netaji: Living Dangerously|year=2015|isbn=978-93-84439-70-5|publisher=Paranjoy Guha Thakurta}}</ref> If the British failed to meet the deadline, the Congress would call upon all Indians to fight for complete independence. Nehru was one of the leaders who objected to the time given to the British—he pressed Gandhi to demand immediate actions from the British. Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reducing the time given from two years to one.<ref name="Gandhi-1991" /> The British rejected demands for Dominion status in 1929.<ref name="Gandhi-1991" /> Nehru assumed the presidency of the Congress party during the Lahore session on 29 December 1929 and introduced a successful resolution calling for [[Purna Swaraj|complete independence]].<ref name="Gandhi-1991" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Purna Swaraj: The Demand for Full Independence 26 January 1930|url=http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/major-events-pre-1950/283-purna-swaraj-the-demand-for-full-independence-26-january-1930-|access-date=6 July 2015|publisher=indiaofthepast.org|archive-date=8 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108144457/http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/major-events-pre-1950/283-purna-swaraj-the-demand-for-full-independence-26-january-1930-|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nehru drafted the Indian Declaration of Independence, which stated:

<blockquote>We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities for growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/empire/transcript/g3cs3s2t.htm|title=Learning Curve British Empire|first=Public Record|last=Office|website=Public Record Office, The National Archives|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128132706/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/empire/transcript/g3cs3s2t.htm|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

At midnight on New Year's Eve 1929, Nehru hoisted the [[tricolour]] [[flag of India]] upon the banks of the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] in Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Haroon|last=Khalid|url=https://scroll.in/article/866428/republic-day-story-on-ravis-banks-a-pledge-that-shaped-the-course-of-modern-india-88-years-ago|title=Republic Day story: On Ravi's banks, a pledge that shaped the course of modern India 88 years ago|website=[[Scroll.in]]|date=26 January 2018|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730202934/https://scroll.in/article/866428/republic-day-story-on-ravis-banks-a-pledge-that-shaped-the-course-of-modern-india-88-years-ago|url-status=live}}</ref> A pledge of independence was read out, which included a readiness to withhold taxes. The massive gathering of the public attending the ceremony was asked if they agreed with it, and the majority of people were witnessed raising their hands in approval. 172 Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-january-26-is-celebrated-as-republic-day-6230037/|title=Explained: Why India celebrates January 26 as Republic Day|date=30 January 2021|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121012116/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-january-26-is-celebrated-as-republic-day-6230037/|url-status=live}}</ref> Congress volunteers, nationalists, and the public hoisted the flag of India publicly across India. Plans for mass civil disobedience were also underway.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Education|first=Pearson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADFpDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA145|title=SSC topic-wise Previous Years Solved Papers General Awareness|isbn=978-93-5286-640-3|publisher=Pearson Education India}}</ref>

After the Lahore session of the Congress in 1929, Nehru gradually emerged as the paramount leader of the Indian independence movement. Gandhi stepped back into a more spiritual role. Although Gandhi did not explicitly designate Nehru as his political heir until 1942, as early as the mid-1930s, the country saw Nehru as the natural successor to Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/151118/the-greatest-indian-after-the-mahatma-why-gandhi-chose-nehru-to-lead.html|title=The greatest Indian after the Mahatma? Why Gandhi chose Nehru to lead India|first=Praveen|last=Davar|date=15 November 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121011350/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/151118/the-greatest-indian-after-the-mahatma-why-gandhi-chose-nehru-to-lead.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1929, Nehru had already drafted the "Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy" resolution that set the government agenda for an independent India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maheshwari|first=Neerja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okUSbReaevUC&pg=PA41|title=Economic Policy of Jawaharlal Nehru|date=1997|publisher=Deep & Deep|isbn=978-81-7100-850-6|pages=41|access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> The resolution was ratified in 1931 at the [[Karachi]] session chaired by [[Vallabhbhai Patel]].<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Pandey |editor-first=BN |title=The Indian Nationalist Movement 1885–1947: Select Documents |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KauwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-349-86215-3 |page=45}}</ref>

=== Salt March: 1930 ===
Nehru and most of the Congress leaders were ambivalent initially to Gandhi's plan to begin [[civil disobedience]] with a ''satyagraha'' aimed at the British [[salt tax]]. After the protest had gathered steam, they realised the power of salt as a symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular response, "It seemed as though a spring had been suddenly released".<ref>[[Gopalkrishna Gandhi|Gandhi, Gopalkrishna]]. [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article388858.ece "The Great Dandi March – eighty years after"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717030642/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article388858.ece|date=17 July 2012}}, ''[[The Hindu]]'', 5 April 2010.</ref> He was arrested on 14 April 1930 while on a train from Allahabad to [[Raipur]]. Earlier, after addressing a huge meeting and leading a vast procession, he had ceremoniously manufactured some contraband salt. He was charged with breach of the salt law and sentenced to six months of imprisonment at Central Jail.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Vinod|last=Khanal|title=Mahatma Gandhi describes Nehru's arrest in 1930 as 'rest'|website=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Mahatma-Gandhi-describes-Nehrus-arrest-in-1930-as-rest/articleshow/45140212.cms|date=13 November 2014|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128191124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Mahatma-Gandhi-describes-Nehrus-arrest-in-1930-as-rest/articleshow/45140212.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2754199?searchWord=nehru&backquery=[query=nehru+liaquat+pact&originalquery=&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc&rpp=20&etal=0&start=100 |title=Civil Disobedience Movement in the United Provinces. Arrest of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru |publisher=United Provinces Government |year=1930 |location=New Delhi |pages=71 |chapter=Telegram Post No. 90, dated (and read) 14th April, 1930 |quote="For breaking Salt Law Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was arrested at Allahabad this morning." |access-date=9 September 2022 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]] |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010075306/https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2754199?searchWord=nehru&backquery=%5Bquery=nehru+liaquat+pact&originalquery=&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc&rpp=20&etal=0&start=100 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He nominated Gandhi to succeed him as the Congress president during his absence in jail, but Gandhi declined, and Nehru nominated his father as his successor.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=167}} With Nehru's arrest, the civil disobedience acquired a new tempo, and arrests, firing on crowds and [[Baton charge|lathi charges]] grew to be ordinary occurrences.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=168}}

==== Salt satyagraha success ====
The [[salt satyagraha]] ("pressure for reform through passive resistance") succeeded in attracting world attention. Indian, British, and world opinion increasingly recognised the legitimacy of the claims by the [[Congress party]] for independence. Nehru considered the salt satyagraha the high-water mark of his association with Gandhi,<ref>Fisher, Margaret W. June 1967. "India's Jawaharlal Nehru." ''[[Asian Survey]]'' 7(6):363–373 [368]. {{doi|10.2307/2642611}}. {{JSTOR|2642611}}</ref> and felt its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes of Indians:<ref>Johnson, Richard L. 2005. ''Gandhi's Experiments With Truth: Essential Writings By And About Mahatma Gandhi''. [[Lexington Books]]. {{ISBN|978-0-7391-1142-0}}. p. 37.</ref>

<blockquote>Of course these movements exercised tremendous pressure on the British Government and shook the government machinery. But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses. ... Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance. ... They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole. ... It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it.</blockquote>

=== In prison 1930–1935 ===
On 11 October 1930, Nehru's detention ended, but he was back in jail in less than ten days for resuming the presidency of the banned Congress.{{sfn|Gopal|1976|p=147}} On 26 January 1931, Nehru and other prisoners were released early by [[Lord Irwin]], who was negotiating with Gandhi.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|p=181}} His father died on 6 February 1931. Nehru was back in jail on 26 December 1931 after violating court orders not to leave Allahabad while leading a "no-rent" campaign to alleviate peasant distress.{{sfn|Gopal|1976|p=170}} On 30 August 1933, Nehru was released from prison, but the government soon moved to detain him again. On 22 December 1933, the [[Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet|Home Secretary]] sent a memo to all local governments in India:

<blockquote>The Government of India regard him [Nehru] as by far the most dangerous element at large in India, and their view is that the time has come, in accordance with their general policy of taking steps at an early stage to prevent attempts to work up mass agitation, to take action against him.{{sfn|Gopal|1976|p=185}}</blockquote>

He was arrested in Allahabad on 12 January 1934.{{sfn|Gopal|1976|p=185}} In August 1934, he was briefly released for eleven days to attend to his wife's ailing health. In October, he was allowed to see her again, but he turned down an early release conditional on withdrawing from politics for the duration of his sentence.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|pp=255–256}}

=== Congress president, provincial elections: 1935–1939 ===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru at Karachi on return from Lausanne with Kamala Nehru’s ashes.jpg|thumb|Nehru in [[Karachi]] after returning from [[Lausanne]], [[Switzerland]] with the ashes of his wife [[Kamala Nehru]] in March 1936]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with Rabindranath Tagore,1936.jpg|thumb|Nehru with Indian Nobel Prize-winning poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1936]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru in a procession at Peshawar,North West Frontier Province, 14 October 1937.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of 1000s of people in a procession |Nehru in a procession at [[Peshawar]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], 14 October 1937]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru on visit to Egypt, June 1938.jpg|thumb|right|Nehru on a visit to Egypt in June 1938]]

In September 1935, Nehru's wife, Kamala, became terminally ill while receiving medical treatment in [[Badenweiler]], Germany.{{sfn|Zachariah|2004|pp=76–77}} Nehru was released from prison early on compassionate grounds, and moved his wife to a sanatorium in [[Lausanne]], Switzerland, where she died on 28 February 1936.{{sfn|Moraes|2007|pp=245–248}} While in Europe, Nehru learned that he was elected as Congress president for the coming year. He returned to India in March 1936 and led the Congress response to the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. He condemned the Act as a "new charter of bondage" and a "machine with strong brakes but no engine".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=R.L.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/651637|title=Conflict and harmony: Indo-British relations; a new perspective|year=1976|publisher=Trimurti Publications|isbn=|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sethi|first=R.R.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/6068755|title=The last phase of British sovereignty in India (1919–1947): being the concluding chapters of the Cambridge history of India, vol. VI. and the Cambridge shorter history of India|year=1958|publisher=S. Chand|isbn=|pages=34}}</ref> He initially wanted to boycott the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 provincial elections]], but agreed to lead the election campaign after receiving vague assurances about [[abstentionism]] from the party leaders who wished to contest.{{sfn|Gopal|1976|p=214}} Nehru hoped to treat the election campaign as a mass outreach programme.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Möller|first1=U.|last2=Schierenbeck|first2=I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKbAAwAAQBAJ|title=Political Leadership, Nascent Statehood and Democracy: A Comparative Study|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317673101|pages=52}}</ref>

During the campaign, Nehru was elected to another term as Congress president.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2018|p=41}} The election manifesto, drafted largely by Nehru, attacked both the Act and the [[Communal Award]] that went with it.{{sfn|Gopal|1976|p=214}} He campaigned against the [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]], and argued that Muslims could not be regarded as a separate nation. The Congress won most general seats, and the Muslim League fared poorly with Muslim electorates.<ref name="Schöttli">Schöttli, J., 2012. ''Vision and Strategy in Indian Politics: Jawaharlal Nehru's Policy Choices and the Designing of Political Institutions'', p. 54. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis.</ref> After the elections, Nehru drafted a resolution against taking office, but there were many Congress leaders who wanted to assume power under the 1935 Act. The [[Congress Working Committee]] (CWC) under Gandhi passed a compromise resolution that authorised office acceptance, but reiterated that the fundamental objective of the Congress was the destruction of the 1935 Act.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2018|p=43}}

Nehru was more popular than before with the public,{{sfn|Gopal|1976|p=214}} but he found himself isolated at the CWC meetings due to the anti-socialist orientation of its membership. Gandhi had to personally intervene when a group of CWC members and Nehru threatened to resign and counter-resign their posts over disagreements.{{sfn|Möller|Schierenbeck|2014|p=52}} He became discontented with his role, especially after the death of his mother in January 1938.{{sfn|Gopal|1976|p=233}} In February 1938, he did not stand for re-election as president, and was succeeded by [[Subash Chandra Bose]]. He left for Europe in June, stopping on the way at [[Alexandria]], Egypt.{{sfn|Gopal|1976|p=233}} While in Europe, Nehru became concerned with the possibility of another world war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni04hoib/page/108/mode/2up|title=Students' Britannica India|first1=Dale|last1=Hoiberg|first2=Indu|last2=Ramchandani|date=21 November 2000|publisher=New Delhi : Encyclopaedia Britannica (India)|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> At that time, he emphasised that, in the event of war, India's place was alongside the democracies, though he insisted India could only fight in support of Great Britain and France as a free country.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoiberg, Dale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA108|title=Students' Britannica India|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|pages=108–}}</ref> After returning to India in December 1938, Nehru accepted Bose's offer to head the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]].<ref name="SugataBose2012">{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Sugata|url=|title=His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle Against Empire|date=2012|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674065963|language=en|page=146}}</ref> In February 1939, he became president of the [[All India States Peoples Conference]] (AISPC), which was leading popular agitations in princely states.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2004">{{Cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EpNz0U8VEQC|title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2004|isbn=978-81-250-2596-2|pages=409–410}}</ref> Nehru was not directly involved in the events that split the Congress during the Bose presidency, and unsuccessfully attempted to mediate.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2018|p=44}}

== Nationalist movement (1939–1947) ==
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with Mahatma Gandhi during a meeting of Working Committee of the Congress at Wardha.jpg|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]], Nehru, and [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] at the Congress Working Committee meeting in Wardha in September 1939]]
When [[World War II]] began, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Viceroy Linlithgow]] unilaterally declared India a [[belligerent]] on the side of Britain, without consulting the elected Indian representatives.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saraf|first=Nandini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5YkBQAAQBAJ|date=2012|title=The Life and Times of Lokmanya Tilak|isbn=978-81-84301-52-6|publisher=Ocean Books|pages=119}}</ref> Nehru hurried back from a visit to China, announcing that, in a conflict between democracy and [[fascism]], "our sympathies must inevitably be on the side of democracy, ... I should like India to play its full part and throw all her resources into the struggle for a new order".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gk3WCgAAQBAJ&q=In+a+conflict+between+democracy+and+fascism%2C+that+%22our+sympathies+must+inevitably+be+on+the+side+of+democracy.%E2%80%A6+i+should+like+india+to+play+its+full+part+and+throw+all+her+resources+into+the+struggle+for+a+new+order.+Jawaharlal+Nehru&pg=PA60|title=Transfer of Power in India|first=Vapal Pangunni|last=Menon|author-link=V. P. Menon|date=8 December 2015|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-1-4008-7937-3|pages=60}}</ref>

After much deliberation, the Congress under Nehru informed the government that it would co-operate with the British but on certain conditions. First, Britain must give an assurance of full independence for India after the war and allow the election of a [[Constituent Assembly of India|constituent assembly]] to frame a new constitution; second, although the Indian armed forces would remain under the [[British Commander-in-chief]], Indians must be included immediately in the central government and given a chance to share power and responsibility.<ref name="plassey-to-partition">{{Cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhara|url={{Google books|-EpNz0U8VEQC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India|date=2004|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|isbn=978-81-250-2596-2|location=India|page=412}}</ref> When Nehru presented Lord Linlithgow with these demands, he chose to reject them. A [[Political deadlock|deadlock]] was reached: "The same old game is played again," Nehru wrote bitterly to Gandhi, "the background is the same, the various epithets are the same and the actors are the same and the results must be the same".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Jawaharlal Nehru|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru|last=Moraes|first=Frank R.|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=28 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628090335/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=W. Sears|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen W. Sears|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABQqAAAAYAAJ|title=The Horizon History of the British Empire Volume 2|date=1973|publisher=American Heritage Publishing Company|pages=465|isbn=978-0-07-030354-6|via=Google Books}}</ref>

On 23 October 1939, the Congress condemned the Viceroy's attitude and called upon the Congress ministries in the various provinces to resign in protest.<ref>{{cite book |title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-515634-X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp/page/192 192]–193|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp |url-access=registration |access-date=4 December 2007}}</ref> Before this crucial announcement, Nehru urged Jinnah and the Muslim League to join the protest, but Jinnah declined.<ref name="plassey-to-partition" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/kenanderson/histempsequel/page5.html |title=Gandhi – The Great Soul |access-date=4 December 2007 |last=Anderson |first=Ken |work=The British Empire: Fall of the Empire |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723053926/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/kenanderson/histempsequel/page5.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Civil disobedience, Lahore Resolution, August Offer: 1940 ===
[[File:Seva Dal.jpg|right|260px|thumb|Nehru with the Seva Dal volunteer corps in Allahabad, 1940]]
In March 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah passed what came to be known as the [[Pakistan Resolution]], declaring that, "Muslims are a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they must have their [[homeland]]s, their territory and their State." This state was to be known as Pakistan, meaning 'Land of the Pure'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40961603|title=How Jinnah's ideology shapes Pakistan's identity|first=Secunder|last=Kermani|date=18 August 2017|website=BBC|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121151418/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40961603|url-status=live}}</ref> Nehru angrily declared that "all the old problems ... pale into insignificance before the latest stand taken by the Muslim League leader in Lahore".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chand|first=Attar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgUJAQAAMAAJ|title=India and Asia-Pacific Security Volume 2|pages=223|date=2010|publisher=Amar Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8542-031-8|via=Google Books}}</ref> Linlithgow made Nehru an [[August Offer|offer]] on 8 October 1940, which stated that [[Dominion of India|Dominion status for India]] was the objective of the British government.<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). ''History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A.'' Atlantic Publishers. pp. 281–283</ref> However, it referred neither to a date nor a method to accomplish this. Only Jinnah received something more precise: "The British would not contemplate transferring power to a Congress-dominated national government, the authority of which was denied by various elements in India's national life".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sears|first=Stephen W.|author-link=Stephen W. Sears|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xt6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT616|title=The British Empire|date=2014|publisher=New Word City|isbn=978-1-61230-809-8|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In October 1940, Gandhi and Nehru, abandoning their original stand of supporting Britain, decided to launch a limited civil disobedience campaign in which leading advocates of Indian independence were selected to participate one by one. Nehru was arrested and sentenced to four years imprisonment.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2020"/> On 15 January 1941, Gandhi stated:

<blockquote>Some say Jawaharlal and I were estranged. It will require much more than a difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Science & culture, Volume 30|publisher=Indian Science News Association|year=1964}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Aditit De|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcQDAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT91|title=Jawaharlal Nehruh – The Jewel of India|date=8 September 2009|publisher=[[Puffin Books]]|isbn=978-81-8475-866-5|via=Google Books}}</ref></blockquote> After spending a little more than a year in jail, Nehru was released, along with other Congress prisoners, three days before the [[bombing of Pearl Harbor]] in Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA109|title=Students' Britannica India|date=2018|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|via=Google Books|author-link=Dale Hoiberg}}</ref>

=== Japan attacks India, Cripps' mission, Quit India: 1942 ===
[[File:Gandhi and Nehru 1942.jpg|thumb|Gandhi and Nehru during the drafting of [[Quit India Resolution]] in Bombay, August 1942 ]]
When the Japanese [[Burma campaign|carried their attack through Burma]] (now [[Myanmar]]) to the borders of India in the spring of 1942, the British government, faced with this new military threat, decided to make some overtures to India, as Nehru had originally desired.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Amy McKenna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3Lc8XRHz7kC&pg=PA223|title=The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time|date=2009|publisher=[[Rosen Publishing|The Rosen Publishing Group|pages=223]], Inc|isbn=978-1-61530-015-0|via=Google Books}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] dispatched Sir [[Stafford Cripps]], a member of the [[War Cabinet]] who was known to be politically close to Nehru and knew Jinnah, with proposals for a settlement of the constitutional problem.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA109|title=Students' Britannica India|date=2018|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|pages=108–109|volume=4|via=Google Books}}</ref> As soon as he arrived, he discovered that India was more deeply divided than he had imagined. Nehru, eager for a compromise, was hopeful; Gandhi was not. Jinnah had continued opposing the Congress: "Pakistan is our only demand, and by God, we will have it," he declared in the Muslim League newspaper [[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn'']].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mansergh|first=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZiAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145|title=Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of Wartime Cooperation and Post-War Change 1939–1952|date= 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-24289-2|pages=145|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Cripps' mission]] failed as Gandhi would accept nothing less than independence. Relations between Nehru and Gandhi cooled over the latter's refusal to co-operate with Cripps, but the two later reconciled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The National Archives – Homepage|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/cripps-nehru-gandhi/|work=[[nationalarchives.gov.uk]]|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201235944/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/cripps-nehru-gandhi/|archive-date=1 December 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1942, Gandhi called on the British to leave India; Nehru, though reluctant to embarrass the allied war effort, had no alternative but to join Gandhi. Following the [[Quit India Movement|Quit India resolution]] passed by the Congress party in Bombay on 8 August 1942, the entire Congress working committee, including Gandhi and Nehru, was arrested and imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement|title=1942 Quit India Movement|website=[[Open University|open.ac.uk]]|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213225/https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the Congress working committee including Nehru, Abdul Kalam Azad, and Sardar Patel were incarcerated at the [[Ahmednagar Fort]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aamir R. Mufti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5C1uRIotD4C&pg=PA129|title=Enlightenment in the Colony: The Jewish Question and the Crisis of Postcolonial Culture|date=2009|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-1-4008-2766-4|pages=129–131}}</ref> until 15 June 1945.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Amy McKenna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3Lc8XRHz7kC&pg=PA224|title=The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time|date=2009|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=978-1-61530-015-0|pages=224|via=Google Books}}</ref>

=== In prison 1943–1945 ===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru's room at Ahmednagar fort - 20151226 031536.jpg|thumb|right|alt=See caption |Nehru's room at Ahmednagar fort where he was incarcerated from 1942 to 1945, and where he wrote ''[[The Discovery of India]]'']]
During the period when all the Congress leaders were in jail, the Muslim League under Jinnah grew in power.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lS1LuJbhl9YC&pg=PA228|title=Civics & History|publisher=Pitambar Publishing|isbn=978-81-209-1088-1|first=N.N|last=Kher|via=Google Books}}</ref> In April 1943, the League captured the governments of Bengal and, a month later, that of the [[North-West Frontier Province]]. In none of these provinces had the League previously had a majority—only the arrest of Congress members made it possible. With all the Muslim-dominated provinces except Punjab under Jinnah's control, the concept of a separate Muslim State was turning into a reality.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xt6BAAAQBAJ&q=In+April+1943%2C+the+League+captured+the+government+of+Bengal+and%2C+a+month+later%2C+that+of+the+North+West+Frontier+Province.&pg=PT619|title=The British Empire|first=Stephen W.|last=Sears|date= 2014|publisher=New Word City|isbn=978-1-61230-809-8|via=Google Books}}</ref> However, by 1944, Jinnah's power and prestige were waning.<ref name="B. N-1969">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajxdDwAAQBAJ|title=Break Up of British India|first=Pandey|last=B. N|pages=169|date=1969|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|isbn=978-1-349-15307-7|via=Google Books}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

A general sympathy towards the jailed Congress leaders was developing among Muslims, and much of the blame for the disastrous [[Bengal famine of 1943]]–44 during which two million died had been laid on the shoulders of the province's Muslim League government. The numbers at Jinnah's meetings, once counted in thousands, soon numbered only a few hundred. In despair, Jinnah left the political scene for a stay in Kashmir. His prestige was restored unwittingly by Gandhi, who had been released from prison on medical grounds in May 1944 and had met Jinnah in Bombay in September.<ref name="B. N-1969" /> There, he offered the Muslim leader a plebiscite in the Muslim areas after the war to see whether they wanted to separate from the rest of India. Essentially, it was an acceptance of the principle of Pakistan—but not in so many words. Jinnah demanded that the exact words be used. Gandhi refused and the talks broke down. Jinnah, however, had greatly strengthened his own position and that of the League. The most influential member of the Congress had been seen to negotiate with him on equal terms.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sears|first=Stephen W.|url={{Google books|7xt6BAAAQBAJ|page=PT619|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=The British Empire|date=2014|isbn=978-1-61230-809-8|publisher=NewWord City}}</ref>

=== Cabinet mission, Interim government 1946–1947 ===
[[File:Nehru with members of Interim gov't faction leaving Viceroy's home after Swearing in.jpg|thumb|left|Nehru and the Congress party members of his interim government after being sworn in by the Viceroy, [[Lord Wavell]], 2 September 1946]]
Nehru and his colleagues were released prior to the arrival of the British [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India]] to propose plans for the transfer of power.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/nehru-s-belongings-still-intact-in-almora-jail-157835|title=Nehru's belongings still intact in Almora jail|first=B.D.|last=Kasniyal|website=Tribuneindia News Service|date=13 November 2015|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206134810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/nehru-s-belongings-still-intact-in-almora-jail-157835|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mukhopadhyay-2018">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/history/past-continuous-nehru-independence|title=Past Continuous: Those Who Think Nehru Was Power Hungry Should Review Events Leading to Independence|website=The Wire|first=Nilanjan|last=Mukhopadhyay|date=14 November 2018|access-date=9 November 2018|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109070909/https://thewire.in/history/past-continuous-nehru-independence|url-status=live}}</ref> The agreed plan in 1946 led to elections to the provincial assemblies. In turn, the members of the assemblies elected members of the Constituent Assembly. Congress won the majority of seats in the assembly and headed the [[Interim Government of India|interim government]], with Nehru as the prime minister. The Muslim League joined the government later with [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] as the Finance member.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/september-2-when-indias-interim-govt-was-formed-in-1946-5959889/|title=Explained: When India's interim government was formed in 1946|date=3 September 2019|first=Om|last=Marathe|website=The Indian Express|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212412/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/september-2-when-indias-interim-govt-was-formed-in-1946-5959889/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>V. Krishna Ananth. [https://books.google.com/books?id=X62Sc3muOyQC ''India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics'']. Pearson Education India. 2010. pp 28–30.</ref>

== Prime Minister of India (1947–1964) ==
[[File:Teen Murti Bhavan in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption |[[Teen Murti Bhavan]], Nehru's official residence as prime minister, is now a museum.]]
Nehru served as prime minister for 16 years, initially as the interim prime minister, then from 1947 as the prime minister of the Dominion of India and then from 1950 as the prime minister of the Republic of India.

=== Republicanism ===

Nehru showed his concern for the princely states of South Asia since 1920s. During his Presidential Address at the Lahore session in 1929, Nehru had declared that, "The Indian States cannot live apart from the rest of India and their rulers must, unless they accept their inevitable limitations, go the way of others like them."<ref>{{cite book | last=Bombwall | first=K.R. | title=The Foundations of Indian Federalism | publisher=Asia Publishing House | year=1967 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFYLAQAAIAAJ| page=151}}</ref>

In July 1946, Nehru pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Menon|first1=Shivshankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaWWDwAAQBAJ|title=India and Asian Geopolitics: The Past, Present|date=2021|isbn=978-0-670-09129-4|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|pages=34}}</ref> In January 1947, he said that independent India would not accept the [[divine right of kings]].<ref>Lumby, E. W. R. 1954. ''The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–1947''. London: [[George Allen and Unwin|George Allen & Unwin]]. p. 228</ref> In May 1947, he declared that any [[princely state]] which refused to join the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] would be treated as an enemy state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=172053|title=Sardar Patel – Man who United India|date=30 October 2017|first=Aaditya|last=Tiwari|website=Press Information Bureau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327011611/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=172053 |archive-date= 27 March 2023}}</ref> Vallabhbhai Patel and V. P. Menon were more conciliatory towards the princes, and as the men charged with integrating the states, were successful in the task.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468/|title=How Vallabhbhai Patel, V P Menon and Mountbatten unified India|date=31 October 2017 |website=The Indian Express |url-access=subscription |first1= Adrija |last1=Roychowdhury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327134148/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468/ |archive-date= 27 March 2023}}</ref> During the drafting of the Indian constitution, many Indian leaders (except Nehru) were in favour of allowing each princely state or covenanting state to be independent as a federal state along the lines suggested originally by the Government of India Act 1935. But as the drafting of the constitution progressed, and the idea of forming a republic took concrete shape, it was decided that all the princely states/covenanting states would merge with the Indian republic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Unification of India, 1947–1951|author=Furber, Holden|year=1951|journal=[[Pacific Affairs]]|volume=24|issue=4|pages=352–371|doi=10.2307/2753451|jstor=2753451|author-link=Holden Furber}}</ref>

In 1963, Nehru brought in legislation making it illegal to demand secession and introduced the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution which makes it necessary for those running for office to take an oath that says "I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India".<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Lanka, the Years of Terror: The J.V.P. Insurrection, 1987–1989|author=C.A. Chandraprema|year=1991|page=81|publisher=Lake House Bookshop|isbn=9789559029038 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmRuAAAAMAAJ|quote=Nehru brought in legislation making illegal the demand for secession in 1963. Thereafter, the DMK dropped its demand for a "Dravida Nadu".}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw7z_JOnv0sC|title=Small Arms Control: Old Weapons, New Issues|quote=Although the campaign for secession has reached its apex in Kashmir, the first Indian state to agitate for separatism was Tamil Nadu. In 1963, in response to the vociferous campaign for a Dravidastan, Premier Nehru introduced the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution, making it mandatory for those running for office to take an oath stating, "I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India".|author= Jayantha Dhanapala, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|year=1999|isbn=9780754620761}}</ref>

=== Independence, Dominion of India: 1947–1950 ===
[[File:Lord Mountbatten swears in Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of free India on Aug 15, 1947.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=See caption |[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] swears in Nehru as the first Prime Minister of independent India on 15 August 1947]]

The period before independence in early 1947 was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfcvAQAAIAAJ&q=After+failed+bid+to+form+coalition,+Nehru+reluctantly+supported+the+partition+of+India,+according+to+a+plan+released+by+the+British+on+3+June+1947.|isbn = 978-81-7041-859-7|title = Encyclopaedia Indica: Independent India and wars – I|year = 1996|publisher = Anmol Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1MwAQAAIAAJ&q=After+failed+bid+to+form+coalition,+Nehru+reluctantly+supported+the+partition+of+India,+according+to+a+plan+released+by+the+British+on+3+June+1947.|isbn = 978-81-261-3745-9|title = Encyclopaedia of Indian War of Independence, 1857–1947: Gandhi era : Jawahar Lal Nehru and Sardar Patel|year = 2009|publisher = Anmol Publications}}</ref>

==== Independence ====
{{main|Tryst with Destiny}}

He took office as the [[prime minister of India]] on 15 August and delivered his inaugural address titled "[[Tryst with Destiny]]".

<blockquote>Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history when we step out from the old to the new when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Jawaharlal|last=Nehru|date=30 April 2007|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/may/01/greatspeeches|title=A Tryst with Destiny|access-date=16 August 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524211546/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/may/01/greatspeeches |archive-date=24 May 2014|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref></blockquote>

==== Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi: 1948 ====
{{Main|Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|The light has gone out of our lives|l2 = Nehru's address on Gandhi}}

[[File:Nehru visiting Srinagar Brigade Headquarters Military Hospital in May 1948.jpg|thumb|right|Nehru visiting an Indian soldier recovering from injuries at the Brigade Headquarters Military Hospital in Srinagar, Kashmir]]

On 30 January 1948, Gandhi was shot while he was walking in the garden of Birla House on his way to address a prayer meeting. The assassin, [[Nathuram Godse]], was a [[Hindu nationalist]] with links to the extremist [[Hindu Mahasabha]] party, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-politics-of-an-assassination-who-killed-gandhi-and-why/story-iUJqKjuw0sP9nAfc5KcOII.html|title=The politics of an assassination: Who killed Gandhi and why?|date=15 August 2015|first=Abhishek|last=Saha|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213151236/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-politics-of-an-assassination-who-killed-gandhi-and-why/story-iUJqKjuw0sP9nAfc5KcOII.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nehru addressed the nation by radio:

<blockquote>Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me but for millions and millions in this country.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Janak Raj Jai|url={{Google books|5Wrc1K0uJTgC|page=PA45|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=1947–1980|publisher=Regency Publications|year=1996|isbn=978-81-86030-23-3|pages=45–47}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Yasmin Khan]] argued that Gandhi's death and funeral helped consolidate the authority of the new Indian state under Nehru and Patel. The Congress tightly controlled the epic public displays of grief over a two-week period—the funeral, mortuary rituals and distribution of the martyr's ashes with millions participating in different events.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundaries-of-belonging/performing-the-state-in-post1947-india-and-pakistan/51E29D5CE278C3362B5D10B45D35C71F/core-reader|title=Boundaries of Belonging|chapter='Performing the State' in Post-1947 India and Pakistan|date=2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first1=Sarah|last1=Ansari|first2=William|last2=Gould|pages=23–66|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.003|isbn=978-1-107-19605-6|s2cid=211394653|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911043326/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundaries-of-belonging/performing-the-state-in-post1947-india-and-pakistan/51E29D5CE278C3362B5D10B45D35C71F/core-reader|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78902926.pdf|title=Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state|first=Yasmin|last=Khan|website=[[core.ac.uk]]|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911043329/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78902926.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The goal was to assert the power of the government, legitimise the Congress party's control and suppress all religious paramilitary groups. Nehru and Patel suppressed the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), the Muslim National Guards, and the [[Khaksars]], with some 200,000 arrests.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Yasmin |year=2011|title=Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=57–80 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X10000223|s2cid=144894540 |doi-access=free}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Gandhi's death and funeral linked the distant state with the Indian people and helped them to understand the need to suppress religious parties during the transition to independence for the Indian people.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state|first=Yasmin|last=Khan|date=12 January 2011|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=45|issue=1|pages=57–80|doi=10.1017/S0026749X10000223|s2cid=144894540|doi-access=free}}</ref> In later years, there emerged a revisionist school of history which sought to blame Nehru for the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly [[centralised]] policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more [[decentralised]] India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gandhi-jinnah-both-failed-jaswant/99323-37.html |title=Gandhi, Jinnah both failed: Jaswant |last=Thapar |first=Karan |date=17 August 2009 |author-link=Karan Thapar |publisher=ibnlive.in.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703195004/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gandhi-jinnah-both-failed-jaswant/99323-37.html |archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/After-Advani-Jaswant-turns-Jinnah-admirer/articleshow/4900326.cms |title=After Advani, Jaswant turns Jinnah admirer |date=17 August 2009 |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020021442/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/After-Advani-Jaswant-turns-Jinnah-admirer/articleshow/4900326.cms |archive-date=20 October 2017 |location=India}}</ref>

==== Integration of states and Adoption of New Constitution: 1947–1950 ====
{{See also|Political integration of India|States Reorganisation Act, 1956}}
[[File:Indira Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajiv Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption |Nehru and his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] and his two grandsons, brothers [[Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv]] and [[Sanjay Gandhi|Sanjay]] in [[June 1949]].]]
The British Indian Empire, which included present-day India, Pakistan, and [[Bangladesh]], was divided into two types of territories: the provinces of British India, which were governed directly by British officials responsible to the [[Viceroy]] of India; and princely states, under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognised British [[suzerainty]] in return for local autonomy, in most cases as established by a treaty.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/politics-and-policy/article8366115.ece |title=Maps are malleable. Even Bharat Mata's |last=Ghosh |first=Bishwanath |date=17 March 2016 |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302163809/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/politics-and-policy/article8366115.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1947 and about 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union under Nehru and Sardar Patel. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as [[Rajputana]], Himachal Pradesh, [[Madhya Bharat]], and [[Vindhya Pradesh]], made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal and Bilaspur, became separate provinces.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Adrija|last=Roychowdhury|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/five-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence/|title=Five states that refused to join India after Independence|date=17 August 2017|access-date=15 August 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113171155/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/five-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Government of India Act 1935 remained the constitutional law of India the pending adoption of a new Constitution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/time-to-recall-efforts-made-to-create-the-constitution/article8177274.ece|title=Time to recall efforts made to create the Constitution|first=Mohamed Imranullah|last=S.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 February 2016|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213805/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/time-to-recall-efforts-made-to-create-the-constitution/article8177274.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 1946, Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution. This resolution, upon Nehru's suggestion, ultimately turned into the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India]]. The preamble is considered to be the spirit of the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/preamble-embodies-constitution-s-vision/story-vLbo5CoBlXdmCgtSWb7v2K.html|title=Republic at 70: Preamble embodies Constitution's vision|first=Anurag|last=Bhaskar|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=25 November 2022|access-date=12 March 2024|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311200233/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/preamble-embodies-constitution-s-vision/story-vLbo5CoBlXdmCgtSWb7v2K.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1682-preamble-the-spirit-of-constitution-of-india.html|title=Preamble the Spirit of Constitution of India|first=Dinesh|last=Chauhan|access-date=12 March 2024|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311200600/https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1682-preamble-the-spirit-of-constitution-of-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The new [[Constitution of India]], which came into force on [[Republic Day (India)|26 January 1950]] (Republic Day), made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was declared to be a "Union of States".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWJ2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT167 |title=Patel: Political Ideas and Policies |last1=Sinha |first1=Shakti |last2=Roy |first2=Himanshu |date=2018 |isbn=978-93-5280-854-0|publisher=Sage Publications}}</ref>

=== Election of 1952 ===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru 1951-52 election poster.jpg|thumb|232x232px|Nehru as the main campaigner of the Indian National Congress, 1951–52 elections]]
After the adoption of the constitution on 26 November 1949, the Constituent Assembly continued to act as the interim parliament until new elections. Nehru's interim cabinet consisted of 15 members from diverse communities and parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/september-2-when-indias-interim-govt-was-formed-in-1946-5959889/|title=Explained: When India's interim government was formed in 1946|first=Om|last=Marathe|date=3 September 2019|access-date=15 August 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212412/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/september-2-when-indias-interim-govt-was-formed-in-1946-5959889/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first elections to Indian legislative bodies (National parliament and State assemblies) under the new constitution of India were held in [[1951–52 Indian general election|1951-52]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=India's General Elections|author=Park, Richard Leonard|year=1952|journal=[[Far Eastern Survey]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.2307/3024683|jstor=3024683}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kNnAAAAMAAJ&q=The+first+elections+to+Indian+legislative+bodies+(National+parliament+and+State+assemblies+)+under+the+new+constitution+of+India+were+held+in+%5B%5B1951%E2%80%9352+Indian+general+election%7C1952%5D%5D.|title = Indian and Foreign Review|year = 1969|publisher = Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> The Congress party under Nehru's leadership won a large majority at both state and national levels.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40209795|title=Democracy's Biggest Gamble: India's First Free Elections in 1952|author=Guha, Ramachandra|author-link=Ramachandra Guha|year=2002|journal=[[World Policy Journal]]|volume=19|issue=1|pages=95–103|doi=10.1215/07402775-2002-2005|jstor=40209795|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213921/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209795|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Tenure: 1952–1957===
In December 1953, Nehru appointed the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines. Headed by Justice [[Fazal Ali]], the commission itself was also known as the Fazal Ali Commission.<ref name="Koshi">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explainer-reorganization-states-india-and-why-it-happened-52273 |title=Explainer: The reorganization of states in India and why it happened |last=Koshi |first=Luke |date=2 November 2016 |website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133426/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explainer-reorganization-states-india-and-why-it-happened-52273 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], who served as Nehru's [[home minister]] from December 1954, oversaw the commission's efforts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/govind-ballabh-pants-death-anniversary-remembering-the-first-chief-minister-of-uttar-pradesh-3507449.html|title=Govind Ballabh Pant's Death Anniversary: Remembering the First Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|date=7 March 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=[[News18]]|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214429/https://www.news18.com/news/india/govind-ballabh-pants-death-anniversary-remembering-the-first-chief-minister-of-uttar-pradesh-3507449.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The commission created a report in 1955 recommending the reorganisation of India's states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/state-of-the-nation/307830/0|title=State of the Nation|date=11 May 2008|access-date=15 August 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319080002/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/state-of-the-nation/307830/0|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the [[Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|Seventh Amendment]], the existing distinction between Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states was abolished. The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed, becoming known simply as [[States of india|''states'']].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Suraj Surjit|last=Chaudhary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj8jEAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-93-90252-05-3|title=Critical Commentary on the Banning of Unregulated Deposit Schemes Act, 2019 and Allied Laws|date=2021|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]}}</ref> A new type of entity, the ''[[union territory]]'', replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state. Nehru stressed commonality among Indians and promoted pan-Indianism, refusing to reorganise states on either religious or ethnic lines.<ref name="Koshi" />

=== Subsequent elections: 1957, 1962 ===
In the [[1957 Indian general election|1957 elections]], under Nehru's leadership, the [[Indian National Congress]] easily won a second term in power, taking 371 of the 494 seats. They gained an extra seven seats (the size of the Lok Sabha had been increased by five) and their vote share increased from 45.0% to 47.8%. The INC won nearly five times more votes than the [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party]], the second-largest party.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1957 India General (2nd Lok Sabha) Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html|access-date=31 August 2020|website=www.elections.in|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727170609/https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[1962 Indian general election|1962]], Nehru led the Congress to victory with a diminished majority. The numbers who voted for the [[Indian Communist Party|Communist]] and socialist parties grew, although some right-wing groups like [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] also did well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/the-story-of-1962-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2185457.html|title=INKredible India: The story of 1962 Lok Sabha election – All you need to know|date=6 March 2019|first=Shubhodeep|last=Chakravarty|website=Zee News|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221165502/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/the-story-of-1962-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2185457.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1961 annexation of Goa ===
{{See also|Annexation of Goa}}
After years of failed negotiations, Krishna Menon ordered the [[Indian Army]] to invade Portuguese-controlled [[Portuguese India]] (Goa) in 1961, after which Nehru formally annexed it to India. It increased the popularity of both in India, but he was criticised by the communist opposition in India for the use of military force.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-liberation-of-goa/article22339624.ece |title=The liberation of Goa |last=Davar |first=Praveen |date=31 December 2017 |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201055746/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-liberation-of-goa/article22339624.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sino-Indian War of 1962 ===
{{See also|Sino-Indian War}}
[[File:India disputed areas map.svg|thumb|alt=See caption |Map showing [[List of disputed territories of India|disputed territories of India]]]]

From 1959, in a process that accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the "[[Forward policy (Sino-Indian conflict)|Forward Policy]]" of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Noorani |first=A.G. |title=Perseverance in the peace process |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829001604900.htm |date=29 August 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326174852/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829001604900.htm |archive-date=26 March 2005 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=hinduonnet.com |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> China attacked some of these outposts, and the [[Sino-Indian War]] began, which India lost. The war ended with China announcing a unilateral ceasefire and with its forces withdrawing to 20 kilometres behind the [[line of actual control]] of 1959.<ref>{{cite book | last=Klintworth | first=G. | title=China's India War: A Question of Confidence | publisher=Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | series=Working paper (Australian National University. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre) | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-7315-0087-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt65AAAAIAAJ| page=10|quote=China declared a unilateral ceasefire and by December it had withdrawn its forces to positions 20 km behind the line of actual control that had existed in 1959}}</ref>

The war exposed the unpreparedness of India's military, which could send only 14,000 troops to the war zone in opposition to the much larger [[Chinese Army]], and Nehru was widely criticised for his government's insufficient attention to defence. In response, defence minister V. K. Krishna Menon resigned and Nehru sought [[US military aid]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4JIDwAAQBAJ|title=Comrades against Imperialism: Nehru, India, and Interwar Internationalism|page=195|publisher=Cambridge University Press|quote=Menon resigned under India's military preparedness failed to prevent a Chinese invasion during the Sino-Indian war of 1962|author=Michele L. Louro |year=2018|isbn=9781108419307}}</ref> Nehru's improved relations with the US under [[John F. Kennedy]] proved useful during the war, as in 1962, the [[president of Pakistan]] (then closely aligned with the Americans) Ayub Khan was made to guarantee his neutrality regarding India, threatened by "[[communist]] aggression from Red China".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842104-10,00.html |title=Asia: Ending the Suspense |date=17 September 1965 |access-date=15 August 2021 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521075607/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C842104-10%2C00.html |archive-date=21 May 2013}}</ref> India's relationship with the Soviet Union, criticised by right-wing groups supporting [[free-market]] policies, was also seemingly validated. Nehru would continue to maintain his commitment to the non-aligned movement, despite calls from some to permanently align with one ally.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cold-wars/alternative-world-visions/2D0ABD3F6605FE74F3307698D7989643|title=Alternative World Visions|editor-first=Lorenz M.|editor-last=Lüthi|date=2020|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=261–328|isbn=978-1-108-41833-1|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710103427/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cold-wars/alternative-world-visions/2D0ABD3F6605FE74F3307698D7989643|url-status=live}}</ref>

The unpreparedness of the army was blamed on Defence Minister Menon, who "resigned" from his government post to allow for someone who might modernise India's military further. India's policy of weaponisation using indigenous sources and self-sufficiency began in earnest under Nehru, completed by his daughter Indira Gandhi, who later led India to a crushing military victory over rival Pakistan in 1971. Toward the end of the war, India had increased her support for Tibetan refugees and revolutionaries, some of them having settled in India, as they were fighting the same common enemy in the region. Nehru ordered the raising of an elite Indian-trained "Tibetan Armed Force" composed of Tibetan refugees, which served with distinction in future wars against Pakistan in 1965 and 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/07/tibetans-in-exile-india-elections-right-to-vote |title=Tibetans-in-exile divided over right to vote in Indian elections |last=Sehgal |first=Saransh |date=7 May 2014 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/07/tibetans-in-exile-india-elections-right-to-vote |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Popularity ===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with Einstein, 1949.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption |Nehru with [[Albert Einstein]] in Princeton, New Jersey, 1949]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru's motorcade passing through the crowded streets of Djakarta, Indonesia,1950.jpg|thumb|right|Nehru with Indonesian president [[Sukarno]] in [[Jakarta]] in 1950]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with tiger cubs.jpg|thumb|Nehru playing with a tiger cub at his home in 1955]]

To date, Nehru is considered the most popular prime minister, winning three consecutive elections with around 45% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/after-nehru-and-indira-modi-is-only-pm-to-come-back-to-power-with-full-majority/articleshow/69464495.cms?from=mdr|title=After Nehru and Indira, Modi is only PM to come back to power with full majority|date=23 May 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=22 August 2021|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822094451/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/after-nehru-and-indira-modi-is-only-pm-to-come-back-to-power-with-full-majority/articleshow/69464495.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Pathé News]] archive video reporting Nehru's death remarks "Neither on the political stage nor in moral stature was his leadership ever challenged".<ref>{{Citation|title=World Mourns Nehru (1964)| date=13 April 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pcR3eceOf4|access-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731192854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pcR3eceOf4|archive-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> In his book ''Verdicts on Nehru'', [[Ramachandra Guha]] cited a contemporary account that described what Nehru's 1951–52 Indian general election campaign looked like:

<blockquote>Almost at every place, city, town, village or wayside halt, people had waited overnight to welcome the nation's leader. Schools and shops closed; milkmaids and cowherds had taken a holiday; the kisan and his helpmate took a temporary respite from their dawn-to-dusk programme of hard work in field and home. In Nehru's name, stocks of soda and lemonade sold out; even water became scarce ... Special trains were run from out-of-the-way places to carry people to Nehru's meetings, enthusiasts travelling not only on footboards but also on top of carriages. Scores of people fainted in milling crowds.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDikAwAAQBAJ&q=Almost+at+every+place,+city&pg=PT9|title=Verdicts on Nehru|date=2013|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-93-5118-757-8}}</ref></blockquote>

In the 1950s, Nehru was admired by world leaders such as British prime minister Winston Churchill, and US President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. A letter from Eisenhower to Nehru, dated 27 November 1958, read:

<Blockquote>Universally you are recognised as one of the most powerful influences for peace and conciliation in the world. I believe that because you are a world leader for peace in your individual capacity, as well as a representative of the largest neutral nation....<ref>{{Cite web|series=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, South and Southeast Asia, Volume XV – Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v15/d222|access-date=31 July 2021|title=Letter From President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Nehru|date=27 November 1958|website=history.state.gov|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731192904/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v15/d222|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

In 1955, Churchill called Nehru, "the light of Asia", and a greater light than [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Nayantara Sahgal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Civilizing a Savage World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KycnN-MlfY4C&pg=PP9 |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08357-2|page=59}}</ref> Nehru has repeatedly been described as a charismatic leader with a rare charm.{{efn|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ian Hall|first=The Conversation|title=Nehru, the architect of modern India, also helped discredit European imperialism|url=https://scroll.in/article/1002353/nehru-the-architect-of-modern-india-also-helped-discredit-european-imperialism|access-date=15 November 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=22 August 2021|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115163627/https://scroll.in/article/1002353/nehru-the-architect-of-modern-india-also-helped-discredit-european-imperialism|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How the ANC could fade away – Opinion |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/how-the-anc-could-fade-away|access-date=15 November 2021|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115163628/https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/how-the-anc-could-fade-away|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=UP Next: How Nehru, Swami Prabhu Dutt Brahmachari's ideas of India resonate in 2022 polls|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/up-next-how-nehru-swami-prabhu-dutt-brahmacharis-ideas-of-india-resonate-in-2022-polls-10136981.html|access-date=15 November 2021|website=Firstpost|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115041104/https://www.firstpost.com/india/up-next-how-nehru-swami-prabhu-dutt-brahmacharis-ideas-of-india-resonate-in-2022-polls-10136981.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Modi Is a 'Charismatic' Leader Like Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajiv Gandhi: Rajinikanth|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-pm-modi-is-a-chrarismatic-leader-like-jawaharlal-nehru-rajiv-gandhi-rajnikanth/331096|access-date=15 November 2015|website=outlookindia|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528133731/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-pm-modi-is-a-chrarismatic-leader-like-jawaharlal-nehru-rajiv-gandhi-rajnikanth/331096|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=A thousand lies can't dwarf the giant Nehru was|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/a-thousand-lies-cant-dwarf-the-giant-nehru-was-258860|access-date=15 November 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|archive-date=30 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330155854/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/a-thousand-lies-cant-dwarf-the-giant-nehru-was-258860|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

== Vision and governing policies ==
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with school children at Durgapur copy.jpg|thumb|alt= Nehru with schoolchildren at the Durgapur Steel Plant |Nehru with schoolchildren at the [[Durgapur Steel Plant]]. Durgapur, [[Rourkela Steel Plant|Rourkela]] and [[Bhilai Steel Plant|Bhilai]] were three integrated steel plants set up under India's [[Five-Year Plans of India#Second Plan (1956–1961)|Second Five-Year Plan]] in the late 1950s.]]

According to [[Bhikhu Parekh]], Nehru can be regarded as the founder of the modern Indian state. Parekh attributes this to the national philosophy Nehru formulated for India. For him, modernisation was the national philosophy, with seven goals: national unity, parliamentary democracy, industrialisation, socialism, development of the scientific temper, and non-alignment. In Parekh's opinion, the philosophy and the policies that resulted from this benefited a large section of society such as public sector workers, industrial houses, and middle and upper peasantry. However, it failed to benefit the urban and rural poor, the unemployed and the [[Hindu fundamentalist]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parekh |first=Bhiku |date=1991 |title=Nehru and the National Philosophy of India |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=26 |issue=5–12 Jan 1991 |pages=35–48 |jstor=4397189}}</ref>

Nehru is credited with having prevented civil wars in India.<ref>{{cite book | last=Puri | first=S. | title=The Great Imperial Hangover: How Empires Have Shaped the World | publisher=Atlantic Books | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-78649-834-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOK5DwAAQBAJ | page=206}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Heller | first=P. | title=The Labor of Development: Workers and the Transformation of Capitalism in Kerala, India | publisher=Cornell University Press | series=Cornell paperbacks | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-8014-8624-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2sBzup4yR8C | access-date=23 February 2024 | page=75}}</ref> Nehru convincingly succeeded in secularism and [[Religious harmony in India|religious harmony]], increasing the representation of minorities in government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmg9EAAAQBAJ&q=Nehru+championed+secularism+and+%5B%5BReligious+harmony+in+India%7Creligious+harmony%5D%5D%2C+increasing+the+representation+of+minorities+in+government.&pg=PA20|title=Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru|first=Ravi Ranjan & M. K.|last=Singh|date=14 August 2021|publisher=K.K. Publications|pages=20|via=Google Books}}</ref>

=== Economic policies ===
[[File:Hermann Josef Abs - mit Adenauer und Nehru 1956.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of Nehru and German chancellor Konrad Adenauer and Deutsche Bank chairman Hermann Josef Abs |Nehru meeting with Chancellor [[Konrad Adenauer]] and [[Deutsche Bank]] chairman [[Hermann Josef Abs]] during a state visit to West Germany in June 1956.]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru at Bhakra, 1953.jpg|thumb|left|Nehru during the construction of the [[Bhakra Dam]] in the Punjab, 1953]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru at the Penicillin Factory, Pune, 1956.jpg|thumb|left|Nehru at an [[antibiotics]] manufacturing facility, [[Poona]], 1956]]

Nehru implemented policies based on [[import substitution industrialisation]] and advocated a [[mixed economy]] where the government-controlled [[public sector]] would co-exist with the [[private sector]].{{sfn|Ghose|1993|p=243}} He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. The government, therefore, directed investment primarily into key [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector]] industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies.{{sfn| Kopstein|2005|p=364}} Nehru's vision of an [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] society was "a co-operative ideal, a one world ideal, based on social justice and economic equality". In 1928, Nehru had affirmed that "Our economic programme must aim at the removal of all economic inequalities". Later in 1955, he declared that "I also want a classless society in India and the world." He identified his concept of economic freedom with the country's [[Economic development in India|economic development]] and material advancement.<ref>{{cite book | last=Maheshwari | first=N. | title=Economic Policy of Jawaharlal Nehru | publisher=Deep & Deep | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-7100-850-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okUSbReaevUC&pg=PA36|pages=36–39}}</ref>

The policy of non-alignment during the [[Cold War]] meant that Nehru received financial and technical support from both power blocs in building India's industrial base from scratch.<ref name="Walsh">{{Cite book |url={{Google books|iekF9X3OwwMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=A Brief History of India |last=Walsh |first=Judith E. |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4381-0825-4 |page=190}}</ref> [[Steel mill]] complexes were built at [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]] and [[Rourkela Steel Plant|Rourkela]] with assistance from the Soviet Union and [[West Germany]]. There was substantial industrial development.<ref name="Walsh" /> The industry grew 7.0% annually between 1950 and 1965—almost trebling industrial output and making India the world's seventh-largest [[Industrial nation|industrial country]].<ref name="Walsh" /> Nehru's critics, however, contended that India's import substitution industrialisation, which continued long after the Nehru era, weakened the international competitiveness of its manufacturing industries.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=213 |url={{Google books |mypg8XYiwxUC |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |isbn=978-1-134-09387-8 |last=Yokokawa |first=Nobuharu |author2=[[Jayati Ghosh]] |author3=[[Bob Rowthorn]] |title=Industrialization of China and India: Their Impacts on the World Economy |year=2013}}</ref> India's share of world trade fell from 1.4% in 1951–1960 to 0.5% between 1981 and 1990.<ref name="Grabowski">{{Cite book| publisher = [[M.E. Sharpe]]| page = 161|url={{Google books|5W2IMK7ivigC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|isbn=978-1-134-09387-8| last = Grabowski| first = Richard| author2=Sharmistha Self |author3=Michael P. Shields| title = Economic Development: A Regional, Institutional, And Historical Approach| year = 2007}}</ref> However, India's export performance is argued to have shown actual sustained improvement over the period. The volume of exports grew at an annual rate of 2.9% in 1951–1960 to 7.6% in 1971–1980.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = [[Edward Elgar Publishing]]| page = 39|url={{Googlebooks|2Su6YPIgUBsC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|isbn=978-1-78195-943-5| last = Shand| first = R. Richard Tregurtha| author2 = K.P. Kalirajan |author3=Ulaganathan Sankar| title = Economic Reform and the Liberalisation of the Indian Economy: Essays in Honour of Richard T. Shand; papers Presented at a Major Conference on Second Generation Reforms in Chennai from 8 – 10 December 1999| year = 2003}}</ref>

GDP and [[GNP]] grew 3.9 and 4.0% annually between 1950 and 1951 and 1964–1965.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Deep and Deep Publications| page = 14|url={{Google books|qH4FFyi4-i4C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|isbn=978-81-8450-272-5| last = Thakur| first = Anil Khumar| author2=Debes Mukhopadhayay| title = Economic Philosophy of Jawaharlal Nehru| year = 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = [[Penguin Books India]]| page = 449|url={{Google books|dE9qEg-NgHMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|isbn=978-0-14-310409-4| last = Chandra| first = Bipan | author-link=Bipan Chandra | author2=Aditya Mukherjee |author3=[[Mridula Mukherjee]]| title = India Since Independence| year = 2008}}</ref> It was a radical break from the British colonial period,<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Academic Foundation| page = 132|url={{Google books|KTbA2R_6gjAC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|isbn=978-81-7188-711-8 | last = Kapila| first = Uma| title = Indian Economic Developments Since 1947 |edition=3rd| year = 2009}}</ref> but the growth rates were considered anaemic at best compared to other industrial powers in Europe and East Asia.<ref name="Grabowski" /><ref name="Kapila-2009">{{Cite book| publisher = Academic Foundation| page =66|url={{Google books|KTbA2R_6gjAC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|isbn=978-81-7188-711-8| last = Kapila| first = Uma| title = Indian Economic Developments Since 1947 |edition=3rd| year = 2009}}</ref> India lagged behind the miracle economies (Japan, West Germany, France, and Italy).<ref name="Giersch">{{Cite book | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| page = 4|url={{Google books|kkXGk_HyIBAC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|isbn=978-0-521-35869-9| last = Giersch | first = Herbert | author-link=Herbert Giersch | author2 = [[Karl-Heinz Paqué]]| author3 = [[Holger Schmieding]]| title = The Fading Miracle: Four Decades of Market Economy in Germany| year = 1994
}}</ref> However, this mixed development strategy allowed native industrialisation to gain ground.{{sfn| Kopstein|2005|p=364}} While India's economy grew faster than both the United Kingdom and the United States, low initial income and rapid population increase meant that growth was inadequate for any sort of catch-up with rich income nations.<ref name="Kapila-2009" /><ref name="Giersch" /><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| page = 306|url={{Google books|9ydqHszxqEEC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|isbn=978-0-415-67703-5| last = Parker| first = Randall E.| author2=[[Robert M. Whaples]]| title = The Routledge Handbook of Major Events in Economic History| year = 2013}}</ref> India saw significant improvements in health, literacy and life expectancy since its independence.{{sfn| Kopstein|2005|p=366}}

=== Agriculture policies ===
Under Nehru's leadership, the government attempted to develop India quickly by embarking on [[agrarian reform]] and rapid industrialisation.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|w2fXAwAAQBAJ|page=PA149|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Nehru |last=Brown |first=Judith M. |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-87476-8|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> A successful [[land reform]] was introduced that abolished giant [[landholding]]s, but efforts to redistribute land by placing limits on landownership failed. Attempts to introduce large-scale cooperative farming were frustrated by landowning rural elites, who formed the core of the powerful right-wing of the Congress and had considerable political support in opposing Nehru's efforts.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|bnNPJKw9CDsC|page=PR9|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Democracy, Development, and the Countryside: Urban-Rural Struggles in India |last=Ashutosh Varshney |date=1998 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-64625-3 |pages=30–31}}</ref> Agricultural production expanded until the early 1960s, as additional land was brought under cultivation and some irrigation projects began to have an effect. The establishment of agricultural universities, modelled after land-grant colleges in the United States, contributed to the development of the economy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GYZAAAAMAAJ&q=The+establishment+of+agricultural+universities,+modelled+after+land-grant+colleges+in+the+United+States,+contributed+to+the+development+of+the+economy.|title = India Today|year = 1963|publisher = New Horizons}}</ref> These universities worked with high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, initially developed in Mexico and the Philippines, that in the 1960s began the [[Green Revolution]], an effort to diversify and increase crop production. At the same time, a series of failed monsoons would cause serious food shortages, despite the steady progress and an increase in agricultural production.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|UNINAAAAQAAJ|page=PA120|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=An Introduction to South Asia |last=Farmer |first=B.H. |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-415-05695-3 |page=120}}</ref>

=== Social policies ===
==== Education ====
Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for India's children and youth, believing it essential for India's future progress. His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]], the [[Indian Institutes of Management]] and the [[National Institutes of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/childrens-day-2021-heres-why-jawaharlal-nehrus-birthday-celebrated-as-bal-diwas-4439072.html|title=Children's Day 2021: Here's Why Jawaharlal Nehru's Birthday Celebrated as Bal Diwas|date=14 November 2021|website=[[News18]]|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226034430/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/childrens-day-2021-heres-why-jawaharlal-nehrus-birthday-celebrated-as-bal-diwas-4439072.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nehru also outlined a commitment in his [[Five-Year Plans of India|five-year plans]] to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of India's children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrolment programs and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children to fight [[Malnutrition in India|malnutrition]]. Adult education centres and vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJu9Dkv_2zEC&pg=PA132 |title=Freedom Fighters of India |last=Lion M.G. Agrawal |publisher=Isha Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8205-470-7 |volume=2 |page=132 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

====Hindu code bills and marriage laws====
Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to [[Hindu law]] through the [[Hindu code bills]] to criminalise [[caste]] discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women.<ref>{{Cite journal |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=165–194 |last=Som |first=Reba |title=Jawaharlal Nehru and the Hindu Code: A Victory of Symbol over Substance? |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |date=February 1994 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00011732 |jstor=312925 |s2cid=145393171}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |page=3|isbn=978-81-86706-49-7 |quote=The Hindu Code Bill was visualised by Ambedkar and Nehru as the flagship of modernisation and a radical revision of Hindu law ... it is widely regarded as dramatic benchmark legislation giving Hindu women equitable if not superior entitlements as legal subjects. |last=Basu |first=Srimati |title=She Comes to Take Her Rights: Indian Women, Property, and Propriety |year=2005|url={{Googlebooks|mXgX8rrW6JsC|page=PA3|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> The Nehru administration saw such codification as necessary to unify the Hindu community, which ideally would be a first step towards unifying the nation.<ref>Williams, p. 107.</ref> They succeeded in passing four Hindu code bills in 1955–56: the [[Hindu Marriage Act]], [[Hindu Succession Act]], [[Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act]], and [[Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act]].<ref>Williams, p. 106.</ref> Those who practise [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Buddhism]] are categorised as Hindus under the jurisdiction of the Code Bill.<ref>{{cite book |last=Uppal |first=N. |title=Narcissus or Machiavelli?: Learning Leadership from Indian Prime Ministers |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-41480-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRswEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 |page=48}}</ref>

Nehru specifically wrote Article 44 of the Indian constitution under the [[Directive Principles of State Policy]] which states: "The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India." The article has formed the basis of secularism in India.<ref>Erckel, Sebastian (2011). ''India and the European Union – Two Models of Integration'', GRIN Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-656-01048-7}}, p. 128</ref> However, Nehru has been criticised for the inconsistent application of the law. Most notably, he allowed [[Muslim personal law in India|Muslims to keep their personal law]] in matters relating to marriage and inheritance. In the small state of [[Goa]], a civil code based on the old Portuguese Family Laws was allowed to continue, and Nehru prohibited Muslim personal law. This resulted from the [[annexation of Goa]] in 1961 by India, when Nehru promised the people that their laws would be left intact. This has led to accusations of selective secularism.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Minhaz|last=Merchant|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/nehrus-noble-intent-of-treating-muslims-fairly-put-india-on-slippery-slope-of-faux-secularism/489174/|title=Nehru's noble intent of treating Muslims fairly put India on slippery slope of faux secularism|date=27 August 2020|access-date=15 August 2021|work=[[ThePrint]]|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155854/https://theprint.in/opinion/nehrus-noble-intent-of-treating-muslims-fairly-put-india-on-slippery-slope-of-faux-secularism/489174/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Routledge |page=328 |quote=One subject that particularly interested Nehru was the reform of Hindu law, particularly with regard to the rights of Hindu women ... |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India|url={{Google books|TPVq3ykHyH4C|page=PA328|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2004|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4}}</ref>

While Nehru exempted Muslim law from legislation and they remained unreformed, he passed the [[Special Marriage Act]] in 1954.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Vaibhav|last=Purandare|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uniform-code-nehru-okayed-principle-but-didnt-make-it-a-directive/articleshow/60183225.cms|title=triple talaq: Uniform code: Nehru okayed principle, but didn't make it a directive|date=23 August 2017|access-date=15 August 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216055158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uniform-code-nehru-okayed-principle-but-didnt-make-it-a-directive/articleshow/60183225.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The idea behind this act was to give everyone in India the ability to marry outside the personal law under a [[civil marriage]]. In many respects, the act was almost identical to the [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]], demonstrating how secularised the law regarding Hindus had become. The Special Marriage Act allowed Muslims to marry under it and keep the protections, generally beneficial to Muslim women, that could not be found in the personal law. Under the act, [[polygamy]] was illegal, and inheritance and succession would be governed by the Indian Succession Act, rather than the respective Muslim personal law. Divorce would be governed by secular law, and maintenance of a divorced wife would be along the lines set down in civil law.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Zakia|last1=Soman|first2=Noorjehan|last2=Niaz|url=https://thewire.in/religion/why-triple-talaq-needs-to-be-abolished|title=Why Triple Talaq Needs to Be Abolished|date=17 June 2016|access-date=15 August 2021|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727053221/https://thewire.in/religion/why-triple-talaq-needs-to-be-abolished|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Language policy ====
The Constituent assembly debated the question of national language between 1946 and 1949.<ref name="Gusain">{{Cite journal|title=The Effectiveness of Establishing Hindi as a National Language|author=Gusain, Lakhan|year=2012|journal=[[Georgetown Journal of International Affairs]]|volume=13|issue=1|pages=43–50|jstor=43134213}}</ref><ref name="annamalai1">{{cite book|author=E. Annamalai|title=Language movements in India|chapter=Language Movements Against Hindi as An Official Language|url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/langmove/hinoff.html|date=1979|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Nandini|last=Rathi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hindi-diwas-2017-journey-of-hindi-from-pre-partition-india-to-post-independence-language-politics-4843807/|title=Hindi Diwas: Journey of Hindi from pre-Partition India to post-independence language politics|date=15 September 2017|access-date=15 August 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630103210/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hindi-diwas-2017-journey-of-hindi-from-pre-partition-india-to-post-independence-language-politics-4843807/|url-status=live}}</ref> Within the assembly there were two blocs, pro-Hindi and anti-Hindi. The pro-Hindi bloc was further divided between supporters of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] led by Nehru, and supporters of [[Modern Standard Hindi]] based on [[Sanskrit]]. The anti-Hindi bloc was generally in favour of promoting English to an official status.<ref name="Gusain"/><ref name="annamalai1"/> Nehru stated that "We must have our own language...but English must continue to be a most important language in India which large numbers of people learn and learn perhaps compulsorily".<ref name="Kashyap">Kashyap, S. C., Nehru, J. (1982). ''Jawaharlal Nehru and the Constitution'', p. 289. India: Metropolitan.</ref> After an exhaustive and divisive debate, Hindi was adopted as the official rather than national language of India in 1950, with English continuing as an associate official language for 15 years, after which Hindi would become the sole official language.<ref name="Gusain"/><ref name="annamalai1"/> The Hindi-Hindustani debate was resolved through a compromise that the official language would be called Hindi, with a directive clause that while Sanskrit would be the primary source of vocabulary, the traditional Hindustani vocabulary would also be supported.<ref name="Gusain"/><ref name="annamalai1"/> Claims of other Indian languages were upheld through the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].<ref name="Gusain"/><ref name="annamalai1"/>

Efforts by the Indian government to make Hindi the sole official language after 1965 were unacceptable to many non-Hindi Indian states, which wanted the continued use of English. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), a descendant of [[Dravidar Kazhagam]], led the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|opposition]] to Hindi.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/Language-issue-again-the-need-for-a-clear-headed-policy/article16854068.ece |title=Language issue again: The need for a clear-headed policy |last=Viswanathan |first=S. |date=6 December 2009 |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919210830/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/Language-issue-again-the-need-for-a-clear-headed-policy/article16854068.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> To allay their fears, Nehru enacted the [[Official Languages Act in 1963]] to ensure the continuing use of English beyond 1965. The text of the Act did not satisfy the DMK and increased their scepticism that future administrations might not honour his assurances. The Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi eventually amended the Official Languages Act in 1967 to guarantee the indefinite use of Hindi and English as official languages. This effectively ensured the current "virtual indefinite policy of [[bilingualism]]" of the Indian Republic.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5JEDxGZTOUC&dq=%22virtual+indefinite+policy+of%22+india&pg=PT146|title=India After Independence: 1947–2000|last=Chandra |first=Bipan|date=2000|isbn=9789351181200|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|page=146}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
{{further|List of state visits made by Jawaharlal Nehru}}
{{See also|India and the Non-Aligned Movement}}
Throughout his long tenure as the prime minister, Nehru also held the portfolio of [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]]. His idealistic approach focused on giving India a leadership position in nonalignment. He sought to build support among the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa in opposition to the two hostile superpowers contesting the Cold War.

==== The Commonwealth ====

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and the Prime Ministers of the Commonwealth Nations, at Windsor Castle (1960 Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference).jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of Queen Elizabeth II with Nehru and other Commonwealth leaders |[[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] with Nehru and other Commonwealth leaders, taken at the [[1960 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference|1960 Commonwealth Conference]], [[Windsor Castle]]]]

After independence, Nehru wanted to maintain good relations with Britain and other British Commonwealth countries. As prime minister of the [[Dominion of India]], he acquiesced only after Krishna Menon's redrafting of the 1949 [[London Declaration]], under which India agreed to remain within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] after becoming a republic in January 1950, and to recognise the British monarch as a "symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGU-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265 |title=The Journal of Korean Studies, Volume 18, Number 2 (Fall 2013) |last1=Sorensen |first1=Clark W. |last2=Baker |first2=Donald |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-4422-3336-2|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FbNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR2 |title=The Rise, Decline and Future of the British Commonwealth |last=K. Srinivasan |date=7 November 2005 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK |isbn=978-0-230-24843-4 |page=11}}</ref> The other nations of the Commonwealth recognised India's continuing membership of the association.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://thecommonwealth.org/london-declaration|title = London Declaration|date = 16 May 2019|access-date = 22 August 2021|archive-date = 4 July 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210704130811/https://thecommonwealth.org/london-declaration|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==== Non-aligned movement ====
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru’s tour of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1961 (01).jpg|thumb|alt= See caption |Nehru with [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] and [[Josip Broz Tito]] in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1961]]
On the international scene, Nehru was an opponent of military action and military alliances. He was a strong supporter of the United Nations, except when it tried to resolve the Kashmir question. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the US and the USSR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jawaharlal-nehru-the-architect-of-indias-foreign-policy/articleshow/58767014.cms|title=Non-Aligned Movement: Jawaharlal Nehru – The architect of India's foreign policy|date=20 May 2017|first=Affanul|last=Haque|website=The Times of India|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006223403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jawaharlal-nehru-the-architect-of-indias-foreign-policy/articleshow/58767014.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The term "non-alignment" was coined earlier by [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] at the United Nations in 1953 and 1954.<ref>{{cite book | last=Ali | first=H.M.W. | title=India and the Non-aligned Movement | publisher=Adam Pub. | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7435-367-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VezCRvqKq7MC&pg=PA7 | page=7}}</ref> India recognised the People's Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with [[Taiwan]]). Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in the West's conflict with Korea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robert Sherrod |author-link=Robert Sherrod|date=19 January 1963 |title=Nehru:The Great Awakening |journal=[[The Saturday Evening Post]] |volume=236 |issue=2 |pages=60–67}}</ref> He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950 and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf8vAQAAIAAJ|title = Encyclopaedia Indica: Great political personalities of Post Colonial Era-I|date = 1996|pages=81|first= Shyam Singh|last=Shashi|publisher = Anmol Publications|isbn = 9788170418597}}</ref>

Nehru was a key organiser of the [[Bandung Conference]] of April 1955, which brought 29 newly independent nations together from Asia and Africa, and was designed to galvanise the nonalignment movement under Nehru's leadership. He envisioned it as his key leadership opportunity on the world stage, where he would bring together emerging nations.<ref>[[Sarvepalli Gopal]],''"Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography" Vol.2'', 2:232–235.</ref> He was one of the key participants of the [[1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement]] in 1961 in [[Belgrade]], [[FPR Yugoslavia]].

==== Defence and nuclear policy ====
While averse to war, Nehru led the campaigns against Pakistan in Kashmir. He used military force to annex [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|Hyderabad in 1948]] and Goa in 1961. While laying the foundation stone of the [[National Defence Academy]] in 1949, he stated:<blockquote>We, who for generations had talked about and attempted in everything a peaceful way and practised non-violence, should now be, in a sense, glorifying our army, navy and air force. It means a lot. Though it is odd, yet it simply reflects the oddness of life. Though life is logical, we have to face all contingencies, and unless we are prepared to face them, we will go under. There was no greater prince of peace and apostle of non-violence than Mahatma Gandhi...but yet, he said it was better to take the sword than to surrender, fail or run away. We cannot live carefree assuming that we are safe. Human nature is such. We cannot take the risks and risk our hard-won freedom. We have to be prepared with all modern defence methods and a well-equipped army, navy, and air force."<ref>''[[Indian Express]],'' 6 October 1949 at Pune at the time of lying of the foundation stone of [[National Defence Academy]].</ref><ref>Mahatma Gandhi's relevant quotes, "My non-violence does not admit of running away from danger and leaving dear ones unprotected. Between violence and cowardly flight, I can only prefer violence to cowardice. Non-violence is the summit of bravery."
"I do believe that, where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence." "I would rather have India resort to arms in order to defend her honour than that she should in a cowardly manner become or remain a helpless witness to her own dishonour." – All Men Are Brothers Life and Thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi as told in his own words. UNESCO. pp. 85–108.</ref></blockquote>

Many hailed Nehru for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of [[nuclear weapon]]s after the [[Korean War]] (1950–1953).<ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Panchsheel Publishers| page = 131| last = Bhatia| first = Vinod| title = Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him| year = 1989}}</ref> He commissioned the first study of the [[effects of nuclear explosions on human health]] and campaigned ceaselessly for the [[Nuclear disarmament|abolition]] of what he called "these frightful engines of destruction". He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = [[C. Hurst & Co.]] Publishers| pages = 141, 261|url={{Google books|X90G8gnoqv4C|page=PA141|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|isbn=978-1-85065-180-2| last = Dua| first = B. D. | author2=James Manor| title = Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India| year = 1994}}</ref>

==== Defending Kashmir ====
{{further|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute}}
[[File:Nehru visiting Srinagar Brigade Headquarters Military Hospital.jpg|right|thumb|Nehru inspecting the troops on a visit to the Srinagar Brigade Headquarters Military Hospital, April 1948]]
At [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten's]] urging, in 1948, Nehru had promised to hold a [[plebiscite]] in [[Kashmir]] under the auspices of the UN.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|4Rh7DAdsK0gC|page=PA137|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Raj, Secrets, Revolution: A Life of Subhas Chandra Bose |last=Mihir Bose |publisher=Grice Chapman Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-9545726-4-8 |page=291}}</ref> Kashmir was a disputed territory between India and Pakistan, the two have [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|gone to war]] over it in 1947. However, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution, and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the UN, he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. His policies on Kashmir and the integration of the state into India were frequently defended before the United Nations by his aide, V. K. Krishna Menon, who earned a reputation in India for his passionate speeches.<ref name="nytimes1974">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/06/archives/vk-krishna-menon-india-defense-minister-un-aide-dies-a-year-of.html |title=V.K. Krishna Menon, India Defense Minister, U.N. Aide, Dies |date=6 October 1974 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155117/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/06/archives/vk-krishna-menon-india-defense-minister-un-aide-dies-a-year-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1953, Nehru orchestrated the ouster and arrest of [[Sheikh Abdullah]], the prime minister of Kashmir, whom he had previously supported but was now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] replaced him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/A-fateful-arrest/article15401893.ece|title=A fateful arrest|first=Ramachandra|last=Guha|date=2 August 2008|access-date=15 August 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319081416/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/A-fateful-arrest/article15401893.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&pg=PA1 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography |last=Sankar Ghose |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7023-369-5 |pages=1888–190}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

Menon was instructed to deliver an unprecedented eight-hour speech defending India's stand on Kashmir in 1957; to date, the speech is the longest ever delivered in the [[United Nations Security Council]], covering five hours of the 762nd meeting on 23 January, and two hours and forty-eight minutes on the 24th, reportedly concluding with Menon's collapse on the Security Council floor.<ref name="nytimes1974" /> During the [[filibuster]], Nehru moved swiftly and successfully to consolidate Indian power in Kashmir (then under great unrest). Menon's passionate defence of Indian sovereignty in Kashmir enlarged his base of support in India and led to the Indian press temporarily dubbing him the "Hero of Kashmir". Nehru was then at the peak of his popularity in India; the only (minor) criticism came from the far right.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8272473.stm |title=A short history of long speeches |date=25 September 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305174645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8272473.stm |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Majid, Amir A. |year=2007 |title=Can Self Determination Solve the Kashmir Dispute? |url=http://www.ier.ro/documente/rjea_vol7_no3/RJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Romanian Journal of European Affairs |volume=7 |issue=3 |page=38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316211935/http://www.ier.ro/documente/rjea_vol7_no3/RJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref>

==== China ====
[[File:Prime Minister Nehru and Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong in Beijing.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of Nehru with Mao Zedong |Nehru and [[Mao Zedong]] in Beijing, China, October 1954]]
In 1954, Nehru signed with China the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]], known in India as the Panchsheel (from the Sanskrit words, ''panch'': five,'' sheel'': virtues), a set of principles to govern relations between the two states. Their first formal codification in treaty form was in an agreement between China and India in 1954, which recognised Chinese sovereignty over [[Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&pg=PA1 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography |last=Sankar Ghose |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7023-369-5 |pages=266–268}}</ref> They were enunciated in the preamble to the "Agreement (with the exchange of notes) on Trade and Intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India", which was signed at Peking on 29 April 1954. Negotiations took place in Delhi from December 1953 to April 1954 between the Delegation of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) Government and the Delegation of the Indian Government on the relations between the two countries regarding the disputed territories of [[Aksai Chin]] and South Tibet. By 1957, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai had also persuaded Nehru to accept the Chinese position on Tibet, thus depriving Tibet of a possible ally, and of the possibility of receiving military aid from India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Jianglin |last2=Wilf |first2=Susan |title=Tibet in agony : Lhasa 1959 |year=2016 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=40–41 |isbn=978-0-674-08889-4 |oclc=946579956}}</ref> The treaty was disregarded in the 1960s, but in the 1970s, the Five Principles again came to be seen as important in [[China–India relations]], and more generally as norms of relations between states. They became widely recognised and accepted throughout the region during the premiership of Indira Gandhi and the three-year rule of the [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980).<ref>The full text of this agreement (which entered into force on 3 June 1954): {{Cite web |url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20299/v299.pdf |title=Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations |year=1958 |website=[[United Nations Treaty Series]] |publisher=United Nations |location=New York |pages=57–81 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327031415/http://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20299/v299.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2012 |access-date=14 August 2012 |volume=299}}</ref> Although the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence were the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehru's foreign policy suffered from increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and his decision to grant [[Right of asylum|asylum]] to the [[14th Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9x8RPd562DusWqVQQ91NfN/Nehrus-India.html |title=Nehru's India |date=23 May 2014 |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212075501/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9x8RPd562DusWqVQQ91NfN/Nehrus-India.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== United States ====
[[File:Indo US.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption |Nehru receiving US President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] at Parliament House, 1959]]
[[File:President John F. Kennedy Meets with Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru (1).jpg|right|thumb|Nehru with John F. Kennedy at the White House, 7 November 1961]]
In 1956, Nehru criticised the joint invasion of the [[Suez Canal]] by the British, French, and Israelis. His role, both as Indian prime minister and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, was significant; he tried to be even-handed between the two sides while vigorously denouncing [[Anthony Eden]] and co-sponsors of the invasion. Nehru had a powerful ally in the US President Dwight Eisenhower who, if relatively silent publicly, went to the extent of using America's clout at the [[International Monetary Fund]] to make Britain and France back down. During the [[Suez crisis]], Nehru's right-hand man, Menon attempted to persuade a recalcitrant [[Gamal Nasser]] to compromise with the West and was instrumental in moving Western powers towards an awareness that Nasser might prove willing to compromise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/indias-moment-in-the-suez-canal-crisis/article9320638.ece|title=India's moment in the Suez Canal crisis|first=Swapna Kona|last=Nayudu|date=8 November 2016|access-date=15 August 2021|website=[[Business Line]]|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728020914/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/indias-moment-in-the-suez-canal-crisis/article9320638.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Assassination attempts and security ==
{{See also|List of assassination attempts on prime ministers of India}}
There were various assassination attempts on Nehru. The first attempt was made during partition in 1947 while he was visiting the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] (now in Pakistan) in a car.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Reminiscences of the Nehru Age |last=Mathai |year=1978}}</ref> The second attempt came from Baburao Laxman Kochale, a knife-wielding [[rickshaw]]-puller, near [[Nagpur]] in 1955.{{efn|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19550312&id=xTAmAAAAIBAJ&pg=1451,3268287 |title=Assassination Attempt on Nehru Made in Car |date=22 March 1955 |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=[[Gettysburg Times]] |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064151/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19550312&id=xTAmAAAAIBAJ&pg=1451,3268287 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19550314&id=99cbAAAAIBAJ&pg=3125,3067050 |title=Rickshaw Boy Arrested for Nehru Attack |date=14 March 1955 |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=[[Sarasota Herald Tribune]] |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064227/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19550314&id=99cbAAAAIBAJ&pg=3125,3067050 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19550314&id=nmNTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6416,4776451 |title=Rickshaw Boy Arrested for Attempting to Kill Nehru |date=14 March 1955 |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=[[The Victoria Advocate]] |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064003/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19550314&id=nmNTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6416,4776451 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P4ZjAAAAIBAJ&pg=6064,1041556&dq=nehru+assassination |title=Knife Wielder Jumps on Car of Indian Premier |date=12 March 1955 |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064318/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P4ZjAAAAIBAJ&pg=6064,1041556&dq=nehru+assassination |url-status=live }}</ref>}} The third attempt was a plot by [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) in 1955.<ref>{{cite book | title=Covertaction Quarterly | publisher=Covert Action Publications | year=1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eytFAQAAIAAJ |page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[William Blum]] | title=Rogue State: A Guide to the Worlds Only Superpower | publisher=[[Zed Books]] | year=2006| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBM8UiDYz1MC |page=50| isbn=9781842778272}}</ref> The fourth attempt took place in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] in 1956,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BDdEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3947,2134723&dq=nehru+assassination |title=Police Say Nehru's Assassination Plot is Thwarted |date=4 June 1956 |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=[[Altus Times-Democrat]] |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064322/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BDdEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3947,2134723&dq=nehru+assassination |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G8RdAAAAIBAJ&pg=4365,3368509&dq=nehru+assassination |title=Bombay Police Thwart Attempt on Nehru's Life |date=4 June 1956 |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=[[Oxnard Press-Courier]] |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064321/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G8RdAAAAIBAJ&pg=4365,3368509&dq=nehru+assassination |url-status=live }}</ref> and the fifth was a failed bombing attempt on train tracks in [[Maharashtra]] in 1961.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19610930&id=v2cUAAAAIBAJ&pg=3440,1262437 |title=Bomb Explodes on Nehru's Route |date=30 September 1961 |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=[[Toledo Blade]] |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128100718/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19610930&id=v2cUAAAAIBAJ&pg=3440,1262437 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite threats to his life, Nehru despised having too much security around him and did not like to disrupt traffic because of his movements.<ref>{{Cite book |title=My Days with Nehru |last=Mathai |first=M.O. |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1979}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{Main|Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru}}

{|class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 83%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"|If any people choose to think of me then I should like them to say, "This was the man who with all his mind and heart loved India and the Indian people. And they in turn were indulgent to him and gave him of their love most abundantly and extravagantly."
– Jawaharlal Nehru, 1954.<ref>{{citation|last=Roberts|first=Elizabeth Mauchline|title=Gandhi, Nehru and Modern India|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De2oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|series=Routledge Library Editions: British in India|year=2017|isbn=978-1-00-063959-9|orig-date=1974}}</ref>
|}

Nehru's health began declining steadily in 1962. In the spring of 1962, he was affected with a viral infection over which he spent most of April in bed.<ref>{{cite book | author=[[Sarvepalli Gopal]] | title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Volume 3 1956–1964 | publisher=Random House | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4735-2189-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pd-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT293 | page=293}}</ref> In the next year, through 1963, he spent months recuperating in Kashmir. Some writers attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Asia Society |title=Jawaharlal Nehru |editor-last=Embree |editor-first=Ainslie T. |editor-link=Ainslie Embree |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Asian History |year=1988 |volume=3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000embr/page/98 98–100] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000embr/page/98 |location=New York |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |isbn=978-0-684-18899-7}}</ref> Upon his return from [[Dehradun]] on 26 May 1964, he was feeling quite comfortable and went to bed at about 23:30 as usual. He had a restful night until about 06:30. Soon after he returned from the bathroom, Nehru complained of pain in the back. He spoke to the doctors who attended to him for a brief while, and almost immediately he collapsed. He remained unconscious until he died at 13:44.<ref>{{Cite news |author=[[Raj Kanwar (journalist)|Kanwar Raj]] |title=The evening 58 years ago when I saw off Nehru on his last flight |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/the-evening-58-years-ago-when-i-saw-off-nehru-on-his-last-flight-1112895.html |access-date=27 May 2022 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527070751/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/the-evening-58-years-ago-when-i-saw-off-nehru-on-his-last-flight-1112895.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His death was announced in the [[Lok Sabha]] at 14:00 local time on 27 May 1964; the cause of death was believed to be a heart attack.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/27/newsid_3690000/3690019.stm BBC On This Day {{!}} 27 {{!}} 1964: Light goes out in India as Nehru dies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811052528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/27/newsid_3690000/3690019.stm |date=11 August 2013}}. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 17 March 2011.</ref> Draped in the Indian national Tri-colour flag, the body of Jawaharlal Nehru was placed for public viewing. "''[[Raghupati Raghava Rajaram]]''" was chanted as the body was placed on the platform. On 28 May, Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the [[Shantivan]] on the banks of the [[Yamuna]], witnessed by 1.5 million mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/29/1-5-million-view-rites-for-nehru.html |title=1.5 Million View Rites for Nehrus; Procession Route Jammed as Indians and Foreigners Pay Last Respects |last=Brady|first=Thomas F.|date=29 May 1964 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=18 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802130344/http://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/29/1-5-million-view-rites-for-nehru.html |archive-date=2 August 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

US President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] remarked on his death:-

<blockquote>History has already recorded his monumental contribution to the molding of a strong and independent India. And yet, it is not just as a leader of India that he has served humanity. Perhaps more than any other world leader he has given expression to man's yearning for peace. This is the issue of our age. In his fearless pursuit of a world free from war he has served all humanity.<ref>{{cite web | title=Letter to the President of India on the Death of Prime Minister Nehru. | website=The American Presidency Project | date=1964-05-27 | url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/letter-the-president-india-the-death-prime-minister-nehru | access-date=2023-02-21 | archive-date=4 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904010824/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/letter-the-president-india-the-death-prime-minister-nehru | url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

Soviet Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and the future Soviet Leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] remarked:-

<blockquote>The name of Jawaharal Nehru enjoyed the tremendous respect and love of the Soviet people, who knew him as a tested and wise leader of the Indian people's struggle for national independence and the rebirth of their country, and as an active fighter against colonialism. Jawaharal Nehru is known as an outstanding statesman of modern times who devoted his entire life to the struggle for strengthening friendship and cooperation among peoples and for the progress of humanity. He was a passionate fighter for peace in the world and an ardent champion of principles of peaceful coexistence of states. He was the inspirer of the nonalignment policy promoted by the Indian Government. This reasonable policy won India respect and, due to it, India is now occupying a worthy place in the international arena.<ref>{{cite book | title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts | issue=nos. 105–106 | year=1964 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhzOORv_t68C | access-date=2024-03-21 | page=2}}</ref></blockquote>

Countries such as Egypt, Cambodia, Nepal, Kuwait, [[Bhutan]], [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], Nepal, Pakistan, Syria, Iraq, Uganda, Malaysia, Yugoslavia, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), India and others declared national mourning over the death of Nehru.<ref>{{cite book | title=Mideast Mirror | publisher=Arab News Agency | issue=v. 16 | year=1964 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq0MAQAAMAAJ| page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Iran Society (Calcutta | first=India) | title=Indo-iranica | date=2024 | publisher=Iran Society. | issue=v. 17–18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UURIAAAAMAAJ | page=12}}</ref>{{sfn|Pandey|1976|p=436}}<ref>{{cite book | author=Pakistan. Safārah (U.S.) | title=Pakistan Affairs | date=10 March 1963 | publisher=Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan | issue=v. 16–17 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEdAQAAMAAJ&pg=PT37 | page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=West Bengal | publisher=Director of Information | issue=v. 12 | year=1964 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_TnAAAAMAAJ | page=137}}</ref>

Nehru's death left India with no clear political heir to his leadership. [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] later succeeded Nehru as the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/28/nehru-india-death-1964-archive|title=From the archive, 28 May 1964: The death of Mr Nehru, hero and architect of modern India|access-date=14 August 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629050923/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/28/nehru-india-death-1964-archive|url-status=live}}</ref>

The death was announced to the Indian parliament in words similar to Nehru's own at the time of Gandhi's assassination: "[[The light has gone out of our lives|The light is out]]."<ref>{{Cite news |url={{Google books|XUEEAAAAMBAJ|page=PA32|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=A Man Who, with All His Mind and Heart, Loved India |date=5 June 1964 |magazine=[[Life Magazine]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|pages=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0527.html |title=India Mourning Nehru, 74, Dead of a Heart Attack; World Leaders Honor Him |work=The New York Times |access-date=28 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322235121/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0527.html |archive-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> India's future prime minister and then a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha MP]] from Uttar Pradesh [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] famously delivered Nehru an acclaimed eulogy.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pathak|first=Vikas|date=17 August 2018|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the orator: Speech that sounded like poetry|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/atal-bihari-vajpayee-the-orator/article24710175.ece|access-date=7 January 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107063443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/atal-bihari-vajpayee-the-orator/article24710175.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After Nehru's death, Vajpayee made a speech in the Rajya Sabha, hailing Nehru as [[Bharat Mata]]'s "favourite prince" and likened him to the Hindu [[god]] [[Rama]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2018|title=Vajpayee on Nehru's death: Bharat Mata has lost her favourite prince|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/vajpayee-on-nehrus-death-bharat-mata-has-lost-her-favourite-prince/99455/|access-date=7 January 2022|website=ThePrint|quote=In the Ramayana, Maharashi Valmiki has said of Lord Rama that he brought the impossible together. In Panditji's life, we see a glimpse of what the great poet said. He was a devotee of peace and yet the harbinger of revolution, he was a devotee of non-violence but advocated every weapon to defend freedom and honour.|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107063443/https://theprint.in/opinion/vajpayee-on-nehrus-death-bharat-mata-has-lost-her-favourite-prince/99455/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Description
|-
| 1946–1950
| Elected to [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
* [[Interim Government of India|Vice President of Executive Council]] {{Small|(2 Sep 1946 – 15 April 1952)}}
* [[Prime Minister of India]] {{Small|(15 Aug 1947 – 15 April 1952)}}
* [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister for External Affairs]] {{Small|(15 Aug 1947 – 15 April 1952)}}
|-
| 1952–1957
| Elected to [[1st Lok Sabha]]
* [[Prime Minister of India]] {{Small|(15 Apr 1952 – 17 April 1957)}}
* [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister for External Affairs]] {{Small|(15 Apr 1952 – 17 April 1957)}}
|-
| 1957–1962
| Elected to [[2nd Lok Sabha]]
* [[Prime Minister of India]] {{Small|(17 Apr 1957 – 2 April 1962)}}
* [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister for External Affairs]] {{Small|(17 Apr 1957 – 2 April 1962)}}
|-
| 1962–1964
| Elected to [[3rd Lok Sabha]]
* [[Prime Minister of India]] {{Small|(2 Apr 1962 – 27 May 1964)}}
* [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister for External Affairs]] {{Small|(2 Apr 1962 – 27 May 1964)}}
|}

== Key cabinet members and associates ==
Nehru served as the prime minister for nearly eighteen years, first as interim prime minister during 1946–1947 during the last year of the [[British Raj]] and then as prime minister of independent India from 15 August 1947 to 27 May 1964.

[[V. K. Krishna Menon]] (1896–1974) was a close associate of Nehru, and was described as the second most powerful man in India during Nehru's tenure as prime minister. From the inception of Nehru's prime ministry, Menon carefully selected [[Lord Mountbatten]] as the only suitable candidate and presented him as such to [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] through [[Sir Stafford Cripps]] and [[Clement Attlee]], who promptly appointed him the last Viceroy. The early governance and partition ultimately reduced to Mountbatten, Nehru, Menon, V.P. Menon, Sardar Patel, and an adamant Jinnah. Under Nehru, he served as India's high commissioner to the UK, ambassador to Ireland, ambassador-at-large and plenipotentiary, UN ambassador, minister without portfolio, ''de facto'' Foreign minister, and Union minister of defence. He was significantly involved in the [[annexation of Goa]]. He resigned after the debacle of the 1962 China War but remain a close friend of Nehru.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Palmer |first=Norman D. |date=12 January 2007 |title=The 1962 Election in North Bombay |url=http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~kandathi/vkkm1962.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318032815/http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~kandathi/vkkm1962.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2012 |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=[[New York University|cs.nyu.edu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=C.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQM4AAAAIAAJ&q=vengalil+landowner&pg=PR6 |title=The Nayars today – Christopher John Fuller |date=30 December 1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29091-3 |access-date=11 July 2012 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>Michael Brecher, and Janice Gross Stein, eds., ''India and world politics: Krishna Menon's view of the world'' ([[Praeger Publishing]], 1968).</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Chaudhuri | first=R. | title=Forged in Crisis: India and the United States Since 1947 | publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-935486-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBBVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 | page=108}}</ref>

[[B. R. Ambedkar]], the law minister in the interim cabinet, also chaired the Constitution Drafting Committee.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/we-ensured-b-r-ambedkar-was-chairman-of-drafting-committee-of-constitution-congress/articleshow/49987634.cms?from=mdr|title=We ensured B R Ambedkar was chairman of drafting committee of Constitution: Congress|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=30 November 2015|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718020757/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/we-ensured-b-r-ambedkar-was-chairman-of-drafting-committee-of-constitution-congress/articleshow/49987634.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

Vallabhbhai Patel served as home minister in the interim government. He was instrumental in getting the Congress party working committee to vote for partition. He is also credited with integrating many princely states of India. Patel was a long-time comrade to Nehru but died in 1950, leaving Nehru as the unchallenged leader of India until his own death in 1964.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=376oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=Vision and Strategy in Indian Politics: Jawaharlal Nehru's Policy Choices and the Designing of Political Institutions |last=Jivanta Schoettli |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-62787-3 |page=88}}</ref>

[[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] served as the first [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister for Industry and Supply]] in the first ministry of Nehru. After resigning from the cabinet, he founded the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] in 1951, the forerunner of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lahiry | first=Sutapa | title=Jana Sangh and Bharatiya Janata Party : A Comparative Assessment of Their Philosophy and Strategy and Their Proximity with the Other Members of the Sangh Parivar | journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science | date=26 April 2024 | publisher=Indian Political Science Association | volume=66 | issue=4 | issn=0019-5510 | jstor=41856171 | pages=831–850 }}</ref>

[[Maulana Azad]] was the First Minister of Education in the Indian government [[Minister of Human Resource Development]] (until 25 September 1958, Ministry of Education). His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as National Education Day across India.<ref>{{cite news|title=International Urdu conference from Nov. 10|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/07/stories/2010110754680500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111204425/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/07/stories/2010110754680500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2010|date=7 November 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Chawla, Muhammad|title=Maulana Azad and the Demand for Pakistan: A Reappraisal|journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society|year=2016|volume=64|issue=3|pages=7–24|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-4269551701/maulana-azad-and-the-demand-for-pakistan-a-reappraisal|access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117092116/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-4269551701/maulana-azad-and-the-demand-for-pakistan-a-reappraisal|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Jagjivan Ram]] became the youngest minister in Nehru's Interim Government of India, a [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|labour minister]] and also a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, where, as a member of the [[Dalit]] caste, he ensured that [[social justice]] was enshrined in the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]. He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios during Nehru's tenure and in Shastri and Indira Gandhi governments.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=399UDwAAQBAJ&q=Jagjivan+Ram+became+the+youngest+minister+in+Nehru%27s+Interim+government+of+India+a+Labour+Minister+and+also+a+member+of+the+Constituent+Assembly+of+India,+where,+as+a+member+from+the+dalit+caste,+he+ensured+that+social+justice+was+enshrined+in+the+Constitution.&pg=PT591|title = Bihar General Knowledge Digest|isbn = 978-93-5266-769-7|last1 = Singh|first1 = Pradyuman|date = 2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan}}</ref>

[[Morarji Desai]] was a nationalist with anti-corruption leanings but was socially conservative, pro-business, and in favour of free enterprise reforms, as opposed to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's socialistic policies. After serving as chief minister of [[Bombay State]], he joined Nehru's cabinet in 1956 as the finance minister of India. He held that position until 1963 when he along with other senior ministers in the Nehru cabinet resigned under the [[K. Kamaraj|Kamaraj plan]].The plan, as proposed by Madras Chief Minister K. Kamaraj, was to revert government ministers to party positions after a certain tenure and vice versa. With Nehru's age and health failing in the early 1960s, Desai was considered a possible contender for the position of Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Anwarul Haque Haqqi|author2=Indian Political Science Association|title=Indian Democracy at the Crossroads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk7c6O2XlGwC&pg=PA150|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=123|id=GGKEY:X2U27GYQ2L1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mahendra Prasad Singh|title=Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOQRWuMXyRMC&pg=PAPR5|year=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-140-9|page=50}}</ref> Later Desai alleged that Nehru used the Kamaraj Plan to remove all possible contenders from the path of his daughter, Indira Gandhi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Da |first1=S |title=The Nehru years in Indian politics |journal=Edinburgh Papers in South Asian Studies |date=2001 |volume=16 |page=24 |url=http://www.issti.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38480/WP16_Suranjan_Das.pdf |access-date=10 September 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910183407/http://www.issti.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38480/WP16_Suranjan_Das.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Desai succeeded Indira Gandhi as the prime minister in [[1977 Indian general election|1977]] when he was selected by the victorious [[Janata alliance]] as their parliamentary leader.<ref>{{cite book|author=G.G. Mirchandani|title=320 Million Judges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xj0g8euumQC&pg=PA11|date=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-061-7|pages=177–178}}</ref>

[[Govind Ballabh Pant]] (1887–1961) was a key figure in the [[Indian independence movement]] and later a pivotal figure in the politics of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and in the Indian Government. Pant served in Nehru's cabinet as Union home minister from 1955 until his death in 1961.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nation-pays-homage-to-Govind-Ballabh-Pant/articleshow/1975535.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701135017/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-10/india/27791764_1_floral-tributes-homage-vice-president-bhairon-singh-shekhawat |url-status=live |archive-date=1 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Nation pays homage to Govind Ballabh Pant |date=10 September 2006}}</ref> As home minister, his chief achievement was the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|re-organisation of states along linguistic lines]]. He was also responsible for the establishment of [[Hindi]] as the official language of the [[Government of India|central government]] and a few states.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gbpec.net/gbpant.html |title=Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand |publisher=Gbpec.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225073145/http://www.gbpec.net/gbpant.html |archive-date=25 December 2012 |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> During his tenure as the home minister, Pant was awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007) |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024701/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref>

[[C. D. Deshmukh]] was one of five members of the Planning Commission when it was constituted in 1950 by a cabinet resolution.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=376oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |title=Vision and Strategy in Indian Politics: Jawaharlal Nehru's Policy Choices and the Designing of Political Institutions |last=Jivanta Schoettli |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-62787-3 |location=Oxon |page=106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_2KeZsYcjQC&pg=PT84 |title=Development Administration |last=S. A. Palekar |publisher=PHI Learning |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-203-4582-9 |location=New Delhi |page=74}}</ref> Deshmukh succeeded [[John Mathai]] as the [[Finance minister of India|Union Finance Minister]] in 1950 after Mathai resigned in protest over the transfer of certain powers to the Planning Commission.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/once-upon-a-plan/ |title=Once upon a plan |first=Inder |last=Malhotra |date=26 September 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=11 July 2016 |archive-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813095203/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/once-upon-a-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As finance minister, Deshmukh remained a member of the Planning Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/history/ref_man03032011.pdf |title=Reference Material 2010 Notes of the Functioning of Various DiviionsI |date=2010 |publisher=Planning Commission of India |access-date=11 July 2016 |archive-date=8 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208211549/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/history/ref_man03032011.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Deshmukh's tenure—during which he delivered six budgets and an interim budget<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newcenturypublications.com/servlet/ncpGetBiblio?bno=000106 |title=India: Central Government Budgets – 1947–48 to 2003–04 |last=M M Sury |date=2003 |publisher=New Century Publications |access-date=20 July 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916210547/http://www.newcenturypublications.com/servlet/ncpGetBiblio?bno=000106 |url-status=live }}</ref>—is noted for the effective management of the Indian economy and its steady growth which saw it recover from the impacts of the events of the 1940s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/north-block-mavericks-197030101130_1.html |title=North Block Mavericks |date=1 March 1997 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=11 July 2016 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816190409/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/north-block-mavericks-197030101130_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDmPKwQQdokC&pg=PA134 |title=The Politics of Poverty: Planning India's Development |last=D K Rangnekar |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-321-0902-0 |location=New Delhi |page=134}}</ref> During Deshmukh's tenure, the [[State Bank of India]] was formed in 1955 through the nationalisation and amalgamation of the [[Imperial Bank of India|Imperial Bank]] with several smaller banks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/21/stories/2004122100050902.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221085824/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/21/stories/2004122100050902.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2016 |title=dated December 21, 1954: State Bank of India |date=21 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030420/spectrum/book11.htm |title=Tracing history of the SBI |first=B.S. |last=Thaur |date=20 April 2003 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222003206/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030420/spectrum/book11.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He accomplished the nationalisation of insurance companies and the formation of the [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] through the Life Insurance Corporation of India Act, 1956.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDqppvb19TsC&pg=PT180 |title=India: The Emerging Giant |last=Arvind Panagariya |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-989014-9 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlN819nQS-wC&pg=PT41 |title=Insurance in India: Changing Policies and Emerging Opportunities |last1=P.S. Palande |last2=R.S. Shah |publisher=Response Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7619-9747-4 |location=New Delhi |page=31}}</ref> Deshmukh resigned over the Government's proposal to move a bill in Parliament bifurcating [[Bombay State]] into [[Gujarat]] and Maharashtra while designating the city of Bombay a Union territory.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzNnwUasQ3wC&pg=PA280 |title=Dr. Zakir Hussain, Quest for Truth |last=Ziaul Hasan Faruqi |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-7648-056-7 |location=Delhi |page=280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vSENKsR3LEwbCgaG4zMw8K/The-anxiety-that-lingers.html |title=The anxiety that lingers |last=Niranjan Rajadhyaksha |date=7 December 2012 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=11 July 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817001151/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vSENKsR3LEwbCgaG4zMw8K/The-anxiety-that-lingers.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira Gandhi for managing his personal affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|EZIBxpeRXxsC|page=PR7|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Women in power : the personalities and leadership styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher |last=Steinberg |first=Blema S. |date=2008 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=978-0-7735-3356-1 |location=Montreal |page=20 |access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> Indira moved into Nehru's official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. She would virtually become Nehru's chief of staff.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|EZIBxpeRXxsC|page=PR7|keywords=indira%20nehru%20hostess|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Women in power : the personalities and leadership styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher |last=Steinberg |first=Blema S. |date=2008 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=978-0-7735-3356-1 |location=Montreal |page=20 |access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> Towards the end of the 1950s, Indira Gandhi served as the president of the Congress. In that capacity, she was instrumental in getting the Communist-led [[Government of Kerala|Kerala]] State Government dismissed in 1959.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash Chandra |date=1989 |title=Review of Marxist State Governments in India, Politics, Economics and Society by T.J. Nossiter |journal=Social Scientist |volume=17 |issue=1/2 January – February 1989 |pages=84–91 |doi=10.2307/3520112 |jstor=3520112}}</ref> Indira was elected as Congress party president in 1959, which aroused criticism for alleged [[nepotism]], although Nehru had actually disapproved of her election, partly because he considered that it smacked of "dynasticism"; he said, indeed it was "wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing", and refused her a position in his cabinet.<ref name="Frank">{{Cite book| publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin]] Books| page = 250| url = {{Google books|0eolM37FUWYC|page=PA250|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| isbn = 978-0-395-73097-3| last = Frank| first = Katherine| title = Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi| year = 2002}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the [[Congress Working Committee]] to push through the dismissal of the [[Communist Party of India]] government in the state of [[Kerala]], over his own objections.<ref name="Frank" /> Nehru began to be embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition and was "hurt" by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]]| page = 368| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7i0jGxysUUcC&pg=PAPA368| isbn = 978-0-8476-8442-7| last = Marlay| first = Ross| author2 = Clark D. Neher| title = Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders| year = 1999| access-date = 19 August 2021| archive-date = 5 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064008/https://books.google.com/books?id=7i0jGxysUUcC&pg=PAPA368| url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Religious and personal beliefs ==
{{republicanism sidebar}}Described as a [[Hindu]] [[agnostic]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Volume 3; Volumes 1956–1964 |last=Sarvepalii|first=Gopal|page=17|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|quote=Nehru was still an agnostic, but a Hindu agnostic.|author-link=Sarvepalli Gopal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/may/28/death-of-nehru-archive-1964|title = The death of Nehru: From the archive, 28 May 1964|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 28 May 2013|access-date = 22 August 2021|archive-date = 11 August 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140811000812/http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/may/28/death-of-nehru-archive-1964|url-status = live}}</ref> and styling himself as a "[[scientific humanist]]",<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Nehrus-Scientific-Humanism/articleshow/8590304.cms|title=Nehru's Scientific Humanism|last=Vohra|first=Ashok|date=27 May 2011|access-date=18 August 2017|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826131046/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Nehrus-Scientific-Humanism/articleshow/8590304.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Nehru thought that religious taboos were preventing India from moving forward and adapting to modern conditions: "No country or people who are slaves to dogma and dogmatic mentality can progress, and unhappily our country and people have become extraordinarily dogmatic and little-minded."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypZ-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PP103|title=Jawaharlal Nehru;a Biography Volume 1 1889–1947|author=[[Sarvepalli Gopal]]|date=2015|isbn=978-1-4735-2187-2|publisher=[[Random House]]}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The spectacle of what is called religion, or at any rate organised religion, in India and elsewhere, has filled me with horror and I have frequently condemned it and wished to make a clean sweep of it. Almost always it seemed to stand for blind belief and reaction, dogma and bigotry, superstition, exploitation and the preservation of vested interests.|sign=|source=''[[An Autobiography (Nehru)|Toward Freedom: The Autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru]]'' (1936); pp. 240–241.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|abcfAAAAIAAJ|page=PA1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923–1928 |last=Thursby |first=Gene R. |date=1975 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-04380-0 |pages=1}}</ref>}}

As a humanist, Nehru considered that his afterlife was not in some mystical heaven or reincarnation but in the practical achievements of a life lived fully with and for his fellow human beings: "...Nor am I greatly interested in life after death. I find the problems of this life sufficiently absorbing to fill my mind," he wrote.<ref name="Gandhi-1991" /> In his Last Will and Testament, he wrote: "I wish to declare with all earnestness that I do not want any religious ceremonies performed for me after my death. I do not believe in such ceremonies, and to submit to them, even as a matter of form, would be hypocrisy and an attempt to delude ourselves and others."<ref name="Gandhi-1991" />

In his autobiography, he analysed Abrahamic and Indian religions<ref>{{Cite book |title=Secularism and Hindutva, a Discursive Study |last=A.A. Parvathy |year=1994 |page=42|publisher=Codewood Process & Printing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Babri Masjid: a tale untold |last=Mohammad Jamil Akhtar |page=359|publisher=Genuine Publications}}</ref> and their impact on India. He wanted to model India as a [[secular country]]; his [[secularist]] policies remain a subject of debate mainly by the [[Hindutva]] proponents.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Communal Threat to Secular Democracy |last=Ram Puniyani |year=1999 |page=113|publisher=Kalpaz Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography |last=Sankar Ghose |year=1993 |page=210|publisher=Alied Publishers}}</ref>

Nehru also believed that a [[world government]] needs to be formed for the sake of [[world peace]].

{{blockquote|The Committee is of the opinion that future peace, security and ordered progress of the world demand a world federation of free nations, and on no other basis can the problems of the world be solved. Such a world federation would ensure the freedom of its constituent nations, the prevention of aggression and exploitation of one nation over another, the protection of national minorities, the advancement of all backward areas and peoples, and the pooling of the world’s resources for the common good of all. On the establishment of such a world federation, disarmament would be practicable in all countries, national armies, navies and air forces would no longer be necessary, and a world federal defence force would keep the peace and prevent aggression. …The Committee regretfully realizes, however, despite the tragic and overwhelming lessons of the war and the perils that overhang the world, the Governments of few countries are yet prepared to take this inevitable step towards world federation.|sign=|source=''[[Quit India]] resolution of 8 August 1942''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nehru and the Concept of One World -Idealistic Fantasy or Practical Necessity? |url=https://www.ris.org.in/sites/default/files/Opinions-Comments/Nehru%20and%20the%20Concept%20of%20One%20World%20_Final_.pdf|year=2014}}</ref>}}

== Awards and honours ==
In 1948, Nehru was conferred an honorary doctorate by the [[University of Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Laiqh A.|date=18 October 2020|title=Nehru's address at UoM convocation in 1948 remains untraceable|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nehrus-address-at-uom-convocation-in-1948-remains-untraceable/article32887599.ece|access-date=21 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He later received honorary doctorates from the [[University of Madras]], [[Columbia University]], and [[Keio University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalcenters.columbia.edu/content/columbia-india|title=Who We Are|website=[[Columbia Global Centers|globalcenters.columbia.edu]]|access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Conferment of Honorary Degree of Doctor |publisher=[[Keio University]]|url=https://www.keio.ac.jp/en/about/learn-more/honorary-degrees/|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> The [[Hamburg University]] had awarded Nehru two honorary degrees of the Faculties of Law and Agriculture.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nehru, the Humanist|page=8|author=Girija Kanta Mookerjee|publisher=Trimurti Publications|year=1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7EsAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

In 1955, Nehru was awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007) |publisher=Ministry of Home affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024701/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> President [[Rajendra Prasad]] awarded him the honour without taking advice from the Prime Minister and added that "I am taking this step on my own initiative".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.529211/2015.529211.speeches-of#page/n373/mode/2up|title=Speeches of President Rajendra Prasad 1952–1956|last=Prasad|first=Rajendra|publisher=The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, GOI|year=1958|isbn=|location=|pages=340–341}}: "In doing so, for once, I may be said to be acting unconstitutionally, as I am taking this step on my own initiative and without any recommendation or advice from my Prime Minister; but I know that my action will be endorsed most enthusiastically not only by my Cabinet and other Ministers but by the country as a whole."</ref>

In 1970, he was posthumously awarded with the [[World Peace Council prizes|World Peace Council Prize]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Peace Laureates – Living Humanity | website=livinghumanity| date=2 September 1996 | url=https://livinghumanity.org/peace-laureates/ | access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>

=== National honours ===
*{{flag|India}}:
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (1955)

=== Foreign honours ===
*{{flag|Indonesia}}:
**[[File:Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna rib.svg|50px]] [[Star of the Republic of Indonesia]], ''First Class'' (1995, posthumous)<ref>{{cite web | title = Decoration Ceremony of the First Class Star of the Republic of Indonesia and the First Class Star of Services Awarded by the Government of Indonesia | url = https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/28116/1/MANIS032_001_web.pdf | publisher = Government of the Republic Indonesia | date = 12 December 1995 | access-date = 11 January 2021}}</ref>
*{{flag|South Africa}}:
**[[File:Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo (ribbon bar).gif|50px]] [[Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo]], ''Grand Companion'' (2005, posthumous)<ref>{{cite web | title=The Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo | website=The Presidency | date=25 April 2019 | url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/order-companions-o.r.-tambo-0 | access-date=25 June 2023 | archive-date=4 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804045043/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/order-companions-o.r.-tambo-0 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Freedom of the City ===
*{{flagdeco|Yugoslavia}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Belgrade, Serbia.svg|Belgrade}} Belgrade, Yugoslavia:
**[[List of honorary citizens of Belgrade|Honorary Citizenship of Belgrade]] (1955)<ref>{{cite book | author=Diwanchand Institute of National Affairs | author2=Indian Council of World Affairs | title=Indian Recorder & Digest | issue=v. 1-2 | year=1955 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA23 | language=de | access-date=11 November 2023 | page=23}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}}{{flagicon|London}} London, United Kingdom:
**[[Freedom of the City of London]] (1956).<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=1956: Commonwealth heads honoured |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/3/newsid_2777000/2777357.stm |access-date=28 November 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{further|List of things named after Jawaharlal Nehru}}
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 79%; background:#white; colour:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" | Nehru was a great man... Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I don't think others might have succeeded in doing. – [[Sir Isaiah Berlin]]<ref>Jahanbegloo, Ramin ''Conversations with Isaiah Berlin'' (London 2000), {{ISBN|978-1-84212-164-1}} pp. 201–202</ref>
|}

Jawaharlal Nehru, next to Mahatma Gandhi, is regarded as the most significant figure of the [[Indian independence movement]] that successfully ended British rule over the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book | author=[[Gail Omvedt]]| title=We Will Smash this Prison!.: Indian Women in Struggle | publisher=Zed Press | series=Women in the Third World series | year=1980 | isbn=978-0-905762-44-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEe3AAAAIAAJ | quote=Jawaharlal Nehru was the most famous leader, next to Mahatma Gandhi, of the Indian independence movement| page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wiatr | first=J.J. | title=Political Leadership Between Democracy and Authoritarianism: Comparative and Historical Perspectives | publisher=Verlag Barbara Budrich | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-8474-1693-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcJZEAAAQBAJ | page=71|quote=scholars underline the importance of demographic political culture and its roots in the decades of peaceful struggle for independence (Vidyarthi 1967). Next to Gandhi himself, it was Nehru who deserved credit for such development.|author-link=Jerzy Wiatr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Patil | first=V.T. | title=Studies on Nehru | publisher=Facet Books International | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-932377-14-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTluAAAAMAAJ | page=117|quote=Among the many giants of the freedom movement, next to Gandhi, Nehru was the tallest}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Cannon | first1=P.G. | last2=Cannon | first2=G. | last3=Brine | first3=K. | title=Objects of Enquiry: The Life, Contributions, and Influences of Sir William Jones, 1746-1794 | publisher=[[New York University Press]] | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-8147-1517-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvMJ7draBvkC| quote="In the generation that won independence for India and the one following it [...] Jawaharlal Nehru, the second most important Indian nationalist next to Gandhi|page=158}}</ref> He is also noted for contributing in the independence of Libya, Indonesia and other countries.<ref>{{cite book | last=Shukla | first=K.R.G.V. | title=Foreign Policy of India | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors | year=2009 | isbn=978-81-269-1030-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx6O-BiIFTcC&pg=PA99| page=99}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=In search of peace and security – A study of Indian foreign policy in the Cold War| author=Lorne John Kavic| publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]| url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/831/1.0105964/1| access-date=23 April 2024| archive-date=23 April 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423122502/https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/831/1.0105964/1| url-status=live}}</ref>

As India's first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Nehru played a major role in shaping modern India's government and political culture along with the sound foreign policy.<ref name="Madan-2014">{{Cite web|first=Karuna|last=Madan|date=13 November 2014|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-relevance-of-jawaharlal-nehru-1.1411887|title=The relevance of Jawaharlal Nehru|website=[[gulfnews.com]]|access-date=13 August 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724171836/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-relevance-of-jawaharlal-nehru-1.1411887|url-status=live}}</ref> He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education,<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 1997|first=R.M. |last=Pal|url= http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Academia/primary-education-pm.htm |title= Universal primary education first on the Prime Minster's agenda |access-date=13 August 2021 |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083134/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Academia/primary-education-pm.htm |archive-date= 24 September 2015 |work= [[People's Union for Civil Liberties|pucl.org]]}}</ref> reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehru's education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions like the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aiims.ac.in/aiims/aboutaiims/aboutaiimsintro.htm |title=Introduction |website=[[AIIMS]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625122618/http://aiims.ac.in/aiims/aboutaiims/aboutaiimsintro.htm |archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> Indian Institutes of Technology,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php |title=Institute History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813213137/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php |archive-date=13 August 2007 |work=[[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]|access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> and the Indian Institutes of Management.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/28/archives/nehru-a-queer-mixture-of-east-and-west-led-the-struggle-for-a.html|title=Nehru, a 'Queer Mixture of East and West,' Led the Struggle for a, Modern India; Devoted His Life to Nation's Cause; Blended Skill in Politics With the Spiritualism of His Mentor, Gandhi|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 May 1964|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614111525/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/28/archives/nehru-a-queer-mixture-of-east-and-west-led-the-struggle-for-a.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the independence, Nehru popularised the credo of "unity in diversity" and implemented it as state policy.<ref>{{cite book | last=Vertovec | first=Steven | title=Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge International Handbooks | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-317-60069-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az2LBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140| page=140}}</ref> This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary. While differences in culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the [[National Book Trust]] and the [[Sahitya Akademi|National Literary Academy]] which promoted the translation of regional works of literatures between languages and organised the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, "Integrate or perish."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harrison, Selig S. |date=July 1956 |title=The Challenge to Indian Nationalism |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=620–636 |doi=10.2307/20031191 |jstor=20031191}}</ref>

Called an "architect of India",{{efn|<ref>{{cite book | last=Sherman | first=T.C. | title=Nehru's India: A History in Seven Myths | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2022 | isbn=978-0-691-22722-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sklnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 | page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Architect of modern India|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article25402011.ece|access-date=4 December 2021|website=Frontline|date=8 November 2018|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204140223/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article25402011.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Architect of modern India': Congress pays tributes to Jawaharlal Nehru on death anniversary|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/27/architect-of-modern-india-congress-pays-tributes-to-jawaharlal-nehru-on-death-anniversary-2308208.html|access-date=4 December 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 May 2021|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204140222/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/27/architect-of-modern-india-congress-pays-tributes-to-jawaharlal-nehru-on-death-anniversary-2308208.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 2019|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Architect of modern India|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/jawaharlal-nehru-architect-of-modern-india/story-Ch4DgrerxtY448l0yxulTO.html|access-date=4 December 2021|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109200224/https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/jawaharlal-nehru-architect-of-modern-india/story-Ch4DgrerxtY448l0yxulTO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ian Hall|first=The Conversation|title=Nehru, the architect of modern India, also helped discredit European imperialism|url=https://scroll.in/article/1002353/nehru-the-architect-of-modern-india-also-helped-discredit-european-imperialism|access-date=4 December 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=22 August 2021|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115163627/https://scroll.in/article/1002353/nehru-the-architect-of-modern-india-also-helped-discredit-european-imperialism|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dixit |first1=J.N. |title=From the archives: How Jawaharlal Nehru shaped India in the 20th century |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-how-jawaharlal-nehru-shaped-india-in-the-20th-century-1876654-2021-11-14 |date=14 November 2021 |website=India Today |access-date=4 December 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115132155/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-how-jawaharlal-nehru-shaped-india-in-the-20th-century-1876654-2021-11-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Editorial: Master's voice|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/kangana-ranauts-statement-is-a-testament-to-the-quid-pro-quo-arrangement-between-the-current-regime-and-its-pets/cid/1838908|access-date=4 December 2021|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204140222/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/kangana-ranauts-statement-is-a-testament-to-the-quid-pro-quo-arrangement-between-the-current-regime-and-its-pets/cid/1838908|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 May 2021|title=Opinion: Nehruvian legacy is his idea of India|url=https://www.siasat.com/nehruvian-legacy-is-his-idea-of-india-2141877/|access-date=4 December 2021|website=The Siasat Daily|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103182714/https://www.siasat.com/nehruvian-legacy-is-his-idea-of-india-2141877/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=A thousand lies can't dwarf the giant Nehru was|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/a-thousand-lies-cant-dwarf-the-giant-nehru-was-258860|access-date=4 December 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|archive-date=30 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330155854/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/a-thousand-lies-cant-dwarf-the-giant-nehru-was-258860|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 November 2014|title=Nehru, the real architect of modern India|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141116/commentary-op-ed/article/nehru-real-architect-modern-india|access-date=4 December 2021|website=Deccan Chronicle|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109051932/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141116/commentary-op-ed/article/nehru-real-architect-modern-india|url-status=live}}</ref>}} he is widely recognised as the greatest figure of modern India after Mahatma Gandhi.<ref>{{cite book | last=Subramanian | first=V.K. | title=The Great Ones Vol. IV | publisher=Abhinav Publications | year=2003 | isbn=978-81-7017-472-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpGFRh_YbpkC |quote=He was the greatest figure after Gandhi in the history of modern India. | page=161}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=[[Inder Malhotra]]| title=Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography | publisher=Hay House | year=2014 | isbn=978-93-84544-16-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRxnDwAAQBAJ | page=124|quote=Jawaharlal Nehru, the greatest of all Indians after Gandhi and free India's first prime minister}}</ref> On the occasion of his first death anniversary in 1965, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and others described Nehru as the greatest figure of India after Gandhi.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bhatia | first=V. | title=Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him | publisher=Panchsheel Publishers | year=1989 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-RHAAAAMAAJ | page=105|quote=Jawaharlal Nehru was incomparably the greatest figure after Gandhi in our history - a man of dynamic force, intellectual power and profound vision.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Lok Rajya | publisher=Directorate-General of Information and Public Relations. | issue=v. 19, nos. 2–17 | year=1965 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8gdyzTBTrgC | page=40|quote=Nehru was the greatest man produced by the nation after Mahatma Gandhi and the torch he lit must remain burning forever.}}</ref>

Writing in 2005, [[Ramachandra Guha]] wrote that while no other Indian prime minister was ever close to the challenges that Nehru dealt with and if Nehru had died in 1958 then he would be remembered as the greatest statesman of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Guha | first=Ramachandra | title=Verdicts on Nehru: Rise and Fall of a Reputation | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=40 | issue=19 | year=2005 | issn=0012-9976 | eissn=2349-8846 | jstor=4416605 | pages=1958–1962 }}</ref> However, in recent years, Nehru's reputation has seen re-emergence and he is credited for keeping India together contrary to predictions of many that the country was bound to fall apart.<ref>{{cite book | author=Craig Jeffrey, [[John Harriss]]| title=Keywords for Modern India | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-966563-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRVCBAAAQBAJ | access-date=21 February 2023 | page=134}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Nehru bust, India Place, London.JPG|Bust of Nehru at [[Aldwych]], London
File:Jawaharlal nehru Palais de la Paix Peace Palace Den Haag The Hague La Haye.jpg|Bust of Nehru at [[Peace Palace]], [[The Hague]]
File:TMstudy.png|Nehru's study in [[Teen Murti Bhavan]], which is now converted into a museum.
</gallery>

=== Commemoration ===
[[File:1989 CPA 6121.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=See caption |Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp]]
In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was generally admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship.<ref name="Madan-2014" /><ref>{{cite journal | last=Kaur | first=Navtej | title=Nehru as a prophet of world peace| journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science | publisher=Indian Political Science Association | volume=69 | issue=1 | year=2008 | issn=0019-5510 | jstor=41856405 | pages=203–222 | quote=He was generally praised and supported for his statesmanship. Nehru did a commendable job in promoting world peace. As a statesman, committed to world peace, he strive hard to promote international understanding and co-operation}}</ref> The honorific ''[[Pandit]]'', meaning ''Wise One'', has been applied before his name since his lifetime.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Finck | first1=L. | last2=Hayes | first2=J.P. | title=Jawaharlal Nehru | publisher=Chelsea House Publishers | series=World leaders past & present | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-87754-543-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKs2zZaApl0C | quote=Nehru was now given a special title of respect by the people of India. They called him Pandit, or Wise One. | page=95}}</ref> Nehru's ideals and policies continue shaping the Congress Party's [[manifesto]] and core political philosophy.<ref name="Thakur-2010" /> His birthday, 14 November is celebrated in India as ''Bal Divas'' ("[[Children's Day in India|Children's Day]]") in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as ''Chacha Nehru'' ("Uncle Nehru").<ref name="Thakur-2010">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtuRMJCIe0cC&pg=PA175 |title=Gandhi Nehru and Globalization |last=Thakur |first=Harish |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-8069-684-8|publisher=Concept Publishing}}</ref> Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory. People often emulate his style of clothing, especially the [[Gandhi cap]] and the [[Nehru jacket]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290519/remembering-jawaharlal-nehru.html|title=Remembering Jawaharlal Nehru|date=29 May 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908180725/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290519/remembering-jawaharlal-nehru.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/modish-designs/294045|title=Modish Designs|website=outlookindia|date=4 February 2022|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908180726/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/modish-designs/294045|url-status=live}}</ref> Nehru's preference for the [[sherwani]] ensured it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Tripti|last=Lahiri|url= http://www.jnmf.in/history.html |title= A Profile of the Nehru Jacket|date=20 January 2012 |access-date=13 August 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150303195903/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/01/20/a-profile-of-the-nehru-jacket/ |archive-date= 3 March 2015 |work= [[The Wall Street Journal|blogs.wsj.com]]}}</ref>

[[File:5 Rupees coin of India commemorating the birth centenary of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India.jpg|thumb|[[Indian 5-rupee coin|Indian 5 rupees coin]], [[Commemorative coin|commemorating]] the birth centenary of Nehru in 1989.]]

Many public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehru's memory. The [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and [[dock]] designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehru's residence in Delhi is preserved as the [[Teen Murti House]] now has the [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]], and one of five [[Nehru Planetarium]]s that were set in Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Allahabad and Pune. The complex also houses the offices of the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, established in 1964 under the chairmanship of [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], then president of India. The foundation also gives away the prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fellowship, established in 1968.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jnmf.in/history.html |title= Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund |access-date=13 August 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151107075119/http://www.jnmf.in/history.html |archive-date= 7 November 2015}}</ref> The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and [[Swaraj Bhavan]] are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his family's legacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-relevance-of-jawaharlal-nehru-1.1411887|title=The relevance of Jawaharlal Nehru|website=gulfnews.com|date=13 November 2014|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724171836/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-relevance-of-jawaharlal-nehru-1.1411887|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1997, Nehru was voted as the greatest Indian since independence in ''[[India Today]]''{{'}} poll.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl9DAAAAYAAJ|title=India Today, Volume 22|publisher=Thomson Living Media India Limited|year=1997|page=77|quote=on the choice of the greatest Indian since 1947. Jawaharlal Nehru was the clear choice of 42 percent}}</ref> In 2012, he ranked number four in ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''{{'}}s poll of [[The Greatest Indian]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Uttam|last=Sengupta|date=20 August 2012|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949|title=A Measure Of The Man|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=13 August 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724075649/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, he ranked among [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]'s ''The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time''.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Britannica Guide the World's Most Influential People Series: The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time | website=Gale eBooks | url=https://www.gale.com/ebooks/9781615300594/the-britannica-guide-the-worlds-most-influential-people-series-the-100-most-influential-world-leaders-of-all-time | access-date=23 April 2024 | archive-date=23 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423122502/https://www.gale.com/ebooks/9781615300594/the-britannica-guide-the-worlds-most-influential-people-series-the-100-most-influential-world-leaders-of-all-time | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== In popular culture ===
{{See also|:Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru{{!}}Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru}}

There have been many documentaries about Nehru's life, and he has been portrayed in fictionalised films. The canonical performance is probably that of [[Roshan Seth]], who played him three times: in [[Richard Attenborough]]'s 1982 film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'',<ref>{{cite book|author=Suman Bhuchar|editor-link=Alison Donnell|editor=Alison Donnell|title=Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdpdZ9DwH0C&pg=PA276|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-70025-7|page=276|chapter=Seth, Roshan}}</ref> [[Shyam Benegal]]'s 1988 television series ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', based on Nehru's ''The Discovery of India'',<ref>{{cite news |title=What makes Shyam special... |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627193719/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2003 |date= 17 January 2003 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> and in a 2007 TV film entitled ''The Last Days of the Raj''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/universal-studio-scraps-nehru-edwina-film/668111|title = Universal Studio Scraps Nehru-Edwina Film}}</ref> Benegal directed the 1984 documentary film, ''[[Nehru (1984 film)|Nehru]]'', covering his political career.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Garima |title=Shyam Benegal on his film Nehru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shyam-benegal-on-his-film-nehru/articleshow/5651571.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 March 2010|access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> Indian film director [[Kiran Kumar]] made a film about Nehru titled ''Nehru: The Jewel of India'' in 1990 starring [[Partap Sharma]] in the titular role.<ref>{{cite book|title=Documentary Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIeWcOf-_k8C|year=2010|page=7|publisher=[[Films Division]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref> In [[Ketan Mehta]]'s film ''[[Sardar (1993 film)|Sardar]]'', [[Benjamin Gilani]] portrayed Nehru.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/jawaharlal-nehru.html |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Biography – Childhood, Facts & Achievements of India's First Prime Minister |access-date=25 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813223309/http://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/jawaharlal-nehru.html |archive-date=13 August 2017 |work=culturalindia.net}}</ref> ''[[Naunihal]]'' ({{lit|Young man}}), a 1967 Indian Hindi-language drama film by Raj Marbros, follows Raju, an orphan, who believes that Jawaharlal Nehru is his relative and sets out to meet him.<ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/naunihal</ref>[[File:Nehru sweets oratarians Nongpoh.jpg|thumb|Nehru distributes sweets among children at [[Nongpoh]], Meghalaya]]

Similarly, in the 1957 film ''[[Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957 film)|Ab Dilli Dur Nahin]]'' ({{lit|Now Delhi is not far away}}) by Amar Kumar, Rattan, a young boy, travels to Delhi and seeks to avert the death sentence of his wrongly convicted father by asking Prime Minister Nehru for help.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ab-dilli-dur-nahin |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> Another 1957 [[English language]] short documentary ''[[Our Prime Minister]]'' was produced, compiled and directed by [[Ezra Mir]], who also directed ''Three Weeks in the Life of Prime Minister Nehru'' in 1962.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA9-PA1979|access-date=17 August 2015|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=9–|chapter=Mir, Ezra}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Meran Barsam|title=Nonfiction Film: A Critical History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7p36FdLYdIC&pg=PA271|access-date=26 February 2013|year=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-20706-7|pages=271}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India, 1951–1960 |url=http://www.moviemoviesite.com/Countries/Countries%20I/India/india_1951_1960.htm |date=2009–2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113084937/http://www.moviemoviesite.com/Countries/Countries%20I/India/india_1951_1960.htm |archive-date=13 January 2018 |website=Movie Movie |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> [[Girish Karnad]]'s historical play, ''[[Tughlaq (play)|Tughlaq]]'' (1962) is an allegory about the Nehruvian era. It was staged by [[Ebrahim Alkazi]] with the [[National School of Drama]] Repertory at [[Purana Qila]], Delhi in the 1970s and later at the Festival of India, London in 1982.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20011230180843/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1603/16031170.htm Awards: The multi-faceted playwright]}} ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', Vol. 16, No. 3, 30 January – 12 February 1999.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Authors speak |last=Sachindananda |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-260-1945-8 |page=58 |chapter=Girish Karnad |chapter-url={{Google books|PGWa7v08JikC|page=PT82|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>

== Writings ==
Nehru was a prolific writer in English who wrote ''[[The Discovery of India]]'', ''[[Glimpses of World History]]'', ''[[An Autobiography (Nehru)|An Autobiography]]'' (released in the United States as ''Toward Freedom'',) and ''[[Letters from a Father to His Daughter]]'', all written in jail.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/most-searched-products/books/childrens-day-special-popular-books-by-and-on-jawaharlal-nehru/articleshow/72039865.cms|title=Children's Day: Popular Books On and By Jawaharlal Nehru |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 November 2020}}</ref> ''Letters'' comprised thirty letters written to his daughter Indira Priyadarshani Nehru (later Gandhi) who was then ten years old and studying at a boarding school in [[Mussoorie]]. It attempted to instruct her about natural history and world civilisations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/08/04/stories/2006080402320600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112142131/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/08/04/stories/2006080402320600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2009 |title=Young World : From dad with love |last=Balakrishnan |first=Anima |date=4 August 2006 |access-date=31 October 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Nehru, as PM, wrote biweekly letters to [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]]s of the [[States and union territories of India|states]] from 1947 to 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Letters to Chief Ministers 1947-1964 |date=1985 |url=https://archive.org/details/letterstochiefmi01jawa/page/1/mode/1up |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

Nehru's books have been widely read.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Adam |last1=Roberts |first2=Michael J. |last2=Willis |first3=Rory |last3=McCarthy |first4=Timothy |last4=Garton Ash | title=Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters | publisher=OUP Oxford | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-108833-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHt9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44| page=44|quote=Nehru's books were translated into Arabic and widely read}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Rana | first=A.P. | title=Four Decades of Indo-U.S. Relations: A Commemorative Retrospective | publisher=Har-Anand Publications | year=1994 | isbn=978-81-241-0156-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3x1uAAAAMAAJ | page=203|quote=Nehru's books were widely read and reviewed.}}</ref> ''An Autobiography'', in particular, has been critically acclaimed. [[John Gunther]], writing in ''Inside Asia'', contrasted it with Gandhi's autobiography:<blockquote> The Mahatma's placid story compares to Nehru's as a cornflower to an orchid, a rhyming couplet to a sonnet by MacLeish or Auden, a water pistol to a machine gun. Nehru's autobiography is subtle, complex, discriminating, infinitely cultivated, steeped in doubt, suffused with intellectual passion. Lord Halifax once said that no one could understand India without reading it; it is a kind of 'Education of Henry Adams,' written in superlative prose—hardly a dozen men alive write English as well as Nehru ...<ref>{{citation|last=Gunther|first=John|author-link=John Gunther|title=Inside Asia|page=429|year=1942|publisher=Harper and Brothers | location=New York and London|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275215/page/n451/mode/2up}}</ref></blockquote>

Michael Brecher, who considered Nehru to be an intellectual for whom ideas were important aspects of Indian nationalism, wrote in ''Political Leadership and Charisma: Nehru, Ben-Gurion, and Other 20th-Century Political Leaders'':<blockquote> Nehru's books were not scholarly, nor were they intended to be. He was not a trained historian, but his feel for the flow of events and his capacity to weave together a wide range of knowledge in a meaningful pattern give to his books qualities of a high order. In these works, he also revealed a sensitive literary style. ... ''Glimpses of World History'' is the most illuminating on Nehru as an intellectual. The first of the trilogy, ''Glimpses'', was a series of thinly connected sketches of the story of mankind in the form of letters to his teenage daughter, Indira, later prime minister of India. ... Despite its polemical character in many sections and its shortcomings as an impartial history, ''Glimpses'' is a work of great artistic value, a worthy precursor of his noble and magnanimous ''Autobiography''.<ref>{{citation|last=Brecher|first=Michael|title=Political Leadership and Charisma: Nehru, Ben-Gurion, and Other 20th-Century Political Leaders, Intellectual Odyssey I|date= 2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London|pages=80–81|isbn=978-3-319-32627-6|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1EiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81}}</ref></blockquote>

Michael Crocker thought ''An Autobiography'' would have given Nehru literary fame had the political fame eluded him:<blockquote>It is to his years in prison that we owe his three main books, ... Nehru's writings illustrate a cerebral life, and a power of self-discipline, altogether out of the ordinary. Words by the million bubbled up out of his fullness of mind and spirit. Had he never been prime minister of India he would have been famous as the author of the ''Autobiography'' and the autobiographical parts of ''The Discovery of India''. ''An Autobiography'', at least with some excisions here and there, is likely to be read for generations. ... There are, for instance, the characteristic touches of truism and anticlimax, strange in a man who could both think and, at his best, write so well ...<ref>{{citation|last=Crocker|first=Walter|title=Nehru: A Contemporary's Estimate|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ8p4XTRZgEC&pg=PT96|publisher=Penguin Random House India|isbn=9788184002133}}</ref></blockquote>

Nehru's speech "[[Tryst with Destiny]]" was rated by the British newspaper ''[[The Guardian]]'' to be among the great speeches of the 20th century. [[Ian Jack]] wrote in his introduction to the speech: <blockquote>Dressed in a golden silk jacket with a red rose in the buttonhole, Nehru rose to speak. His sentences were finely made and memorable—Nehru was a good writer; his Discovery of India stands well above the level reached by most politician-writers. ... The nobility of Nehru's words—their sheer sweep—provided the new India with a lodestone that was ambitious and humane. Post-colonialism began here as well as Indian democracy, which has since outlived many expectations of its death.<ref>{{citation|last=Jack|first=Ian|title=Noble words|series=Great speeches of the 20th-century: Nehru|publisher=Guardian|date=1 May 2007|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/01/jawaharlal-nehru-tryst-with-dignity-speech-introduction}}</ref></blockquote>

== See also ==
{{portal|Biography|Politics|India|Literature|Society}}
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[List of political families]]
* [[List of national presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* ''[[Scientific temper]]'', a phrase popularised by Nehru
* [[List of heads of state and government who died in office]]
* [[List of heads of state and government Nobel nominees]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Sources===
* {{Cite book |last=Ghose |first=Sankar |year=1993 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-369-5}}
* Gopal, Sarvepalli. ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Volume 1 1889–1947'' (1975); ''Jawaharlal Nehru Vol. 2 1947–1956'' (1979); ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Volume 3 1956–1964'' (2014), a major scholarly biography.
** {{Cite book |last=Gopal|first=Sarvepalli |author-link= |title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Volume 1 1889–1947|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13225|year=1976 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780198079828 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kopstein |first=Jeffrey |title=Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-139-44604-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Moraes |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Moraes |title=Jawaharlal Nehru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0us3TambWogC |year=2007 |publisher=[[Jaico Publishing House]] |isbn=978-81-7992-695-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nanda |first=B.R. |author-link=Bal Ram Nanda |date=2007 |title=The Nehrus: Motilal and Jawaharlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiwpDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908793-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Rudrangshu |author-link=Rudrangshu Mukherjee |year=2018 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7mCDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 9780199096596 }}
* {{cite book |last=Stein |first=B. |author-link=Burton Stein |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=D. |year=2010 |title=A History of India |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |place=Oxford |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC}}

== Bibliography ==
* Gopal, S. and Uma Iyengar, eds. ''The Essential Writings of Jawaharlal Nehru'' (Oxford University Press, 2003) {{ISBN|978-0-19-565324-3}}
* ''Autobiography: Toward freedom'', [[Oxford University Press]]
* ''Letters for a Nation: From Jawaharlal Nehru to His Chief Ministers 1947–1963'' (Penguin UK, 2015).
* ''Letters from a father to his daughter'' by Jawaharlal Nehru, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160208134134/http://www.childrensbooktrust.com/index.htm Children's Book Trust]
* '' Independence and After: A collection of the more important speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru from September 1946 to May 1949'' (1949). Delhi: The Publications Division, Government of India.
* [[s:A Tryst With Destiny|"A Tryst with Destiny"]]{{snd}}Historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru on 14 August 1947
* {{Cite book|last=Baru|first=Sanjaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4QmEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22nehruvian+intellectual%22&pg=PT47|title=India's Power Elite: Class, Caste and Cultural Revolution|date=2021|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-90914-76-0|quote=Prime Minister Modi decided to alter the character of the premises as part of his campaign to liberate India from the Nehruvian intellectual inheritance.}}
* {{Cite journal| last=Brown | first=Judith M. | title=The Mountbatten Viceroyalty. Announcement and Reception of the 3 June Plan, 31 May–7 July 1947 | journal=The English Historical Review | volume=99 | issue=392 | year=1984 | pages=667–668| doi=10.1093/ehr/XCIX.CCCXCII.667}}
* {{Cite book | last=Lumby | first=E.W.R. | title=The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–1947 | publisher=George Allen and Unwin | place=London | year=1954}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zachariah|first=Benjamin |author-link=|title=Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qaaBAgAAQBAJ|year=2004 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9781134577392 }}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* Bayly, C.A. "The Ends of Liberalism and the Political Thought of Nehru's India." ''Modern Intellectual History'' 12.3 (2015): 605–626.
* ''Nehru: A Political Biography'' by Michael Brecher (1959). London: [[Oxford University Press]].
* "Nehru, Jawaharlal" in [[Ainslie T. Embree]], ed. (1988). ''Encyclopedia of Asian History''. Vol. 3. New York: [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]. pp. 98–100.
* Fonseca, Rena. "Nehru and the Diplomacy of Nonalignment." ''The Diplomats, 1939–1979'' ([[Princeton University Press]], 2019) pp. 371–397. [https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8pz9nc.19 online]
* [[Sarvapelli Gopal|Gopal, Sarvapelli]]. "Nehru and minorities." ''Economic and Political Weekly'' (1988): 2463–2466. {{JSTOR|4394015}}
* Gopal, Sarvepalli. "The Formative Ideology of Jawaharlal Nehru." ''Economic and Political Weekly'' (1976): 787–792 {{JSTOR|4364645}}.
* Gopal, Sarvepalli. '' Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Volume 1 1889–1947'' (1975); ''Jawaharlal Nehru Vol. 2 1947–1956'' (1979); ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Vol.3 1956–1964'' (2014), a major scholarly biography; [https://www.amazon.com/Jawaharlal-Nehru-Biography-1-1889-1947-ebook/dp/B00N7F58Q6/ excerpt vol 1]
* Guha, Ramachandra. "Jawaharlal Nehru." in ''Makers of Modern Asia'' (Harvard University Press, 2014) pp. 117–146.
* Heimsath, C.H. and Surjit Mansingh. ''A diplomatic history of modern India'' (1971) [https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000heim online]
* Louro, Michele L. ''Comrades against imperialism: Nehru, India, and interwar internationalism'' (Cambridge UP, 2018).
* Malone, David et al. eds. ''The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy.'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Handbooks/dp/019874353X excerpt]; a comprehensive overview by over 50 leading experts.
* Purushotham, Sunil. "World history in the atomic age: Past, present and future in the political thought of Jawaharlal Nehru." ''Modern Intellectual History'' 14.3 (2017): 837–867.
* Raghavan, Srinath. ''War and peace in modern India'' (Springer, 2016); focus on Nehru's foreign policy
* Raghavan, Srinath. ''The Most Dangerous Place: A History of the United States in South Asia.'' (Penguin Random House India, 2018); also published as ''Fierce Enigmas: A History of the United States in South Asia.(''2018). [https://networks.h-net.org/node/22055/reviews/3515710/subramaniam-raghavan-fierce-enigmas-history-united-states-south-asia online review]
* {{Cite web |url=https://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/prof_jawaharlalnehru.pdf |title=Commanding Heights |last=Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel A. Yergin |year=1988 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster, Inc.]] |location=New York}}
* [[Tharoor, Shashi]] (2003). ''Nehru: The Invention of India''. Arcade Books. {{ISBN|978-1-55970-697-1}}.
* Tyson, Geoffrey (1966). ''Nehru: The Years of Power''. London: Pall Mall Press.
* Zachariah, Benjamin (2004). ''Nehru''; [https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Historical-Biographies-Benjamin-Zachariah/dp/041525017X/ excerpt].
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://inc.in/our-inspiration/pandit-jawaharlal-nehru Jawaharlal Nehru] at official website of [[Indian National Congress]]
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-jawaharlal-nehru/ Jawaharlal Nehru] at official website of [[Prime Minister's Office (India)]]
* [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/collections1/collections2/nehrus-birthday-dinner-programme/ 70th Anniversary of Indian Independence – Nehru's Birthday Dinner Programme – UK Parliament Living Heritage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151103174317/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/nehru.html Profile of Nehru] in ''[[India Today]]''
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=sI_I-jk8YWsC&q=nehru+communalism Nehru on Communalism]
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/search/jawaharlal%20nehru Jawaharlal Nehru materials]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} in the [[South Asian American Digital Archive]] (SAADA)
* {{OL author}}
* {{IMDb name|624587}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nehru_jawaharlal.shtml Jawaharlal Nehru] at the [[BBC]]

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Ranni Forest Division

2026-03-15T03:41:32Z

4Eileen59m: Adding some data v1...

{{Short description|Forest division in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox forest
| name = Ranni Forest Division
| native_name = {{lang|ml|റാന്നി വനം ഡിവിഷൻ}}
| native_lang =ml
| image = Karikulam forest.jpg
| image_caption = Karikulam forest area in Ranni range under Ranni division
| map_caption = Administrative map of Ranni Forest Division
| coords = {{coord|9|22|29|N|76|46|43|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| region = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| area = {{cvt|1059|km2}}
| established = {{date|07-07-1958}}
| authority = [[Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department]]
| website = https://forest.kerala.gov.in/
|map_image=Ranni forest division map.jpg}}
The '''Ranni Forest Division''' in [[Kerala]], India, was constituted on 7 July 1958, comprising the Ranni, [[Vadasserikkara]] and Goodrical ranges, with its headquarters at [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranni Forest Division |url=https://forest.kerala.gov.in/images/notifications/rannidiv_bou.pdf |website=[[Kerala Forest Department]]}}</ref> It covers the parts of [[Konni, India|Konni]] reserve forest and the reserves of Ranni, Goodrical, Rajampara, Karimkulam, Kumaramperoor, Valiyakavu, and Schettakkal. It covers an area of {{convert|1,059|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Form A Part II |url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/PartIIReport_A.aspx?pid=FP/KL/Others/34142/2018}}</ref> It is the largest forest division by area in Kerala

== Types of forests and composition ==
Reserve forests covering {{convert|1,057|km2}} and vested forests covering {{convert|1.5|km2|1}} are the major types of forests in this division. The Ranni Forest Division, with its natural beauty and richness in flora and fauna, is a storehouse of many varieties of plants and animals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goodrical – a paradise of wild animals |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/outside-kerala/2018/10/16/goodrical-a-paradise-of-wild-animals.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> The forests in the Ranni range can be classified into the following categories.
*West coast tropical evergreen forests
*West coast semi-evergreen forests
*Southern moist mixed deciduous forests
*Southern sub tropical wet hill forests
*Southern montane wet temperate forests
*Reed breakes
*Grass lands
*Manmade forests

== Divisions of Ranni forest ==
{{pie chart
| label1 = Goodrical
| value1 = 61.74955
| color1 = #f3b230
| label2 = Vadasserikkara
| value2 = 25.38657
| color2 = #128425
| label3 = Ranni
| value3 = 12.86388
| color3 = #1b7953
}}

===Goodrical range===
The Goodrical forest range is situated in the eastern side of [[Pathanamthitta]] district, with an area of {{convert|654|km2}}. Comparatively, human interference is less in these forests than in others in India. But at times of the [[Sabarimala]] pilgrimage, these forests ranges are crowded with devotees. Evergreen and semi-evergreen types of forests are here. There are three forest stations under this range:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.77.10/~forusr/tckollam/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100&Itemid=106|title=Goodrical forest range in Ranni division}}</ref>
*[[Plappally]]
*Kochukoikkal
*Pachakkanam

===Vadasserikkara range===
The Vadasserikkara range lies to the eastern part of [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], with its headquarters at Vadasserikkara. This range covers an area of almost {{convert|268|km2}} of the Ranni Forest Division. Kakkattar and Kallar, tributaries of the [[Pamba River]], flow through this range. Small-scale agriculture is done in the populated regions of the Vadasserikkara range, especially on the gentle slopes. The natural forests of this range are classified into west coast tropical evergreen forests, west coast semi-evergreen forests, southern moist mixed deciduous forests, and grasslands. There are three forest stations under Vadasserikkara:
*[[Chittar, Kerala|Chittar]]
*Gurunathanmannu
*Thannithodu

===Ranni range===
[[File:Karikulam forest.jpg|alt=#WPWP|thumb|Karikulam forest]]
The Ranni range covers an area of {{convert|136.2|km2|0}}, and its headquarters is at Ranni. Evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous types of forests can be seen here. The three forest stations under this range are:
*Karikulam
*[[Kanamala]]
*Rajampara

==Index of flora and fauna==

===Flora===
{{main article|Wildlife of Kerala}}
Many unique plants and herbs can be seen in these forest ranges. Medical plants such as Shatavari (''[[Asparagus racemosus]]''), ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'', ''[[Desmodium gangeticum]]'', ''[[Cissus quadrangularis]]'', ''[[Pseudarthria viscida]]'', ''[[Strobilanthes ciliatus]]'', and ''[[Dysoxylum]] malabaricum'' (Vella akil) grow in the deeper parts of the forest. The eco-system of the forests here is suitable for the growth of these plants. A complete list of plants seen in Ranni division is given below.
[[File:Carex baccans (14945605827).jpg|thumb|left|154px|Crimson seeded sedge (''Carex baccans''), known for its bright, showy, seed heads, which grow from 6–12{{nbsp}}inches long and 3{{nbsp}}inches wide]]
{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#cdf2e0" style="colour:#f4fff9" align="centre"
|+'''List of flora in Ranni division'''{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
! Column A !! Column B
|-
| [[Abutilon persicum]]
| [[Angiopteris evecta]]
|-
| [[Canthium dicoccum]]
| [[Caesalpinia bonduc]]
|-
| [[Acacia intsia]]
| [[Crotalaria ferruginea]]
|-
| [[Carex baccans]]
| [[Antidesma menasu]]
|-
| [[Acalypha malabarica]]
| [[Caesalpinia mimosoides]]
|-
| [[Argyreia hirsuta]]
| [[Crotalaria heyneana]]
|-
| [[Bauhinia phoenicea]]
| [[Aphanamixis polystachya]]
|-
| [[Ageratum conyzoides]]
| [[Calamus hookerianus]]
|-
| [[Begonia malabarica]]
| [[Crotalaria pallida]]
|-
| [[Carissa carandas]]
| [[Crotalaria walkeri]]
|-
| [[Achyranthes aspera]]
| [[Calanthe masuca]]
|-
| [[Aristolochia tagala]]
| [[Galinsoga parviflora]]
|-
| [[Acrotrema arnottiana]]
| [[Croton caudatus]]
|-
| [[Argyreia elliptica]]
| [[Crotalaria umbellata]]
|-
| [[Casearia esculenta]]
| [[Garuga pinnata]]
|-
| [[Ardisia pauciflora]]
| [[Croton malabaricus]]
|-
| [[Ardisia pauciflora]]
| [[Diploclisia glaucescens]]
|-
| [[Careya arborea]]
| [[Gleichenia linearis]]
|-
| [[Acalypha paniculata]]
| [[Croton reticulatus]]
|-
| [[Asparagus racemosus]]
| [[Diplocyclos palmatus]]
|-
| [[Cassia hirsuta]]
| [[Glochidion ellipticum]]
|-
| [[Actephila excelsa]]
| [[Cryptolepis buchananii]]
|-
| [[Asystasia Falwell]]
| [[Dipterocarpus bourdillonii]]
|-
| [[Cassia mimosoides]]
| [[Glycine javanica]]
|-
| [[Actinodaphne tadulingamii]]
| [[Cucumis sativus]]
|-
| [[Atylosia lineata]]
| [[Dracaena terniflora]]
|-
| [[Cayratia japonica]]
| [[Glycosmis mauritiana]]
|-
| [[Adenia hondala]]
| [[Cyanotis aristata]]
|-
| [[Baccaurea courtallensis]]
| [[Drymaria cordata]]
|-
| [[Cayratia pedata]]
| [[Gomphandra tetrandra]]
|-
| [[Adenostemma lavenia]]
| [[Cyanotis pilosa]]
|-
| [[Barleria involucrata]]
| [[Dumasia villosa]]
|-
| [[Centrosema pubescens]]
| [[Gordonia obtusa]]
|-
| [[Aeginetia pedunculata]]
| [[Cycas circilanis]]
|-
| [[Barringtonia acutangula]]
| [[Ehretia canarensis]]
|-
| [[Ceropagia candelabrum]]
| [[Gouania microcarpa]]
|-
| [[Aeschynanthus perrottetii]]
| [[Cyclea peltata]]
|-
| [[Chassalia ophioxyloides]]
| [[Elaeocarpus munroi]]
|-
| [[Chloranthus brachystachya]]
| [[Grewia orbiculata]]
|-
| [[Agrostistachys borneensis]]
| [[Cyperus diffusus]]
|-
| [[Belosynapsis vivipara]]
| [[Elaeocarpus tuberculatus]]
|-
| [[Chrysopogon fulvus]]
| [[Grewia umbellifera]]
|-
| [[Alstonia scholaris]]
| [[Cyperus distans]]
|-
| [[Bentinckia condepanna]]
| [[Eratostema lineolatum]]
|-
| [[Cissus quadrangularis]]
| [[Gynura aurantiaca]]
|-
| [[Amaranthus viridis]]
| [[Cyperus iria]]
|-
| [[Bidens biternata]]
| [[Eleusine indica]]
|-
| [[Citrus medica]]
| [[Gynura nitida]]
|-
| [[Amomum cannicarpum]]
| [[Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum]]
|-
| [[Biophytum sensitivum]]
| [[Embelia ribes]]
|-
| [[Clerodendrum viscosum]]
| [[Habenaria crinifea]]
|-
| [[Anaphalis lawii]]
| [[Debregeasia longifolia]]
|-
| [[Bischofia javanica]]
| [[Emilia sonchifolia]]
|-
| [[Clidemia hirta]]
| [[Hedyotis membranacea]]
|-
| [[Anaphalis subdecurrens]]
| [[Dendrobium herbaceum]]
|-
| [[Blumea lanceolaria]]
| [[Eragrostis unioloides]]
|-
| [[Coleus malabaricus]]
| [[Helicteres isora]]
|-
| [[Anaphalis travancorica]]
| [[Dendrobium ovatum]]
|-
| [[Blumea membranacea]]
| [[Eranthemum capense]]
|-
| [[Combretum ovalifolium]]
| [[Hibiscus furcatus]]
|-
| [[Anaphyllum wightii]]
| [[Desmodium laxum]]
|-
| [[Blumea virens]]
| [[Ervatamia divaricata]]
|-
| [[Commelina clavata]]
| [[Holigarna nigra]]
|-
| [[Andrographis paniculata]]
| [[Desmodium triflorum]]
|-
| [[Boehmeria glomerulifera]]
| [[Erythrina stricta]]
|-
| [[Commelina obliqua]]
| [[Hoya wightii]]
|-
| [[Andrographis wightiana]]
| [[Desmodium triquetrum]]
|-
| [[Bolbitis]] sp.(Hybrid)
| [[Erythropalum populifolium]]
|-
| [[Commelina suffruticosa]]
| [[Humboldtia vahliana]]
|-
| [[Aneilema montanum]]
| [[Dianella ensifolia]]
|-
| [[Breynia retusa]]
| [[Euonymus indicus]]
|-
| [[Connarus macrocarpus]]
| [[Hydnocarpus laurifolia]]
|-
| [[Aneilema ovalifolium]]
| [[Dichapetalum gelonioides]]
|-
| [[Breynia vitis-idaea]]
| [[Eurya Japonica]]
|-
| [[Conyza bonariensis]]
| [[Hydrocotyle javanica]]
|-
| [[Aneilema scaberrimum]]
| [[Dicraea stylosa]]
|-
| [[Bridelia scandens]]
| [[Dillenia pentagyna]]
|-
| [[Costus speciosus]]
| [[Dillenia suffruticosa]]
|}

===Fauna===

====Fishes and amphibians====
{{main article|List of fishes of India}}
{{main article|List of amphibians of India}}
The natural streams and rivers in these ranges are the repository of varied fish species and amphibians. Almost 51{{nbsp}}species of fishes and 43{{nbsp}}species of amphibians were reported from the various streams and water bodies in the forest divisions of Ranni. They are the following.
[[File:Nandus nandus.JPG|thumb|Nandus nandus (Gangetic leaffish), a fresh water Asian leafish species|220px]]
[[File:Microhyla rubra lateral view.jpg|thumb|Microhyla rubra lateral, the narrow mouthed species of frog|220px]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Fishes{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} !! Amphibians{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
|-
| [[Parambasis thomassi]]
| [[Ichtyophis tricolor]]
|-
| [[Hypselobarbus curmuca]]
| [[Uraeotyphlus narayani]]
|-
| [[Pseudoambassis ranga]]
| [[Uraeotyphlus menoni]]
|-
| [[Hypselobarbus kurali]]
| [[Uraeotyphlus oommeni]]
|-
| [[Nandus nandus]]
| [[Gegeneophis ramaswamii]]
|-
| [[Labeo rohita]]
| [[Sphaerotheca breviceps]]
|-
| [[Pristolepis marginata]]
| [[Sphaerotheca rolandae]]
|-
| [[Garra mullya]]
| [[Euphylyctis cf. mudigere]]
|-
| [[Orange chromide|Etroplus maculatus]]
| [[Euphlyctis cf. aloysii]]
|-
| [[Travancoria jonesi]]
| [[Hoplobatrachus crassus]]
|-
| [[Etroplus suratensis]]
| [[Hoplobatrachus tigerinus]]
|-
| [[Noemacheilus denisoni]]
| [[Indirana semipalmata]]
|-
| [[Oreochromis mossambica]]
| [[Indirana brachytarsus]]
|-
| [[Noemacheilus guentheri]]
| [[Fejervarya keralensis]]
|-
| [[Glossogobius giuris giuris]]
| [[Micrixalus mallani]]
|-
| [[Noemacheilus triangularis]]
| [[Nyctibatrachus gavi]]
|-
| [[Awaous gutum]]
| [[Clinotarsus curtipes]]
|-
| [[Lepidocephalus thermalis]]
| [[Indosylvirana sreeni]]
|-
| [[Sicyopterus griseus]]
| [[Indosylvirana aurantiaca]]
|-
| [[Lepidocephaluslimbatus]]
| [[Indosylvirana cf. magna]]
|-
| [[Anabas testudineus]]
| [[Hydrophylax malabaricus]]
|-
| [[Hyporhamphus limbatus]]
| [[Raorchestes travancoricus]]
|-
| [[Macropodus cupanus]]
| [[Raorchestes beddomei]]
|-
| [[Xenentodon cancila]]
| [[Raorchestes ponmudi]]
|-
| [[Channa marulius]]
| [[Raorchestes manohari]]
|-
| [[Aplocheilus lineatus]]
| [[Pseudophilautus wynaadensis]]
|-
| [[Channa orientalis]]
| [[Polypedates pseudocruciger]]
|-
| [[Heteropnuestes fossilis]]
| [[Polypedates maculatus]]
|-
| [[Channa striatus]]
| [[Rhacophorus malabaricus]]
|-
| [[Clarias dusuuumieri]]
| [[Ghatixalus magnus]]
|-
| [[Mastacembelus armatus]]
| [[Duttaphrynus beddomei]]
|-
| [[Danio malabaricus]]
| [[Duttaphrynus scaber]]
|-
| [[Tetraodon travancoricus]]
| [[Duttaphrynus melanostictus]]
|-
| [[Pristolepis malabarica]]
| [[Duttaphrynus microtympanum]]
|-
| [[Megalops cyprinoides]]
| [[Duttaphrynus parietalis]]
|-
| [[Parambassis thomassi]]
| [[Uperodon taprobanicus]]
|-
| [[Anguilla bengalensis]]
| [[Uperodon variegatus]]
|-
| [[Haplocheius lineatus]]
| [[Uperodon montanus]]
|-
| [[Anguilla bicolar]]
| [[Uperodon triangularis]]
|-
| [[Mystus montanus]]
| [[Uperodon systoma]]
|-
| [[Tor khudree]]
| [[Microhyla cf. laterite]]
|}

[http://117.239.77.10/~forusr/tckollam/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98&Itemid=104 '''For more details''']

====Reptiles and mammals====
Kerala's forests are the storehouse of many species of reptiles and mammals. Reptiles of 59{{nbsp}}species and mammals of 34{{nbsp}}species were reported from the forests of Ranni. The rain forests here are the habitat of the venomous [[King cobra]]. Many King cobras were caught by [[Vava Suresh]], the snake expert and wildlife conservationist for the [[Angamoozhy]], [[Chittar, Kerala|Chittar]], and Moozhiyar regions in the Goodrical range. The mammals are also rich in number, with countless species in these forests.
[[File:Shikra.JPG|right|thumb|A little banded goshawk commonly found all over Indian sub continent]]
[[File:Coelognathus helenus indische schmucknatter.jpg|thumb|The [[Trinket snake]] ([[Scientific name]]:''Coelognathus helena''), a nonvenomous constrictor species of coulbrid snake]]
{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #ffffff; border: 0px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#fff287" style="colour:#FFFFFF" align="centre"
| '''Reptiles'''{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
| '''Birds'''{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
|-
| Melanochelys trijuga
| Little cormorant
|-
| Indotestudo travancorica
| Darter
|-
| Lissemys punctata punctata
| Grey heron
|-
| Rhinophis travancoricus
| Pond heron
|-
| Uropeltis ceylanicus
| Cattle egret
|-
| Python molurus
| Little egret
|-
| Cnemaspis gracilis
| Night heron
|-
| Cnemaspis ornatus
| Chestnut bittern
|-
| Cnemaspis beddomei
| Pariah kite
|-
| Lycodon tranancoricus
| Brahminy kite
|-
| Cnemaspis kandiana
| Indian shikra
|-
| Lycodon aulicus
| Osprey
|-
| Cyrtodactylus collegalensis
| Jungle bush quali
|-
| Oilgodon taeniolatus
| Red spurfowl
|-
| Hemidactylus brooki
| Grey jungle fowl
|-
| Oilogodon travancoricus
| Redwattled lapwing
|-
| Hemidactylus frenatus
| Blue rock pigeon
|-
| Amphiesma stolata
| Indian spotted dove
|-
| Hemidactylus leschenaulti
| Indian emerald dove
|-
| Amphiesma beddomei
| Roseringed parakeet
|-
| Hemidactylus maculatus
| Indian lorikeet
|-
| Amphiesma monticola
| Common hawk cuckoo
|-
| Calotes calotes
| Common Indian nightjar
|-
| Xenochrophis piscator
| Indian koel
|-
| Calotes elliotti
| Coucal/crow pheasant
|-
| Elaphe helena
| Indian barn owl
|-
| Calotes rouxi
| Grey headed bublbul
|-
| Ptyas mucosus
| Ruby throated bublbul
|-
| Calotes versicolor
| Indian alpine swift
|-
| Dendrelaphis ttristis
| Indian house swift
|-
| Draco dussumieri
| Malabar trogon
|-
| Ahaetulla nasuta
| Pied kingfisher
|-
| Psammophilus blanfordanus
| Chestnuttheaded bee-eater
|-
| Boiga trigonata
| Rufoustailed flycatcher
|-
| Chamaeleo zeylanicus
| Redbreasted flycatcher
|-
| Bungarus caeruleus
| Malabar greyhornbill
|-
| Mabuya macularius
| Small green barbet
|-
| Naja naja
| Crimsonthroated barbet
|-
| Mabuya carinata
| Indian pitta
|-
| Ophiophagus hannah
| Malabar crested lark
|-
| Scincella laterimaculatum
| Indian golden oriole
|-
| Vipera russellii
| Blackheaded oriole
|-
| Riopa punctata
| Black drongo
|-
| Echis carinatus
| Jungle myna
|-
| Ristella beddomii
| Hill myna
|-
| Hypnale hypnale
| Indian tree pie
|-
| Ristella guentheri
| Southeastern tree pie
|-
| Trimeresurus malabaricus
| Paddyfield warbler
|-
| Ophisops leschenaulti
| Jungle crow
|-
| Bungarus faciatus
| Malabar woodshrike
|-
| Varanus bengalensis
| Orange minivet
|-
| Ptyas mucosus
| Goldfronted chloropsis
|-
| Ramphotyphlops braminus
| Fairy bluebird
|-
| Typhlina bramina
| Redwhiskered bulbul
|-
| Typhlops acutus
| Whitethroated ground thrush
|-
| Geochelone travancorica
| Redvented bulbul
|-
| Teretrurus sanguineus
| Kerala rock pipit
|-
| Lissemys punctata punctata
| Tailorbird
|-
| Blue headed yellow wagtail
| Uropeltis ocellatus
|}

===Birds===
There are abundant species of birds in these forests, including some that face extinction. There are 196 known species of birds reported from the Ranni division.
[[File:MalabarGreyhornbill.jpg|thumb|Malabar grey hornbill ([[Scientific name]]:''Ocyceros griseus''), a hornbill species commonly found in the Western ghats and southern India]]
[[File:NIlgiri Flycatcher.JPG|thumb|Nilgiri flycather ([[Scientific name]]:''Eumyias albicaudatus''), a near-threatened species similar to [[verditer flycatcher]]]]

{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
|+'''List of birds in Ranni division'''
! Column A !! Column B
|-
| Little cormorant (Phalocrocorax Niger)
| Greyfronted green pigeon (Trenon pampadora affinis)
|-
| Darter (Anhinga rufa)
| Imperial green pigeon (Ducula aenea)
|-
| Grey heron (Ardea cinerea)
| Nilgiri wood pigeon (Columba elphinstonii)
|-
| Pond heron (Ardeola grayii)
| Large Indian parakeet (Pisttacula eupatria)
|-
| Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis)
| Blossom headed parakeet (Pisttacula cyanocephala)
|-
| Little egret (Egretta garsetta)
| The cuckoo (Cucclus canorus)
|-
| Night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)
| Indian banded bay cuckoo (Cacomantis sonneratii)
|-
| Chestnut bittern (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
| Indian plaintive cuckoo (Cacomantis passerinus)
|-
| Pariah kite (Milvus migrans)
| Drongo cuckoo (Surniculus lugubris)
|-
| Brahminy kite (Haliastur indus)
| Lesser coucal (Centropus toulou)
|-
| Indian shikra (Accipiter badius)
| Grass owl (Tyto capensis)
|-
| Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
| Bay owl (Phodilus badius. ripleyi
|-
| Jungle bush quali (Perdicula asiatica)
| Great horned owl (Bubo bubo bengalensis)
|-
| Red spurfowl (Galloperdix spadicea)
| Forest eagle owl (Bubo bubo nipalensis)
|-
| Grey jungle fowl (Gallus sonneratii)
| Brown fish owl (Bubo bubo zeylonensis
|-
| Redwattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus)
| Short eared owl (Asio flammeus)
|-
| Blue rock pigeon (Columba livia)
| Ceylon Frogmouth (Batrachostomus monlinger)
|-
| Indian spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis)
| Great eared nightjar (Eurostopodus macrotis bourdilloni)
|-
| Indian emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica)
| Bluewinged parnakeet (Psittacula columbodies)
|-
| Roseringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri)
| Indian jungle nightjar (Caprimulgus asiaticus)
|-
| Indian lorikeet (Loriculus vernalis)
| Indian cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus)
|-
| Common hawk cuckoo (Cuculus varius)
| Longtailed nightjar (Caprimulgus macrurus)
|-
| Common Indian nightjar (Caprimulgus asiaticus)
| Whiterumped spinetail swift (Chaetura sylvatica)
|-
| Indian koel (Eudynamys scolopacea)
| Scops owl (Otus scops)
|-
| Coucal/Crow pheasant (Centropus sinensis)
| Malabar barred jungle owlet (Glaucidium radiatum subsp)
|-
| Indian barn owl (Tyto alba)
| Spotted owlet (Athene brama)
|-
| Grey headed bublbul (Pyconotus pricoephalus)
| Yellow browed bulbul (Hypsipetes indicus)
|-
| Ruby throated bublbul (Pyconotus melanicterus)
| Black head babbler (Rhopocichla atriceps)
|-
| Indian alpine swift (Apus melba)
| Quaker babbler (Alcippe poioicephala)
|-
| Indian house swift (Apus affinis)
| Brown flycatcher (Muscicapa latrirostris)
|-
| Malabar trogon (Harpactes fasciatus subsp)
| Brown breasted flycatcher (Muscicapa muttui)
|-
| Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis)
| Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis)
|-
| Chestnutheaded bee-eater (Merops Leschenaulti)
| White bellied blue flycatcher (Muscicapa pallipes)
|-
| Rufoustailed flycatcher (Muscicapa ruficauda)
| Blue throated flycatcher (Muscicapa rubeculoides)
|-
| Redbreasted flycatcher (Muscicapa parva)
| Tickell's blue flycatche (Muscicapa tickelliae)
|-
| Malabar greyhornbill (Tockus griseus)
| Verditer flycatcher (Muscicapa thalassina)
|-
| Small green barbet (Megalaima viridis)
| Nilgiri flycatcher (Muscicapa albicaudata)
|-
| Crimsonthroated barbet (Megalaima rubricapilla)
| White browed fantail flycatcher (Rhipidura aureola)
|-
| Indian pitta (Pitta brachyura)
| Paradise flycatcher (Trepsiphone paradisi)
|-
| Malabar crested lark (Galerida malabarica)
| Black naped flycatcher. (Hypothymis azurea)
|-
| Indian golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus)
| Streaked fantail warbler (Listicola juncidis salimalii)
|-
| Blackheaded oriole (Oriolus xanthornus)
| Franklin's wren Warbler (Primia hodgsoni)
|-
| Jungle myna (Acridotheres fuscus)
| Thickbilled warbler (Acrocephalus aedon)
|-
| Hill myna (Gracula religiosa)
| Indian great reed warbler (Acrocephalus aedon)
|-
| Indian tree pie (Dendrocitta vagabunda)
| House crow (Corvus splendens)
|-
| Southeastern tree pie (Dendrocitta vagabunda subsp)
| Tytler's leaf warbler (Phylloscopus tytleri)
|-
| Paddyfield warbler (Acrocephalus agricola)
| Largebilled leaf warbler (Phylloscopus magnirostris)
|-
| Jungle crow (Corvus macrohynohos)
| Blue chat (Erithacus svecicus)
|-
| Malabar woodshirke (Tephrodornis gularis)
| Shama (Copsychus saularis)
|-
| Orange minivet (Pericrocotus flammeus)
| Indian robin (Saxicoloides caprata)
|-
| Goldfronted chloropsis (Chloropsis auriforns)
| Pied ground thrush (Zoothera wardii)
|-
| Fairy bluebird (Irena puella)
| Orange headed ground thrush (Zoothera citrina)
|-
| Redwhiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus)
| Whiteheaded babbler (Turdoides affinis)
|-
| Whitethroated ground thrush (Zootera citrina cyanotus)
| Grey headed yellow wagtail. (Motacilla flava)
|-
| Redvented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer)
| Magpie robin (Copsychus saularis)
|-
| Kerala rock pipit (Anthus similis)
| Malbar whistling thrush (Myiophoneus horsfieldii)
|-
| Tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius)
| Yellow backed wagtail (Motacilla flava tutea)
|-
| Blue headed yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava beema)
| Grey wagtail (Motacilla cinerea)
|-
| Indian grey tit (Parus major)
| Forest wagtail (Motacilla indica)
|-
| Velvetfronted nuthatch (Sitta frontalis)
| Tickell's flowerpecker (Dicaeum erythrorhynchos)
|-
| Large pied wagtail (Motacilla madera spatensis)
| Purple rumped sunbird (Nictarinia zeylonica)
|-
| Small sunbird (Nectarinia minima)
| Indian shag (Podiceps fuscicollis)
|-
| Indian house sparrow (Passer domesticus)
| Large cormorabt (Podiceps carbo)
|-
| Little Gerbe (Podiceps ruficollis)
| Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea)
|-
| Loten's sunbird (Nictarinia lotenia)
| Large egret (Ardea alba)
|-
| Purple sunbird (Nictarinia asiatica)
| Little spiderhunter (Arachnothera longirostris)
|-
| Yellow backed sunbird Aethopyga siparaja)
| Yellowthroated sparrow (Petronia xanthocollis)
|-
| Little green heron (Ardeola striatus)
| Open bill stork (Anastomus oscitans)
|-
| Smaller egert (Egretta intermedia)
| Travancore baya (Ploceus philippinus travancoreensis)
|-
| Yellow bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis)
| Red munia (Estrilda amandava)
|-
| White necked stork (Ciconia episcopus)
| White throated Munia (Lonchura malabarica)
|-
| Pintail (Anas acuta)
| Spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata)
|-
| Spot bill duck (Anas poecilorhyncha)
| Black head munia (Lonchura malacca)
|-
| Garganey (Anas querquedula)
| Common rose finch (Carpodacus erythrinus)
|-
| Black crested Baza (Aviceda lephotes)
| Bush lark (Mirafra assamica)
|-
| Black winged kite (Elanus caeruleus vociferus)
| Crag martin (Hirundo rupestris)
|-
| Sparrow hawk (Accipiter nisus)
| Eastern swallow (Hirundo rustica gutturalis)
|-
| Cresested hawk eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus)
| Indian cliff swallow (Hirundo fluvicola)
|-
| Dusky cragmartin (Hirundo concolor)
| House martin (Delichon urbica)
|-
| Booted hawk eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)
| Brown shrike (Lanius cristatus)
|-
| Black eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis perniger)
| Ashy drango (Dicrurus adsimilis)
|-
| Grey shrike (Lanius excubitor)
| Short toed eagle (Circaetus gallicus gallicus)
|-
| Greyheaded fishing eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus)
| Common myna (Acridotherestristis)
|-
| Racket – tailed drango (Dicrurus paradiseus)
| Common iora (Aegithina tiphia)
|-
| Greyheaded myna (Sturnus malabaricus)
| Common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)
|-
| Crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela melanotis)
| Threetoed kingfisher (Ceyx erithacus)
|-
| Redheaded merllin (Falco chicquera)
| White breasted kingfisher. (Hakyon smyrensis)
|-
| Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)
| Blue eared kingfisher (Alcedo meninting)
|-
| Indian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus objurgatus)
| Bluebearded bee-eater (Nyctyornis athertoni)
|-
| Banded crake (Rallina urizonoides)
| Broadbilled roller (Eurystomus orientalis)W
|-
| White breasted waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus)
| Malabar pied hornbill (Anthracoceros coronatus)
|-
| Watercock (Gallicrex cinerea)
| Rufous woodpecker (Micropternus brachyurns jerdonii)
|-
| Pheasant tailed jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurugus)
| Speckled piculet (Picumnus innominatus)
|-
| Painted snipe (Rostratula bengalensis)
| Pigmy wood pecker (Picoides nanus)
|-
| Blackwinged stilt (Himantopus himantopus)
| Green sandpiper (Tringa ochropus)
|-
| Little ringed plover (Charadrius dubius)
| Black backed wood pecker (Crysocolaptes festivus)
|-
| Heart spotted woodpecker (Hemicircus canente)
| Common sandpiper (Tringa hypoleucos)
|-
| Common tern (Sterna hirundo)

|}

== Tribal settlements ==
The forest ranges of Ranni are inhabited by many tribal communities, mainly the Ulladan, Vettuvan and Malavedan, each having their own traditions and beliefs.

{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f8f5fe; border: 0px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|- bgcolor="#DCCEF1" style="colour:#FFFFFF" align="centre"
| '''Settlements'''
| '''Communities'''
|-
| Kakkudukka
| Ulladan
|-
| Mannadisala
| Ulladan
|-
| Chollanavayal
| Malavedan
|-
| Kudamurutty
| Malappandaram
|-
| Paruva
| Ulladan
|-
| Ariyanjilimannu
| Malavedan
|-
| Manakkayam
| Malaoorali
|-
| Naranamthodu
| Vanakudi
|-
| [[Lahai, Kerala|Lahai]]
| Adiyan, Ulladan
|-
| Kurumbanmoozhy
| Ulladan
|-
| Attathodu
| Malapandaram
|-
| Velamplavu
| Ulladan
|-
| Kattachira
| Ulladan, Vettuvan
|-
| Kodumudi
| Ulladan, Vettuvan
|-
| Kumaramkunnu
| Malavedan, Adiyan
|-
| Olikkallu
| Vettuvan
|-
| Pambini
| Ulladan
|-
| Allumkal
| Vettuvan
|-
| Bhayanankaramudi
| Kani, Arayan
|-
| Chippankuzhy
| Kani, Ulladan
|}

== See also ==
* [[Department of Forests and Wildlife (Kerala)]]
* [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]
* [[Vadasserikkara]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Ranni}}
* [http://www.kerala.forest.gov.in Official website of Kerala forest department]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=348&Itemid=14 Ranni division-Kerala forest department]
*[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jul/15/noahs-gopher-trees-vips-of-ranni-forest-in-pathanamthitta-2330451.html Noah's Gopher trees VIPs of Ranni forest in Pathanamthitta]

[[Category:Forestry]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Kerala]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1958]]
[[Category:Geography of Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pathanamthitta district]]

Varun Chakravarthy

2026-03-14T07:02:32Z

4Eileen59m: quick fix

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1991)}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Indian name|Varun |Chakravarthy Vinod}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Varun Chakravarthy
| image =
| caption =Varun during match press conference in 2025
| country = India
| fullname = Varun Chakaravarthy Vinod
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|8|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bidar]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[leg break]] [[googly]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]

| international = true
| internationalspan = 2021–present

| onetest =
| testdebutdate =
| testdebutyear =
| testdebutagainst =
| testcap =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttestagainst =

|
| odidebutdate = 9 February
| odidebutyear = 2025
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 259
| lastodidate = 9 March
| lastodiyear = 2025
| lastodiagainst = New Zealand
| odishirt = 29

| T20Idebutdate = 25 July
| T20Idebutyear = 2021
| T20Idebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| T20Icap = 87
| lastT20Idate = 8 March
| lastT20Iyear = 2026
| lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand
| T20Ishirt = 29
| club1 = [[Tamil Nadu Premier League#Teams|Tirupur Tamizhans]]
| year1 = 2017
| club2 = [[Tamil Nadu Premier League#Teams|Madurai Panthers]]
| year2 = 2018
| club3 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| year3 = 2018–present
| club5 = [[Tamil Nadu Premier League#Teams|Dindigul Dragons]]
| year5 = 2022–present
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| column4 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches1 = 4
| matches2 = 45
| matches3 = 29
| matches4 = 150
| runs1 = –
| runs2 = 3
| runs3 = 121
| runs4 = 102
| bat avg1 = –
| bat avg2 = 0.75
| bat avg3 = 11.00
| bat avg4 = 6.37
| 100s/50s1 = –
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score1 = –
| top score2 = 1[[not out|*]]
| top score3 = 32
| top score4 = 24
| deliveries1 = 240
| deliveries2 = 963
| deliveries3 = 1,515
| deliveries4 = 3,319
| wickets1 = 10
| wickets2 = 73
| wickets3 = 75
| wickets4 = 197
| bowl avg1 = 19.00
| bowl avg2 = 16.61
| bowl avg3 = 14.29
| bowl avg4 = 21.26
| fivefor1 = 1
| fivefor2 = 2
| fivefor3 = 5
| fivefor4 = 3
| tenfor1 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = 5/42
| best bowling2 = 5/17
| best bowling3 = 5/9
| best bowling4 = 5/17
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 9/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 8/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 28/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1108375.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 8 March 2026
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026 India & Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2025 ICC Champions Trophy|2025 Pakistan]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2025 Asia Cup|2025 UAE]]}}
|club4=[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]|year4=2020–present}}
'''Varun Chakravarthy Vinod''' (born 29 August 1991) is an Indian international [[cricketer]] who plays for the [[India national cricket team|India national team]] as a right-arm [[leg spin]] bowler. He represents [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] in domestic cricket, and plays for [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] and [[Dindigul Dragons]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]. He was a member of the Indian team that won the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026 T20 World Cup]], [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy|2025 Champions Trophy]] and the [[2025 Asia Cup]]. In December 2025, he became the highest rated Indian bowler ever in the [[ICC Men's Player Rankings|ICC rankings]] for [[Twenty20 International]]s with 818 points.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/sports/cricket/news/varun-chakaravarthy-becomes-highest-rated-indian-t20i-bowler-of-all-time-rohit-sharma-virat-kohli-remain-1-and-2-in-odi-rankings-136693879.html|title=Varun Chakaravarthy becomes highest-rated Indian T20I bowler of all-time|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|date=17 December 2025|access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
Varun Chakravarthy Vinod was born on 29 August 1991 in [[Bidar]], [[Karnataka]], to Vinod Chakravarthy, an [[Indian Telecommunication Service|ITS]] officer working for [[BSNL]], and Malini. His father is of half-[[Tamils|Tamil]] and half-[[Malayali]] descent, while his mother is a [[Kannadiga]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1108375.html |title=Varun Chakravarthy |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005706/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1108375.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nair">{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Aneesh |title=Mystery spinner Varun Chakravarthy and his Kerala connection |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2020/10/28/ipl-2020-varun-chakravarthy-kkr-myster-spinner-kerala-connection.html |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama]] |date=10 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Basu Shanker {{!}} Varun Chakravarthy {{!}} Mystery Spinner {{!}} Cricket {{!}} Interview {{!}} Time Out with Basu {{!}} E15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uq9gyVkl2qg |time=2:20 and 2:46 |time-caption=Event occurs between|access-date=3 March 2025 |date=17 September 2022 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=3 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303215923/https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=g0u4_8egMCigRUt5&v=uq9gyVkl2qg |url-status=live }}</ref> He was brought up in [[Adyar, Chennai]].<ref name="Nair"/>

Varun did his schooling at [[List of Kendriya Vidyalayas|Kendriya Vidyalaya CLRI]] and [[St. Patrick's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School|St. Patrick's School]] in Chennai. He initially played [[cricket]] as a [[wicket-keeper]] but quit the sport to focus on academics. He obtained a [[Bachelor of Architecture|bachelor's degree]] in architecture from [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRM University]]. At the age of 25, he gave up his architect career to pursue cricket professionally.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dani |first1=Bipin |title=Varun Chakravarthy is spinning reality out of dreams |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/301020/varun-chakravarthy-is-spinning-reality-out-of-dreams.html |access-date=24 October 2021 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024163836/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/301020/varun-chakravarthy-is-spinning-reality-out-of-dreams.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Wasn't expecting it': Architect-turned-cricketer Varun Chakravarthy after being awarded India call-up|url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/wasnt-expecting-it-architect-turned-cricketer-varun-chakravarthy-after-being-awarded-india-call-up-338245|access-date=29 October 2020|work=[[WION]]|date=27 October 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031113911/https://www.wionews.com/sports/wasnt-expecting-it-architect-turned-cricketer-varun-chakravarthy-after-being-awarded-india-call-up-338245|url-status=live}}</ref> While starting out as a [[pace bowler]], he turned to [[spin bowling]] after a knee injury in early 2017 that kept him out of action for six months.<ref>{{cite web |last1=PR |first1=Srinidhi |title=Varun Chakaravarthy: From fourth-division player to IPL's million-dollar baby |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2018/Dec/18/i-was-hoping-to-get-a-rs-20-lakh-bid-says-varun-chakravarthy-after-bagging-rs-84-crore-deal-1913265.html |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=18 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Vishal |title=IPL 2019 Auction: Stock jumps for unknown commodity Varun Chakravarthy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/varun-chakravarthy-stock-jumps-for-unknown-commodity-5499554 |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 December 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219124638/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/varun-chakravarthy-stock-jumps-for-unknown-commodity-5499554/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Varun came into the limelight during the [[2018 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2018 season]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]] (TNPL), where his nine [[wicket (cricket)|wickets]] at an [[economy rate]] of 4.70 helped [[Madurai Panthers]] win their maiden TNPL title.<ref>{{cite web|last1=RS |first1=Prasad |title=Spinner Varun hopes to be architect of Tamil Nadu's success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/spinner-varun-hopes-to-be-architect-of-tamil-nadus-success/articleshow/65780085.cms |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 September 2018}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2018-19 season]] of the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 20 September 2018.<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156804.html |title=Elite, Group C, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Chennai, Sep 20 2018 |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> He was the leading wicket-taker for Tamil Nadu in the tournament, with 22 dismissals in nine matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12591;team=2184;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2016/17 - Tamil Nadu: Batting and bowling averages |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=11 October 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011172930/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12591;team=2184;type=tournament |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Tamil Nadu in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|2018-19 edition]] of the [[Ranji Trophy]] on 12 November 2018.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156962.html |title=Elite, Group B, Ranji Trophy at Tirunelveli, Nov 12-15 2018 |access-date=12 November 2018 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

In December 2018, Varun was bought by the [[Kings XI Punjab]] in the [[List of 2019 Indian Premier League personnel changes|player auction]] for the [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019 season]] of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) at the price of {{INRconvert|84|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25390461/ipl-2019-auction-was-sold-whom |title=IPL 2019 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=18 December 2018 |date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218224600/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25390461/ipl-2019-auction-was-sold-whom |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2019-who-got-whom/articleshow/67144375.cms |title=IPL 2019 Auction: Who got whom |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218230123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2019-who-got-whom/articleshow/67144375.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for the team on 27 March 2019 in a match against [[Kolkata Knight Riders]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1175361.html |title=6th Match (N), Indian Premier League at Kolkata, Mar 27 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> His first [[over (cricket)|over]] went for 25 runs, the highest number of runs conceded by a bowler on debut in the IPL.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26372196/sunil-narine-makes-first-forget-varun-chakravarthy |title=Sunil Narine makes it a first over to forget for Varun Chakravarthy |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=27 March 2019 |date=27 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327185353/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26372196/sunil-narine-makes-first-forget-varun-chakravarthy |url-status=live }}</ref> He played just the one match in the season,<ref name="Bio"/> and was released by the Kings XI Punjab ahead of the [[List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2020 IPL auction]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28087425/where-do-eight-franchises-stand-2020-auction |title=Where do the eight franchises stand before the 2020 auction? |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=15 November 2019 |date=15 November 2019 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115172858/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28087425/where-do-eight-franchises-stand-2020-auction |url-status=live }}</ref> In the auction ahead of the [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 IPL season]], he was bought by the Kolkata Knight Riders for {{INRconvert|40|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25564543/varun-chakravarthy |title=Decoding the mystery: Who is Varun Chakravarthy? |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=8 January 2018 |date=8 January 2018 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218141255/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25564543/varun-chakravarthy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28338426/ipl-auction-analysis-do-eight-teams-their-best-xis-place? |title=IPL auction analysis: Do the eight teams have their best XIs in place? |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221164345/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28338426/ipl-auction-analysis-do-eight-teams-their-best-xis-place |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 October 2020, he took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in the IPL, with figures of 5 wickets for 20 runs, against the [[Delhi Capitals]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://scroll.in/field/976664/watch-kkrs-varun-chakravarthy-takes-first-five-wicket-haul-of-ipl-2020|title= Varun Chakravarthy took his first five-wicket haul|access-date= 24 October 2020|work=Scroll.in|date= 24 October 2020|archive-date= 29 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201029204408/https://scroll.in/field/976664/watch-kkrs-varun-chakravarthy-takes-first-five-wicket-haul-of-ipl-2020|url-status= live}}</ref> He finished as the team's highest wicket-taker in the season with 17 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2020-21-13533|title=Most wickets, IPL 2020-21|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

On 3 May 2021, Varun, and his teammate [[Sandeep Warrier]], tested positive for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-varun-chakravarthy-sandeep-warrier-positive-for-covid-19-kkr-vs-rcb-rescheduled-1262213|title=Chakravarthy, Warrier positive for Covid-19, KKR vs RCB rescheduled|first=Nagraj|last=Gollapudi|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=3 May 2021|date=3 May 2021}}</ref> As a result, the match between the Knight Riders and [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] was called off, and the tournament was later suspended.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/sports/kkr-stars-varun-chakravarthy-sandeep-warrier-test-positive-for-coronavirus-kolkata-versus-bangalore-ipl-2021-game-rescheduled-4635905/ |title=KKR Stars Varun Chakravarthy, Sandeep Warrier Test Positive For Coronavirus, Kolkata versus Bangalore IPL 2021 Game Rescheduled |work=India.com |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> Varun topped the wicket charts for the Knight Riders in the [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]], and In the [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023 IPL seasons]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR) IPL 2021 Stats & Records: Most Runs, Wickets & Catches, Highest & Lowest Score - myKhel.com|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/ipl-2021-kolkata-stats-tp61-s4/|access-date=22 October 2021|work=My Khel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2023-15129|title=Most wickets, IPL 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> He was the second-highest wicket-taker in the [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024 IPL season]] with 21 dismissals at an average of 19.14 and economy rate of 8.04.<ref>{{cite news |title=Varun Chakravarthy rewarded for hard work on tough pitches in IPL: Parthiv Patel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-bangladesh-varun-chakravarthy-parthiv-patel-2608350-2024-09-29 |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 September 2024 }}</ref> He took 18 wickets in six matches for Tamil Nadu at the [[2024–25 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and finished second on the wicket-takers' list behind [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets For Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2024/25 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/vijay-hazare-trophy-2024-25-16564 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

==International career==
In October 2020, Varun was named in India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|away series]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30196657/rishabh-pant-omitted-india-white-ball-squads,-varun-chakravarthy-t20i-squad |title=Rishabh Pant omitted from India's white-ball squads, Varun Chakravarthy in T20I squad |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029201412/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30196657/rishabh-pant-omitted-india-white-ball-squads,-varun-chakravarthy-t20i-squad |url-status=live }}</ref> However, on 9 November 2020, he was ruled out of the series after suffering an injury.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/kohli-to-go-on-paternity-leave-after-1st-australia-test-rohit-included-for-tests-varun-chakravarthy-injured/article33058416.ece |title=Kohli to go on paternity leave after 1st Australia Test; Rohit included for Tests, Varun Chakravarthy injured |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 November 2020 |access-date=9 November 2020 |last1=Karhadkar |first1=Amol }}</ref> In February 2021, he was named in India's T20I squad for their [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|home series]] against [[England cricket team|England]], but did not make it to the playing XI.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/150315/india-s-squad-for-paytm-t20i-series-announced |title=India's squad for Paytm T20I series announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209120851/https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/150315/india-s-squad-for-paytm-t20i-series-announced |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, Varun was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) and T20I squads for their [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021|away series]] against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-vs-india-2021-shikhar-dhawan-to-captain-india-on-limited-overs-tour-of-sri-lanka-1265911 |title=Shikhar Dhawan to captain India on limited-overs tour of Sri Lanka |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610171551/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-vs-india-2021-shikhar-dhawan-to-captain-india-on-limited-overs-tour-of-sri-lanka-1265911 |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his T20I debut on 25 July 2021 in the first match of the series,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1262758.html |title=1st T20I (N), Colombo (RPS), Jul 25 2021, India tour of Sri Lanka |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> and took the wicket of the Sri Lankan captain [[Dasun Shanaka]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 July 2021|title=India vs Sri Lanka: 'He's got an X-factor,' says Laxman as he praises Varun Chakravarthy on his debut performance|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-sri-lanka-he-s-got-an-x-factor-says-laxman-as-he-praises-varun-chakravarthy-on-his-debut-performance-101627290643994.html|access-date=26 July 2021|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726095645/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-sri-lanka-he-s-got-an-x-factor-says-laxman-as-he-praises-varun-chakravarthy-on-his-debut-performance-101627290643994.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2021, he was named in the Indian squad for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-s-2021-t20-world-cup-squad-r-ashwin-picked-ms-dhoni-mentor-1276821 |title=India's T20 World Cup squad: R Ashwin picked, MS Dhoni mentor |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908162755/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-s-2021-t20-world-cup-squad-r-ashwin-picked-ms-dhoni-mentor-1276821 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, he went wicket-less in his three appearances in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cracks to craftsmanship: Varun Chakravarthy redesigns his Dubai story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/champions-trophy-varun-chakravarthy-dubai-architect-redemption-india-vs-new-zealand-2687942-2025-03-03 |work=[[India Today]] |date=3 March 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

In October 2024, Varun made his international comeback after nearly three years in the first match of the [[Bangladeshi cricket team in India in 2024–25|T20I series]] against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], and took three wickets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Varun Chakravarthy on dream comeback in India vs Bangladesh T20 cricket match: ‘Feels like rebirth’ {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/varun-chakravarthy-on-dream-comeback-in-india-vs-bangladesh-t20-cricket-match-feels-like-rebirth-11728276426741.html |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=7 October 2024 }}</ref> He took his maiden T20I five-wicket haul when he finished with figures of 5/17 in the second match of the [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2024–25|away series]] against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] on 10 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title="Combination of both my consistency and overspin": Varun Chakaravarthy on his unique bowling style after India's loss to South Africa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/combination-of-both-my-consistency-and-overspin-varun-chakaravarthy-on-his-unique-bowling-style-after-india-s-loss-to-south-africa-101731317619294.html |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=11 November 2024 }}</ref> He finished as the highest wicket taker of the series with 12 dismissals in four matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-south-africa-2024-25-1449299|title=Indian in South Africa 2024|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> In early 2025, he won the Player of the series award in the five-match [[English cricket team in India in 2024–25|T20I series]] against England, after taking 14 wickets including his second five-wicket haul (5/24) during the third match of the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Varun Chakaravarthy added to India’s ODI squad for England series, Shubman Gill says |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/varun-chakaravarthy-training-odi-call-up-nagpur-india-vs-england-9816808/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-in-india-2024-25-1439850|title=England in India 2024-25|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> He made his ODI debut in the subsequent ODI series against England.<ref name="Bio"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=IND vs ENG Cricket Scorecard, 2nd ODI at Cuttack, February 09, 2025 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-in-india-2024-25-1439850/india-vs-england-2nd-odi-1439905/full-scorecard |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250624012220/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-in-india-2024-25-1439850/india-vs-england-2nd-odi-1439905/full-scorecard |archive-date=2025-06-24 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> At 33 years and 164 days old, he became the second oldest ODI debutant for India after [[Farokh Engineer]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India vs England Cuttack ODI: Varun Chakravarthy makes ODI debut, second oldest Indian to do so in the format |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-cuttack-odi-varun-chakravarthy-makes-odi-debut-second-oldest-indian-to-do-so-in-the-format-9826130/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=9 February 2025 }}</ref>

In February 2025, Varun was named in India's 15-member squad for the [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gollapudi |first1=Nagraj |title=Bumrah ruled out of Champions Trophy; Varun a late inclusion in India squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-news-jasprit-bumrah-ruled-out-of-champions-trophy-varun-chakravarthy-a-late-inclusion-1472791 |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=11 February 2025 }}</ref> He took 5/42 in a group stage match against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], his maiden ODI five-wicket haul in his second ODI appearance.<ref>{{cite web |title=CT 2025: Varun reveals mental battle with old Dubai memories, approach to ODI bowling following fifer against NZ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/ct-2025-varun-reveals-mental-battle-with-old-dubai-memories-approach-to-odi-bowling-following-fifer-against-nz/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |date=3 March 2025 }}</ref> He took two wickets each in the semifinal against Australia and in the [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy final|final]] against New Zealand. He finished as the tournament's joint second-highest wicket-taker with nine wickets in three matches at an [[bowling average|average]] of 15.11, as India won the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets For ICC Champions Trophy, 2024/25 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/icc-champions-trophy-2024-25-16814 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2024-25-1459031/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |title=2025 ICC Champions Trophy |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> He was subsequently named in the ''Team of the Tournament'' by the [[International Cricket Council]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/champions-trophy-2025/news/icc-announces-champions-trophy-2025-team-of-the-tournament |title=ICC announces Champions Trophy 2025 Team of the Tournament |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=10 March 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> He was part of the Indian squad for the [[2025 Asia Cup]] held in September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's squad for ACC Asia Cup 2025 announced|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/2amcEwyu |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> He finished as the second highest wicket taker for India behind [[Kuldeep Yadav]], with seven wickets in six matches, as India won the title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/men-s-t20-asia-cup-2025-17474 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |title= Asia Cup 2025 — Most Wickets — Records |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=1 December 2025 |date=28 September 2025 |title=India win 9th Asia Cup title after Tilak Varma, Shivam Dube ace nerve-wracking chase against Pakistan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-win-9th-asia-cup-title-after-tilak-varma-shivam-dube-kuldeep-yadav-ace-nerve-wracking-chase-against-pakistan-101759080767472.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Varun was named in the India squad for the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]], co-hosted by India in February–March 2026.<ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1502138/india-squad-1516482/series-squads|title=2026 Men's T20 World Cup, India squad|access-date=20 December 2025|dynamic=y}}</ref> India won the tournament by beating New Zealand in the final,<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=History scripted as India capture T20 World Cup crown |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/news/live-india-new-zealand-chase-world-cup-glory |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=8 March 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=India crush New Zealand for third T20 World Cup title |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/india-vs-new-zealand-final-1512773/match-report |work=[[ESPNCricinfo]] |access-date=8 March 2026 }}</ref> and Varun finished as the joint highest wicket taker with 14 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-17604|title=Most Wickets, 2026 Men's T20 World Cup |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Varun made a cameo appearance in the 2014 Indian Tamil-language sports drama film [[Jeeva (2014 film)|''Jeeva'']] as a club cricketer.<ref>{{cite web|title=When KKR's mystery spinner Varun Chakravarthy acted in Tamil film!|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/10/28/when-kkr-mystery-spinner-varun-chakravarthy-acted-in-tamil-film.html|access-date=29 October 2020|work=[[The Week (magazine)|The Week]]|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028165601/https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/10/28/when-kkr-mystery-spinner-varun-chakravarthy-acted-in-tamil-film.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=28 October 2020|title=KKR spinner Varun Chakravarthy acted in a Tamil movie Jeeva back in 2014|url=https://www.crictracker.com/kkr-spinner-varun-chakravarthy-acted-in-a-tamil-movie-jeeva-back-in-2014/|access-date=29 October 2020|work=CricTracker|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101135547/https://www.crictracker.com/kkr-spinner-varun-chakravarthy-acted-in-a-tamil-movie-jeeva-back-in-2014/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 December 2020, he married his longtime girlfriend Neha Khedekar in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |title=கிரிக்கெட் வீரர் வருண் சக்ரவர்த்தி நீண்ட நாள் தோழியுடன் திருமணம்; ரசிகர்கள் வாழ்த்து |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/viral/cricket-player-varun-chakravarthy-got-married-his-girl-friend-photos-goes-viral-236792/ |trans-title=Varun Chakravarthu got married |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 December 2020 |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1108375}}

{{Navboxes
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravarthy, Varun}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
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13th Lok Sabha

2026-03-11T04:07:43Z

4Eileen59m: expanded content

{{Short description|Lower House members elected in 1999}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 13th Lok Sabha
| image = New Delhi government block 03-2016 img3.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Old Parliament House]], [[Sansad Marg]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| body = [[Indian Parliament]]
| election = [[1999 Indian general election]]
| before = ''[[12th Lok Sabha]]''
| after = ''[[14th Lok Sabha]]''
}}

The '''13th [[Lok Sabha]]''' (20 October 1999 – 6 February 2004) is the thirteenth session of the Lok Sabha (House of the People, or lower house in the [[Parliament of India]]). It was convened after [[1999 Indian general election]] held during September–October 1999.<ref name="GE1999StatReportFull">{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>{{Politics of India}}This majority group in the Lok Sabha during this period was the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]], a nationalist group led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], which won 270 seats, 16 more than [[12th Lok Sabha]]. The NDA, under the leadership of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] completed its term until the next [[2004 Indian general election|general elections of May 2004]] for the next [[14th Lok Sabha]]. This was the first non-INC government to complete the full term.

Four sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 13th Lok Sabha after the [[1999 Indian general election]].<ref name="rs">{{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA STATISTICAL INFORMATION (1952-2013)|url= http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/rsstatis_inf52-03.pdf |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|access-date= 29 August 2017|page=12 |date=2014}}</ref>

==Important members==
* '''Speaker:'''
** [[G. M. C. Balayogi]] from 22 October 1999 to 3 March 2002
** [[Manohar Joshi]] from 10 May 2002 to 2 June 2004
* '''Deputy Speaker:'''
** [[P M Sayeed]] from 27 October 1999 to 2 June 2004
* '''Secretary General:'''
** [[G C Malhotra]] from 14 July 1999 to 28 July 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/lokarchive.aspx?lsno=13|title=Thirteenth Sabha|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026161527/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/lokarchive.aspx?lsno=13|archive-date=26 October 2014}}</ref>
* '''Leader of the House'''
**[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (13 October 1999 to 6 February 2004)
* '''Leader of the Opposition'''
**[[Sonia Gandhi]](13 October 1999 to 6 February 2004)
* '''Minister of Parliamentary Affairs'''
**[[Pramod Mahajan]] (13 October 1999 to 29 January 2003)
**[[Sushma Swaraj]] (29 January 2003 to 22 May 2004)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/LS/ataglace.htm |title=Lok Sabha |website=Legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |access-date=26 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521205101/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/LS/ataglace.htm |archive-date=21 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== List of members by political party ==
{{see also|List of members of the 13th Lok Sabha}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!Party name
!Party flag
!Number of MPs
!Leader of Lok Sabha
|-
|1
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|75px]]
|186
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|2
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|75px]]
|112
|[[Sonia Gandhi]]
|-
|3
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
|[[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|75px]]
|33
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|-
|4
|[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP)
|[[Image:TDPFlag.PNG|75px]]
|29
|[[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]]
|-
|5
|[[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
|
|26
|-
|6
|[[Janata Dal (United)]] (JD(U))
|[[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.jpg|75px]]
|21
|-
|7
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SS)
|
|15
|-
|8
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|centre|60px]]
|14
|-
|9
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)
|[[File:Flag DMK.svg|75px]]
|12
|-
|10
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK)
|[[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|75px]]
|10
|-
|11
|[[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD)
|[[File:Biju Janata Dal.jpg|centre|55px]]
|10
|-
|12
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag.svg|75px]]
|8
|-
|13
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|[[Image:NCP-flag.svg|75px]]
|8
|-
|14
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK)
|[[File:PMK.svg|75px]]
|8
|-
|15
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD)
|[[Image:RJD Flag.svg|75px]]
|7
|-
|16
|Independent (Ind.)
|[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|6
|-
|17
|[[Indian National Lok Dal]] (INLD)
|[[File:INLD1.svg|INLD party symbol|75px]]
|5
|-
|18
|[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|[[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|75px]]
|4
|-
|19
|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] (J&KNC)
|[[Image:JKNC-flag.svg|75px]]
|4
|-
|20
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK)
|[[File:MDMK.svg|75px]]
|4
|-
|21
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]] (RSP)
|[[Image:RSP-flag.svg|75px]]
|3
|-
|22
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Congress]] (ABLTC)
|
|2
|-
|23
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|
|2
|-
|24
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML)
|[[Image:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|75px]]
|2
|-
|25
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Hand Pump.png|centre|50px]]
|2
|-
|26
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD)
|
|2
|-
|27
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
|[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|28
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha]] (BBM)
|
|1
|-
|29
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] (CPI(ML)L)
|[[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|75px|center]]
|1
|-
|30
|[[Himachal Vikas Congress]] (HVC)
|
|1
|-
|31
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S))
|
|1
|-
|32
|[[Kerala Congress (M)]] (KC(M))
|[[File:Kerala Congress(m) Flag.gif|Kerala Congress(m) Flag|centre|55px]]
|1
|-
|33
|[[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MADMK)
|
|1
|-
|34
|[[Manipur State Congress Party]] (MSCP)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cultivator Cutting Crop.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|35
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]] (PAWPI)
|
|1
|-
|36
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)]] (SAD(M))
|
|1
|-
|37
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front]] (SDF)
|[[image:Sikkim-Democratic-Front-flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|38
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]] (SJP(R))
|
|1
|-
|}

==Key==
{| border=1 cellspacing=1 cellpadding=4
|- bgcolor=#FFFF66
| Female: 49 (9.02%)
| Male: 494 (90.98%)
|- BGCOLOR=#ccccc
| SC: Seat reserved for Scheduled Castes
|-
|- BGCOLOR=#ccccc
| ST: Seat reserved for Scheduled Tribes
|-
|}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and also in-charge of: [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Ministry of Planning]] [[Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Department of Space]] 
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|All other important portfolios and policy issues not allocated to any Minister.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| minister1 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Renamed as Finance and Company Affairs.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance and Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[George Fernandes]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 16 March 2001
| minister1_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 16 March 2001
| minister2_termend = 18 March 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 March 2001
| minister3_termend = 15 October 2001
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Additional charge.}}
| minister4 = [[George Fernandes]]
| minister4_termstart = 15 October 2001
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = Janata Dal (United)
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]] [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of Ocean Development]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister2_termend = 18 November 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Vikram Verma]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 November 2001
| minister3_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister4_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 3 March 2001
| minister2_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister3_termstart = 3 March 2001
| minister3_termend = 6 March 2001
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister4 = [[Sundar Lal Patwa]]
| minister4_termstart = 6 March 2001
| minister4_termend = 27 May 2001
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref =  
| minister5 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| minister5_termstart = 27 May 2001
| minister5_termend = 22 July 2001
| minister5_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister5_ref =  
| minister6 = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| minister6_termstart = 22 July 2001
| minister6_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister6_party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
| minister6_ref =  
| minister7 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister7_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister7_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister7_party = BJP
| minister7_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Sharad Yadav]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister3_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister3_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Sahib Singh Verma]]
| minister4_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of Water Resources]]
| minister1 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[C. P. Thakur]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
| minister3_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = Biju Janata Dal
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[Shanta Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 17 July 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Renamed as Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[Shanta Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 July 2000
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Sharad Yadav]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = Janata Dal (United)
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of Food Processing Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Chaman Lal Gupta]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[N. T. Shanmugam]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 15 January 2004
| minister2_party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister3_termstart = 15 January 2004
| minister3_termend = 17 January 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister4 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister4_termstart = 17 January 2004
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[N. T. Shanmugam]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister1_party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[C. P. Thakur]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 16 March 2001
| minister1_party = All India Trinamool Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 16 March 2001
| minister2_termend = 20 March 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| minister3_termstart = 20 March 2001
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = Janata Dal (United)
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Sharad Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| minister3_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Surface Transport (India)|Minister of Surface Transport]]
| minister1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 25 October 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister3_termstart = 25 October 2000
| minister3_termend = 7 November 2000
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Bifurcated into Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and Ministry of Shipping.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[B. C. Khanduri]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[B. C. Khanduri]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Minister of Shipping]]
| minister1 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Ved Prakash Goyal]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]
| minister1 = [[Sundar Lal Patwa]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Venkaiah Naidu|M. Venkaiah Naidu]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Shanta Kumar]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister3_termend = 6 April 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister4_termstart = 6 April 2003
| minister4_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref =  
| minister5 = [[Kashiram Rana]]
| minister5_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister5_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development]]
| minister1 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation to form the Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation|Minister of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation]]
| minister1 = [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 26 November 1999
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 November 1999
| minister3_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Urban Development to form the Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (India)|Minister of Works and Estates]]
| minister1 = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister1_termend = 26 November 1999
| minister1_party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Urban Development.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation]]
| minister1 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister2_termend = 12 July 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[B. C. Khanduri]]
| minister3_termstart = 12 July 2003
| minister3_termend = 8 September 2000
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| minister4_termstart = 8 September 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 9 November 2002
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister2_termstart = 9 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries (India)|Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Manohar Joshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 9 May 2002
| minister1_party = Shiv Sena
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| minister2_termstart = 9 May 2002
| minister2_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister2_party = Shiv Sena
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister3_party = Shiv Sena
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Mohite Subodh Baburao|Subodh Mohite]]
| minister4_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = Shiv Sena
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises#Ministers of Small Scale Industries|Minister of Small Scale Industries, Agro and Rural Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Bifurcated into Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises#Ministers of Small Scale Industries|Minister of Small Scale Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[C. P. Thakur]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises#Ministers of Agro and Rural Industries|Minister of Agro and Rural Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Kariya Munda]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Sangh Priya Gautam]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of Textiles]]
| minister1 = [[Kashiram Rana]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister1_party = Shiv Sena
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Sundar Lal Patwa]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister2_termend = 7 November 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines and Minerals]]
| minister1 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 4 March 2000
| minister1_party = Biju Janata Dal
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned after elected as Orissa CM}}
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 4 March 2000
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam|P. R. Kumaramangalam]]
| minister3_termstart = 6 March 2000
| minister3_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Mines and Ministry of Coal.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister1_termend = 7 November 2000
| minister1_party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Sundar Lal Patwa]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister3_termend = 29 April 2002
| minister3_party = Lok Janshakti Party
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 April 2002
| minister4_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister5 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| minister5_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister5_termend = 26 August 2002
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister5_ref =  
| minister6 = [[Uma Bharti]]
| minister6_termstart = 26 August 2002
| minister6_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister6_party = BJP
| minister6_ref =  
| minister7 = [[Ramesh Bais]]
| minister7_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister7_termend = 9 January 2004
| minister7_party = BJP
| minister7_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister8 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister8_termstart = 9 January 2004
| minister8_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister8_party = All India Trinamool Congress
| minister8_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal (India)|Minister of Coal]]
| minister1 = [[N. T. Shanmugam]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister1_termend = 7 February 2001
| minister1_party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 February 2001
| minister2_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister3_termend = 29 April 2002
| minister3_party = Lok Janshakti Party
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 April 2002
| minister4_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister5 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| minister5_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister5_termend = 26 August 2002
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister5_ref =  
| minister6 = [[Uma Bharti]]
| minister6_termstart = 26 August 2002
| minister6_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister6_party = BJP
| minister6_ref =  
| minister7 = [[Kariya Munda]]
| minister7_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister7_termend = 9 January 2004
| minister7_party = BJP
| minister7_ref =  
| minister8 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister8_termstart = 9 January 2004
| minister8_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister8_party = All India Trinamool Congress
| minister8_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]
| minister1 = [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam|P. R. Kumaramangalam]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 23 August 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Died in office.}}
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 August 2000
| minister2_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| minister3_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister3_termend = 24 August 2002
| minister3_party = Shiv Sena
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister4_termstart = 24 August 2002
| minister4_termend = 26 August 2002
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister5 = [[Anant Geete]]
| minister5_termstart = 26 August 2002
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister5_party = Shiv Sena
| minister5_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources]]
| minister1 = [[M. Kannappan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 December 2003
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 December 2003
| minister2_termend = 9 January 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Kariya Munda]]
| minister3_termstart = 9 January 2004
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 23 July 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 July 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Bifurcated into Ministry of Law and Justice and Department of Company Affairs.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]
| minister1 = [[Jana Krishnamurthi|K. Jana Krishamurthy]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = Lok Janshakti Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 22 December 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Information Technology to form Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 22 December 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Communications to form Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2001
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]], [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 2 February 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and Ministry of Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 February 2000
| minister1_termend = 7 November 2000
| minister1_party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Uma Bharti]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister2_termend = 26 August 2002
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Vikram Verma]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 August 2002
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Department of Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 February 2000
| minister1_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Tourism to form Ministry of Tourism and Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Uma Bharti]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 2 February 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 2 February 2000
| minister2_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Merged with Department of Culture to form Ministry of Tourism and Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism and]] [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Maneka Gandhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 18 November 2001
| minister1_party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Merged with Ministry of Tourism to form Ministry of Tourism and Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 18 November 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Culture to form Ministry of Tourism and Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism and]] [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 November 2001
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Minister of Environment and Forests]]
| minister1 = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 21 December 2003
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 21 December 2003
| minister2_termend = 9 January 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Ramesh Bais]]
| minister3_termstart = 9 January 2004
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| minister1 = [[Maneka Gandhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs (India)|Minister of Tribal Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jual Oram]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Disinvestment in India#1999 to 2004|Minister of Disinvestment]]
| minister1 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 December 1999
| minister1_termend = 24 July 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 July 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]]
| minister1 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[C. P. Thakur]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister without portfolio]]
| minister1 = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2002
| minister1_termend = 23 November 2003
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref = {{small|Died in office.}}
| minister2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 September 2003
| minister2_termend = 9 January 2004
| minister2_party = All India Trinamool Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061028080548/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/membershomepage.asp#F Government of India – Fourteenth Lok Sabha]

{{Lok Sabha}}
{{Parliament of India}}

[[Category:13th Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2004 disestablishments in India]]

Abhinayam

2026-03-03T20:53:35Z

4Eileen59m: fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Abhinayam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Baby (director)|Baby]]
| producer = [[B. P. Moideen]]
| writer = Baby
| screenplay = Baby
| starring = [[Jayan]] [[Vidhubala]] [[Jayshree T.|T. Jayasree]] [[Vanchiyoor Radha]]
| music = [[K. J. Yesudas]] [[K. Raghavan]] '''Lyrics''' [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| cinematography = K. B. Dayalan
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Nithya Films
| distributor = Nithya Films
| released = {{Film date|1981|03|20|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]

| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Abhinayam''''' ({{Translation|Acting}}) is a 1981 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Baby (director)|Baby]] and produced by [[B. P. Moideen]]. The film stars [[Jayan]], [[Vidhubala]], [[Jayshree T.|T Jayasree]], and [[Vanchiyoor Radha]] in the lead roles and has a musical score by [[K. J. Yesudas]] and [[K. Raghavan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1229|title=Abhinayam|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2562 |title=Abhinayam |accessdate=2014-10-17 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017143640/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2562 |archivedate=17 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/abhinayam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017142955/http://spicyonion.com/title/abhinayam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 October 2014|title=Abhinayam|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> During the filming of ''Abhinayam'', Jayan and Moideen became great friends and showed interest to make Moideen's life story as a film. Jayan wanted to play the character of Moideen, and Moideen happily agreed to that. However, after a month, Jayan died in an accident while shooting for the film ''[[Kolilakkam]]''.

==Plot==

Radha is a struggling drama artist living in a hut with her mentally unstable mother. Raghu is a recently widowed bank manager working in the same town. Raghu has a baby daughter who is being taken care of by his in-laws who refuse to give him custody of the child until he remarries. Raghu hatches a plan to get custody of his baby daughter and approaches Radha with a proposal to act as his wife for a few days in return for 5000 Rs.

Raghu takes Radha to his village where they are received by his in-laws. They manage to convince his in-laws that they are married. Radha develops maternal feelings for Raghu's baby daughter. Raghu and Radha also develop feelings for each other. Upon returning to town with the baby daughter, Radha reveals her heart to Raghu. However, Raghu who wants to take care of his daughter himself, refuses to let Radha be part of their life. Radha, disheartened goes back to her home without accepting the remuneration Raghu offered.

Raghu is later confronted by his father-in-law who makes him realize his mistake. Raghu rushes to Radha's hut where he finds that Radha has committed suicide.

==Cast==
*[[Jayan]] as Raghu
*[[Vidhubala]] as Radha
*[[Jayshree T.|T. Jayasree]] as Bindu
*[[Vanchiyoor Radha]]
*Radhadevi
*[[Philomina]]
*[[Prathapachandran]]
*[[Pala Thankam]]
*[[Vallathol Unnikrishnan]]
* mukkam Basi
* Nithyan
* Vinod
* Ravi Patteri
* Abu Sirkar
* Hameed Kodiyatoor
* Venugopal
* Johnson
* Bhagyalakshmi

===Child Artist===
* Rajeev
* Rajith
* Salin

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[K. J. Yesudas]] and [[K. Raghavan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Bichu Thirumala]] and [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Amminjappaalinnilamchundu" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Amminjappalinnilamchundu" (Bit) || S. Janaki || Vijayan ||
|-
| 3 || "Kadalthedi Ozhukunna Puzhayo" || [[K. P. Brahmanandan]] || Vijayan ||
|-
| 4 || "Thaalathil Paanamunthiri" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Bichu Thirumala ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0333052|Abhinayam}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films directed by Baby (director)]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Dream (2012 film)

2026-03-03T17:43:49Z

4Eileen59m: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dream
| image = Dream_2012TeluguMoviePoster.jpg
| alt = Dream Telugu Movie
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = Bhavani Shanker K
| producer = Satish Mynam
| writer = Bhavani Shanker K
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Pavani Reddy]] Jayashree [[Deepti]]
| music = Rajesh
| cinematography = Ravikumar Neerla
| editing = Basva Paidi Reddy
| studio = Kaipas' Film Production House <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kaipas.com/ |title=Dream :: Rajendra prasad |access-date=27 April 2015 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519002632/http://kaipas.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|10|26|ref1=<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/dream-26oct.html Dream on 26 October – Telugu cinema news]</ref>}}
| runtime = 2hrs 6minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Dream''''' is a 2012 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film produced by Satish Mynam, Vijaya Mynam under the banner of Kaipa Film Production House and directed by Bhavani Shanker K. The film features [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Pavani Reddy]] and Jayashree and music composed by Rajesh. ''Dream'' is scripted and directed by Bhavani Shanker K<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/interviews/interview-with-bhavani-shankar-271111.html |title=Bhavani Shankar {{!}} Director Bhavani Shankar {{!}} Dream {{!}} Rajendra Prasad {{!}} Amitabh Bachchan - Interviews - CineGoer.com |access-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101103908/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/interviews/interview-with-bhavani-shankar-271111.html |archive-date=1 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is his first feature film as director. The film won Royal Reel Award at the [[Canada International Film Festival]]<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.canadafilmfestival.com/Festival/2013OfficialSelections/tabid/486/Default.aspx 2013 Official Selections] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427124956/http://www.canadafilmfestival.com/Festival/2013OfficialSelections/tabid/486/Default.aspx |date=27 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/dream-hops-to-canada-in-flying-colours/article4473298.ece ‘Dream’ hops to Canada in flying colours - The Hindu]</ref> and has also garnered selection at the [http://www.nyciff.com/ New York City International Film Festival].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190330143406/https://www.asianage.com/life-and-style/midas-touch-921 A Midas touch {{!}} The Asian Age]</ref><ref>[http://www.nyciff.com/ New York City International Film Festival]</ref>

==Plot==
The story runs around a retired Army officer who did not get to fight the [[Kargil War|Kargil war]]. He now lives with his wife in an upscale, gated community spending most of his time playing war video games. The hero suffers from [[Hypnagogia]], a rare medical disorder. He starts dreaming and believes that his dreams are real. There is a story running in his dream and another in his real life. In a particular stage, he fails to see the demarcation and these subconscious thoughts play havoc in his life and the people around him. ''Dream'' is this journey into the mind of the protagonist. This is a [[Medical thriller]] film.

==Cast==
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Army officer
* [[Pavani Reddy]] as neighbor
* Jayashree as Army officer's wife
* [[Deepti]]
* [[Vinay Varma]]

==Production==
''Dream''<ref>[http://www.kaipas.com/dream/ Dream :: Rajendra prasad] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220031722/http://www.kaipas.com/dream/ |date=20 February 2013 }}</ref> [[News First|news first]] came out in July 2011 by Kaipas Film Production house, the producers, with [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmics.com/telugu/Telugu-Movie-News/rajendra-prasad-is-back-again.html |title=Rajendra Prasad is back again! - Telugu Movie News - filmics |accessdate=2012-01-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926183313/http://www.filmics.com/telugu/Telugu-Movie-News/rajendra-prasad-is-back-again.html |archivedate=26 September 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120708213820/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-31/news-interviews/29833472_1_rajendra-prasad-short-film-avatar Rajendra Prasad: Back in four new avatars]</ref> in the lead role and Bhavani Shanker K <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110821043423/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/69381.html Rajendra Prasad in 'Dream' - Telugu Movie News]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article2663711.ece A complex theme – The Hindu]</ref> as the director.

The director adds on the protagonist: "He is an interesting and a complex personality, youth will identify with his thoughts as dialogues are designed to appeal to them. The main lead actor [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] will be wearing shirts with his picture on him as he is slightly narcissistic. Jayasri, a Malayali actor plays his wife, Pavani Reddy a teenage girl and his neighbor."

==Reception==
Dream released to positive reviews and is known to be a completely different kind of
movie introduced for the first time in 60 years of Telugu movie industry. The preview show to directors, producers and movie artists of Telugu movie industry has got critical acclaim from many of the top movie industry stalwarts for both the Debutante Director and the Producers of the movie. Recently, Dream movie and its crew are getting international recognizance after getting selected in early International Film festivals of 2013 like [[Canada International Film Festival]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130411035440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-01/news-interviews/37372001_1_awards-function-film-dream Dream wins the royal reel Award]</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130308113747/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34662513-telugu-film-dream-wins-royal-reel-award-canada-film-festival Telugu film "Dream" wins Royal Reel Award at Canada film festival {{!}} ওয়াশিংটন বাংলা রেডিও Washington Bangla Radio USA]}}</ref> The movie continued its winning spree by winning at six well-known International film festivals.

''" Probably the most creative movie ever-made. Truly a new kind"'' - Venetia Evripiotou (Multiple Award-winning Greek Director)

''" The way they depicted the mindset of psychic disorder is so perfectly true. I would love to show this movie to my students."'' - S. Siyani ( Psychiatrist & Medical School Professor )

" ''This is the only movie i have come across which can never be written in as a Novel/Story. It can only be made as a movie. Absolutely Brilliant direction"'' - Richard Drake ( Screenplay writer & Director )

The movie is taken as reference for its unique screenplay in Ireland Film school.

==Awards==
;[[Canada International Film Festival|Canada International Film Festival(CIFF)]], 2013 - Royal Reel Winner - K. Bhavani Shanker<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name=autogenerated1 />[https://canadafilmfestival.com/past-winners-main/2013-winners <nowiki>[13]</nowiki>]

LOS ANGELES MOVIE Awards 2013 - Won HONORABLE MENTION award. Winner - K. Bhavani Shanker

USA premiere at New York City International Film Festival(NYCIFF 2013)[http://www.nyciff.com/archives <nowiki>[14]</nowiki>].
http://www.nyciff.com/june-17-2013/

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*http://www.kaipas.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519002632/http://kaipas.com/ |date=19 May 2023 }}
*http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/rajendrarrasadsdream.html

[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language thriller films]]

Chirom Indira

2026-02-23T07:31:32Z

4Eileen59m: refined content also and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Meitei name|[[Kshetrimayum]]|Indira|Devi}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kshetrimayum Indira Devi
| image = Chirom Indira aka Kshetrimayum Indira Devi of Manipur (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Imphal West district, [[Manipur]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education = Political Science
| alma_mater = Indian Institute of Hardware Technology, Guwahati
| occupation = Entrepreneur, designer, social worker
| employer =
| known_for = Handloom weaving and design development
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards = [[National Handicrafts Award|National Award in Design Development of Handloom Products]] (2015) [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] [[Women Transforming India]]
| website =
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kshetrimayum Indira Devi''', known as '''Chirom Indira''', is an Indian entrepreneur, designer, and social worker. She was awarded [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] for her contribution with handloom weaving.

== Early life and education ==
Devi was born in the [[Imphal West district]] of [[Manipur]]. She was the first born of six children.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-17 |title=Kshetrimayum Indira Devi of Manipur conferred ''Women Transforming India Award 2018'' by NITI Aayog & United Nations India {{!}} Times Of Manipur % |url=https://www.timesofmanipur.com/kshetrimayum-indira-devi-of-manipur-conferred-women-transforming-india-award-2018-by-niti-aayog-united-nations-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925124138/https://www.timesofmanipur.com/kshetrimayum-indira-devi-of-manipur-conferred-women-transforming-india-award-2018-by-niti-aayog-united-nations-india/ |archive-date=2020-09-25 |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=Times Of Manipur |language=en-US}}</ref> She is a graduate in Political Science and also studied weaving at the [[Indian Institute of Hardware Technology]] in [[Guwahati]] and her first job was nearby at Goenka woollen mills ltd in 1994.

== Career ==
In 2003, Devi and her husband set up an export company for handloom-crafted products.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chirom Indira Promoter of Manipuri Handlooms products|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.arts.Chirom_Indira_Promoter_of_Manipuri_Handlooms_products|access-date=2021-01-15|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> In 2015 the [[Ministry of Textiles]] recognised her work and she became the first Indian recipient of the National Award in Design Development of Handloom Products.<ref name="mani">{{Cite web|title=Manipur's Chirom Indira awarded Nari Shakti Puraskar 2017|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipurs.html|access-date=2021-01-15|website=NORTHEAST NOW|date=11 March 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> On [[International Women's Day]] Devi was awarded the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nari Shakti Puraskar - Gallery|url=http://narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in/gallery|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114170431/http://narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in/gallery|archive-date=2021-01-14|access-date=2021-01-13|website=narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in}}</ref> for her work with handloom weaving.<ref name="mani" /> The award was made by the [[President of India]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]] at the Presidential Palace ([[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rastrapati Bhavan]]) in [[New Delhi]] with the Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]] and the Minister for Women & Child Development, [[Maneka Sanjay Gandhi]] also attending. About 30 people and nine organisations were honoured that year, receiving the award and a prize each of $R 100,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On International Women's Day, the President conferred the prestigious Nari Shakti Puraskars to 30 eminent women and 9 distinguished Institutions for the year 2017|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1523402|access-date=2021-01-14|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Women's Day: President Kovind honours 39 achievers with 'Nari Shakti Puraskar' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/09/international-womens-day-president-kovind-honours-39-achievers-with-nari-shakti-puraskar-1784159.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114170429/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/09/international-womens-day-president-kovind-honours-39-achievers-with-nari-shakti-puraskar-1784159.html |archive-date=2021-01-14 |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=9 March 2018 }}</ref> Another person honoured that day was [[Madhu Jain]] who was also excelling in textiles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2019 |title=Madhu Jain Honoured by Ministry of Textiles' Award for Special Recognition in Textile Sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/designers/madhu-jain-honoured-by-ministry-of-textiles-award-for-special-recognition-in-textile-sector/articleshow/67395430.cms |access-date=2021-01-16 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> On the same day as that award the nominations were open for fifteen women to receive the [[Women Transforming India award|Women Transforming India Award]] which she was nominated for and awarded later that year.<ref name=":0" />

By 2018, she had become a member of the All India Handloom Board,<ref name=":0"/> which was formed in 1992. However, the board was dissolved in 2020, as it was judged to be not effective enough.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Divya |date=2020-09-05 |title=Why was the All India Handloom Board dissolved? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/why-was-the-all-india-handloom-board-dissolved-6584077/ |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indira, Chirom}}
[[Category:Indian textile designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:People from Imphal West district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Women from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian women designers]]

Rajkumar

2026-02-21T21:41:19Z

4Eileen59m: general improved content for clarity and updated info based on references

{{wikt|Rajkumar}}
'''Rajkumar''' or '''Raj Kumar''' may refer to:

{{TOC right}}

== Title ==
* non-ruling princely title for a son (sometimes more kin) of a [[Raja (title)|Raja]] or equivalent royal prince in Southern Asia

== People ==
* [[Jenifer Rajkumar]] (born 1980), New York Politician and Indian-American Politician
* [[Raaj Kumar]] (1926–1996), Indian actor in Hindi films
* [[Dr. Rajkumar]] (1929–2006), Indian actor in Kannada films
* [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)]], Indian actor in Tamil films
* [[Raj Kumar (athlete)]] (born 1962), Indian athlete
* [[Raj Kumar (badminton)]] (born 1986), Indian badminton player
* [[Raj Kumar Shukla]] (1875–?), Indian indigo cultivator
* [[Rajkumar Hirani]] (born 1962), Indian producer and director
* [[Rajkumar Kohli]] (born 1930), Indian producer and director
* [[Rajkummar Rao]] (born 1984) also known as Raj Kumar, Hindi film actor
* [[Rajkumar Santoshi]], Indian producer and director
* [[Rajkumar Sethupathi]] (born 1954), Indian film actor in Malayalam and Tamil movies in the 1980s
* [[Raj Kumar (professor)]] (born 1959), Indian professor of neurosurgery
* [[Rajkumar (politician)]], Indian politician
* [[Rajkumar Pori]], Indian politician from Uttarakhand
* Raj Kumar, founder of development news organization [[Devex]]

== Films ==
* [[Rajkumar (1964 film)|''Rajkumar'' (1964 film)]], a Bollywood film starring Shammi Kapoor and Sadhana
* [[Rajkumar (1996 film)|''Rajkumar'' (1996 film)]], a Bollywood film starring Anil Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit
* [[Rajkumar (2008 film)|''Rajkumar'' (2008 film)]], an Indian Bengali-language film starring Prosenjit Chatterjee and Anu Chowdhury
* [[Rajkumar (2024 film)|''Rajkumar'' (2024 film)]], a Bangladeshi film starring Shakib Khan and Courtney Coffey
=== Others ===
* ''[[R... Rajkumar]]'', a 2013 Bollywood film starring Shahid Kapoor and Sonakshi Sinha
* ''[[Raajakumara]]'', a 2017 Indian Kannada-language film starring Puneeth Rajkumar and Priya Anand

== See also ==
* [[Rajakumaran (disambiguation)]]
* [[Rajkumari (disambiguation)]], the female equivalent of Rajkumar
* [[Maharajkumar]], equivalent title for a Maharaja's royal crown prince in India
* [[Rajesh Kumar (disambiguation)]]
*[[Yuvaraja]]

{{disambiguation|given name|name}}

Khila Gopimohan Siksha Sadan

2026-02-21T04:56:47Z

4Eileen59m: created basic info needs work.

{{Infobox school
| name = Khila Gopimohan Siksha Sadan
| native_name =
| other_name =
| former_name =
| image = Khila gopimohan siksha sadan.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Khila Gopimohan Siksha Sadan
| latin_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = January 2, 1948
| closed = 
| type = [[Public]], [[Coed]] 10+2
| parent =
| affiliation = WBBSE, WBCHSE
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| rector =
| dean =
| director =
| headmaster = Sri Anup Kumar Bera (Teacher In Charge)
| head_label =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| enrollment = 1500
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = Khila, [[Udaynarayanpur]] Block, [[Howrah]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus = [[Rural]]
| former_names =
| language =
| free_label =
| free_text =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = '''KGMSS'''
| affiliations =
| USNWR_ranking =
| website =
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khila Gopimohan Siksha Sadan''' is an educational institution in [[Udaynarayanpur]] block of [[Howrah district]] of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

== History ==
In 1948, the famous Bengali entrepreneur [[Alamohan Das]]<ref name = "Bose46">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), (1976), ''Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary), {{in lang|bn}}, p 46</ref> established this school in Khila-Baruipur, [[Howrah]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Elections |accessdate=2010-11-25 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archivedate=2010-10-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-nagar-named-after-him/cid/188787|title=A nagar named after him|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Since its establishment in 1948, it has emerged as one of the best schools in the region. Many prominent people have spent his education at this school. Since independence, 'Gopimohan Siksha Sadan' is a unique application and identity. It is located in the Khila region along the [[Udaynarayanpur]] [[road]].

==Current status==
Initially this school is controlled under the [[School Education Department, West Bengal]].<ref name=WBBSE_History>{{Cite web|url=http://wbbse.org/history.htm|title=WBBSE :: History|website=wbbse.org|access-date=2018-05-01|archive-date=2022-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052858/http://wbbse.org/history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> There were two shifts in this school. But since 1913 the primary school was divided. The academic activities of this school start from 1st grade to 4th grade and 5th grade to 12th grade. Currently there are about 1500 students and 45 teachers in the school.<ref name="Khila gopimohan sikash sadan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/khaila-gopimohan-siksha-sadan-kp8nv6|title=Khaila Gopimohan Siksha Sadan High School, West Bengal - Fees, Address, Reviews and Admissions 2021|website=iCBSE}}</ref> The school is divided into two branches of morning and day. With the results of the [[Secondary education|Secondary]] and [[Higher Secondary]] Examination, this school has been one of the best places of Howrah District for several years, and the results of the school, [[Nobility]] and [[Cultural]] works in Howrah district are immensely prominent. About 1500 students read the school.<ref name="khila">{{Cite web|url=http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=19160806606|title=KHAILA GOPIMOHAN SIKSHA SADAN, UDAYNARAYANPUR|website=www.schoolsworld.in}}</ref>

==Dress Code==
Boys of this institution have to wear [[white shirt]] and Blue pant and girls have to wear pink check [[churidar]].

==Education Facilities==
In this school there is a [[workshop]] room, [[library]], [[computer laboratory]], Science Laboratory, [[Vocational education|Technical]] lessons of [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[biology]] are generally taught in the [[sciences]]. Under the school there is a stage where [[meetings]], [[cultural]] festivals are organized and every year [[sports]] competitions are organized.

==Extra Curriculum Activities==
[[Sports]] ([[volleyball]], [[Kho kho (game)|Kho kho]], [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[cricket]] and [[Association football|football]]), [[cultural]] events, annual festivals and language competitions, [[science fair]] etc. are held.

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Howrah]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1948]]
[[Category:Schools in Howrah district]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in West Bengal]]

Kunbi

2026-02-19T19:47:01Z

4Eileen59m: Enhanced article with new information

{{Short description|Farmer castes in Western India}}
{{about|the Kunbi community in and around Maharashtra}}
{{protection padlock|reason=Persistently under attack from tendentious IP editors|small=yes}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

[[File:GroupOfKunbis1916.jpg|thumb|A group of Kunbis in Central India, 1916]]
'''Kunbi''' (alternatively '''Kanbi''') ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: [[ISO 15919]]: ''Kuṇabī'', [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: [[ISO 15919]]: ''Kaṇabī'')<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tulpule |first1=Shankar Gopal |title=A Dictionary of Old Marathi |last2=Feldhaus |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1999 |pages=163}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Ralph Lilley |title=A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1962–1966 |pages=166}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shastri |first=Keshavram K. |title= |publisher=Yunivarsiṭī Graṁthanirmāṇa Borḍa |year=1976–1981 |volume=1 |pages=406 |script-title=gu:બૃહદ્ ગુજરાતી કોશ |trans-title=Comprehensive Gujarati Dictionary}}</ref> is a generic term applied to several [[Caste system in India|castes]] of traditional farmers in Western India.<ref>{{harvnb|Lele|1981|p=56}} Quote: "Village studies often mention the dominance of the elite Marathas and their refusal to accept non-elite Marathas such as the Kunbis into their kinship structure (Ghurye, 1960; Karve and Damle, 1963)."</ref>{{sfn|Dhar|2004|p=1218}}{{sfn|Singh|2003|p=734}} These include the Dhonoje, Ghatole, Masaram, Hindre, Jadav, Jhare, Khaire, Lewa ([[Leva Patel|Leva Patil]]), [[Vanjari caste|Vanjari]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/b29353397_0012 |title=The Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency |date=1877 |publisher=Bombay : Government Central Press |others=Wellcome Library}}</ref> Lonare and Tirole communities of [[Vidarbha]].{{sfn|Dhar|2004|pp=1179–1239}} The communities are largely found in the state of [[Maharashtra]] but also exist in the states of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]] (now called [[Patidar]]), [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Goa]]. Kunbis are included among the [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC) in Maharashtra.{{sfn|Dhar|2004|pp=1179–1239}}{{refn | group = lower-alpha | In Hinduism, communities are divided into four main social classes, also known as ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]]'' in Sanskrit. Each class is further sub-divided into a multitude of castes. The term 'Caste Hindu' is used to refer to these four main classes.{{sfn|Lamb|2002|p=7}} The [[Dalits]] (also known as [[Dalit|Mahars]] and [[Harijans]]){{sfn|Lamb|2002|p=7}} were traditionally outside of caste system and can now be said to form a fifth group of castes. The first three Varnas in the hierarchy are said to be ''[[dvija]]'' (twice-born). They are called twice born on account of their education and these three castes are allowed to wear the sacred thread. These three castes are called the [[Brahmins]], the [[Kshatriyas]] and the [[Vaishyas]]. The traditional caste-based occupations are priesthood for the Brahmins, ruler or warrior for the Kshatriyas and businessman or farmer for the Vaishyas. The fourth caste is called the [[Shudras]] and their traditional occupation is that of a labourer or a servant. While this is the general scheme all over India, it is difficult to fit all modern facts into it.{{sfn|Farquhar|2008|pp=162–164}} These traditional social and religious divisions in the caste system have lost their significance for many contemporary Indians except for marriage alliances.{{sfn|Lamb|2002|p=7}} The traditional pre-British, and pre-modern, Indian society, while stationary, afforded very limited caste mobility to those from non-elite castes who could successfully wage warfare against (and seize power from) a weak ruler, or bring wooded areas under the plough to establish independent kingdoms. According to [[M. N. Srinivas]], "Political fluidity in pre-British India was in the last analysis the product of a pre-modern technology and institutional system. Large kingdoms could not be ruled effectively in the absence railways, post and telegraph, paper and printing, good roads, and modern arms and techniques of warfare.".{{sfn|Srinivas|2007|pp=189–193}} }}{{refn | group = lower-alpha | The [[Indian Constitution]] of 26 January 1950 outlawed [[untouchability]] and caste discrimination.{{sfn|Rajagopal|2007}} The constitution gives generous privileges to the backward castes in an effort to redress injustice over the ages.{{sfn|Datta-Ray|2005}} }}

Most of the [[Mavala]]s serving in the armies of the [[Maratha Empire]] under [[Shivaji]] came from this community.<ref>{{cite book|title=The State and Society in Medieval India|page=226|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005 |editor=J. S. Grewal|quote=He [Shivaji] drew his military strength mainly from the mawales, the kunbis of the Mawal region. In the north, particularly in the eighteenth century, the term 'Maratha' was used with reference to all the people of Maharashtra, irrespective of their caste...}}</ref> The [[Scindia|Shinde]] and [[Gaekwad]] dynasties of the Maratha Empire are originally of Kunbi origin.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian Princes and their States |series=The New Cambridge History of India |first=Barbara N. |last=Ramusack |author-link=Barbara Ramusack |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781139449083 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA35 |pages=35–36}}</ref> In the fourteenth century and later, several Kunbis who had taken up employment as military men in the armies of various rulers underwent a process of [[Sanskritisation]] and began to identify themselves as [[Marathas]]. The boundary between the Marathas and the Kunbi became obscure in the early 20th century due to the effects of colonisation, and the two groups came to form one block, the Maratha-Kunbi.

Tensions along caste lines between the Kunbi and the [[Dalit]] communities were seen in the 2006 [[Khairlanji massacre|Khairlanji killings]] of four [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] citizens by fellow villagers of [[Khairlanji]], and the media have reported sporadic instances of violence against Dalits. Other inter-caste issues include the forgery of caste certificates by politicians, mostly in the grey Kunbi-Maratha caste area, to allow them to run for elections from wards reserved for OBC candidates. In April 2005, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the Marathas are not a sub-caste of Kunbis.

[[Maharashtra|Maharashtra's]] Kunbi community shares links with [[North India|North]] and [[Eastern India|Eastern]] India's [[Kurmi]]. Both are farming communities. Both communities have deep roots in agriculture, with "Kunbi" itself meaning "farmer" in Marathi. The [[Indian government]] in 2006 recognized them as synonymous and NCBC issued notification that the 'Kurmi' caste / community of Maharashtra is akin to the Kunbis of Maharashtra and is socially and educationally backward.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of India |first=NCBC |date=4 October 2006 |title="Kurmi" as a synonym of "Kunbi" be added at entry No.70 in the Central List of OBCs for the State of Maharashtra |url=https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/addmh21.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Order Copy By "NCBC" |url=https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/addmh23.pdf}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
According to the [[Anthropological Survey of India]], the term Kunbi is derived from ''kun'' and ''bi'' meaning "people" and "seeds", respectively. Conjoined, the two terms mean "those who germinate more seeds from one seed".{{sfn|Singh|2003|p=731}} Another etymology states that ''Kunbi'' is believed to have come from the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] word ''kunbawa'', or Sanskrit ''kur'', meaning "agricultural tillage".{{sfn|Balfour|1885|p=626}} Yet another etymology states that Kunbi derives from ''kutumba'' ("family"), or from the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] ''kul'', "husbandman" or "cultivator".{{sfn|Dhar|2004|p=1199}} Thus anyone who took up the occupation of a cultivator could be brought under the generic term Kunbi.{{sfn|Singh|2003|p=1199}} [[G. S. Ghurye]] has posited that while the term may "signify the occupation of the group, viz., that of cultivation&nbsp;... it is not improbable that the name may be of tribal origin."{{sfn|Ghurye|2008|p=31}}

== Marriages ==
Like other Maharashtrian communities such as [[Marathas]], [[Dhangar]]s [[Mali caste|Mali]]s etc., the marriage of a man to his maternal uncle's daughter is common in the Kunbi community.<ref name="Agnes2011">{{cite book |author=Flavia Agnes |title=Family Law: Volume 1: Family Laws and Constitutional Claims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150|date=5 January 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908826-3|pages=150–|quote=Among Maharashtrian communities such as Marathas, Kunbis, Malis, Mahars, etc., the marriage of a brother's daughter with a sister's son is common}}</ref> Maratha and Kunbis intermarried in a hypergamous way i.e. a rich Kunbi's daughter could always marry a poor Maratha. Anthropologist Donald Attwood shows giving an example of the Karekars of Ahmednagar that this trend continues even in recent times indicating that the social order between the two is fluid and flexible.<ref name="Agnes2011"/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Donald W. Attwood|author2=Milton Israel|author3=Narendra K. Wagle|title=City, countryside and society in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm5uAAAAMAAJ |date=October 1988|publisher=University of Toronto, Centre for South Asian Studies|isbn=978-0-9692907-2-8|quote=Consequently, I doubt if the terms Maratha and Kunbi ever had very distinct referents, and I take this as another indication of a fluid and flexible social order. Even today, for example, there is a small, local caste of farmers known as Karekars in Ahmednagar district, who are not normally considered true Marathas; yet some of the more successful Karekar families have intermarried with Marathas (Baviskar 1980; n.d.). I believe this process has occurred continuously in the "maratha country"...}}</ref>

== Maratha-Kunbi ==
Very little information was recorded prior to the 19th century regarding the significantly large group of Maharashtrian agricultural castes, known as ''Maratha-Kunbis''.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=16}} Both individual terms, ''Kunbi'' and ''Maratha'' are equally complex.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=16}} In the fourteenth century, the term ''[[Maratha]]'' (among other meanings) referred to all speakers of the Marathi language.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=16}} An example of this is the record of the Moroccan traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] whose use of the term included multiple castes who spoke Marathi.{{sfn|Eaton|2005|pp=190–191}} Several years later, as the [[Bahamani]] kings started employing the local population in their military, the term Maratha acquired a martial connotation. Those who were not associated with the term ''Maratha'' and were not [[Dalit|untouchables]] began to identify themselves as Kunbi.{{sfn|Eaton|2005|pp=190–191}} According to Stewart Gordon, the so-called Marathas now differentiated themselves from the others such as the cultivators (Kunbi), iron-workers and tailors.{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=15}} At lower status levels, the term ''Kunbi'' was applied to those who tilled the land. It was possible for outsiders to become Kunbi, an example of which was recorded by Enthoven.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=16}} Enthoven observed that it was common for [[Koli people|Kolis]] (fishermen) to take up agriculture and become Kunbis.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=16}} In the eighteenth century, under the [[Peshwas]], newer waves of villagers joined the armies of the [[Maratha Empire]].{{sfn|Eaton|2005|p=191}} These men began to see themselves as Marathas too, further obscuring the boundary between the Marathas and Kunbi, giving rise to a new category: ''Maratha-Kunbi''.{{sfn|Eaton|2005|p=191}} While this view of the term was common among colonial European observers of the eighteenth century,{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|pp=16–17}} they were ignorant of the caste connotations of the term.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=17}} The dividing line between the Maratha and Kunbi was obscure, but there was evidence of certain families who called themselves ''Assall Marathas'' or ''true'' Marathas.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=17}}{{refn | group = lower-alpha | This self-identified group claimed to comprise 96 clans. They attempted to link themselves to the four [[Kshatriya]] lineages: Solar, Lunar, Brahma and Shesh via the Rajputs of north India. However, the list of 96 clans is highly controversial and there seems to be no consensus concerning who is included or excluded.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=17}} }} The Assal Marathas claimed to be Kshatriyas in the Varna hierarchy and claimed lineage from the Rajput clans of north India.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=17}} The rest, the Kunbi, accepted that they came lower in the Varna hierarchy.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=17}} Karve says that the Maratha caste precipitated from the Kunbi through the [[Sanskritisation]] process, the two were later consolidated due to social reforms as well as political and economic development during British rule in the early 20th century.{{sfn|Jadhav|2006|p=2}}

The British installed Chatrapati [[Bhonsle|Pratapsinh Bhonsle]], a descendant of Shivaji, noted in his diary in the 1820s–1830s that the [[Gaekwad]]s (another powerful Maratha dynasty) had Kunbi origins.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=38}} He notes further "These days, when the Kunbis and others grow wealthy, they try to pollute our caste. If this goes on, [[dharma]] itself will not remain. Each man should stick to his own caste, but in spite of this these men are trying to spread money around in our caste. But make no mistake, all Kshatriyas will look to protect their caste in this matter."{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=38}} Later, in September 1965, the ''Marathi Dnyan Prasarak'' newspaper published a piece which addressed the changing meaning of the term ''Maratha'', the social mobility of the day, the origins of the Maratha-Kunbi castes, the eating habits and the living conditions of the people of Maharashtra.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=42}} The author of the piece claims that only a very small circle of families, like those of Shivaji Bhonsale, can claim the Kshatriya status.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=42}} He also states that these Kshatriya families have not been able to stop the inroads made by the wealthy and powerful Kunbis, who had bought their way into Kshatriya status through wealth and inter-marriages.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=42}} Of the most powerful Maratha dynasties, the [[Scindia|Shinde]]s (later anglicised to Scindia) were of Kunbi origin.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=21}}{{refn | group = lower-alpha | The current heir in the line of the Shindes is [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]], a member of the Indian parliament. }} A "Marathaisation" of the Kunbis was seen between the censuses of 1901 and 1931, which shows a gradually declining number of Kunbis resulting from more of them identifying themselves as Marathas.{{sfn|Singh|2004|p=xl}} Lele notes in 1990 that a subset of the Maratha-Kunbi group of castes became the political elite in the state of Maharashtra in the 1960s and 1970s and have remained so to the present day.{{as of?|date=May 2012}}{{sfn|Jadhav|2006|p=1}} The elite Maratha-Kunbis have institutionalised their ideology of agrarian development through their control of the Congress party.{{sfn|Jadhav|2006|p=1}} The state Government of Maharashtra does not recognise a group called Maratha-Kunbi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1946655/ |author=B. Marlapalle |year=2002 | title = Suhas S/O Anantrao Dashrathe And ... vs State Of Maharashtra, Through The ... on 5 October 2001 |via=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=22 November 2011}}</ref>

According to [[Irawati Karve]], the Marata-Kunbi form over 40% of the population of Western Maharashtra.{{sfn|Ghurye|2008|p=200}} Later in 1990, Lele records that the Maratha-Kunbi group of castes account for 31% of the population, distributed over the whole of Maharashtra.{{sfn|Jadhav|2006|p=2}}

== Kunbi communities from Vidarbha region of Maharashtra ==
[[File:KunbiCarryingOutTheDead1916.jpg|thumb|right|Kunbis carrying out the dead, 1916.]]
[[File:Portret van een onbekende Kunbi man met ceremoniële kleding Kunbi Dasare. Hindoo. Mysore (cropped), RP-F-2001-7-1122H-12.jpg|thumb|upright|A Kunbi in ceremonial attire, c.&nbsp;1865-187]]

=== Ghatole ===
[[File:KunbiFiguresAnimalsPolaFestival1916.jpg|thumb|Photograph (1916) of boys with their toy animals crafted for the Pola festival celebrated by the Dhanoje Kunbis.]]
According to a report in 2009, the Ghatole Kunbi community in the Akola and Washim areas of Vidarbha prefer the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]] political party.{{sfn|Gaikwad|2009b}}[[File:KunbiHinduBoysStilts1916.jpg|left|thumb|Kunbi Hindu boys on stilts during the Pola festival from early 20th century.]]

=== Leva or Leva Patil ===
{{main|Leva Patil}}
Dowry is not practiced in the Leva community today.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wcd.nic.in/act/dowry-prohibition-act-1961 |title=Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 |publisher=Ministry of Women and Child Development, GOI}}</ref>

=== Tirole or Tirale ===
Based on evidence from an old Marathi document, Karve concludes that the Tirole Kunbi differ significantly from the Kubis west of Nagpur, and that they did not formerly claim to be Kshatriyas.{{sfn|Ghurye|2008|p=202}} G. S Ghurye states that Karve's statement is either esoteric or wrong.{{sfn|Ghurye|2008|pp=202–203}}

== Kunbi communities in other states ==
[[File:GoaKunbiDance.jpg|left|thumb|Goan Kunbi dancers.]]
In [[Gujarat]], Kunbi communities are found in the [[Dang District, India|Dangs]], [[Surat]] and [[Valsad]] districts. In 2003, Singh and Lal described the Kunbi of Gujarat as being non-vegetarian and consumers of alcoholic drinks such as [[Tharra|mohua]]. That particular community believes itself to be of a higher status than some other local groups due to the type of meat which they consume (for example, they believe that the [[Warli]]s eat rats, and other groups eat beef). The community practices [[monogamy|monogamous]] [[endogamy]]; marriage of cross cousins is acceptable, as is remarriage by widows. Divorce is permitted and the practice of marriage around the age of 10–12 years has been abandoned. The dead are cremated.{{sfn|Singh|2003|pp=731–733}}

The Charotar ([[Anand district|Anand]]) region, tilled by the Lewa Kunbis, had been well-known since the 15th century for high productivity levels which produced potentially high-revenue crops like [[cotton]] and food grains. The Lewa community of the region were regarded among the most industrious by colonial officials.{{sfn|Chaturvedi|2007|p=35}}

By the 18th century, Gujarati Kunbis distinguished themselves by two sub-categories: those who continued their traditional occupation as agriculturists, and those who had taken up revenue collection. The former were known as ''Kunbis'' and the latter as ''[[Patidars]]''. While these two sub-communities resided in the same villages, they did not inter-dine or inter-marry. There was some confusion in the nomenclature of the community during the second half of the 19th century when colonial officials referred to elites simply as ''Kunbis''. On other occasions the two sub-communities were collectively referred to as the ''Patidars''.{{sfn|Chaturvedi|2007|pp=34–35}}

The changes implemented to land tenure policy during the colonial era led to the ascendency of the Kunbis in central Gujarat. The Kunbis and the fishermen Kolis were not too different in their socio-economic position until the end of the 19th century. With the aid of favourable policies, the Kunbis were able to transform themselves into a prosperous caste by the time of the 1931 census, in which they had renamed themselves ''Patidars''. The etymology of term ''Patidar'', which implied a higher economic status due to land-ownership, comes from one who holds pieces of land called ''patis''.{{sfn|Basu|2009|pp=51–55}}

A population of Kunbi (locally called '''Kurumbi''') is also found in Goa, where they are believed to be descendants of the area's aboriginal inhabitants. They are largely poor agriculturalists,{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} though some of the oldest known landowners in Goa were of this class, and claimed for themselves the [[Vaishya]] (merchant) varna.{{sfn|Dhar|2004|p=1396}} According to the leaders of the ''Uttara Kannada district Kunabi Samaj Seva Sangh'', the population of their community in the region is 75,000.{{sfn|The Hindu|2011|p=1}}

== Role in politics of Maharashtra ==
===Vidarbha===
The Kunbis, along with the [[Teli]] and the Mali, play a major role in the politics of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The three groups compose 50% of the electorate and are known to influence election outcomes. The Kunbis, being landlords, hold the upper-hand in the politics of the region and can decide the outcome of at least 22 seats, since they are dominant in every village of the region. The Kunbis, who are known to have a more tolerant attitude and are more secular than the Telis, prefer the Congress Party.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=July 2018}} As a result, the Party has held a dominant position in the region for several decades.{{Clarify timeframe|date=January 2012}} However, in the last decade or so,{{Clarify timeframe|date=January 2012}} Congress has ignored the Kunbis and other parties like the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]; [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] responded by giving more opportunities to Kunbi candidates in elections.{{sfn|Bhagwat|2009|p=1}}

In the 2009 elections, resentment by the Kunbis towards the Congress candidate Wamanrao Kasawar was said to benefit [[Sanjay Derkar]], the independent NCP rebel candidate, in a triangular contest which also included Shiv Sena's Vishvas Nandekar.{{sfn|Abraham|2009|p=1}} In the 2004 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] elections in [[Murbad]], the Kunbi vote was said to be the deciding vote in favour of Digambar Vishe, a BJP candidate belonging to the Kunbi community.{{sfn|Ballal|2004}}

According to the ''Indian Express'', soon after its inception in May 1999 the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) worked hard to get rid of its "Kunbi Only" image. [[Sharad Pawar]] found, after breaking away from the Congress, that it was not possible to win elections with just the Kunbi vote. In order to attract the non-Kunbi [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] vote, estimated to form 40% of the electorate, Pawar recruited [[Chhagan Bhujbal]] (a Mali), and Pandurang Hajare (a Teli). Even though Pawar recruited other Telis like Pandurang Dhole, the ''Indian Express'' wondered if it would be enough to counter the age-old and keen Kunbi versus Teli rivalry. A closer look at local and regional leaders in the NCP revealed that almost all of them belonged to the Kunbi community.{{sfn|Haque|1999}} In 2009, the NCP president Sharad Pawar chose [[Anil Deshmukh]] over Rajendra Shingane as party candidate from the Vidarbha region because he represented the huge Kunbi-Marathi community there.{{sfn|Marpakwar|2009|p=1}}

=== OBC vote politics ===
According to [[Thomas Blom Hansen]], a commentator on religious and political violence in India, the failure of political parties to consolidate OBC votes in Maharashtra, despite calls for "Kunbi-zation" of the Maratha caste, was because Maharashtra had, as early as 1967, identified 183 communities as "educationally backward classes". By 1978 there were 199 communities in this category, and the government implemented a policy of reserving 10% of educational seats and government jobs for them.{{sfn|Hansen2001|p=81}}
The official data used by the government for the definition of the Maratha-Kunbi castes puts them between 30% and 40%, depending on whether a narrow or an inclusive definition of the caste is used. This causes the percentage of OBCs to vary between 29% and 38% of the population. According to Hansen, it is critically important for the politicians of the state to ensure a narrow definition of OBC and maximise the Maratha representation. The [[Maratha Mahasangha]] (All-Maratha Federation), fearing that the [[Mandal Commission]] would divide the Maratha-Kunbis into Kunbis and high Marathas, took an anti-Mandal stance and tried to attract marginalised Maratha-Kunbis by propagating martial and chauvinistic myths, which in turn stigmatized Muslims and Dalits. While the organization never received success outside of Mumbai, it showed that political leaders were willing to counter the rising OBC assertiveness.{{sfn|Hansen|2001|p=82}}

==== Forgery of caste certificates ====
There are several communities in Maharashtra that have been trying to pass themselves off as depressed in order to reap the benefits of the [[Reservation in India|reservation]].{{sfn|Singh|2004|p=xliii}} An issue of candidates of the Maratha caste (a non-backward caste) running for elections in wards reserved for OBC candidates got centre-stage attention in the 2007 civic polls after the Maharashtra state government amended the OBC list on 1 June 2004 to retain the Kunbis and include Kunbi-Marathas. In 2010, the independent corporator, Malan Bhintade, who claimed to be Kunbi-Maratha but was later found to be of Maratha caste, lost her membership of the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] after it was established that she had submitted a false caste certificate, claiming to be Kunbi-Maratha in order to run for elections in wards reserved for OBC candidates. Subsequently, all candidates who lost to Kunbi-Maratha candidates registered complaints against their opponents by claiming falsification of certificates.{{sfn|TNN|2010}} A similar case of forgery was reported in 2003 when the former Shiv Sena corporator, Geeta Gore, was sent to jail for falsely claiming to be a Kunbi-Maratha. Gore won in elections from ward 18 of [[Andheri]] (west) by claiming to be a member of the Kunbi-Maratha caste.{{sfn|TNN|2003}}

== Inter-caste issues ==

=== Violence ===
In 2006, four members of a [[Dalit]] family were tortured and [[Khairlanji massacre|murdered]] by members of the Kunbi caste from the Khairlanji village in the [[Bhandara district]]. Two female members of the same family were paraded naked in the village and then raped.{{sfn|Balakrishnan|2010|p=1}} Eight villagers were sentenced to life imprisonment, with the court declaring the killings motivated by revenge and not racism or casteism.{{sfn|Hattangadi|2010|p=1}} An appeal against the High Court judgement to have the crime declared as casteism is still pending in the Supreme Court of India.{{sfn|TNN|2011j}}

''The Times of India'' reported in February 2011 that an [[honour killing]] of a Dalit man and Kunbi woman was suspected in Murbad of the [[Thane]] district.{{sfn|Gupta|2011}}
In September of the same year, a 20-year-old Dalit woman alleged that she was raped by a Someshwar Baburao Kuthe of the Kunbi caste in the Sarandi (Bujaruk) village of Lakhandur taluka. The local police registered an offense.{{sfn|TNN|2011s}}

=== Marathas and Kunbi affiliation ===

Modern research has revealed that the [[Maratha]]s and Kunbi have the same origin - although the two are treated as two different communities currently on a social level. Most recently, the Kunbi origin of the Maratha has been explained in detail by Professor Richard Eaton from the [[University of Arizona]] and Professor [[Stewart N. Gordon|Stewart Gordon]] from the [[University of Michigan]]. Marathas ("Assal" or true i.e. belonging to 96 clans), who were distinguished from the Kunbi, in the past claimed genealogical connections with Rajputs of Northern India.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=17}} However, modern researchers demonstrate, giving examples, that these claims are not factual. Modern scholars agree that Marathas and Kunbi are the same. Anthropologist J.V.Ferreira, from the [[University of Mumbai]] states: "The Maratha claim to belong to the ancient 96 Kshatriya families has no foundation in fact and may have been adopted after the Marathas became with Shivaji a power to be reckoned with".<ref>{{cite book|title=Totemism in India|page=191|author=John Vincent Ferreira|year=1965|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=Together with the Marathas, the Maratha Kunbi belonged originally, says Enthoven, to the same caste; and both their exogamous kuls and exogamous devaks are identical with those of the Marathas. Enthoven opines that the totemic nature of their devak system suggests that they are largely of a non-Aryan origin. page202:The Kunbi cultivators are also Marathas but of a somewhat inferior social standing. The Maratha claim to belong to the ancient 96 Kshatriya families has no foundation in fact and may have been adopted after the Marathas became with Shivaji a power to be reckoned with.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XGwAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Eaton shows how the Maratha caste was generated from the Kunbis who served the Muslim rulers, prospered, and over time adopted different customs like different dressing styles, employed genealogists, started identifying as Maratha, and caste boundaries solidified between them. In the nineteenth century, economic prosperity rather than marital service to the Muslims replaced the mobility into Maratha identity. Eaton gives an example of the Holkar family that originally belonged to the [[Dhangar]](Shepherd) caste but was given a Maratha or even an "arch-Maratha" identity.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA200|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1 |author=Richard M. Eaton|date=17 November 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=191, 200 |isbn=9780521254847}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA16 |author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|date=February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=15, 16|isbn=9780521033169}}</ref> The other example, given by Professor [[Susan Bayly]] of [[Cambridge University]], is of the [[Bhonsle]]s who originated among the populations of the Deccani tiller-plainsmen who were known by the names Kunbi and Maratha.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA57|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|last=Bayly|first=Susan|date=2001-02-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521798426 |page=57}}</ref>
Professor Dhanmanjiri Sathe from the [[University of Pune]] states that "The line between Marathas and Kunbis is thin and sometimes difficult to ascertain".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM44DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |quote=For Maharashtra, Karve(1968) has reported that the line between Marathas and Kunbis is thin and sometimes difficult to ascertain|title=The Political Economy of Land Acquisition in India: How a Village Stops Being One |author=Dhanmanjiri Sathe|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2017 |isbn=9789811053269}}</ref> [[Iravati Karve]], Anthropologist, [[University of Pune]], showed how the Maratha caste was generated from Kunbis who simply started calling themselves "Maratha". She states that Maratha, Kunbi and [[Mali caste|Mali]] are the three main farming communities of Maharashtra - the difference being that the marathas and Kunbis were "dry farmers" whereas the Mali farmed throughout the year.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215170|title=Anthropometric measurements of the Marathas|publisher=Deccan College Postgraduate Research Institute|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215170/page/n17 14]|author=Irawati Karmarkar Karve|year=1948 |quote=page 14: These figures as they stand are obviously wrong. The Marathas had not doubled their numbers between 1901 and 1911 nor were the Kunbis reduced by almost three- fourths. Either the recorders had made wrong entries or what is more probable, "Kunbi" as a caste-category was no longer acceptable to cultivators who must have given up their old appellation, Kunbi, and taken up the caste name, Maratha. In 1921 under the common heading Maratha and Kunbi, the figure 48,86,484 is given and a note added that this head includes Marathas, Cabit, Kunbi and Khandesh Kunbis. (Vol. VIII, Bombay, Part I, pages 185-189.) ...page 13: The agricultural community of the Maratha country is made up of Kunbis, Marathas and Malis. The first two are dry farmers depending solely on the monsoon rains for their crop, while the Malis work on irrigated lands working their fields all the year round on well-water or canals and growing fruit, vegetables, sugarcane and some varieties of cereals}}</ref>
Professor Cynthia Talbot from the [[University of Texas]] quotes a saying in Maharashtra, "when a Kunbi prospers he becomes Maratha".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA67 |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|author=Cynthia Talbot|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=9780198031239}}</ref>
Kunbi origin has been one of the factors on the basis of which the head of Maharashtra State Backward Class Commission (MSBCC), a Judge, M.G. Gaikwad, and some others in 2018, stated that Maratha associations have submitted historical proofs and petitions to be included in the [[Other Backward Class]]. The decision for giving reservation in jobs and education for Marathas based on the petitions that Marathas and Kunbis are one and the same caste was upheld by the Mumbai court in 2019.{{sfn|TNN|2018}}<ref>{{cite news |date=28 June 2019 |title=HC upholds Maratha quota |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/hc-upholds-maratha-quota/articleshow/69980525.cms |quote=The petitioners also argued that as per the MSBCC report, Marathas and Kunbis were one and the same caste |work=Pune Mirror |archive-date=5 July 2019 |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705064924/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/hc-upholds-maratha-quota/articleshow/69980525.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{commons category|Kunbi people}}
* [[List of Kunbi people]]
* [[Kunabi Sena]]
* [[Kudumbi]]
* [[Jat people]]
* [[Patidar]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
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{{refend}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agricultural castes]]
[[Category:Shudra castes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Maharashtra]]

Ramesh Mehta (actor)

2026-02-10T02:54:45Z

4Eileen59m: Adding new details v1...

{{Short description|Indian actor, comedian and scriptwriter}}
{{about|comedy actor of Gujarati cinema|Hindi theatre personality|Ramesh Mehta (playwright)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramesh Mehta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ramesh Girdharlal Mehta
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1932|6|22}}
| birth_place = Navagam, [[Gondal, India|Gondal State]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2012|5|11|1932|6|22}}
| death_place = [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], India
| spouse = Vijayagauri
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Comedian]], [[Scriptwriter]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| signature =
}}

'''Ramesh Mehta''' (22 June 1932 – 11 May 2012) was an Indian actor, comedian and scriptwriter. He is considered to be the "[[Charlie Chaplin]] of Gujarat". He has acted in plays and in more than 190 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati films]]. He wrote the scripts of several Gujarati films, including ''Hast Melap'', ''Jesal Toral'', ''Ghunghat'', ''Raja Bharathari'', ''Hothal Padamani'' and ''Valo Namori''.

== Early life ==
Mehta was born in Navagam, in a village near [[Gondal, India|Gondal]] (now in Gujarat, India), Girdharlal and Muktabahen. He was influenced by his father's interest in literature and used to write and perform in drama plays. When he was six, he acted in a play produced by a drama company operating near his home. While in school, he wrote dialogue for dramas using quotes from [[Puranas|Sanskrit Puranas]], English plays and classic Gujarati books. When he was 17, he married Vijayagauri, a distant relative of Gujarati poet [[Amrut Ghayal]].<ref name= "gv">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Harish |title= Mehta Ramesh |encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (Gujarati Encyclopedia) |editor1-last=Thakar |editor1-first=Dhirubhai |editor1-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |volume= 15 |year=2002 |publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust |pages= 827}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1955, he joined the drama company of Irani Sheth. He later accepted a government job for a higher salary, but found it unsuitable. He left the job and worked as a proof reader before moving to [[Mumbai]]. With the help of Mansukh Joshi, he joined the [[Indian National Theatre]], a drama institute there, with a monthly salary of 100 rupees. He wrote two plays, ''Soodi vachche Sopari'' and ''Hu Eno Var Chhu''. These plays caught the attention of Kalpana Diwan, a Gujarati actress and producer. She gave him shelter for six years. In 1969, he wrote a few scenes for the Gujarati film ''Hasta Melap'' when its writer Chaturbhuj Doshi, who was ill, was impressed and made him scriptwriter. He played a supporting role in that film.

He played a comedian in [[Ravindra Dave]]'s film ''[[Jesal Toral]]'' (1971), when their actor-comedian Krishnakant had to drop out due to an accident. He succeeded in the role of comedian and acted in more than 190 films. He wrote scripts for 22 films, some not credited. He became a successful actor, and was credited as Siti-Samtrat (The Whistle King) in his film ''Retina Ratan'' as film-goers used to whistle when his name appeared in the credits. His comic dual with Rajanibala and later with Manjari Desai became popular. Manjari Desai died in an accident in which Ramesh Mehta survived.<ref name="gv" />

== Death ==
He died on 11 May 2012 at his residence in [[Rajkot]].<ref name="Rediff 2012">{{cite web | title=King of Gujarati comedy Ramesh Mehta passes away | website=Rediff | date=2012-05-11 | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/king-of-gujarati-comedy-ramesh-mehta-passes-away/20120511.htm | accessdate=2016-08-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Ramesh}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot district]]

Surendra Singh Yadav

2026-02-06T06:57:13Z

4Eileen59m: put up a biography

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Surendra Singh Yadav
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|07|07|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]]
|alma_mater =
|office = 6th [[Chandigarh Police|DGP of Chandigarh Police]]
|term_start = 16 March 2024
|term_end = 1 April 2025
| office1 = [[Director General of Police|DGP]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Police]]
| term_start1 = 10 February 2024
| term_end1 = 15 March 2024
| predecessor1 = D.C. Srivastava
| successor1 = Hargovinder Singh Dhaliwal
|spouse = Alice Vaz
|children =
|father =
|mother =
|predecessor = Praveer Ranjan, IPS
|successor = Dr.Sagar Preet Hooda,IPS
|awards =[[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] [[President's Police Medal|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]]
}}

'''Surendra Singh Yadav''' is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of 1997 batch. SS Yadav has served as the head and 6th [[Director general of police|DGP]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surendra Singh Yadav is new Chandigarh DGP |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/surendra-singh-yadav-is-new-chandigarh-dgp-599815/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> of [[Chandigarh Police]] from March 2024 to March 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chandigarhpolice.gov.in/photo-gallery-of-igps-chandigarh.html |title=Photo gallery of IGP and DGP Chandigarh Police |work=Chandigarh Police |access-date=19 July 2024 }}</ref> Before this he was the DGP of [[Andaman and Nicobar Police]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andaman DGP shifted to Delhi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/andaman-dgp-shifted-to-delhi-589203/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Career and education==
Surendra Singh Yadav was born on 7 July 1975 and hails from [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/surendra-yadav-ips-from-alwar-who-exposed-common-wealth-game-scam-4208850 |title=बचपन में उठ गया पिता का साया, मां ने पशुपालन कर बेटे को पढ़ाया, बेटा 22 साल की उम्र में बन गया IPS, फिर आतंकियों का किया सफाया |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=1 March 2019 }}</ref> He is a 1997 batch [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of AGMUT cadre.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/home-ministry-surendra-yadav-dgp-chandigarh-9211020/ |title=Home Ministry appoints Surendra Yadav as new DGP of Chandigarh |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 March 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bhim Sain Bassi]]
* [[Kiran Bedi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Surendra Singh}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Alwar]]

Nissan Tekton

2026-02-01T06:16:30Z

4Eileen59m: Adding a data with sources...

{{Short description|Subcompact crossover SUV}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Nissan Tekton
| image =
| caption =
| manufacturer = [[Nissan]]
| model_code =
| aka =
| production = 2026 (to commence)
| assembly = India: [[Chennai]] ([[Renault Nissan Automotive India]])
| designer =
| class = [[Subcompact crossover SUV]] ([[B-segment|B]])
| body_style = 5-door [[SUV]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive]]
| platform = [[Renault–Nissan Common Module Family#CMF-B LS|Alliance CMF-B LS]]
| related = {{unbulleted list
| [[Renault Duster#Third generation (P1310; 2023)|Renault Duster]]
| [[Dacia Sandero]]
| [[Dacia Jogger]]
| [[Dacia Bigster]]
| [[Dacia Logan]]
| [[Renault Boreal]]
}}
| engine =
| transmission =
| wheelbase = {{cvt|2657|mm|in|1}}
| length = {{cvt|NNNN|mm|in|1}}
| width = {{cvt|NNNN|mm|in|1}}
| height = {{cvt|NNNN|mm|in|1}}
| weight = {{cvt|NNN|-|NNNN|kg|lb|0}}
| predecessor = [[Nissan Kicks#D15|Nissan Kicks (D15)]]
| successor =
| sp = us
}}

The '''Nissan Tekton''' is an upcoming [[subcompact crossover SUV]] to be produced by [[Nissan]] exclusively for India. It is based on the CMF-B platform shared with [[Dacia Duster#Third generation (P1310; 2023)|third-generation Dacia Duster]], which will also be sold in India as Renault Duster.

The name "Tekton" is derived from the Greek word meaning "craftsman" or "architect".

== Overview ==
The Tekton was initially announced in March of 2024 as one of 2 cars to be introduced by Nissan in India by 2026 and as one of 4 models to be introduced by Nissan and alliance partner Renault in the region, with each brand launching 2 models respectively.<ref name="1:">{{cite web |last=Pappas |first=Thanos |date=28 March 2024 |title=Renault And Nissan Announce New Budget SUVs For India |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2024/03/renault-and-nissan-announce-new-budget-suvs-for-india/ |website=Carscoops}}</ref>

It is the first of four models that Nissan has planned to launch in India by 2026-27. The Tekton's launch will take place in the middle of 2026, with production planned to start in the first quarter of 2026. Pre-production models are already undergoing testing.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=7 October 2025 |title=Nissan to launch mid-size SUV Tekton in India by mid-2026, export plans in place |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/cars-uvs/nissan-to-launch-mid-size-suv-tekton-in-india-by-mid-2026-export-plans-in-place/articleshow/124360262.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

It is expected to compete with the [[Hyundai Creta]], [[Kia Seltos]], [[Toyota Urban Cruiser Hyryder]], [[Suzuki Grand Vitara (2022)|Suzuki Grand Vitara]], [[Tata Sierra]] and [[Suzuki Victoris]].<ref name="3:">{{cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Amritanshu |date=7 October 2025 |title=Nissan Tekton SUV to take on Hyundai Creta, Maruti Victoris: Expected launch date, design, price and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/nissan-tekton-suv-to-take-on-hyundai-creta-maruti-victoris-expected-launch-date-design-price-and-more/4001725/ |website=Express Drives (Financial Express)}}</ref><ref name="4:">{{cite web |last=Nimje |first=Sonika Nitin |date= |title=Nissan Tekton unveiled in India: A bold new SUV rival to Creta and Seltos |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/auto/nissan-tekton-unveiled-in-india-a-bold-new-suv-rival-to-creta-and-seltos-nc-125100700945_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

=== Design and features ===
The front of the Tekton uses C-shaped headlights and chrome trim on the grille. Both the front and rear bumpers use a rugged design with aluminum-style inserts around the intakes. The taillights' design is inspired by the [[Nissan Patrol]]/[[Nissan Armada|Armada]], and full-width light bars are present at both the front and back. No details are present about the interior's design, except that the dashboard combines body-colored trim with gloss black and metal accents.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pappas |first=Thanos |date=7 October 2025 |title=Nissan Turned The Dacia Duster Into A Baby Armada |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2025/10/nissans-version-of-the-dacia-duster-looks-like-a-baby-patrol/ |website=Carscoops}}</ref><ref name="4:"/>

''Carscoops'' initially stated that the Tekton's headlights, when the model was first teased, were reminiscent of the [[Renault Master#Fourth generation (XDD; 2024)|Nissan Interstar]].<ref name="1:"/> Nissan's senior design director, Ken Lee, has stated that the Tekton is intended to be a "baby [[Nissan Patrol#Y63|Patrol]]" in terms of visual appeal.<ref name="3:"/>

The Tekton's interior is expected to use a fully digital driver's display, auto AC, ambient lighting, a premium sound system, a wireless smartphone charger, push-button engine start/stop, and a panoramic sunroof. [[Electronic stability control]], an [[automated emergency braking system|automatic braking system]] with [[electronic brakeforce distribution]], and Level 2 ADAS capacity are expected to be utilized on the Tekton.<ref name="4:"//>

== Powertrain ==
Details about the exact powertrains the Tekton will use are currently unknown but it is expected to use a 1.0-litre or 1.5-litre turbo-petrol engine with manual or automatic gearbox options.<ref name="4:"///> A hybrid version is also expected.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=7 October 2025 |title=Nissan Tekton: Nissan's upcoming family SUV for India— what it offers, what is expected, pricing and launch in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/nissan-tekton-nissans-upcoming-family-suv-for-india-what-it-offers-what-is-expected-pricing-and-launch-in-india/safety-and-parking-help/slideshow/124361102.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nissan}}

[[Category:Nissan vehicles|Tekton]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2026]]
[[Category:Subcompact crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars of India]]

Sidharth TV

2026-01-30T12:44:40Z

4Eileen59m: put up new post...

{{Short description|Indian Odia-language TV channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Sidharth TV
| logo = Sidharth TV.jpg
| logo_size = 170px
| logo_caption =
| country = [[India]]
| area = [[India]]
| network = Sidharth TV Network
| headquarters = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| owner = Sitaram Agrawal & Namita Agrawal
| sister_channels =Sidharth Gold Sidharth Utsav Jay Jagannath TV [[91.9 Sidharth FM]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|2021|05|15}}
| website = {{URL|http://sidharthtvnetwork.com/sidharthtv}}
}}

'''Sidharth TV''' is an [[Odia language]] General Entertainment Channel in Odisha, [[India]], which was launched on 15 May 2021 along with 2 other channels - Sidharth Gold & Sidharth Bhakti. The fourth channel of this group is "Jay Jagannath TV" which has been launched in May 2022. ,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-17|title=Sidharth TV Network launches Sidharth TV and Sidharth Gold in Odia Market; goes on air from 15th May 2021|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/sidharth-tv-network-launches-sidharth-tv-and-sidharth-gold-in-odia-market-goes-on-air-from-15th-may-2021/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=MediaNews4U|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sidharth TV Network launched, four Odia channels by year-end|url=https://www.mxmindia.com/2021/04/sidharth-tv-network-launched-four-odia-channels-by-year-end/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=MxMIndia}}</ref> owned by the parent company - Sidharth TV Network.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 18, 2021|title=Sidharth TV Network launches two more TV channels|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/05/sidharth-tv-network-launches-two-more-tv-channels/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odialive.com/4-new-films-on-sidharth-tv-this-raja-festival/|title = 4 New films on Sidharth TV this Raja festival|date = 31 May 2021}}</ref>

The chairman of the company is Sitaram Agrawal, who has been involved in the Odia Media Industry since the last 4 decades. In 2010 he founded Sarthak TV which he sold to Zee TV group in 2015, now it is Zee Sarthak. He is also founder of Sarthak Music & Sidharth Television Network. Sidharth TV is the flagship channel of the group ‘Sidharth TV Network’.

==About group==
*Sidharth TV Network is the parent company which operates Sidharth TV, Sidharth Bhakti, Sidharth Gold & Jay Jagannath TV, all of which are premium subscription based channels.
#Sidharth TV is the flagship channel of the company, which is a premium GEC Channel featuring content such as Daily Soaps, and Reality shows, as well as wide range of popular content such as odia movies and musical shows.
#Sidharth Utsav is the devotional channel of the company, which features a wide range of devotional content like spiritual discourses, folk and religious content like Pala, Bharat Leela, spiritual reality shows, Astrological, Discourses, as well as Devotional music.
#Sidharth Gold is a channel that features Movies, Music, and Jatra, featuring a wide variety of Musical and Entertaining shows.
#Jay Jagannath TV is a channel completely dedicated to Lord Jagannath, featuring live darshan from Jagannath Puri and spiritual shows on Lord Jagannath & which is 1st ad free television channel of Odisha.
*Also an FM station at Bhubaneswar/Cuttack twin city in the name of [[91.9 Sidharth FM]] Started in the year 2017.

==Current programming==
===Original Shows===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Premiere date
!Title
!Time of telecast
|-
|rowspan="4"|12 February 2024
|''Maya O Mamata''
|Mon-Sat<hr>7 PM
|-
|''Sunayana''
|Mon-Sat<hr>7:30 PM
|-
|''Sinduur Khella''
|Mon-Sat<hr>8 PM
|-
|''Kedara Gouri''
|Mon-Sat<hr>8:30 PM
|}

===Reality shows===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Premiere date
!Title
!Time of telecast
|-
|19 January 2026
|''Bhakti Kantha Junior 2026''
|Mon-Wed<hr>9 PM
|-
|26 December 2025
|''Naach Odisha - Season 5''
|Thu-Sun<hr>9 PM
|}

==Former programming==
===Original Shows===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Year
!Title
|-
|2021-2022
|''Mangula Kanya''
|-
|2022
|''Jay Maa Laxmi''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022-2024
|''Aparajita''
|-
|''Mangula Ra Bhagya''
|-
|2023
|''Mechanic Didi''
|-
|2024
|''Sindura Nuhen Khela Ghara''
|}

===Reality shows===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Year
!Title
|-
|2021-2024
|''Raja Sundari''
|-
|rowspan="4"|2021
|''Mu Bi Namita Agrawal Hebi''
|-
|''Odisha Ra Nua Swara Jr''
|-
|''Sampurnna Laxmi''
|-
|''Tike Dance Tike Acting''
|-
|rowspan="6"|2022
|''Bhakti Kantha''
|-
|''Debadasi''
|-
|''Mu Bi Namita Agrawal Hebi Season 2''
|-
|''Naach Odisha For Mothers''
|-
|''Odisha Ra Nua Swara Sr''
|-
|''Sampurnna Laxmi 2022''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022-2023
|''Sidharth Antakhyari''
|-
|''Swara Laxmi''
|-
|rowspan="6"|2023
|''Bhakti Kantha Junior''
|-
|''Debadasi Season 2''
|-
|''Mu Bi Namita Agrawal Hebi Mahamilana''
|-
|''Naach Odisha Season 2''
|-
|''Sampurnna Laxmi 2023''
|-
|''Tike Dance Tike Acting Season 2''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023-2024
|''Odisha Ra Nua Swara Jr 2023''
|-
|''Tike Dance Tike Acting Season 3''
|-
|rowspan="6"|2024
|''Debadasi Season 3''
|-
|''Maharanee''
|-
|''Mu Bi Namita Agrawal Hebi 2024''
|-
|''Naach Odisha''
|-
|''Raja Sundari 2024''
|-
|''Sidharth Parivara Mahasangram''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024-2025
|''Sampurnna Laxmi 2024''
|-
|''Swara Mahasangram''
|-
|rowspan="6"|2025
|''Debadasi - Season 4''
|-
|''Mu Bi Namita Agrawal Hebi - Season 4''
|-
|''Naach Odisha - Ethara Nachibe Maa''
|-
|''Odisha Ra Nua Swara - Season 4''
|-
|''Raja Sundari - Season 5''
|-
|''Tike Dance Tike Acting - Season 4''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025-2026
|''Sampurnna Laxmi - Season 5''
|}

===Game shows===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Year
!Title
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''Bedabyasa''
|-
|''Bhajan Padyantari''
|}

==Programming==
{{div col}}

===Original series===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
|''Aparajitaa''
|-
|''Jay Maa Laxmi''
|-
|''Kedara Gouri''
|-
|''Mangula Kanya''
|-
|''Mangula Ra Bhagya''
|-
|''Maya O Mamata''
|-
|''Mechanic Didi''
|-
|''Sindura Nuhen Khela Ghara''
|-
|''Sinduur Khella''
|-
|''Sunayana''
|}

===Reality shows===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
|''Bhakti Kantha'' : devotional singer haunt reality show
|-
|''Bhakti Kantha Junior''
|-
|''Debadasi'' : semi classical dance talent search reality show
|-
|''Maharanee''
|-
|''Mun Bi Namita Agrawal Hebi'' : singing reality show
|-
|''Naach Odisha For Mothers'' : dancer haunt reality show for married women
|-
|''Naach Odisha''
|-
|''Odisha Ra Nua Swara Jr'' : singing talent search reality show
|-
|''Odisha Ra Nua Swara Sr'' : singing talent search reality show for seniors
|-
|''Raja Sundari'' : cultural talent hunt
|-
|''Sampurnna Laxmi'' : housewife talent search reality show
|-
|''Sidharth Antakhyari''
|-
|''Sidharth Paribara Mahasangram''
|-
|''Swara Laxmi''
|-
|''Swara Mahasangram''
|-
|''Tike Dance Tike Acting'' : dance and acting talent search reality show
|}

===Game shows===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
|''Bedabyasa'' (Spiritual Quiz)
|-
|''Padyantari'' (Musical Rounds)
|}

===Music programs===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
|''Jalsha odia songs''
|-
|''This is Maya Re Baya comedy dose''
|}

===Spiritual programs===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
|''Aradhana'' (TV series)
|-
|''Bhakti Chandana''
|-
|''Satya Pathe Ghenijao Mate''
|}

===Jatra===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
|''Jatra Agana''
|}

===Movies===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
|''Matinee Super Noon Show''
|-
|''Saturday Night Show''
|-
|''Sunday Maha Movie''
|}
{{div col end}}
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sidharth TV Network to launch 4th channel in Odisha - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sidharth-tv-network-to-launch-4th-channel-in-odisha-112986.html|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en}}</ref>

==Sister channels==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center" width="100%"
!Channel
!Category
!Launch
!SD/HD availability
|-
|Sidharth TV
|General Entertainment
|rowspan="3"|2021
|rowspan="6"|SD
|-
|Sidharth Gold
|Movies, Music & Jatra
|-
|Sidharth Utsav
|rowspan="3"|Spiritual
|-
|Jay Jagannath TV
|2022
|-
|Jay Jagannath TV (Hindi)
|2025
|-
|Sidharth Music
|Music
|rowspan="1"|TBA
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Odia-language television channels]]
*[[List of longest-running Indian television series]]

==References==
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odialive.com/4-new-films-on-sidharth-tv-this-raja-festival/|title = 4 New films on Sidharth TV this Raja festival|date = 31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/there-s-oversupply-of-channels-replicating-hindi-gecs-in-odisha-sidharth-tv-s-sitaram-agrawal-220419 |title=There's oversupply of channels replicating Hindi GECs in Odisha: Sidharth TV's Sitaram Agrawal}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://sidharthtvnetwork.com/sidharthtv/}}

{{Odia TV Channels}}
{{Television in India}}

[[Category:Television stations in Odisha]]
[[Category:Television stations in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Odia-language television channels]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Odisha]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Naveen Kumar (footballer)

2026-01-19T20:24:21Z

4Eileen59m: typo fix

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Naveen Kumar
| image =
| image_size =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|8|10}}
| birth_place = Kalewal Bhagtan, [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Punjab]]
| currentclub = [[Delhi FC]]
| clubnumber = 32
| height = 1.83 m
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| youthyears1 = 2009–2011
| youthclubs1 = [[JCT F.C.]]
| years1 = 2011–2012
| clubs1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| caps1 = 30
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2012–2013
| clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
| caps2 = 30
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2014
| clubs3 = [[Lonestar Kashmir F.C.|Lonestar Kashmir]]
| caps3 = 29
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2015–2016
| clubs4 = [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
| caps4 = 30
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2016–2017
| clubs5 = [[Churchill Brothers]]
| caps5 = 29
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2017–2018
| clubs6 = [[FC Goa]]
| caps6 = 17
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2018–2019
| clubs7 = [[Kerala Blasters]]
| caps7 = 15
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2019–2022
| clubs8 = [[FC Goa]]
| caps8 = 21
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2022–2023
| clubs9 = [[East Bengal]]
| caps9 =
| goals9 =
| years10 = 2023–
| clubs10 = [[Delhi FC]]
| caps10 = 18
| goals10 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2003
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
}}

'''Naveen Kumar''' is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] player who plays as a [[goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[Delhi FC]].

==Club career==
Naveen Kumar started the 2011–12 season during the [[2011 Indian Federation Cup]] with the [[I-League]] team [[Pailan Arrows]]. He played in all of Pailan's three matches. For 2012–13 he was signed by [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]] Naveen Kumar returned to the I-league with [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]] in August 2015. In January 2019, after 15 games with [[Kerala Blasters]], he came back to [[FC Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcgoa.in/media/press/fcgoa-sign-goalkeeper-naveen-kumar-20-01-19|title=FC Goa sign Naveen Kumar for rest of the season|publisher=FC Goa|date=20 January 2019|accessdate=28 January 2019|archive-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129005816/https://www.fcgoa.in/media/press/fcgoa-sign-goalkeeper-naveen-kumar-20-01-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Honours==
'''FC Goa'''
* [[Indian Super Cup]]: [[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]]<ref>{{cite web |title=FC Goa’s long wait for a trophy ends|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/fc-goas-long-wait-for-a-trophy-ends/article26832013.ece |publisher=thehindu.com |access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref>
* [[Indian Super League|Indian Super League Premiers]]: [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2021 Durand Cup|2021]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/fc-goa/story/4490517/fc-goa-clinch-maiden-durand-cup-trophy-after-beating-mohammedan-sporting-1-0-in-final|title=FC Goa clinch maiden Durand Cup trophy after beating Mohammedan Sporting 1-0 in final|website=ESPN|access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|sudhakaran-naveen-kumar/100134}}

{{East Bengal FC squad}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Naveen}}

[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Hoshiarpur]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:Lonestar Kashmir FC players]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]

{{India-footy-goalkeeper-stub}}

Sai Prashanth

2026-01-13T19:58:40Z

4Eileen59m: put up a info...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sai Prashanth
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1985|6|7|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|3|13|1985|6|7|df=y}}
| occupation = Actor
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2003–2016
| spouse = Niranjana (divorced) Sujitha Sai Prashanth
| parents =
}}

'''Sai Prashanth''' (7 June 1985 – 13 March 2016) was an Indian actor, who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films and television serials. He has acted in films including Barathi, Aintham Padai, Thegidi, ''[[Neram]]'' (2013) and ''[[Vadacurry]]'' (2014). He studied in Shrine Vailankanni Senior Secondary School, T.Nagar, Sri Ahobila math Oriental higher secondary school, West Mambalam, and his father was Chief Executive in Chennai Doordharshan TV channel.

==Career==

The assignment Sai got was the role of a kid with drawing talents by Muktha Films in the mega serial called Vidya in DDK. while he was studying in Ahobila Mutt Oriental high school, He was called by Gnana Rajasekaran, IAS, to take up the role of young poet Bharathi in his film Bharathi shot in Varanasi to portray his days of education. He did this role along with the famous illustrious Actor Sayaji Shinde of Maharashtra. Coming back from Kasi, he was referred to Bombay Chanakya by Director and cameraman Thangarbachan to do a role in Veettukku veedu looty as a young computer savvy palaghat lad.

But his film career started with recital of the first sloka of the first veda " ganaanaam thvaa...in screen, that too on the banks of Ganges.

Sai Prashanth in entertainment career took up the role of a video jockey on Sun Music abruptly after another anchor had fallen ill. He subsequently applied for a full-time role, got the offer and then moved on to work in television serials.

A playful youth role played by him Annamalai serial by Radaan suddenly changed into a terrific Villain role by the new Director CJ Baskar which earned him the name of Junior Nambiar by the masses.
As a serial actor, he often played negative roles and collaborated for several ventures with [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]'s productions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FtVDBLebfA |title=Chinna Sandhippu - Actor Sai Prasanth - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=30 January 2016 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702184909/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FtVDBLebfA |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sai Prashanth has also appeared on the reality dance shows [[Maanada Mayilada]] and [[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]] as a contestant, while he hosted other shows including Dhil Dhil Manadhil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/tv-actor/sai-prashanth|title = Tamil Tv Actor Sai Prashanth Biography, News, Photos, Videos}}</ref>

He has also acted in films including ''[[Mundhinam Paartheney]]'' (2010), ''[[Neram]]'' (2013) and ''[[Thegidi]]'' (2014) in supporting roles. In ''[[Vadacurry]]'' (2014), he appeared as the lead antagonist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mundhinam-paartheney-tamil-movie-review-10915.html|title = Mundhinam Paartheney review. Mundhinam Paartheney Tamil movie review, story, rating}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-12 |title=Debutant take a cue from Gautham's film |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-09-02/mun-dhinam-paartheney-12-02-09.html |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

== Family ==
His mother Lalitha Subhash was the former president of Tamil Nadu BJP and was also a member of the Regional Censor Board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tamil-actor-sai-prashanth-commits-suicide-670567|title=Tamil actor Sai Prashanth found dead at his home; 'suicide note' emerges|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=14 March 2016}}</ref> He had a daughter, Rakshitha Prashanth, from his first marriage with Niranjana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150316/marital-discord-tied-to-tv-soap-actor-s-suicide.html|title=Marital discord tied to TV soap actor's suicide|date=15 March 2016}}</ref>

==Death==
Prashanth committed suicide by consuming a poisoned drink at his home on 13 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/tamil-television-actor-sai-prashanth-commits-suicide/|title=Tamil TV actor Sai Prashanth kills self; suicide note found|date=2016-03-14|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-07-24|agency=IANS}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''Basket'' || Selvam || Malayalam film
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' || Maavattam's Son ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]'' || Sehwag ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ainthaam Padai]]'' || Dinakaran||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mundhinam Paartheney]]'' || Dinesh ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Etho Seithai Ennai]]'' || Seenu ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Neram]]'' || Vetri's brother-in-law ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2014 || ''[[Thegidi ]]'' || Kamalakannan ||
|-
| ''[[Yennamo Yedho]]'' || Gautham's brother-in-law || credited as Sai Prakash
|-
| ''[[Vadacurry]]'' || Ravishankar ||
|-
| ''[[Megha (2014 film)|Megha]]'' || Mugilan's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Aaya Vada Sutta Kadhai]]'' || Gangster ||
|-
| ''[[Vere Vazhi Ille]]'' || ||Malaysian film
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Saagasam]]'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Oru Mugathirai]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
|}

===Television===
*''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]''
*''Veetukku Veedu Lootty''
*''Krishna Cottage''
*''Selvi''
*''Arasi''
*''Muhurtham''
*''[[Idhayam (2009 TV series)|Idhayam]]''
*''Magal''
*Thamarai
* Muthaaram
* [[Kasthuri (TV series)|Kasthuri]]
*Illavarasi
* ''[[Anni (TV series)|Anni]]'' by KB sir,
* Ma Inti Mahalakshmi - Telugu
* Lakshmi Nivasam
* Vidya in DDK
* ''Agalya''
* Nimmadi by AVM
* Kannadi Pookkal in Vijay
* Vijay TV Jodi no.1 dance show
* Maanada Mayilaada - Dance show in Kalaingar TV.
* Dil Dil Manathil in Kalaignar TV
* Ethirneechchal
* Amul Super Kudumbam a variety show series in Sun TV
* Yazhini by Sundar K Vijayan - a tele film released in UK
* Veedu manaivi makkal a family reality show on celebrities.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=6340761|name=Sai Prashanth}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prashanth, Sai}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Suicides by poison]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:2016 suicides]]
[[Category:Artists who died by suicide]]

Mayang (term)

2026-01-01T02:53:46Z

4Eileen59m: added the stub basic info

{{about|a derogatory term used to denote non-[[Meitei people|Meiteis]] in [[Manipur]]|the Chinese county in [[Hunan Province]]|Mayang Miao Autonomous County|the Manipuri ethnic group of Indo-Aryan descent|Bishnupriya Manipuri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

'''Mayang''' is a term used by [[Manipur|Manipuri]] in [[Manipur]] to refer to non-Manipuri Indians, especially [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] speakers and [[Bengali people]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sipra |title=Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography |date=1992 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788170993100 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gluhovic |first1=Milija |last2=Menon |first2=Jisha |title=Performing the Secular: Religion, Representation, and Politics |date=14 September 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137496089 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdo1DwAAQBAJ |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref> Historically the term denoted [[Bishnupriya Manipuri people|Bishnupriya Manipuris]] and Bengalis,<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Sanajaoba |editor1-first=Naorem |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization, Volume 4 |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788170998532 |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref> who are considered by [[Meitei people|Meiteis]] to be outsiders. The term later casually denoted 'foreigner' during the militancy in Manipur, which encompassed Indians from outside the state.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Bhanjdeo |first=Akshita Manjari |date=2015 |title=India and Its Northeast Exception: From Frontier to Forefront |type=Senior Project |page=29 |publisher=Bard College |url=https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1290&context=senproj_s2015 |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2023}} Indians in general and Bengalis in particular became the targets of attacks. According to journalist [[Kishalay Bhattacharjee]], the term is synonymous to [[Dkhar]] in [[Meghalaya]].<ref name="bhattacharjee2013">{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Kishalay |title=Che in Paona Bazar |date=11 April 2013 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |location=New Delhi |isbn=9781447247418 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMA7Ve2-VuIC |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref>

== Usage ==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2025}}
The term is used for people who are not from Manipuri and means foreigner in Manipuri dialect.

=== Kwak Mayang ===
[[File:House crow near Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|House crow near Chandigarh.]]

The ''Corvus splendens'' or [[House crow|Indian crow]] is known as Mayang Kwak in Meitei. The Meiteis maintain that the Indian crow is not native to Manipur. As it arrived from the west, it is known as Mayang Kwak, literally meaning 'foreign crow' or 'western crow'. Australian dancer [[Louise Lightfoot]] recorded in her memoir a popular game among the Meitei children called 'Kwak Mayang'.

=== Mayang Hallo ===
Militants raised the violent war cry, 'Mayang Hallo!', literally meaning 'Foreigners go back!'<ref name="quint02072018">{{cite web |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Shubho Shekhar |title=Born to Unbelong in India and That's the Way I Like It |url=https://www.thequint.com/my-report/born-to-unbelong-my-report |website=The Quint |access-date=19 October 2019 |date=2 July 2018}}</ref> The influx of people from elsewhere in India was perceived to be a threat to the indigenous population.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.News_Links.News_Links_2012.Influx_affecting_demography_of_Manipur_20120305 | title=Influx affecting demography of Manipur 20120305 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dkhar]]
* [[Bongal]]
* [[Malaun]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Ethnic slurs}}

[[Category:Ethnic and religious slurs]]
[[Category:Racism in India]]
[[Category:Hate speech]]
[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Persecution of Bengali Hindus]]

Bhojasar, Barmer

2025-11-20T05:58:55Z

4Eileen59m: put up new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Other uses|Bhojasar (disambiguation){{!}}Bhojasar}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhojasar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|25.825|N|71.800|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barmer district|Barmer]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_m = 224
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 1343
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 344034
| area_code = 91-2986
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| registration_plate = RJ-04
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barmer district|Barmer]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = 44–46 °C
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Baytu]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{convert|13|km|mi}} ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|44|km|mi}} ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = −2 °C
}}
'''Bhojasar''' is a village within the [[Baytu]] [[Tehsil|administrative region]] of [[Barmer district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The village lies {{Convert|13|km}} south of [[Baytu]] and {{Convert|44|km}} east from district headquarter [[Barmer district|Barmer]].

The {{convert|1213|hectare|km2}} village has an overall population of about 1343.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojasar Village Population - Baytoo - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87203-bhojasar-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1077/download/3322/DH_2011_0817_PART_B_DCHB_BARMER.pdf |title=Census of India 2011: DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS |year=2011 |pages=134 |language=en-IN}}</ref> This village is in [[Thar Desert]] reason and there is another village in [[Jaisalmer district]] with [[Bhojasar, Jaisalmer|same name]] which is about {{Convert|200|km}} far.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Barmer district]]

{{Rajasthan-geo-stub}}

Baddam

2025-11-19T12:00:51Z

4Eileen59m:

'''Baddam''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: బద్దం) is a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] surname. Notable people the this surname include:

* [[Baddam Bal Reddy]] (1945–2019), Indian politician
* [[Baddam Narsimha Reddy]] (1936–2017), Indian politician
* [[Baddam Yella Reddy]] (1906–1979), Indian politician

{{surname}}
[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]

K. P. Joseph Kalarickal

2025-11-15T15:48:14Z

4Eileen59m: created basic pg w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = K.P Joseph Kalarickal
| birth_date =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = Kerala
| occupation = [[Novelist]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma_mater = [[University of Kerala]]
| genre = [[Biography]]
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| children = Francis Kalarickal, Jerry George Kalarickal, Anna Anthony<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article167942.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113142212/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article167942.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2013 |title=Sree Guru Narayana in a new light|work=New Indian Express |author=K.P Joseph |date=9 December 2010 }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.kpjoseph.com}}
}}
'''K.P Joseph Kalarickal''' is an Indian writer of books such as ''Gospel of Guru Sree Narayana'', ''Notes on the era and other poems'', Hormis: legend of a great banker with passion for development: biography of K.P. Hormis, founder of [[Federal Bank]], ''Bishop Jonas Thaliath of Rajkot: a biography''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article167942.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113142212/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article167942.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2013 |title=Sree Guru Narayana in a new light|work=New Indian Express |author=K.P Joseph |date=9 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.epw.in/authors/kp-joseph|title=K.P Joseph Economic & Political Weekly|date=1998-02-14|work=Economic&Political Weekly|access-date=2014-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2005079080/|title=K.P Joseph Profile World Cat|work=World Cat Identities|access-date=2014-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.angusrobertson.com.au/book/hormis-legend-of-a-great-banker-with-passion-for-development-biography-of-k.p.-hormis-founder-of-federal-bank/6458487/|title=Hormis: Legend of a Great Banker with Passion for Development: Biography of K.P. Hormis, Founder of Federal Bank|work=Angus & Robertson|access-date=2014-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fishpond.com.au/Books/Hormis-K-P-Joseph/9788126411177|title=Legend of a Great Banker with Passion for Development: Biography of K.P. Hormis, Founder of Federal Bank|work=Fishpond|access-date=2014-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808035827/http://www.fishpond.com.au/Books/Hormis-K-P-Joseph/9788126411177|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/hormis-legend-of-a-great-banker-with-passion-for-development-biography-of-k-p-hormis-founder-of-federal-bank-8126411171 | title=Legend of a Great Banker with Passion for Development: Biography of K.P. Hormis, Founder of Federal Bank|work=Chegg|access-date=2014-08-07}}</ref>

He was born in the temple town of Aluva on 5 March 1930 in an orthodox Christian family and many of his books are derived from his personal experiences. An MA graduate from the University of Kerala, he has worked as a Consultant FAO of the United Nations. He also worked for Cochin Shipyard and retired as Chief Manager Finance and Management Services.<ref name="author_website">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kpjoseph.com/php/story.php|title=K.P Joseph Kalarickal|access-date=30 July 2014|archive-date=18 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718141645/http://www.kpjoseph.com/php/story.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* ''Gospel of Guru Sree Narayana''<ref>{{Cite web | title=Gospel of Guru Sree Narayana (Livre, 2003) [WorldCat.org] | url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/gospel-of-guru-sree-narayana/oclc/62153282&referer=brief_results | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808114603/http://www.worldcat.org/title/gospel-of-guru-sree-narayana/oclc/62153282&referer=brief_results | access-date=2025-11-15 | archive-date=2014-08-08}}</ref>
* ''Hormis: legend of a great banker with passion for development : biography of K.P. Hormis, founder of Federal Bank''<ref>{{Cite web | title=Hormis : legend of a great banker with passion for development : biography of K.P. Hormis, founder of Federal Bank (圖書, 2005) [WorldCat.org] | url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/hormis-legend-of-a-great-banker-with-passion-for-development-biography-of-kp-hormis-founder-of-federal-bank/oclc/071584261 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719161553/http://www.worldcat.org/title/hormis-legend-of-a-great-banker-with-passion-for-development-biography-of-kp-hormis-founder-of-federal-bank/oclc/071584261 | access-date=2025-11-15 | archive-date=2014-07-19}}</ref>
* ''Notes on the era and other poems''<ref>{{Cite web | title=Notes on the era and other poems (Livre, 1973) [WorldCat.org] | url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/notes-on-the-era-and-other-poems/oclc/1659455&referer=brief_results | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808114626/http://www.worldcat.org/title/notes-on-the-era-and-other-poems/oclc/1659455&referer=brief_results | access-date=2025-11-15 | archive-date=2014-08-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalarickal, K. P. Joseph}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:Writers from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

George Cockerill (British Army officer)

2025-10-29T01:02:56Z

4Eileen59m: minor edit

{{Short description|British politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sir George Cockerill
| image = George K. Cockerill.jpg
| caption = Sir George Cockerill in 1919, photographed by [[Walter Stoneman]]
| constituency_MP = Reigate
| term_start = 14 December 1918
| term_end = 7 October 1931
| predecessor = [[Richard Hamilton Rawson]]
| successor = [[Gordon Touche]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1867|8|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Newquay]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1957|4|19|1867|8|13|df=y}}
| death_place=
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]

| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1888–1919
| rank = [[Brigadier-General]]
| unit = [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)]]
| commands = [[7th (Extra Reserve) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers]]
| battles = [[Hazara Expedition of 1888]] [[Chitral Expedition]] [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]] [[Second Boer War]] [[First World War]]
| mawards= [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
}}
[[Brigadier-General]] '''Sir George Kynaston Cockerill''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|CB}} (13 August 1867 – 19 April 1957)<ref name="rayment">{{Rayment-hc|r|1|date=March 2012}}</ref> was a [[British Army]] officer and a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician.

==Career==
Cockerill was born in [[Newquay]].<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-sir-george-cockerill-2004/154421856/|title=Sir George Cockerill|newspaper=The Guardian|date=April 20, 1957|page=4|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was the son of [[Surgeon-General (United Kingdom)|Surgeon-General]] Robert William Cockerill, and his wife Clara Sandys, daughter of Major-General Charles Pooley.<ref name="debrett-1922">{{cite book|last=Hesilridge|first=Arthur G. M.|title=Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1922|url=https://archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1922londuoft#page/35/mode/1up|year=1922|publisher=Dean & Son|location=London|page=35}}</ref>

He joined the [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)]] in February 1888, was promoted to a [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 26 June 1889, and served in the [[Hazara Expedition]] in 1891.<ref name="debrett-1922" /> From 1892 to 1895 he explored the eastern [[Hindu Kush]], for which he won the [[MacGregor Medal|MacGregor Memorial medal]] and was a gold medallist of the [[Royal United Services Institute]] in India. He served with the [[Chitral Relief Force]] in 1895, on the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]] of India from 1897 to 1898, and was promoted to [[Captain (BARM)|captain]] (supernumerary) on 11 February 1899. He was a [[staff officer]] in the [[Second Boer War]] from 1900 to 1902, serving as deputy assistant adjutant general for communications from February 1900.<ref name="debrett-1922" /> For his war service, he was [[mentioned in despatches]] (dated 8 April 1902)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 27443 |pages=3967–3974 |date= 17 June 1902 }}</ref> and received [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] promotion to [[Major (British Army)|major]] in the South African Honours list published on 26 June 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 27448 |supp=y |pages=4191–4194 |date= 26 June 1902}}</ref> Following the end of the war, he received a regular commission as a captain in the 4th battalion [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]] in August 1902,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27460|page=4965|date=1 August 1902}}</ref> and left [[Cape Town]] on the SS ''Norman'' two months later to join his battalion at Dublin.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Army in South Africa – Troops returning home |date=22 October 1902 |page=9 |issue=36905| }}</ref> In 1907 he became a [[Major (rank)|major]] in the [[Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)]], and retired in 1910.<ref name="debrett-1922" /> In retirement he served in the [[Special Reserve]] and in April 1914 was promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-colonel]] to command the [[7th (Extra Reserve) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers]].<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28818/page/2882 ''London Gazette'', 3 April 1914.]</ref>

At the [[December 1910 United Kingdom general election|December 1910 general election]] Cockerill stood unsuccessfully as the Conservative candidate in the [[Thornbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Thornbury division]] of [[Gloucestershire]].<ref name="craig1885-1918">{{cite book|last=Craig|first=F. W. S.|authorlink= F. W. S. Craig|title=British parliamentary election results 1885–1918|orig-date=1974|edition= 2nd|year=1989|publisher= Parliamentary Research Services|location=Chichester|isbn= 0-900178-27-2|page=287}}</ref> He was British technical delegate at the [[Second Hague Conference]] in 1907.<ref name="debrett-1922" /> At the outbreak of the [[First World War]] he mobilised the 7th Royal Fusiliers<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/royalfusiliersin00onei/royalfusiliersin00onei_djvu.txt H.C. O’Neill, ''The Royal Fusiliers in the Great War'', London: Heinemann, 1922, p. 9.]</ref> and then served in the [[War Office]], first as Sub-Director of Military Operations, then as [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom)|Deputy Director of Military Intelligence]] and Director of Special Intelligence with the rank of [[brigadier-general]].<ref name="debrett-1922" /> He received many honours for his wartime work, including being made a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] in 1916.<ref name="debrett-1922" />

At the [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918 general election]] Cockerill was elected unopposed<ref name="craig1918-1949">{{cite book|last=Craig|first=F. W. S.|authorlink= F. W. S. Craig|title=British parliamentary election results 1918–1949|orig-date=1969|edition=3rd|year=1983|publisher= Parliamentary Research Services|location=Chichester|isbn= 0-900178-06-X|page=479}}</ref> as the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the [[Reigate (UK Parliament constituency)|Reigate division]] of [[Surrey]], having stood as a [[Coalition Conservative]]. He was returned unopposed in [[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]] and in [[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923]], and re-elected with large majorities in [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924]] and [[1929 United Kingdom general election|1929]].<ref name="craig1918-1949" /> He retired from the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] at the [[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931 general election]],<ref name="craig1918-1949" /> having been [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[King's Birthday Honours]] in 1926.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 33179|date=2 July 1926|page=4402}}</ref>

==Animal welfare==

Cockerill advocated for [[animal welfare]] and as a member of Parliament was instrumental in securing passage of the Performing Animals (Regulation) Act 1925.<ref name="The Guardian"/> He was honorary director of the [[International League for the Protection of Horses]] in 1939.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.findmypast.co.uk/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000748%2F19390330&page=6 |title=Care of Pets in Crisis a Problem for R.S.P.C.A.|newspaper=The Leeds Mercury|date=March 30, 1939|page=6}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.findmypast.co.uk/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000619%2F19390505&page=15 |title=The Horseshoe Ball|newspaper=The Birmingham Post |date=May 5, 1939|page=15}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
*Sir George Cockerill. "Pioneer Exploration in Hunza and Chitral". The Himalayan Journal. Vol. 11. 1939. 14–41.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Hansard-contribs | brigadier-general-sir-george-cockerill | George Cockerill }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Richard Hamilton Rawson]] }}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Reigate (UK Parliament constituency)|Reigate]]
| years = [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]] – [[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931]]
}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Sir Gordon Touche, 1st Baronet|Gordon Touche]] }}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cockerill, George Kynaston}}

[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army brigadiers]]
[[Category:British Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:English animal welfare workers]]
[[Category:Explorers of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Queen's Royal Regiment officers]]
[[Category:People from Newquay]]
[[Category:Recipients of the MacGregor Medal]]
[[Category:Royal Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1918–1922]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1922–1923]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1923–1924]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1924–1929]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1929–1931]]

Simhana

2025-10-26T07:57:03Z

4Eileen59m: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = File:A virgal (herostone) in Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.JPG
| caption = [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna]] victory stone dated to the reign of Simhana<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=Benjamin Lewis |title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Inscriptions in Shimoga District |volume=8 |others=Part 2 |publisher=Mysore Government Central Press |year=1904 |location=Mysore |pages=5, 44, 90 |chapter=List of Inscriptions by Chronological Order; Translations, Sorab Taluq; Text of Inscriptions in Roman Characters}}</ref>

| name = Simhana
| title = Yadava-narayana, Paramabhattaraka, Parameshvara, Maharajadhiraja
| succession = King of [[Devagiri]]
| reign = 1200/1210-1246
| dynasty = [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna (Yadava)]]
| predecessor = [[Jaitugi|Jaitugi I]]
| successor = [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]]
| birth_date = c. 1186
| death_date = 1246
| father = [[Jaitugi I]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list |Jehadevi|Kavaladevi}}
| issue = {{ubl|Yuvraj Jaitugi II (father of [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]] and [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva]])|}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Simhana''' ([[IAST]]: Siṃhaṇa, also transliterated as '''Singhana'''; r. c. 1210-1246 was the most powerful ruler of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region of India. He expanded his kingdom to the south at the expense of the [[Hoysalas]], and fought the [[Chaulukya]]s and the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]]s for the control of the [[Lata (region)|Lata]] region in the north. He also defeated the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras of Malwa]], the [[Shilahara#Kolhapur branch|Shilaharas of Kolhapur]] and the [[Ratta dynasty|Rattas of Belgaum]]. His generals subjugated several insubordinate feudatory chiefs, and the Yadava territory reached its greatest extent during his reign.

== Early life ==

Simhana, whose name is also transliterated as Singhana, was the son of his predecessor [[Jaitugi]]. His birth was believed to have been the result of the blessings of the goddess [[Narasimhi]] of Parnakheta. Therefore, he was named after this goddess.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=531}}

It is not clear when Simhana ascended the throne. Jaitgui's last known inscription is dated 1196, and Simhana's earliest known inscription is dated 1197. However, other inscriptions variously suggest that Simhana ascended the throne in 1200, 1207 or 1210. Two [[Kandagallu|Kandagal]] inscriptions, dated 1208 and 1220, are stated to have been issued in the 8th and 20th year of his reign respectively, thus suggesting that he ascended the throne in 1200. A third inscription from the same place suggests that he ascended the throne in 1210. The Kallaru stone inscription suggests that he ascended the throne in 1208–09. The Elavata, Kadkal and Kuppataru inscriptions suggest another date for his ascension. Simhana had definitely not ascended the throne in 1197, because Jaitugi is known to have appointed the [[Kakatiya]] ruler Ganapati as his vassal in 1198.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=531}}

Historian [[A. S. Altekar]] theorizes that Simhana was formally associated with his father's administration as the [[heir apparent]] (''yuvaraja'') after 1200, which may explain why some inscriptions date his ascension as early as 1200. According to Altekar, Jaitugi most probably continued to rule until 1210, when Simhana succeeded him as the king.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=531}}

On the other hand, [[T. V. Mahalingam]] theorizes that Simhana was crowned as his father's successor in 1200, and had a second coronation in 1210 to mark his conquest of the [[Hoysala]] territories. According to Mahalingam, the inscriptions that suggest an earlier date (e.g. 1200) for Simhana's coronation were found in the northern part of his kingdom. On the other hand, the inscriptions that place his coronation in 1210 were found in the southern part of his kingdom (that is, south of the [[Malaprabha River]]). A 1226-27 inscription discovered at Doni in the southern region states that sixteen years had passed since Simhana's entry in the area (''nadu''). This suggests that Simhana conquered this southern region in c. 1210, and therefore, the inscriptions found in this region count his reign from that year.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}}

== Military career ==

=== Kakatiyas ===

Some later inscriptions, such as those discovered at Chikka Sakuna and Munoli, state that Simhana beheaded the king of [[Telangana|Telanga]], and placed another person on the empty throne. This suggests that he participated in his father's campaign against the [[Kakatiya]]s.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}} As a result of these campaigns, the Kakatiya king [[Mahadeva (Kakatiya dynasty)|Mahadeva]] was killed, and Mahadeva's son Ganapati was installed on the throne as a Yadava vassal.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=529}}

Ganapati maintained cordial relations with Simhana.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=147}} During the first half of his reign, Ganapati only assumed the titles of a feudatory chief. A 1228 inscription of Ganapati claims that he defeated the [[Lata (region)|Latas]]. This suggests that he accompanied the Simhana's forces during their expedition in the Lata region of present-day southern Gujarat ([[#Lata, Chaulukyas and Vaghelas|see below]]). During the second half of his reign, Ganapati seems to have assumed an independent status. However, Simhana was an old man by this time, and remained busy with his expeditions in Gujarat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=538}} Ganapati also avoided adopting an aggressive attitude towards the Yadavas, having spent the early part of his life in their captivity. Therefore, no major conflict happened between these two kings.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=539}}

=== Hoysalas ===

Simhana's grandfather [[Bhillama V]] had suffered a humiliating defeat against the [[Hoysala]] king [[Veera Ballala II|Ballala II]] at [[Soratur]]. The Yadavas decided to avenge this defeat by invading the Hoysala-controlled territory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}} Simhana's inscriptions discovered in the region to the south of the [[Malaprabha River]] are dated as early as 1202, which suggests that the Yadavas had made inroads into this area by this time.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}} A 1206 inscription shows that by that year, the Yadavas had conquered a part of the present-day [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]], and placed it under their general Keshavadeva. By 1212, they had penetrated into the present-day [[Anantpur district|Anantapur]], [[Bellary district|Bellary]], [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]], and [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]] districts, as attested by their inscriptions discovered in these areas. By 1213, they had annexed most of the present-day [[Dharwad district]], as shown by an inscription discovered at [[Gadag]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}} The Gadag, [[Paithan]], and [[Tilavalli|Tiluvalli]] inscriptions state that Simhana defeated Ballala.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}}

The [[Ratta dynasty|Rattas of Saundatti]], who formerly acknowledged the Hoysala suzerainty, switched their allegiance to Simhana, and helped him in expanding the Yadava power southwards.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}} Sometime before 1215, the Yadavas captured [[Banavasi]], and Simhana's confidant Sarvadhikarin Mayideva was appointed as its governor.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}} In 1222, he was succeeded by Vanka Ravata, an officer from [[Karad]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}} By 1220, Simhana had completed his conquest of the area to the north of the [[Tungabhadra River]]. The Hoysalas were busy at their southern frontier with the [[Pandya kingdom|Pandyas]], which worked in Simhana's favour.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}}

=== Shilaharas of Kolhapur ===

In 1216, Simhana launched an expedition against the [[Shilahara#Kolhapur branch|Kohalpur Shilahara]] king [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]]. Taking advantage of the conflict between the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Chalukyas]], the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuris]], the Yadavas, and the Hoysalas, Bhoja had assumed imperial titles. By 1187, he called himself the [[Vikramaditya|Vikrama]] of the [[Kaliyuga]]. By 1205, even his protégé Somadeva had assumed imperial titles such as Paramabhattaraka ("Supreme Overlord"), Rajadhiraja ("King of kings"), and Paschima-chakravarti ("the western [[Chakravartin|Chakravarti]]"). While the Yadavas were engaged in their campaign against the Hoysalas during 1210–1215, Bhoja seems to have attacked their kingdom. As a result, Simhana invaded the Shilahara territory, and defeated Bhoja, who fled to [[Panhala fort|Panhala]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=533}}

A Yadava inscription states that Simhana was "an eagle who caused the serpent in the form of the mighty ruler Bhoja, hiding in the fort of Panhala, to take a flight." This suggests that Bhoja, who was already an old man by this time, had to flee from Panhala. Nothing is known about the ultimate fate of Bhoja or his son Gandaraditya.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=533}}

Epigraphic evidence suggests that the Shilahara kingdom, including the capital [[Kolhapur]], was annexed to the Yadava kingdom.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=533}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}} This annexation seems to have taken place before 1217, as a 1217 inscription found in the Shimoga district describes Simhana as a ''[[vajra]]'' (thunderbolt) to the Panhala fort. A 1218 inscription found at Kolhapur records the construction of a gate before the [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Ambabai temple]] by Simhana's officer Tailana.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=533}}

=== Paramaras ===

[[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s, the northern neighbours of the Yadavas, ruled the [[Malwa]] region. In the past, Simhana's grandfather Bhillama had raided their territories. Simhana's contemporary Paramara king [[Arjunavarman]] married the Hoysala princess Sarvakala, who was probably a daughter of granddaughter of the Hoysala king Ballala. Simhana's invasion of the Hoysala territory appears to have led to a fresh conflict between the Paramaras and the Yadavas.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=534}}

Simhana invaded the Paramara kingdom in 1215, and according to the later Yadava court poet [[Hemadri]], this invasion resulted in the defeat and death of Arjunavarman. The veracity of Hemadri's claim is doubtful, as the 1222 Bahal inscription mentions Arjunavarman's defeat, but not his death.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=534}} The [[Tilavalli|Tiluvalli]] inscription also states that Simhana humbled the lord of Malwa.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}}

=== Lata, Chaulukyas and Vaghelas ===
{{Main|Yadava invasion of Lata}}
The [[Chaulukya]] king [[Bhima II]] ruled the present-day [[Gujarat]], located to the north-west of the Yadava territory. Simha, the [[Chauhan Dynasty|Chahamana]] ruler of the [[Lata (region)|Lata]] region in southern Gujarat, was originally a Chaulukya feudatory, but had later shifted his allegiance to the Paramaras. After Simhana's victory over the Paramaras, he found himself in a tough situation, and re-accepted the Chaulukya suzerainty.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=534}} The Chaulukya chronicle ''Kirti-Kaumudi'' states that the Chaulukya general Lavanaprasada (of [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela family]]) forced Simhana to retreat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=534-535}}

In 1220, Simhana sent a stronger army to Lata. This army was led by his general Kholeshvara, who held the fief of the neighbouring [[Khandesh]] and [[Vidarbha]] regions. At this time, the Chaulukya throne had been seized by an usurper named Jayantasimha, and therefore, the Chaulukyas were unable to help Simha. According to ''Hammira-mada-mardana'', Simha and his brother Sindhuraja died fighting the Yadavas.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=535}} The 1228 [[Ambajogai|Ambe]] inscription of Kholeshvara describes his victory, and also mentions that Simha was killed in the battle.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=535-536}} Sindhuraja's son Shankha (alias Sangramasimha) was taken prisoner by the Yadavas.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=535}} Simhana later released Shankha, and allowed him to rule Lata as a Yadava feudatory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=536}}

Shankha remained loyal to Simhana in the later years. Meanwhile, the Chaulukya general Lavanaprasada invaded Lata, and captured the important port city of [[Khambhat]]. The Chaulukya minister [[Vastupala]] was appointed as its governor in 1219. Sometime later, while the Chaulukya forces were busy suppressing a revolt in the [[Marwar]] region, Shankha attacked [[Bharuch]], but was forced to retreat by Vastupala. Subsequently, he launched another invasion of the Chaulukya kingdom with Simhana's assistance. The ''Kirti-Kaumudi'' attests that this invasion caused a massive panic in Gujarat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=536}} The exact details of this invasion have been obscured by the various poetic legends, none of which give a date for it.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=536-537}} According to these legends, Shankha convinced Simhana and the Paramara king [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]] to send a joint expedition to Gujarat. Simhana's force was led by Kholeshvara, and Shankha himself led one of the invading armies.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=536}} Lavanaprasada resolved the threat by creating a rift between the invading allies. One of his spies stole Devapala's favourite horse, and another spy gave it to Shankha claiming that it was a gift from Devapala. Meanwhile, a forged letter was made to fall in Simhana's hands: in this letter, Devapala had purportedly assured Shankha that he would attack Simhana's army in Gujarat, and had also urged him to kill Simhana to avenge his father's death. This letter convinced Simhana that Shankha and Devapala were conspiring against him.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=537}}

It appears that Simhana withdrew from the planned invasion, and the Chaulukya-Yadava conflict came to end in c. 1232 with a peace treaty. Historian [[A. S. Altekar]] speculates that Simhana must have received considerable wealth for agreeing to this peace treaty, in addition to the confirmation of his protectorate over the Lata region. The 13th century text ''[[Lekhapaddhati]]'', which provides specimens for different types of letters, includes a text of the peace treaty between Lavanaprasada and Simhana. However, this appears to be a specimen rather than a true historical document.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=537}}

In the 1240s, Lavanaprasada's grandson Visaladeva usurped the power in Gujarat, and became a monarch. During his reign, Simhana's forces invaded Gujarat unsuccessfully. Simhana's general Rama (a son of Kholeshvara) was killed in this campaign.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=146}}

The Yadavas' conflict with Gujarat ultimately weakened both the kingdoms, and paved way for the Muslim conquest of these kingdoms half a century after Simhana's death.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=539}}

=== Southern feudatories ===

The [[Ratta dynasty|Ratta]] chiefs ruled a small principality in the present-day [[Belgaum district]], and kept shifting their allegiance between the dominant imperial powers of the region. Sometime during 1228–1238, Simhana's general Bichana appears to have conquered the Ratta principality. The last Ratta ruler was Lakshmideva II, and he is last known to have ruled in 1228. By 1238, Bichana ruled the former Ratta territory as a feudatory of Simhana.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=538}}

Bichana also subdued other chiefs, such as the Guttas of [[Dharwad]], the [[Kadambas of Hangal]], and the [[Kadambas of Goa]]. These chiefs kept shifting their allegiance between the Hoysalas and the Yadavas, and tried to become independent whenever presented with an opportunity. Bichana inflicted severe punishments on these chiefs for their insubordination. In 1237, the Gutta chief rebelled against Simhana, and even raided the Yadava territory. Simhana sent a 30,000-strong cavalry against him: this army captured the Gutti fort.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=538}}

=== Other victories ===

The Yadava records contain exaggerated accounts of Simhana's other victories. For example, one inscription states that Simhana was:{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}}

{{cquote|a moon to the lotus Bhoja, an axe to the forest of Arjuna, a furious storm blast to the feeble crowd of the [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]]s, a thunderbolt on the mountain [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], a [[Rama]] to that [[Pulastya]] the [[Chola]], a Shiva to the [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] [[halahala|poison]], the bestower of new widowhood on the dames of the lord of the horse... a river raging flood in dashing upon the massive bank Ballala, a conqueror of Vihansaraja.}}

The court poet [[Hemadri]] mentions that Simhana captured the elephant force of King Jajalla, and ended the sovereignty of King Kakkula. The name Jajalla sounds like that of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Ratnapura Kalachuri]] rulers of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]], but no king named Jajalla was a contemporary of Simhana. The last known ruler bearing this name was Jajalla II, who had died by 1170. The name Kakkula sounds like that of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Tripuri Kalachuri]] rulers, but the last king with a similar name was Kokalla II, who had died around 200 years before Simhana's ascension.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=540}} It is possible that these victories refer to Simhana's successes in occasional clashes with local chiefs at his north-eastern frontier. His armies may have penetrated their territories, as suggested by the discoveries of a few coins of Simhana in Chhattisgarh.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=541}} Historian [[A. S. Altekar]] notes that a king named Kakakla is known to have ruled a part of southern Karnataka, and wonders if this king is Hemadri's Kakkula.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=540}}

A 1206 [[Patnadevi|Patan]] inscription claims that the kings of [[Mathura]] and [[Varanasi]] had felt the menace of the Yadava power. The accuracy of these claims is doubtful, as they are not supported by any historical evidence. The [[Ambajogai|Ambe]] inscription states that Simhana defeated king Ramapala of Varanasi, but no such king is known to have ruled Varanasi during Simhana's reign. At best, it is possible that Simhana defeated some local chiefs who claimed to be descendants of the former rulers of Mathura and Varanasi. These kings may have described themselves as the lords of Mathura and Varanasi, just like the Simhana's family claimed descent from the [[Yadavas|ancient Yadavas]] and claimed to have ruled their ancient capital [[Dvārakā|Dvaravati]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=540}}

The 1206 Patan inscription also claims that an obscure general of Simhana defeated a Muslim ruler. This claim is also doubtful, and at best, Simhana's army may have faced a frontier skirmish with a Muslim army during one of its expeditions in Malwa or Gujarat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=540}}

Some Yadava inscriptions also credit Simhana and his generals (Kholeshvara, Rama and Bichana) with victories in other parts of India. According to these inscriptions, Simhana or his generals defeated the kings of [[Panchala]], [[Nepala]], [[Anga]], [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] (or [[Vengi]]), [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], [[Chera dynasty|Chera]], [[Pallava]], and [[Sindhu Kingdom|Sindhu]]. These conventional poetic claims seem to be purely imaginary, and there is no evidence of the Yadava army having penetrated these distant regions.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=541}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}} At best, Pallava here may refer to [[Kopperunchinga I|Kopperunchinga]], whose [[Kadava dynasty|Kadava]] dynasty was related to the ancient [[Pallava]]s.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}}

== Territorial extent ==
{{See also|Simhana's Southern Expansion}}
[[File:Devagiri Seuna Yadavas , 13th Century CE.png|thumb|320px|right|Map of the Yadavas at their greatest territorial extent, during the reign of Simhana.]]
Simhana is regarded as the greatest ruler of his dynasty.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}} The Yadava kingdom reached its greatest extent during his reign. In the north, it probably extended up to the [[Narmada River]]. In the south, his kingdom extended up to the [[Tungabhadra River]], and included [[Belavanaki|Belvola]] and [[Banavasi]]. In the west, it touched the [[Arabian Sea]], and in the east, it included the western part of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]]: Simhana's inscriptions have been discovered in the present-day [[Anantpur district|Anantapur]] and [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] districts.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=147}}

Simhana consolidated the Yadava rule in the newly annexed territories by posting his trusted lieutenants there.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}} At his northern frontier, he assigned the fiefs of [[Khandesh]] and [[Vidarbha]] to his general Kholeshvara. At his southern frontier, he assigned the fief of southern Karnataka to his general Bichana.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=147}}

Kholeshvara was born to a [[Brahmin]] named Trivikrama, but adopted a warrior role, and defeated several small chiefs in the Vidarbha and Khandesh regions. These chiefs included Lakshmideva of Bhambhagiri (modern [[Bhamer Dhule|Bhamer]]), Hemadri of Khandesh, and Bhoja of Chanda (in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]). Since Kholeshvara came from a Brahmin family, he appears to have had a soft corner for the Brahmins, as suggest by his establishments of a number of [[agrahara]] (Brahmin settlements).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=541}}

Bichana, the son of Chikkadeva, was born in a [[Vaishya]] family.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=541}} He played an important role in the anti-Hoysala campaigns, and one of his inscriptions claims that he advanced as far as the [[Kaveri River]], where he set up a victory pillar.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=542}} He succeeded Jagadala Purushottama-deva as Simhana's viceroy in the southern part of the Yadava kingdom, in 1230.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=541}}

== Cultural activities ==

The authorship of ''[[Sangita Ratnakara|Sangita-ratnakara]]'', a work on music, is attributed to Simhana's court poet [[Śārṅgadeva|Sharanga-deva]]. A commentary on this work is attributed to Simhana himself.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=147}} It is not certain if Simhana actually wrote this commentary, or if he was the patron of its actual author.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=542}}

Simhana's courtiers included two noted astronomers: Anantadeva and Changadeva. Anantadeva wrote commentaries on [[Brahmagupta]]'s ''[[Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta|Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta]]'' and [[Varahamihira]]'s ''[[Brihat Jataka|Brihat-jataka]]''. Changadeva established a college of astronomy in [[Patnadevi|Patana]] town of Khandesh region, in the memory of his grandfather [[Bhaskara II|Bhaskaracharya]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=542}}

== Last days ==

Simhana had two wives, named Jeha-devi and Kavala-devi. His son Jaitugi II (not to be confused with his father [[Jaitugi|Jaitugi I]]) is known to have been the ''yuvaraja'' (heir apparent) in 1229, but he probably died before Simhana.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}} Therefore, Simhana was succeeded by his grandson [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=543}}

According to [[A. S. Altekar]], Krishna's inscriptions suggest that 2 November 1248 fell in the second year of his reign, while 25 December 1248 fell in the third year of his reign. Therefore, Altekar concludes that Simhana most probably died in either November of December 1246, when Krishna succeeded him.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=543}}

According to [[T. V. Mahalingam]] (1957), there are at least six inscriptions which suggest that Simhana ruled at least until October 1247. Some Yadava inscriptions suggest that Krishna was ruling in March 1246. This indicates that Krishna was associated Simhana's administration since at least 1246, and succeeded him in the last quarter of 1247.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=VIII: Yādavas of Seuṇadeśa |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/531155 |oclc=59001459 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828105828/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/531155 |archive-date=2016-08-28 }}
* {{cite book |author=T. V. Mahalingam |author-link=T. V. Mahalingam |chapter=The Seunas of Devagiri |editor=R. S. Sharma |editor-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
{{refend}}

{{Seuna (Yadava) dynasty}}

[[Category:Seuna (Yadava) kings]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

2017 elections in India

2025-10-01T10:42:08Z

4Eileen59m: updated page

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2016 elections in India
| previous_year = 2016
| election_date = 2017
| next_election = 2018 elections in India
| next_year = 2018
}}
The elections in [[India]] in 2017 include the seven [[Legislative Assembly elections in India|state legislative assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/upcoming-elections-in-india.html|title=Upcoming Elections in India|work=Elections.in|access-date=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114083907/http://www.elections.in/upcoming-elections-in-india.html|archive-date=November 14, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/default.aspx|title=Elections in India – A Comparative Analysis of Parliamentary (Lok Sabha) & State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election|work=Electionsinindia.com|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602013049/http://www.electionsinindia.com/default.aspx|archive-date=June 2, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Maps ==
{|
|- style="text-align:top"
![[File:India PB.svg|link=[[:File:India PB]].svg|alt=04 February 2017|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]]]
![[File:India UP.svg|link=[[:File:India UP]].svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]]]
![[File:India UK.svg|link=[[:File:India UK]].svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]]]
![[File:India MN.svg|link=[[:File:India MN]].svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]]]
|-
![[File:India GA.svg|link=[[:File:India GA]].svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]]]
![[File:India GJ.svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]]]
![[File:India HP.svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]]]
|}

== State legislatures ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Date(s)
! State/UT
! colspan="2" |Government Before
! Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" | Government After
! Elected Chief Minister
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4 February 2017
| rowspan="2" | [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Amarinder Singh]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 4 February 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]]
| rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Laxmikant Parsekar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Manohar Parrikar]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Goa Forward Party}}"|
|[[Goa Forward Party]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 15 February 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Uttarakhand]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Harish Rawat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 11 February 2017 to 9 March 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
| rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Samajwadi Party]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}"|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}"|
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 4 March 2017 & 8 March 2017
| rowspan="4" | [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]]
| rowspan="4" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" |
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|-
| 9 November 2017
| [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Jai Ram Thakur]]
|-
| 9 December 2017 & 14 December 2017
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Vijay Rupani]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Vijay Rupani]]
|}

== Presidential election ==
{{Main|2017 Indian presidential election}}
A presidential election was held in India on 17 July 2017 before the term of the [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] ended. [[Ram Nath Kovind]] was declared the winner after the counting of votes which was held on 20 July 2017.<ref name=Rediff>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/president-of-india-kovind-vs-meira/20170720.htm|title=With 65% votes, Ram Nath Kovind is the next President of India|work=Rediff News|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721072012/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/president-of-india-kovind-vs-meira/20170720.htm|archive-date=21 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Results of the 2017 Indian presidential election<ref name="HT_live">{{cite news|title=Live: Ram Nath Kovind is 14th President of India, to take oath on July 25|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/presidential-election-2017-results-live-ram-nath-kovind-vs-meira-kumar/story-TOjAzvAIBjrSnugtsKpXTN.html|access-date=20 July 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=20 July 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720055615/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/presidential-election-2017-results-live-ram-nath-kovind-vs-meira-kumar/story-TOjAzvAIBjrSnugtsKpXTN.html|archive-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Candidate !! Individual votes !! Electoral College votes || %
|-
| Ram Nath Kovind || 2,930 || 702,044 || style="text-align:center;"| {{percentage bar|65.65||FF9933}} 65.65%

|-
| Meira Kumar || 1,844 || 367,314 || style="text-align:center;"| {{percentage bar|34.35||00BFFF}} 34.35%
|-

|-
| Invalid<ref name="TNM_result">{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind elected as the 14th President of India|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-nath-kovind-elected-14th-president-india-65477|access-date=20 July 2017|work=The News Minute|date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723235534/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-nath-kovind-elected-14th-president-india-65477|archive-date=23 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> || 77 || 20,942 ||
|}

== Vice Presidential election ==
{{Main|2017 Indian vice-presidential election}}
A Vice Presidential election were held in India on 5 August 2017 before the term of [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] ends. [[Venkaiah Naidu]] was elected as the Vice President of India. Mr Naidu received 516 votes defeating the opposition's candidate, [[Gopal Krishna Gandhi]], who got 244 votes. A total of 771 out of 785 parliamentarians voted in the election. M Venkaiah Naidu's victory margin of 272 votes is the highest in a vice presidential election in the last three decades.<ref>{{cite news |author=Debanish Achom |date=6 August 2017 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/live-vice-presidential-election-2017-m-venkaiah-naidu-vs-gopalkrishna-gandhi-1733803 |title=Vice President Election Results: Venkaiah Naidu Elected As Next Vice-President Of India |publisher=NDTV |access-date=2018-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084904/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/live-vice-presidential-election-2017-m-venkaiah-naidu-vs-gopalkrishna-gandhi-1733803|archive-date=2018-03-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Parliamentary By-election ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State/UT
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|4 February 2017
|[[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-03-11 |title=Congress wins big in Punjab Amritsar Lok Sabha seat bypoll |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/j2CROtg1B1LReNW38Vi7RJ/Congress-wins-big-in-Punjab-Amritsar-Lok-Sabha-seat-bypoll.html |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Amarinder Singh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]]
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!4
|11 October 2017
|[[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-17 |title=Gurdaspur bypoll results 2017: Congress breaks all records, wins by 1.93 lakh vote margin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gurdaspur-election-results-2017-congress-bjp-aap-in-a-landslide-congress-wins-by-1-93-lakh-vote-margin-4891321/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Vinod Khanna]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Sunil Jakhar]]
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|[[2017 Srinagar by-election|9 April 2017]]
|[[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}" |
|[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]]
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference }}" |
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
!3
|12 April 2017
|[[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[E. Ahamed]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|P.K. Kunhalikutty
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|-
|}

== Legislative assembly elections ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
| rowspan ="2" |February 2017
| rowspan ="2" |[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan= "2" |[[Amarinder Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-PB.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 14 February 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Laxmikant Parsekar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:IN-GA.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Goa Forward Party}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 15 February 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Uttarakhand]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Harish Rawat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:IN-UT.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 11 February – 8 March 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Yogi Adityanath]]
| rowspan="3"|[[File:IN-UP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 4 – 8 March 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="3" | [[N. Biren Singh]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| 9 November 2017
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jai Ram Thakur]]
|[[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
| 9 and 14 December 2017
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vijay Rupani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vijay Rupani]]
|[[File:IN-GJ.svg|50px]]
|}

=== Punjab ===
{{Main|2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India PB.svg|thumb|right|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]]]
Elections for the State assembly were held on 4 February 2017 with 75 per cent voter turnout.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite news |author=Abhishek Chakraborty |date=5 February 2017 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-day-in-punjab-goa-as-bjp-faces-aap-congress-challenge-10-points-1655916|title=Record 83% Voter Turnout In Goa, 75% In Punjab And Could Go Up: 10 Points |publisher=NDTV |access-date=2017-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205082220/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-day-in-punjab-goa-as-bjp-faces-aap-congress-challenge-10-points-1655916|archive-date=2017-02-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ECI2">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN1_04012017.pdf|title=Announcement: Schedule for the General Elections to the Legislative Assemblies of Goa, Manipur, Punjab, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh|date=4 January 2017|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104163815/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN1_04012017.pdf|archive-date=4 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In Punjab all the 117 assembly constituencies have triangular contests between major parties makes the results uncertain.<ref>{{cite news |title= Punjab Assembly Election |website=Manorama |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/indepth/assembly-elections-2017/punjab-assembly-election.html |access-date=2017-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308112916/http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/indepth/assembly-elections-2017/punjab-assembly-election.html |archive-date=2017-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:2017_Punjab_Legislative_Assembly_election_map.svg|center|400px]]
Result was declared on 11 March 2017.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 4 February 2017 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] election results<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Punjab/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf |title=Performance data |date=2017 |website=eci.nic.in |format=PDF |access-date=2018-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015309/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Punjab/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="8"| [[File:Punjab Legislative Assembly Nov 2017.svg|center|300px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Parties and coalitions'''
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|Votes
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|%
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|'''±'''[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|Contested
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|Won
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|'''+/−'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| style="text-align:center;" | 5,945,899
| style="text-align:center;" | 38.5
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1.4
| style="text-align:center;" | 117
| style="text-align:center;" | 77
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}31
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 3,662,665
| style="text-align:center;" | 23.7
| style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}}23.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 112
| style="text-align:center;" | 20
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}20
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD)
| style="text-align:center;" | 3,898,161
| style="text-align:center;" | 25.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}9.4
| style="text-align:center;" | 94
| style="text-align:center;" | 15
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}41
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 833,092
| style="text-align:center;" | 5.4
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1.8
| style="text-align:center;" | 23
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}9
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Independent politician|Independents]] (IND)
| style="text-align:center;" | 323,243
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}5.0
| style="text-align:center;" | 303
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}3
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 234,400
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.5
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}2.8
| style="text-align:center;" | 117
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |Lok Insaaf Party (LIP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 189,228
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1.2
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}2
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) (SAD(M))
| style="text-align:center;" | 49,260
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.3
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 54
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Aapna Punjab Party]] (APPA)
| style="text-align:center;" | 37,476
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 78
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="background:red;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Revolutionary Marxist Party]] (RMPOI)
| style="text-align:center;" | 37,243
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
| style="text-align:center;" | 34,074
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}0.6
| style="text-align:center;" | 23
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[None of the above]] (NOTA)
| style="text-align:center;" | 108,471
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.7
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.7
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| colspan="8" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
| 15,443,466 || 100.00 || colspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 117 || ±0
|}

=== Goa ===
{{Main|2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India GA.svg|thumb|right|[[Goa]]]]
Elections for the State assembly were held on 4 February 2017 with 83 per cent turnout.<ref name=ECI2 /><ref name="ndtv.com"/> The BJP, MGP, GFP and two independents formed an alliance to win the election.<ref name="BJPwinGoa">{{cite news |last1=Shukla|first1=Shuchi|title='BJP Stealing Elections In Goa, Manipur,' Says Congress' P Chidambaram |date=13 March 2017 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-stealing-elections-in-goa-manipur-says-congress-p-chidambaram-1669033 |publisher=NDTV|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313085548/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-stealing-elections-in-goa-manipur-says-congress-p-chidambaram-1669033|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{#section:2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

=== Uttar Pradesh ===
[[File:India UP.svg|thumb|right|[[Uttar Pradesh]]]]
{{Main|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh were held between 11 February and 9 March 2017 in seven phases.<ref name=ECI2 /> Result was declared on 11 March 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Upcoming Elections In India - 5 Years Of Data Compiled To Help Traders And Investors |date=22 February 2017 |website=Share Market Live |url=http://www.sharemarketlive.co.in/2017/02/upcoming-elections-in-india-2017.html |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223042457/http://www.sharemarketlive.co.in/2017/02/upcoming-elections-in-india-2017.html |archive-date=2017-02-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election#Result|←]] Summary of the 11 February – 8 March 2017 [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election results<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf |title=Performance data |date=2017 |website=eci.nic.in |format=PDF |access-date=2018-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124195719/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="8" | [[File:2017 Uttar Pradesh election result.png|center|400px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
! Votes
! '''%'''
! '''±'''[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 34,403,039
| style="text-align:center;" | 39.7
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}24.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 384
| style="text-align:center;" | 312
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}265
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 19,281,352
| style="text-align:center;" | 22.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}3.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 403
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}61
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 18,923,689
| style="text-align:center;" | 22.0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}7.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 298
| style="text-align:center;" | 47
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}177
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| style="text-align:center;" | 5,416,324
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}5.4
| style="text-align:center;" | 105
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}21
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Independent politician|Independents]] (IND)
| style="text-align:center;" | 2,229,448
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1.5
| style="text-align:center;" | 1462
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}11
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD)
| style="text-align:center;" | 1,545,810
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.8
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}0.5
| style="text-align:center;" | 131
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}8
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Apna Dal}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]] (ADAL)
| style="text-align:center;" | 851,336
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1.0
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}9
|-
| style="background:#f30;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]] (SBSP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 607,911
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.7
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}4
|-
| style="background:#09c;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |Nirbal Indian Shoshit Hamara Aam Dal (NINSHAD)
| style="text-align:center;" | 540,542
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.6
| style="text-align:center;" | 100
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
|-
| style="background:blue;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Peace Party of India]] (PECP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 227,998
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.3
| style="text-align:center;" |{{decrease}}2.0
| style="text-align:center;" | 150
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}4
|-
| style="background:green;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
| style="text-align:center;" | 205,232
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 38
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Lok Dal]] (LD)
| style="text-align:center;" | 181,704
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.1
| style="text-align:center;" | 81
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="background:blue;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bahujan Mukti Party]] (BMUP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 152,844
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | 182
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
| style="text-align:center;" | 138,763
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 90
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="background:#306;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Mahan Dal]] (MD)
| style="text-align:center;" | 96,087
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}0.8
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Shiv Sena]] (SS)
| style="text-align:center;" | 88,595
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 150
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="background:black;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |Other parties
| style="text-align:center;" | 1,080,007
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}7.3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1643
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}3
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[None of the above]] (NOTA)
| style="text-align:center;" | 757,643
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}} 0.9
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left" {{N/A}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| Total
| 86,728,324 || 100.00 || colspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 403 || ±0
|}

=== Uttarakhand ===
{{Main|2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India UK.svg|thumb|right|[[Uttarakhand]]]]
Elections for the State assembly were held on 15 February 2017 with a 65.64 per cent turnout.<ref name=ECI2 /> Result was declared on 11 March 2017.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 15 February 2017 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] election results
|-
| colspan="7"| [[File:Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly Election 2017.svg|center|300px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="width:70px;"| Votes
! style="width:45px;"| %
! style="width:50px;"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="width:30px;"| Won
! style="width:30px;"| +/−
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 2,314,250 || 46.5 || {{increase}}13.4
| 57 || {{increase}}26
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 1,666,379 || 33.5 || {{decrease}}0.3
| 11 || {{decrease}}21
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 347,533 || 7.0 || {{decrease}}5.2
| 0 || {{decrease}}3
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] (UKD)
| 37,041 || 0.7 || {{decrease}}1.2
| 0 || {{decrease}}1
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
| 18,202 || 0.4 || {{decrease}}1.0
| 0 || {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 499,674 || 10.0 || {{decrease}}2.3
| 2 || {{decrease}}1
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[None of the Above]] (NOTA)
| 50,439 || 1.0
| colspan="3" {{N/A}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
| 4,975,494 || 100.00 || style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 70 || ±0
|}

=== Manipur ===
{{Main|2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India MN.svg|thumb|right|[[Manipur]]]]
Assembly elections in Manipur were held on 4 March and 8 March 2017 in two phases.<ref name=ECI2 /> The result was declared on 11 March 2017.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 4–8 March 2017 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] election results<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-2017/live-updates-himachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-results/article21830225.ece|title=Himachal Pradesh Assembly election results — counting ends as BJP seals majority with 44 seats|newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="7"| [[File:Manipur Legislative Assembly 2017.svg|center|300px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="width:70px;"| Votes
! style="width:45px;"| %
! style="width:45px;"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="width:30px;"| Won
! style="width:30px;"| +/−
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 582,056 || 35.1 || {{decrease}}6.9
| 28 || {{decrease}}19
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 601,539 || 36.3 || {{increase}}34.2
| 21 || {{increase}}21
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Naga People's Front]] (NPF)
| 118,850 || 7.2 || {{decrease}}0.3
| 4 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP)
| 83,744 || 5.1 || {{increase}}3.9
| 4 || {{increase}}4
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 83,834 || 5.1 || {{increase}}1.8
| 1 || {{increase}}1
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lok Janshakti Party]] (LJP)
| 42,263 || 2.5 || {{increase}}1.9
| 1 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
| 23,384 || 1.4 || {{decrease}}15.6
| 1 || {{decrease}}4
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[None of the Above]] (NOTA)
| 9,062 || 0.6 || {{increase}}0.6
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
| || 100.00 || style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 60 || ±0
|}

=== Himachal Pradesh ===
{{Main|2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India HP.svg|thumb|right|[[Himachal Pradesh]]]]
Elections for the State assembly was held on 9 November 2017. Voting turnout recorded 74%, which is highest ever in the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-2017/polling-closes-in-himachal-pradesh-with-74-turnout/article20009265.ece |title=Himachal Pradesh records 74% turnout |publisher=The Hindu |date=November 9, 2017 |access-date=November 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109165944/http://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-2017/polling-closes-in-himachal-pradesh-with-74-turnout/article20009265.ece |archive-date=November 9, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The results were declared on 18 December 2017. Over 0.9% of all voters in the election specified the 'None of the Above' option, which amounted to than 33,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tale-of-two-states-gujarat-trumps-over-himachal-pradesh-on-nota-votes/articleshow/62122042.cms|title=Tale of two states: Gujarat trumps over Himachal Pradesh on NOTA votes |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219030035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tale-of-two-states-gujarat-trumps-over-himachal-pradesh-on-nota-votes/articleshow/62122042.cms|archive-date=2017-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 9 November 2017 [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election results<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| colspan="7"| [[File:Himachal Pradesh Legislature 2017.svg|center|300px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="width:70px;"| Votes
! style="width:45px;"| %
! style="width:45px;"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="width:30px;"| Won
! style="width:30px;"| +/−
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 1,846,432 || 48.8 || {{increase}}10.3
| 44 || {{increase}}18
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 1,577,450 || 41.7 || {{decrease}}1.1
| 21 || {{decrease}}15
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 239,989 || 6.3 || {{decrease}}6.1
| 2 || {{decrease}}3
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
| 55,558 || 1.5 || {{decrease}}0.1
| 1 || {{increase}}1
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 18,540 || 0.5 || {{decrease}}0.7
| 0 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="background:gray;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Himachal Lokhit Party]] (HLP)
| colspan="2" {{N/A}} || {{decrease}}2.4
| 0 || {{decrease}}1
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[None of the Above]] (NOTA)
| 34,232 || 0.9 || {{increase}}0.9
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
| || 100.00 || style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 68 || ±0
|}

=== Gujarat ===
{{Main|2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India GJ.svg|thumb|right|[[Gujarat, India|Gujarat]]]]
Elections for the State Assembly were held on 9 and 14 December 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=171925 |title=Schedule for the General Election to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat, 2017 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=October 25, 2017 |access-date=Nov 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202820/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=171925 |archive-date=November 14, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gujarat-assembly-poll-dates-announced/articleshow/61216622.cms |title=Gujarat Assembly poll dates announced |newspaper=The Times of India |date=Nov 2, 2017 |access-date=Nov 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026135710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gujarat-assembly-poll-dates-announced/articleshow/61216622.cms |archive-date=October 26, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The result was declared on 18 December 2017.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 9–14 December 2017 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] election results
|-
| colspan="7"| [[File:Gujarat Legislative Assembly 2017.svg|center|300px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="width:70px;"| Votes
! style="width:45px;"| %
! style="width:45px;"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="width:30px;"| Won
! style="width:30px;"| +/−
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 1,47,24,427 || 49.1 || {{increase}}1.2
| 99 || {{decrease}}16
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 1,24,38,937 || 41.4 || {{increase}}2.5
| 77 || {{increase}}16
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 12,90,278 || 4.3 || {{decrease}}1.5
| 3 || {{increase}}2
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bharatiya Tribal Party]] (BTP)
| 2,22,694 || 0.7 || {{increase}}0.7
| 2 || {{increase}}2
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 2,07,007 || 0.7 || {{decrease}}0.6
| 0 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 1,84,815 || 0.6 || {{decrease}}0.4
| 1 || {{decrease}}1
|-
| style="background:green;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[All India Hindustan Congress Party]] (AIHCP)
| 83,922 || 0.3 || {{increase}}0.3
| 0 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="background:lime;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (Secular) (RSPS)
| 45,833 || 0.2 || {{increase}}0.2
| 0 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP)
| 24,918 || 0.1 || {{increase}}0.1
| 0 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JDU)
| || ||
| 0 || {{decrease}}1
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Gujarat Parivartan Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Gujarat Parivartan Party]] (GPP)
| colspan="2" {{N/A}} || {{decrease}}3.6
| 0 || {{decrease}}2
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[None of the Above]] (NOTA)
| 5,51,615 || 1.8 || {{increase}}1.8
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
| || 100.00 || style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 182 || ±0
|}

== Legislative Assembly by-elections==
=== [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!139
|23 August 2017
|[[Nandyal (Assembly constituency)|Nandyal]]
|[[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|Bhuma Brahmananda Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

=== [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!12
|rowspan="2" |21 December 2017
|[[Pakke-Kessang Assembly constituency|Pakke-Kessang]]
|[[Kameng Dolo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Biyuram Wahge
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!28
|[[Likabali Assembly constituency|Likabali]]
|[[Jomde Kena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kardo Nayigyor
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!113
|9 April 2017
|[[Dhemaji Assembly constituency|Dhemaji]]
|[[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ranoj Pegu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!27
|9 April 2017
|[[Rajouri Garden Assembly constituency|Rajouri Garden]]
|[[Jarnail Singh (politician, born 1973)|Jarnail Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Manjinder Singh Sirsa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!7
|23 August 2017
|[[Bawana Assembly constituency|Bawana]]
|[[Ved Parkash]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Ram Chander
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

=== [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!11
|rowspan="2" |23 August 2017
|[[Panaji Assembly constituency|Panaji]]
|[[Sidharth Kuncalienker]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manohar Parrikar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!19
|[[Valpoi Assembly constituency|Valpoi]]
|[[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!36
|9 April 2017
|[[Bhoranj Assembly constituency|Bhoranj]]
|[[Ishwar Dass Dhiman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dr Anil Dhiman
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!4
|9 April 2017
|[[Litipara Assembly constituency|Litipara]]
|Anil Murmu
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|Simon Marandi
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

=== [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!214
|rowspan="2" |9 April 2017
|[[Nanjangud Assembly constituency|Nanjangud]]
|[[Srinivas Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kalale N. Keshavamurthy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!224
|[[Gundlupet Assembly constituency|Gundlupet]]
|[[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|M.C. Mohan Kumari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!41
|11 October 2017
|[[Vengara Assembly constituency|Vengara]]
|[[P.K. Kunhalikutty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[K. N. A. Khader]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|}

=== [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!9
|rowspan="2" |9 April 2017
|[[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater]]
|[[Satyadev Katare]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Hemant Katare
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!89
|[[Bandhavgarh Assembly constituency|Bandhavgarh]]
|Gyan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shiv Narayan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!61
|9 November 2017
|[[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]]
|Prem Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Neelanshu Chaturvedi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!10
|29 July 2017
|[[Northern Angami-I Assembly constituency|Northern Angami-I]]
|[[Khriehu Liezietsu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|[[Shurhozelie Liezietsu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|}

=== [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!79
|9 April 2017
|[[Dholpur Assembly constituency|Dholpur]]
|B.L. Kushwah
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Shobha Rani Kushwah
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!28
|12 April 2017
|[[Upper Burtuk Assembly constituency|Upper Burtuk]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|Dilli Ram Thapa
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|}

===[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
!colspan=2|Party before election
!Reason
!Elected MLA
!colspan=2|Party after election
|-
!11
|21 December 2017
|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Died on 5 December 2016<ref>{{Cite web|title=#AmmaForever: Jayalalithaa loses 74-day battle for life, Tamil Nadu in mourning|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/-ammaforever/story/jayalalithaa-dead-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-355844-2016-12-05|access-date=2016-12-05|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!207
|21 December 2017
|[[Sikandra, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sikandra]]
|[[Mathura Prasad Pal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ajit Singh Pal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!216
|9 April 2017
|[[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Kanthi Dakshin]]
|[[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
!226
|21 December 2017
|[[Sabang Assembly constituency|Sabang]]
|[[Manas Bhunia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Geeta Rani Bhunia
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==See also==
*[[2016 elections in India]]
*[[2018 elections in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in/ Election Commission of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170218151710/http://www.raajneeti.co.in/ Raajneeti – Election 2017 Updates]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2017 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Raikat

2025-08-26T12:57:03Z

4Eileen59m: general rework structure for clarity and updated info based on references

{{short description|Princely family in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Raja Prasanna Dev Raikut & Rani Deela Devi Raikut.jpg|right|230px|thumb|Raja Prasanna Dev Raikat and Rani Deela Devi of the '''Raikat''' family of Cooch Bihar in [[Darjeeling]]]]
[[File:Family Prasanna D.Raikut.jpg|right|thumb|Raja Prasanna Dev Raikat with family.]]
The '''Raikut''' family was a princely family that controlled large estates in [[Jalpaiguri]] what is now [[West Bengal]], India, first as subjects to the state of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]], later as [[Zamindars]] to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rulers of [[Bengal]], and then to [[British Raj]]. Their story parallels that of the [[Bardhaman Raj]], from the same region.

==Origins: Koch Bihar==
The Raikut family is a collateral branch of [[Koch dynasty]] which took control of the [[Kamata Kingdom]] in 1515. The family founder was Sisya Singha (earlier known as Sisu), brother of [[Biswa Singha]] who established the Koch dynasty. Sisya Singha held the umbrella during Biswa Singha's coronation and was made the ''Raikut'' (lit: ''chieftain of the fortress'') and commander-in-chief of the Koch army.<ref>"In the coronation ceremony, the raikut, also known as ''chatradhari raja'', one holding the royal umbrella for the king, played a more important role than brahmins (Nath 1989: 29-32)." {{harvcol|Shin|2021|p=33}}</ref> He was given the region called Vaikunthapur (present-day [[Jalpaiguri district]]) as [[appanage]]. He established his seat at Siliaguri or Silikhaguri (modern-day [[Siliguri]]).<ref>{{harvtxt|Bhattacharya|1977|p=791}}</ref>

The seat of the Raikut family was shifted to the present site in [[Jalpaiguri]] city by Jayanto Deb Raikat, who ruled during the years 1793–1800. The big pond which exits today near the palace was excavated at the time of Sarva Dev, who ruled from 1800 to 1847.
[[File:The large Pond before the Palace.JPG|left|thumb|The large pond, near the Palace.]]

Baikunthopur Estate was not included in any Sarkar of Muslim division of the country. Although some accounts say that it transferred its allegiance to them and agreed to pay a nominal tribute. This is said to have signed in 1682 at the time of Svja Khan. After the [[Battle of Plassey]], the Dewani of [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]] came under [[East India Company]] in 1765. This estate was then temporarily included in the Dewani, placed under [[Rangpur District]] and received the benefit of permanent settlement.

[[File:The Raikut Temple before the Palace.JPG|right|thumb |This is one of the oldest temples before the Raikut Palace.]]
The Rajas of Baikunthoupur paid tributes to the Maharaja of Cooch-Behar. In 1621, Mahi Dev Raikut, the Raikut of Vaikunthapur signified his independence by refusing to hold the umbrella over the Cooch-Behar Raja at the coronation of Birnarayan, and also refused to pay the annual tribute. Even after that, the Rajas of Baikunthopur, Bhuj Dev Raikut and Jagat Deb Raikut helped the Maharajas of Cooch-Behar in 1680, to drive out the Bhutias who attacked Cooch-Behar. But from 1687 onwards, the Rajas of Vaikunthapur and the Muslims repeatedly attacked Cooch-Behar. Satyanarayan (according to some "Santanarayan"), the then-Dewan of Cooch-Behar, defeated both of them and forced the [[Mughals]] to peace in 1771.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

On the death of Maharajah Madan Narayan of Koch Bihar in 1680, with no immediate successor, Koch Bihar was attacked by the Bhutan army. The Raikuts of Baikunthapur sent troops and helped force the [[Bhutia]] army to retreat. The Raikats crowned Basudev Narayan (1680–1682 CE) as Maharajah and helped establish peace, before returning to their home. Two years later, the Bhutanese attacked again, captured the palace and massacred the royal family, including Basudev Narayan. The Raikuts Yogya dev and Bhuj dev intervened again, defeating the invaders in a fierce battle on the banks of the [[Manas River]]. The Raikuts then crowned Mahendra Narayan (1682–1693 CE), a five-year-old grandson of Pran Narayan, as the next Maharajah.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

During the minority rule of Mahendra Narayan, Koch Bihar was unsettled. The lords of southern regions rejected Bihari rule, in place of direct tribute to the Mughal rulers as zamindars (landlords) of their territories. They accepted the authority of – and paid taxes to – Ibrahim Khan (ruler of [[Dhaka]]) and the Fauzdar of [[Ghoraghat]]. Even the Raikut princes of Baikunthopur and Pangar transferred loyalty to these powers,<ref>[http://coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/history_book.html Cooch Behar: Royal History : Book of Facts and Events], Chapter 2, pp. 9–11.</ref> although perhaps only nominally. But from 1687 onwards, the Rajas of Baikunthopur and the Muslim rulers of Bengal repeatedly attacked Koch Bihar, now dominated by Bhutan.

The Faujdar of Rangpur, representing the Nawab of Bengal Shuja-ud-din (1727–1739), pressured the Raikuts to accept the [[suzerainty]] of the Nawab, sometime between 1736 and 1739. However, the Faujdar had to invade the territory in 1756 to enforce the claim. As late as 1772, the Raikuts were paying only Rs. 10,000 tribute, instead of the Rs. 30,651 agreed in 1763.<ref>Transformations on the Bengal Frontier: Jalpaiguri, 1765–1948, by Subhajyoti Ray (p. 29), 2002, {{ISBN|0-7007-1408-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1408-7}}.
</ref>

==Baikunthopur Estate==
The Baikunthopur Estate was established by Siswa Singh, after defeating the [[List of rulers of Bhutan|King of Bhutan]] and [[Gauḍa (region)|Gour]] in 1522, covering an area of {{convert|328|sqmi|km2|0}}. His capital was at first built in today's Bodaganj in the thick forests near the [[Teesta River|Teesta]] river and in the Rajganj Block of Jalpaiguri district. It was shifted to the present site Jalpaiguri in the open plains by the thirteenth Raikat, Darpadev (1713–1726), in a sign of growing confidence.

The large pond near the palace was excavated at the time of Sarva Dev (1800–1847).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526004458/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020923/asp/siliguri/story_1219010.asp Telegraph of India, 23 September 2002: Royal home gasps for glory]</ref> Jion Gomasta Mohammedan from [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]] and a Rajbansi from Jalpaiguri were employed as contractors, and it is said that they were paid in cowries ([[conch shell]]), and not in coins.

==British acquisition==
After the [[Battle of Plassey]], the [[Dewan]] of Bengal, [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]] came under the [[East India Company]], in 1765. This estate was then temporarily included in the Dewan and was placed under [[Rangpur District]] and received the benefit of permanent settlement. In 1771, after the treaty of Bhutan with the East India Company, the British annexed Baikunthapur, and the Raikat was placed on the footing as a [[Zamindar]] and assessed a revenue of Rs. 30,000 per year.<ref>
Transformations on the Bengal Frontier: Jalpaiguri, 1765–1948,
by Subhajyoti Ray (p.30), 2002, {{ISBN|0-7007-1408-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1408-7}}.
</ref> The Zamandaery was named Batrishazari. The motive seems to have been an attempt to stabilise the northern frontier of Bengal, then subject to raids by [[Gurkhas]] and [[Bhutias]] through the Raikat territories, but the policy was not immediately effective.

In 1773, Darpa Dev Raikat, the Raja of Baikunthopur, with the help of some bandits from Morang hills ([[Darjeeling]] and [[Nepal]] [[Terai]]), called [[sanyasi]]s, and in collaboration with the Bhutias, continued attack on the territory of Cooch-Behar and the East India Company's property. Captain Stuart was sent to subdue the rising of the force. Captain Stuart defeated both Darpa Dev Raikat and the sanyasis and took possession of the city of Jalpaiguri. The letter of Captain Stuart addressed to PM Dacres, Chairman of the committee of the [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] circuit, on 3 February 1773, is reproduced below.

<blockquote>"At two in the afternoon I made a second march and took possession in the name of Honorable company of Jellpyegaurie, the fortress and Capital of Baikunthopur country, which the Rajas in the height of his consternation evacuated."</blockquote>

In 1789, a large body of [[sannyasi]]s occupied Baikuntopur, whence they issued on their predatory excursions. They were defeated and practically starved out, as British soldiers closed all roads of exit. Within twelve months, 549 sannyasis were brought to trial in the court of Rangapur, with what results not exactly known, and the rest fled to Nepal and Bhutan.
[[File:Raikut Heritage.JPG|left|thumb|The Palace Gate, at present.]]

The independent Baikunthopur Estate ended with Darpa Dev Raikut, the 12th ruler, in 1774, after the reign of 230 years. The zamindari was abolished in 1955, after 180 years under the Bengal Estate Acquisition Act of 1954.<ref>[http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/c/coochbehar.html COOCH BEHAR (Princely State): Genealogy (see first main diagonal)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623182300/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/c/coochbehar.html |date=23 June 2008 }}</ref>

==Later history==
In 1800, Sarva Dev Raikut, the 14th ruler after Shiva Singha, succeeded his father, Jayanto Dev. His title was disputed by his uncle Protap Dev Raikut, on the grounds that by family usages, a brother succeeded a brother in preference to the surviving sons. The case was brought up before the provincial (British) court in Murhidabad, but it was decided in favour of Sarva Dev Raikut (Surrup Deo).

In 1839, the British government in India complained to Bhutan that the Raikat of Baikunthopur had taken possession of the western Duars, and the Bhutan government had not responded. When Bhutan refused to offer compensation, on 6 September 1841, the British governor [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|Auckland]] unilaterally ordered the occupation of [[Assam]] [[Dooars|Duars]], paying 10,000 rupees annually to Bhutan, in compensation.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

Jalpaiguri district was formed on 1 January 1869, with Baikunthopur, western Duars (the portion of land between the river Tista and Sankosh) and the five Chaklas: (1) Patgram, (2) Devigunj, (3) Boda, (4) Pachaghar, and (5) Titalla within the zamindari of Cooch-Behar. Under the Radcliffe award of the partition of this district in 1947, these five Chaklas were transferred to East Pakistan. The present Jalpaiguri District consists of the old Baikunthopur Estate and the western Duars.

==Disputes over inheritance==
[[File:The Raikut Palace Now.JPG|thumb|right |Present state of the palace.]]
Sarva Dev Raikut died in 1847 (according to Milligan). He left seven sons. Dogra dev Raikut was the eldest, but he could not inherit as he was stated to be the son of a [[concubine]]. Rajendra Dev Raikut, the 6th son, inherited the property, as his mother was married in Phul-Bio. His title was again disputed by the second son, Makaranda Dev Raikut, on the grounds that he was a legitimate son of Sarva Dev Raikut, as his mother was married in "Gandharbo" fashion. The mother of Makranda, being a woman, could not succeed according to customs of the family; however, the British Court of Rangpur decided in favour of Makranda as both. The Brahmo marriage, of which Rajendra was the son, and the Gandharbo marriage, of which Makranda was the son, were both legitimate marriages, and Makaranda being elder was to succeed Sarvo Dev. After the death of Makaranda, his eldest son Chandra Sekhar succeeded, but after Chandra Sekhar, his brother Jogendra Dev became Raikut. In fact, of the 12 raikuts who successively had possession of the Estate prior to Sarva Dev, they were succeeded by two brothers and one by a nephew.

After the death of Jogendra Dev Raikut, in March 1878, the 18th ruler of the dynasty, a succession case went up to the provincial (Privy) council of England, between Fanindra Dev Raikut, youngest son of Sarva Dev Raikat, and Rajeswar Das (Jagadindra Dev Raikut), minor adopted son and half-brother of Rani Jagadeswari, one of the three wives of late Jogendra Dev Raikat. Fanindra was popularly called "Bhola Saheb" Rajeswar Das (Jagindra Dev Raikut) and was actually a minor adopted son and half-brother of Rani Jagedeswari. However, the Privy council decided in favour of Fanindra Dev Raikut, and held that the adoption was invalid.

Raja Prasanna Dev Raikut, the last Raja of Baikunthopur in Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal, died intestate on 4 December 1946.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110715190250/http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=2176 PRATIVA BOSE versus KUMAR RUPENDRA DEB RAIKAT & ORS]}}</ref>
He had four wives: Hirannaprava Devi, Rani Ashrumati Devi, Rani Runchi Devi, and Rani Deela Devi. Rani Deela Devi and Rani Runchi Devi belonged to the [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] tribe.

Rupendra alleged that the Raja had married her according to the Gandharba form. The suit was contested by Rani Asrumati and the agnatic relations who denied that there had been any marriage between the Raja and the mother of the respondent Rupendra. The suit was transferred to the High Court at [[Calcutta]], by an order made on 12 April 1949, under clause 13 of its Letters Patent. The respondent Rupendra made an application to the High Court, in that suit for appointment of a receiver, but it was dismissed on 29 July 1952. There was an appeal from this order, but the records do not show that it succeeded. It appears that two agnatic relations, namely, Kumar Guru Charan and Kumar Jitendra filed suits in the High Court at Calcutta, each claiming title to the estate as the sole heir of the deceased Raja. All these suits are still pending.

After a long prosecution, the [[High Court of Calcutta]] dismissed the claim of Rupendra and declared the descendants of Rani Ashrumati Devi as the legal heir of the deceased Raja. Presently, most of the properties have undertaken by [[Government of West Bengal]] for restoration. Though, in one portion of the royal building, the family of Rani Ashrumati's descendants live and they only perform the royal family rituals and customs until today.

==Calcutta life==
Hirrannaprova Devi, the first wife of Raja Prasanna Dev Raikut was not interested in the matter of the estate of the Jalpaiguri property. In Calcutta, Raja settled, so Hironnaprava along with his four sons, Satendra kumar, Birendra kumar, Sourendra kumar and Dhirendra kumar, came to Calcutta in the late 1920s.

==Family customs and rituals==
The Raikuts claimed themselves as Hindu [[kshatriya]] though they are actually the descendants of the [[Koch people|Koch]] and [[Mech people|Mech]] tribes from the [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] region in [[Assam]]. Therefore, they had observed all the rites as Hindus in every aspect of lives without dismantling their tribal connections. The Raikut rajas were great devotees of Lord [[Shiva]], [[Durga]] and [[Manasa]], prime Hindu deities. They observed the [[Durga Puja]] and Manasa-puja with the same overwhelming pomp. The mela held in the premises of Rajbari in the time of Manasa-puja is one of the famous celebration of the District from past few hundred years till now-a-days. It is generally held on the last day of Bengali month [[Shraban]], i.e., middle of the month of July. Thousands of small craftsmen, artists, vendors came here to trade their articles in this course of time from all over the districts. Previously, the Mela lasts for a long joyous fortnight, but now-a-days it has cut short for only seven days. On the first day of Mela, it has been a declared local holiday for all the offices, schools and colleges of Jalpaiguri.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160px" heights="200px">
File:Raja Prasanna Dev Raikut & Rani Deela Devi Raikut.jpg|Raja Prasanna Dev Raikat and Rani Deela Devi in Darjeeling.
File:Mr Prasanna Dev Raikut.jpg|Raja [[Prasanna Dev Raikat.]]
File:Family Prasanna D.Raikut.jpg|Raja Prasanna Dev Raikat with family.
File:After the hunt.jpg|Raja Prasanna Dev Raikat after the hunt.
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Raikut}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=P K |year=1977 |title=A Surya Image Inscription from Rajganj |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=38 |pages=790–792 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139149 |jstor=44139149}}
*{{cite journal|last=Shin|first=Jae-Eun|title=Sword and Words: A Conflict Between Kings and Brahmins in the Bengal Frontier, Kāmatāpur 15th–16th Centuries|journal=Journal of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums|year=2021|publisher=Government of West Bengal|volume=3|pages=21–36}}
{{refend}}
{{Portal bar|India}}

{{Jalpaiguri district}}
{{Jalpaiguri topics}}

[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]

Devdas Chakraborty

2025-08-09T16:10:08Z

4Eileen59m: further updated information and corrected details

{{Short description|Bangladeshi artist}}
{{infobox person
|name=Devdas Chakraborty
|birth_date=1933
|birth_place=[[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
|death_date={{death date and age|2008|2|4|1933}}
|death_place=Dhaka, Bangladesh
|spouse=Saleha
|children=2
}}

'''Devdas Chakraborty''' ({{circa|1933}} – February 4, 2008) was a Bangladeshi artist. He was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] by the [[Government of Bangladesh]] for his contribution to fine arts in 1990.<ref name=public>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-22962|title=Public tribute to artist Devdas Chakraborty|date=February 12, 2008 |accessdate=June 6, 2016|newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref>

==Career==
Chakraborty joined as a faculty member of the Department of Fine Arts at the [[University of Chittagong]] in 1973.<ref name=prince>{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/02/05/remembrance.htm|title=Debuda-The Fairy Tale Prince|author=Abdul Mannan|date=February 29, 2008|accessdate=June 6, 2016| newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> After the death of his wife, he left his position at the university.<ref name=prince/>

==Works==
Chakraborty began painting in oil and watercolor mediums. His initial works were figurative, and then in semi-abstracted and abstract. He later switched his interest to drawing and subsequently in printmaking.<ref name=public/>

==Personal life==
Chakraborty believed strongly in religious harmony and [[Bengali nationalism]], expressed in his [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation War]] poster that read: "[[Hindus]] of Bengal, [[Muslims]] of Bengal, [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] of Bengal, [[Christians]] of Bengal, we are all Bangali."<ref name=prince/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debdas Chakraborty: Painting for a non-communal country |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/234212/debdas-chakraborty-painting-for-a-non-communal |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

He married Saleha, with whom he had two sons, Gautom and Rousseau. She died of cancer in the late 1970s while Chakraborty was on a scholarship in [[Poland]].<ref name=prince/>

He died on 4 February 2008 in Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2008-02-06 |title=Artist Debdas Chakraborty passes away |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-22218 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (1990)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Devdas}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi painters]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Chittagong]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]

{{Bangladesh-painter-stub}}

Daughter's Nameplate Campaign

2025-07-28T22:52:16Z

4Eileen59m: Put Up Some Article More To Come.

{{Short description|Social campaign in India by Sunil Jaglan}}
{{Infobox project|name=|image=|logo=|country=India|primeminister=|ministry=|launched={{start date and age|5|7|2015|df=y|paren=y}}|current_status=Active|founder=[[Sunil Jaglan]]}}

The '''Daughter’s Nameplate Campaign''', also known as '''Laado Swabhiman''' or '''Digital India with Laado''', is a gender equality initiative launched on 5 July 2015 by Indian activist [[Sunil Jaglan]] in [[Bibipur]] village, [[Jind district]], Haryana, India. The campaign encourages households to display nameplates bearing the names of daughters instead of traditional male family heads, aiming to challenge patriarchal norms and promote the value of girls in society.

It is part of Jaglan’s broader efforts to combat [[female foeticide]] and improve [[Sex ratio|gender ratios]], complementing his ''[[Selfie With Daughter]]'' campaign and the Indian government’s ''[[Beti Bachao Beti Padhao|Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao]]'' initiative.

== History ==
The campaign began on 5 July 2015, inspired by Jaglan’s observation of societal bias against daughters, notably after nurses refused sweets at his daughter Nandini’s birth in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jaglan |first=Sunil |date=16 January 2019 |title=Why force women to give birth to boys?' asks Selfie with Daughter campaigner |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-force-women-to-give-birth-to-boys-asks-selfie-with-daughter-campaigner/story-qNcEe4JjPplVJLMWLa4d7K.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 years of 'Selfie with Daughter' marked with emotion, pride |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/10-years-of-selfie-with-daughter-marked-with-emotion-pride/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Selfie with Daughter': A Haryana village's gesture that sparked a global movement |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/selfie-with-daughter-a-haryana-villages-gesture-that-sparked-a-global-movement/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Jaglan, then sarpanch of Bibipur, initiated the campaign to replace traditional nameplates with daughters’ names, starting with his own home, which displays “''Nandini Niwas”.''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-07 |title=After selfies, Bibipur adopts daughters' nameplates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/after-selfies-bibipur-adopts-daughters-nameplates/articleshow/47966475.cms |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The initiative gained traction after Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] praised Jaglan's ''[[Selfie With Daughter]]'' campaign in ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]'', indirectly boosting visibility for the nameplate effort.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-04-30 |title=Activist calls 'Selfie with Daughter' campaign a success, thanks PM Modi for push on 'Mann ki Baat' |url=https://theprint.in/india/activist-calls-selfie-with-daughter-campaign-a-success-thanks-pm-modi-for-push-on-mann-ki-baat/1547409/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

By 2020, the campaign had spread to villages like Kirori, [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]], and Alipur, with Kirori becoming the first village in India where every household displayed a daughter’s nameplate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SLSV |date=2020-10-22 |title=Haryana Villages To Have House Nameplates With Only Girl's Name - SLSV - A global media & CSR consultancy network |url=https://www.soundnlight.in/haryana-villages-to-have-house-nameplates-with-only-girls-name/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Photos: Only 'beti' on nameplates of homes in this Haryana village |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/only-beti-on-nameplates-of-homes-in-this-haryana-village/articleshow/78711951.cms |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-10-18 |title=Daughters' names on house plaques in Haryana village |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/bharat-news/this-haryana-village-has-only-daughters-name-plates/na20201018101150231 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2025, over 50,000 nameplates bearing daughters' names have been installed across India, including in [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Maharashtra]].

== Implementation ==
The campaign involves village [[panchayats]] replacing traditional nameplates with those bearing daughters' names, often including email addresses and the tagline "Digital India with Laado".<ref name=":1" />

== Impact ==
The Daughter’s Name Plate Campaign has contributed to shifting societal attitudes toward gender equality, particularly in rural Haryana, where the sex ratio improved from 876 girls per 1,000 boys in 2015 to 923 in 2023, according to Haryana Chief Minister [[Manohar Lal Khattar]].<ref name=":0" />

The campaign aligns with India’s ''[[Beti Bachao Beti Padhao|Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao]]'' initiative, emphasising pride in daughters and combating female foeticide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-30 |title=Haryana sarpanch behind PM Narendra Modi's selfie campaign |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/haryana-sarpanch-sunil-jaglan-selfie-with-daughter-initiative-260325-2015-06-30 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

It has been adopted in over 140 villages, supported by Jaglan’s Selfie With Daughter Foundation and 8,000 volunteers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selfie with Daughter - How Sunil Jaglan began a mega global social media movement for empowerment |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/changemaker/selfie-with-daughter-sunil-jaglans-mega-global-social-media-movement-for-empowerment/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Global Indian |language=en-US}}</ref>

The campaign received endorsements from notable figures, including former [[President of India|President of india]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]], who supported its integration into his adopted villages in Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dsouza |first=Krystelle |date=2024-09-20 |title=His Daughter's Birth Turned Him Into a Feminist: Sunil Jaglan's Fight Against Female Foeticide |url=https://thebetterindia.com/366915/sunil-jaglan-selfie-with-daughter-bibipur-village-haryana-daughters-day-women-empowerment-female-foeticide/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2017-05-11 |title=Haryana village houses to bear daughter's name plates |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/haryana-village-houses-to-bear-daughter-s-name-plates-1494504457.html |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social campaigns in India]]
[[Category:Gender equality]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Feminism in India]]

Ajanta Pharma

2025-07-11T20:45:43Z

4Eileen59m: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Indian pharmaceutical company established in 1973}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=January 2019}}
{{Advert|date=March 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2020}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{infobox company
| name = Ajanta Pharma Limited
| logo = Ajanta logo.png
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|532331}}|{{NSE|AJANTPHARM}}}}
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founder =
| defunct =
| website = {{url|http://www.ajantapharma.com/}}
| area_served =
| key_people = {{ubl
|Yogesh Agrawal (Managing Director)
|Rajesh Agrawal (Joint Managing Director)
}}
| industry = {{ubl
|[[Pharmaceuticals]]
|[[Drugs]]
|Healthcare
}}
| products = Branded Generic Formulations / Medicines
| services =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|4648|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1260|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|920|c}} (2025)
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 9,628 (March 2025)
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid = {{unbulleted list |Ajanta Pharma (Mauritius) Ltd. |Ajanta Pharma Philippines Inc. |Ajanta Pharma USA Inc.<ref name="TriFid Research 2016" /> |Ajanta Pharma Nigeria Ltd.<ref name="Ajanta Our Business" /> }}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2024-25 |url=https://www.ajantapharma.com/images/AjantaPharma-AR-2024-25.pdf |publisher=Ajanta Pharma |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref>
| caption =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="Ajanta Contact Us" />
| location_country = India
| locations =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1973}}
}}

'''Ajanta Pharma Limited''', also known by the [[acronym]] APL, is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company. It has a presence in India, the United States, and about 30 other countries in Africa, South East Asia, West Asia, and [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]]. It was established in 1973.<ref name="Ajanta Contact Us">{{cite web|url=http://ajantapharma.com/ContactUs_India.aspx |title=Welcome To Ajanta Pharma |publisher=Ajantapharma.com |access-date=29 February 2016}}{{self-published source|date=December 2019}}</ref><ref name="TriFid Research 2016">{{cite magazine |magazine=Daily Market Insights |url=https://archive.org/details/WelcomeToTrifidResearchStockTips/page/n2 |via=Internet Archive |title=Stock Snippets |date=15 June 2016 |publisher=TriFid Research |page=2 |quote=Ajanta Pharma announced the launch of anti-dementia Memantine Hydrochloride tablets in the US market through its wholly-owned subsidiary Ajanta Pharma USA Inc.}}</ref><ref name="Ajanta Our Business">{{cite web|url=http://ajantapharma.com/branded-generics.html |title=Ajanta Pharma Limited - Our Business |publisher=Company |access-date=29 February 2016}}{{Self-published source|date=December 2019}}</ref>

==Markets and business==
Ajanta Pharma has over 1,400 products registered currently in various countries and an equal number of products are under approval. In India, the company is a branded generic company focused on a few high growth specialty therapies in ophthalmology, dermatology, cardiology, and pain management.

Ajanta Pharma exports products to over 30 countries in Asia and Africa. In these markets, the company serves a wide range of therapeutic products in the areas of antimalarial, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, antibiotic, dermatology, antihistamine, multivitamin, gynecology, and pain management.

Ajanta Pharma has recently stepped up its presence in the United States with a select product portfolio, which includes niche and complex technology products. Currently, the company has 27 products in the US market.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Profit After Tax at 14% of Revenue (3rd Quarter & 9 Months, FY 2019 Consolidated Results) |url=http://www.ajantapharma.com/AdminData/Results/Q3FY2019PressReleaseandResults.pdf |publisher=Ajanta Pharma Limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927061536/http://www.ajantapharma.com/AdminData/Results/Q3FY2019PressReleaseandResults.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== History ===
In the early 2000s, Ajanta was noted as a major source of foreign currency, alongside [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories|Reddy Labs]], arising from sales in Southeast Asia.<ref name="Lal 2006" /> In particular, in 2003, a joint-venture between Ajanta and the [[Ministry of Health (Turkmenistan)|Ministry of Health in Turkmenistan]] accounted for fully half of the pharmaceutical needs of the country.<ref name="Lal 2006" /> The company had made several other joint-ventures with regional governments, such as [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrygyzstan]] and [[Tajikistan]], which it severed in the 2010s due to their being unprofitable.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://archive.org/details/05NEWDELHI7494/page/n1|title=GOI Considering Russian Thrust in Central Asia|date=26 September 2015|publisher=United States Department of State|page=2|access-date=8 Dec 2019|via=Internet Archive|type=Partial extract from original diplomatic, classified cable}}</ref>

The company experienced an enormous loss in 2005<ref group="nt">Year ending 31 March 2005</ref> in terms of diminution of the value of investments, amounting to four times the year's profits.<ref name="Accounting and Analysis 2006" /> That same year, the company was noted as having the highest sales in India for any Indian pharmaceutical company, with sales of ₹13.56 billion.<ref name="Thukral 2016" />

In 2015, the company was highlighted as having had exceptional stock appreciation over the preceding four years, and the listing of the stock on the [[BSE 500]] was noted.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Oberoi|first=Rahul|date=April 2015|title=Bullish Moves: We discuss three ratios that can help identify good stocks|url=https://archive.org/details/Money_Today_April_2015_IN/page/n50|magazine=Money Today|location=New Delhi, India|publisher=India Today Group|volume=10|issue=4|page=49|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> By 2019, the stock was listed on the S&P BSE 200 index.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/ajanta-pharma-ltd/ajantpharm/532331/|title=Ajanta Pharma Ltd Live Stock Price, Ajantpharm Live Share Price, 532331|date=8 December 2019|website=BSE|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191209033240/https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/ajanta-pharma-ltd/ajantpharm/532331/|archive-date=9 December 2019|access-date=8 Dec 2019}}</ref>

==Manufacturing facilities==
Ajanta Pharma operates seven manufacturing facilities in India. Six facilities manufacture finished formulations, including Dahej and Paithan plants which is approved by the US FDA and [[Guwahati]] plant which caters to domestic and emerging markets. Another plant manufactures [[active pharmaceutical ingredient]]s (APIs) primarily for captive consumption.

== Legal proceedings ==
[[Bayer]]<ref group="nt">Specifically Bayer Intellectual Property GMBH</ref> filed suit before the [[Delhi High Court]] accusing Ajanta of [[patent infringement]] on the [[erectile dysfunction]] treatments [[vardenafil]] and [[vardenafil hydrochloride]].<ref name="Bayer vs Ajanta" /> Ajanta argued that Bayer was not using its patent in India for the benefit of India, which led the court to provide partial relief to an injunction granted to Bayer, allowing Ajanta to manufacture but not sell the product, in January 2017.<ref name="Bayer vs Ajanta" /> [[Bayer]] and Ajanta reached an unspecified agreement after mediation was ordered by the court in February 2017.<ref name="Bayer vs Ajanta" />

==References==
{{reflist |33em |refs=
<ref name="Accounting and Analysis 2006">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbcf3dEKhh4C&q=Ajanta+Pharma+Limited&pg=PA153|title=Accounting & Analysis: The Indian Experience|publisher=Global Data Services of India (CRISIL)|year=2006|isbn=9788190342704|edition=Professional|pages=153|chapter=Investments|via=Google Books (Preview)}}</ref>

<ref name="Bayer vs Ajanta">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4GHEo9HZOYC|title=International Pharmaceutical Law and Practice|publisher=LexisNexis|year=2019|isbn=9781579114725|editor-last=Kleyn|editor-first=Madelein|pages=§14.09[11]|editor-last2=van Wyk|editor-first2=Louis|via=Google Books (Preview)}}</ref>

<ref name="Lal 2006">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fyi1JFWUvngC&q=Ajanta+Pharma+Limited&pg=PA32|title=Central Asia and Its Asian Neighbors: Security and Commerce at the Crossroads|last=Lal|first=Rollie|publisher=Project Air Force (Rand)|year=2006|isbn=0-8330-3878-8|location=United States|pages=32–3|via=Google Books (Preview)}}</ref>

<ref name="Thukral 2016">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csMyDwAAQBAJ&q=Ajanta+Pharma+Limited&pg=PA85|title=India Top 10 Year Book 2016|publisher=Publication Cell (Datanet India)|year=2016|isbn=978-93-80590-60-8|editor-last=Thukral|editor-first=R. K.|location=New Delhi, India|pages=85|via=Google Books (Preview)}}</ref>
}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nt}}

=== Patent applications in India ===

* 1998—[[iarchive:in.gazette.central.w.1998-10-31.5368/page/n10|Gazette of India, 31 October 1998, p. 1087]]; [[iarchive:in.gazette.central.w.2000-02-26.203/page/n5|Gazette of India, 26 February 2000, p. 116]]
*1999—[[iarchive:in.gazette.1999.192/page/n3|Gazette of India, 18 September 1999, p. 843]]; [[iarchive:in.gazette.central.w.2000-03-04.200/page/n4|Gazette of India, 4 March 2000, p. 123]]; [[iarchive:in.gazette.2001.466/page/n21|Gazette of India, 20 October 2001, p. 1886]]
* 2000—[[iarchive:in.gazette.2000.157/page/n11|Gazette of India, 24 June 2000, p. 477]]; [[iarchive:in.gazette.2001.245/page/n11|Gazette of India, 30 June 2001, p. 867]]; [[iarchive:in.gazette.2000.174/page/n1|Gazette of India, 14 October 2001, p. 975]]; [[iarchive:in.gazette.2002.161/page/n53|Gazette of India, 8 June 2002, p. 1178]]; [[iarchive:in.gazette.2003.496/page/n159|Gazette of India, 6 September 2003, p. 4006]]
*2001—[[iarchive:in.gazette.2003.478/page/n83|Gazette of India, 29 March 2003, p. 1200]]
*2002—[[iarchive:in.gazette.2003.467/page/n9|Gazette of India, 15 February 2003, p. 518]]; [[iarchive:in.gazette.2004.503/page/n115|Gazette of India, 20 March 2004, p. 1748]]; [[iarchive:in.gazette.2004.491/page/n99|Gazette of India, 29 May 2004, p. 4014]]

=== Products subject to price control in India ===

* [[Cilnidipine|Clinidipine]]+[[Metoprolol|Metroprolol]] tablets—[[iarchive:in.gazette.central.e.2018-12-21.194091/page/n8|Gazette of India, Extraordinary, 21 December 2018, p. 8]]
*[[Timolol]]+[[Brinzolamide]] eye drops—[[iarchive:in.gazette.central.e.2018-11-02.192823/page/n21|Gazette of India, Extraordinary, 2 November 2018, p. 21]]

==External links==
*[http://ajantapharma.com/NewsUpdates.aspx#popup35 Ajanta Pharma, "One of the Giants of Tomorrow" - Fortune India’]
*[http://forbesindia.com/article/super-50-companies-2015/ajanta-pharma-the-small-big-dream/40691/1 Ajanta Pharma Ltd Listed in 'Forbes India - Super 50 Companies']
*[http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/Ajanta-Pharma-Ltd/532331 Ajanta Pharma Ltd |Company Profile]

{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1973]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Banaras Law Journal

2025-07-05T04:47:56Z

4Eileen59m: put up new article - done

{{Short description|Indian legal journal}}
{{EngvarB|date = July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox Journal
| title = Banaras Law Journal
| image = Cover page of the Banaras Law Journal.jpg
| former_name =
| abbreviation = Banaras Law J.
| discipline = [[Law]]
| editor = Dean, [[Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University]]
| publisher = [[Banaras Hindu University Press]]
| country = India
| history = 1965–present
| frequency = Biannual
| openaccess = Yes
| license =
| impact =
| impact-year =
| bluebook = Ban.L.J.
| ISSN = 0522-0815
| eISSN =
| CODEN =
| JSTOR =
| LCCN = sa68004336
| OCLC = 2528789
| website = https://bhu.ac.in/Site/Page/1_3339_6138_Banaras-Law-Journal-Home
| link1 = https://bhu.ac.in/Site/Page/1_3339_6141_Banaras-Law-Journal-Issues
| link1-name = Online Access
| link2 =
| link2-name = Online archive2
}}
The '''''Banaras Law Journal''''' is a [[legal journal]] published by the [[Banaras Hindu University Press]] on behalf of [[Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University]]. It was established in 1965, when no other Indian university was publishing such a journal.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rajeev |last=Dikshit |date=8 May 2022 |title=Become Law Professionals Who Are Free And Fearless |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/become-law-professionals-who-are-free-and-fearless/articleshow/91408951.cms |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==History==
The journal was established in 1965 by [[Natwarlal H. Bhagwati]], 10th [[vice-chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]] and former judge at the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banaras Hindu University, [BHU], Varanasi-221005, U.P., India. – Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://new.bhu.ac.in/Site/Page/1_3339_6138_Banaras-Law-Journal-Home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718065004/https://new.bhu.ac.in/Site/Page/1_3339_6138_Banaras-Law-Journal-Home |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=new.bhu.ac.in}}</ref>

==Reception==
Following publication of the first issue, a 1966 review in the ''[[International and Comparative Law Quarterly]]'' welcomed its appearance as "a matter of great pleasure" which was "long overdue".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Misra |first=B. N. |date=1966 |title=[Review of Banaras Law Journal] |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/757226 |journal=[[The International and Comparative Law Quarterly]] |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=614–615 |jstor=757226}}</ref> A review in the ''[[Journal of the Indian Law Institute]]'' said that ''Banaras Law Journal'' had made a "promising beginning", stating, "A very interesting feature of the first issue lies in the publication of L.L.M. and Ph.D. work being carried out at the University; it would be very valuable if other Indian universities provided similar information."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hasson |first=R.A. |date=1965 |title=[Review of The Aligarh Law Journal, Vol. I, No. 1; The Banaras Law Journal, Vol. I., No. 1] |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |volume=7 |issue=1/2 |pages=170–171 |jstor=43949894}}</ref>

By 1987, an article in the ''[[Modern Law Review]]'' observed that most well known law faculties in India were trying to start their own law journals, while noting that "''The Banaras Law Journal'' and ''Jaipur Law Journal'' have suffered some decline after an impressive head start."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dhavan |first=Rajeev |date=October 1987 |title=Means, Motives and Opportunities: Reflecting on Legal Research in India |journal=[[Modern Law Review]] |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=725–749 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1987.tb01736.x |jstor=1096030}}</ref> In 2010, an article on legal education in India published in the ''[[BYU Education & Law Journal]]'' listed ''Banaras Law Journal'' as one of the prominent national law journals, along with the ''[[Jaipur Law Journal]]'' and the ''[[Delhi Law Review]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kadambi |first=Rajeev |date=2010 |title=One Such Pattern in the Indian Legal Academy |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/818335682 |journal=Education & Law Journal |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=129–171 |id={{ProQuest|818335682}} }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of law journals]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://new.bhu.ac.in/Site/Page/1_3339_6138_Banaras-Law-Journal-Home}}
{{Banaras Hindu University|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Indian law journals]]
[[Category:Biannual journals]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]
[[Category:Academic journals established in 1965]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University]]

2020 National Games of India

2025-06-14T12:31:08Z

4Eileen59m: further update formatting per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|Cancelled multi-sport event in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox games
| name = 2020 National Games of India
| logo = Goa 2020 logo.png
| size =
| caption =
| host_city = [[Goa]], India
| motto =
| teams = 37 (expected)
| athletes = 7000 (expected)
| events = 30
| opening = 20 October 2020 (planned)
| closing = 4 November 2020 (planned)
| opened_by =
| closed_by =
| athlete_oath =
| judge_oath =
| torch_lighter =
| stadium =
| website =
| previous = [[2015 National Games of India|2015]]
| next = [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]
}}

The '''2020 [[National Games of India]]''', also known as '''Goa 2020''', were to have been held between 20 October and 4 November 2020 in [[Goa]].

In May 2020, it was announced that games would be indefinitely postponed as a result of the global [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/sports/36th-national-games-in-goa-postponed-indefinitely-due-to-coronavirus-pandemic-4042667/|title = 36th National Games in Goa Postponed Indefinitely Due to Coronavirus Pandemic|website=India.com|date = 29 May 2020}}</ref> They were ultimately cancelled with the [[2022 National Games of India|next national games]] scheduled to be held between 27 September and 10 October 2022 in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/gujarat-to-host-36th-national-games-starting-sept-27/article65614885.ece#:~:text=Gujarat%20will%20host%20the%2036th,be%20conducted%20in%20six%20cities | title=Gujarat to host 36th National Games starting Sept 27|website=Thehindubusinessline.com | date=8 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/national-games-2022-start-date-venue-announced |title=National Games 2022 to be held in Gujarat in September-October|website=Olympics.com|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>

==Expected teams==
Teams were expected from all 28 [[States of India|states]] and eight [[union territories]] of India as well a team representing [[Services Sports Control Board|Indian Armed Forces]]. The new union territories of [[Ladakh]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] were expected to have made their National Games debut at these games.

==Marketing==
The official logo of the games and the mascot, Rubigula the [[Bulbul|Flame-Throated Bulbul]], were unveiled in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/goa-2020-national-games-unveils-rubigula-as-mascot-120013102006_1.html|title = Goa 2020 National Games unveils 'Rubigula' as mascot|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 31 January 2020}}</ref>

==Venues==
[[File:Fatorda Stadium, Goa.jpg|thumb|right|205px|[[Fatorda Stadium]] was to have hosted the opening and closing ceremonies]]
Venues that were to have been used during the 2020 National Games included:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsvenue-technology.com/news/six-new-complexes-for-national-games-2016|title = Six new Sports Venues for upcoming National Games 2016|website=Sportsvenue-technology.com}}</ref>
*[[GMC Athletic Stadium]] – athletics
*Campal Swimming Pool – aquatics
*[[Campal Indoor Complex]] – boxing, table tennis, wrestling
*[[Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Indoor Stadium]] – basketball, volleyball
*[[Fatorda Stadium]] – opening and closing ceremonies
*[[Miramar, Goa|Miramar Beach]] – beach handball, beach volleyball
*Peddem Indoor Stadium – badminton
*[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]] – football

==Sports==
The games would have featured 37 sports as follows:<ref>[http://www.goa2020.org/results.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sports event !! Number of medals
|-
| [[Aquatic sports|Aquatics]] || 50
|-
| [[Archery]] || 15
|-
| [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]] || 44
|-
| [[Badminton]] || 7
|-
| [[Baseball]] || 2
|-
| [[Basketball]] || 2
|-
| [[Beach handball]] || 2
|-
| [[Beach volleyball]] || 2
|-
| [[Billiards]] and [[snooker]] || 5
|-
| [[Canoeing]] and [[kayaking]] || 36
|-
| [[Cycle sport|Cycling]] || 20
|-
| [[Fencing]] || 12
|-
| [[Association football|Football]] || 2
|-
| [[Gymnastics]] || 20
|-
| [[Handball]] || 2
|-
| [[Field hockey]] || 2
|-
| [[Judo]] || 14
|-
| [[Kabaddi]] || 2
|-
| [[Kho-kho]] || 2
|-
| [[Lawn bowls]] || 8
|-
| [[Modern pentathlon]] || 16
|-
| [[Netball]] || 2
|-
| [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]] || 18
|-
| [[Rugby sevens]] || 2
|-
| [[Shooting sports|Shooting]] || 38
|-
| [[Squash (sport)|Squash]] || 2
|-
| [[Sepak takraw]] || 4
|-
| [[Table tennis]] || 7
|-
| [[Taekwondo]] || 16
|-
| [[Tennis]] || 7
|-
| [[Triathlon]] || 4
|-
| [[Volleyball]] || 2
|-
| [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || 15
|-
| [[Wrestling]] || 24
|-
| [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]] || 15
|-
| [[Yachting]] || 4
|}

== See also==
* [[Khelo India Youth Games]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://www.goa2020.org/index.php}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/nationalgamesgoa Goa 2020 on Facebook]
* [https://twitter.com/goa2020 Goa 2020 on Twitter]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box| before=''[[2015 National Games of India]]''| title=[[National Games of India]] | years= | after=''[[2022 National Games of India]]''}}
{{S-end}}

{{National Games of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2020 National Games Of India}}
[[Category:National Games of India]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian sport|National Games of India]]
[[Category:2020 in multi-sport events|National Games of India]]
[[Category:October 2020 sports events in India]]
[[Category:November 2020 sports events in India]]

Chitra, Deoghar

2025-06-12T18:09:36Z

4Eileen59m: updated details

{{other uses|Chitra (disambiguation){{!}}Chitra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chitra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.120567|N|86.866678|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2430
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages .*For language details see [[Sarath, Deoghar#Language and religion]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 815351
| area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code
| area_code = 06438
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sarath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarath]]
| website = {{URL|deoghar.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chitra''' is a village in [[Sarath, Deoghar|Sarath]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Madhupur subdivision]] of the [[Deoghar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|14|0|N|87|5|0|E}}| float= left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Deoghar, Dumka and Jamtara districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: Municipality, CT: census town, R: Rural/ Urban centre, D: Dam, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|21|28|N|86|53|56|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Sonaraithari | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Sonaraithari, Deoghar]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2= {{coord|24|6|50|N|86|52|0|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2= Chitra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=Chitra, Deoghar (R)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|26|20|N|86|30|45|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Devipur| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Devipur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|7|38|N|86|44|41|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Karon| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Karon, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|9|54|N|86|35|15|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Margomunda| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Margomunda, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|29|41|N|86|46|49|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mohanpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Mohanpur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|1|28|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Palojori| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Palojori, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|14|12|N|86|50|16|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Sarath| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Sarath, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|23|10|N|86|46|23|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Sarwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Sarwan, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|26|10|N|87|28|55|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Gopikandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Gopikandar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|36|2|N|87|4|56|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Hansdiha| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Hansdiha]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|22|40|N|87|15|52|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Jama| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Jama, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|24|10|N|87|2|47|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Jarmundi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Jarmundi, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|21|0|N|87|25|11|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kathikund| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kathikund, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|10|20|N|87|39|10|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Maluti| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Maluti]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|8|40|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Masalia| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Masalia, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|10|0|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Ramgarh| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Ramgarh, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|2|17|N|87|25|20|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18= Ranishwar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Ranishwar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|0|47|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Saraiyahat| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Saraiyahat, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|28|15|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Shikaripara| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Shikaripara, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|25|26|N|86|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Taljhari| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Taljhari, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|3|40|N|87|15|20|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Tongra| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Tongra]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|53|10|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Bagdahari| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Bagdahari]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|58|58|N|87|6|9|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Basudih| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Basudih]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|0|0|N|86|55|39|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Bindapathar| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Bindapathar]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|6|55|N|86|59|51|E}} | label-pos26=bottom|label26= Fatehpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26=[[Fatehpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|58|34|N|87|9|31|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Kundahit| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Kundahit]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|55|25|N|87|2|7|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nala| numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Nala, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|2|52|N|86|36|53|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29= Narayanpur| numbered29=R| mark-title29=[[Narayanpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|28|48|N|86|42|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Deoghar| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Deoghar]] (M) |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|31|19|N|86|38|51|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31=Jasidih| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Jasidih]] (M) |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|15|36|N|86|39|0|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32=Madhupur| numbered32=M| mark-title32= [[Madhupur, Deoghar]] (M) |label-color32=#800000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|16|32|N|87|15|50|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=Dumka| numbered33=M| mark-title33= [[Dumka]] (M) |label-color33=#800000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|24|30|N|87|5|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Basukinath| numbered34=M| mark-title34= [[Basukinath]] (M) |label-color34=#800000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|57|47|N|86|48|5|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Jamtara| numbered35=M| mark-title35= [[Jamtara]] (M) |label-color35=#800000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|52|12|N|86|52|12|E}} | label-pos36=top|label36=Mihijam| numbered36=M| mark-title36= [[Mihijam]] (M) |label-color36=#800000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|5|38|N|86|42|15|E}}| label-pos37=left|label37=Karmatanr| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Karmatanr, Jamtara]] (CT) |shape-color37= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|16|42|N|87|13|50|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Dudhani| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Dudhani, Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|15|22|N|87|14|14|E}}| label-pos39=bottom|label39=Purana |labela39= Dumka| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Purana Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|18|10|N|87|15|19|E}}| label-pos40=left|label40=Rasikpur| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Rasikpur]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|6|24|N|87|18|30|E}}| label41= Massanjore|labela41= Dam| label-color41 = #C42222 | label-angle41=0| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=12| numbered41=D|mark-title41 =[[Massanjore Dam]]| shape-color41=#C42222
|mark-coord42={{coord|23|55|30|N|86|35|0|E}} |label42=Barakar River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42=30| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|5|0|N|86|47|0|E}} |label43=Ajay River| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43=70| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|28|0|N|87|5|0|E}} |label44=Mayurakshi River| label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44=30| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|35|0|N|86|35|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-30| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|23|50|30|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textB= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-75| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Chitra is located at {{coord|24.120567|N|86.866678|E|display=inline}}.

===Overview===
The map shows a large area, which is a plateau with low hills, except in the eastern portion where the Rajmahal hills intrude into this area and the Ramgarh hills are there. The south-western portion is just a rolling upland. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chapter I: General |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | accessdate = 10 November 2020}}</ref>

Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked in the full screen map and one can easily move on to another page of his/her choice. Enlarge the full screen map to see what else is there – one gets railway connections, many more road connections and so on.

===Area===
Chitra has an area of {{convert|171|ha}}.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2005_PART_B_DCHB_DEOGHAR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Deoghar, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 3 November 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Chitra had a total population of 2,430, of which 1,252 (52%) were males and 1,172 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 330. The total number of literate persons in Chitra was 2,100 (76.86% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011/>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
There is a police station at Chitra.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/deoghar| title = District Police Profile - Deoghar| publisher = Jharkhand Police| accessdate = 3 November 2020| archive-date = 30 October 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201030124441/https://jhpolice.gov.in/deoghar| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Chitra Coalfield==
Chitra Coalfield is operated as a part of SP Mines Area of [[Eastern Coalfields]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.zonalinfo.com/2366127| title = Eastern Coalfields Limited – SP Mines Area| publisher = ZonalInfo | accessdate = 3 November 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
DAV Public School at Chitra was established in 1995. It secured affiliation of CBSE for class X in 1999 and a senior secondary school (plus two level) in 2003. It has been set up in association with ECL.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://davchitra.in/ | title = DAV Public School S.P. Mines (ECL)| publisher = DAV Public School | accessdate = 3 November 2020}}</ref>

Chitra Inter College is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1993. It has facilities for teaching in class XI and class XII.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/deoghar/20070517003/chitra-inter-college-chitra.html|title = Chitra Inter College Chitra |publisher= Schools.org | accessdate = 3 November 2020}}</ref>

High School Chitra is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1974. It has facilities for teaching in class IX and class X.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/deoghar/20070513601/h-s-chitra.html|title = HS Chitra |publisher= Schools.org | accessdate = 3 November 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Jharkhand]]

List of publicly listed software companies of India

2025-02-15T10:31:30Z

4Eileen59m: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian IT companies]]

Muzik247 Tulu

2025-02-15T05:50:55Z

4Eileen59m: added a entry from scratch

{{Infobox company
| name = Muzik247 Tulu
| logo = File:Mjuzik247 Tulu.png
| type = Private
| foundation =
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| genre = Various
| industry = [[Music]], Entertainment
| products = 
| parent =
| homepage = http://www.muzik247.in/
}}
'''Muzik247 Tulu''' is a [[music label]] and Movie promoting entity in the [[Tulu cinema|Tulu film industry]] founded in 2015. The company acquires, manages and promotes [[Tulu language]] movie content, including audio songs, video songs, trailers, full movie and movie scenes.<ref name="ritzmagazine">{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/muzik247-enters-tulu-music-movie-domain|title=Muzik247 enters Tulu music / movie domain|publisher=ritzmagazine.in|accessdate=2016-03-13}}</ref> Movies acquired by Muzik247 include [[Nirel]], [[Right Bokka Left]], [[Yeregla Panodchi]], [[Rickshaw Driver]], [[Chaali Polilu]], [[Super Marmeye]], Rambarooti, [[Guddeda Bhoota]], [[Bangar Da Kural]], [[Namma Kudla]], [[Villain]].<ref name="daijiworld">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=394248|title=Tulu music enters iTunes Indian chart for first time with 'Rambarooti'|publisher=daijiworld.com|accessdate=2016-05-11}}</ref>

==History==
Since its launch in September 2015, the YouTube channel of Muzik247 Tulu has had the majority of its traffic from India followed by United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.<ref name="deccanheraldepaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanheraldepaper.com/data_ep/DH/20160526/articlepng/CF3BD747-6F21-48A3-B02C-C4F30D3AA126/13DF1901-5146-4BBA-AAF0-3F8574FE1083.png|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924165027/http://www.deccanheraldepaper.com/data_ep/DH/20160526/articlepng/CF3BD747-6F21-48A3-B02C-C4F30D3AA126/13DF1901-5146-4BBA-AAF0-3F8574FE1083.png|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 24, 2016|title=Muzik247 Tulu's YouTube Channel crosses one million views|publisher=deccanheraldepaper.com|accessdate=2016-05-11}}</ref> Muzik247 released "Daye Saipa", a song from the 2016 Tulu movie Rambarooti, which trended on Apple iTunes. It was ranked 34 among iTunes' top 200 Regional Indian chart.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/tulu-movie-song-in-itune-top-200-list/article8583155.ece|title=Tulu movie song in iTune Top 200 list|publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=2016-05-11}}</ref>

==Films==
The following is a list of notable movies in Muzik247 Tulu's kitty.<ref name="newswire">{{cite web|url=https://www.newswire.com/news/muzik247-enters-tulu-music-movies-market-7014074|title=Tulu movie song in iTune Top 200 list|publisher=newswire.com|accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Bangarda Kural]]''
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Rickshaw Driver]]''
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Nirel]]''
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Chaali Polilu]]''
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Super Marmaye]]''
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Yeregla Panoduchi]]''
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Right Bokka Left]]''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Guddedha Bhootha]]''
|-
| 2016 || ''Rambarooti''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Namma Kudla]]''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Villain]]''
|-
|}

==Music Albums Released by Muzik247 Tulu==
Following are the list of notable music albums Released by Muzik247 Tulu.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Album
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Chupke Chupke (album)|Chupke Chupke]]''
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Dosthi]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian record labels]]