Ahilyabai Holkar

2022-12-20T16:07:43Z

49.204.160.90: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Ruler of Indore from 1767–1795}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use Indian English |date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = Noble
| name = Ahilya Bai Holkar
| title =
| image = Ahilyabai Holkar 1996 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Ahilyabai Holkar on a 1996 Indian stamp
| reign = {{nowrap|1 December 1767 – 13 August 1795}}
| coronation = 11 December 1767
| succession = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|33x30px]] Subedar of Indore
| predecessor = [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]
| successor = [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]]
| spouse = [[Khanderao Holkar|Khande Rao Holkar]]
| issue = [[Male Rao Holkar]] (son) Muktabai (daughter)
| issue-link =
| full name = Ahilya Bai Sahiba Holkar
| house = [[Holkar|House of Holkar]]
| father = Mankoji Shinde
| mother = Sushila Shinde
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1725|5|31}}
| birth_place = [[Chondi]], [[Maratha Empire]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1795|8|13|1725|5|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Indore]], [[Maratha Empire]] (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Ahilya Bai Holkar''' (31 May 1725 – 13 August 1795)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqE8AAAAIAAJ&q=Ahilyabai+Holkar+Ahilya&pg=PA63|title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Hoshangabad|last=Pradesh (India)|first=Madhya|date=1827|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=64|language=en}}</ref> was the hereditary noble [[Queen consort|queen]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], in [[Early modern India|early-modern]] [[India]]. She established [[Maheshwar]] (in [[Madhya Pradesh]]) as the seat of [[Holkar Dynasty]].<ref name="DAUniv">{{cite web|title=Rani Ahilyabai Holkar|url=https://www.dauniv.ac.in/ahilyabai|date=|publisher=University of Indore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How Ahilya Bai accidentally entered history and made it eventful {{!}} Madhya Pradesh Tourism |url=https://www.mptourism.com/how-ahilya-Bai-accidentally-entered-history-and-made-it-eventful.html |website=www.mptourism.com |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Tourism |access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

After the demise of her husband Khande Rao Holkar and father-in-law Malhar Rao Holkar, Ahilya Bai herself undertook the affairs of Holkar dynasty. She defended the Malwa state against intruders and personally led armies into battle, with [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] as her military commander.<ref name="DAUniv"/>

Ahilya Bai was a great pioneer and builder of [[Hindu temples]] who constructed hundreds of temples and [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashalas]] throughout India.<ref name="DAUniv"/> She is specially renowned for refurbishing & reconsecrating some of the most sacred [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|sites of Hindu pilgrimage]] that had been desecrated & demolished in the previous century by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].

==Early life==
[[File:Maharani Ahilya Bai Holkar.png|thumb|left|A painting of Rani Ahilya Bai Holkar]]
Ahilya Bai was born into a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] family to Mankoji Shinde and Sushila Shinde in the Chaundi village (present-day [[Ahmednagar district]]) of [[Maharashtra]], where her father, Mankoji Shinde, a scion of a respectable [[Dhangar]] family, served as the [[Patil (title)|Patil]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Marathwada_University_Journal/6aU4AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Mankoji+Sindhia,+a+scion+of+a+respectable+Dhangar&dq=Mankoji+Sindhia,+a+scion+of+a+respectable+Dhangar&printsec=frontcover|title=Marathwada University Journal - Volumes 17-18 |last=Khanolkar|first= D.D.|date=1979|publisher=Marathwada University|page=67|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Education_and_the_Disprivileged/f-jBIp3iWdEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ahilyabai+holkar+dhangar&pg=PA40&printsec=frontcover|title=Education and the Disprivileged Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India|last= Bhattacharya |first=Sabyasachi|date=2002|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|isbn=9788125021926|page=40|language=en}}</ref> Although women did not go to school back then, Ahilya's father taught her to read and write.<ref name="ahilyabaiholkar.com">{{Cite web|title=Ahilyabai Holkar Information in English {{!}} Ahilyabai Holkar|url=https://ahilyabaiholkar.com/ahilyabai-holkar/|date=2020-05-02|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-03}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

According to a legend, she rose to prominence when [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], a commander in the army of Maratha [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]] and ruler of [[Malwa]], stopped in Chaundi on his way to [[Pune]] and saw the eight-year-old Ahilya at a temple service in the village. Impressed by her piety and character, Malhar married Ahilya to his son, Khande Rao Holkar on the Peshwas advice. She married [[Khanderao Holkar|Khande Rao]] in 1733. Ahilya accompanied Khande Rao on many campaigns. Throughout her married life, she was brought up by her mother in law Gautama Bai who is credited today for the values instilled in Ahilya. She trained her into administration, accounts, politics etc and eventually handed over her Khasgi [[Jagir]] in 1759.

In 1754, Khande Rao, alongside his father Malhar Rao Holkar, laid the siege of [[Kumher]] fort of [[Jat people|Jat]] Raja [[Suraj Mal]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] on request of support from [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk]] and the Mughal emperor [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]'s general Mir Bakhshi. Suraj Mal had sided with the Mughal emperor's rebellious wazir [[Safdar Jang]]. Khande Rao was inspecting his troops in an open palanquin during the battle when a [[Round shot|cannonball]] fired from the Jat army hit him, leading to his death.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Holkar |first1=Madhusudan Rao |title=Khande Rao Holkar ki 267 vi Punytithi (17 March ) |url=https://historyofbharat.com/khande-rao-holkar-ki-276-vi-punytithi-17-march/ |website=historyofbharat.com/ |date=16 March 2021 |publisher=Madhusudan Rao Holkar |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>
After the death of her husband, Ahilya Bai was stopped by her father in law from committing [[Sati (practice)|sati]].
After demise of her husband she was trained in military affairs by [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Malhar Rao holkar]].<ref name="DAUniv" /><ref name="ahilyabaiholkar.com" />

==Reign==
[[File:Royal Palace of Maheshwar.jpg|thumb|The Royal Palace of Maheshwar]]
[[File:Rajwada of Ahilya Bai.jpg|thumb|Courtyard of the royal palace (Rajwada), Maheshwar]]
[[File:Statue of Ahilya Bai Holkar.jpg|thumb|Statue of Ahilya Bai Holkar in the royal palace, Maheshwar]]
[[File:Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar, statue.jpg|left|thumb]]

=== Ascent ===
After her husbands Khande Rao's death, Ahilya Bai had given up all desires of life and decided to perform [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] to accompany her husband at his funeral pyre. People requested her not to commit Sati, but she said her husband had pledged to accompany her lifelong, and now he has left midway. When she had made up her mind to perform Sati and was not relenting, it was finally her father-in-law Malhar Rao who made fervent emotional appeals to stop her.<ref name="kr2">{{cite book|author=Anne Feldhaus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YSU9Qp9w0MC&pg=PA184|title=Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion|date=21 March 1996|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2838-2|pages=184–}}</ref> He said:  <blockquote>''"Daughter, my son left me whom I raised with a hope that he would support me in my old age. Now, will you also leave me, an old man, alone to be drowned in the fathomless ocean? ... Will you also leave me without any support? Still, if you don't want to change your mind, let me die first."''</blockquote>[[Malhar Rao Holkar]] died in 1766, 12 years after the death of his son Khande Rao. Malhar Rao's grandson and Khande Rao's only son [[Male Rao Holkar]] became the ruler of Indore in 1766, under Ahilya Bai's regency, but he too died within few months in April 1767. Ahilya Bai became the ruler of Indore after the death of her son with Khande Rao.<ref name="kr3">{{cite book|title=Omkareshwar and Maheshwar: Travel Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0RpUoGiou4C&pg=PA60 |year=2011 |publisher=Goodearth Publications |isbn=978-93-80262-24-6 |pages=60–}}</ref><ref name="kr4">{{cite book|author1=R. V. Solomon |author2=J. W. Bond |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&pg=PA70 |year=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=70–}}</ref>

A letter to her from Malhar Rao in 1765 illustrates the trust he had in her ability when sending her on a military expedition to Gwalior with a huge artillery:
<blockquote>"''...proceed to Gwalior after crossing the Chambal. You may halt there for four or five days. You should keep your big artillery and arrange for its ammunition as much as possible... The big artillery should be kept at Gwalior and you should proceed further after making proper arrangements for {{notatypo|i|t's}} expenses for a month. On the march you should arrange for military posts being located for protection of the road."''</blockquote>
This letter clearly shows that not only was Ahilya Bai militarily trained, she was also considered capable enough to run civil and military affairs. When [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] invaded [[Punjab]] in 1765, Malhar Rao was busy fighting the Abdali-Rohilla army in [[Delhi]]. During the same time, Ahilya Bai captured the Gohad fort (near Gwalior).

Already trained to be a ruler, Ahilya Bai petitioned Peshwa [[Madhavrao I|Madhav Rao I]] after Malhar Rao and her son's death to grant her the administration of the Holkar dynasty. Some in Malwa objected to her assumption of rule, but the Holkar faction of [[Maratha Army|Maratha army]] sided with her. The Peshwa granted her permission on 11 December 1767, with subhedar [[Tukojirao Holkar|Tukoji Rao Holkar]] (Malhar Rao's adopted son) as her military head. She proceeded to rule Malwa in the most enlightened manner, even reinstating a Brahmin who had previously opposed her. Ahilya Bai paid regular visits to her subjects, being always accessible to anyone needing her help.

===Conflict with Dewan Gangadhar Rao===

Following the death of Male Raao Holkar, Gangadhar Rao, Malhar Rao Holkar's [[dewan]], believing Ahilyabai to be a weak powerless widow, tried to usurp royal authority for himself by requesting Ahilyabai to adopt him as her son & grant all administrative power to him but she promptly refused to do so. Gangadhar Rao then orchestrated a rebellion against her & instigated [[Raghunathrao]], uncle of Peshwa [[Madhavrao]], to attack the Holkar domain of Indore. On coming to know about the encampment of Raghunathrao's army at the banks of the river Shipra through her spies, Ahilyabai immediately despatched letters to compatriots of her late father-in-law, [[Mahadji Scindia]] & [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]], asking for assistance and assembled the Holkar army with the help of Tukoji. The Bhonsales of Nagpur sent their armies to assist her & Peshwa [[Madhavrao]] authorised Ahilyabai to take offensive action against Raghunathrao. Ahilyabai herself went to the battlefield with her female bodyguards to face Raghunathrao. Seeing Ahilyabai's courage, Raghunathrao was frightened & retreated back stating that he had just come to offer condolence to Ahilyabai for the death of Male Rao. Gangadhara Rao was kept under house-arrest before being reinstated back to his former position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.308798/page/n90/mode/1up|title=अहिल्याबाई होलकार (जीवन चरित्र)|date=29 April 2022}}</ref>

===Clashes with Rajputs===
Ahilyabai defended her realms from [[Rajput]] raids in the aftermath of the Rajputs defeating the Maratha army led by [[Mahadji Scindia]] at the [[battle of Lalsot]].

Among Ahilya Bai's accomplishments was the transformation of [[Indore]] from a small village to a prosperous and beautiful city; her own capital, however, was in the nearby [[Maheshwar]], a town on the banks of [[Narmada River]]. She also commissioned several infrastructure projects in Malwa, sponsored festivals and gave donations for regular worship in many Hindu temples. Outside Malwa, she built numerous [[Hindu temple|Hindu temples]], [[Ghat|Ghats]], [[Well|wells]], tanks and rest-houses throughout the [[South Asia|Indian subcontinent]], stretching from the Himalayas to pilgrimage centres in [[South India|southern India]]. The ''Bharatiya Sanskriti Kosh'' lists the sites she embellished as [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]], [[Somnath temple|Somnath]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Mathura]], [[Haridwar]], [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]], Avanti, [[Dwarka]], [[Badrinath Temple]], [[Rameswaram|Rameshwaram]] and [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Puri]]. Ahilya Bai also supported the rise of merchants, farmers and cultivators to levels of affluence and did not consider that she had any legitimate claim to their wealth, be it through taxes or feudal right.

There are many stories of her care for her subjects. In one instance, when her minister refused to allow the adoption of a child unless he was suitably bribed, she is said to have sponsored the child herself and given him clothes and jewels as a part of the adoption ritual.

Ahilya Bai could not settle the conflict peacefully in the case of the [[Bhil people|Bhils]] and [[Gondi people|Gonds]], who unethically plundered her borders; but she granted them waste hilly lands and the right to a small duty on goods passing through their territories. Even in this case, according to Malcolm, she did give "considerate attention to their habits".

Ahilya Bai's capital at [[Maheshwar]] was the scene of literary, musical, artistic and industrial enterprise. She patronized the famous [[Marathi people|Marathi]] poet [[Moropant]] and the shahir Anantaphandi from Maharashtra, and also patronised the Sanskrit scholar, Khushali Ram. Craftsmen, sculptors and artists received salaries and honours at her capital and she even established a textile industry in [[Maheshwar]].

Ahilyabai repealed a traditional law that had previously empowered the state to confiscate the property of childless widows.

In 1780, following the death of her husband preceded by the death of their 16 year old son, Ahilyabai's daughter Muktabai committed ''[[sati (practice)|sati]]''.

==Death==

Ahilyabai died on 13 August 1795 at the age of 70. A woman of modern times, Ahilyabai's rule is remembered as a golden age in the history of Maratha Empire. Ahilyabai was succeeded by her commander-in-chief and nephew, [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]], who soon abdicated the throne in favour of his son Kashi Rao Holkar in 1797.

== Children ==
She gave birth to a son [[Male Rao Holkar|Male Rao]] and daughter Muktabai in 1745 and 1748, respectively. Male Rao became mentally ill in later life and died in 1767 due to his disease. Ahilya Bai married her daughter to Yashwant Rao, a brave but poor man, after he had succeeded in defeating [[Dacoity|dacoits]].

==Views about her==
[[File: Statue of Ahilybai Holkar, Maheshwar.jpg|thumb|Statue of Ahilybai Holkar, [[Maheshwar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]]]
{{Blockquote|text="The reign of Ahilyabai, of Indore in central India, lasted for thirty years. This has become almost legendary as a period during which perfect order and good government prevailed and the people prospered. She was a very able ruler and organizer, highly respected during her lifetime, and considered as a saint by a grateful people after her death."|author=Jawaharlal Nehru|source=''The Discovery of India'' (1946)<ref>Jawaharlal Nehru (1946) ''[[The Discovery of India]]''. Meridian Books. p. 304. {{ISBN|978-0-19-562359-8}}</ref>}}

{{Blockquote|
text="For thirty years her reign of peace, The land in blessing did increase; And she was blessed by every tongue, By stern and gentle, old and young. Yea, even the children at their mother's feet, Are taught such homely rhyming to repeat. In latter days from Brahma came, To rule our land, a noble Dame, Kind was her heart and bright her fame, And Ahilya was her honored name."|
author=Joanna Baillie|source=''English Poem'' (1849)}}

Collecting oral memories of her in the 1820s, [[John Malcolm|Sir John Malcolm]], the British official most directly concerned with the 'settlement' of central India, seems to have become deeply enamored of her.
{{Blockquote|text="Ahilyabai's extraordinary ability won her the regard of her subjects and of the other [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha confederates]], including Nana Phadnavis. With the natives of Malwa ... her name is sainted and she has styled an avatar or Incarnation of the Divinity. In the soberest view that can be taken of her character, she certainly appears, within her limited sphere, to have been one of the purest and most exemplary rulers that ever existed."|author=[[John Malcolm]]|source=''A Memoir of Central India'' <ref>Malcolm, J., A Memoir of Central India, quoted in {{cite book|author=John Keay|title=India: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC|year=2000|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5|page=407}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote | text = "This great ruler in Indore encouraged all within her realm to do their best, Merchants produced their finest clothes, trade flourished, the farmers were at peace and oppression ceased, for each case that came to the queen's notice was dealt with severely. She loved to see her people prosper, and to watch the fine cities grow, and to watch that her subjects were not afraid to display their wealth, lest the ruler should snatch it from them. Far and wide the roads were planted with shady trees, and wells were made, and rest-houses for travelers. The poor, the homeless, the orphaned were all helped according to their needs. The Bhils who had long been the torment of all caravans were routed from their mountain fastnesses and persuaded to settle down as honest farmers. Hindu and Musalman alike revered the famous Queen and prayed for her long life. Her last great sorrow was when her daughter became a Sati upon the death of Yashwantrao Phanse. Ahalya Bai was seventy years old when her long and splendid life closed. Indore long mourned its noble Queen, happy had been her reign, and her memory is cherished with deep reverence unto this day." | author=[[Annie Besant]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Annie Besant|title=Children of the Motherland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VLatAEACAAJ|date= 2018|publisher=CHIZINE PUBN|isbn=978-1-377-17734-2|pages=290–291}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote | text ="From the original papers and letters, it becomes clear that she was the first-class politician, and that was why she readily extended her support to [[Mahadji Shinde]]. I have no hesitation in saying that without the support of Ahilyabai, Mahadji would never have gained so much importance in the politics of northern India."| author=Historian Judunath Sarkar}}

{{blockquote| text="Definitely no woman and no ruler are like Ahilyabai Holkar."| author = [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]}}

{{blockquote| text = "It reveals beyond doubt that all ideal virtues described by [[Plato]] and Bhattacharya were present in her personalities like Dilip, Janak, Shri Ram, Shri Krishna, and Yudhishthir. After thorough scrutiny of the long history of the world, we find only one personality of Lokmata Devi Ahilya that represents an absolutely ideal ruler." | author= Arvind Javlekar<ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind Javlekar|title=Lokmata Ahilyabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voYn9a1EBkIC|date=2002|publisher=Ocean Books|isbn=978-81-88322-08-4|page=140}}</ref>}}

[[John Keay]] called her 'The Philosopher Queen', a reference perhaps to the '[[Philosopher king]]' [[Bhoja|Bhoj]].
{{blockquote|"Ahilyabai Holkar, the 'philosopher-queen' of Malwa, had evidently been an acute observer of the wider political scene. In a letter to the Peshwa in 1772, she had warned against association with the British and likened their embrace to a bear-hug: "Other beasts, like tigers, can be killed by might or contrivance, but to kill a bear it is very difficult. It will die only if you kill it straight in the face, Or else, once caught in its powerful hold, the bear will kill its prey by tickling. Such is the way of the English. And in view of this, it is difficult to triumph over them."|author=[[John Keay]]| source = ''India: A History'' (2000)<ref>{{cite book|author=John Keay|title=India: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC|year=2000|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5|page=425}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|text="The Great [[Maratha]] lady who affords the noblest example of wisdom, goodness, and virtue. [[Akbar]] is among male sovereigns, and Ahilyabai is among female sovereigns".|author= An English writer quoted in the book ''Ahilya Bai Holkar'' by Khadpekar<ref>Quote of an English writer given in the book ''Ahilya Bai Holkar'' by Khadpekar</ref>}}

A [[commemorative stamp]] was issued in her honour on 25 August 1996 by the [[Republic of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/A/AHILYABAI%20HOLKAR |title=Ahilyabai Holkar |publisher=Indianpost.com |date=25 August 1996 |access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref>

As a tribute to the great ruler, Indore international airport has been named [[Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport]]. Similarly, Indore university has been renamed as [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]].<ref name="DAUniv"/>

==Structures throughout India==

[[File: Ahilya Ghat by the Ganges, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|right|Ahilya Ghat, Varanasi]]
[[File: Vishnupadh Temple.jpg|thumb|right|The current structure of Vishnupad Temple, Gaya, Bihar is built by Maharani Ahilya Bai Holkar in 1787]]
[[File: Ahilya 4.JPG|thumb|right|Ahilya Bai's Fort]]

The Holkar family was known for avoiding using public cash to meet their personal and family expenses. They possessed their personal funds, which they had accumulated through their private property. Ahilyabai inherited personal funds estimated at sixteen crores rupees at the time. Ahilyabai donated money from her personal resources to charity.<ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind Javlekar|title=Lokmata Ahilyabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voYn9a1EBkIC|date=2002|publisher=Ocean Books|isbn=978-81-88322-08-4|page=62}}</ref>
[[File: Ahilya 3.JPG|thumb|right|Ahilya Bai's Temple]]
[[File: Symbol of holkars.jpg|thumb|Symbol of Holkars]]
The following structures were (re)constructed by Ahilyabai.
* [[Alampur, Madhya Pradesh|Alampur]] ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) – Harihareshwar, Batuk, Malharimarthand, Surya, Renuka, Ram Hanuman Temples, Shriram Temple, Laxmi Narayan Temple, Maruti Temple, Narsinh Temple, Khanderao Martand Temple, Memorial of Malharrao (I)
* [[Amarkantak]]([[Madhya Pradesh]])- Construction of Shri Vishweshwar Temple, Kotithirth Temple, Gomukhi Temple, Dharamshala & Vansh Kund
* [[Ambegaon]] – Lamps for temple
* Anand Kanan – Vishweshwar Temple
* [[Aundha Nagnath Temple]], destroyed during [[Aurangzeb]]'s conquests, rebuilt by Ahilyabai Holkar.
*[[Ayodhya]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]])– Construction of Shri Rama Temple, Shri Treta Rama Temple, Shri Bhairava Temple, Nageshwar/Siddhnath Temple, [[Sarayu]] Ghat, well, Swargadwari Mohatajkhana & [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshalas]]
* [[Badrinath]] ([[Uttarakhand]]) – Construction of Shri Kedareshwar Temple and Hari Temple, Dharamshalas (at Rangdachati, Bidarchati, Vyasaganga, Tunganath, Pawali), construction of many kundas (at Gaurkund, Kundachatri), a garden and a kunda of warm water at [[Devprayag]], pastoral land for cows
* [[Beed]] – Renovation of a [[Ghat]] & the Khandeshwari temple.
* [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] ([[Karnataka]]) – Construction of Ganapati, Panduranga, Jaleshwar, Khandoba, Tirthraja and Fire temples & a Kunda
* Bhanpura – Nine Temples and [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]]
* [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]]([[Rajasthan]]) – Construction of a Temple, [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]], Kunda & Ghat
* [[Bhimashankar Temple|Bhimashankar]] – Garibkhana
* [[Bhusawal]]([[Maharashtra]]) – Construction of Changadev Temple
* Bitthur – Bhramaghat
* [[Burhanpur]] ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) – Construction of Raj Ghat, Ram Ghat, Kunda
* [[Chandwad]] – Vishnu Temple and Renuka Temple
* Chaundi – Chaudeshwaridevi Temple, Sineshwar Mahadev temple,
* Ahilyeshwar Temple, [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshala]], Ghat,
* [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh]] – Pranpratishta of Shri Ramachandra & 4 other temples
* Cikhalda – Annakshetra (public building from where food would be distributed among [[Sadhu|sadhus]] free of cost)
* [[Dwarka]] ([[Gujarat]]) – Mohatajkhana, Pooja House and donation of some villages to the priests of the [[Dwarkadhish Temple]]
* [[Ellora]] ([[Maharashtra]]) - Commissioning the last layer of paintings decorating the shrine of Kailasanath Temple within the [[Ellora Caves]]
* [[Gangotri]] – Vishwanath, Kedarnath, Annapurna and Bhairav Temples, many [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashalas]]
* [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] (Bihar) – Reconstruction of the [[Vishnupad Temple]] in 1787 which had been previously desecrated & demolished by Aurangzeb in 1669.
* [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]] – Rewaleshwar Mahadev temple, Holkar Wada, Garden and Garibkhana
* [[Grishneshwar]]([[Maharashtra ]]) – Construction of the Grishneshwar Shiva temple and the Shivalaya Tirth
* Handiya – Siddhanath Temple, ghat and [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]]
* [[Haridwar]]([[Uttarakhand]]) – Construction of the Kushavarta Ghat on the river [[Ganga]] & 2 [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashalas]]
* [[Indore]] – Many Temples and ghats
* [[Jalgaon]] – Ram Mandir
* Jamghat – Bhumi dwar
* Jalgaon – Land donated for Ramdas Swami Math
* [[Jejuri]] – Malhargautameshwar, Vitthal, Martand Temple, Janai Mahadev and Malhar lakes
* Karmanasini River – Bridge
* [[Kedarnath]] – Dharmashala and Kund
* [[Kolhapur]] – Facilities for temple pooja
* Kumher – Well and Memorial of Prince Khandera
* [[Khargone]] – fort and many temples and ghats
* [[Kurukshetra]] ([[Haryana]]) – Construction of 2 Shiva Temples, Panchkund Ghat & Laxmikund Ghat
* [[Maheshwar]] – Hundreds of temples, ghats, [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharmashalas]] and houses
* [[Mamaleshwar Mahadev]] [[Himachal Pradesh]] – Lamps
* [[Manasa Devi]] – Seven temples
* [[Mandleshwar]] – Shiv Temple Ghat
* [[Mangaon]] – Datta Mandir, Near Sawantwadi, Konkan, Maharashtra, India
* [[Meerut]] Chandi Devi Temple
* Miri ([[Ahmednagar]]) – Bhairav Temple in 1780
* Naimabar(MP) – Temple
* [[Nandurbar]] – At Temple, Well, [[Brahmanpuri]] [[Dantlochan shiv mandir]] and Ganesh temple.
* [[Nathdwara]]([[Rajasthan]]) – Construction of Ahilya Kund, Temple, Well & [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]]
* Nandurkhi BK – Well, situated to West Side of Nandurkhi village near Zoringbaba Temple.
* Neelkantha Mahadev – Shivalaya and Gomukh
* [[Naimiṣāraṇya (forest)|Namisharanya]]([[Uttar Pradesh]]) – Construction of Mahadev Madi, Nimsar Dharmashala, Go-ghat & Cakratirtha Kunda
* Nimgaon (Nashik) – Well
* [[Omkareshwar]] ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) – Renovation of the temples of Mamaleshwar Mahadev, Amaleshwar & Trambakeshwar Temples, completing the construction of Gauri-Somnath temple, construction of a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]] & pond, donation of a silver mask for adoration of the [[Shivalinga]]
* Ozar (Ahmednagar) – 2 wells and kund
* Panj Tirath, [[Peshawar]] – Ahilyabai Holkar rebuilt the current temple at this site. Local tradition says that Ahilyabai had to leave in three days in the wake of Afghan invasions. The temple was built within three days under her supervision.
* [[Panchavati]], [[Nasik]] – Shri Ram Temple, Gora Mahadev temple, [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]], Vishweshwar Temple, Ramghat, Dharmashala
* [[Parli Vaijnath]]([[Maharastra]]) – Renovation of the temple in 1784
* [[Pandharpur]] ([[Maharashtra]]) – Construction of Shri Rama Temple, Tulsibag, Holkarwada, Sabha Mandap, [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]], Bajirao well. and donation of silver utensils to the [[Vitthal Temple, Pandharpur]]
* Pimplas (Nashik) – well
* [[Prayagraj]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]) – Construction of Vishnu Temple, [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]], Garden, Ghat
* [[Pune]] – Ghat
* Puntambe ([[Maharashtra]]) – Construction of a Ghat on the [[Godavari]] river
* [[Puri]] (Odisha) – Shri Ramachandra Temple, [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]] and Garden, embelli
* [[Pushkar]]([[Rajasthan]]) – Construction of Ganapati Temple, a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]] & Garden
* [[Rameswaram]] ([[Tamil Nadu]]) – Construction of Hanumana Temple, Shri Radha Krishna Temple, a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]], Well & Garden
* Rampura – Four Temples, [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]] and houses
* Raver – Keshav Kund
* [[Rishikesh]] – Many temples including Shrinathji and Govardhan ram temples
* Sakargaon – well
* Sambhalgram([[Uttar Pradesh]]) – Construction of Lakshminarayana Temple and two wells
* Sangamner – Ram Temple
* [[Saptashrungi]] – [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]]
* Sardhana Meerut – Chandi Devi Temple
* [[Prabhas Patan]] ([[Gujarat]]) – Renovation and Pranaprathistha(consecration) of the [[Somnath temple]] in 1785 which had been previously desecrated & demolished on the orders of [[Aurangzeb]] in 1665.
* [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Siddhatek|Siddhivinayak temple]]'s inner sanctum at [[Siddhatek]] in Ahmednagar District
* [[Nageshvara Jyotirlinga|Shri Nagnath (Darukhvan)]] – Started pooja in 1784
* [[Srisailam]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) – Construction of a temple
* Shri Shambhu Mahadev Mountain [[Shingnapur]] (Maharashtra) – Well
* Shri Vighneshwar – Lamps
* Sinhpur – Shiv Temple and ghat
* Sulpeshwar – Mahadev Temple, annakshetra
* Sultanpur (Khandesh) – Temple
* Tarana – Tilabhandeshwar Shiv temple, Khedapati, Shriram Temple, Mahakali Temple
* Tehari ([[Bundelkhand]]) – Construction of a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]]
* Trimbakeshwar ([[Maharashtra]]) – Construction of a bridge on the Kushavarta Ghat
* [[Ujjain]] ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) – Construction of temples of Chintamani Ganapati, Janardana, Shri Lila Purushottama, Balaji Tilakeshwar, Ramjanaki Ras Mandal, Gopala, Balaji, and many other temples, 13 ghats on the river [[Shipra]], well and many [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashalas]]
* [[Varanasi]]([[Uttar Pradesh]]) – Reconstruction of the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] in 1780<ref name="govt page">{{cite web|url = http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/KASHI.html|title = Shri Kashi Vishwanath Temple – A Brief history|access-date = 1 September 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070210110217/http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/kashi.html|archive-date = 10 February 2007|url-status=dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> which had been previously desecrated, demolished & converted into a [[Gyanvapi Mosque|mosque]] by [[Aurangzeb]] in 1669. Construction of 9 temples including those of Shri Tarakeshwar, Shri Gangaji, Ahilya Dwarkeshwar, Gautameshwar; (re)construction of [[Ghats in Varanasi|Ghats]] including [[Manikarnika Ghat]], [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]], Janana Ghat, Ahilya Ghat, Shitala Ghat; construction of Uttarkashi [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]], Rameshwar Panchkoshi [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]], Kapila Dhara [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]] & gardens
* [[Mathura]] & [[Vrindavan]]([[Uttar Pradesh]]) – Construction of Chain Bihari Temple, Kaliyadalana Ghat, Chiraghat, and many other ghats on the river [[Yamuna]], [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]], Annaksetra, thereby reviving pilgrimage to the site whose prominent temples had been desecrated & demolished by [[Aurangzeb]] in 1670.
* Wafgaon (Rajgurunagar, Pune) – Holkar Wada and one well
* Ambad (Maharashtra) -Matsodari Devi Mandir
* Vikharan (Shirpur Dist: Dhule Maharashtra) Well
[[File: Weapons used by Holkars.jpg|thumb|Weapons used by Holkars]]
Ahilyabai arranged for supplying water from the river [[Ganga]] collected at [[Gangotri]] to be received by the following temples :

* [[Ramanathaswamy Temple|Rameshwara Jyotirlinga]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Mallikarjunaswamy Jyotirlinga]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Janardanaswamy Temple|Janardanaswamy temple]], [[Kerala]]
* [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabhaswamy temple]], [[Kerala]]
* [[Venkateswara Temple|Venkateshwara (Tirupati Balaji) temple]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna|Mahabaleshwara temple]], [[Karnataka]]
* Subrahmanyeshwara temple, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* Pasupateshwara temple, [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Dwarkadhish Temple|Dwarkadhish temple]], [[Gujarat]]
* Ranchhorji temple, [[Gujarat]]
* [[Utkanteshwar Mahadev|Utkanteshwara temple]], [[Gujarat]]
* [[Baijnath Temple|Vaijanath temple]], [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple|Tryambakeshwara Jyotirlinga]], [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Nashik|Panchavati temple]], [[Maharashtra]]
* Matrugaya temple, [[Gujarat]]
* [[Siddheshwar Temple, Solapur|Siddheshwara temple]], [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Bhimashankar Temple|Bhimashankara Jyotirlinga]], [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Pandharpur|Pandharpur Panduranga temple]], [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Eklingji|Eklingji temple]], [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Somnath temple|Somanath Jyotirlinga]], [[Gujarat]]
* [[Nathdwara|Nathadwara Shrinathji temple]], [[Rajasthan]],
* Vriddheshwara temple, [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Grishneshwar Temple|Ghrishneshwara temple]], [[Maharashtra]]
* Loteshwara temple, [[Gujarat]]
* [[Rajarajeshwara Temple|Rajarajeshwara temple]], [[Kerala]]
* [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakaleshwara Jyotirlinga]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Omkareshwar Temple|Omkareshwara Jyotirlinga]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kashi Viswanath Jyotirlinga]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Baidyanath Temple|Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga]], [[Jharkhand]]

Most of these services at present are maintained by The Khasgi (Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Charities) Trust of [[Indore]].

For the benefit of [[Sadhu|sadhus]] & Hindu pilgrims, Ahilyabai had constructed roads laid with trees & [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshalas]] that connected [[Haridwar]], [[Mathura]], [[Allahabad|Prayag]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Varanasi]], [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]], [[Deoghar|Deogarh]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Midnapore|Medinipur]], [[Puri]], [[Tirupati]], [[Sri Kurmam|Srikurmam]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Srirangam]], [[Madurai]], [[Ramanathapuram|Ramnathapuram]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]], [[Pandharpur]], [[Prabhas Patan]] & [[Dwarka]]. These pilgrim roads fell out of use after introduction of [[Rail transport in India|railways in India]].

==In popular culture==
[[File:The Lok Sabha Speaker, Shri Somnath Chatterjee paying floral tributes at the statue of Devi Ahilyabai Holkar at Parliament House in New Delhi on August 24, 2006.jpg|thumb|Lok Sabha speaker [[Somnath Chatterjee]] offers floral tributes to the newly-inaugurated statue of Ahilyabai Holkar at the Parliament Library Building as Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] & LoP [[L K Advani]] look on]]

* Former Lok Sabha Speaker [[Sumitra Mahajan]] has written a book "Matoshree" based on the life of Ahilyadevi Holkar.
* A film titled Devi Ahilya Bai was produced in 2002 featuring [[Mallika Prasad]] as Devi Ahilya Bai, [[Shabana Azmi]] as Harkubai (Khanda Rani, Malhar Rao Holkar's wife) and also including [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Malhar Rao Holkar, Ahilyabai's father in law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfdcindia.com/view_film.php?film_id=150&categories_id=5 |title=NFDC: Cinemas of India |publisher=Nfdcindia.com |access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref>
* A documentary for UGC-CEC channel VYAS was made by Educational Multimedia Research Centre, Indore about her life and times.
* In [[Thane]] City in [[Maharashtra]], a children's park has been named as 'Ahilyadevi Holkar Udyan' after her. Also, a road has been named after her in the same city.
* The airport at [[Indore]] is named [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]] in her honor.
* There are two universities named Devi Ahilya Vishwa Vidyalaya in Indore, [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[University of Solapur|Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University]] in Solapur, [[Maharashtra]].
* In 2006, a statue of Ahilyabai Holkar was unveiled on the premises of the Parliament Library Building by Vice-President [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]].
* In the 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Ahilyabai's character was portrayed by [[Mrinal Kulkarni]].
* In 2016, a TV serial titled ''Punyashlok Ahilybai Holkar'' aired on [[Colors Marathi]] starring Urmila Kothare as Ahilybai.
* In 2021, a TV serial titled ''[[Punyashlok Ahilyabai]]'' aired on Sony. Aditi Jaltare played the role of a young Ahilyabai followed by [[Aetashaa Sansgiri]] who is currently playing an adult Ahilyabai.
* The [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)]] has been renamed as Ahilyabai Holkar Road.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
; In [[Marathi language|Marathi]]

* List of [https://ahilyabaiholkar.in/shop/ahilyabai-holkar-books/ '''Ahilyabai Holkar Books in Marathi'''] - AhilyaStore
* ''Punyashlok Ahilya'' by R.W.Tikore-Kumthewale
* ''Ahilyabai'' by Hiralal Sharma
* ''Ahilyabai Charitra'' by Purshottam
* ''Ahilyabai Charitra'' by Mukund Vaman Barve
*[https://ahilyabaiholkar.in/dyat-adyant-ahilyabai-holkar-book-on-ahilyabai-holkar/ ''Dnyat Adnyat Ahilyabai Holakar'' by Vinaya Khadapekar]
* ''Pal Samaaj on Samaaj''
* ''Matoshree" by Sumitra Mahajan

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Ahilya Bai Holkar}}
* [http://www.indiatogether.org/manushi/issue124/holkar.htm Ahilyadevi Holkar: A Magnificent Ruler, Saintly Administrator]
*https://ahilyabaiholkar.in/

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holkar, Ahilyadevi}}
[[Category:1725 births]]
[[Category:1795 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian queens]]
[[Category:Kings of Malwa]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Women in 18th-century warfare]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Khargone]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:18th-century women rulers]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Indore]]
[[Category:Indian queen consorts]]
[[Category:Women of the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Queen mothers]]
[[Category:Holkar]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ahilyabai Holkar