State Council (Russian Empire)

2023-03-08T08:04:21Z

45.164.25.96: Page designed.

{{Short description|Supreme advisory body to the Russian Emperor; became upper house of parliament in 1906}}
{{distinguish|State Council (Russia)}}
{{one source}}
[[File:Marie palace.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Mariinsky Palace]] on [[Saint Isaac's Square]] was the seat of the State Council in the 20th century.]]

The '''State Council''' ({{lang-rus|Госуда́рственный сове́т|p=ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)ɨj sɐˈvʲet}}) was the supreme state advisory body to the [[Emperor of All Russia|Tsar]] in [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]]. From 1906, it was the upper house of the parliament under the [[Russian Constitution of 1906]].

==18th century==
Early Tsars' Councils were small and dealt primarily with [[Foreign policy|external politics]].

[[Peter I of Russia]] introduced the '''Secret Council'''. [[Catherine I of Russia]] introduced the '''[[Supreme Secret Council]]'''. Its role varied during different reigns.

[[Peter III of Russia]] created the '''Imperial Council''' on 20 May 1762 ("Императорский Совет"), or, formally "The Council at the Highest Court" ("Совет при высочайшем дворе"). It was dismissed shortly after the succession of [[Catherine II of Russia]].

==1810–1906==
The State Council was established by [[Alexander I of Russia]] in 1810 as part of [[Speransky]]'s [[Government reform of Alexander I|reforms]]. Although envisaged by Speransky as the upper chamber of the Russian [[parliament]], it was actually an advisory legislative body composed of people whom the tsar could trust. The number of members varied at different periods. Upon its establishment in 1810 there were 35 members; in 1890 there were 60. The main duty of the Council was the preliminary investigation, promulgation and abrogation of laws.

There were four departments of the Council: Legislative; Civil and Ecclesiastical Administration; State Economy; and Industry, Science and Commerce. Each department had its own presiding officer (State Secretary) and met separately to discuss matters assigned to their departments. There were also plenary sessions of the whole Council presided over by the Chairman of the State Council.

The Council as a whole examined projects of law proposed by the ministers who were ex-officio members. The majority of their sessions concerned the budget and state expenditures but they would examine anything submitted to them. They had no authority to propose changes to the law, to examine anything that was not submitted to them for examination or decision-making authority. The Council only made recommendations to the monarch, who could support the majority, a minority, or disregard the Council's recommendations altogether, as he saw fit. According to [[Dominic Lieven]] it "played no part in the formulation of foreign policy and its members' access to the Emperor was very limited.<ref>D.C.B. Lieven (1983) ''Russia and the Origins of the First World War'', p. 76</ref>
[[File:Ilya Repin - Ceremonial Sitting of the State Council on 7 May 1901 Marking the Centenary of its Foundation - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|The centenary session of the State Council in the [[Mariinsky Palace]] on 7 May 1901, is represented on [[Ilya Repin]]'s huge canvas ''[[Ceremonial Sitting of the State Council on 7 May 1901 Marking the Centenary of its Foundation|Ceremonial Sitting of the State Council on 7 May 1901 ]]'' (detail shown), now exhibited in the [[Russian Museum]].]]

==1906–1917==
During 1906–1917, the status of the State Council was defined by the [[Russian Constitution of 1906]]. Its chairman was appointed by the [[Tsar]]. Half of its members were appointed by the Tsar from persons distinguished at civil and military service, and half by elections from various categories of society, separately:
* 56 seats from [[Zemstvo]] (1 from each [[guberniya]]),
* 18 seats from [[Assembly of Nobility|Assemblies of Nobility]],
* 6 seats from the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]: 3 of them from [[Secular clergy#Eastern Orthodox Church|white clergy]], and 3 from [[Eastern Christian monasticism|black clergy]],
* 12 seats from stock exchange committees, chambers of commerce and business associations,
* 6 seats from the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]],
* 2 seats from the [[Parliament of Finland]], which refused to send delegates.

The State Council was the [[upper house]] of the [[parliament]], while the [[State Duma of the Russian Empire]] was the [[lower house]]. Compared to the contemporary British [[House of Lords]] and [[Prussian House of Lords|Prussian Herrenhaus]], the Russian upper chamber was more democratically constituted, as half of its members were democratically elected from different sections of society, while the Herrenhaus consisted of hereditary peers, and the House of Lords consisted of hereditary peers and clergy from privileged dioceses.

The State Council ceased to exist after the [[February Revolution]] of 1917. The Soviet Union did not replace this council until 1991 when the [[State Council of the Soviet Union]] was created amid its [[Dissolution of the USSR|imminent breakup]]. The latter council would be short lived and dissolved by year end.

==See also==
* [[List of Chairmen of the State Council of Imperial Russia]]
* [[State Council of the Soviet Union]]
* [[State Council (Russia)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*''Out of My Past: Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov''; Hoover War Library Publications Number 6, Stanford University Press, 1935
* Lieven Dominic. The Russian ruling elite under Nicholas II [Career patterns]. In: Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, vol. 25, n°4, Octobre-Décembre 1984. pp. 429–454. DOI : 10.3406/cmr.1984.2022 [http://www.persee.fr/doc/cmr_0008-0160_1984_num_25_4_2022]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:State Council Of Imperial Russia}}
[[Category:1810 establishments in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:1917 disestablishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Defunct upper houses]]
[[Category:Government of the Russian Empire]]

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State Council (Russian Empire)