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Jodi No.1 (TV series)

2026-05-07T17:12:03Z

2famrtf: Added first stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian reality dance television show}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=When did each season of the show air?|date=January 2021}}
{{Too many sections|date=January 2021}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = JodiNumberOne.jpg
| caption = Promotional logo
| genre = {{ubl|[[Reality]]|[[Dance show]]}}
| creator =
| director =
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Divyadarshini]] (1-4 & 7-8)
* [[Priyadharshini]] (5)
* [[Deepak (actor)|Deepak]] (2-6)
* [[Aravind Akash]] (1)
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] (5)
* [[Bhavana Balakrishnan|Bhavana]] (5 & 10)
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]] (9)
* [[Rio Raj]] (10)
}}
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] (1 & 5)
* [[Prashanth]] (1)
* [[Kala (choreographer)|Kala]] (1)
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] (2-5)
* [[Silambarasan]] (2)
* [[Mugur Sundar|Sundaram]] (2-3)
}}
| num_seasons = 10
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = approx. 45-55 minutes per episode
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2006|10}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|01}}
}}

'''''Jodi Number One''''' is an Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[dance competition]] [[reality television]] show broadcast on [[Star Vijay]] starting in 2006. The contestants are couples who are generally television stars in their own right, often from the television industry.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Jodi-is-back/articleshow/27302786.cms | title=Jodi is back | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=13 December 2013| access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article419647.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124102602/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article419647.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 January 2014 | title=Jodi Season 5': A report from the sets | publisher=[[New Indian Express]] | work=Shankaran Malini | date=16 July 2011 | access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140427/lifestyle-booksart/article/doing-tandavan | title=Doing the tandavan | publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | work=Nuvena Rajendran | date=27 April 2014 | access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> Over twelve years, ''Jodi Number One'' has rolled out ten seasons.

==Series==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Season
! Anchors
! Judges
! Winners
! Runners up
|-
| align="center"| '''[[#Season 1|1]]'''
| [[Divyadarshini]] & [[Aravind Akash]]
| [[Prashanth]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Kala (choreographer)|Kala]]
| Prem & Pooja Madhu
| [[Raaghav]] & [[Preetha Raaghav]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/raghav-preetha-have-such-a-cute-grownup-daughter.html|title=WAIT! WHAT? RAGHAV - PREETHA HAVE SUCH A CUTE GROWN-UP DAUGHTER?|website=www.behindwoods.com|date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| '''[[#Season 2|2]]'''
| rowspan="3" | [[Divyadarshini]] & [[Deepak Dinkar]]
| [[Silambarasan]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], [[Mugur Sundar]]
| [[Tinku (actor)|Tinku]] & Preethi Sanjeev
| Venkat & Nisha
|-
| align="center"| '''[[#Season 3|3]]'''
| [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], [[Mugur Sundar]]
| Kiran & Priya
| [[Sivakarthikeyan]] & Aishwarya
|-
| align="center"| '''[[#Season 4|4]]'''
| [[Jeeva (actor)|Jeeva]], [[Aishwarya Dhanush]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]
| [[Michael Thangadurai]] & [[Hemalatha|Hemalata]]
|
|-
| align="center"| '''[[#Season 5|5]]'''
| [[Deepak Dinkar]] & [[Priyadharshini]]
| [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Gautami]], [[Shobana]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]
| Prem Gopal & Premini
| [[Sathish Krishnan]] & [[Divyadarshini]]
|-
| align="center"| '''[[#Season 6|6]]'''
| [[Deepak Dinkar]], [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]]
| [[Ramya Krishnan]]
| Manoj Kumar & Jayanth
| Prem Gopal & Vivek
|-
| align="center"| '''[[#Season 7|7]]'''
| [[Divyadarshini]]
| [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Kalyan (choreographer)]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| Rafiq Raxx & [[Gabriella Charlton]]
| Mani & Devi Priya
|-
| align="center"| '''[[#Season 8|8]]'''
| [[Divyadarshini]]
| rowspan=2| [[Kalyan (choreographer)]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| Amudhavanan & Anandhi
| Lokesh & [[Sunita Gogoi]]
|-
| align="center"| '''[[#Season 9|9]]'''
| Priyanka Deshpande & Erode Mahesh
| Rahman & Sofia
| Raymond Callanan & Moulika
|-
| align="center"| '''[[#Season 10|10]]'''
| [[Priyanka Deshpande]] & KPY Kuraishi
| [[T. Rajendar]], [[Sadha]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
| Manichandra & Felina
| Adi & Sonali
|-
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 11|11: Fun Unlimited]]'''
|Rio Raj & Bhavana
|''Audience''
|Lokesh & Megna
|Kumaran & [[VJ Chitra]]
|-
|align="center"| '''[[#Jodi R U Ready?|12: Are U Ready]]'''
|Rio Raj & Angelina
|[[Meena (actress)|Meena]], Sandy, [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]
|Dhanush & Justina
|Vignesh & [[Raveena Daha]]
|-
|}

== Season 1 ==
The first season aired on every Friday to Saturday at 20:00 from October 2006. The show witnessed four real life couples and 4 fictional (real) life couples engage in a 13-weeks dancing competition. The panel of judges composed of dance master [[Kala (choreographer)|Kala]], actor [[Prashanth]] and [[Ramya Krishnan]] chose the two finalists. The viewers themselves chose the third finalist. [[Divyadarshini]] and [[Aravind Akash]] serving as the hosts.

[[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]] and Pooja - The winners of the Wild Card round were judged the champions of Jodi No. 1 by the audiences. They received 10 lakhs as the prize money.

===Hosts===
* [[Divyadarshini]] - TV actress
* [[Aravind Akash]] - Film actor

===Judges===
* [[Prashanth]] - Film actor
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] - Film actress
* [[Kala (choreographer)|Kala]] - Choreographer

===Couples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Order
!Artists
!Results
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|1
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Prem and Pooja Madhu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/sun-tv-serial-kutty-pooja-vijay-tv-jodi-no-1-186463/|title=அண்ணாமலை, ஜோடி நம்பர் 1: குட்டி பூஜாவ ஞாபகம் இருக்கா?|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref>
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Winners
|-
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|2
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|[[Raaghav]] and [[Preetha Raaghav]]
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|1st Runner-up
|-
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|3
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|[[Vijay Adhiraj]] and Rachana Adhiraj
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|2nd Runner-up
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|4
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Deepak (actor)|Deepak]] and [[Tharika]]
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|5
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|[[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] and [[Devadarshini]]
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|6
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Rishi (Tamil actor)|Rishi]] and Pooja
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|7
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|Raj Kamal and Latha Rao
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|8
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Bharath Kalyan and [[Shilpa (actress)|Shilpa]]
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|}
* The highlighted green rows are the Real Couples.
* The highlighted pink rows are the Reel Couples.

===Guests===
* [[Dhanush]] - Film actor
* [[Priyamani]] - Film actress
* [[Lakshmi Rai]] - Film actress
* [[Rahasya]] - Film actress
* [[Yogi B]] - Rapper
* Dr Burn - Rapper

== Season 2 ==
Jodi no.1 season 2 witnessed many small screen couples, with 8 new celebrity couples. The 8 couples were Kalaiselvan Tinku, Preethi Sanjeev, Yugendren, Hayma Malini, Sree, Krithika, [[Prithviraj (Tamil actor)|Prithviraj]], Uma Riyaz, Arvind, Lakshmi, Irfan, Monisha, Venkat, Nisha, Dev and Aishwarya. [[Silambarasan]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] and [[Raju Sundaram]] were the judges. [[Divyadharshini]] and [[Deepak Dinkar]] hosted the season. [[Tinku (actor)|Tinku]] and Preethi were the winners of Jodi no. 1 season 2, receiving the 10 lakh prize, whereas Venkat and Nisha won the Best Performance award taking home the Chevy Spark.

===Hosts===
* [[Divyadharshini]] - TV actress
* [[Deepak Dinkar]] - TV actor

===Judges===
* [[Silambarasan]] - Film actor
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] - Film actress
* [[Raju Sundaram]] - Choreographer

===Couples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Order
!Artists
!Results
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|1
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Tinku (actor)|Tinku]] and Preethi Sanjeev
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|1st Place
|-
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|2
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"| Venkat and Nisha
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|2nd Place
|-

|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|3
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]] and Monisha Ravishankar
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|3rd place
|-
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|4
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Dev and Aishwarya
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|5
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Prithviraj (Tamil actor)|Prithviraj]] and Uma Riyaz
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|6
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Shreekumar]] and Krithika
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|7
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Aravind and Lakshmi
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|8
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|[[Yugendran]] and Malini
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|
|-
|}

* The highlighted pink rows are the Reel Couples.
* The highlighted green rows are the Real Couples.

===Guests===
* [[Prabhu Deva]] - Film actor
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] - Film actress and Season 1 Judge
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] - Film actress
* [[Suchitra]] - Playback singer
* [[Ragasya]] - Film actress
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] - Film actor
* [[Priyamani]] - Film actress
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] - Film actor
* [[Madhumitha]] - Film actress
* [[Jeeva (actor)|Jeeva]] - Film actor

==Season 3==
[[S. J. Suryah]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] and [[Raju Sundaram]] were the judges. [[Divyadharshini]] and [[Deepak Dinkar]] has once again been appointed as the host for the second time. Kiran and Priya as the winners.

===Hosts===
* [[Divyadarshini]] - TV actress
* [[Deepak Dinkar|Deepak]] - TV actor

===Judges===
* [[S. J. Suryah]] - Film actor
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] - Film actress
* [[Raju Sundaram]] - Choreographer

===Couples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Order
!Artists
!Results
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|1
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Kiran and Priya
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Winners [Kiran Best male dancer]
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|2
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]] / [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and Iswarya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/vijay-tv-anchor-aishwarya-prabhakar-aishwarya-prabhakar-instagram-jodi-no1-aishwarya-prabhakar-224148/|title=நம்ப முடியாத வெயிட் லாஸ்.. வெளிநாட்டில் நடனாலயா..விஜய் டிவி ஐஸ்வர்யா தான் இவர்!|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|date=30 June 2019 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/vijay-tv-aishwarya-prabhakar-aishwarys-prabhakar-instagram-jodi-no1-aishwarya-hotstar-205965/|title=சிவகார்த்திகேயனுடன் டான்ஸில் கலக்கியவர்… விஜய் டிவி ஐஸ்வர்யாவா இது?|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|date=18 March 2018 |language=ta}}</ref>
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Runner-Up
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|3
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Rishi (Tamil actor)|Rishi]] and [[Charmila (actress)|Charmila]]
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|4
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Uday and [[Gayathri (actress)|Gayathri]]
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|5
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Iyyappan and Suhasini(best female dancer
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|6
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|[[Badava Gopi|Badava]] and Haritha Gopi
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|7
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Dinesh (actor)|Dinesh]] and Haritha
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|8
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] and Poornima
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|9
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Prajin]] and [[Chandra Lakshman]]
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|10
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Madhu and [[Hemalatha (actress)|Hemalatha]]
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|}
* The highlighted pink rows are the Reel Couples.
* The highlighted green rows are the Real Couples.

===Guests===
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] - Actress
* [[Jeeva (actor)|Jeeva]] - Actor
* [[Help:Disambiguation|Nila]] - Actress
* [[Lakshmi Rai]] - Actress

==Season 4==
[[Jeeva (actor)|Jeeva]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] and [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth]] were the judges. [[Divyadharshini]] and [[Deepak Dinkar]] has once again been appointed as the host for the third time. [[Michael Thangadurai]] and [[Hemalatha|Hemalata]] as the winners.

===Hosts===
* [[Divyadarshini]] - TV actress
* [[Deepak (actor)|Deepak]] - TV actor

===Judges===
* [[Jiiva (actor)|Jiiva]] - Film actor
* [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth]] - Film director
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] - Film actress

===Couples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Order
!Artists
!Results
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|1
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]](Walked out)/[[Michael Thangadurai]] and [[Hemalatha|Hemalata]]
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Winners
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|2
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Rajesh and Suhasini
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|3
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Sarath Chandran and Preethi
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|4
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Sanjay Jayaraman and Pooja
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Best Individual Performer (Sanjay)
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|5
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Nethran and [[Aruna Devi]]
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|6
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"| Venkat and Nisha<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/venkat-nisha-pair-in-jodi-ghta-lill-724047.html|title=ஜோடி நம்பர் 1 வெங்கட்-நிஷாவை நினைவிருக்கிறதா?|website=tamil.news18.com|date=30 March 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|7
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|[[Tinku (actor)|Tinku]] and [[Santhoshi (Indian actress)|Santhoshi]]
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|8
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Ravindran and [[Pooja (television actress)|Pooja]]
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|}

===Guests===
* [[Kamna Jethmalani]] - Film Actress
* [[Surya Sivakumar]] - Film Actor
* [[Sameera Reddy]] - Film Actress
* [[Divya Spandana]] - Film Actress
* [[Shanthnoo Bhagyaraj]] - Film Actor
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] - Film Actor
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] - Film Actor
* [[A. R. Murugadoss]] - Film Director

==Season 5==
The fifth season aired from October 2011. Prem Gopal and Premini as the winners.

===Hosts===
* [[Deepak Dinkar|Deepak]] - TV anchor
* [[Priyadharshini]] - actress

===Judges===
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] - Film actress
* [[Gautami]] - Film actress
* [[Shobana]] - Film actress and a Choreographer
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] - Film actress

===Couples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Order
!Artists
!Results
|-
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|1
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"|Prem Gopal and Premini
|bgcolor="#BFFFCB"| Winners (1st Place)
|-
|bgcolor="#FFCOCO"|2
|bgcolor="#FFCOCO"|[[Sathish Krishnan]] and [[Divyadarshini]]
|bgcolor="#FFCOCO"| 1st Runners Up (2nd Place)
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|3
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Manikandan and Rajni
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| 2nd runner-up (3rd place)
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|4
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Wong and [[Sunita Gogoi]]
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Top 4 Finalist (4th Place)
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|5
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Sri Kar and Priya
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|6
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Suresh and Jaya Lakshmi
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|7
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Sheriff and Sai Pramoditha
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|-
|}

'''Guests'''
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] - Film actress
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] - Film actor
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] - Film actor
* [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]] - Film actress
* [[Karthik Sivakumar]] - Film actor
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] - Film actress
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] - Film actor
* [[Pooja Umashanker|Pooja]] - Film actress

== Season 6 ==
=== Directed By ===
* Daniel Aloysius Xavier

=== Produced by ===
* DStudio

===Hosts===
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] - TV Host and Actor
* [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]] - TV Host
* [[Deepak Dinkar]] - TV Host

===Judges===
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] - Film actress (Main Judge)
* [[Shanthnoo Bhagyaraj]] -Film Actor (Intro & Mix Your Strength Round Judge)
* [[Prasanna (actor)]] -Film Actor (Group Formation Round Judge)
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] - Film actress (Dasavathram, Navarasam, Classics & Animals Round Judge)
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] - Film actress (Rajini Special Round Judge)
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] - Film Actor(Fusion round)
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] - Film actress (Tamil Nadu Round, Devotional Round and Romance Round)
* [[Bhanupriya|Bhanu Priya]] - Film actress (Remix Round)
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] - Film actress (Social Issues and Filmy Round)
* [[Kalyan (choreographer)]] (Semifinal, first wild card round and second wild card round)
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] - Actor (first final and grand final)

===Rounds===
* 1st Round - Mix Your Strength
* 2nd Round - Group Formation
* 3rd Round - Dasavathram Round
* 4th Round - Rajini Special
* 5th Round - Fusion
* 6th Round - Navarasam
* 7th Round - Tamil Nadu
* 8th Round - Devotional
* 9th Round - Romance
* 10th Round - Classics
* 11th Round - Animals
* 12th Round - Remix
* 13th Round - Social Issues
* 14th Round - Filmy Round

===Couples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Order
!Artists
!Remarks
!No Of Best Performances
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|1
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Jeya Lakshmi and Moulika
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Best Jodi (Group Formation & Navarasam Round) / Jaya Lakshmi Best Performer in (Classic Round, Filmy Round and Semifinal)
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Jodi - 2 / Individual - 3
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|2
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Swetha and Leelavathi
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Best Jodi (Rajini Round) / Leelavathi Best Performer in Devotional Round
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Jodi - 1 / Individual - 1 (Eliminated)
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|3
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Jacqueline and Shivashankari
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Best Jodi in Social Issues Round / Jacqueline Best Performer in (Animals Round and Social Issues Round) / Shivashankari Best Performer in Remix Round
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Jodi - 1 / Individual - 3 (Eliminated in semifinal)
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|4
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Abhinaya and Nethran
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Abhinaya Best Performer in (Dasavatharam Round / Wild card round 1).
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Individual - 2 (Eliminated)
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|5
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Issac and Logan
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"| Quit from competition
|-
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|6
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|Prem Gopal and Vivek
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|Best Jodi (Romance Round, Animals Round, Filmy Round and Semifinal) / Vivek Best Performer in (Fusion Round and Semifinal) / Prem Gopal Best Performer in Remix round
|Jodi - 4/ Individual - 3/ 2nd Place
|-
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|7
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|"Rinson" and "Rafiq"
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|Best Jodi (Fusion Round & Devotional Round) / Best Performer Henna (Guest Performer) in Tamil Nadu round / Rafiq (Romance Round and Filmy Round) / Rinson (Classic Round and finals 1)
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|Jodi - 2 / Individual - 4 (Eliminated)(Qualified to final)/3rd Place
|-
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|8
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Prabhu and Tyson
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Prabhu Best Performer in Navarasam Round
|bgcolor="#FFC0C0"|Individual - 1(Eliminated)
|-
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|9
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|Ajeesh Rahman and Aneesh Rahman
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"| Best Jodi (Dasavatharam, Tamil Nadu Round, Classic Round & Remix Round) / Aneesh Best Performer in (Rajini Special Round, Social Issues & Romance Round) / Ajeesh Best Performer in Animals Round)
|Jodi - 4 / Individual - 4/ 3rd Place
|-
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|10
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|Manoj Kumar and Nirmal / Jayanth
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"| Manoj Best Performer in (Wild card round 1)/ Jayanth Best Performer in (Wild card round 2)
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|Individual -2 (Eliminated)(Qualified to final) winner in Jodi season 5 title
|-
|}

===Eliminated Jodi's===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Order
!Artists
!Reasons
|-
| 1st || Abhinaya and Nethran || Not in sync. Needed a lot of improvement.
|-
| 2nd || Manoj Kumar and Nirmal || Nirmal not giving his best. But Manoj was given a 2nd chance to dance with another pair in wild card round.
|-
| 3rd || Swetha and Leelavathi || Swetha injury. Leela was given 2 choices either to dance with another pair or dance with Swetha if she recovers by wild card round.
|-
| 4th || Prabhu and Tyson || Not in sync. Performance wasn't consistent.
|-
| 5th || Issac and Logan || Quit from competition as the Singapore boys have to go back to Singapore for their National Service: ARMY.
|-
| 6th || Jayalakshmi and Moulika || Eliminated in first final
|}

==Season 7==
The seventh season aired from October 2014. This Jodi season 6 was different from the previous seasons. Each couples paired with choreographer and an actor. SOL Productions produced the seven as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jodi-season-7-finale-tomorrow/articleshow/41692048.cms|title=Jodi season 7 finale tomorrow|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=4 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/vijay-tv-jodi-season-7-finale-today-030645.html|title=விஜய் டிவி ஜோடி நம்பர் ஒன் சீசன்-7: ரசிகர் முன்னிலையில் இன்று இறுதி போட்டி!|website=tamil.filmibeat.com |date=5 September 2014 }}</ref>

=== Directed By ===
* Daniel Aloysius Xavier

=== Creative Team ===
* Sithara
* Rahul Vijay
* Manivannan
* Rajesh Narayanan

===Hosts===
* [[Divyadarshini]] - TV actress

===Judges===
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] - Film actress
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] - Veteran actress - episode 2 (Classical round)
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] - Film actress
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] - Film actress
* [[Poornima Jayaram]] - Film actress - episode 4 (90s round)
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] - Film actor - episode 5 (2000 round)
* [[Kalyan (choreographer)]]

===Winners===
* First Place: Rafiq Raxx and Gabriella
* Second Place: Mani and Devi Priya
* Third Place: [[Robo Shankar]] and Sandhya
* Fourth Place: Sathya and Shilpa

===Couples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Order
!Artists
!Results
|-
||1
||Pooja (TV actress) and Anwar (Choreographer)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Eliminated in Short Film Round
|-
||2
|| [[Nagendra Prasad]] (Choreographer) and Anandhi (TV actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Eliminated in Semi Finals
|-
||3
||Rafiq Raxx (Choreographer) and [[Gabriella Charlton|Gabriella]] (TV actress)
| bgcolor="#bdf784" |Pre-Finalist, Finalist and Winners
|-
||4
||Raja (Choreographer) and shivani (TV actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Left the competition for medical reasons
|-
||5
||Sathya (Choreographer) and Shilpa (TV actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Eliminated in Devotional Round but re-entered in Wild Card Round to Pre-Finals
|-PRE FINAL 1 MARK 18/20 kalyan master mark was silence
||6
|| Manoj / Chandru (Choreographer) and Swetha (TV actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|First to be eliminated but reentered in Wild Card Round to Pre-Finals. Eliminated in Pre-Finals.
|-
||7
||Dev (TV actor) and Monika (Choreographer)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Eliminated
|-
||8
||[[Robo Shankar]] (Mimicry Artist) and Sandhya (Choreographer)
| bgcolor="#f95747" |Pre-finalist and Finalist
|-
||9
||[[Abinay]] (Model) and Jacqueline (Choreographer)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Eliminated
|-
||10
||Mani (Choreographer) and Devi Priya (TV actress)
| bgcolor="#f95747" |Pre-finalist and Finalist
|}

==Season 8==
This Jodi season 8 was different from the previous seasons. All couples are actors with a few exceptions. Also for the first time, elimination is as individuals rather as a pair. One male and female contestants each with the lowest cumulative scores are eliminated each week. The first contestants to be eliminated this way are Vetri and Shalini.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allindiaroundup.com/news/vijay-tv-jodi-no-1-season-8-grand-finale-live-updates/|title=Vijay TV Jodi No 1 Season 8 Grand Finale on September 12, 2015 at Malaysia (Penang) Live Updates|website=allindiaroundup.com|date=12 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/09/jodi-no-1-season-8-grand-finale-on-12.html|title=Vijay TV Jodi No 1 Season 8 Grand Finale|website=www.vinodadarshan.com}}</ref>

=== Creative Team ===
* Sithara
* Rahul Vijay
* Manivannan
* Sugenthiren

===Hosts===
* [[Divyadarshini]] - TV actor

===Judges===
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] - Film actress
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] - Film actress - episode 4 (Folk Round)
* [[Kalyan (choreographer)|Kalyan (Choreographer)]]
* [[Sreedhar]] - Choreographer (Old Songs Round)
* [[Gayathri Raguram]] - Choreographer (Old Songs Round)

===Winners===
* First Place: Amudhavanan and Anandhi
* Second Place: Lokesh and Sunita Gogoi
* Third Place: Siddarth and Priya
* Fourth Place: Yuvraj and Jennifer

===Couples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Order
!Artists
!Remarks
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|1
|bgcolor="#feaf05"|Vetri (TV actor) and Shalini (TV actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|This jodi was eliminated together in Old Songs Round.
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|2
|bgcolor="#feaf05"|Sai Prasanth and Shivani (TV Actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Sai Prasanth was eliminated in Cinema Round. Shivani was then paired up with Vadivel Balaji.
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|3
|bgcolor="#feaf05"|Vadivel Balaji (Comedian) and Nandhini (TV Actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747" |Nandhini was eliminated in Cinema Round. Vadivel Balaji was then paired up with Shivani.
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|4
|bgcolor="#feaf05"|Sai Sakthi (TV Actor) and Julie (TV Actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|This jodi was eliminated together in Situation Round.
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|5
|bgcolor="#feaf05"|Yuvraj (Actor/Dancer) and Suchi Bala (Actress)
| bgcolor="#f95747"|Suchi Bala was eliminated in Party Round. Yuvraj was then paired up with Jennifer.
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|6
|bgcolor="#feaf05"|Karthik (TV Actor) and Jennifer (TV Actress)
| bgcolor="#f95747"|Karthik was eliminated in Party Round. Jennifer was then paired up with Yuvraj.
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|7
|bgcolor="#feaf05"|Amudhavanan (Comedian) and Kuyili/Asha (TV Actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Asha was eliminated in celebration round. Amudhavanan was then paired with Shivani.
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|8
|bgcolor="#feaf05"|Vadivel Balaji (Comedian) and Shivani (TV Actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Vadivel Balaji was eliminated in celebration round. Shivani was then paired up with Amudhavanan.
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|9
|bgcolor="#feaf05"|Vijay (TV Actor) and Anandhi (TV Actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Vijay and Anandhi were eliminated due to their low marks in semifinal rounds.
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|10
|bgcolor="#bdf784"|Lokesh (Actor/Dancer) and [[Sunita Gogoi]] (Dancer/Actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Top 1 Runner
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|11
|bgcolor="#bdf784"|Siddarth (TV Actor) and Priya (TV actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Top 2 Runner
|-
|bgcolor="#f733e2"|12
|bgcolor="#bdf784"|Amudhavanan (Comedian) and Anandhi (TV Actress)
|bgcolor="#f95747"|Both paired up together in Wildcard round
|}

==Season 9==
The eight season aired from 25 October 2014 to 12 September 2015 and ended with 46 Episodes. [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] and [[Kalyan (choreographer)|Kalyan]] were the judges. [[Priyanka Deshpande]] and [[Erode Mahesh]] hosted the season. Rahman and Sofia as the winners.

===Hosts===
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
* [[Erode Mahesh]]

===Judges===
* Radha(actress)
* [[Kalyan (choreographer)|Kalyan]]

===Couples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Order
!Artists
!Results
|-
|1
|Rahman and Sofia
|Winner
|-
|2
|Raymond Callanan and Moulika
|
|-
|3
|Karthik and Yamini / Preethi
|
|-
|4
|Prabhu / Manikandan and Soundarya
|
|-
|5
|Robo shankar and Asha
|
|-
|6
|Mano and molica
|
|-
|7
|Kajal and Sai Raymond
|
|-
|8
|Syam and Nakshathira
|
|-
|}

==Season 10==
It started on 12 November 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2016/11/jodi-no1-season-9-on-vijay-tv.html|title=Vijay TV set to launch Jodi No 1 Season 9 on Vijay TV|website=www.vinodadarshan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/vijay-tv-set-launch-jodi-no-1-season-10-12th-november/|title=Vijay TV set to launch Jodi No 1 Season 19 on 12th November|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=10 November 2016 }}</ref> and ended on 16 April 2017 with 44 Episodes. [[T. Rajendar]], [[Sadha]] and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] were the Main judges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/vijay-tv-jodi-no-1-season-9-contestants-2016-list-names-photos-male-female/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115051152/http://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/vijay-tv-jodi-no-1-season-9-contestants-2016-list-names-photos-male-female/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 November 2016|title=Vijay TV Jodi No 1 Season 9 Contestants 2016 List Names Photos Male & Female|website=www.dekhnews.com}}</ref> [[Priyanka Deshpande]] and KPY Kuraishi hosted the season. The show Directed by Daniel Aloysius Xavier. DStudio produced the nine season as well. Manichandra and Felina as the winners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2017/04/winners-of-jodi-no1-season-9-grand.html|title=Mani and Felina Winner of Jodi 9|website=www.vinodadarshan.com}}</ref>

=== Creative Team ===
* Sithara
* Rahul Vijay
* Manivannan
* Prabhu
* Sugenthiren
* Vimal
* Dipshi Blessy
* Grace Veronica

===Host===
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]] - TV Anchor
* KPY Kuraishi

===Judges===
* [[T. Rajendar]]
* [[Sadha]]
* [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
* Radha (Special Judge)
* Namitha (Special judge)

===Rounds===
* Old Memories Round
* Tentkotta Round
* Celebration Round
* Thannila Gandam Round (only for Real Jodis)
* Ponggal Special
* Fusion Round
* Kid's Special Round
* Masala Mix (Reel) / Folk (Real)
* Solli Adi Round
* Horror Round
* 80s Club Mix Round
* Mass Hero Round
* Group Formation Round
* Semifinal Round

===Winners===
* '''First Place''': Manichandra and Felina
* '''Second Place''': Adi and Sonali
* '''Third Place''': Sunita and Priya
* '''Fourth Place''': Alena and Shajid

===Couples===
{| class="wikitable"
|bgcolor="#E6FFE6"|Real Jodi
|-
|bgcolor="#E0CEF2"|Reel Jodi
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Order
!Team
!Results
|-
|1
|bgcolor="#E6FFE6"|Prabu and Malini
|This Jodi was eliminated in the Thannila Gandam Round.
|-
|2
|bgcolor="#E0CEF2"|Aravesh and Soundarya
|This Jodi was eliminated in the Fusion Round
|-
|3
|bgcolor="#E6FFE6"|Thadi Balaji and Nithya
|This Jodi was eliminated in the Kid's Special Round
|-
|4
|bgcolor="#E0CEF2"|Naveen and Nisha
|Eliminated
|-
|5
|bgcolor="#E6FFE6"|Venkat Renganathan and Ajantha
|This Jodi was eliminated in the Folk Round.
|-
|5
|bgcolor="#E0CEF2"|Anand and Bharatha
|This Jodi was eliminated in the Masala Mix Round.
|-
|7
|bgcolor="#E6FFE6"|Mani Master and Lalitha Master
|This Jodi gave up their place to avoid the elimination of [[Rio Raj]] and Shruthi.
|-
|8
|bgcolor="#E0CEF2"|Mahesh and Rhema
|This Jodi was eliminated in the Mass Hero Round.
|-
|9
|bgcolor="#E0CEF2"|Heath and Ritwa
|This Jodi was eliminated in the Group Formation Round.
|-
|10
|bgcolor="#E6FFE6"|Yuvaraj and Gayathri
|This Jodi withdrew due to Gayathri's medical reasons.
|-
|11
|bgcolor="#E6FFE6"|Amit and Sriranjini
|This Jodi was eliminated in the semifinal round
|-
|12
|bgcolor="#E0CEF2"|Anjana and Abhinaya
|This Jodi was eliminated in the semifinal round
|-
|13
|bgcolor="#E6FFE6"|[[Rio Raj]] and Shruthi
| Fifth place
|-
|14
|bgcolor="#E6FFE6"|Alena and Shajid
| Fourth place
|-
|15
|bgcolor="#E0CEF2"|Sunita and Priya
| Second Runners up
|-
|16
|bgcolor="#E0CEF2"|Adi and Sonali
| First Runners up
|-
|17
|bgcolor="#E0CEF2"|Manichandra and Felina
| Title Winners
|}

==Season 11==
The ten season aired from 4 November 2018 to 13 January and ended with 20 Episodes. [[Bhavana Balakrishnan|Bhavana]] and [[Rio Raj]] hosted the season. The show Directed by Daniel Aloysius Xavier. DStudio produced the ten season as well. Lokesh and Megna as the winners.

===Host===
* [[Rio Raj]] (former contestant)
* [[Bhavana Balakrishnan|Bhavana]]

===Judges===
* Audiences (For the first time audiences will cast their votes and judge every performance.)

===Team Captains===
* [[Yashika Aannand]]
* [[Mahat Raghavendra]]
* [[Divyadharshini]]
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]

===Creative team===
* Rahul Vijay
* Sugenthiran
* Lakshman Kumar
* Sridharan
* Martin
* Jerome
* Durgadhasan
* Sandra
* Mukund
* Arun

===Rounds===
* Introduction Round (non-competitive)
* Jodi-Patti Thiruvizha Round (non-competitive)
* Blockbusters Round
* Old Songs Round
* Romance Round
* Festival/Celebration Round
* Re-creation Round
* Horror Round
* Ticket to Finale (rankings based on average score by audiences and team captains)
* Grand Semi Finale (rankings based on average score by audiences and team captains)

===Couples===
''All Ranking and Marking will be added here''

{{red|'''Red'''}} = Danger Zone
{| class=wikitable style="white-space:nowrap;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Couples
! colspan="23" |Scores for each week
|-
!colspan=2|1
!colspan=2|2
!colspan=2|3
!colspan=2|4
!colspan=2|3+4{{ref|1|1}}
! colspan="2" |'''5'''
! colspan="2" |'''6'''
!colspan=2|5+6{{ref|1|2}}
! colspan="2" |7{{ref|3|3}}
!colspan=2|8{{ref|4|4}}
!colspan=2|Finalist
!colspan=2|Grand Finale
|-
!Lokesh & Megna
|8th
|82
|3rd
|95
|3rd
|97
|1st
|96
|1st
|193
|5th
|93
|1st
|99
|1st
|192
|{{red|'''7th'''}}
|90
|1st
|100
|colspan=2 |Finalist 3
|style="background:#73FB76;" |{{nowrap|'''''Winner'''''}}
|-
!Kumaran & Chitra
|4th
|88
|5th
|93
|5th
|96
|5th
|88
|5th
|184
|{{red|'''9th'''}}
|90
|1st
|99
|3rd
|189
|{{blue|'''2nd'''}}
|97
|colspan=2 {{yes|Ticket to Finale}}
|colspan=2 |Finalist 2
|style="background:#ADD8E6;" |{{nowrap|'''''1st Runner-Up'''''}}
|-
!Ramar & Rhema
|2nd
|96
|4th
|94
|1st
|99
|7th
|86
|4th
|185
|{{red|'''7th'''}}
|91
|4th
|96
|4th
|187
|{{blue|'''1st'''}}
|100
|colspan=2 {{yes|Ticket to Finale}}
|colspan=2 |Finalist 1
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|'''''2nd Runner-Up'''''}}
|-
!Vishal & Sreethu
|{{red|'''11th'''}}
|78
|8th
|86
|8th
|95
|4th
|90
|4th
|185
|{{red|'''7th'''}}
|91
|4th
|96
|4th
|187
|3rd
|93
|1st
|100
|colspan=2 |Finalist 4
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|'''''2nd Runner-Up'''''}}
|-
!Atheesh & Utara
|3rd
|90
|2nd
|93
|2nd
|98
|3rd
|93
|3rd
|191
|2nd
|96
|6th
|89
|6th
|185
|4th
|92
|3rd
|96
|colspan=2 |Finalist 5
|style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|'''''3rd Runner-Up'''''}}
|-
!Britto & Anila
|1st
|98
|1st
|98
|3rd
|97
|2nd
|95
|2nd
|192
|3rd
|95
|3rd
|97
|1st
|192
|5th
|91
|4th
|94
|colspan=2 |Finalist 6
|colspan="2" style="background: #FF69B4;" |{{nowrap|'''''4th Runner-Up'''''}}
|-
!Azeem & Shivani
|9th
|80
|{{red|'''10th'''}}
|83
|5th
|96
|7th
|86
|6th
|182
|5th
|93
|7th
|86
|{{red|'''8th'''}}
|179
|colspan=2 {{cRecurring|Eliminated}}
|style="background:#edfa58;" |''Wild Card''
|94
|colspan=2 |Finalist 7
|colspan="3" style="background:#FF00FF;" |{{nowrap |'''''5th Runner-Up'''''}}
|-
!Rakshan & Jacqueline
|7th
|84
|9th
|85
|{{red|'''9th'''}}
|92
|5th
|88
|7th
|180
|3rd
|95
|{{red|'''8th'''}}
|84
|{{red|'''8th'''}}
|179
|5th
|91
|5th
|92
|colspan=2 {{cRecurring|Eliminated}}
|colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |'''Evicted'''
|-
!Madhan & Archana
|5th
|87
|7th
|89
|5th
|96
|{{red|'''9th'''}}
|82
|{{red|'''8th'''}}
|178
|1st
|97
|{{red|'''9th'''}}
|83
|7th
|180
|{{red|'''7th'''}}
|90
|5th
|92
|colspan=2 {{cRecurring|Eliminated}}
|colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |'''Evicted'''
|-
!Shankarapandian & Krithika
|6th
|85
|6th
|92
|{{red|'''10th'''}}
|90
|{{red|'''9th'''}}
|82
|{{red|'''9th'''}}
|172
|colspan=8 {{cRecurring|Eliminated}}
|style="background:#edfa58;" |''Wild card''
|90
|colspan=2 {{cRecurring|Eliminated}}
|colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |'''Evicted'''
|-
!Amruth Kalam & Mounika
|10th
|80
|{{red|'''11th'''}}
|74
|colspan=18 {{cRecurring|Eliminated}}
|colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |'''Evicted'''
|-
!Kuraishi & Nandhini
|{{red|Last place}}
|72
|colspan=20 {{cRecurring|Eliminated}}
|colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |'''Evicted'''
|-
|}

{{note|1|1}}: Since Week 3 had no elimination, the marks will be added with Week 4 and the team with the lowest marks will be eliminated.

{{note|1|2}}: Since Week 5 had no elimination, the marks will be added with Week 6 and the team with the lowest marks will be eliminated.

{{note|3|3}}: There will be no elimination on Week 7. But there will be two tickets directly to finale ({{blue|'''1st'''}} and {{blue|'''2nd'''}}) based on marks given by Judges and Leaders.

{{note|4|4}}: Guest performance by Kumaran and Divyadharshini for [[Rowdy Baby (song)|Rowdy Baby]] song.

===Guests===
* [[Vijay Antony]] - Grand Opening
* [[Aishwarya Dutta]] - Re-creation Round
* [[Aishwarya Dutta]] - Grand Finale

===Grand Finale{{ref|a|a}}===
* Winner - Lokesh & Megna
* 1st runner-up - Kumaran & Chitra
* 2nd runner-up - Vishal & Sreethu and Ramar & Rhema (points tied)
*3rd runner-up - Atheesh & Uthra
*4th runner-up - Britto & Anila
*5th runner-up - Azeem & Shivani

{{note|a|a}}: [[Star Vijay]] also celebrated "20 years of [[Dhivyadharshini]]" illustrating her career as an anchor in Vijay Television for the past 20 years during the Jodi Fun Unlimited Grand Finale. Dhivyadharshini was presented with a family portrait depicting her late father whom she lost at a young age in addition to a memorabilia award with illustration of all the shows that she hosted.

==Jodi R U Ready?==
{{Main|Jodi Are U Ready}}

The ten season aired from 20 January 2024 Angelina and [[Rio Raj]] hosted the season.

===Host===
* [[Rio Raj]] (former contestant)
* Angelina

===Judges===
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
* Sandy
* [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
* [[Nikki Galrani]] (Ep 23-24, 27-)

===Contestants===
{| class = "wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Jodi
! rowspan="2" |Week entered
! rowspan="2" |Week exited
! rowspan="2" |Status
! rowspan="2" |Zone
! rowspan="2" |Encounter faced
! rowspan="2" |Top Jodi Won - Week
|-
! Contestants
! scope="col" |Celebrities
|-
|1
|Dhanush
|Justina
|Week 2
|
|style="background:#73FB76;" | Finalist
|{{dash}}
|1
|3 (Week 9, 12, 13)
|-
|2
|Vignesh
|[[Raveena Daha]]
|Week 2
|
|style="background:#73FB76;" | Finalist
|{{dash}}
|1
|2 (Week 5, 7)
|-
|3
|Priyadharshan
|VJ Tarshika
|Week 2
|
|style="background:#73FB76;" | Finalist
|{{dash}}
|2
|2 (Week 6, 8)
|-
|4
|Vinith
|Krishna Shilpa
|Week 2
|
|style="background:#73FB76;" | Finalist
|{{dash}}
|1
|1 (Week 3)
|-
|5
|Prajwal
|Ramya Kole
|Week 2
|
|style="background:#73FB76;" | Finalist
|{{dash}}
|2
|2 (Week 4, 10)
|-
|6
|Kabeer
|Doley
|Week 2
|Week 14
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|rowspan=2 style="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond Zone
|5
|—
|-
|7
|Rishi
|Deepika Deedoll
|Week 2
|Week 13
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|2
|1 (Week 11)
|-
|rowspan=2|8
|rowspan=2|Mohan
|rowspan=2|Divyadharshini
|Week 2
|Week 8
|{{eliminated|Encountered}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
|rowspan=2|3
|rowspan=2|—
|-
|Week 11
|Week 12
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond Zone
|-
|rowspan=3|9
|rowspan=3|Prashanth
|rowspan=3|Thamizhselvi
|Week 2
|Week 4
|{{eliminated|Encountered}}
|style ="background:#c0c0c0;" | Silver Zone
|rowspan=3|3
|rowspan=3|—
|-
|Week 7
|Week 10
|{{eliminated|Re-encountered}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
|-
|colspan=2|Week 11
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond Zone
|-
|rowspan=2|10
|rowspan=2|Kalai
|rowspan=2|Deepika Damu
|Week 2
|Week 9
|{{eliminated|Encountered}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
|rowspan=2|5
|rowspan=2|—
|-
|-
|colspan=2|Week 11
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond Zone
|-
|rowspan=2|11
|rowspan=2|Shubham
|rowspan=2|Reshma
|Week 2
|Week 6
|{{eliminated|Encountered}}
|style ="background:#c0c0c0;" | Silver Zone
|rowspan=2|2
|rowspan=2|—
|-
|colspan=2|Week 7
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
|-
|rowspan=2|12
|rowspan=2|Sohail
|rowspan=2|Shubangi
|Week 2
|Week 5
|{{eliminated|Encountered}}
|style ="background:#c0c0c0;" | Silver Zone
|rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|—
|-
|colspan=2|Week 7
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|12404058}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language dance television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Loose Mohan

2026-05-07T16:24:09Z

2famrtf:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Arumugam Mohanasundaram
| birth_date = 8 February 1928
| birth_place = [[Kanchipuram|Conjeevaram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1967–2002
| death_date = 16 September 2012 (age 84)<ref name="thehindu_20120916" />
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
}}

'''Arumugam Mohanasundaram''' (8 February 1928 – 16 September 2012), popularly known as '''Loose Mohan''' was an Indian actor who had acted as a comedian in over 1000 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]]. He is credited with popularizing [[Madras Bashai]], a dialect of [[Tamil language]] spoken in [[Chennai]] city.<ref name="thehindu_20120916">{{Cite news |last=Peter |first=Petlee |date=17 September 2012 |title=Tamil comedian 'Loose' Mohan passes away |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Tamil-comedian-%E2%80%98Loose%E2%80%99-Mohan-passes-away/article12059029.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710063921/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Tamil-comedian-%E2%80%98Loose%E2%80%99-Mohan-passes-away/article12059029.ece |archive-date=10 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2016 |title=இரண்டு இட்லி கூட கிடைக்காமல்..! பட்டினியோடு இறந்த சூப்பர் காமெடி நடிகர்..!! |work=JVP News |url=http://www.jvpnews.com/srilanka/206568.html |url-status=dead |access-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221075430/http://www.jvpnews.com/srilanka/206568.html |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Sep 17, 2012 |title=Comedian 'Loose' Mohan passes away |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/comedian-loose-mohan-passes-away-news-tamil-mjrj0Wbefea.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918051903/http://www.sify.com/movies/comedian-loose-mohan-passes-away-news-tamil-mjrj0Wbefea.html |archive-date=2012-09-18 |access-date=2026-02-19 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in [[Kanchipuram]], son of old actor "Loose Arumugam", Mohan migrated to [[Madras]] at an early age and debuted at age 16 in the 1944 film ''Harichandra'' as [[P. U. Chinnappa]]'s son.<ref name="thehindu_20120916" /> However, most of his successes were in the late 1970s and 1980s when he acted as a comedian alongside stars such as [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Rajinikanth]].<ref name="thehindu_20120916" />

== Career ==
He acted as servant in the movie "Kaththiruntha Kangal" 1962 film with Savithri and Gemini Ganesan. His breakthrough movie as a comedian was the 1979 film ''Rosapoo Ravikaikari'', after which he acted in more than 1000 films, including four movies in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and one each in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Tulu language|Tulu]]. In 2000, Mohan was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] award by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="thehindu_20120916" />

== Filmography ==
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Note
|-
|1967
|''[[Raja Veetu Pillai]]''
|Hotel customer
|Debut film
|-
| rowspan="2" |1968
|''[[Enga Oor Raja]]''
|Fruit Seller
|
|-
|''[[Kuzhanthaikkaga]]''
|
|
|-
|1969
|''[[Anbalippu]]''
|The buyer
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Kattila Thottila]]''
|Milk Man
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1974
|''Kadavul Mama''
|
|Credited as 'Bracket Mohan'
|-
|''[[Akkarai Pachai]]''
|Peon
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1976
|''[[Needhikku Thalaivanangu]]''
|Muthiya's sidekick
|
|-
|''Madhana Maaligai''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1977
|''[[Navarathinam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Meenava Nanban]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Uyarnthavargal]]''||[[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth ]]'s sidekick ||
|-
|1978
|''[[Sattam En Kaiyil]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1979
|''[[Poonthalir]]''|| Beggar
|
|-
|''[[Rosappu Ravikkaikari]]''||Sembattayan's disciple||Credited as 'Bracket Mohan'
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
|[[Vishwaroopam (1980 film)|''Vishwaroopam'']] || Rowdy's sidekick ||
|-
|''[[Bhama Rukmani]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1982
|''[[Ayiram Muthangal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pattanathu Rajakkal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vasandhathil Or Naal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Simla Special]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1983
|''[[Sandhippu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Oru Kai Parpom''
|
|
|-
|''[[Uruvangal Maralam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1984
|''[[Kuva Kuva Vaathugal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Madras Vathiyar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Simma Soppanam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vai Pandal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1985
|''Karaiyai Thodatha Alaigal''
|
|
|-
|''[[Needhiyin Nizhal]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Avan (1985 film)|Avan]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Andha Oru Nimidam]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Naam Iruvar (1985 film)|''Naam Iruvar'']]
|
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Naanum Oru Thozhilali]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1987
|''[[Vairagyam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Kachchi Kali''
|
|Hindi film
|-
|''[[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]]''
|a hotel waiter
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988
|''[[Aval Mella Sirithal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Loose Loose Arappiri Loose]]''
|
|Malayalam film
|-
|''[[Oorai Therinjikitten]]''
|
|
|-
|1989
|[[Mappillai (1989 film)|''Mappilai'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990
|''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[En Kadhal Kanmani]]''
|Mental man
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1991
|''[[Pondatti Pondattithan]]''
|
|
|-
|''Srisaila Bhramarambika Kataksham''
|
|Telugu film
|-
|''[[Jenma Natchathram]]''
|
|
|-
|1992
|''Unmadhalari''
|
|Malayalam film
|-
|1993
|''[[Pon Vilangu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1994
|''[[Vaanga Partner Vaanga]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Subramaniya Swamy]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]''
|
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Aanazhagan]]''
|
|
|-
|1996
|''[[En Aasai Thangachi]]''
|
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Kumbakonam Gopalu]]''
| Colony resident
|
|-
|1999
|''Devi I. A. S.''
|
|Malayalam film
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]'' || Drunk lorry driver
||
|-
|2002
|''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]''
|Pandu's father-in-law
|
|}

== Later life and death ==
Mohan acted in his last film role in 2002 (''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]''). He was forced to quit acting due to his deteriorating health. In 2009, Mohan filed a case against his son Karthik for neglecting his health. He died on 16 September 2012, aged 84, from respiratory problems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=16 September 2022 |title=லூஸ் மோகன் - 'மெட்ராஸ் பாஷை'யின் நாயகன்! |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/madras-baashaiyin-naayagan-loose-mohan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916140512/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/madras-baashaiyin-naayagan-loose-mohan |archive-date=16 September 2022 |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=Kamadenu |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite news |date=16 September 2012 |title=Loose Mohan passes away |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-16/news-interviews/33879339_1_loose-mohan-portals-tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103231753/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-16/news-interviews/33879339_1_loose-mohan-portals-tamil |archive-date=3 January 2013}}
* {{Cite news |date=22 October 2011 |title=Loose Mohan alleges negligence by son |work=[[CNN-IBN]] |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/loose-mohan-alleges-negligence-by-son/194967-60-120.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205085003/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/loose-mohan-alleges-negligence-by-son/194967-60-120.html |archive-date=5 December 2011}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=2018339}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Loose}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from respiratory failure]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]

CEAT Limited

2026-05-01T08:53:51Z

2famrtf: Started a info

{{short description|Indian tyre company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{infobox company
| former_name = Cavi Elettrici e Affini Torino
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|500878}}|{{NSE|CEATLTD}}}}
| name = CEAT Limited
| logo = CEAT Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1924}}, in [[Turin]], Italy
| founders = Virginio Bruni Tedeschi
| location = [[Worli, Mumbai]], India
| key_people = [[Harsh Goenka]] ([[chairman]]) Anant Goenka (vice chairman) Arnab Banerjee (MD & [[CEO]])
| industry = [[Tires]] & Tubes
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|11963|c}} (2024)
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|894|c}} (2024)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|635|c}} (2024)
| assets = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|9994|c}} (2024)
| equity = {{up}} {{INRConvert|4052|c}} (2024)
| num_employees = ~8,000
| parent = [[RPG Group]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://ceat.com}}
}}

'''CEAT Limited''' is an [[India|Indian multinational]] tyre manufacturing company owned by the [[RPG Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=CODE OF FAIR DISCLOSURE AND CONDUCT |url=https://www.ceat.com/data/investor/corporate-governance/code-of-conduct/CEAT-Code-for-Fair-Disclosure-and-Conduct.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2016 |title=What's in that name? |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/whats-in-that-name/article8332082.ece |access-date=2020-09-09 |website=@businessline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CEAT: its past and its present – Aragorn Group |url=http://aragorn-group.com/2019/04/16/ceat-its-past-and-its-present/ |access-date=2020-09-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was established in 1924 in [[Turin]], [[Italy]], and acquired by [[RPG Group]] in 1982. CEAT produces over 48 million tyres a year and manufactures them for [[Car|cars]], [[Motorcycle|two-wheelers]], [[Truck|trucks]], [[Bus|buses]], [[Light commercial vehicle|light commercial vehicles]], [[Heavy equipment|earth-movers]], [[forklift]]s, [[Tractor|tractors]], [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailers]], and [[Auto rickshaw|auto-rickshaws]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/tyres/ceat-targets-12-market-share-over-next-2-years/113281727|title=Ceat targets 12% market share over next 2 years|access-date=16 July 2025 }}</ref> The current capacity of CEAT tyres plants is over 800 tonnes per day.<ref name="about">[http://www.ceat.com – About us]</ref> The company has manufacturing plants in [[Halol]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomura report highlights CEAT's emphasis on automation at Halol plant |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/nomura-report-highlights-ceats-emphasis-on-automation-at-halol-plant-10181761.html |website=MoneyControl}}</ref> [[Butibori]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2014 |title=CEAT invests Rs 400 cr in new plant in Nagpur |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/CEAT-invests-Rs-400-cr-in-new-plant-in-Nagpur |website=ProjectsToday}}</ref> [[Bhandup]], [[Nashik]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEAT Embraces Emerging Trends, Plans US Foray |url=https://www.mobilityoutlook.com/features/ceat-embraces-emerging-trends-plans-us-foray/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Mobility Outlook}}</ref> [[Ambarnath|Ambernath]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=Ceat plans INR 900 crore capex to ramp up OHT capacity and for plant optimisation - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/tyres/ceat-plans-inr-900-crore-capex-to-ramp-up-oht-capacity-and-for-plant-optimisation/91374231 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-19 |title=Ceat to expand Chennai plant |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-components/ceat-to-expand-chennai-plant/articleshow/114370009.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

[[File:Ceat-Sportdrive.jpg|thumb|right|CEAT SportDrive Tyre Launch ]]
[[File:Crossrad-sportrad-lauch.jpg|thumb|right|CEAT Crossrad and Sportrad Tyres Launch]]

== History ==
[[File:Nannekooiman werktuigendagen.jpg|thumb|Ceat tires at a tractor in Belgium]]
The company was founded as Cavi Elettrici e Affini Torino (Electrical Cables and Allied Products of Turin) by Virginio Bruni Tedeschi in 1924, in [[Turin]], [[Italy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/whats-in-that-name/article8332082.ece|title=What's in that name?|work=@businessline|access-date=4 December 2018|language=en}}</ref> On 10 March 1958, the company was incorporated as CEAT Tyres of India, in [[Mumbai]]. Initially, the company collaborated with the [[Tata Group]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/ceat-ltd_ceatltd/reports|title=CEAT: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of CEAT - NDTV|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref> In 1972, the company set up a research and development unit at Bhandup in [[Maharashtra]]. In 1981, Deccan Fibre Glass Limited was merged with the company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ceat-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13914.cms|title=Ceat History {{!}} Ceat Information - The Economic Times|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Oberoi |first1=Rahul |title=Watch out 94 big winners of last four bull markets! They may surprise again |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/watch-out-94-big-winners-of-last-four-bull-markets-they-may-surprise-again/articleshow/75343184.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=24 April 2020}}</ref>

In 1980, Alberto, son of Virginio, sold the Cavi Elettrici e Affini Torino to investment firm SOFIT, which went on to cut jobs. Oweing to it, in 1981, the company failed in Italy and [[Pirelli]] purchased the right to the CEAT name, which it sold to [[RPG Group]] in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.museotorino.it/view/s/6d9e55ac2b53473f87b4770746f48484|title=CEAT (Cavi Elettrici e Affini Torino) - MuseoTorino }}</ref>

In 1982, [[RPG Group]] acquired the company, and in 1990, the company was renamed as CEAT.<ref name=":0"/> In 1993, the company collaborated with [[Yokohama Rubber Company]], to manufacture [[Radial tire|radial tyres]] at their [[Nashik]] unit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=CEAT Company History - Business Standard News {{!}} Page 1 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/ceat-104/information/company-history |access-date=4 December 2018 |newspaper=Business Standard India |language=en}}</ref> In 1999, CEAT formed a joint-venture, named as CEAT Kelani, with [[Asia MotorWorks]] (AMW) and [[Kelani Tyres]], to manufacture and market<ref>{{cite news |title=Buying opportunity for investors as Sensex, Nifty off 34% from record highs; 3 stocks set to rise to 26% |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/buying-opportunity-for-investors-as-sensex-nifty-off-34-from-record-highs-3-stocks-set-to-rise-up-to-26/1934055/ |work=The Financial Express |date=20 April 2020}}</ref> CEAT tyres in [[Sri Lanka]]. in 2006, CEAT Kelani commissioned their first Sri Lanka–based radial-tyre manufacturing unit in [[Kalutara District|Kalutara]].<ref name=":1" /> In 2009, AMW exited the joint-venture.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=BUSINESS TODAY -CEAT Kelani Holdings A Synergy Driven By Quality And Reliability |url=http://www.businesstoday.lk/article.php?article=3801 |access-date=4 December 2018 |website=www.businesstoday.lk}}</ref> In 2020, a new radial tyre factory was set up near Chennai with the initial investment of INR 14000 crore. The factory produces and supplies passenger car radial and two-wheeler radial tyres.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-02-12 |title=Ceat opens ₹1,400-crore radial tyre factory near Chennai |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ceat-inaugurates-greenfield-manufactuing-unit-in-tn/article30799418.ece |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> The company exports across Asia, America and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=Ceat plans to enter US market by year-end - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/tyres/ceat-plans-to-enter-us-market-by-year-end/100121889 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, CEAT Limited acquired Michelin’s CAMSO Construction Compact Line Business, including Sri Lanka’s Midigama plant and the casting products plant in Kotugoda.<ref>{{cite web |title=CEAT acquires Michelin’s CAMSO construction business |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ceat-acquires-michelins-camso-construction-business/article70000629.ece |website=The Hindu BusinessLine |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CEAT acquires Michelin’s CAMSO compact construction line, announces $171 million Sri Lanka investment |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/automobile/ceat-acquires-michelin-s-camso-compact-construction-line-announces-usd-171-million-sri-lanka-investment-article-13521007.html |website=Moneycontrol |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
The acquisition includes the CAMSO brand within CEAT’s off-highway tyre (OHT) business. The transaction includes the transfer of global ownership of the CAMSO brand to CEAT after a three-year licensing period.<ref>{{cite web |title=CEAT acquires Michelin’s CAMSO construction business |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ceat-acquires-michelins-camso-construction-business/article70000629.ece |website=The Hindu BusinessLine |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>With the acquisition, CEAT gained access to more than 40 global OEMs and international distributors in European and North American markets, expanding its global presence in the off-highway tyre segment.<ref>{{cite web |title=CEAT inks pact with Michelin to acquire CAMSO brand’s OHT tracks business for about $225 mn |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/companies/ceat-inks-pact-with-michelin-to-acquire-camso-brands-oht-tracks-biz-for-about-225-mn-3306853 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>

== Products ==
CEAT manufactures tyres<ref>{{cite news |title=Tyre makers likely to see demand revival on govt's rural boost; CEAT, Apollo, JK Tyre in focus |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/tyre-makers-likely-to-see-demand-revival-on-govts-rural-boost-ceat-apollo-jk-tyre-in-focus-5440101.html |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref> for various types of vehicles like heavy commercial vehicles, light commercial vehicle, off-highway tyres, passenger cars, tractors, motorcycles and scooters, cycles and SUVs. It exports [[Asia]].<ref name=":0" />Under the luxury segment in India, CEAT's products include the high-performance CEAT SportDrive and CEAT SportDrive SUV, which allow for enhanced control and more comfort.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=Ceat launches tyres for luxury segment - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/tyres/ceat-launches-tyres-for-luxury-segment/92848334#:~:text=New%20Delhi:%20Ceat%20Tyres%20on,company%20said%20in%20a%20release |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref> For motorcycles, CEAT's SportRad tyre focuses on high speed. The CrossRad tyre, on the other hand, facilitates riding in diverse terrains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEAT launches new Sportrad and Crossrad radial tyres |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/ceat-launches-new-sportrad-and-crossrad-premium-radial-tyres/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref> The SecuraDrive range serves the premium hatchback and Sedan categories; and the SecuraDrive SUV serves the compact SUV segment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-25 |title=CEAT SecuraDrive SUV tyre range launched for compact SUVs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/cars/story/ceat-securadrive-suv-tyre-range-launched-for-compact-suvs-1819202-2021-06-25 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, CEAT launched an all-terrain tyres range called CrossDrive for SUVs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=CEAT launches new range of all-terrain tyres for SUVs |url=https://www.carwale.com/news/ceat-launches-new-range-of-allterrain-tyres-for-suvs/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=CarWale |language=en}}</ref>

CEAT's custom-built tyres were used in the sci-fi action film [[Kalki 2898 AD|Kalki 2898AD]] for the futurist 6-tonne car Bujji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEAT Engineers Custom-Built Tyres For Bujji, The Star Vehicle Of Sci-Fi Epic Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://tyres.cardekho.com/news/ceat-engineers-custom-built-tyres-for-bujji-the-star-vehicle-of-sci-fi-epic-kalki-2898-ad |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=TyreDekho |language=en}}</ref>

== Sponsorships and Events ==
In 2024, CEAT partnered with German football club [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen]] and became the official tyre partner for the next two seasons, until 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Anjali |title=CEAT Tyres announces two-year partnership with Bayer 04 Leverkusen |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/ceat-tyres-announces-two-year-partnership-with-bayer-04-leverkusen-124071901105_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
CEAT is the title Sponsor for the Indian Supercross Racing League (ISRL), which brings riders from all over the world together to compete in a variety of formats and categories.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Dipan |date=2023-06-03 |title=CEAT Indian Supercross Racing League, the world's first franchise-based racing league, launched |url=https://www.evoindia.com/top-news/ceat-indian-supercross-racing-league-launched |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Evo India |language=en}}</ref> CEAT organised the Cricket Rating Awards in 2023 and awarded domestic and international cricket players (both male and female). The awards were given based on the CEAT cricket rating in June 2022-May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Shubman Gill wins multiple honours in 25th CEAT Cricket Rating Awards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/shubman-gill-ceat-awards-2424983-2023-08-22 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

CEAT is the bat sponsor of [[cricket]]ers, [[Rohit Sharma]], [[Shreyas Iyer]], [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]], <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/tyres/ceat-extends-bat-deal-with-rohit-sharma-by-3-years/articleshow/66444543.cms|title=CEAT extends bat deal with Rohit Sharma by 3 years|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|date=31 October 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref> and [[Harmanpreet Kaur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/harmanpreet-kaur-inks-cricket-bat-deal-with-ceat|title=Harmanpreet Kaur inks cricket bat deal with CEAT|access-date=4 December 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.insidesport.co/mithali-raj-leads-indian-women-power-on-crickets-commercial-pitch/|title=Women in Blue marching into Men's commercial domain - InsideSport|last=Sharma|first=Harsh|date=26 November 2018|work=InsideSport|access-date=4 December 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Currently CEAT sponsors the strategic-timeout for the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) and [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] (WPL).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/tyres/ceat-tyres-to-sponsor-ipl-strategic-timeout/articleshow/46534844.cms|title=CEAT Tyres to sponsor IPL strategic timeout|last=Dasgupta|first=Pritha Mitra|date=12 March 2015|work=The Economic Times|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>

CEAT also launched an off-road training program, called 'Enduro', that aimed to train and improve the riding skills of enthusiasts who would want to participate in competitions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-14 |title=Ceat Tyres introduces Enduro Tracks training program |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/ceat-tyres-introduces-enduro-tracks-training-program/articleshow/100992783.cms |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Deming Prize ==
CEAT received the [[Deming Prize|Deming Grand Prize]] in 2023, becoming the first tyre company to win the Deming Prize <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=CEAT is the first tyre brand globally to win Deming Grand Prize - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/tyres/ceat-is-the-first-tyre-brand-globally-to-win-deming-grand-prize/104145168 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Sword of Honor award by British Safety Council (Awarded to Chennai and Ambernath plant)<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEAT wins Sword of Honour from British Safety Council |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news/ceat-wins-sword-of-honour-from-british-safety-council-117296 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref>
* Lighthouse Certification by World Economic Forum (awarded to Halol plant and Chennai plant)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Aroosa |date=2023-01-16 |title=CEAT Tyres gets 'Lighhouse Certification' from World Economic Forum for Halol plant |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ceat-chennai-plant-gets-wefs-lighthouse-certification-nagpur-and-ambernath-plants-aim-for-the-same/article69123769.ece |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Anti competition practices ==
In April 2022, the [[Competition Commission of India]] raided the headquarters of CEAT along with other tyre companies like [[Apollo Tyres]], [[MRF (company)|MRF]] ([[Madras Rubber Factory]]), and [[Continental Tyres]] at multiple locations. Earlier in February the antitrust watch dog had released a statement about fining these tyre companies a total of Rs 1788 crores (of which CEAT fined Rs 252.16 cr.) for sharing price-sensitive information among themselves to manage their cartelization of tyre prices for supplies to the public transport corporation of Haryana state. Earlier, the All India Tyre Dealers Federation had complained to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs about this cartelization of these companies to increase the tyre prices. The ministry had then referred the case to the CCI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=CCI Conducts Raids On Tyre Companies |url=https://www.cartoq.com/cci-conducts-raids-on-tyre-companies/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|CEAT (company)}}

[[Category:Tyre manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Turin]]
[[Category:Automotive companies of India]]
[[Category:Automotive companies of Italy]]
[[Category:RPG Group]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Italian brands]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1924]]
[[Category:Italian companies established in 1924]]
[[Category:1982 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Dhadkan (2000 film)

2026-04-29T17:59:44Z

2famrtf:

{{Short description|2000 Indian film by Dharmesh Darshan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhadkan
| image = Dhadkan 2000 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dharmesh Darshan]]
| producer = Ratan Jain
| writer = {{ubl|Naseem Mukri|Dharmesh Darshan {{small|(dialogues)}}}}
| screenplay = {{ubl|Naseem Mukri|Raj Sinha}}
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Suniel Shetty]]|[[ Akshay Kumar ]]|[[ Shilpa Shetty ]]|[[Mahima Chaudhry]]}}
| narrator =
| music = {{ubl|'''Songs:'''|[[Nadeem–Shravan]]|'''Score:'''|[[Surinder Sodhi]]}}
| cinematography = W. B. Rao
| editing = Bharat Singh
| studio = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| distributor = [[B4U Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2000|8|11}}
| runtime = 161 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dhadkan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtmxndu|title=Dhadkan|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹9 [[crore]]<ref name="bo">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=715|title=Dhadkan – Movie – Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = ₹26.47 crore<ref name="bo">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=715|title=Dhadkan – Movie – Box Office India}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dhadkan''''' ({{Translation|Heartbeat}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[musical film|musical]] [[romantic drama]] directed by [[Dharmesh Darshan]] and produced by Ratan Jain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/5-best-movies-of-shilpa-shetty-on-completing-25-years-in-the-hindi-cinema-industry/|title=5 best movies of Shilpa Shetty on completing 25 years in the Hindi cinema industry|last=Azad|first=Tasnim|date=2018-11-13|website=EasternEye|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> It stars [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Shilpa Shetty]] and [[Mahima Chaudhry]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldblaze.in/top-ten-best-movies-of-shilpa-shetty-of-all-time/|title=Top Ten Best Movies of Shilpa Shetty of All Time|last=Santosh|date=2016-08-18|website=World Blaze|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaaheadnews.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-shilpa-shetty-top-5-films-of-the-actress-to-watch-on-her-birthday-331155|title=Happy Birthday Shilpa Shetty: Top 5 films of the actress to watch on her birthday|last=Suhag|first=Jyoti|date=2019-06-08|website=IndiaAheadNews|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626225114/https://www.indiaaheadnews.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-shilpa-shetty-top-5-films-of-the-actress-to-watch-on-her-birthday-331155|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also features [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Parmeet Sethi]], [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Sushma Seth]] and [[Manjeet Kullar]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogtobollywood.com/promising-bollywood-actresses-who-couldnt-make-it-big/|title=Promising Bollywood Actresses Who Couldn't Make It Big|date=2017-05-27|website=Blog To Bollywood|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>

A loose adaptation of [[Wuthering Heights]] by [[Emily Brontë]], the story follows Anjali Chauhan Verma and Dev Chopra, who are in love with each other and plan to marry, but her family gets her married to Ram Verma. Years later, Dev Chopra shows up to reunite with Anjali Chauhan Verma; however, she has fallen for Ram Verma. The music was composed by [[Nadeem–Shravan]].

Delayed for almost four years for various reasons, ''Dhadkan'' finally released on August 11, 2000, coinciding with the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] weekend. It emerged as a major commercial success at the box office, grossing ₹26 crore worldwide. The soundtrack album emerged as the second best-selling album of the year after ''[[Mohabbatein]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>

At the [[46th Filmfare Awards]], ''Dhadkan'' received 8 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Darshan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Chaudhry) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (Nadeem–Shravan), and won 2 awards – [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] ([[Suniel Shetty]]) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] ([[Alka Yagnik]] for "Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hai Dil Se").

==Plot==
{{plot|date=January 2026}} 
Anjali Chauhan Verma is a young woman. Her rich and influential father, Narendra Chauhan, is a renowned businessman. Anjali is dating the poor Dev Chopra, who cannot even afford to clothe himself properly. He loves Anjali, too. Dev's mother, Jhanvi Chopra, dotes on Dev and is ecstatic to meet Anjali. Dev Chopra is the illegitimate son of his unwed mother, so he has no father. Jhanvi trusts Anjali to take care of Dev Chopra and never hurt him, as society has. When Anjali puts forward the proposal of marrying Dev to Narendra (after Narendra informs Anjali that he has fixed her wedding, she begs him to meet Dev once), he decides to meet Dev. After meeting him, Narendra doesn't like his attitude (Dev is unshaven, in ordinary clothes and sandals. Dev says if Narendra doesn't give his consent to the wedding, he will take away Anjali forcefully) and rejects him. Dev wants Anjali to leave with him, but Anjali refuses and promises to meet him later.

Anjali leaves Dev so as not to upset Narendra and her mother, Veena Chauhan. Anjali wanted to leave her house, but Narendra threatens to commit suicide if she took this step. Narendra agrees to let Anjali Chauhan Verma keep her promise to meet Dev Chopra, where she tells him that she has come to leave him. Dev is shocked and promises to destroy everything he holds dear if he can't get Anjali. Heartbroken, Dev tells this to his mother, Jhanvi, who dies in shock as she liked Anjali a lot. Anjali marries Ram Verma, who Narendra believes will be the perfect match for her. Ram Verma is a man of great ideals who believes in giving a rightful place to Anjali and respects her sensibilities. He won't touch Anjali as she is not ready for a physical relationship with Ram.

Ram Verma lives in [[Delhi]] with his step-mother Vibha Verma, step-brother Bobby Verma, and step sister Nikki Verma. Ram is 75% owner of the business, and the rest of the family owns 25%. Bobby and Nikki resent him for this. Vibha wants to turn Ram against Anjali, and thus needles Anjali to hand over her jewels to her. Anjali refuses. Ram advises her to listen to Vibha. Anjali prepares to leave the house when her maid shows her how Vibha and Nikki are plotting against Ram and Anjali. Ram tells Anjali that he knows everything and wants to win everyone over with unconditional love. When Ram is away at work, Bobby tries to seduce Anjali, but she refutes his advances. Ram catches them live, and the matter escalates to Vibha. Vibha blames Anjali, but Ram defends her, saying Vibha and Bobby are lying. Vibha decides to leave the house with Bobby, and Nikki and Ram don't stop them.

After seeing the magnanimity of Ram's heart in accepting her, Anjali realizes she has fallen in love with him. Ram too falls in love with her. They confess their love and consummate their marriage. Often, the two go on holidays and spend romantic moments.

3 years later, Ram and Anjali celebrate their 3rd wedding anniversary. Dev returns and is now a wealthy businessman. Anjali is stuck at a crossroads on where she would stand - for Ram or Dev. Dev makes it clear that he wants to get back together with Anjali and pursues her through all available means (invites her to parties, befriends Ram, etc.). Sheetal Verma Chopra is Dev's business partner and adores him. Anjali stands for Ram (whom she deeply loves) and refuses to return to Dev (who still wants to unite with her), even though it pains her to know how hurt Dev Chopra is and will be in the future.

Dev cannot stand rejection for the second time and sets out to ruin Ram's life. Dev partners with Vibha, Nikki, and Bobby. Dev finds out that Ram had taken heavy loans from the market for his new project. Dev buys all the debt from the market. Dev Chopra also buys Ram's house in an auction. Ram is pushed out of his own company by Bobby. They are forced to live with their servants, who are happy to provide them with shelter. Meanwhile, Nikki and Bobby start withdrawing money from the company, without telling Vibha. Sheetal finds out and objects. Bobby and Nikki yell at Vibha when she also scolds them. Vibha now remembers Ram. Narendra finds out and confronts Dev. He tells Dev that his attitude sucked 3 years ago, and it sucks now too, and he is glad that he chose Ram for his daughter.

Anjali gets pregnant. Anjali meets Dev and begs Dev to leave her alone. Ram also meets Dev (as he found out about the affair between Dev and Anjali). Ram explains to Dev Chopra that he has not lost, and Ram has not won; they both love Anjali. He shows unconditional love to Dev. Dev Chopra turns good and decides to marry his business partner, Sheetal Verma, his new companion, who secretly loved him for a long time. He departs with her to London as Anjali Chauhan Verma and Ram Verma look on.

==Cast==
*[[Suniel Shetty]] as Dev Chopra, Anjali's love interest, Sheetal Verma Chopra,s husband.
*[[Akshay Kumar]] as Ram Verma, Anjali Chauhan Verma's husband.
*[[Shilpa Shetty]] as Anjali Chauhan Verma, Ram Verma's wife.
*[[Mahima Chaudhry]] as Sheetal Verma Chopra, Dev Chopra's wife.
*[[Sushma Seth]] as Vibha Verma
*[[Parmeet Sethi]] as Bobby "Bob" Verma
*[[Manjeet Kullar]] as Nikki Verma
*Naseem Mukri as Mrs. Malhotra
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Narendra Chauhan, Anjali's father.
*[[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Veena Chauhan, Anjali's mother.
*[[Neeraj Vora]] as Babban Miyan
*[[Sharmila Tagore]] as Jhavni Chopra, Dev's mother.
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Digvijay Verma
*[[Kader Khan]] as Pandit Hariharan in the song "Dulhe Ka Sehra"

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dhadkan
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Nadeem–Shravan]]
| released = 2 July 2000
| recorded = 1997–1999
| studio =
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = {{duration|m=59|s=14}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = Venus
| producer = [[Nadeem–Shravan]]
| prev_title = [[Sirf Tum]]
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = [[Kasoor]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

The music of the album has been composed by the duo [[Nadeem–Shravan]] in the span of three years. ''Dulhe Ka Sehra'' sung by [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] was composed in 1997, while other songs were recorded in 1997-1998, with the exception of ''Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan Mein'', which was recorded in 2000 at [[London]].

The song ''Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hai Dil Se'' was copied from [[Saudis|Saudi Arabian]] singer [[Abdul Majeed Abdullah]]'s song ''Ahabak Leh'', which was sung in 1995; The song ''Aksar is Duniya Mein'' was copied from [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] song ''Atshana'', which was sung by [[Najwa Karam]] in 1999. Both ''Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hai Dil Se'' and ''Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan Mein'' became legendary love tracks, and ''Dulhe Ka Sehra'' achieved a status as one of the popular wedding songs to date. The other successful songs are ''Aksar Is Duniya Mein'' and ''Na Na Karte Pyaar''. {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

The album was listed in second position in the yearly music charts. According to the Indian trade website ''[[Box Office India]]'', around 4.5 million units were sold making it the second highest-selling album of the year after ''[[Mohabbatein]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> The soundtrack was #73 on the list of ''100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks'' of All Time, as compiled by ''Planet Bollywood''.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 59:14
| all_lyrics = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer Anjaan]]
| all_music = [[Nadeem–Shravan]]
| title1 = Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hain Dil Se
| extra1 = {{hlist|[[Udit Narayan]], [[Kumar Sanu]] & [[Alka Yagnik]]}}
| length1 = 7:06
| title2 = Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan Mein
| extra2 = {{hlist|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]] & Alka Yagnik}}
| length2 = 5:51
| title3 = Dulhe Ka Sehra
| note3 = male version
| extra3 = [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| length3 = 8:32
| title4 = Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hain Dil Se 2
| extra4 = {{hlist|[[Sonu Nigam]] & Alka Yagnik}}
| length4 = 5:47
| title5 = Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan Mein
| note5 = sad version
| extra5 = Kumar Sanu
| length5 = 5:14
| title6 = Na Na Karte Pyar
| extra6 = {{hlist|Udit Narayan & Alka Yagnik}}
| length6 = 6:36
| title7 = Aksar Is Duniya Mein
| extra7 = Alka Yagnik
| length7 = 5:42
| title8 = Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan Mein
| note8 = instrumental
| extra8 = Nadeem–Shravan
| length8 = 5:52
| title9 = Dulhe Ka Sehra
| note9 = female version
| extra9 = [[Jaspinder Narula]]
| length9 = 8:33

}}

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] wrote of the film:

{{blockquote|''Dhadkan'' is an intense love story and director Dharmesh Darshan has handled it with the sensitivity it deserves ... Despite the flaws, one has to acknowledge the fact that Dharmesh Darshan succeeds in melting the heart at several places. The entire marriage song-sequence in the initial reels, prior to it the scenes involving Sharmila Tagore, Sunil's portions in the second half, clearly indicate that the director knows his job well. He relies more on close-ups to capture expressions, which is the hallmark of a seasoned technician.}}

Adarsh described Shilpa Shetty as the "life of the enterprise", adding that she "looks good, delivers her lines effectively and emotes with utmost conviction."He said Sunil Shetty's performance is one of his best, especially the scenes between Sunil and Shilpa are fabulous." He also remarked "Akshay Kumar shows vast improvement as an actor. He is very controlled and handles this difficult role with sincerity."<ref>[http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/6566/index.html Dhadkan : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh]</ref>

Padmaraj Nair of ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' felt the film had a "nostalgic feel to it, what with the effect of watching social drama from the good ol' 60s." He added that the film was "fairly interesting in the first half, with its slick screenplay, But the director does seem to lose his grip towards the end, as the film climaxes rather tamely. It seems as if he developed cold feet as far as justifying the grey role of Sunil Shetty is concerned, and ends up portraying him on a positive note." He felt, performance-wise, Shetty "scores over the rest", while adding, "Shilpa gets the best role of her career and doesn't disappoint. Akshay Kumar, in the role of the cool-headed husband, is impressive." On other departments of the film, he concluded writing, "Nadeem-Shravan's music is the very lifeline of the film, and all the tracks are melodious and situational. Cinematography by W. B. Rao is outstanding."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Padmaraj |title=Dhadkan: The good ol' 60s revisited |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000818/freview.htm |website=Screen |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010207175455/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000818/freview.htm#dha |archive-date=7 February 2001 |date=August 2000}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==

; [[46th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] – [[Suniel Shetty]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Alka Yagnik]] for "Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hai Dil Se"

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – Ratan Jain
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[Dharmesh Darshan]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Mahima Chaudhry]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Nadeem–Shravan]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]] for "Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan Main"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Udit Narayan]] for "Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hai Dil Se"
'''[[2nd IIFA Awards]]:'''

'''Nominated'''

* [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – Ratan Jain
* [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – Dharmesh Darshan
* [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Akshay Kumar]]
* [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Shilpa Shetty]]
* [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – Mahima Chaudhry
* [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] – Suniel Shetty
* [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – Nadeem–Shravan
* [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – Sameer for "Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan Main"
* [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]] for "Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan Main"
* [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – Alka Yagnik for "Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hai Dil Se"
* [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – Dharmesh Darshan

'''[[Screen Awards]]'''

'''Won'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Category
! Winner(s)
|-
|Best Publicity Design
|Himanshu Nanda, Rahul Nanda
|-
|Best Negative Role Film Fare Award
|[[Sunil Shetty]]
|}
'''Nominated'''
{|class="wikitable"
! Category
! Nominees
! For
|-
|[[Star Screen Award Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
|"Dil Ne Ye Kaha Hai"
|-
|[[Star Screen Award Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|Nadeem–Shravan
|Best Music Director
|-
|[[Star Screen Award Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]
|[[Alka Yagnik]]
|"Dil Ne Ye Kaha Hai"
|-
|[[Star Screen Award Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
|"Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan"
|-
|[[Star Screen Award Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|"Dil Ne Ye Kaha Hai"
|-
|[[Star Screen Award Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Mahima Chaudhry]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|}

== Box office ==
The film was released on 11 August 2000 at 250 screens.
''Dhadkan'' had a worldwide theatrical release on August 11, 2000, during the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] weekend and garnered predominantly positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/405302-Mahima-Chaudhry-pardes-actress-turns-44,-this-is-how-she-looks-now|title=Mahima Chaudhry turns 44, this is how she looks now – Entertainment|website=Dunya News|date=14 February 2008 |access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> It emerged as a commercial success grossing {{INR}}26 crore in global markets. The film’s music, composed by Nadeem – Shravan, went on to break records.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/17-years-of-dhadkan-many-stars-still-angry-for-not-casting-them-says-dharmesh-darshan/story-V16NEaItOAGvCPrL4eu5KJ.html|title=17 years of Dhadkan: Many stars still angry for not casting them, says Dharmesh Darshan|date=2017-08-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>

==Remake==
This film was remade in Dhivehi as ''[[Hiiy Edhenee]]'' in 2001, in Bangladeshi Bengali as ''[[Hridoyer Bandhon]]'' in 2001 and Telugu as ''Ramdev'' in 2010<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010207175455/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000818/freview.htm#dha]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
*{{IMDb title|id=0255111}}

[[Category:2000 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Surinder Sodhi]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dharmesh Darshan]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about social class]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]

Gujarat under Jahangir

2026-04-25T17:37:53Z

2famrtf: Started new pg!

The [[Mughal Empire]]'s province [[Gujarat]] to the west of the Indian peninsula, was managed by the Viceroys appointed by the emperors. The emperor [[Jehangir]] continued [[Mirza Aziz Koka|Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh]] as the viceroy when he ascended to the throne in 1605. He continued to manage the province even though Khalij Khan was appointed as the new viceroy. He was succeeded by [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Sayad Murtaza]] who controlled the rebellions in north and south Gujarat. Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh again returned as the viceroy and successfully averted invasion of Malik Ambar from [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] in south. The next viceroy Abdulláh Khán Fírúz Jang made expedition to south and subdued the [[Ahmednagar]]. During his time, in 1611, Jehangir permitted the [[British East India Company]] to establish factories in [[Surat]] and elsewhere in Gujarat. During the reign of the next viceroy Mukarrab Khán, Jehangir toured Gujarat and received several local rulers. In 1618, he appointed his son prince [[Shah Jahan]] as the next viceroy. He rebelled in 1622–23 and he was replaced by Sultán [[Dawar|Dáwar Baksh]]. Shah Jahan resisted but later he managed the Jehangir's new appointment, Khán Jahán as his own. Saif Khan had managed the province instead as Khan Jahan was sent as Shah Jahan's ambassador to Jehangir. Jehangir died and Shah Jahan succeeded him as the emperor in 1627.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=274-278}}
{{Mughal Gujarat}}

==Viceroys under Jehangir (1605–1627)==
===Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh, Ninth Viceroy, 1600–1606===
In 1600, [[Mirza Aziz Koka|Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh]] was appointed the viceroy of Gujarát third time by Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] and Shams-ud-dín Husain was appointed as his deputy to Áhmedábád. In 1602, Mírza Âzíz sent his eldest son Shádmán as deputy; his second son Khurram as governor of [[Junagadh]]; and Sayad Báyazíd as minister. Khurram was afterward relieved of the charge of [[Sorath prant|Sorath]] and Junagaḍh by his brother Abdulláh.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=274}}

In 1605, [[Jehangir]] succeeded Akbar to the imperial throne. Shortly after his accession, Jehangir published a decree remitting certain taxes, and also in cases of robbery fixing the responsibility on the landowners of the place where the robbery was committed. The decree also renewed Akbar's decree forbidding soldiers billetting themselves forcibly in cultivators' houses. Finally, it directed that dispensaries and hospital wards should be opened in all large towns. In the early days of Jehángír's reign disturbance was caused in the neighbourhood of Áhmedábád by Bahádur a son of Muzaffar Sháh. Jehángír despatched Patrdás Rája Vikramájit as viceroy of Gujarát to put down the rising. The Rája’s arrival at Áhmedábád restored order. Some of the rebel officers submitting were reinstated in their commands: the rest fled to the hills.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=274}}

===Kalíj Khán, Tenth Viceroy, 1606 and Sayad Murtaza, Eleventh Viceroy, 1606–1609===
On the Rája’s return, Jehángír appointed Kalíj Khán to be viceroy of Gujarát; but Kalíj Khán never joined his charge, allowing Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh to act in his place. In 1606, on the transfer of Mírza Âzíz to the [[Lahore]] viceroyalty, [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Sayad Murtaza Khán Bukhári]], who had recently been ennobled in consequence of crushing the rebellion under Jehángír’s son Khusrao, was entrusted with the charge of Gujarát, Sayad Báyazíd being continued as minister. Sayad Murtaza, who is said to have further ingratiated himself with the emperor by the present of a magnificent ruby, appears to have been more of a scholar than a governor. His only notable acts were the repair of the fort of [[Kadi, Gujarat|Kadi]] and the populating of the Bukhára quarter of [[Ahmedabad]]. During his tenure of power disturbances broke out, and Rái Gopináth, son of Rája [[Todar Mal]], with Rája [[Sur Singh|Sursingh]] of Jodhpur, were sent to Gujarát by way of [[Malwa]], [[Surat]] and [[Baroda]]. They overcame and imprisoned Kalián, chief of Belpár,{{efn-ua|Belpár, belonging to the Thákor of Umeta in the Rewa Kántha.}} but were defeated by the Mándwa{{efn-ua|This Mándwa is probably the Mándwa near Atarsumba, but it may be Mándwa on the [[Narmada river]] in the Rewa Kantha. Atarsumba is about ten miles west of [[Kapadvanj]] in [[Kheda district]].}} chieftain, and withdrew to Áhmedábád. Rái Gopináth, obtaining reinforcements, returned to Mándwa and succeeded in capturing the chief.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=274}} He then marched against the rebellious Kolis of the [[Kankrej thana|Kánkrej]], and took prisoner their leader, whom, on promising not to stir up future rebellions, he afterwards restored to liberty.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=274-275}}

The first connection of the English with Gujarát dates from Sayad Murtaza’s viceroyalty. In 1608, he allowed Captain Hawkins to sell goods in Surat.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=275}}

===Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh, Twelfth Viceroy, 1609–1611===
In 1609, the Khán-i-Ázam Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh was for the fourth time appointed viceroy of Gujarát. He was allowed to remain at court and send his son Jehángír Kúli Khán as his deputy with Mohandás Diván and Masûd Beg Hamadáni. This was the beginning of government by deputy, a custom which in later times proved problematic to the Mughal interests.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=275}}

;Sack of Surat by Malik Âmbar, 1609
In 1609 Malik Âmbar, chief minister of [[Murtaza Nizam Shah II]]’s court and governor of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]], invaded Gujarát at the head of 50,000 horse, and after plundering both the [[Surat]] and [[Baroda]] districts retired as quickly as he came. To prevent such raids a body of 25,000 men was posted at Rámnagar (near [[Dharampur, Gujarat|Dharampur]]) on the Dakhan (Deccan) frontier, and remained there for four years. This force included 4000 men from the Viceroy of Áhmedábád, 5000 men from the Nobles of his Court, 3000 men from [[Baglan Kingdom|Baglan]], 2500 men from the son of the chief of [[Cutch State|Cutch]], 2500 men from [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]], 2000 from [[Idar State|Idar]], 2000 from [[Dungarpur State|Dungarpur]], 2000 from [[Banswada]], 1000 from Ramnagar of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]], 1000 from [[Rajpipla State|Rajpipla]], 300 from [[Alirajpur State|Ali]], 350 from Mohan ([[Chhota Udaipur State|Chhota Udaipur]].{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=275}}

===Abdulláh Khán Fírúz Jang, Thirteenth Viceroy, 1611–1616===
In 1611, Abdulláh Khán Bahádur Fírúz Jang was appointed the thirteenth viceroy of Gujarát, with Ghiás-ud-dín as his minister, under orders to proceed to the Dakhan (Deccan) to avenge the recent inroad. The viceroy marched to the Dakhan (Deccan) but returned without effecting anything. In 1616, he was again, in company with prince [[Shah Jahan]], directed to move against [[Ahmednagar]]. This second expedition was successful. The country was humbled, and, except Malik Ambar, most of the nobles submitted to the emperor. During this viceroy’s term of office an imperial decree was issued forbidding nobles on the frontiers and in distant provinces to affix their seals to any communications addressed to Mughal servants.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=275-276}}

In 1611, the [[English East India Company]] sent vessels to trade with [[Surat]]. The Portuguese made an armed resistance, but were defeated. The Mughal commander, who was not sorry to see the Portuguese beaten, gave the English a warm reception. In 1612–13, a factory was opened in Surat by the English, and in 1614 a fleet was kept in the [[Tapi River, India|Tápti River]] under Captain Downton to protect the factory. In 1615, Sir [[Thomas Roe]] came as ambassador to the emperor Jehángír, and obtained permission to establish factories, not only at Surat but also at [[Bharuch]], [[Cambay]] and [[Ghogha]]. The factory at Ghogha seems to have been established in 1613. The emperor Jehángír notes in his memoirs that Mukarrab Khán, viceroy from 1616–1618, regardless of cost had bought from the English at Ghogha a turkey, a lemur and other curiosities. On his return from Jehángír’s camp at [[Ahmedabad]] in January 1618, Roe obtained valuable concessions from the viceroy. The governor of Surat was to lend ships to the English, the resident English might carry arms, build a house, practise their religion, and settle their disputes. The [[Dutch India|Dutch]] closely followed the English at Surat and were established there in 1618.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=275-276}}

===Mukarrab Khán, Fourteenth Viceroy, 1616===
In 1616, on their return to Delhi, Mukarrab Khán, a surgeon who had risen to notice by curing the emperor Akbar and was ennobled by Jehángír, and who, since 1608, had been in charge of Surat or of Cambay, was appointed fourteenth viceroy of Gujarát, with Muhammad Safi as his minister.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=276}}

In the following year (1617), the emperor Jehángír came to Gujarát to hunt wild elephants in the [[Dahod]] forests. But owing to the density of the forest only twelve were captured. Early in 1618, he visited Cambay which he notes only vessels of small draught could reach and where he ordered a gold and silver tanka twenty times heavier than the gold mohar to be minted.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=276}}

From Cambay, after a stay of ten days, he went to Áhmedábád in hot season of March 1618 and received the Rája of [[Idar State|Ídar]]. In his memoir, he contented himself with abusing its sandy streets, calling the city the ‘abode of dust’ (''gardábád''). After an attack of fever his dislike grew stronger, and he was uncertain whether the ‘home of the simoom’ (''samumistán''), the ‘place of sickness’ (''bímáristán''), the ‘thorn brake’ (''zakumdár''), or ‘hell’ (''jahánnamábád''), was its most fitting name. Even the last title did not satisfy his dislike. In derision he adds the verse, "Oh essence of all goodnesses by what name shall I call thee."{{efn-ua|Elliot’s History of India, VI. 358; Jehángír’s Memoirs Persian Text, 231.}} Of the old buildings of Áhmedábád, the emperor speaks of the [[Kankaria Lake]] and its island garden and of the royal palaces in the [[Bhadra Fort|Bhadra]]. He notes that his Bakhshi had repaired the Kánkaria lake and that the viceroy Mukarrab Khán had partly restored the Bhadra palaces against his arrival. The emperor was disappointed with the capital. After the accounts he had heard it seemed rather poor with its narrow streets, its shops with ignoble fronts, and its dust, though to greet the emperor as he came on elephant-back scattering gold the city and its population had put on their holiday dress. The emperor speaks of having met some of the great men of Gujarát. Chief among these was Sayad Muhammad Bukhári the representative of Sháh-i-Álam and the sons of Sháh Wajíh-ud-dín of Áhmedábád. They came as far as Cambay to meet the emperor. After his arrival in the capital Jehángír with great kindness informally visited the house and garden of Sikandar Gujaráti the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Sikandari'', to pick some of the author’s famous figs off the trees. Jehángír speaks of the historian as a man of a refined literary style well versed in all matters of Gujarát history, who six or seven years since had entered the imperial service. On the occasion of celebrating Sháh Jehán’s twenty-seventh birthday at Áhmedábád, Jehángír records having granted the territory from [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] to Cambay as the estate of his son [[Shah Jahan]] (Prince Khurram). Before leaving Gujarát the emperor ordered the expulsion of the Sevadas or Jain priests, because of a prophecy unfavourable to him made by Mán Sing Sewda.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=276}}

As the climate of Áhmedábád disagreed with him, Jehángír retired to the banks of the [[Mahi River]]. Here the Jám of [[Nawanagar State]] came to pay homage, and presented fifty [[Kutch]] horses, a hundred gold mohars, and a hundred rupees, and received a dress of honour. The emperor now returned to Áhmedábád, where he was visited by Rái Bharmalji of [[Cutch State|Kutch]], who presented 100 Kutchi horses, 100 ''ashrafi''s and 2000 rupees.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=276}} The Rái, who was ninety years of age, had never paid his respects to any emperor. Jehángír, much pleased with the greatest of Gujarát Zamíndárs, who, in spite of his ninety years was hale and in full possession of all his senses, gave him his own horse, a male and female elephant, a dagger, a sword with diamond-mounted hilt, and four rings of different coloured precious stones. As he still suffered from the climate, the emperor set out to return to [[Agra]], and just at that time (1618–19) he heard of the birth of a grandson, [[Aurangzeb]] who was born at [[Dahod]] in Gujarát. In honour of this event Sháh Jehán held a great festival at [[Ujjain]].{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=276-277}}

===Prince Sháh Jahán, Fifteenth Viceroy, 1618–1622===
Before the emperor started for Ágra, he appointed prince [[Shah Jahan]] fifteenth viceroy of Gujarát in the place of Mukarrab Khán. Muhammad Safi was continued as minister. As Sháh Jahán preferred remaining at Ujjain, he chose Rustam Khán as his deputy; but the emperor, disapproving of this choice, selected Rája Vikramájit in Rustam Khán’s stead.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=277}}

Shortly after, in 1622–23, Sháh Jahán rebelled, and in one of the battles which took place Rája Vikramájit was killed. Sháh Jahán, during his viceroyalty, built the [[Shahibaug|Sháhi Bágh]] and the royal baths in the Bhadra at Áhmedábád. After the death of Vikramájit, his brother succeeded as deputy viceroy.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=277}}

===Sultán Dáwar Baksh, Sixteenth Viceroy, 1622–1624===
While Sháh Jahán was still in rebellion, the emperor appointed Sultán [[Dawar|Dáwar Baksh]], the son of prince [[Khusrau Mirza|Khusrau]], sixteenth viceroy of Gujarát, Muhammad Safi being retained in his post of minister. Sháh Jahán, who was then at Mándu in [[Malwa]], appointed on his part Abdulláh Khán Bahádur Fírúz Jang viceroy and a ''khájahsara'' or eunuch of Abdulláh Khán his minister. Sultán Dáwar Baksh, the emperor’s nominee, was accompanied by Khán-i-Ázam Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh to instruct him in the management of affairs. Prince Sháh Jahán had directed his minister to carry away all the treasure; but Muhammad Safi, who appears to have been a man of great ability, at once imprisoned the prince’s partisans in Áhmedábád, and, among others, captured the eunuch of Abdulláh Khán. When this news reached the prince at Mándu, he sent Abdulláh Khán Bahádur with an army to Gujarát by way of [[Baroda]]. Muhammad Safi Khán met and defeated him, and forced him to fly and rejoin the prince at Mándu. For his gallant conduct Muhammad Safi received the title of Saif Khán, with an increase in his monthly pay from Rupees 700 to 3000 and the command of 3000 horse. Meanwhile, Sultán Dáwar Baksh, with the Khán-i-Ázam, arrived and assumed the charge of the government, but the Khán-i-Ázam died soon after in 1624, and was buried at [[Sarkhej]].{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=277}}{{discuss}}

===Saif Khán, Seventeenth Viceroy, 1624–1627===
Sultán Dáwar Baksh was re-called, and Khán Jahán was appointed deputy viceroy with Yúsuf Khán as his minister. On his arrival at Áhmedábád, prince Sháh Jahán employed Khán Jahán in his own service, and sent him as his ambassador to the emperor. Saif Khán, who acted for him, may be called the seventeenth viceroy, as indeed he had been the governing spirit for the last eight or ten years. He held the post of viceroy of Gujarát until the death of the Jahangir in 1627.{{snf|Campbell|1896|p=277-278}}

==List of Viceroys under Jehangir (1605–1627)==
* [[Mirza Aziz Koka|Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh]], Ninth Viceroy, 1600–1606 (third time)
* Kalíj Khán, Tenth Viceroy, 1606
* [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Sayad Murtaza]], Eleventh Viceroy, 1606–1609
* Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh, Twelfth Viceroy, 1609–1611 (fourth time)
* Abdulláh Khán Fírúz Jang, Thirteenth Viceroy, 1611–1616
* Mukarrab Khán, Fourteenth Viceroy, 1616
* Prince [[Shah Jahan]], Fifteenth Viceroy, 1618–1622
* Sultán [[Dawar|Dáwar Baksh]], Sixteenth Viceroy, 1622–1624
* Saif Khán, Seventeenth Viceroy, 1624–1627

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=James Macnabb |editor=[[James Macnabb Campbell]] |title=History of Gujarát |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm |series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |volume=I(II) |year=1896 |publisher=The Government Central Press |chapter=Chapter III. MUGHAL VICEROYS. (A.D. 1573–1758) |pages=274–278}} {{PD-notice}}
{{refend}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:17th century in India]]
[[Category:Gujarat under the Mughal Empire]]

Narinder Nath Vohra

2026-04-24T21:19:46Z

2famrtf: done

{{Short description|Indian bureaucrat and politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narinder Nath Vohra
| image = File:J&K Governor N.N. Vohra.JPG
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Narinder Nath Vohra
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1936|05|05}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = 12th{{nbsp}}[[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| predecessor = [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha|S. K. Sinha]]
| successor = [[Satya Pal Malik]]<ref name="iejkgov">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/centre-appoints-bihar-governor-satya-pal-malik-as-new-jammu-and-kashmir-governor-1852509.html?ref=hp_top_pos_1|title=Centre Appoints Bihar Governor Satya Pal Malik as New Jammu and Kashmir Governor|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] [[Omar Abdullah]] [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
| office1 = 8th{{nbsp}}[[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]
| predecessor1 = [[T. R. Satishchandran]]
| successor1 = [[Brajesh Mishra]]
| office2 = [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary of India]]
| office3 = 22nd{{nbsp}}[[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary of India]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| predecessor2 =
| predecessor3 = [[T. N. Seshan]]
| successor2 =
| successor3 = K. A. Nambiar
| office4 = 18th{{nbsp}}[[Secretary to the Government of India|Defence Production Secretary of India]]
| term_start1 = {{start date|1997|07|01|df=y}}
| term_start2 = {{start date|1993|04|01|df=y}}
| term_start3 = {{start date|1990|03|01|df=y}}
| term_start4 = {{start date|1989|05|01|df=y}}
| term_end = {{start date|2018|08|23|df=y}}
| term_end1 = {{start date|1998|03|19|df=y}}
| term_end2 = {{start date|1994|05|31|df=y}}
| term_end3 = {{start date|1993|04|01|df=y}}
| term_end4 = {{start date|1990|03|01|df=y}}
| predecessor4 = P. C. Jain
| successor4 = N. Raghunathan
| prime_minister1 = [[I. K. Gujral]]
| occupation = Retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2007)
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]] [[Queen Elizabeth House]], [[University of Oxford]]
| native_name =
| term_start = {{start date|2008|06|25|df=y}}
| appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| appointer3 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| appointer4 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
}}

'''Narinder Nath Vohra''' (born 5{{Nbsp}}May{{Nbsp}}1936), popularly referred as '''N. N. Vohra''', is a retired 1959{{Nbsp}}batch [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] cadre who was the [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|12th{{Nbsp}}governor]] of the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was the first civilian governor of Jammu and Kashmir in eighteen{{Nbsp}}years after [[Jagmohan]].

As an IAS officer, Vohra has also served as [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]], [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] of India, [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] of India and [[Secretary to the Government of India|Defence Production Secretary of India]].

From February{{Nbsp}}2003 until he became the governor of the state, Vohra had been the [[Government of India|Government of India's]] [[Interlocutor (politics)|interlocutor]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was awarded India's second highest [[Indian honours system|civilian honour]], the [[Padma Vibhushan]], for his contributions to the field [[civil service]], in 2007.

== Education ==
Vohra is a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) and topper in English from [[Panjab University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/His%20Excellency/present1.htm|title=Present Governor - N. N. Vohra|website=[[Raj Bhavan (Jammu)|Raj Bhavan]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|url-status=dead|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227134143/http://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/His%20Excellency/present1.htm|archive-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> Vohra also was a [[Visiting scholar|visiting fellow]] at [[Oxford Department of International Development|Queen Elizabeth House]], [[University of Oxford]].<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==

=== Before IAS ===
Before being appointed an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], Vohra served as lecturer in the [[Panjab University]].<ref name=":1" />

=== As an IAS officer ===
Vohra served in key positions for both the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]], such as Secretary (Home), Commissioner and Secretary (Industries), Finance Commissioner, Commissioner (Urban Development), Secretary (Urban Development), Punjab's labour commissioner, Director (Information) and as Director ([[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati Raj]]) in the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]];<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vohra-just-the-man-for-kashmir/321751/0|title=Vohra: Just the man for Kashmir|last=Sinha|first=Amitabh|date=12 June 2008|website=[[The Indian Express]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=10065&PageId=|title=N N Vohra - Executive Record Sheet|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> as [[Home Secretary (India)|Union Home Secretary]], [[Defence Secretary (India)|Union Defence Secretary]], [[Defence Production Secretary|Union Defence Production Secretary]], [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|additional secretary]] in the [[Department of Defence (India)|Department of Defence]] of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] and as an area organiser in the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]] in the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Vohra also served as a consultant to the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==== Defence Production Secretary ====
Vohra was appointed [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Defence Production Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC), he assumed the office of [[Secretary to Government of India|Defence Production Secretary]] on 1{{Nbsp}}May{{Nbsp}}1989,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> and remitted it on 1{{Nbsp}}March{{Nbsp}}1990.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==== Defence Secretary ====
Vohra was appointed [[Defence Secretary (India)|Union Defence Secretary]] by ACC, he assumed the office of [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] on 1{{Nbsp}}March{{Nbsp}}1990,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> and demitted it on 1{{Nbsp}}April{{Nbsp}}1993,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> serving for more than three years.

==== Home Secretary ====
N. N. Vohra was appointed [[Home Secretary (India)|Union Home Secretary]] by ACC after the [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993{{Nbsp}}Bombay serial bomb blasts]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/will-be-remembered-for-governance-and-democratic-values/|title=Narinder Nath Vohra- A Man for all seasons will be remembered for governance and democratic values|last=Bhan|first=Ashok|date=August 23, 2018|website=[[Daily Excelsior]]|access-date=August 23, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Munshi|first=Suhas|date=August 22, 2018|title=NN Vohra, a Tough Act to Follow in Kashmir's Political Theatre|work=[[News18]]|publisher=[[Network18 Group|Network 18]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/governor-nn-vohra-a-tough-act-to-follow-in-kashmirs-political-theatre-1852813.html|access-date=August 23, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/n-n-vohra-jks-man-for-all-seasons-all-parties/articleshow/64669620.cms|title=N N Vohra: J&K's man for all seasons, all parties|date=June 20, 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=August 23, 2018|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=23379369}}</ref> he assumed the office of [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] on 1{{Nbsp}}April{{Nbsp}}1993,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> and demitted it and simultaneously [[Pension|superannuated]] from service on 31{{Nbsp}}May{{Nbsp}}1994.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Post Retirement ===

==== Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister ====
N. N. Vohra was appointed [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]], [[I. K. Gujral|Inder Kumar Gujral]], and the administrative head of [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] by ACC in June{{Nbsp}}1997, he assumed the office of [[Principal Secretary (India)|principal secretary]] on 1{{Nbsp}}July{{Nbsp}}1997,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> and demitted it on 19{{Nbsp}}March{{Nbsp}}1998.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==== India’s special representative for carrying out the Jammu and Kashmir dialogue ====
N. N. Vohra was appointed India's [[Interlocutor (politics)|interlocutor]] for carrying out the Jammu and Kashmir dialogue by the Government of India in 2003,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> he remained as India's [[Interlocutor (politics)|interlocutor]] till 2008,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> when he was appointed [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]].

As the [[Interlocutor (politics)|interlocutor]], Vohra had been holding wide-ranging discussions with both the elected representatives in the state and also the separatists in a bid to forge a common ground for the all-round development of the state.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:N. N. Vohra taking salute on 61st Republic Day of India.jpg|thumb|428x428px|
Vohra taking salute from [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] on 61st [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day of India]]
]]

==== Governor of Jammu and Kashmir ====
[[File:N. N. Vohra taking salute from Police on 61st Republic Day.jpg|thumb|238x238px|
Vohra taking salute from [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] 61st [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day of India]]
]]
Vohra was appointed [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] (J&K) by [[President of India]] in 2008,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/vohra-appointed-jk-governor/35310.html|title=VOHRA APPOINTED JK GOVERNOR|date=10 June 2008|website=[[Greater Kashmir]]|publication-place=[[Srinagar]]|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> his first act as the governor of J&K was to rescind the controversial [[Amarnath land transfer controversy|Amarnath shrine land transfer order]].<ref>[http://india.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=136692 Vohra saves J&K Govt, rescinds Amarnath land order]. Retrieved on 9 July 2008.</ref>

Vohra was reappointed the [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] by the president of India in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/vohra-gets-fresh-term-as-jk-governor/article4661321.ece|title=Vohra gets fresh term as J&K Governor|date=28 April 2013|website=[[The Hindu]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/N-N-Vohra-gets-a-fresh-term-as-JK-governor/articleshow/19762972.cms|title=N N Vohra gets a fresh term as J&K governor|date=28 April 2013|website=[[The Times of India]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/vohra-re-appointed-as-jammu-and-kashmir-governor-605798.html|title=Vohra re-appointed as Jammu and Kashmir governor|date=28 April 2013|website=[[News 18]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> Vohra retired from the position of governor in August{{Nbsp}}2018 and was replaced by [[Satya Pal Malik]], a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician and a former [[Governor (India)|governor]] of the state of [[Bihar]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Devadas|first=David|date=August 23, 2018|title=Outgoing J&K Governor N.N. Vohra Was as Astute as Any Wily Politician|url=https://thewire.in/government/outgoing-jk-governor-n-n-vohra-was-as-astute-as-any-wily-politician|access-date=August 23, 2018|website=[[The Wire (India)]]}}</ref>

Vohra ruled Jammu and Kashmir directly four times ([[Governor's Rule|governor's rule]]) during his tenure as governor,<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/220818/a-decade-of-grace-nn-vohras-term-in-jk.html|title=A decade of grace: NN Vohra's term in J&K|last=Jameel|first=Yusuf|date=August 22, 2018|work=[[The Asian Age]]|access-date=August 23, 2018|publication-place=[[Srinagar]]}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> with his tenure as state governor being widely seen to be a positive one.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" />

== Awards and recognition ==
* Vohra was conferred the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest [[Indian honours system|civilian honour]], for his contributions to the field of [[Civil Services of India|civil service]], in 2007.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/padma-vibhushan-for-nariman-khushwant-nare/21800/|title=Padma Vibhushan for Nariman, Khushwant, Naresh Chandra|date=26 January 2007|website=[[The Indian Express]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Padma-Vibhushan-for-Khushwant-Nariman/article14711595.ece|title=Padma Vibhushan for Khushwant, Nariman|date=26 January 2007|website=[[The Hindu]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-padma-vibhushan-for-fali-nariman-khushwant-singh-1076450|title=Padma Vibhushan for Fali Nariman, Khushwant Singh|date=26 January 2007|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite book | last1 = Vohra | first1 = N. N. | last2 = Mathews | first2 = K. | title = Africa, India & South-South cooperation | publisher = Har-Anand Publications | location = New Delhi | year = 1997 | isbn = 9788124105030 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Vohra|first1=N. N.|last2=Dixit|first2=Jyotindra Nath|author-mask=5|author-link2=Jyotindra Nath Dixit|title=Religion, politics, and society in South and Southeast Asia|publisher=Konark Publishers in association with India International Centre|location=Delhi|year=1998|isbn=9788122005295}}
* {{cite book|last=Vohra|first=N. N.|title=Culture, society, and politics in Central Asia and India|publisher=SHIPRA Publications India International Centre|location=Delhi|author-mask=5|year=1999|isbn=9788175410404}}
* {{cite book|last1=Vohra|first1=N. N.|title=Issues before the World Trade Organization: India's perspective: report on a seminar held on 20 March, 1999, at the India International Centre|publisher=Mosaic Books, in association with India International Centre|location=New Delhi|year=2000|isbn=9788185399515|author-mask=5|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book | last = Vohra | first = N. N. |author-mask=5| title = Culture, democracy, and development in South Asia | publisher = Shipra Publications | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2001 | isbn = 9788175410701 }}
* {{cite book | last = Vohra | first = N. N. |author-mask=5| title = India and East Asia: culture and society | publisher = Shipra Publications | location = Delhi, India | year = 2002 | isbn = 9788175411067 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Vohra | first1 = N. N. |author-mask=5| last2 = Bhattacharya | first2 = Sabyasachi | title = Looking back, India in the twentieth century | publisher = National Book Trust, India in association with India International Centre | location = New Delhi | year = 2002 | isbn = 9788123737508 }}
* {{cite book | last = Vohra | first = N. N. |author-mask=5| title = Emerging Asia: challenges for India and Singapore | publisher = India International Centre Manohar | location = New Delhi, India | year = 2003 | isbn = 9788173044847 }}
* {{cite book | last = Vohra | first = N. N. |author-mask=5| title = History, culture, and society in India and West Asia | publisher = Shipra Publications | location = Delhi, India | year = 2003 | isbn = 9788175411234 }}
* {{cite book | last = Vohra | first = N. N. |author-mask=5| title = India and Australasia: history, culture, and society | publisher = Shipra Publications | location = Delhi | year = 2004 | isbn = 9788175411685 }}

== See also ==
* [[Vohra Report]]
* [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==

*{{Commons category-inline|Narinder Nath Vohra}}
*{{URL|1=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=10065&PageId=|2=Executive record sheet as maintained by the Department of Personnel and Training of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions of the Government of India}}
*{{URL|http://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/His%20Excellency/present12.htm|Profile at Jammu and Kashmir Raj Bhavan's website}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| years = {{start date|2008|06|25|df=y}} – {{start date|2018|08|23|df=y}}
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Satya Pal Malik]]
}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vohra, Narinder}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Governors of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Principal secretaries to the prime minister of India|Vohra, Narinder Nath]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Home secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Defence secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Panjab University]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]

Krishna Murari

2026-04-23T06:46:30Z

2famrtf: Added first pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Murari
| image = Justice_Krishna_Murari.jpg
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| nominator = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| term_start = 23 September 2019
| term_end = 8 July 2023
| office1 = Chief Justice of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| term_start1 = 2 June 2018
| term_end1 = 22 September 2019
| preceded1 = [[Ajay Kumar Mittal]] (acting)
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator1 = [[Dipak Misra]]
| office2 = Judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start2 = 7 January 2004
| term_end2 = 1 June 2018
| appointer2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| nominator2 = [[V. N. Khare]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|07|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}

'''Krishna Murari''' (born 9 July 1958) is a retired judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and former chief justice of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]. He also served as a judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]] till his elevation as chief justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court.

==Career==
Murari was born in a lawyer family of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His uncles G.N. Verma and R.N. Verma were senior advocates.<ref name=":0" /> Murari passed [[Bachelor of Laws]] from the [[Allahabad University]], [[Prayagraj]]. He was enrolled as an advocate on 23 December 1981 and started practice in the [[Allahabad High Court]] on civil, constitutional, company and revenue matters. In his 22 years law career, he served as standing counsel of Uttar Pradesh State Yarn Company, [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] Primary Co-operative Bank, Uttar Pradesh State Textile Corporation etc. He also appeared for [[Bundelkhand University]] of [[Jhansi]].<ref name=":1" /> Murari was appointed an additional judge of the Allahabad High Court on 7 January 2004 and became the permanent judge in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=80|title=HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> On 2 June 2018 he was elevated in the post of the chief justice of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] in [[Chandigarh]] after the retirement of Justice [[Shiavax Jal Vazifdar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://highcourtchd.gov.in/?trs=chief|title=Hon'ble Judges|website=highcourtchd.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/justice-krishna-murari-to-be-punjab-and-haryana-high-court-chief-justice/580024.html|title=Justice Krishna Murari to be Punjab and Haryana High Court Chief Justice|last=Malik|first=Saurabh|date=26 April 2018|newspaper=The Tribune|location=India|access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/justice-krishna-murari-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-punjab-and-haryana-high-court-read-notification/|title=Justice Krishna Murari Appointed As Chief Justice Of Punjab And Haryana High Court|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/justice-krishna-murari-set-to-be-chief-justice-of-punjab-and-haryana-high-court/story-UnwqSZbr9jjc4FwkURYOrJ.html|title=Justice Krishna Murari set to be chief justice of Punjab and Haryana high court|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> He was elevated as judge of [[Supreme Court of India]] on 23 September 2019. He retired from the Supreme Court on 8 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Murari |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/krishna-murari/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

Over the course of his Supreme Court tenure, Murari authored 64 judgments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Krishna Murari: Number of Judgements Authored |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/justice-krishna-murari-number-of-judgements-authored/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murari, Krishna}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]

Raghunandan Dhubi

2026-04-20T09:04:31Z

2famrtf: Started initial entry v1.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{one source|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raghunandan Dhubi
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1957
| predecessor = ''New constituency''
| successor = [[Ram Prasad Choubey]]
| constituency = [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Raghunandan Dhubi''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Assam]]. Dhubi was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur constituency]] in the [[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3989-assam-1951/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhubi, Raghunandan}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1952–1957]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T17:21:58Z

2famrtf: Started stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Cuttack}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Cuttack Sadar
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 93
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,29,006{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Cuttack Sadar''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Cuttack district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=94|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064523/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=94|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Salepur (94) District: Cuttack|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes Cuttack Sadar block, 3 wards of [[Cuttack]] and 14 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Santapur, Isaniberhampur, Manpur, Janardanpur, Sirlo, Babujanga, Uttarkul, Manijanga, Palada, Mahammadpur, Nemalo, Tilakana, Kalamishri and Bandhupur) Nischintakoili block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp43.htm|title= 43 - Cuttack Sadar Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 20 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.49}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.41}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.94}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|63.78}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|46.25}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|35.85}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.98}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|66.04}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.27}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|47.88}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|57.71}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date. It was a 2-member constituency for 1952 & 1957.

List of members elected from Cuttack Sadar constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref name=Candidate>{{cite web|title= Cuttack Sadar Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/cuttack-sadar.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 20 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Cuttack Sadar Assembly Election Results 2024: Cuttack Sadar Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/cuttack-sadar-constituency-result-18093 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandra Sarathi Behera]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cuttack Sadar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/cuttacksadar-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|Kalindi Behera
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Pravat Ranjan Biswal
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Nibedita Pradhan
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Bijayalaxmi Sahoo
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Rajendra Singh
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Dolagobinda Pradhan
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sangram Keshari Mahapatra
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Trilochan Kanungo
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Sura Sethi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Sukadeva Jena
|{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Laxman Mallick
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Purnananda Samal
|-
|Raj Krushna Bose
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Laxman Mallick
|-
|Bhairab Chandra Mohanty
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Chandra Sarathi Behera]] by a margin of 3,809 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Cuttack Sadar}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||
party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]|votes=79,542|percentage=48.49|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Chandra Sarathi Behera]]|votes=75,733|percentage=46.17|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rama Chandra Gochhayat|votes=7,010|percentage=4.27|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,071|percentage=0.65|change=0}}

{{Election box majority||votes=3,809|percentage=2.32|change=}}

{{Election box turnout||votes=1,64,034|percentage=71.63|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Chandra Sarathi Behera]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Dilip Kumar Mallick by a margin of 26,126 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Cuttack Sadar<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=20 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Chandra Sarathi Behera]]
|votes = 86,254
|percentage = 55.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Mallick
|votes = 60,128
|percentage = 38.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Abhishek Mahananda]]
|votes = 6,214
|percentage = 4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,148
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,791
|percentage = 16.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,799
|percentage = 70.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Chandra Sarathi Behera]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Dilip Kumar Mallick by a margin of 25,791 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Cuttack Sadar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Chandra Sarathi Behera]]
|votes = 71247
|percentage = 50.94
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dilip Kumar Mallick|votes=45456|percentage=32.5|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chandra Skhar Samal|votes=18271|percentage=13.06|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=956|percentage=0.68|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=26126|percentage=18.44|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=139856|percentage=70.48|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,96,720
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Kalindi Behera defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Ashima Mahananda by a margin of 49,344 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=1277 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Cuttack Sadar<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Kalindi Behera
|votes = 71,631
|percentage = 63.78
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ashima Mahananda
|votes = 22,287
|percentage = 19.84
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Mallick
|votes = 15,407
|percentage = 13.72
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 49,344
|percentage = 43.94{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,12,308
|percentage = 61.36
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,83,017
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing = {{down}}5.93{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 67.29%}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cuttack district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.42|85.88|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Orissa]]

S. G. Esmatur Mominin

2026-04-16T07:09:43Z

2famrtf: Started new entry w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Meghalaya politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = S. G. Esmatur Mominin
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2023-01-04 |title=Meghalaya: NPP MLA SG Esmatur Mominin resigns; to join TMC tomorrow |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/meghalaya-npp-mla-sg-esmatur-mominin-resigns-to-join-tmc-tomorrow/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>
| constituency = [[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Phulbari]]
| predecessor = [[Abu Taher Mondal]]
| successor = Abu Taher Mondal
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1976}}
| birth_place = [[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Chibinang]], [[Meghalaya]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (2023-present)
| other_party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (2018-2023)
| alma_mater = [[Dhubri Law College]]
| relatives = [[Manirul Islam Sarkar]] (brother)
| children =
}}
'''S. G. Esmatur Mominin''' is an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] politician and lawyer, who served as the MLA for the [[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Phulbari]] constituency in the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from 2018 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2020-07-25 |title=Phulbari MLA Mominin appointed as Meghalaya NPP's minority cell chairman |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/phulbari-mla-mominin-appointed-as-meghalaya-npps-minority-cell-chairman.html |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref> He is also a member of the [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]].<ref name=my/> He resigned from [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] and joined the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2023-01-05 |title=Fmr NPP MLA Mominin and BJP's Syngkon joins TMC |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/meghalaya/fmr-npp-mla-mominin-and-bjps-syngkon-joins-tmc/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mominin was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the village of [[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Chibinang]] located in the [[West Garo Hills district|Garo Hills]] of [[Meghalaya]]. His father was [[Abdul Jabbar Sarkar]], and among his brothers is Lt. [[Manirul Islam Sarkar]]. His wife is a teacher at the Janapriya Higher Secondary School in Bholarbhita. Sarkar graduated from the [[Dhubri Law College]] in 2003 with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree.<ref name=my/> He owns land in Kaimbatapara and a building in Bholarbhita.<ref name=my>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/meghalaya2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5911|title=S G Esmatur Mominin|website=My Neta|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Sarkar began his career as a teacher before stepping into politics. As a [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] candidate, he defeated three-time MLA [[Abu Taher Mondal]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] at the [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]], winning a seat at the [[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Phulbari Constituency]].<ref name=net>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/phulbari-meghalaya-assembly-constituency|website=Result University|title=Phulbari Assembly Constituency|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mominin, Esmatur}}
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Muslims from Meghalaya]]

{{Meghalaya-politician-stub}}

Sekmai Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:32Z

2famrtf: starting a entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{expand list|date=June 2025}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sekmai
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 16
| mla = [[Heikham Dingo Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:30487}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Sekmai''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is part of [[Imphal West district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Extent ==
Sekmai is the 16th of the 60 constituencies of Manipur. It has 41 parts namely: 1 - Kanglatongbi Mandir, 2 - Kanglatongbi Hatikhuwa, 3 - Kanglatongbi Shantipur, 4 - Kanglatongbi (A), 5 - Kanglatongbi Bazaar Board, 6 - Kanglatongbi (B), 7 - Sekmai Bazar, 8 - Sekmai Koujengleima, 9 - Sekmai (A), 10 - Sekmai (B), 11 - Sekmai Luwangbung, 12 - Sekmai Nongthomband, 13 - Sekmai Awang Leikai (A), 14 - Sekmai Awang Leikai (B), 15 - Khurkhul Awang Leikai (A), 16 - Khurkhul Awang Leikai (B), 17 - Khurkhul Makha Mamang Leikai, 18 - Khurkhul Makha Leikai, 19 - Khurkhul, 20 - Kanto, 21 - Kanto Sabal, 22 - Senjam Chirang, 23 - Senjam Khunnou, 24 - Loitang Khunou, 25 - Loitang Leikinthabi, 26 - Phumlou (A), 27 - Phumlou (B), 28 - Phayeng (A), 29 - Phayeng Awang Leikai (A), 30 - Phayeng Awang Leikai (B), 31 - Phayeng (B), 32 - Phayeng Sabal Leikai, 33 - Lairenkabi, 34 - Lamlongei, 35 - Lairensajik, 36 - Kadangband, 37 - Koutruk, 38 - Haorang Keirel, 39 - Sanjenbam, 40 - Tairenpokpi, and 41 - Sairemkhul.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral Officer |first=Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan=2|[[Heikham Dingo Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|36.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|54.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|35.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|34.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|34.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|29.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|34.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|53.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|50.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.54}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Heikham Dingo Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,010 |percentage=36.80% |change=-18.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ayangbam Oken Singh|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=6,677|percentage=24.55%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khwairakpam Devendro Singh|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=5,966|percentage=21.93%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ningthoujam Popilal Singh|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=2,007|percentage=7.38%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ningthoujam Biren Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,595|percentage=5.86%|change=-38.41%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khaidem Ranjit Singh|party=Shiv Sena|votes=471|percentage=1.73%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=190|percentage=0.70%|change=-0.21%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khwairakpam Robin Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=186|percentage=0.68%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,333 |percentage=12.25% |change=1.71% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=27,201|percentage=89.22%|change=0.23%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,487 |change =12.99% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -18.02% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Heikham Dingo Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,163 |percentage=54.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khwairakpam Devendro Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=10,631|percentage=44.27%|change=15.84%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=219|percentage=0.91%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,532 |percentage=10.54% |change=7.39% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=24,013|percentage=89.00%|change=0.87%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,982 |change =14.65% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 26.38% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khwairakpam Devendro Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,897 |percentage=28.43% |change=-3.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Heikham Dingo Singh]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=5,242|percentage=25.28%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ayangbam Oken Singh|party=Communist Party of India|votes=4,983|percentage=24.03%|change=-11.56%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ningthoujam Biren|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=4,611|percentage=22.23%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=655 |percentage=3.16% |change=-0.81% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=20,739|percentage=88.10%|change=5.22%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,534 |change =-1.83% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -7.15% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Heikham Borajao Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,072 |percentage=35.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Biren |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,284 |percentage=31.62% |change=12.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwairakpam Devendro Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,943 |percentage=29.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Ibomcha |party=Samata Party |votes=343 |percentage=1.73% |change=-18.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thaninjao |party=Independent politician |votes=207 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=788 |percentage=3.96% |change=-3.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,875 |percentage=82.91% |change= -6.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,973 |change =19.64% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= 1.57% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Biren |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=6,023 |percentage=34.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwairakpam Chandra |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,739 |percentage=26.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Heikham Borajao Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=3,602 |percentage=20.34% |change=15.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amujao Khwairakpam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,345 |percentage=18.89% |change=-8.09% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,284 |percentage=7.25% |change=6.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,709 |percentage=89.17% |change= -1.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,038 |change =5.90% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 0.76% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwairakpam Chandra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,745 |percentage=34.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Biren |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=5,609 |percentage=33.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Heikham Borajao Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,507 |percentage=26.98% |change=-6.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Ibomcha |party=Samata Party |votes=842 |percentage=5.04% |change=-9.59% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=136 |percentage=0.81% |change=-3.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,703 |percentage=89.23% |change= -1.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,921 |change =7.27% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.15% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Biren |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,197 |percentage=33.25% |change=3.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwirakpam Chaoba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,465 |percentage=28.57% |change=1.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usham Leirijao |party=Independent politician |votes=3,682 |percentage=23.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwairakpam Angangjao |party=Samata Party |votes=2,287 |percentage=14.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=732 |percentage=4.68% |change=2.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,631 |percentage=90.91% |change= 1.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,638 |change =10.39% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.84% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Biren |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,188 |percentage=29.41% |change=-15.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwirakpam Chaoba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,823 |percentage=26.85% |change=-8.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwairakpam Angangjao |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,310 |percentage=23.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangenbam Leirijao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,919 |percentage=20.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=365 |percentage=2.56% |change=-6.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,240 |percentage=89.71% |change= 5.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,978 |change =15.60% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.07% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Leirijao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,976 |percentage=44.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwai Rakpam Chaoba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,911 |percentage=34.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwairakpam Angang Jao |party=Independent politician |votes=2,301 |percentage=20.57% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,065 |percentage=9.52% |change=-0.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,188 |percentage=84.20% |change= 1.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,822 |change =7.57% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= 9.64% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwirakpam Chaoba |party=Janata Party |votes=3,568 |percentage=34.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Leirijao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,580 |percentage=25.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Omor |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,385 |percentage=23.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Angangjao |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=1,001 |percentage=9.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Angom Nganba |party=Independent politician |votes=707 |percentage=6.90% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=988 |percentage=9.65% |change=3.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,241 |percentage=82.49% |change= -6.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,849 |change =25.41% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -18.47% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwirakpam Chaoba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,734 |percentage=53.31% |change=3.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Leirijao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,146 |percentage=46.69% |change=-3.18% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=588 |percentage=6.62% |change=6.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,880 |percentage=89.29% |change= 13.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,246 |change =29.16% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 3.18% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwirakpam Chaoba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,930 |percentage=50.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Leirijao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,915 |percentage=49.87% |change=7.34% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15 |percentage=0.26% |change=-16.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,845 |percentage=75.97% |change= -2.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,933 |change =-39.66% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.59% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sekmai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwirakpam Chaoba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,206 |percentage=42.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Jugeshwro |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,586 |percentage=26.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ambika |party=Independent politician |votes=2,201 |percentage=22.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Nganba |party=Independent politician |votes=895 |percentage=9.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,620 |percentage=16.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,888 |percentage=78.19% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,148 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal West district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.97|93.89|display=title}}

[[Category:Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Ghoradongri Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:43Z

2famrtf: Started a data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghoradongri
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 132
| map_image = 132-Ghoradongri.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Betul district|Betul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Betul Lok Sabha constituency|Betul]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Ganga Sajjan Singh Uikey]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Brahma Bhalavi
}}
'''Ghoradongri''' is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]]. Ghoradingri comes under [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Campaigning-for-Ghodadongri-Assembly-bypoll-in-MP-ends/articleshow/52482579.cms Campaigning for Ghodadongri Assembly bypoll in MP ends]</ref> It is a reserved seat for the Scheduled tribes (ST).

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Jangusingh Nizam
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Madu
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Bishram Gurdi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Jangusingh Uike
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Ramjilal Uike Manju
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Meera
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Ramjilal Uike Manju
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" | Pratap Singh Mokham Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Sajjan Singh Uike
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Gita Ramjilal Uikey
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/madhya-pradesh-bjp-mla-sajjan-singh-uikey-passes-away-577099-2016-03-19 Madhya Pradesh BJP MLA Sajjan Singh Uikey passes away]</ref>
| Sajjan Singh Uike
|-
|2016^
| Mangal Singh Dhurve
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |accessdate=30 September 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Brahma Bhalavi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023">{{cite web | title=Ganga Sajjan Singh Uikey(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GHORADONGRI (ST)(BETUL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate | url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=286 }}</ref>
| [[Ganga Sajjan Singh Uikey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghoradongri<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ganga Sajjan Singh Uikey]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:103710}}
|percentage = 47.38
|change = +9.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rahul Uikey
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:99497}}
|percentage = 45.45
|change = -1.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Smita Raja Dhurve
|votes = {{formatnum:6150}}
|percentage = 2.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Kaushal Kishore Partety
|votes = {{formatnum:2823}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change = -2.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3997}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change = -0.99
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4213}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change = -7.2
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:218909}}
|percentage = 84.09
|change = -0.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghoradongri<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bramha Bhalavi
|votes = {{formatnum:92106}}
|percentage = 46.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Geeta Ramjilal Uikey
|votes = {{formatnum:74179}}
|percentage = 37.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Kaushal Parte
|votes = {{formatnum:8305}}
|percentage = 4.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Pratap Singh Uike
|votes = {{formatnum:3962}}
|percentage = 2.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashok Bhalavi
|votes = {{formatnum:3331}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyamlal Bete
|votes = {{formatnum:2498}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shrimati Mangeetabai Uikay
|votes = {{formatnum:2243}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5542}}
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17927}}
|percentage = 9.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196289}}
|percentage = 84.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Ghoradongri Assembly constituency by-election, 2016]]: Ghoradongri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mangal Singh Dhurve
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pratap Singh Uikey
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ghoradongri]]
* [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Betul district}}
{{coords|22.12|78.00|display=title}}

[[Category:Betul district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

I. Karunanithi

2026-04-14T13:50:56Z

2famrtf:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = I. Karunanithi
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 19 May 2016
| term_end = 6 May 2026
| constituency = [[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[S. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|S. Rajendran]]
| successor = [[P. Dhansingh]]

}}

'''I. Karunanithi''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222082432/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC030.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC030.pdf|access-date= 28 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pallavaram Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a030|access-date= 28 Apr 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Pallavaram Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Pallavaram Assembly constituency|2021}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Pallavaram Assembly constituency|2016}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karunanithi, I}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Mohana Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:35Z

2famrtf: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Mohana}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mohana
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 136
| type = SLA
| map_image = 136-Mohana.svg
| map_caption = Mohana assembly constituency in [[Gajapati district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Dasarathi Gomango.jpg
| mla = [[Dasarathi Gomango]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,46,023{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Mohana''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Gajapati district]], [[Odisha]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=136|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408221008/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=136|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2014 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Mohana (ST) (136) District: Gajapati|accessdate= 5 April 2014}}</ref> Following 2008 delimitation, [[Ramagiri Assembly constituency]] was subsumed into this constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref>

[https://ceoodisha.nic.in/acmaps/AC136.pdf Map of Mohana Constituency]

This constituency includes [[Nuagada Block]], [[Mohana|Mohana Block]], [[R.Udayagiri|R.Udayagiri Block]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp77.htm|title= 77 - Mohana Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 7 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.64}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|29.88}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.63}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.60}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|58.62}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|43.08}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|62.12}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.48}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|40.59}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Lok Dal}}|41.21}}
}}

Since its formation in 1961, 15 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Mohana constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Mohana Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/mohana.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 6 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mohana Assembly Election Results 2024: Mohana Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/mohana-constituency-result-18136 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Dasarathi Gomango]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Mohana Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Mohana Constituency (Seat) Election Results">{{cite news |date=2019 |title=Mohana Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Mohana Constituency (Seat) Election Results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/mohana-election-result-s18a136/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108123830/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/mohana-election-result-s18a136/ |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|Basanti Mallick
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mohana Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mohana-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|Chakradhar Paik
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan=4|[[Surjya Narayan Patro]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Sarat Kumar Jena
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=3|Uday Narayan Dev
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Bhimasena Mandolo
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Tareni Sardar
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Biswanath Nayak
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13th May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Dasarathi Gomango|Dasarathi Gamango]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Prasanta Kumar Mallick by a margin of 4,059 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Mohana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dasarathi Gomango]]
|votes = 62,117
|percentage = 34.64
|change = {{up}}1.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prasanta Kumar Mallick
|votes = 58,058
|percentage = 32.38
|change = {{up}}4.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Antarjyami Gamanga
|votes = 47,386
|percentage = 26.43
|change = {{down}}4.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,317
|percentage = 2.41
|change = {{up}}0.64
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,059
|percentage = 2.26
|change = {{up}}0.83
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,79,307
|percentage = 71.2
|change = {{down}}4.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Dasarathi Gomango]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Purnabasi Nayak by a margin of 2,354 votes.<ref name="Mohana Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Mohana Constituency (Seat) Election Results" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Mohana<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) (AC/ PC) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dasarathi Gomango]]
|votes = 53,705
|percentage = 32.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Purnabasi Nayak
|votes = 51,351
|percentage = 31.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prasanta Kumar Mallik
|votes = 46,176
|percentage = 28.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,898
|percentage = 1.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,354
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,971
|percentage = 75.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Basanti Mallick defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Dasarathi Gomango]] by a margin of 115 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=17 June 2014|archive-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Mohana<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Mohana|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18136.htm?ac=136|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Mohana (136)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=136|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140617231912/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=136|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Basanti Mallick
|votes = 43,006
|percentage = 29.88
|change = {{up}}11.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dasarathi Gomango]]
|votes = 42,891
|percentage = 29.8
|change = {{up}}3.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bharat Paik
|votes = 39,625
|percentage = 27.53
|change = {{up}}5.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,604
|percentage = 2.5
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 115
|percentage = 0.08
|change = {{down}}0.74
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,43,943
|percentage = 74.73
|change = {{up}}8.47
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,92,613
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Chakradhar Paik defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Antarjami Gamanga by a margin of 35,484 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Mohana<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chakradhar Paik
|votes = 37,697
|percentage = 33.63
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Antarjami Gamanga
|votes = 36,780
|percentage = 32.82
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Johan Dalabehera
|votes = 20,206
|percentage = 18.03
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 917
|percentage = 0.82{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,12,087
|percentage = 66.26{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 64.81%}}
|change = {{up}}1.45
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Gajapati district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|19.44|84.26|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Gajapati district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Gundlupet Heggadadevanakote Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:10Z

2famrtf: Started a post

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gundlupet Heggadadevanakote
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| established = 1951
| reservation =
| abolished = 1957
| map_image =
| mla =
| party =
}}
'''Gundlupet Heggadadevanakote Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Mysore State]]. It was part of [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || H. K. Shivarudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Siddiah Alias Kunniah
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet Heggadadevanakote <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Shivarudrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,469 |percentage = 23.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. A. Adbul Gafoor Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,360 |percentage = 19.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Shivappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,726 |percentage = 16.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Siddiah Alias Kunniah |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,608 |percentage = 15.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Lingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,274 |percentage = 12.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Venkataramana |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,747 |percentage = 12.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,109 |percentage = 3.93% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,184 |percentage = 50.47% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,184}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,454 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Hunasuru Assembly constituency]]
*[[Gundlupet Assembly constituency]]
*[[Heggadadevankote Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|11.943363|76.485988|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Vijay Keshav Gokhale

2026-04-13T22:26:48Z

2famrtf: starting a post

{{short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:Vijay Gokhale.jpg
| office = 32nd [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]
| term_start = 29 January 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/vijay-gokhale-takes-over-as-foreign-secretary-fixing-neighbourhood-policy-checking-chinas-rise-top-priorities-4325445.html|title=Vijay Gokhale takes over as foreign secretary: Fixing neighbourhood policy, checking China's rise top priorities - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=29 January 2018}}</ref>
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister = [[Sushma Swaraj]] [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]
| term_end = 28 January 2020
| predecessor = [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]
| successor = [[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]]
| office1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary (Economic Relations) in the Ministry of External Affairs]]
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 = 21 October 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/agencies/beijing-envoy-vijay-keshav-gokhale-is-new-secretary-er-2279832/|title=Beijing envoy Vijay Keshav Gokhale is new Secretary (ER)|first=IANS|last=Feeds|date=29 June 2017}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 29 January 2018
| predecessor1 = Amar Sinha
| successor1 = [[T. S. Tirumurti]]
| office2 = [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Ambassador]] to [[China]]
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 = 20 January 2016<ref name="indianembassybeijing.in">{{cite web|url=http://indianembassybeijing.in/previou-head-of-mission.php|title=Embassy Of India, Beijing|website=indianembassybeijing.in|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316065152/http://indianembassybeijing.in/previou-head-of-mission.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| term_end2 = 21 October 2017<ref name="indianembassybeijing.in"/>
| predecessor2 = [[Ashok Kantha]]
| successor2 = [[Gautam Bambawale]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gautam-bambawale-india-s-next-ambassador-to-china/story-0mdxDftG4iXFFYRcgDgqZN.html|title=Gautam Bambawale India's next ambassador to China|date=12 October 2017}}</ref>
| office3 = [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Ambassador]] to [[Germany]]
| prime_minister3 =
| term_start3 = 1 October 2013
| term_end3 = 20 January 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassy.de/pages.php?id=8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062543/https://www.indianembassy.de/pages.php?id=8|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2018|title=Previous Ambassadors - Embassy of India, Berlin - Germany|date=22 April 2018}}</ref>
| predecessor3 = [[Sujatha Singh]]
| successor3 = [[Gurjit Singh (ambassador)|Gurjit Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|year=1959|month=01|day=24|additional parameters}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Civil list |url=https://mea.gov.in/writereaddata/images/Civi_List_27-7-12.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422070724/https://mea.gov.in/writereaddata/images/Civi_List_27-7-12.pdf|url-status=dead |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date=22 April 2018 |date=1 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianhighcommission.com.my/profile.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208153708/http://www.indianhighcommission.com.my/profile.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2013|title=Welcome to High Commission of India, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) |date=8 February 2013}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[University of Delhi]]
| profession = [[Civil Servant]] [[Diplomat]]
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Vijay Keshav Gokhale''' [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]], (born 24 January 1959),<ref name="archive.org"/> is a retired Indian diplomat and the 32nd [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]. Gokhale previously served as the [[List of ambassadors of India to China|Ambassador of India to China]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26039/Vijay+Keshav+Gokhale+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Peoples+Republic+of+China | title=Vijay Keshav Gokhale appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the People's Republic of China. Currently, he is serving as the Chancellor of the Central University of Karnataka. | work=gov.in | access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gokhale hails from [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/desh-videsh-news/vijay-keshav-gokhale-takes-charge-as-foreign-secretary-mea-india-all-you-need-to-know-about-him-1623497/|title=विजय केशव गोखले यांनी परराष्ट्र सचिवपदाचा कार्यभार स्वीकारला|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> He studied at [[St. Columba's School, Delhi]]. He then attended [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], and completed his [[M.A.]] degree in history from the [[University of Delhi]]. He joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1981.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Gokhale to succeed S Jaishankar as foreign secretary: Veteran diplomat's China expertise will be key |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/vijay-gokhale-to-succeed-s-jaishankar-as-foreign-secretary-veteran-diplomats-china-expertise-will-be-key-4283355.html |work=Firstpost |date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

Gokhale is fluent in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Sanskrit]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/vyakhtivedh-news/vijay-gokhale-1610298/|title=विजय गोखले|date=3 January 2018}}</ref> and [[Mandarin Chinese]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-vijay-gokhale-the-china-expert-in-the-hot-seat/article22387818.ece |title=Who is Vijay Gokhale, the China expert in the hot seat |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=2018-01-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2018-01-30}}</ref> He is married to Vandana Gokhale, and they have a son, Jayant Gokhale.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shobhaa De on Vijay Gokhale, the diplomat/scholar |url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/Shobhaa-De/2022/08/13/shobhaa-de-on-vijay-gokhale-the-diplomat-scholar.html |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Gokhale is an [[Indian Foreign Service]] officer of the 1981 batch.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> He served in Indian diplomatic missions in [[Hong Kong]], [[Hanoi]], [[Beijing]] and [[New York metropolitan area|New York]].<ref name="archive.org"/> He served as the Deputy Secretary (Finance), Director (China and East Asia) and Joint Secretary (East Asia) at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, India]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/218957/vijay-gokhale-takes-charge-as-foreign-secretary/|title=Vijay Gokhale, an Expert on China and East Asia, Assumes Charge as Foreign Secretary - The Wire|last=PTI|website=thewire.in}}</ref>

Gokhale was the [[High Commissioner]] of [[India]] to Malaysia from January 2010 to October 2013<ref name="auto"/> and the [[India]]n Ambassador to [[Germany]] from October 2013 to January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassy.de/pages.php?id=8|title=Previous Ambassadors - Embassy of India, Berlin - Germany|website=www.indianembassy.de}}</ref> He was the [[India]]n Ambassador to [[China]] from 20 January 2016 to 21 October 2017.<ref name="indianembassybeijing.in"/> He is currently a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the New Delhi-based think tank, Carnegie India. Gokhale is one of India's most reputed and well-versed [[sinologists]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==Expertise==
Vijay Gokhale is considered as an expert on Chinese affairs.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/vijay-gokhale-to-succeed-s-jaishankar-as-foreign-secretary-veteran-diplomats-china-expertise-will-be-key-4283355.html|title=Vijay Gokhale to succeed S Jaishankar as foreign secretary: Veteran diplomat's China expertise will be key - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=2 January 2018}}</ref> He has the rare distinction of being the only [[Indian Foreign Service]] officer to have served in both mainland [[China]] and [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vijay-keshav-gokhale-expert-on-china-is-new-foreign-secretary/articleshow/62331513.cms|title=Vijay Keshav Gokhale, expert on China, is new Foreign Secretary|first=Dipanjan Roy|last=Chaudhury|date=30 January 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> He was the Director General of the [[India]]-[[Taipei]] Association, Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/vijay-keshav-gokhale-appointed-as-foreign-secretary|title=Vijay Keshav Gokhale Succeeds Jaishankar as Foreign Secretary|date=January 2018}}</ref> Gokhale during his tenure as the Ambassador of India to [[China]], played a key role in resolving the [[2017 China–India border standoff|2017 Doklam crisis]] between both the nations.<ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/vijay-gokhale-who-helped-resolve-doklam-standoff-takes-charge-as-foreign-secretary-1643973.html|title=Vijay Gokhale, Who Helped Resolve Doklam Standoff, Takes Charge as Foreign Secretary|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Statements and actions since the beginning of his tenure indicate that he will push a moderate or dovish position on relations with China.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-sends-out-note-very-sensitive-time-for-ties-with-china-so-skip-dalai-lama-events-5083430/|title=Govt sends out note: Very sensitive time for ties with China, so skip Dalai Lama events|date=2018-03-02|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-18|language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2020 Gokhale stated that China is not seeking a [[New world order (politics)|New World Order]].<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/opinion/china-america-united-nations.html |title=China Doesn't Want a New World Order. It Wants This One.|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 June 2020|last1=Gokhale|first1=Vijay}}</ref>

== Publications ==
In 2021 he published a research paper titled "The Road from Galwan"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gokhale|first=Vijay|date=10 March 2021|title=The Road from Galwan: The Future of India-China Relations|url=https://carnegieindia.org/2021/03/10/road-from-galwan-future-of-india-china-relations-pub-84019|access-date=2021-07-20|website=Carnegie India|language=en}}</ref> examining different factors influencing the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley clash]] between India and China in Eastern Ladakh, along the Line of Actual Control, and the way forward for the two Himalayan neighbors. Gokhale announced his very first book titled "Tiananmen Square - The Making of a Protest" which is an eye-witness account of the 1989 brutal military crackdown in China and its aftermath from an Indian perspective.

* ''Tiananmen Square: The Making of a Protest.'' Harper Collins, May 2021. {{ISBN|9789354225369}}
* ''The Long Game: How the Chinese Negotiate with India.'' Penguin Random House. July 2021. {{ISBN|9789354921216}}

==See also==
*[[Harsh Vardhan Shringla|Harsh V Shringla]]
*[[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar|Dr. S Jaishankar]]
* [[Syed Akbaruddin]]
*[[Narendra Modi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.mea.gov.in/fs.htm

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[S. Jaishankar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Foreign Secretary of India]]|years=2018–2020}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Vijay Keshav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Germany]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to China]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Malaysia]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:Foreign secretaries of India]]

Deepika Reddy

2026-04-12T22:34:20Z

2famrtf:

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer and teacher (born 1965)}}
{{advert|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepika Reddy
| image = Deepika Reddy.jpg
| caption = Reddy in 2018
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|09|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = [[Kuchipudi]] dancer, dance teacher, choreographer
| years_active = 1976–present
| spouse =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2026)<ref name="IndianClassical2026">{{cite web |title=Classical Artists in the 2026 Padma Honours List |website=Indian Classical Network |url=https://indianclassical.net/article/legacy-and-lore-celebrating-classical-artists-2026-padma-honours-list |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref name="Seven from Telangana named for Padma Shri honour"/> [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2017) Telangana State Formation Awards (2016)
| children =
| parents =
}}

'''Deepika Reddy''' is an [[Indian classical dance]]r, choreographer and dance teacher from [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Reshmi |date=2018-06-24 |title=Keeping cultural heritage alive {{!}} Keeping cultural heritage alive |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/240618/keeping-cultural-heritage-alive.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> She is an exponent in [[Kuchipudi]] art form. She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Kuchipudi in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-07 |title=Deepika Reddy receives Sangeet Natak Akademi award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/deepika-reddy-receives-sangeet-natak-akademi-award/article26200438.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207132241/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/deepika-reddy-receives-sangeet-natak-akademi-award/article26200438.ece |archive-date=2019-02-07 |access-date=2025-03-22 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She served as the Chairperson of Telangana State Sangeet Natak Akademi from July 2022 to December 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-07-26 |title=Want to give youth the chance to showcase their talent: Deepika Reddy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/Jul/26/want-to-give-youth-the-chance-to-showcasetheir-talent-deepikareddy-2480784.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Deepika Reddy was born on 15 September 1965, in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India. Her father, V.R. Reddy, was Additional Solicitor General of India, Advocate General, composite Andhra Pradesh, and chairman, Bar Council of India before his retirement. Her mother, Radhika Reddy, was a classical dancer who played the lead role in the ballet ''Chitrangada'' for the inauguration of [[Ravindra Bharathi]] in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Want to give youth the chance to showcase their talent: Deepika Reddy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/jul/26/want-to-give-youth-the-chance-to-showcasetheir-talent-deepikareddy-2480784.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726174340/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/jul/26/want-to-give-youth-the-chance-to-showcasetheir-talent-deepikareddy-2480784.html |archive-date=2022-07-26 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The New Indian Express |date=26 July 2022 }}</ref> Her grandfather, [[Nukala Ramachandra Reddy]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=అయినంపూడి |first=శ్రీలక్ష్మి |date=2023-01-13 |title=సకలజన బాంధవుడు నూకల |url=https://www.ntnews.com/editpage/chief-minister-kcr-reminded-nukala-ramachandra-reddy-in-the-mahabubabad-sabha-by-naming-a-government-institution-after-them-925608 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113053029/https://www.ntnews.com/editpage/chief-minister-kcr-reminded-nukala-ramachandra-reddy-in-the-mahabubabad-sabha-by-naming-a-government-institution-after-them-925608 |archive-date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te-IN}}</ref> was a freedom fighter and served as a four-time cabinet minister of composite Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="election1957">{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1957 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4043-andhra-pradesh-1957/ |url-access=limited |access-date=2025-03-22 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

Deepika Reddy married Shyamgopal Reddy, an industrialist. They have twin children. The daughter is a Kuchipudi dancer and performs in the country and abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mary |first=S. B. Vijaya |date=2023-12-15 |title=Shloka Reddy's solo performance: Dance legacy across three generations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/kuchipudi-dancer-deepika-reddys-daughter-shloka-reddy-takes-the-stage-in-a-solo-performance-continuing-the-dance-tradition/article67637756.ece |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-12-06 |title=Missed the point |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-arts/chen-dance/Missed-the-point/article15616490.ece |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy began dancing at the age of 6. Her debut took place in 1976 at Ravindra Bharathi, where she performed in front of the then chief minister.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2018-06-25 |title=There's so much to give and share through classical dance and that's what makes it fulfilling: Deepika Reddy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/theres-so-much-to-give-and-share-through-classical-dance-and-thats-what-makes-it-fulfilling-deepika-reddy/articleshow/64721473.cms |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After her marriage, she trained with [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/deepika-reddy-wins-the-sangeet-natak-akademi-award/article24217569.ece|title='I couldn't have done it on my own', says Deepika Reddy on winning Sangeet Natak Akademi award|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2018-06-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2025-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625033156/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/deepika-reddy-wins-the-sangeet-natak-akademi-award/article24217569.ece|archive-date=2018-06-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2000, Reddy founded Deepanjali with the goal of preserving and passing on the art of Kuchipudi dance.<ref name=":1" /> She has trained hundreds of students, many of whom have gone on to perform nationally and internationally. She has also trained socially and economically disadvantaged children.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Suhas | last=Yellapantula |date=2018-06-25|title=There's so much to give and share through classical dance and that's what makes it fulfilling: Deepika Reddy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/theres-so-much-to-give-and-share-through-classical-dance-and-thats-what-makes-it-fulfilling-deepika-reddy/articleshow/64721473.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725131643/https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/theres-so-much-to-give-and-share-through-classical-dance-and-thats-what-makes-it-fulfilling-deepika-reddy/articleshow/64721473.cms|archive-date=2022-07-25|access-date=2022-07-25|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Notable performances ==
Reddy has performed in [[Khajuraho]], [[Konark]], [[Hampi]], [[Thousand Pillar Temple]], [[Ramappa Temple|Ramappa]], [[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]] and [[Golconda|Golkonda]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2018-06-21 |title='I couldn't have done it on my own', says Deepika Reddy on winning Sangeet Natak Akademi award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/deepika-reddy-wins-the-sangeet-natak-akademi-award/article24217569.ece |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She performed at the [[Ram Mandir|Ayodhya Temple]] in 2024 and [[Maha Kumbh Mela]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=Mahakumbh 2025: A Dip in the confluence of Spirituality, Indian Culture, and Patriotism - On Republic Day, the 'Sangam' will showcase a Patriotic Display |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096214 |website=PIB Delhi}}</ref> She has performed in dance festivals in India and abroad, including the Festival of India in Berlin, the Sri Lankan Parliament, the Bolshoi Theatre in Russia, festivals in Bangkok and South Korea.<ref name=":3" />

== Awards and honors ==
* [[Padma Shri]] – 2026<ref name="IndianClassical2026" /><ref name="Seven from Telangana named for Padma Shri honour">{{cite news |last1=|first1=|title=Seven from Telangana named for Padma Shri honour|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/seven-from-telangana-named-for-padma-shri-honour/article70550381.ece|accessdate=25 January 2026|publisher=The Hindu|date=25 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260125185811/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/seven-from-telangana-named-for-padma-shri-honour/article70550381.ece|archivedate=25 January 2026|language=en-IN}}</ref>
* National Sangeet Natak Akademi award – 2017<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=YATC appoints Deepika Reddy as Telangana Sangeet Natak Academy chairperson |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/yatc-appoints-deepika-reddy-as-telangana-sangeet-natak-academy-chairperson20220726233406/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
* Andhra Pradesh Govt. State award Kala Ratna – 2007<ref name=":2" />
* Akkineni Nageswara Rao Swarna Kankanam – 2011<ref name=":2" />
* Nataraja Samman by Saduguru Sri Thyagabrahma Aradhana Kainkarya Trust – 2016<ref name=":2" />

Reddy was the former chairperson of the Telangana Sangeet Natak Akademi.<ref name=":1" /> She was a Governing Council member of Sangeet Natak Akademi, Delhi and was a member of the Selection Committees for Telangana State Awards, Khajuraho Dance Festival, Telangana State women's day awards and Doordarshan for grading dancers. She was a member of Regional Film Censor Board, jury member of Nandi State Film Awards and former Chairperson of the Cultural Committee of the International Children's Film Festival.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Deepika, Reddy}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Noshir Mody

2026-04-11T11:37:42Z

2famrtf: Started basic entry initial version.

{{Short description|American musician and composer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Noshir Mody
| image = Noshir Mody.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mody in 2020
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| years_active = 1998–present
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Smooth jazz|Contemporary jazz]]
* [[jazz fusion]]
* [[World music|global music]]
* [[progressive rock]]
}}
| instruments = {{flatlist|
* guitar
}}
| occupations = {{flatlist|
* Composer
* musician
* record producer
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.noshirmody.com}}
}}

'''Noshir Mody''' is an [[Western India|Indian]] American composer, musician, and record producer. His genres have been classified as jazz, progressive rock, and world music. In 2024, he was nominated for a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] and won an InterContinental Music Award.

==Biography==
Mody was born in [[Mumbai]], India. His father was a musician, and Noshir is a self-taught guitarist and composer.<ref name="Jazz Blues" /> He cites [[Al Di Meola]], [[Pat Metheny]], [[Kurt Rosenwinkel]], and [[Keith Jarrett]] as major influences.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 26, 2023 |title=New Album From Self-Taught Guitarist Noshir Mody by Joe Barth |url=https://jazzguitartoday.com/2023/06/new-album-from-self-taught-guitarist-noshir-mody/ |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |publisher=Jazz Guitar Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 27, 2023 |title=A Neon Jazz Interview with Jazz Composer, Guitarist & Producer Noshir Mody @11:32 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Nz8IwnSzOo |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |publisher=Neon Jazz}}</ref>

In 1995, Mody moved to New York, where he began playing in small cafes and jazz clubs.<ref name="Jazz Blues">{{cite web |url=https://jazzblues.eu/2018/10/09/noshir-mody/ |title=Interview with Noshir Mody: For me, the intellect serves the soul: Photos, Video |website=Jazz Blues |date=October 9, 2018 |accessdate=December 4, 2024}}{{primary source inline|date=January 2025}}</ref> Since then, he has released eight studio albums: ''Escape from Oblivion'' (2000), ''In This World With You'' (2008), ''Union of Hearts'' (2011), ''Stories from the Years of Living Passionately'' (2014), ''A Burgeoning Consciousness'' (2018),<ref name="Power of Prog">{{cite web |last=Rowland |first=Kev |date=August 19, 2018 |title=NOSHIR MODY – A BURGEONING CONSCIOUSNESS – INDEPENDENT Kev Rowland |url=https://powerofprog.com/noshir-mody-a-burgeoning-consciousness-independent/ |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |website=Power of Prog |publisher=}}</ref> ''An Idealist's Handbook'' (2020),<ref>{{cite web |date=July 30, 2020 |title=Noshir Mody: An Idealist's Handbook. Identity, Love and Hope in America 2020 |url=https://jazzguitartoday.com/2020/07/noshir-mody-releases-an-idealists-handbook-identity-love-and-hope-in-america-2020/ |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |website=Jazz Guitar Today |publisher=}}</ref><ref name="PT">{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Marc |date=November 4, 2020 |title=Noshir Mody, An Idealist's Handbook The Vinyl Anachronist by Marc Phillips |url=https://pt.audio/2020/11/04/noshir-mody-an-idealists-handbook-the-vinyl-anachronist/ |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |website=PT Audio |publisher=}}</ref> ''A Love Song'' (2023),<ref>{{cite web |date=July 27, 2023 |title=Jazz Guitarist Noshir Mody Releases New Album "A Love Song" |url=https://news.theurbanmusicscene.com/2023/07/noshir-mody-releases-new-album-a-love-song/ |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |website=The Urban Music Scene |publisher=}}</ref><ref name="Progressive Rock">{{cite web |last=Romero |first=Angel |date=June 12, 2023 |title=The Fusion of Indian Classical Music and Contemporary Jazz: Exploring Noshir Mody's Distinctive Style by Angel Romero |url=https://progressiverockcentral.com/2023/06/12/the-fusion-of-indian-classical-music-and-contemporary-jazz-exploring-noshir-modys-distinctive-style/ |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |website=Progressive Rock Central |publisher=}}</ref> ''Abstractions'' (2024), and ''Kashira'' (2024).

In 2022, Mody performed at [[Carnegie Hall]].<ref>{{cite web |date=April 25, 2022 |title=Celebrating Earth Day in Song |url=https://www.carnegiehall.org/Calendar/2022/04/25/Celebrating-Earth-Day-in-Song-0800PM |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |website=Carnegie Hall |publisher=}}</ref> He has also shared the stage with artists such as [[Atilla Engin]], [[Masa Takumi]], and [[Charu Suri]], as well as recording with producers [[Kitt Wakeley]] and [[Lonnie Park]], among others.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Noshir Mody |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/musicians/noshir-mody/ |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |publisher=All About Jazz}}</ref>

In 2023, Mody's blues single "The Yards" was nominated for a [[Hollywood Independent Music Awards|Hollywood Independent Music Award]] in the Best Jazz (Smooth/Cool) category.<ref name="HIMA" /> The following year, the single won the InterContinental Music Award.<ref name="IMA" /> Also in 2024, Mody was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Global Music Performance for the single "Kashira" by [[Masa Takumi]], which also featured [[Ron Korb]] and [[Dale Edward Chung]].<ref name="Grammy" />

== Awards ==
* 2024 – "Kashira" (single) – Best Global Music Performance – Grammy Award Nomination<ref name="Grammy">{{cite web |last=Frazier |first=Nina |date=2024-11-08 |title=2025 GRAMMYs: See The OFFICIAL Full Nominations List |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2025-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |website=[[Grammy Awards]]}}{{primary source inline|date=January 2025}}</ref>
* 2024 – "The Yards" (single) – Blues – InterContinental Music Award – Winner<ref name="IMA">{{cite web |date= |title=Noshir Mody |url=https://www.intercontinentalmusicawards.com/album/noshir-mody/ |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |website=Intercontinental Music Awards |publisher=}}</ref>
* 2023 – "The Yards" (single) – Jazz (Smooth/Cool) – [[Hollywood Independent Music Awards|Hollywood Independent Music Award]] – Nomination<ref name="HIMA">{{cite web |date= |title=HIMA Nominees and Winners 2023 |url=https://himawards.com/2023-winners/ |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |website=[[Hollywood Independent Music Awards]]}}{{primary source inline|date=January 2025}}</ref>
* 2020 – "An Idealist's Handbook: Identity, Love and Hope in America 2020" (album) – Composition/Composer, Band, and Listener Impact – Global Music Award – Winner<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalmusicawards.com/honorees/december-2020|title=2020 Winners|publisher=Global Music Awards|date=|accessdate=January 2, 2025}}</ref>
* 2020 – "Illusions Grow" (single) – Best Jazz Song – World Songwriting Award – Winner<ref>{{cite web|url=https://songwritingawards.world/fall-2020-winning-entries/ |title=2020 Winners|publisher= WSA|date=|accessdate=January 21, 2025}}</ref>
* 2018 – "Forever July" (single) – John Lennon Songwriting Competition<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jlsc.com/winners/2018b/finalists.php |title=John Lennon Songwriting Competition Winners 2018|publisher=JLSC |date=|accessdate=November 22, 2024}}</ref>

== Discography ==
* ''Escape from Oblivion'' (2000)
* ''In This World With You'' (2008)
* ''Union of Hearts'' (2011)
* ''Stories from the Years of Living Passionately'' (2014)
* ''A Burgeoning Consciousness'' (2018)
* ''An Idealist's Handbook:Identity, Love and Hope in America in 2020'' (2020)
* ''A Love Song'' (2023)
* ''Abstractions'' (2024)
* ''Kashira'' (2024)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mody, Noshir}}
[[Category:Jazz guitarists]]
[[Category:American musicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Parsi descent]]

Jins Baskar

2026-04-09T06:40:50Z

2famrtf: Added the info w/ refs

{{short description|Indian film actor and model|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{citation style|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jinsbaskar
| image = Jinsbaskar (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 20-Feb
| birth_place = Kerala
| occupation = Actor {{!}} Project Designer
| yearsactive = 2011–present
| spouse = Jincy Jose
| children = 2
}}

'''Jins Baskar''' is an Indian actor and model. He made his debut in the 2011 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Swapna Sanchari]]'' directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/malayalam/jins-baskars-next-will-be-abhiram-suresh-unnithans-himalayathile-kashmalan-article34971.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620103259/https://www.desimartini.com/news/malayalam/jins-baskars-next-will-be-abhiram-suresh-unnithans-himalayathile-kashmalan-article34971.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2019|title=Jins baskar's Next Will Be Abhiram Suresh Unnithan's 'Himalayathile Kashmalan'|work=Desimartini}}</ref>

==Early life==

Jinsbaskar was born in [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India as the second son of his parents and grew up in [[Wayanad]]. He is an alumnus of [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering]] where he graduated in [[Computer Science and Engineering]]. He was employed in [[Tata Consultancy Services]] in [[Chennai]], in the IT field and moved to [[Kochi]] to pursue his acting ambitions.

== Career ==
Jins Baskar began his career as a model, appearing in several television and print advertisements, before transitioning into acting.

He made his acting breakthrough in 2013 with the Malayalam film ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'', directed by [[Rajeev Ravi]], in which he played the role of Jismon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annayum Rasoolum – Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2921560/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>

In 2015, he appeared as Arun in ''[[Ayal Njanalla]]'', directed by [[Vineeth Kumar]], alongside [[Fahadh Faasil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayal Njanalla – IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4981536/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>

In 2017, he was seen in the crime anthology film ''[[Y (2017 film)|Y]]'', directed by [[Sunil Ibrahim]], portraying a gangster with a moral conscience.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jins Baskar signs his next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jins-Baskar-signs-his-next/articleshow/53239977.cms |work=The Times of India |date=27 January 2017}}</ref>

In 2018, Baskar featured in ''[[Maradona (2018 film)|Maradona]]'', alongside [[Tovino Thomas]] and [[Leona Lishoy]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Maradona – IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8769030/ |website=IMDb}}</ref> and also appeared in ''[[Njan Marykutty]]'', directed by [[Ranjith Sankar]], playing the brother-in-law of the protagonist portrayed by [[Jayasurya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Njan Marykutty – IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8108048/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>

In 2020, he acted in ''[[Vellam: The Essential Drink]]'', directed by [[Prajesh Sen]], where he played a village resident alongside [[Jayasurya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vellam: The Essential Drink – IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11199924/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>

He later appeared as a police officer in ''Michael’s Coffee House'', which began production in 2019 and was released after delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Michael’s Coffee House – IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14039278/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>

In 2022, Baskar appeared in the mystery thriller ''Roy'', written and directed by [[Sunil Ibrahim]], starring [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] and [[Sija Rose]]. The film was released as a direct-to-streaming exclusive on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Roy – Watch Full Movie Online |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/movies/roy-1000198676 |website=SonyLIV}}</ref>

In the same year, he made his Tamil-language debut with the bilingual film ''[[Ottu (film)|Ottu]]'', featuring [[Kunchacko Boban]] and [[Arvind Swamy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottu – IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16302008/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>

He has also appeared in short films and web series, including the Malayalam web series ''[[Kammattam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kammattam – IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt30851727/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Swapna Sanchari]]'' || Ajayachandran's brother-in-law ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Hero (2012 film)|Hero]]'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]'' || Groom ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Entry (film)|Entry]]'' || Don Lucifer ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' || Jismon ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]'' || College student ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ayal Njanalla]]'' || Arun ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Himalayathile Kashmalan]]'' || Unni
<ref>{{cite news
|title=Jins Baskar signs his next
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jins-Baskar-signs-his-next/articleshow/53239977.cms
|work=The Times of India
|date=27 January 2017
}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Y (2017 film)|Y]]'' || Gang leader (flat) ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Maradona (2018 film)|Maradona]]'' || Sree ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Njan Marykutty]]'' || Sabu ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Vellam: The Essential Drink]]'' || Abhijit ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Michael’s Coffee House'' || ACP Arun Kumar Varma ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Roy (2022 film)]]'' || SI Asif Ahmed || Released on 9 December 2022
<ref name="RoyIMDb">{{cite web
|title=Roy (2022)
|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12811710/
|website=IMDb
|access-date=8 February 2026
}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Ottu (film)|Ottu]]'' || rowspan="2"|Kichu’s informer || Malayalam–Tamil bilingual film
<ref name="OttuWiki">{{cite web
|title=Ottu (film)
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottu_(film)
|website=Wikipedia
|access-date=8 February 2026
}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''Rendagam'' || Tamil version of ''Ottu''<ref name="OttuWiki"/>
|-
| 2025 || ''Bhoothayanam'' || Miju || Short film
<ref name="BhoothayanamIMDb">{{cite web
|title=Bhoothayanam (Short Film 2025)
|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt35766105/
|website=IMDb
|access-date=8 February 2026
}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Anomie (film)|Anomie]]'' || Sameer || Released on 6 February 2026
<ref name="AnomieBMS">{{cite web
|title=Anomie: The Equation of Death (Malayalam)
|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/anomie-the-equation-of-death-malayalam/ET00482776
|website=BookMyShow
|access-date=8 February 2026
}}</ref>
<ref name="AnomieWiki">{{cite web
|title=Anomie (film)
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomie_(film)
|website=Wikipedia
|access-date=8 February 2026
}}</ref>
|}

== Web series ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform !! Notes
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Kammattam]]'' || Ayyappadas || ZEE5 || Crime thriller web series
<ref name="KammattamWiki">{{cite web
|title=Kammattam
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammattam
|website=Wikipedia
|access-date=8 February 2026
}}</ref>
<ref name="IMDbKammattam">{{cite web
|title=Kammattam (TV Series 2025)
|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt30851727/
|website=IMDb
|access-date=8 February 2026
}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

<ref name="Roy2022">"Roy (2022)". ''IMDb''. Retrieved 8 February 2026.</ref>
<ref name="OttuWiki">"Ottu (film)". ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved 8 February 2026.</ref>
<ref name="BhoothayanamIMDb">"Bhoothayanam (Short 2025)". ''IMDb''. Retrieved 8 February 2026.</ref>
<ref name="KammattamWiki">"Kammattam". ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved 8 February 2026.</ref>
<ref name="IMDbKammattam">"Kammattam (TV series 2025)". ''IMDb''. Retrieved 8 February 2026.</ref>
<ref name="RTAnomie">"Jins Baskar – Filmography". ''Rotten Tomatoes''. Retrieved 8 February 2026.</ref>
<ref name="AnomieWiki">"Anomie (film)". ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved 8 February 2026.</ref>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6557590}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baskar, Jins}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kannur]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]

Biodiversity Heritage Site

2026-04-08T07:50:23Z

2famrtf: Started new info!

{{Short description|Type of protected area in India}}
{{incomplete list|date=February 2020}}
'''Biodiversity Heritage Sites''' are notified areas of [[biodiversity]] importance in India.

The Indian State Government can notify the Biodiversity Heritage Sites in consultation with local governing bodies under Section 37 of [[Biological Diversity Act, 2002|Biological Diversity Act of 2002]]. These areas are considered unique and fragile ecosystems. They can be either terrestrial, coastal and inland waters or marine ecosystems.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) {{!}} Environment & Forest {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://environmentandforest.assam.gov.in/information-services/biodiversity-heritage-sites-bhs-0 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=environmentandforest.assam.gov.in |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124032742/https://environmentandforest.assam.gov.in/information-services/biodiversity-heritage-sites-bhs-0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity Heritage Sites |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/bhs_8650.aspx |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=wiienvis.nic.in |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927160000/http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/bhs_8650.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 19 December 2018|title=Biodiversity Heritage Sites In India And Why We Need To Know About Them |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69271/biodiversity-heritage-sites-in-india-and-why-we-need-to-know-about-them |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410135424/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69271/biodiversity-heritage-sites-in-india-and-why-we-need-to-know-about-them |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=Outlook Traveller |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Gujarat ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in [[Gujarat]]
!No.
!Name of the Site aritapatti and minakshipuram gaon
!State
!District
!Taluka
!Locality
!Area
!Importance
!Reference
|-
|1
|Inland Mangroves
(proposed)
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Kutch district|Kutch]]
|Lakhpat
|Guneri
|{{convert|33|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|Rare inland mangroves. Chinkara, migratory birds and ratel.
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Dabhi |first=Parimal |date=6 December 2018 |title=Gujarat may soon declare its first biodiversity heritage sites |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-may-soon-declare-its-first-biodiversity-heritage-sites-5481265/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009180557/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-may-soon-declare-its-first-biodiversity-heritage-sites-5481265/ |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2
|Indigenous mango forest (proposed)
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Dang district, India|Dang]]
|
|Chinchli
|{{convert|2357|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|2708 mango trees. Biodiversity hotspot.
|<ref name=":8" />
|}

== Haryana ==
* Aravallis and the Shiwaliks

== Himachal Pradesh ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name of the Site
!State
!District
!Taluka
!Locality
!Area
!Importance
!Reference
|-
|1
|Sacred grove at Sural Bhatori Monastery, Block Pangi, District Chamba
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Chamba
|Pangi
|Sural
|07-15-00
|A patch of Betula utilis or Bhojpatra trees with some interspersed Willow trees. Dominant shrubs and herbs: Rosa species, Lonicera species, Sorbus species, Agropyron longearistatum, Festuca species, Primula denticulata, Polygonatum verticillatum, Plantago asiatica, Heracleum candicans, Berberis species, Artemisia species, Bunium persicum etc. Major faunal species, in the surrounding area: Snow Leopard, Brown Bear, Tibetan Wolf, Ibex etc.
|https://hpbiodiversity.gov.in/BMC/Rajpatra%20of%20Himachal%20Pradesh%20(BHS).pdf
|-
|2
|High altitude meadow at Muhal Dhar Shinkal, Gram Panchayat Hudan Bhatori, Block Pangi, District Chamba
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Chamba
|Pangi
|Hudan
|108-00-00
|Cotoneaster species, Lonicera species, Sorbus species, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromusasper, Festuca species, Poa species, Primula denticulata, Picrorhiza kurroa, Anemone species, Iris species, Artemisia species, Lonicera species, Bunium persicum, Jurinea macrocephala etc. Important floral species recorded in the area: Picrorhiza kurroa, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Aconitum heterophyllum, Podophyllum hexandrum and Saussurea costus (cultivated). Major faunal species, in the region: Snow Leopard, Brown Bear, Black Bear, Tibetan Wolf, Himalayan Marmot, Ibex and Royle’s Pika
|https://hpbiodiversity.gov.in/BMC/Rajpatra%20of%20Himachal%20Pradesh%20(BHS).pdf
|-
|3
|Birch-pine forest patch at Nain Gahar village, Gram Panchayat Mooring, SubTehsil Udaipur, District Lahaul & Spiti
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Lahaul & Spiti
|Udaipur
|Nain Gahar
|151 Bighas
|Main trees are Himalayan Birch (Betula utilis) and Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiiana). A few middle aged trees of West Himalayan Spruce (Picea smithiana), Deodar (Cedrus deodara) and Juniper (Juniperus species) are interspersed in the proposed patch. Besides, Willow (Salix species) and Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia) are also present in the site. The proposed site also includes a very good patch of grassy area, which supports a very good population of important medicinal and aromatic plants like Picrorhiza kurroa, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Aconitum heterophyllum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Aconitum violaceum, Bunium persicum, Hippophae rhamnoides etc. Indirect evidence indicate the presence of important faunal species like Snow Leopard, Himalayan Brown Bear, Asiatic Black Bear, Himalayan Red Fox, Asiatic Ibex, Himalayan Musk Deer and Royle’s Pika in suitable season of the year. Threatened bird species, the Himalayan Griffon (Gyps himalayensis) and Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) have also been reported from the area. According to Trevor, 2019 (unpublished), Nain Gahar’s birch forest patch appears to be a point of meeting of Kashmir elements and Himalayan elements of avifaunal species, with at least two bird species forming hybrid zones there, namely, Greenish Warbler (Phylloscopus trochiloides viridanus and Phylloscopus trochiloides plumbeitarsus) an important ring species, and Variegated Laughing Thrush (Trochalopteron variegatum).
|https://hpbiodiversity.gov.in/BMC/Rajpatra%20of%20Himachal%20Pradesh%20(BHS).pdf
|}

== Karnataka ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in [[Karnataka]]
!No.
!Name of the Site
!State
!District
!Taluka
!Locality
!Area
!Importance
!Reference
|-
|1
|Nallur Tamarind Grove
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Bangalore division|Bengaluru]]
|[[Devanahalli]]
|
|{{convert|54|acre|km2|abbr=on}}
|Believed as a surviving historical site from the [[Chola dynasty]] period. Visually impressive and has about 300 trees. Large and old trees.
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|2
|[[Hogrekan]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]
|[[Kaduru]]
|Balliganuru
|{{convert|2508.15|acre|km2|abbr=on}}
|Having Shola vegetation and grassland. Many floral species with medicinal value. Moderately wooded land. Dry deciduous type vegetation. connects Kudremukha, Bababudanagiri and Kemmangundi with Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary and Yemmedode Tiger Sanctuary.
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|3
|[[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore|University of Agricultural Sciences]], [[Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra|GKVK]] Campus
|[[Karnataka]]
|Bengaluru
|Bengaluru
|[[Bengaluru]]
|{{convert|167|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|13 species of mammals, 10 species of reptiles, 165 of birds and 530 of plants are there in the campus.
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|4
|[[Ambaragudda]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]
|
|
|{{convert|3857.12|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|A revenue land located between Sharavathi and Someshwara wildlife sanctuaries. Has [[Shola]] vegetation and grasslands.
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|5
|Mundigekere lake
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Uttara Kannada]]
|Sirsi
|Sonda
|
|Bird sanctuary
|<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Five places to be added to heritage site list |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/jun/05/five-places-to-be-added-to-heritage-site-list-2152497.html |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=The New Indian Express |date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113094546/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/jun/05/five-places-to-be-added-to-heritage-site-list-2152497.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|6
|Zooribetta
|[[Karnataka]]
|
|Koppal
|
|
|
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
|7
|Siddarabetta
|[[Karnataka]]
|
|Tumakuru
|
|
|
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
|8
|Ramanagara hill
|[[Karnataka]]
|
|
|
|
|
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
|9
|Chikkamagalur hill
|[[Karnataka]]
|
|
|
|
|
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
|10
|Antaragange Betta
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Kolar district|Kolar]]
|Kolar
|[[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
|
|perennial water source
|<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Kamila |first=Raviprasad |date=8 November 2020 |title=Four more biodiversity heritage sites for Karnataka |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/four-more-biodiversity-heritage-sites-for-karnataka/article33049144.ece |access-date=9 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609162301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/four-more-biodiversity-heritage-sites-for-karnataka/article33049144.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|11
|Aadi Narayana Swamy Betta
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]]
|Gudibande
|[[Chikkaballapur]]
|
|dry-belt species protected by local people
|<ref name=":12" />
|-
|12
|Mahima Ranga Betta
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Bangalore division|Bengaluru]]
|Bengaluru
|[[Bengaluru]]
|
|Prominent green space of Bengaluru
|<ref name=":12" />
|-
|13
|Urumbi
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Dakshina Kannada]]
|Kadaba
|Urumbi
|
|Unique environmental system on the banks of [[Kumaradhara River|Kumaradhara river]]
|<ref name=":12" />
|}

== Kerala ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in [[Kerala]]
!No.
!Name of the Site
!State
!District
!Taluka
!Locality
!Area
!Importance
!Reference
|-
|1
|Pannivelichira
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
|
|[[Mallappuzhassery]]
|{{convert|62|acre|km2|abbr=on}}
|Migratory and endemic birds. Water dyke used for irrigation. Wetland ecosystem.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2019 |first=Binu |last=Karunakaran |title=Kerala to get its 1st local biodiversity heritage site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-to-get-its-1st-local-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/71945913.cms |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131215612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-to-get-its-1st-local-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/71945913.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Key Achievements 2016-2020 |url=https://www.keralabiodiversity.org/images/2020/June/key_achievementsbook.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522075031/https://www.keralabiodiversity.org/images/2020/June/key_achievementsbook.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-22 |access-date= |website= |publisher=Kerala Biodiversity Board |page=16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Asramam]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|
|
|{{convert|250|acre|km2|abbr=on}}
|190 years old [[British Residency]], rare varieties of mangrove spread on residency complex and the creek of [[Ashtamudi Lake]].<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2017 |title=State's first biodiversity heritage site in Kollam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/states-first-biodiversity-heritage-site-in-kollam/article19373028.ece |access-date=22 August 2017 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109015341/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/states-first-biodiversity-heritage-site-in-kollam/article19373028.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nandakumar |first=T. |date=3 August 2017 |title=State to get three new biodiversity heritage sites |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-to-get-three-new-biodiversity-heritage-sites/article19418899.ece |access-date=10 February 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225605/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-to-get-three-new-biodiversity-heritage-sites/article19418899.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhi |first=K. s |date=21 May 2018 |title=Rules for heritage tag to biodiversity sites |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rules-for-heritage-tag-to-biodiversity-sites/article23944687.ece |access-date=10 February 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021504/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rules-for-heritage-tag-to-biodiversity-sites/article23944687.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|3
|Cashew tree at the Nombizhi LP School
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Pathanamthitta]]
|
|Pandalam Thekkerkara
|
|200-years old cashew nut tree in Ward 5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ksbbchairman Ksbb |url=https://www.facebook.com/ksbbchairman/posts/147763549842739 |access-date=11 February 2020 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610035740/https://www.facebook.com/ksbbchairman/posts/147763549842739 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6" />
|-
|4
|Pathiramanal
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|
|Muhamma
|
|Island in Vembanad lake. Has 4 species of fresh water mangroves, 160 species of flowering and 9 of ferns. 5 species of mammals, 18 of amphibians, 12 of reptiles, 89 of birds, 106 of butterflies, 72 types of small plants, 13 of creepers are found. 120 species of water.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. S. |first=Sajimon |date=28 October 2020 |title=Kerala: Pathiramanal declared as first local biodiversity heritage site of Alappuzha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-pathiramanal-declared-as-first-local-biodiversity-heritage-site-of-alappuzha/articleshow/78917254.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029022811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-pathiramanal-declared-as-first-local-biodiversity-heritage-site-of-alappuzha/articleshow/78917254.cms |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=The Times of India |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|5
|Pandalam trees
|Kerala
|Pathanamthitta
|
|Pandalam municipality
|
|16 trees (heronries) in town
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|6
|Chempaka trees in Ward 2
|Kerala
|Thiruvananthapuram
|
|Anchuthengu
|
|Two Chempaka trees (250 years old)
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|7
|Nattumavu tree
|Kerala
|Thiruvananthapuram
|
|Chirayinkeezhu
|
|150 years old tree in Ward 5
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|8
|Kadalkandam and Poovanam
|Kerala
|Thiruvananthapuram
|
|Mudakkal
|
|a wetland and a two hundred-year-old tree
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|9
|Nattumavu tree
|Kerala
|Kottayam
|
|Ayarkunnam
|
|200 years old tree
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|10
|Eeyyabharanithuruthu
|Kerala
|Kannur
|
|Alakkode
|
|island in the Kuppampuzha with biodiversity
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|11
|Arattuchira
|Kerala
|Pathanamthitta
|
|Pallikkal
|
|wetland ecosystem
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|12
|Thudiyurulippara hill
|Kerala
|Pathanamthitta
|
|Pramadom
|17.98 acres and 7.6 acres
|Hill
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuttoor |first=Radhakrishnan |date=29 July 2020 |title=Biodiversity heritage site status for Thudiyurulippara |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/biodiversity-heritage-site-status-for-thudiyurulippara/article32218103.ece |access-date=29 October 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031090241/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/biodiversity-heritage-site-status-for-thudiyurulippara/article32218103.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karunakaran |first=Binu |date=29 July 2020 |title=Pathanamthitta gets its third biodiversity heritage site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/pathanamthitta-gets-its-third-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/77236628.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731105415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/pathanamthitta-gets-its-third-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/77236628.cms |archive-date=31 July 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=The Times of India |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Madhya Pradesh ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
!No.
!Name of the Site
!State
!District
!Taluka
!Locality
!Area
!Importance
!Reference
|-
|1
|Naro Hills
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Satna district|Satna]]
|
|
|{{convert|200|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|Geologically unique and diverse. Has large number of species of flora and fauna.
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2
|[[Patalkot, India|Patalkot]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]
|Tamia
|
|{{convert|8367.49|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|1700-feet deep valley. About 6 million years -old ecosystem. Rare [[Bryophyte]] and [[Pteridophyte|Pteridopyte]] and other species are also found.
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|3
|[[Sirpur Lake]] (proposed)
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Indore district|Indore]]
|Indore
|[[Indore]]
|800 acre
|130 endangered bird species
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirpur Lake, Indore's only green lung, to become biodiversity heritage site |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/sirpur-lake-indores-only-green-lung-to-become-biodiversity-heritage-site |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609182309/https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/sirpur-lake-indores-only-green-lung-to-become-biodiversity-heritage-site |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

4. Amarakntak (Anuppur)-2024

== Maharashtra ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in [[Maharashtra]]
!No.
!Name of the Site
!State
!District
!Taluka
!Locality
!Area
!Importance
!Reference
|-
|1
|[[Allapalli#Geography|Glory of Allapalli]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
|
|[[Allapalli|Alapalli]]
|{{convert|6|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|A reserved forest with biological, ethnic and historical importance.
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|2
|[[Anjarle]] and Velas beaches
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
|
|Anjarle and Velas
|0.75 ha and 0.98 ha
|Nesting sites of Olive Ridley turtles.
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Dhaval |date=26 May 2017 |title=Six sites across state get biodiversity heritage tag |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-six-sites-across-state-get-biodiversity-heritage-tag-2451310 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410135039/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-six-sites-across-state-get-biodiversity-heritage-tag-2451310 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Landor Khori forest]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|
|
|266 ha
|Natural forest with 190 species of birds and 24 species of mammals
|<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=22 May 2020 |title=State biodiversity board dysfunctional without chairman, non-official members, says forest minister |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/state-biodiversity-board-dysfunctional-without-chairman-non-official-members-says-forest-minister/story-2dh1vTIJHuouUeVm9H9icL.html |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031112050/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/state-biodiversity-board-dysfunctional-without-chairman-non-official-members-says-forest-minister/story-2dh1vTIJHuouUeVm9H9icL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|4
|Wardham Park
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
|
|[[Sironcha]]
|8 ha
|old plant and dinosaur fossils
|<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />
|-
|5
|Daldalkuhi
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|Salekasa
|
|
|Swamp with a variety of ferns.
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|6
|Shivaji Park
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|
|
|
|Natural forest and presence of migratory birds in the nearby Mehrun lake.
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|7
|Area at Amboli
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|Sawantwadi
|[[Amboli, Sindhudurg|Amboli]]
|2.11 ha
|Has endemic fish species ([[Schistura|''Schistura Hiranyakeshi'']]) and a temple of Parvati where [[Hiranyakeshi river]] originates. Conserved by temple community.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Clara |date=31 March 2021 |title=Maharashtra gets one more biodiversity heritage site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-gets-one-more-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/81784537.cms |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609162943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-gets-one-more-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/81784537.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=1 April 2021 |title=Area in Maharashtra's Sindhudurg named as biodiversity heritage site |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/area-in-maharashtras-sindhudurg-named-as-biodiversity-heritage-site/article34211679.ece |access-date=9 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609183336/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/area-in-maharashtras-sindhudurg-named-as-biodiversity-heritage-site/article34211679.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|8
|Ganeshkhind Garden
|[[Maharashtra]]
|
|
|[[Pune]]
|58.6 ha
|Botanical garden established in 1873 by [[George Marshall Woodrow|G. M. Woodrow]] of [[East India Company|British East India Company]]. Home to the first mango tree planted by [[Peshwa]]s.
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|9
|[[Myristica swamp]]s
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|Dodamarg
|Hevale
|6.5 acre
|Fresh water swamp protected as sacred grove. Have [[myristicaceae]]<nowiki/>flowering plant family.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Clara |date=29 January 2021 |title=Now, swamps in Sindhudurg a biodiversity heritage site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/now-swamps-in-sindhudurg-a-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/80523996.cms |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609172842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/now-swamps-in-sindhudurg-a-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/80523996.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Punjab ==
List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name of the Site
!State
!District
!Taluka
!Locality
!Area
!Importance
!Reference
|-
|1
|[[Kaya Kalp Vriksh|Kaya Kalp Vriksh (Great Banyan Tree)]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
|Khera Mandal
|Cholti Kheri
|{{convert|3.5|acre|km2|abbr=on}}
|300 years old banyan tree
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 March 2020 |title=Biodiversity Rich Areas or Sites |url=http://punenvis.nic.in/index2.aspx?slid=5805&mid=1&langid=1&sublinkid=986 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124094450/http://punenvis.nic.in/index2.aspx?slid=5805&mid=1&langid=1&sublinkid=986 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date= |website=ENVIS Centre : Punjab |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2017 |title='Great Banyan Tree' in Fatehgarh Sahib to be Punjab's 1st biodiversity heritage site |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/great-banyan-tree-in-fatehgarh-sahib-to-be-punjab-s-1st-biodiversity-heritage-site/story-x3t6cAPOH5kFi50bHfmzdI.html |access-date=11 February 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610035720/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/great-banyan-tree-in-fatehgarh-sahib-to-be-punjab-s-1st-biodiversity-heritage-site/story-x3t6cAPOH5kFi50bHfmzdI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Odisha ==
List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in [[Odisha]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name of the Site
!State
!District
!Taluka
!Locality
!Area
!Importance
!Reference
|-
|1
|Mandasaru
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|Raikia
|
|{{convert|528|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|Mandasaru gorge has 1563 species of fungi, plants, and animals.
|<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity Conservation Takes Precedence in Odisha's Silent Valley |url=https://thewire.in/environment/biodiversity-conservation-takes-precedence-in-odishas-silent-valley |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=The Wire |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609175413/https://thewire.in/environment/biodiversity-conservation-takes-precedence-in-odishas-silent-valley |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2
|Mahendragiri Hill
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|
|
|4250 hectare
|A total of 1,358 species of plants including 1,042 species of angiosperms under 122 families, 60 species of pteridophytes, 104 species of bryophytes, 53 species of lichens and 72 species of macro-fungi and 2 species of gymnosperms occurring in the hill ecosystem.
|<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=Odisha's historic Gandhamardan Hills declared as biodiversity heritage site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/odishas-historic-gandhamardan-hills-declared-as-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/98966162.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=Odisha's%20Gandhamardan%20Hill%20range%2C%20known,%2C%20Environment%2C%20and%20Climate%20Change. |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326123937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/odishas-historic-gandhamardan-hills-declared-as-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/98966162.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=Odisha's%20Gandhamardan%20Hill%20range%2C%20known,%2C%20Environment%2C%20and%20Climate%20Change. |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|3
|Gandhamardan Hill
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Balangir district|Balangir]], [[Bargarh]]
|
|
|
|Gandhamardan known as the "ayurvedic paradise,". It is home to 1,200 plant species, 500 animal species, and several varieties of trees, shrubs, herbs, and medicinal plant species.
|<ref name=":14" />
|}
|4
|Gupteswar Forest
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Koraput]]
|
|
|
|Koraput forest is present aside of the "Gupteswar Temple,". It is home to 1,200 plant species, 500 animal species, and several varieties of trees, shrubs, herbs, and medicinal plant species.
|<ref name=":14" />
|}

== Rajasthan ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in [[Rajasthan]]
!No.
!Name of the Site
!State
!District
!Taluka
!Locality
!Area
!Importance
!Reference
|-
|1
|[[Akal Wood Fossil Park]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]
|
|
|
|
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity Heritage Sites |url=http://environment.rajasthan.gov.in/content/environment/en/rsbb/intiatives/biodiversity-heritage-sites.html |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=environment.rajasthan.gov.in |archive-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210072113/http://environment.rajasthan.gov.in/content/environment/en/rsbb/intiatives/biodiversity-heritage-sites.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2
|Keora-ki-nal
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
|
|
|
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|3
|Ram-kunda
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
|
|
|
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|4
|Nag-pahar
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
|
|
|
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|5
|Chhapoli- Mansa Mata
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
|
|
|
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|}

== West Bengal ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in [[West Bengal]]
!No.
!Name of the Site
!State
!District
!Taluka
!Locality
!Area
!Importance
!Reference
|-
|1
|[[Tonglu, West Bengal|Tonglu]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
|
|
|{{convert|230|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|Medicinal plant conservation areas
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|2
|Dhotrey
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
|
|
|{{convert|180|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|Medicinal plant conservation areas
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|3
|[[Chilkigarh|Chilkigarh Kanak Durga]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|Chilkigarh
|[[Chilkigarh]]
|{{convert|55.9|acre|km2|abbr=on}} ({{convert|1969|m|ft|abbr=on}} perimeter)
|A sacred grove rich in biodiversity.
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|4
|Baneswar Shiva Dighi waterbody
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|
|[[Baneswar]]
|
|Rare [[Black softshell turtle|Black Softshell Turtle]] habitat
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal forms Rs 120 cr plan to protect East Kolkata Wetlands |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bengal-forms-rs-120-cr-plan-to-protect-east-kolkata-wetlands/2096662 |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=Outlook India |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609175415/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bengal-forms-rs-120-cr-plan-to-protect-east-kolkata-wetlands/2096662 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==In other states==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in other states
!No.
!Name of the Site
!State
!District
!Taluka
!Locality
!Area
!Importance
!Reference
|-
|1
|Dialong Village
|[[Manipur]]
|[[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]]
|
|
|{{convert|1135|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|2
|[[Ameenpur Lake|Ameenpur lake]]
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|
|Ameenpur
|{{convert|93|acre|km2|abbr=on}}
|300 years old artificial lake with resident and migratory birds
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.earthamag.org/stories/2017/6/21/indias-first-urban-biodiversity-heritage-tag-a-ray-of-hope-for-lake-conservationists |title=India's First Urban Biodiversity Heritage Site - A Ray of Hope for Lake Conservationists |website=EARTHA |date=21 June 2017 |language=en-US |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112034330/http://www.earthamag.org/stories/2017/6/21/indias-first-urban-biodiversity-heritage-tag-a-ray-of-hope-for-lake-conservationists |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|-
|3
|[[Majuli]]
|[[Assam]]
|[[Majuli district|Majuli]]
|
|
|{{convert|216300|acre|km2|abbr=on}}
|A river island in the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra river]] with ecological and cultural importance.
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|4
|Gharial Rehabilitation Centre
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|
|[[Kukrail Reserve Forest]]
|{{convert|10|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|A centre for conservation and rehabilitation of [[Gharial]].
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|5
|Khlaw Kur Syiem KmieIng
|[[Meghalaya]]
|[[Ri-Bhoi district|Ri-Bhoi]]
|Umling
|Dorbar
|{{convert|16.05|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|Natural habitats with biodiversity. Sacred grove having monoliths and religious places.
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://megbiodiversity.nic.in/biodiversity-heritage-sites |title=Biodiversity Heritage Sites {{!}} Official website of Meghalaya Biodiversity Board, Government of Meghalaya, India |website=megbiodiversity.nic.in |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031025550/http://megbiodiversity.nic.in/biodiversity-heritage-sites |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://nbaindia.org/content/106/29/1/bhs.html |title=National Biodiversity Authority - Biodiversity Heritage Site |website=nbaindia.org |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205193237/http://nbaindia.org/content/106/29/1/bhs.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|6
|Purvatali Rai
|[[Goa]]
|[[North Goa district|North Goa]]
|[[Bicholim]]
|Surla
|{{convert|7300|m2|km2|abbr=on}}
|Sacred Grove
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerkar |first=Rajendra P. |date=14 December 2019 |title=Grove in Surla is Goa's first biodiversity heritage site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/grove-in-surla-is-goas-1st-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/72555055.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916231519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/grove-in-surla-is-goas-1st-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/72555055.cms |archive-date=16 September 2020 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |author-link=Rajendra P. Kerkar}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|-
|7
|Arittapatti hillocks (2022), Melur
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Madurai district, Madurai]]
|
|
|
|Seven hillocks with several water bodies. Many birds, raptors.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Arittapatti hillocks near Madurai's Melur to be declared biodiversity heritage site {{!}} Madurai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/arittapatti-hillocks-to-be-declared-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/80065275.cms |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609180513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/arittapatti-hillocks-to-be-declared-biodiversity-heritage-site/articleshow/80065275.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Vagaikulam, Arittapatty to be bio-heritage sites |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/dec/10/vagaikulam-arittapatty-to-be-bio-heritage-sites-2234144.html |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=10 December 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609182309/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/dec/10/vagaikulam-arittapatty-to-be-bio-heritage-sites-2234144.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Vagaikulam Bird Habitat|Vagaikulam]] (proposed)
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|
|[[Vagaikulam Bird Habitat|Vagaikulam]]
|
|Birds
|<ref name=":13" />
|-
|9
|
|<ref name=":13" />
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India|*]]
[[Category:India environment-related lists|Biodiversity Heritage Sites]]

Visakh Subramaniam

2026-04-01T23:20:17Z

2famrtf: starting a details

{{short description|Indian film producer, distributor, exhibitor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Visakh Subramaniam
| image = Visakh Subramaniam.jpg
| caption = Visakh in 2020
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| occupation = {{hlist|Film producer|film distributor|film exhibitor}}
| years_active = 2011–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Advaita Srikanth|2022}}
| children =
| parents = 
| relatives = [[P. Subramaniam]] (grandfather)
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Visakh Subramaniam''' is an Indian [[film producer]], [[Film distributor|distributor]] and [[Film exhibitor|exhibitor]] who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film industry. He is the grandson of [[P. Subramaniam]] who founded [[Merryland Studio]], the second film studio in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/04/20/after-39-years-merryland-studio-back-with-love-action-drama.html |title=After 39 years, Merryland Studio back with 'Love Action Drama' |last=Mahesh Gupthan |date=20 April 2018 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728212856/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/04/20/after-39-years-merryland-studio-back-with-love-action-drama.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/visakh-subramaniam-dhyan-narrated-love-action-drama-story-three-years-ago/articleshow/71133988.cms |title=Visakh Subramaniam: Dhyan narrated 'Love Action Drama' story three years ago |last=TNN |date=15 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021060708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/visakh-subramaniam-dhyan-narrated-love-action-drama-story-three-years-ago/articleshow/71133988.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> He is a partner of the [[production company]] Funtastic Films along with actors [[Aju Varghese]] and [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], and he is currently the managing director of the Merryland Cinemas production company.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vineeth-sreenivasan%E2%80%99s-next-as-a-director-is-hridayam-news-malayalam-tmdk47bidbgjj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204163445/https://www.sify.com/movies/vineeth-sreenivasan%E2%80%99s-next-as-a-director-is-hridayam-news-malayalam-tmdk47bidbgjj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2019 |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan's next as a director is 'Hridayam' |last=Moviebuzz |date=3 December 2019 |work=[[Sify]]|access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/nov/21/first-schedule-of-varshangalkku-shesham-completed-2634683.html |title=First schedule of 'Varshangalkku Shesham' completed |last=Express News Service |date=21 November 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222171815/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/nov/21/first-schedule-of-varshangalkku-shesham-completed-2634683.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Visakh made his entry as a [[film exhibitor]] in 2011, the same time when [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Aju Varghese]] and [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] made their debuts. He first met Vineeth and Aju during the release of ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' (2012). With time he also met Dhyan Sreenivasan and their bond strengthened leading to collaboration plans.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/05/we-didnt-expect-nayanthara-to-say-yes-visakh-subramaniam-2029149.html |title='We didn't expect Nayanthara to say yes': Visakh Subramaniam |last=Sajin Shrijith |date=5 September 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728210758/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/05/we-didnt-expect-nayanthara-to-say-yes-visakh-subramaniam-2029149.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On the release day of Vineeth's directorial ''[[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]]'' (2016), Dhyan narrated the script of ''[[Love Action Drama]]'' to Visakh. Aju Varghese was the film's sole producer then. Later Dhyan asked Visakh if he was interested in producing the film along with Aju, upon which he agreed. It was then Funtastic Films was formed and Visakh considers it as the boldest decision of his life.<ref name="TOI"/> His debut production ''[[Love Action Drama]]'' starring [[Nivin Pauly]] and [[Nayanthara]] released on 5 September 2019 and opened to positive reports.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/love-action-drama/movie-review/70990804.cms |title=Love Action Drama Review |last=Anna Mathews |date=5 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923075556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/love-action-drama/movie-review/70990804.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed ₹50 crore at the box office and completed 100 days in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-pauly-nayanthara-starrer-love-action-drama-enters-rs-50-crore-club/articleshow/71375895.cms |title=Nivin Pauly-Nayanthara starrer 'Love Action Drama' enters Rs 50 crore club |last=Timesofindia.com |date=30 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=6 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106185004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-pauly-nayanthara-starrer-love-action-drama-enters-rs-50-crore-club/articleshow/71375895.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.facebook.com/NivinPauly/posts/2502612949808299 |title=101 days of #LoveActionDrama! |last=[[Nivin Pauly]] |date=7 December 2019 |work=[[Facebook]] |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024102805/https://www.facebook.com/NivinPauly/posts/2502612949808299 |url-status=live}}</ref> He then ventured into [[film distribution]] and distributed ''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]'' under his banner Funtastic Films.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-kumbalangi-nights-to-helen-annas-on-a-roll/article28843947.ece |title=From 'Kumbalangi Nights' to 'Helen': Anna's on a roll |last=Navamy Sudhish |date=7 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116050547/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-kumbalangi-nights-to-helen-annas-on-a-roll/article28843947.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, he was involved in the distribution of ''[[Gauthamante Radham]]'' starring [[Neeraj Madhav]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/first-look-poster-neeraj-madhavs-gauthamante-radham-released |title=First look poster of Neeraj Madhav's Gauthamante Radham released |last=Tressa Alex |date=31 December 2019 |work=Onlookers Media |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729055515/http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/first-look-poster-neeraj-madhavs-gauthamante-radham-released |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, he produced ''[[Saajan Bakery Since 1962]]'' starring Aju Varghese.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/dec/03/filming-begins-for-aju-vargheses-saajan-bakery-2070398.html |title=Filming begins for Aju Varghese's Saajan Bakery |last=Express News Service |date=3 December 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728212920/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/dec/03/filming-begins-for-aju-vargheses-saajan-bakery-2070398.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/feb/06/vineeth-sreenivasans-hridayam-starts-rolling-2099559.html |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Hridayam' starts rolling |last=Express News Service |date=6 February 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729013710/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/feb/06/vineeth-sreenivasans-hridayam-starts-rolling-2099559.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' directed by Vineeth Sreenivasan marked the return of [[Merryland Studio]] through Visakh. The studio founded by his grandfather [[P. Subramaniam]] made a comeback after a hiatus of 40 years.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2019/12/02/pranav-mohanlal-vineeth-kalyani-film.html |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=സ്വന്തം |date=2 December 2019 |work=[[Manorama News]] |access-date=28 July 2020 |language=ml |script-title=ml:പ്രണവ് മോഹൻലാലിന് മൂന്നാംവരവ്; 'ഹൃദയം' ഒരുക്കുന്നത് വിനീത്; നായിക കല്യാണി |trans-title=Pranav Mohanlal's third entry; Vineeth's 'Hridayam'; Kalyani heroine |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729015100/https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2019/12/02/pranav-mohanlal-vineeth-kalyani-film.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Hridayam'' was released in theatres worldwide on 21 January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/oct/28/exclusive-vineeth-sreenivasans-hridayam-release-date-is-here-27543.html |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vineeth Sreenivasan's Hridayam release date is here |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> The film received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed over ₹50 crores worldwide, becoming the [[List of Malayalam films of 2022|3rd highest grossing Malayalam film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=Hridayam tops 50 crores globally; Enters all-time top ten Mollywood grossers worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/hridayam-tops-50-crores-globally-enters-all-time-top-ten-mollywood-grossers-worldwide-1023896 |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> He produced ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]'' in 2024, which was a commercial success, grossing over ₹80 crores at the worldwide box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Varshangalkku Shesham box office collection day 1 early report: Vineeth Sreenivasan's directed movie took off a superb start at box office |date=11 April 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/varshangalkku-shesham-box-office-collection-day-1-early-report-vineeth-sreenivasans-directorial-off-to-a-decent-start-despite-mixed-reviews-9264892 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=23 July 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=എതിരാളികൾക്ക് മുന്നിൽ കട്ടയ്ക്ക്, ഒരാഴ്ചയിൽ 50കോടി ക്ലബ്ബ്; കസറിക്കേറി 'വർഷങ്ങൾക്കു ശേഷം' പിള്ളേർ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vineeth-sreenivasan-movie-varshangalkku-shesham-enters-second-week-sc8njh |date=2024-04-20 |website=AsianetNews }}</ref> He is currently producing ''Karam'', his third film as a producer with Vineeth Sreenivasan, which is scheduled to be released in theatres on 25 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vineeth-sreenivasans-karam-to-hit-screens-on-september-25/articleshow/122595532.cms |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Karam' to hit screens on September 25 |last=IANS |date=17 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 July 2025 }}</ref>

==Filmography==

* All the films are produced by Visakh, unless mentioned otherwise.
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Visakh Subramaniam film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Starring
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Role/Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|2019 || ''[[Love Action Drama]]'' || [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] || [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Aju Varghese]] || Producer
|-
| ''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]'' || Mathukutty Xavier || [[Anna Ben]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Noble Babu Thomas]], [[Aju Varghese]] || Distributor
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020 || ''[[Gauthamante Radham]]'' || Anand Menon || [[Neeraj Madhav]], [[Renji Panicker]] || Distributor
|-
| ''Mom and Son'' || Kaarthik Shankar || Kaarthik Shankar, [[Aju Varghese]] || Comedy Series on [[YouTube]]
|-
| ''Kili'' || Vishnu Govindan || [[Vishak Nair]], Kaarthik Shankar, [[Aju Varghese]] || Comedy Series on [[YouTube]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-23 |title=Vishnu Govindan creates a web series Kili |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Dec/23/vishnu-govindan-creates-aweb-serieskili-2239793.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saajan Bakery Since 1962]]'' || Arun Chandu || [[Aju Varghese]], [[Grace Antony]] || Producer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]|| [[Pranav Mohanlal]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] || Producer
|-
| ''[[Prakashan Parakkatte]]'' || Shahad || [[Dileesh Pothan]], Mathew Thomas, [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] || Producer
|-
|2024
|''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]''
|Vineeth Sreenivasan
|Pranav Mohanlal, Kalyani Priyadarshan, Vineeth Sreenivasan, Nivin Pauly, Dhyan Sreenivasan, Aju Varghese, [[Basil Joseph]], Neeraj Madhav, Neeta Pillai, Arjun Lal, Nikhil Nair, [[Shaan Rahman]]
|Producer<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ml:'ഹൃദയം' ടീം വീണ്ടും; ഒപ്പം നിവിനും ബേസിലും ധ്യാനും: 'വര്‍ഷങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് ശേഷം' |trans-title='Hridayam' team again; And Nivin, Basil and Dhyan: 'Years Later' |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2023/07/13/pranav-mohanalal-vineeth-sreenivasan-film-after-hridayam.html |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=Manoramanews |date=13 July 2023 |language=ml |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714092109/https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2023/07/13/pranav-mohanalal-vineeth-sreenivasan-film-after-hridayam.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2023 |title='Varshangalkku Shesham': Vineeth Sreenivasan brings together an ensemble cast for his next |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varshangalkku-shesham-vineeth-sreenivasan-brings-together-an-ensemble-cast-for-his-next/article67075968.ece |access-date=14 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Karam (2025 film)|Karam]]''
|Vineeth Sreenivasan
| [[Noble Babu Thomas]]
| Producer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-16 |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan's next titled Karam, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/16/vineeth-sreenivasans-next-titled-karam-first-look-out |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9117690}}
* {{Facebook|visakh.subramaniam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramaniam, Visakh}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film producers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Chaj Doab

2026-03-31T19:55:48Z

2famrtf: Started stub

{{more citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Chaj Doab {{Nobold|{{Small|Jech Doab}}}}
| name =
| settlement_type = [[Natural region]]
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|چَج دوآب}}
| image_skyline = Punjabdoabs1.jpg
| imagesize =
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| image_caption = View of different Doabs of Punjab
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| subdivision_name = [[Punjab]]
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
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}}
{{Punjabis}}
'''Chaj Doab''' ({{langx|pa|{{Nastaliq|چَج دوآب}}}}), also known as the '''Jech Doab''', is one of the main regions of the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Report on Land and Water Development in the Indus Plain |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |others=White House: Department of Interior Panel on Waterlogging and Salinity in West Pakistan |year=1964 |pages=26}}</ref> The ''[[doab]]'' lies between the Chenab and Jhelum rivers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=Jagtar Singh |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=8175960701 |edition=2nd |pages=1–2}}</ref> [[Punjab]] historically has been divided into regions based on its various rivers, since the name Punjab itself is based on the region's five main rivers. The word Chaj (چَج) is combination of first Punjabi alphabet of Chenab ('''<big>چ</big>'''ناب) and Jhelum('''<big>ج</big>'''ہلم), "Ch" چَ and "J" ج. The Chaj Doab includes the area between the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] and [[Chenab River|Chenab]] rivers, thus also known as Jech Doab.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&dq=Chaj+doab&pg=PA122 Rivers of the World], James R Penn, p122, 2001, {{ISBN|1-57607-042-5}}, accessed April 2009</ref> It lies on the southern fringes of the [[Kashmir region|Kashmir]] valley. The Chaj Doab is smaller in area compared to the other doabs, such as the Rachna, and it has a moderately high population density.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=K. R. |title=Land, People and Economy of Pakistan: A Geographic Perspective |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta K. |date=Feb 18, 2025 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781040306772 |pages=166–167 |chapter=6.2.4.1 Population Density Pattern in Punjab}}</ref> Its principal city is Sargodha.<ref name=":02" />

== Geography ==
The upper part of the doab has high-elevation.<ref name=":02" /> The middle and lower sections of the doab is not very conductive to agriculture when compared with Rechna Doab.<ref name=":02" />

== Districts ==

This doab covers [[Gujrat District]], [[Bhimber District]], [[Mirpur District]], [[Mandi Bahauddin District]], [[Sargodha District]], [[Lalian Tehsil]] of [[Chiniot District]] and some areas of [[Jhang Tehsil]] of [[Jhang District]].<ref name=":02" /> However, the main districts are Gujrat, Mandi Bahauddin, and Sargodha.<ref name=":02" />

==See also==
* [[Sindh Sagar Doab]]
* [[Rachna Doab]]
* [[Bari Doab]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PunjabGeography}}

[[Category:Doabs of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Doabs of India]]

Akashteer

2026-03-27T13:16:24Z

2famrtf: Started Some Article W/ Refs!

{{Short description|India's Automated Air Defence Control & Reporting System}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Akashteer
| image = Akashteer C4ISR.png
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = Akashteer C4ISR
| type = [[Air defence system]]
| origin = [[India]]
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| is_vehicle = Yes
| is_missile =
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| service = 2024 – present
| used_by = [[Corps of Army Air Defence]]<ref name="TW">{{cite news |title=Army starts induction of Akashteer system to enhance air defence posture |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/04/04/del128-def-army-ld-technology.html |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
| wars = [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]
| designer = [[Bharat Electronics]] [[DRDO]] [[ISRO]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Electronics]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 4 April 2024<ref name="TW" />
| number = 107
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'''''Akashteer''''' ({{Lit|Sky Arrow}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=R Anil |date=2025-05-13 |title=AkashTeer: India’s game-changer that has left US, China, and the world stunned |url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/akashteer-indias-game-changer-that-has-left-us-china-and-the-world-stunned/ |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Strategic |language=en-US}}</ref> is an [[AI]]-enabled,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Saptadeepa |date=2025-08-09 |title=Operation Sindoor proves India can defend borders with Indigenous tech and BrahMos power, says DRDO chief |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-proves-india-can-defend-borders-with-indigenous-tech-and-brahmos-power-says-drdo-chief-2025-08-09-1002796 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> fully automated '''Air Defence [[Control and Reporting Centre|Control & Reporting System]]''', which is designed, developed and manufactured by [[Bharat Electronics]] in collaboration with [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] and [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-14 |title=BEL’s air-defence system Akashteer deployed during Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/operation-sindhoor-utilises-bels-air-defence-system-akashteer/article69575012.ece |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-23 |title=Akashteer shifts battlefield balance: India’s indigenous air defence system proves decisive in Operation Sindoor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/akashteer-shifts-battlefield-balance-indias-indigenous-air-defence-proves-decisive-in-operation-sindoor/articleshow/121357278.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> By providing tactical command and control, it enhances the capability of the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Corps of Army Air Defence]]. Akashteer makes it possible to effectively handle ground-based air defense weapon systems and monitor low-level airspace in combat zones.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army inducts indigenous Akashteer system |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-inducts-indigenous-akashteer-system-9252224/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=5 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Army begins induction of Akashteer system to sharpen air defence posture |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-begins-induction-of-akashteer-system-to-sharpen-air-defence-posture-101712238995413.html |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Air Defence Control and Reporting System (ADC&RS) |url=https://bel-india.in/product/air-defence-control-and-reporting-system-adcrs/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=BEL |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-16 |title=Operation Sindoor: Akashteer leads AI-driven strikes on terror launch pads - |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/operation-sindoor-akashteer-leads-ai-driven-strikes-on-terror-launch-pads/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524072538/https://www.newsonair.gov.in/operation-sindoor-akashteer-leads-ai-driven-strikes-on-terror-launch-pads/ |archive-date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=[[All India Radio]] |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> The Akashteer is similar to the US [[Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System]].<ref name="ET">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/in-operation-sindoor-akashteer-played-the-most-crucial-role-army-explains-how-it-struck-down-every-drone-with-100-kill-rate/articleshow/121274743.cms|title=In Operation Sindoor, 'Akashteer' played the most crucial role: Army explains how it struck down every drone with 100% kill rate|language=en|date=19 May 2025|access-date=20 May 2025|work=Economic Times}}</ref>

To improve air defense [[jointness]], the Akashteer is connected to the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]'s [[Integrated Air Command and Control System]] (IACCS) and the [[Indian Navy|Navy]]'s [[Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics#National Maritime Domain Awareness Programme|Trigun system]]. This allows the Joint Air Defence Centre (JADC) to access Army sensors through Akashteer, Air Force sensors and civilian radars through IACCS, and naval ship-based sensors through Trigun. IAF will be responsible for the JADC. While integration for additional sites is still under progress, one site is fully integrated as of January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Deshpande |first1=Smruti |last2=ThePrint |date=2025-01-15 |title=How IAF, Army are moving towards jointness with integration of air defence systems |url=https://theprint.in/defence/how-iaf-army-are-moving-towards-jointness-with-integration-of-air-defence-systems/2445411/?amp |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=2025-05-19 |title=How India's Air Defence system saved Amritsar's Golden Temple from Pakistani missile |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-indias-air-defence-system-saved-amritsars-golden-temple-from-pakistani-missile-11747632907828.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521200342/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-indias-air-defence-system-saved-amritsars-golden-temple-from-pakistani-missile-11747632907828.html |archive-date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
On 29 March 2023, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] further strengthened the concept of ''[[Atmanirbhar Bharat|atmanirbharta]]'' (self-reliance) in the defence sector by entering into a contract with [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL), [[Ghaziabad]]. This contract valued at {{INRConvert|1982|c|lk=on|0}} is known as 'Project Akashteer', which strives to provide [[Situation awareness|situational awareness]] and control for the military to guarantee the safety of allied aircraft and confront enemy aircraft in challenging airspace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks two contracts with BEL, worth Rs 2,400 crore, for procurement of Automated Air Defence Control & Reporting System 'Project Akashteer' for Indian Army... |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1911937 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="HT" /><ref>{{cite news |title=MoD signs three contracts worth ₹5,400 crore, including satellite for Army |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mod-signs-three-contracts-worth-5400-crore-including-satellite-for-army/article66676178.ece |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=29 March 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

By 30 September 2024, BEL delivered the entire 100 units of Akashteer system to the Indian Army.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=India's Air Defence Strengthens with Akashteer Systems for the Army |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-indias-air-defence-strengthens-with-akashteer-systems-for-the-army-3629848/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> As of November 2024, 107 units were delivered with another 105 units planned by March 2025. The Army will receive the entire order for 455 units by April 2027.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-12 |title=Akashteer: Transforming India's air defence with cutting-edge technology |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/akashteer-transforming-indias-air-defence-with-cutting-edge-technology/articleshow/115218211.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Akashteer: A leap in India's air defence modernisation |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence/akashteer-a-leap-in-indias-air-defence-modernisation/3664129/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2024, it was reported that the Indian Army conducted validation trials of Akashteer simulating scenarios as expected in future wars.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-12 |title=Akashteer: Transforming India's air defence with cutting-edge technology |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/akashteer-transforming-indias-air-defence-with-cutting-edge-technology/articleshow/115218211.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Akashteer: A leap in India's air defence modernisation |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence/akashteer-a-leap-in-indias-air-defence-modernisation/3664129/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 March 2026, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]], cleared the development of the Air Defence Tracked System, a [[Continuous track|tracked]] variant to provide real time Air Defence Control and Reporting capability.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals worth Rs 2.38 lakh crore to augment defence capabilities |date=2026-03-27 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2246125&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref>

==Functions==
[[File:Akashteer.png|thumb|[[Bharat Electronics|BEL]]'s Tactical Control Radar Reporter]]
The Akashteer system integrates the entire surveillance assets, radar systems, communication nodes and other command and control units of the Indian Army's Air Defence networks into a single network to enhance the situational awareness. The system is vehicle-based which makes it mobile and easier to handle in hostile environment. The system automates the entire air defence mechanism enhancing the response mechanism to any threats.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-05 |title=What is the new 'Akashteer Command and Control Systems' and how will it enhance India's air defences |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/what-is-the-new-akashteer-command-and-control-systems-and-how-will-it-enhance-indias-air-defences/articleshow/109067258.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It is anticipated that this integration will reduce the possibility of friendly fire, enabling quick engagement of hostile targets, and guarantee friendly aircraft safety in contested airspace.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-04 |title=Indian Army boosts air defence capabilities with 'Akashteer Control and Reporting Systems' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-army-boosts-air-defence-capabilities-with-akashteer-control-and-reporting-systems/articleshow/109041273.cms |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The sensors integrated include 3D Tactical Radars, Low-Level Lightweight Radars, the [[Akash (missile)|Akash Weapon System]] and [[QRSAM]]. This would ensure a seamless and unified air picture accessible to the lowest operational units of the Army Air Defence (AD), which enhances coordination and situational awareness across the force. Akashteer increases automation and efficiency by eliminating human inputs and decentralising.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Chandrashekar |date=15 August 2025 |title=Sudarshan Chakra' To Protect Our Skies. India's 'Iron Dome' Explained |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-independence-day-speech-sudarshan-chakra-indias-iron-dome-operation-sindoor-9090904 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=ndtv.com}}</ref>

Akashteer is a [[System of systems|system-of-systems]] with zero dependencies on foreign satellites or components. The system included locally developed [[AI]] processors and battlefield nodes, zero-latency integration of [[ISRO]]'s [[:Category:Earth observation satellites of India|Earth observation satellites]], precision mapping of [[NavIC]], and self-updating command grids for dynamic targeting by removing human-delay loop. Using information from multiple sources, the [[Edge AI|edge-AI]] war-cloud makes judgments in real time, reroutes missions, and launches attacks on its own. Akashteer system substitutes conventional ground command centers, allows decentralized [[Plug and fight|plug-and-fight]] combat using a [[laptop]], and can be field deployed from trucks, jeeps, or mobile units. It can defend and strike an area of about 300 kilometers. On the basis of real-time data, Akashteer can self-reprogram [[drone swarm]]s that are armed with reconnaissance kits, jammers, and 5–10 kg explosives.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Samannay |date=2025-05-13 |title=Stuns US, China & Pakistan - What Is India's AI Powered AkashTeer? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/stuns-us-china-pakistan-what-is-indias-ai-powered-akashteer-article-151622430 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-05-12 |title=Sky Wars Rewritten: How AkashTeer Catapulted India Into the Elite League of Military Tech |url=https://the420.in/akashteer-india-ai-drone-satellite-warfare-drdo-isro-bel/ |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=The420.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand (Retd) |first=Major-General Pawan |date=2025-05-27 |title=India’s 'Akashteer' air defence system: An indigenous game-changer in modern warfare |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/05/27/indias-akashteer-air-defence-system-an-indigenous-game-changer-in-modern-warfare.html |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

Using [[satellite imagery]], AI analytics, and stealth-based surveillance, Akashteer has the ability to monitor hostile drones without the need of active radar. Through accurate target verification and inter-unit coordination, the system also averts [[friendly fire]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ashish Kumar |date=2025-05-14 |title=What Is Akashteer? India's AI-Powered Air Defence System Stuns World After Blindsiding Pakistani Drones |url=https://world.newsx.com/india/what-is-akashteer-indias-ai-powered-air-defence-system-stuns-world-after-blindsiding-pakistani-drones/ |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=NewsX World |language=en}}</ref> It will integrate with [[Mission Sudarshan Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2025-08-25 |title=DRDO successfully tests indigenous air defence system, advancing ‘Mission Sudarshan Chakra’ goals for 2035 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/drdo-air-defence-system-mission-sudarshan-chakra-10208827/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> By classifying airspace users in a conflict zone as friendly, neutral, or hostile, the Akashteer aids SAKSHAM in improving situational awareness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-10-09 |title=Indian Army begins induction of ‘Saksham’ counter-unmanned aerial threat grid system |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/09/indian-army-begins-induction-of-saksham-counter-unmanned-aerial-threat-grid-system |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Service history ==
The Indian Army inducted Akashteer in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=Akashteer, India's automated air defence control and reporting system, redefines modern warfare |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/05/16/akashteer-indias-automated-air-defence-control-and-reporting-system-redefines-modern-warfare.html |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> It was part of India's Air Defence Network during [[Operation Sindoor]] where the system effectively foiled multiple of Pakistan's drone and missile attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=For Pak, India's Air Defence Network Is A 'Never Seen Before' Disruptive Tech: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-sindoor-for-pakistan-indian-air-defence-network-is-a-never-seen-before-disruptive-technology-8428608 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-16 |title=Akashteer: How India's indigenous 'Iron Dome' swatted Pakistan drones from the sky - all you need to know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/akashteer-how-indias-indigenous-iron-dome-swatted-pakistan-drones-from-the-sky-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/121215783.cms |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-16 |title=Akashteer: The Unseen Force Behind India’s New War Capability |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2129132 |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> Throughout the conflict, it intercepted drones, missiles, [[Micro UAV|micro-UAVs]], and [[loitering munition]]s. It also made sure that the lowest operating Army Air Defense unit had a consistent and seamless air situation picture, which improved situational awareness throughout the force.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=BEL's Akashteer air defence system proves its mettle amid conflict, creating "hell for Pakistan's air adventures" |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bels-akashteer-air-defence-system-proves-its-mettle-amid-conflict-creating-hell-for-pakistans-air-adventures20250514144318/ |access-date=6 July 2025 |work=ANI}}</ref> It was reported that it "struck down every drone with a 100% kill rate".<ref name="ET"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-31 |title=Bayraktar busted: Pakistan’s drone fiasco-How Indian radars exposed Turkish tech |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bayraktar-busted-pakistans-drone-fiasco-how-indian-radars-exposed-turkish-tech/articleshow/121519222.cms |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is India's first AI war-cloud in operation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dimple |date=2025-05-16 |title=Explained: How India’s Akashteer system foiled Pakistani drone strikes |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/explained-how-indias-akashteer-system-foiled-pakistani-drone-strikes-2853661 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Operators ==
{{Flag|India}}

* {{Army|IND}} - 107 in service. Total 455 on order.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
{{Portal|India|}}
*[[Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System]] - American equivalent
*[[List of regiments and corps of the Indian Army]]
*[[List of equipment of the Indian Army]]
*[[Mission Sudarshan Chakra]] - proposed multi-layer defense system for India
*[[SAKSHAM]] - command & control (Indian Army)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Air defense]]
[[Category:Anti-aircraft warfare]]
[[Category:Army air defence]]

Timeline of Ahmedabad

2026-03-27T06:42:59Z

2famrtf: reworked content for clarity for consistency

{{short description|None}}

{{For|detailed history|History of Ahmedabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}

This page provides a historical timeline of [[Ahmedabad]], the sixth largest city in India.

==Up to 15th century==
* 1074 – [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]] of [[Chaulukya dynasty]] won Aashavalli and established Karnavati.
* 1094 to 1143 – Shantuvihar and Udayvihar are constructed.
* 1284 – The group of Mandap Durg's Zanzan visited Karnavati.
* 1297 – [[Alauddin Khalji]] won [[Gujarat]].
* 1299 – Khilji's Army destroyed Doms and Temples of Aashavalli.
* 1411 – On the banks of [[Sabarmati River]], Sultan [[Ahmed Shah I]] laid the foundation of Ahmedabad, [[Manek Burj]] and [[Manek Chowk (Ahmedabad)|Manek Chowk]], Ganeshbari, [[Bhadra Fort]], Muhurt Pol and Jama Masjid.
* 1413 – Construction of Bhadra Fort completed.
* 1423 – Construction of [[Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad]] completed.
* 1441 – Death of Sheikh Ahmed Khatu and construction of the historical [[Sarkhej Roza]] begun.
* 1451 – Houj-E-Kutub or [[Kankaria]] Lake constructed.
* 1453 – [[Daria Khan's Tomb]] and dome constructed.
* 1454 – Construction of Shaking Minarets of [[Sidi Bashir Mosque]] near Gomtipur.
* 1485 – [[Dada Harir Stepwell]] constructed.
* 1486 – Construction of city walls by [[Mehmud Begada]].
* 1498 – [[Adalaj Stepwell]] with exquisite stone carving.

==16th century==
* 1514 – Arrival of Spanish traveler Barbosa and construction of Rani Sipri Masjid.
* 1535 – [[Humayun]] captured Ahmedabad and ruled for nine months. Bahadurshah recaptured.
* 1555 – Arrival of Arabian historian Udadbir.
* 1572 – [[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque]] with the world-famous carved stone tree constructed.
* 1572 – [[Akbar]] captured the city, end of the sultanate.
* 1586 – Meeting of Sant Dadu and Akbar, Akbar recaptured the city from [[Muzaffarshah]].

==17th century==
* 1614 – Arrival of the first representative of the [[British East India Company]].
* 1618 – Arrival of [[Jehangir]], letters written to the British King James.
* 1621 – [[Shah Jahan]] constructed Shahibag Palace ''(presently Commissioner's Bungalow)'' and the Shahi Gardern.
* 1622 – The Jain merchant [[Shantidas Jhaveri]] starts the construction of the [[Parshva|Chintamani Parshvanath]] temple at Saraspur<ref name="Mandelslo_Travels">{{cite book | title = Mandelslo's Travels in Western India | editor = M. S. Commissariat | edition = reprint, illustrated | publisher = Asian Educational Services | year = 1996 | orig-year = 1931 | isbn = 978-81-206-0714-9 | page = 101 }}</ref>
* 1630 – Famine known as `Satyashiyo Dukal'.
* 1636 – Bhadra palace constructed by Suba Azamkhan.
* 1638 – Arrival of [[Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo]]; first communal riot. Shah Jahan's temple of Chintamani Parshvanath at Saraspur, was demolished by Muslim rioters.
* 1644 – [[Aurangzeb]] becomes the [[subahdar]] (Governor) of Ahmedabad. He broke Chintamani Jain temple and riots broke down in the city.
* 1658 – Aurangzeb ascended the throne at Delhi.
* 1664 – Revenue concessions to Europeans, Arrival of Tavernier.
* 1672 – Arrival of English Ambassador Sir Thomas Roe.
* 1681 – Imposition of jizyah tax on non-Muslims. Riots due to famine in the city.
* 1683 – City flooded up to [[Teen Darwaza]] due to flood.

==18th century==
* 1708 – Invasion by [[Balaji Vishwanath]], Ahmedabad looted, truce set at a price of Rs. 1,20,000.
* 1715 – Hindu-Muslim riot.
* 1725 – Invasion by [[Marathas]], persuaded to go back by hushmoney.
* 1731 – Arrival of Peshwa [[Bajirao II]].
* 1732 – City suffers from famine. Many people died due to plague.
* 1733 – Library of Rasulabad looted.
* 1738 – Treaty between Mughal Suba of Ahmedabad Momin Khan and [[Damaji Gaikwad]], city came under joint jurisdiction. Construction of [[Gaekwad Haveli]].
* 1744 – Death of Gujarati Poet [[Shamal Bhatt]].
* 1753 – Ahmedabad came under Maratha rule.
* 1757 – Division of Ahmedabad between Gaekwad and Peshwa. Momin Khan recaptured the city.
* 1758 – The city recaptured by Maratha after a year-long blockade on 27 February 1758. Maratha currency introduced.
* 1779–80 – General Goddard took over the city during [[First Anglo–Maratha War]] and handed it over to Fatehsinh Gaekwad under [[treaty of Salbai]].

==1800 to 1850==
* 1804 – Arrival of [[Swami Sahajanand]] (Later known as Swaminarayan), who was believed to be an incarnation of Krishna
* 1808 – Arrival of Gaikwad, A law for inheritance of property was enforced which can still be seen on Three Gates on a stone.
* 1818 – Mr. Dunlop, British Collector of Kaira took over the city and thus came the end of Maratha rule, Union Jack hoisted on Bhadra.
* 1819 – [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake|Rann of Kutch earthquake]]; Speculation in opium.
* 1820 – First import of foreign cloth.
* 1821 – Earthquake for 30 seconds.
* 1824 – First survey of the city.
* 1827 – Establishment of first Gujarati School.
* 1832 – Repairs to city walls by citizens' committee, first seeds of local self Government.
* 1834 – Beginning of city committee for municipal work.
* 1846 – Starting of First English School.
* 1847 – Construction of First Water Tank by city committee and municipal work started.
* 1848 – Construction of Hatheesing Temple.
* 1850 – Construction of the [[Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad]].

==1851 to 1900==
[[File:Ahmedabad City and Environ Map 1866.jpg|thumb|Ahmedabad City and Environ Map 1866]]
* 1857 – Ahmedabad Municipality came into existence on 19 January.
* 1861 – First Textile Mill started by late Mr. Ranchhodlal Chhotalal, the pioneer of Mill Industry.
* 1863 – Construction of Railway Station.
* 1864 – Railway between Ahmedabad and Bombay. Construction of Prem Darwaja.
* 1868 – Heavy Floods.
* 1870 – Opening of Ellisbridge.
* 1872 – Construction of first city road – Gandhi Road.
* 1873 – Ahmedabad Municipality recognized by statute and named as City Municipality.
* 1875 – Railway bridge and Ellisbridge were damaged by heavy floods.
* 1881 – [[B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad|B.J. Medical College]] started near Gheekanta.
* 1888 – Calico Mills was started by Sheth Karamchand Premchand.
* 1890 – The [[Czar]] of Russia came to Ahmedabad.
* 1897 – Opening ceremony of Gujarat College by Lord Sandhurst. Telephone service was started.
* 1898 – Death of Sheth Ranchhodlal Chhotalal.

==1901 to 1950==
* 1910 – Municipality Suspended First Time, where [[Tirth Patel]] was the ruler
* 1913 – Electricity Company started.
* 1915 – Arrival of [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]].
* 1916 – Establishment of [[Sabarmati Ashram|Satyagrah (Sabarmati) Ashram]].
* 1920 – Gujarat Vidyapeeth, founded by Mahatma Gandhi, Sessions of the Indian National Congress.
* 1922 – Arrest of Mahatma Gandhi, sentenced to six years jail for treason because of ahsahkar andolan.
* 1924 – Elected Ahmedabad Municipality resumed its working, [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] becomes President of the Municipality.
* 1926 – Ahmedabad Municipality becomes Barrough Municipality.
* 1927 – Heavy floods. 71 inch Rainfall.
* 1929 – Opening of Sir. Lallubhai Ashram Shah College.
* 1930 – Mahatma Gandhiji's historic '[[Dandi March]]' and Salt [[Satyagraha]].
* 1931 – Vadilal Sarabhai General Hospital Started.
* 1938 – Opening of M.J. Library.
* 1939 – Opening of Sardar Bridge. Income Tax imposed.
* 1940 – Opening of Gandhi Bridge and Infections Disease Hospital.
* 1941 – Communal riot.
* 1942 – [[Quit India]] movement. Ahmedabad Municipality superseded. Historic Textile strike.
* 1946 – Second Communal riot. Death of Vasantrav and Rajabali in riots. Municipality reinstated.
* 1947 – Bus Transport Service under Municipal control, Independence day celebrated. [[Tiranga|Tricolor Flag]] on Bhadra fort after 130 years.
* 1948 – Immersion of Mahatmaji's ashes in Sabarmati, Preparations for Electric Grid Scheme and expansion of Power House, Famine conditions in Ahmedabad District.
* 1949 – Ahmedabad Station of All India Radio started, Gujarat Chamber of Commerce established.

==1951 to 2000==
* 1951 – L. D. Engineering College started, North Gujarat Electric Grid Scheme Commissioned.
* 1952 – First general elections under the new Constitution giving adult franchise, First elections to Corporation.
* 1954 – Atira Laboratory building opened by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].
* 1957 – Second General Elections and second Corporation election. Corporation area extended, New buildings of All India Radio, Divisional Officer's status raised to Divisional Commissioner with wide powers, Centenary of Himabhai Institute, New Lal Darwaja Garden laid.
* 1960 – 1 May 1960 – Ahmedabad becomes the capital of newly state Gujarat state.
* 1961 – Opening of [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute of Management]], National Institute of Design.
* 1961 – oil was discovered at Anklesvar in Gujarat (BBoY 1962)
* 1962 – Opening of Nehru Bridge, school of architecture at CEPT began its first course.
* 1963 – Opening of Nagari Eye Hospital by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
* 1966 – Opening of Dr. [[Vikram Sarabhai]] Community Science Centre.
* 1970 – capital moved from Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar
* 1973 – Opening of Shubhash Bridge, Heavy floods.
* 1974 – [[Nav Nirman]] Andolan by students.
* 1975 – Declaration of [[State of Emergency in India|Emergency]] in the country
* 1986 – 92 km² of new area merged with Municipal Corporation on Eastern Periphery.
* 1993 – Municipal Corporation Superseded for the implementation of 74th Amendment and Administrator appointed.
* 1994 – Several administrative reforms and strict actions initiated by the Corporation to improve its financial position. In-house Computerization Started.
* 1997 – Municipal Corporation got itself credit rated from CRISIL and got A+ rating which subsequently increase to AA (so) rating
* 1998 – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation becomes first corporation in the country to offer public bonds for Public Subscription of Rs.1000 million.
* 1999 – Widening of Sardar Bridge, Renovation of [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] Hall, Renovation of Town Hall.
* 2000 – Widening of Gandhi Bridge, Widening of Ellis Bridge, Publication of Citizen's Charter for the first time, Inauguration of the ambitious Raska Water Project.

==2001 to present==
* 2001 – [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|Earthquake on Republic Day]] (near [[Bhuj]]) creates major damage across the western part of city, leaving over 750 dead and 4000 injured, many of them residents of tall buildings.
* 2002 – [[Gujarat Riots]].
* 2004 – The [[Sabarmati Riverfront]] Project initiated.
* 2006 – Floods in Sabarmati after 1992, little damage to sabarmati riverfront project.
* 2008 – [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings]].
* 2009 – BRTS (janmarg) starts its function in city and gained award of most sustainable transport service.
* 2010 – Ahmedabad completes 600 years of its establishment on 26 February.
* 2017 – Ahmedabad declared as a World Heritage City by UNESCO.
* 2018 – [[Ahmedabad Stock Exchange]] closes.
* 2019 – [[Ahmedabad Metro]] opens.
* 2020 – [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], the world's largest, opens. It hosts the ''[[Namaste Trump]]'' event in February.
* 2025 – [[Air India Flight 171]] plane crash.
* 2030 – [[2030 Commonwealth Games]] take place.

== References ==
<references />

{{Ahmedabad topics}}

[[Category:Timelines of cities in India|Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:History of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad-related lists]]

Gundert Museum

2026-03-21T12:23:14Z

2famrtf: Started new post

{{short description|Heritage museum in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Hermann Gundert Museum
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Hermann Gundert bungalow.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Hermann Gundert Museum
| alt =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.7678|75.4807|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| established = 7 May 2022
| dissolved =
| location = [[Thalassery]], [[Kerala]]
| type =
| collection =
| visitors =
| director =
| president =
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| curator =
| publictransit =
| car_park =
| network =
| website =
}}

'''Gundert Museum''' is a heritage museum located at [[Thalassery]], Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=team |first=Now Age Storytelling |date=2020-05-14 |title="Books for readers!" The purpose of the Gundert Museum and Study Centre in Thalassery |url=https://www.nowagestorytelling.co/post/books-are-for-readers-building-the-community-based-gundert-museum-and-study-centre-in-thalassery |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=nowagestorytelling |language=en}}</ref> It was originally the residence of [[Hermann Gundert]], a German missionary who is remembered for his contributions to the [[Malayalam language]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nazeer |first=Mohamed |date=2018-09-19 |title=Gundert Bungalow to be museum |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/gundert-bungalow-to-be-museum/article24988924.ece |access-date=2022-10-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was known as Gundert Bungalow before turning into a museum and was constructed in the 1800s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gundert Bungalow {{!}} Dr Hermann Gundert {{!}} Cultural Circuit {{!}} Thalassery Heritage Project {{!}} Kannur, Kerala |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/thalassery/tourist-circuits/culture/gundert-bungalow |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Thalassery Heritage Project |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, it was converted into a museum by the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] as a tribute to Gundert.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-05-08 |title=Gundert Museum opened in Thalassery |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/gundert-museum-opened-in-thalassery/article65394261.ece |access-date=2022-10-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was from this bungalow that Gundert published the first language dictionary in Malayalam <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gundert |first=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0K8FAAAAQAAJ |title=A Malayalam and English Dictionary |date=1872 |publisher=C. Stolz |language=ml}}</ref> and the first Malayalam daily [[Rajyasamacharam]] and [[Paschimodayam|Paschimdodayam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gajrani |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=gundert+bungalow&pg=PA120 |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |date=2004 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-061-7 |language=en}}</ref> The museum houses the Hermann Hesse Library, a collection of rare books, the Julie Gundert Hall, the Gundert Statue and the Digital Book Archive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മലയാളികള്‍ക്ക് നിഘണ്ടു 'സമ്മാനിച്ച' ഗുണ്ടര്‍ട്ടിനായി തലശ്ശേരിയില്‍ മ്യൂസിയം തുറന്നു |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/travel/weekend-getaways/thalassery-gundert-story-telling-museum-opens-to-tourists/articleshow/91431858.cms |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==Overview==
Gundert Bungalow was the residence of Hermann Gundert, who lived in [[Thalassery]] for 20 years. A German missionary, scholar and linguist, he came to Thalassery in 1839 and continued to live and work there with his wife Julie for 20 years . Ill health forced him to return to Germany in 1859.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC&dq=gundert+bungalow&pg=PA192 |title=Kerala History and its Makers |date=2011-03-04 |publisher=D C Books |isbn=978-81-264-3782-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Gundert Bungalow is a heritage building. Its construction is in orthodox Kerala architectural style. It has tiled roof and large verandahs which run along all four sides. It has wooden doors and windows. The craftsmen have used [[laterite]] stones and red clay roof tiles. Kuyyali River flows close to Gundert Bungalow.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ta6AD7MNFioC&dq=gundert+bungalow&pg=PA194 |title=Tourist Guide to South India |date=2003 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7478-175-8 |language=en}}</ref>

In the museum, Gundert's life story is told through descriptions. It was renovated into a museum at a cost of Rs 2.21 crore and was opened to public on 7 May 2022. The renovation work was completed under the Thalassery Heritage Tourism Project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മ്യൂസിയം ഒരുങ്ങി; അറിയാം ഗുണ്ടർട്ടിനെ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/kannur/video-report-on-herman-gundert-museum-in-kannur/videoshow/91383169.cms |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tourism in Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Museums in Kerala]]

Gargi Roychowdhury

2026-03-18T10:23:11Z

2famrtf: Started info!

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gargee Roychowdhury
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = The Team of MEGHNADBADH RAHASYA at the screening of their film, during the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017), in Panaji, Goa on November 22, 2017.jpg
|bSize = 1200
|cWidth = 200
|cHeight = 250
|oTop = 110
|oLeft = 455
|Location=center}}
| caption = Gargee Roychowdhury, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[48th International Film Festival of India|2017]])
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| citizenship = Indian
| education = [[Patha Bhavan, Kolkata]]
| occupation = Acting, modelling
| years_active = 1995-present
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Gargee Roychowdhury''' is an Indian actress. She is known for her works in the [[Bengali film industry]] and the Bengali television industry. Gargee Roychowdhury began her career as a theatre artist, performing in the theatre group ''Uttaran'' and later ''Bohurupee''. She has also been a newscaster and radio artist.

== Career ==
Gargee Roychowdhury rose to fame for the [[Culture of Bengal|Bengali]] [[Indian soap opera#Longest running|long running soap opera]] ''Sisirer Sabdo Sona Jai'', in which she played a [[lawyer]].

Gargee Roychowdhury received acclaim for her performance in the movie ''[[Ramdhanu - The Rainbow]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gargi in Ramdhanu movie |title=Ramdhanu: Latest News, Videos, Photos |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Ramdhanu |accessdate=30 June 2014 |work=The Times of India |issue=June 2014}}</ref><ref name="recent movie">{{cite web |last1=gargee in ramdhanu |title=Ramdhanu |work=The Times of India |date=15 April 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/previews/Ramdhanu/articleshow/33779009.cms |accessdate=30 June 2014}}</ref> She played the role of Reena Sen in the film ''[[Naxal (2015 film)|Naxal]]''. In 2017 she starred in Anik Dutta's movie [[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=FIRST-LOOK-Anik-begins-shoot-panic-on-film-01122016106017 |title=FIRST LOOK - Anik begins shoot, panic on film sets |date=1 December 2016 |access-date=17 July 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803134113/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=FIRST-LOOK-Anik-begins-shoot-panic-on-film-01122016106017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She also received popularity for her performance in the film ''[[Haami]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Happy Birthday Gargee Roy Chowdhury: Five spectacular performances by the versatile actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/happy-birthday-gargee-roy-chowdhury-five-spectacular-performances-by-the-versatile-actress/photostory/82194436.cms |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year!!Film!!Director
!Ref
|-
|2004
| ''[[Shudhu Tumi]]''|| [[Sudeshna Roy]] and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]
|
|-
|2010|| ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]'' || [[Aparna Sen]]
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Teen Yaari Katha]]''
|[[Sudeshna Roy]] and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014|| ''[[Khaad]]''|| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
|''[[Ramdhanu]]''
|[[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ramdhanu News {{!}} Latest News on ramdhanu - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/ramdhanu |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Buno Haansh]]''|| [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015|| ''[[Naxal (film)|Naxal]]''|| Debaditya Bandopadhyay
|
|-
| ''[[Bitnoon]]''|| [[Sudeshna Roy]] and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016|| [[Hemanta (film)|''Hemanta'']]|| [[Anjan Dutta]]
|
|-
| ''Beche Thakar Gaan''|| [[Sudeshna Roy]] and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017|| ''Chawlochitra Circus''|| [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
|
|-
| ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]''|| [[Anik Dutta]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zinia Sen |title=Anik Dutta's next to have Abir and Gargee in lead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Anik-Duttas-next-to-have-Abir-and-Gargee-in-lead/articleshow/53302677.cms |access-date=17 July 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mayurakshi]]'' || [[Atanu Ghosh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018|| ''[[Haami]]''|| [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haami is the biggest blockbuster of 2018 so far - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/haami-is-the-biggest-blockbuster-of-2018-so-far/articleshow/64158959.cms |website=The Times of India |date=14 May 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]''|| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|
|-
| ''Kuasha Jokhon''|| Abhisekh and Meenakshi
|
|-
|2019
| ''[[Jyeshthoputro]]'' || [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
|2020|| ''[[Sraboner Dhara]]'' || [[Sudeshna Roy]] and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Mahananda (2022 film)|Mahananda]]'' || [[Arindam Sil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=Arindam Sil on Mahasweta Devi film Mahananda: I wanted to create something that will inspire the next generation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/arindam-sil-on-mahasweta-devi-film-mahananda-7459665/ |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Haami 2]]''
|[[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gargee Roy Chowdhury on being Mitali in Haami 2 and her screen chemistry with Shiboprosad Mukherjee |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/gargee-roy-chowdhury-on-being-mitali-in-haami-2-and-her-screen-chemistry-with-shiboprosad-mukherjee/cid/1906977 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Shesh Pata]]''|| [[Atanu Ghosh]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The first look of the key players in Atanu Ghosh's film Shesh Pata |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/the-first-look-of-the-key-players-in-atanu-ghoshs-film-shesh-pata/cid/1830179 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
|''Balaram Kando''|| [[Saptaswa Basu]]
|
|-
|}

== Advertisement ==
Roychowdhury has been featured in the Bengali version of the 2013 [[Horlicks]] advertisement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Horlicks ad | website=[[YouTube]] | date=17 November 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vj49hruJdSk}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[6th WBFJA Awards|West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] - [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress| Best Actress]] for [[Mahananda (film)|Mahananda]] (2023)
* [[6th Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Awards Bangla]] - Best Actress (Critics) for [[Mahananda (film)|Mahananda]] (2023)

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3437910}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roychowdhury, Gargi}}
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]

Ravi Neelakantan

2026-03-17T07:01:33Z

2famrtf: Started the post nd citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name ='''Ravi Neelakantan'''
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS Officer]] [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce]] [[Minister of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]
| awards =
}}
'''Neelakantan Ravi''' (also known as '''N. Ravi''') is an Indian diplomat. He was an officer of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) from 1971 to 2009, and has served in various diplomatic and administrative positions in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]<ref name="inquirer-2009">{{cite news |last=Oy |first=Veronica |date=8 January 2009 |title=India appoints envoy to ASEAN |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20090108-182194/India-appoints-envoy-to-ASEAN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915142503/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20090108-182194/India-appoints-envoy-to-ASEAN |archive-date=15 September 2011 |accessdate=14 October 2012 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nayar|first=K. P.|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090810/jsp/frontpage/story_11342274.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812034343/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090810/jsp/frontpage/story_11342274.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2009|title=Sartorial foreign statement - External affairs establishment is getting a makeover|date=10 August 2009|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/world/news/35521/|title=Dehli to keep Armenian-Indian relations in the spotlight|date=31 August 2009|publisher=PanARMENIAN.Net|access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> and [[Minister of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] under the Government of India. In 2009, he was appointed as an ambassador of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]].<ref name="inquirer-2009" />

==Early life and education==
N. Ravi obtained his [[Master's degree]] in Chemistry from [[Delhi University]] before joining IFS in 1971. He later obtained an [[MBA]] from [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] in 1982. He received Gold medal for the best all round performance at IIM Bangalore.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Career==
While working in India at different times, his assignments have covered political, economic and trade/commerce functions, in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce]] and [[Minister of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]. His overseas postings include [[Belgrade]], [[Tokyo]], [[Thimphu]], [[Moscow]], [[Munich]] and [[Hanoi]]. He has served as the Secretary (East) in the Ministry of External Affairs, the Indian Ambassador to Vietnam,<ref name="inquirer-2009" /> Minister in the [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian Embassy]] at Bhutan, the Consul General of India (Consulate General of India in Munich), and Joint Secretary in Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He retired in December 2009 after serving as the in-charge for India's relations with ASEAN countries in the Ministry of External Affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isecindia.in/about-us/team-profile | title=Team Profile | publisher=Intrad School of Executive Coaching | access-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506114357/http://www.isecindia.in/about-us/team-profile |archive-date=6 May 2012 }}</ref>

After retirement, he took up an academic position as the senior fellow in the Centre for Public Policy at [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Aparna Datta |url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/node/2311 |title=Career diplomat and IIMB alumnus N Ravi joins the Centre for Public Policy | Indian Institute of Management Bangalore |publisher=IIMB|date=3 December 2010|access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Ravi was awarded the Distinguished Alumnus award by IIM Bangalore in October 2009.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120506114357/http://www.isecindia.in/about-us/team-profile ISEC profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neelakantan, Ravi}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to ASEAN]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Vietnam]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]

Kaalpurush (2005 film)

2026-03-14T08:10:28Z

2famrtf:

{{About|the Indian film|the demon in Hindu mythology|Kali (demon)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalpurush
| image = Kalpurush1.jpg
| caption = Poster of Kalpurush
| director = [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]
| producer = Sanjay Routray [[Jhamu Sughand]]<ref name=toi2008>{{cite web | title = Lagaan producer Jhamu Sughand passes away | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lagaan-producer-Jhamu-Sughand-passes-away/articleshow/3076751.cms |date=May 27, 2008| access-date = 2016-01-02 | work = [[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
| writer = [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Rahul Bose]] [[Sameera Reddy]] Shraman Mukherjee
| music = Biswadep Dasgupta
| cinematography = [[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
| editing = Sanjib Datta
| studio = [[Matchbox Shots|Matchbox Pictures]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|07|24|New Delhi Festival of Asian Cinema|2008|04|25|India|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kaalpurush''''' or '''''Kalpurush''''' (English name: Memories in the Mist) is a 2005 Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[drama film]] directed and written by [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]. The film stars [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Rahul Bose]] in lead roles.

The 120 minute version of the film screened at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]]. Although the film was completed in 2005, it was released in India in 2008. The film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] in 2006 and Mithun being nominated for best [[actor]] category.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121021025638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-07/india/27963535_1_nargis-dutt-award-53rd-national-film-awards-feature-film 53rd National Film Awards] [[The Times of India]], 7 August 2007.</ref><ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=19 March 2012|pages=10–11}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film tells the story in a non-linear fashion, with two timelines being depicted simultaneously. [[Rahul Bose]] has a dysfunctional marriage with [[Sameera Reddy]] who has an extra-marital affair. Rahul tries to reconnect with his long-lost father (played by [[Mithun Chakraborty]]), while Sameera dreams of breaking free of her stifling domestic life. Rahul is considered as a failure both in professional and personal lives. However, an honest and simple man, he clings to simple joys of life and memories of his childhood. The back-and-forth movement of the story between two timelines (the present day and Rahul's childhood) and the arrangement of the sequences make Mithun a mystery man—he could be dead, alive, or, just a figment of Rahul's imagination.
[[File:Kaalpurush.jpg|thumb|left|260px|[[Laboni Sarkar]], portraying the character of Mithun's wife in the film]]
The film begins as Mithun follows Rahul as the latter returns home from a day's work. Rahul is shown to be a doting father, but a failed husband. Mithun then starts to tell his own story. He had a happy family with wife ([[Laboni Sarkar]]) and the adolescent son Sumanata. A past flame of Mithun, played by [[Sudipta Chakraborty]], incidentally arrives in the village (as a part of a masked dance troupe) and meets Mithun. At one unrestrained moment, she tries to seduce Mithun. Mithun tries to resist. However, Mithun's wife, Laboni, sees a glimpse of them in a compromising situation. Laboni, pained by the betrayal, decides to leave Mithun, with their son in tow. While a devastated Mithun becomes a footloose traveller, their son bears the scar for the rest of his life. Back to the present, father and son come face to face to heal old wounds.

Battling the brunts of a society that defines success too materialistically, Rahul also continues to relive his childhood memories. His wife, Sameera, meanwhile flies to the United States to spend an extended holiday with her brother's family settled there. She writes several travelogues. Rahul suddenly meets his father one day in a [[Calcutta]] street. He spends a memorable day with his father, reliving their memories, as well as discussing many aspects of life. Suddenly, Mithun disappears.

Rahul's wife returns from USA, and tells him that she has been in an extra-marital relationship for long, and their children are actually not fathered by Rahul. Rahul says that he knows everything, and still loves their children. Soon, Sameera leaves Rahul. Rahul continues to live with their children.

Towards the end of the film, Rahul again has a talk with his father, Mithun. Mithun tells him that many things in life remain unsaid, untouched. Mithun goes on to tell that after Mithun's wife, Laboni, left him, he wandered off to many places, finally one day, committing suicide. So, at the end, viewers understand that their suspicion was true that Mithun and all the talks between Rahul and Mithun were nothing but the imagination of Rahul's sensitive mind. Rahul continues to be a doting father.

The film has several fantasy-like characters appearing several times. The old flute-seller, Idrish, and his son, Abdul, are such a pair of characters. Rahul once met them in his childhood. However, the duo appears several times in the film, especially in the moments when there is a voice-over of Mithun, or when Rahul is reliving some old memories. Masked troupes of village dancers also make several appearances.

==Cast==
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Father
*[[Rahul Bose]] as Son
*[[Sameera Reddy]] as Supriya
*[[Sudipta Chakraborty]]
*[[Laboni Sarkar]]
*[[Meenakshi Goswami]]
*Shraman Mukherjee as Rahul Bose's childhood

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.kaalpurushmovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|0438888|Kalpurush}}

{{Buddhadeb Dasgupta}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

Chedi kingdom

2026-03-08T10:54:35Z

2famrtf: Started new pg!

{{Short description|Ancient Indian kingdom}}
{{For-multi|the historical kingdom|Cedī (tribe)|the medieval kingdom|Kalachuris of Tripuri|the Ghanaian currency|Ghanaian cedi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

'''Chedi''' ({{IAST3|Cedī}}) was a kingdom which fell roughly in the [[Bundelkhand]] division of Madhya Pradesh to the south of river [[Yamuna]] along the river [[Ken River|Ken]]. Its capital city was called [[Suktimati]] in Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8J2RDwAAQBAJ&dq=%C5%9Auktimat%C4%AB+capital&pg=PT27 |title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume II M-Z |date=2019-04-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62419-3 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:EpicIndia.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Chedi among the kingdoms of Epic Indian literature]]

== In popular culture ==

In the 2012 anthropological thriller ''[[The Krishna Key]]'', the origin of the Chedi clan is linked to the [[Yadava]]s.<ref>The Krishna Key, Chapter, 46, The Krishna Key, Sanghi, Ashwin, Westland Publishers 2012</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]
*[[Epic India]]
*[[Shishupala]]
*
*

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Yadava kingdoms]]

Swaminatha Swamy Temple

2026-03-06T12:32:55Z

2famrtf: starting new place

{{Short description|Murugan Temple in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Swaminatha Swamy Temple
| native_name =
| image = File:Swamimalai Murugan Temple.jpg
| alt = Temple's Main Entrance
| caption = Entrance to the temple
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_type_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil
Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.956844|N|79.325776|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| locale = [[Swamimalai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Swaminatha ([[Murugan]])
| festivals = [[Vaikasi Visakam]]
| architecture = Tamil
}}

'''Swaminatha Swamy Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to god [[Murugan]]. It is located on the banks of a tributary of river [[Kaveri]] in [[Swamimalai]] near [[Kumbakonam]], [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The temple is one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]] (''Arupadaiveedugal''). The temple is located atop a {{cvt|60|ft}}-high hillock with the shrines dedicated to [[Shiva]] (Sundareswarar) and [[Meenakshi]] (Parvati) is located at the foothill. The temple has three [[gopuram]]s (gateway towers), and consists of three precincts. Sixty steps, each one named after the sixty [[Tamil calendar|Tamil years]], lead atop the temple.

As per [[Hindu mythology]], Murugan extolled the meaning of the Pranava Mantra (''[[Om]]'') to his father Shiva at this place and hence the deity is known by the name Swaminathaswamy. It is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. The temple has six daily rituals at various times and three yearly festivals on its calendar. The annual [[Vaikasi Visakam]] is the major festival in the temple.

== Mythology ==
As per [[Hindu mythology]], a young [[Murugan]] asked [[Brahma]], the Hindu god of creation, as to how he created living beings. Brahma said that he did so with the help of the [[Veda]]s, and recited the text beginning with the Pranava mantra (''[[Om]]''). When Murugan asked Brahma to explain the meaning of the mantra, Brahma had no answer, and hence Murugan imprisons Brahma.<ref name="Handelman">{{cite book |title=One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology |last=Handelman |first=Don |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-004-25739-9 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWJTAQAAQBAJ |p=31-34}}</ref><ref name="Bhoothalingam">{{cite book|title=Temples of India Myths and Legends|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|editor1-last=S.|editor1-first=Manjula|last=Bhoothalingam|first=Mathuram|year=2016|pages=48–52|isbn=978-8-12301-661-0}}</ref> The [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] requested [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva]] for help in negotiating with Murugan to release Brahma, and Shiva went to reason with Murugan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tales of Lord Kartikeya|last=R.K.|first=Murthi|isbn=978-8-120-90769-0|publisher=Pitambar Publishing|page=28}}</ref> Shiva asked Murugan to release Brahma, and Murugan refused. When Shiva challenged Murugan to explain the meaning of the mantra, Murugan teaches it to his father. As Shiva was a student to a teacher (Murugan), Murugan is called "Swaminatha Swami" (Teacher of God).<ref name="Clothey">{{cite book |first=Fred W. |last=Clothey |title=The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC |year=1978 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-90-279-7632-1 |page=55, 121-128}}</ref> To signify this, the shrine of Murugan is atop the hillock, while Shiva's shrine is located at the basement at [[Swamimalai]].<ref name="legend">{{cite web|title=Legend Connected with The Temple|url=http://swaminathaswamytemple.org/legend.htm|publisher=Swaminathaswamy Temple administration|access-date=30 November 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211134400/http://swaminathaswamytemple.org/legend.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As per the ''[[Kanda Puranam]]'', once all sages and gods assembled in [[Kailasa]] to witness the wedding of Shiva with [[Parvati]], which resulted in the tilting of the [[Earth]]. Shiva asked the sage [[Agasthya]] to move towards the South to balance the tilt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Kandha Puranam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwDdBdMJPwC&q=kanda+puranam+agastya+south&pg=PA49|author=dr.akila sivaraman|year=2006|publisher=GIRI Trading Agency Private, 2006|page=49|isbn=978-8-179-50397-3}}</ref> Agastya employed [[Idumban]] to carry two hills in his shoulders to be placed in the South as a counter balance. Idumban carried the hills down south and Murugan made him place one of the hills at [[Palani]]. He carried the other hill to Swamimalai.<ref name="Bhoothalingam"/>

==Religious importance==
Swamimalai is one of the ''[[Arupadaiveedu]]'' (six abodes), a set of Hindu temples dedicated to Murugan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&q=swamimalai&pg=PA839|last1=Cush|first1=Denise |last2=Robinson|first2=Catherine |last3=York|first3=Michael |publisher=Psychology Press|page=839|year=2008|isbn=978-0-700-71267-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=James G.|last= Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: Volume Two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&q=swamimalai&pg=PA680|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-823-93180-4|pages=643–}}</ref> According to Hindu mythology, [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingeswarar]] (Shiva) at [[Thiruvidaimarudur]] is surrounded by ''Saptavigraha Murtis'' (seven deities) located at various places, which include Murugan at Swamimalai.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGxbJqdEQrwC&q=thiruvidaimarudur&pg=PA71|last=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu |title=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2007|publisher=T. Krishna Press |location=Chennai |isbn=978-8-17478-177-2|ref=tourist|page=53}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Jyothirmaya Mahalingam|last=Narayanaswami|journal=Om Sakthi|language=ta|publisher=Om Sakthi Publications|date=April 1987|location=Coimbatore|pages=34–5}}</ref> Brahma, [[Bhoomidevi]], and [[Indra]] worshipped Murugan at Swamimalai. The temple is mentioned in the [[Sangam literature]] ''[[Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai]]'' by [[Nakkeerar]].<ref name="Dinamalar">{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=720|title=Sri Swaminathaswami temple|work=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> [[Arunagirinathar]] was a Tamil poet who lived in the 14 century CE.<ref>{{cite book |first=V.K. |last=Subramanian |title= 101 Mystics of India |year=2007 |publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-17017-471-4|page=109}}</ref> He composed Tamil hymns glorifying Murugan, the most notable being ''[[Tiruppukal]]'', and included hymns about the temple.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aiyar|first=P.V.Jagadisa |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA190|year=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|pages=191–203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |title=Tamil literature, Volume 2, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&q=tiruvempavai&pg=PA105 |year=1975 |publisher=E.J. Brill, Leiden |location=Netherlands |isbn=90-04-04190-7| page= 217}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Swamymalai tirukovil.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimanam]] (left) of the temple, along with the taller [[gopuram]]|alt=image of the shrine from the first precinct]]

The temple is located on a hillock at Swamimalai near [[Kumbakonam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-8-18795-212-1|year=2009|page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What to see – Thanjavur district attractions|url=http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/whattoseetou.html|work=Thanjavur District Administration|access-date=7 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518021412/http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/whattoseetou.html|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> The temple has three entrances, with a five storey [[gopuram]] on the south side. There are three precincts (praharams), the first praharam at the base of the hill, the second halfway up the hill and the third at the top encircling the [[garbagriha]]. There are shrines dedicated to other gods and goddesses across the temple.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Temple|url=http://swaminathaswamytemple.org/aboutus.htm|publisher=Swaminathaswamy Temple administration|access-date=30 November 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211134623/http://swaminathaswamytemple.org/aboutus.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are sixty steps that lead to the temple, which represent the sixty years of the [[Tamil calendar]]. In Swamimalai, Murugan is known as "Swaminatha Swami". The main idol is {{cvt|6|ft}} tall, holding a stick (danda) on the right hand.<ref name="Dinamalar"/>

Instead of the [[peacock]] mount (''[[vahana]]'') associated with Murugan, Murugan is depicted with an elephant mount at the temple. This iconography is maintained only in two places, Swamimalai and [[Tiruttani Murugan Temple|Tiruttani]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil traditions on Subramanya – Murugan|last=Zvelebil|edition=1st|first=Kamil V.|year=1991|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|location=Chennai|page=36}}</ref> The elephant was supposedly gifted by Indra, the king of the devas.<ref name="Dinamalar"/> While the mount is usually sported axial to the idol of the presiding deity, the elephant is seen in front of Murugan in the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=Meena|first=V.|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=27}}</ref> The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|format=PDF|pages=244|access-date=13 November 2021|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Worship and practices==
[[File:Swamimalaimuruga2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Second level of the temple]]

The temple priests perform the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] six times a day– Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 7:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swamimalaiswaminathar.hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=18002&action=pooja_info|title=Swamimalai|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Like other Murugan temples, the worship practises include [[tonsuring]] in the temple, ablution of the deity with [[sandalwood]] paste, and offering of [[Panchamrita|panchamirtham]] (a mixture of five ingredients) and milk. Carrying milk pots and [[Kavadi]] are other common forms of worship.<ref name="Dinamalar"/><ref name="Festival">{{cite web|title=Festivals of the Temple|url=http://swaminathaswamytemple.org/festivals.htm|publisher=Swaminathaswamy Temple administration|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> ''Vibhuti Abhishekam'', the ablution of the central deity with sacred ash, is also performed. The central deity with adorned with diamond [[Vel]] every Thursday.<ref name="Festival"/>

The major festival of the temple, [[Vaikasi Visakam]], commemorates the birthday of Murugan, and is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Vaikasi]]. As per Hindu mythology, Indra worshipped Murugan on the day.<ref name="Clothey"/> The [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of the temple was performed on 9 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kumbabishekam-performed/article7635135.ece |title=Kumbabishekam performed| work=[[The Hindu]]|date= 10 September 2015|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Swamimalai Murugan Temple}}
{{Hindu temples in Thanjavur District}}
{{Murugan temples}}
{{Thanjavur district}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Saptha Stana Temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]

CGK Reddy

2026-03-06T06:46:50Z

2famrtf: Started new data

{{Short description|Indian activist, freedom fighter and politician (1921–1994)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Cattamanchi Gopala Krishnamoorthy Reddy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names = CGK Reddy, Kattamanchi Gopala Krishnamoorthy Reddy
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|01|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kattamanchi]], [[Chittoor]], [[Madras Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1994|12|26|1921|01|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<ref name="Madras Musings">{{Cite news|title = Rebel with a cause|url=https://madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-18/rebel-with-a-cause/|magazine = Madras Musings|date = 2018-01-15|access-date = 2025-03-14|language = en-IN}}</ref>
| death_cause =
| occupation = Activist, freedom fighter and politician
| years_active =
| known_for = ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Prajavani]]'', [[Press Institute of India]], [[Baroda dynamite case]]
| notable_works = Baroda Dynamite Conspiracy: The Right to Rebel
| mother =
| father = CSV Reddy
}}

'''Cattamanchi Gopala Krishnamoorthy Reddy''' (12{{nbsp}}January 1921<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web|url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/who_1952.pdf|title=Parliament of India, Council of States, Who's Who 1952|publisher=Council of States Secretariat, New Delhi|page=85|access-date=15 March 2025|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422001705/https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/who_1952.pdf}}</ref>{{snd}}26{{nbsp}}December 1994), commonly referred to as '''CGK Reddy''', was an Indian activist, freedom fighter and politician. He was the first general manager of the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'',<ref name="Deccan Herald">{{Cite news|title = #70YearsofDH: The story...|url = https://www.deccanherald.com/features/dh-70-story-675206.html|newspaper = Deccan Herald|date = 2018-06-18|access-date = 2025-03-14|language = en-IN}}</ref> a business manager at ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|title = The revolutionary manager|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/the-revolutionary-manager/article3824308.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2021-11-17|access-date = 2025-03-14|language = en-IN}}</ref> editor of ''[[Prajavani]]'',<ref name="India Today">{{Cite news|title = 1977 will go down as a year in which Indian media learnt the meaning of freedom of the press|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780115-1977-will-go-down-as-a-year-in-which-indian-media-learnt-the-meaning-of-freedom-of-the-press-822758-2014-10-04|newspaper = India Today|date = 1978-01-15|access-date = 2025-03-16|language = en-IN}}</ref> founder director of the Research Institute of Newspaper Development (RIND), in [[Taramani]], [[Chennai]] (now the [[Press Institute of India]])<ref name="Madras Musings">{{Cite news|title = Rebel with a cause|url=https://madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-18/rebel-with-a-cause/|magazine = Madras Musings|date = 2018-01-15|access-date = 2025-03-14|language = en-IN}}</ref> and former president of [[The Indian Newspaper Society]].<ref name="Indian Newspaper Society">{{cite web |title=Former Presidents |url=http://indiannewspapersociety.in/former_presidents.php |website=indiannewspapersociety.in/|accessdate=28 October 2022}}</ref> During the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]], he collaborated closely with [[George Fernandes]], notably as part of the [[Baroda dynamite case]]. He helped to found the [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]], and served as President of the Karnataka chapter.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|title = The revolutionary manager|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/the-revolutionary-manager/article3824308.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2021-11-17|access-date = 2025-03-14|language = en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life ==

CGK Reddy was born on 12 January 1921 at [[Kattamanchi]], near [[Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], to CSV Reddy. He was a nephew of [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy]]. After completing his schooling from High School, Chittoor, he briefly attended [[Pachaiyappa's College]], [[Chennai]].<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web|url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/who_1952.pdf|title=Parliament of India, Council of States, Who's Who 1952|publisher=Council of States Secretariat, New Delhi|page=85|access-date=15 March 2025|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422001705/https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/who_1952.pdf}}</ref>

On graduating from college, CGK Reddy joined the Training Ship Dufferin as an engineering cadet and was then posted as fifth engineer in SS Chilka. On 11 March 1942, on the way to [[Padang]], the ship was torpedoed by a submarine. After a week on the sea in a lifeboat with a few others, he was captured by the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese military]] near [[Nias]]. From there, he was sent to [[Singapore]], and then the Indian Swaraj Institute, [[Penang]]. After being recruited by the [[Indian National Army]], he was planted as a spy in India, along with 19 others, including [[Vakkom Abdul Khader]]. CGK Reddy was caught and arrested by [[British Raj|British troops]] soon after crossing at [[Teknaf]], and he was imprisoned for three years.<ref name="Madras Musings">{{Cite news|title = Rebel with a cause|url=https://madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-18/rebel-with-a-cause/|magazine = Madras Musings|date = 2018-01-15|access-date = 2025-03-14|language = en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Scroll">{{Cite news|title = 'Clock strikes, death awaits': Remembering Abdul Khader and the heroic 'Penang 20' freedom fighters|url=https://scroll.in/article/972689/clock-strikes-death-awaits-remembering-abdul-khader-and-the-heroic-penang-20-freedom-fighters|magazine = Scroll|date = 2020-09-10|access-date = 2025-03-16|language = en-IN}}</ref>

In 1946, at the age of 25, he gave up his job as a marine engineer and became a political activist.<ref name="Madras Musings">{{Cite news|title = Rebel with a cause|url=https://madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-18/rebel-with-a-cause/|magazine = Madras Musings|date = 2018-01-15|access-date = 2025-03-14|language = en-IN}}</ref> He, along with [[Asoka Mehta]], published ''Our Shipping''.<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web|url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/who_1952.pdf|title=Parliament of India, Council of States, Who's Who 1952|publisher=Council of States Secretariat, New Delhi|page=85|access-date=15 March 2025|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422001705/https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/who_1952.pdf}}</ref> CGK Reddy's involvement with the Deccan Herald led to [[T. S. Satyan]] and [[Pothan Joseph]] joining the Deccan Herald.<ref name="TS Satyan">{{Cite news|title = Legendary photo journalist T S Satyan passes away|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/slide-show/2009/dec/14/slide-show-1-photojournalist-ts-satyan-passes-away.htm|magazine = Rediff|date = 2009-12-14|access-date = 2025-03-16|language = en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Pothan Joseph">{{Cite news|title = Grandfather and grandmother: a memoir|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/grandfather-and-grandmother-a-memoir-1118637.html|magazine = Deccan Herald|date = 2022-06-25|access-date = 2025-03-16|language = en-IN}}</ref>

He married Vimala on 7 November 1947, and they had 3 sons, Manmohan, Ramalinga and Rammanohar. [[Amulya Reddy|Professor Amulya Reddy]] from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] was his nephew.<ref name="Madras Musings">{{Cite news|title = Rebel with a cause|url=https://madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-18/rebel-with-a-cause/|magazine = Madras Musings|date = 2018-01-15|access-date = 2025-03-14|language = en-IN}}</ref>

== Political career ==

CGK Reddy unsuccessfully stood in the [[1951-52 Indian general election|1951 Lok Sabha elections]] from the [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North constituency]] under a [[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]] ticket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|page=160|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Mysore State]] by the Socialist Party in 1952 and served as an MP until 1954. He served as the Chairman for the Mysore State wing of the Socialist Party.<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web|url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/who_1952.pdf|title=Parliament of India, Council of States, Who's Who 1952|publisher=Council of States Secretariat, New Delhi|page=85|access-date=15 March 2025|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422001705/https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/who_1952.pdf}}</ref>

CGK Reddy financially supported [[Shantaveri Gopala Gowda]] during his campaign for the [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="Gopala Gowda">{{Cite news|title = Remembering an antithesis of money and caste politics|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/remembering-an-antithesis-of-money-and-caste-politics/article26858460.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2019-04-16|access-date = 2025-03-16|language = en-IN}}</ref>

== Emergency ==

During the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]], CGK Reddy worked closely with [[George Fernandes]]. He acted as a representative of George Fernandes for the 1975 meeting of the Bureau Socialiste Internationale at [[Brussels]].<ref name="Live Mint">{{Cite news|title = George Fernandes: Rebel without a pause|url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/dxWMisYxo5tz1XfTtA0QdI/George-Fernandes-Rebel-without-a-pause.html|magazine = Live Mint|date = 2015-06-26|access-date = 2025-03-16|language = en-IN}}</ref> He was arrested in 1976 in what became known as the [[Baroda dynamite case]]. After the Janata Party won the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general elections]], he was released from prison. CGK Reddy wrote a detailed account of the Baroda Dynamite Case in his book ''Baroda Dynamite Conspiracy: The Right to Rebel''.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.amulya-reddy.org.in/Publication/1995_01_CGK0109.pdf Lest We Forget CGK Reddy]
* [https://www.orientblackswan.com/details?id=9788125055181 Baroda Dynamite Conspiracy: The Right to Rebel]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, CGK}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:The Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka]]

Saryu-class patrol vessel

2026-03-05T21:53:09Z

2famrtf: quick refine content per sources and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Offshore patrol vessels of Indian Navy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Saryu en-route to Phuket.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Saryu'' en-route to Phuket,Thailand.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Saryu'' class
| builders = [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]
| operators = *{{navy|India}}
*{{navy|Sri Lanka}}
| class_before = {{sclass|Sukanya|patrol vessel|4}}
| class_after = *[[Next-Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel|''NGOPV'']]
*{{sclass|Shachi|offshore patrol vessel|4}} ''(cancelled)''
| subclasses =
| built_range =
| in_commission_range = 2013 – present
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_planned = 6
| total_ships_completed = 6
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 6
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_scrapped =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = [[Patrol boat|Offshore patrol vessel]]
| displacement = {{cvt|2230|t}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| length = {{cvt|105|m|ft}}<ref name="toij19"/>
| beam = {{cvt|12.9|m|ft}}<ref name="livemint-30mar09"/>
| draught = {{cvt|4.9|m|ft}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| draft =
| propulsion = 2 × Pielstick PA 6B STC diesel engines, {{cvt|21725|PS}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| speed = {{cvt|25|knot|km/h}}<ref name="livemint-30mar09"/>
| range = {{cvt|6000|nmi|km}} at {{cvt|16|knot|km/h}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| complement = 16 officers and 102 sailors<ref name="toij19"/>
| sensors = *[[Sperry Marine Northrop Grumman|Sperry]] Bridgemaster I-band navigation radar
*EON-51 electro-optical [[Fire-control system|FCS]]<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| EW = *Sanket Mk III Electronic Support System
*Communication Intelligence System ELK 7036
*4 × [[Kavach (anti-missile system)|Kavach]] chaff launchers<ref name="et-2sep14">{{cite news|title=Navy to commission INS Sumitra on 4 September|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/navy-to-commission-ins-sumitra-on-september-4/articleshow/41515712.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=2 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| armament = *1 × 76 mm/62 [[Otobreda 76 mm|Oto Melara gun]]
*2 × 30 mm/65 [[AK-630]] [[CIWS]]<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| armour =
| aircraft = 1 × [[HAL Dhruv]]<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

The '''''Saryu'' class''' of [[Patrol boat|offshore patrol vessels (OPV)]] are advanced patrol ships of the [[Indian Navy]] built at the [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]. These vessels are capable of ocean surveillance and monitoring and can maintain control of shipping lanes. They can also be deployed to provide security to offshore oil installations, and other naval assets.<ref name="livemint-30mar09">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/7KDuhoPaUx2xCmTElroRhN/Indian-navy-launches-patrol-vessel.html|title=Indian navy launches patrol vessel|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=30 March 2009|access-date=12 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604194832/http://www.livemint.com/2009/03/30155650/Indian-navy-launches-patrol-ve.html|archive-date=4 June 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Design and development==
''Saryu'' class was derived from [[Sankalp-class offshore patrol vessel|''Sankalp''-class]] vessels built for the [[Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hardy |first1=James |title=Indian Navy commissions first-in-class Saryu OPV |journal=IHS Jane's Navy International |date=February 2013 |volume=118 |issue=1 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |issn=2048-3457}}</ref> The ships were designed by GSL's in-house design team and built at a cost of {{INRConvert|2452|c|lk=on|year=2010}}.<ref name="toij19">{{cite news|last=Fernandes|first=Krish|title=Indian Navy to commission indigenously built NOPV INS Saryu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Indian-Navy-to-commission-indigenously-built-NOPV-INS-Saryu/articleshow/18082884.cms|access-date=20 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naval OPV launched |url=https://www.stratpost.com/naval-opv-launched/ |work=StratPost |date=7 December 2010}}</ref> The vessels are powered by two [[Pielstick]] diesel engines rated at a combined {{convert|21725|PS}}, each driving a [[Wärtsilä]] WCP 5C10 [[Variable-pitch propeller (marine)|controllable-pitch propeller]] through a reduction gearbox.<ref>{{cite web|title=Propulsion Solutions for Offshore Patrol Vessels|url=https://cdn.wartsila.com/docs/default-source/marine-documents/segment/brochure-navy-opvs-propulsion.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506104420/https://cdn.wartsila.com/docs/default-source/marine-documents/segment/brochure-navy-opvs-propulsion.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2018|page=4|publisher=Wärtsilä|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Naval offshore Patrol Vessel "Sumitra" Launched |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=68134 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=6 December 2010}}</ref>

==Construction==
The first ship, {{INS|Saryu|P54|6}} was launched on 30 March 2009 in the presence of [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]], [[Admiral Sureesh Mehta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Indian-Navy-launches-patrol-vessel/articleshow/4335098.cms|title=Indian Navy launches patrol vessel|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=30 March 2009 |access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref> INS Saryu was handed over to the Navy on 21 December 2012<ref name="saryudelivery">{{cite web|url=http://www.goashipyard.co.in/NewsEventsDetails.aspx?id={0050-0108-0148-0128-0161-0192-0225-0256}|title=GSL delivers Indian Navy's largest patrol vessel Y-1194 (INS Saryu)|publisher=[[Goa Shipyard Limited]]|date=21 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185946/http://www.goashipyard.co.in/NewsEventsDetails.aspx?id=%7B0050-0108-0148-0128-0161-0192-0225-0256%7D|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/navy-receives-warship-ins-saryu-from-gsl_818134.html|title=Navy receives warship INS Saryu from GSL|website=[[Zee News]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=21 December 2012|access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref> and was commissioned on 21 January 2013 at [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], by the Commander-in-Chief of [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]], Air Marshal P K Roy.<ref name=toij19 /><ref name=ect>{{cite web|title=INS Saryu commissioned near Andaman and Nicobar islands|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ins-saryu-commissioned-near-andaman-and-nicobar-islands/articleshow/18113478.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=21 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827235756/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ins-saryu-commissioned-near-andaman-and-nicobar-islands/articleshow/18113478.cms|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref>

The second ship, INS ''Sunayna'', was handed over to the Indian Navy on 2 September 2013; her first CO was to be Cdr Aftab Ahmed Khan.<ref name="toisunanya">{{cite news|last1=Fernandes|first1=Joaquim|title=Goa shipyard limited hands over new patrol vessel to Indian navy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-shipyard-limited-hands-over-new-patrol-vessel-to-Indian-navy/articleshow/22231112.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 September 2013}}</ref> The three remaining ships were delivered subsequently with an interval of six months each.<ref name=ect /> INS ''Sumitra'', the fourth and last OPV, was delivered to the Navy by GSL on 16 July 2014.<ref name="toisumitra">{{cite news|title=Goa Shipyard Limited delivers INS Sumitra to Indian Navy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-Shipyard-Limited-delivers-INS-Sumitra-to-Indian-Navy/articleshow/38574523.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 July 2014}}</ref> Two ships were delivered to [[Sri Lanka Navy|Sri Lankan Navy]] in 2017 and 2018.

== Ships of the class ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Pennant
! Keel laid
! Launched
! Delivered
! Commissioned
! Status
! Notes
|-
!colspan=8 | {{navy|India}}
|-
|{{INS|Saryu|P54|2}}
|P54<ref name="insc">{{cite web|title=Offshore Patrol Vessel – Sukanya Class|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0,8|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=13 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106012224/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0%2C8|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>
|15 December 2006<ref name="jfs-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-mask=Commodore Stephen Saunders|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017|date=2016|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|location=Coulsdon|isbn=978-0710631855|page=357|edition=119th|chapter=India}}</ref>
|30 March 2009<ref>{{cite news |title=INS Saryu commissioned |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/INS-Saryu-commissioned/article16606826.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 April 2009}}</ref>
|21 December 2012<ref name="toij14">{{cite news|title=Goa Shipyard Limited touches 200 mark, largest NOPV handed over to Navy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Goa-Shipyard-Limited-touches-200-mark-largest-NOPV-handed-over-to-Navy/articleshow/28808249.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 January 2014}}</ref>
|21 January 2013<ref name="toij19" />
| rowspan="4" |Active
|-
|{{INS|Sunayna|P57|2}}
|P57<ref name="insc" />
|25 September 2007<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
|14 November 2009<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
|2 September 2013<ref name="toisunanya" /><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|title=Goa Shipyard hands over patrol vessel to Navy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/goa-shipyard-hands-over-patrol-vessel-to-navy/article5087994.ece|access-date=3 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 September 2013}}</ref>
|15 October 2013<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
|<ref name="toisunanya" /><ref name="thehindu.com" />
|-
|{{INS|Sumedha||2}}
|P58
|7 May 2008<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| 21 May 2011<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.goashipyard.co.in/NewsEventsDetails.aspx?id={0054-0100-0148-0128-0161-0192-0225-0256} |title=Hon'ble Raksha Mantri to Commission GSL Modernisation Project |publisher=[[Goa Shipyard Limited]] |access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="jfs-1617"/>
|14 January 2014<ref name="toij14"/>
|7 March 2014<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kamat|first1=Prakash|title=INS Sumedha commissioned|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/INS-Sumedha-commissioned/article20735481.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|date=7 March 2014|location=Mormugao}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=INS Sumedha Joins Indian Navy|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/ins-sumedha-joins-indian-navy|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=16 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318011234/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/ins-sumedha-joins-indian-navy|archive-date=18 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{INS|Sumitra|P59|2}}
|P59
|28 April 2010<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
|6 December 2010<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
|16 July 2014<ref name="toisumitra" />
|4 September 2014
| <ref name="et-4sep14">{{cite news|title=Navy's largest patrolling vessel INS Sumitra commissioned|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/navys-largest-patrolling-vessel-ins-sumitra-commissioned/articleshow/41683000.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=4 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
!colspan=8 | {{navy|Sri Lanka}}
|-
|{{ship|SLNS|Sayurala|2016|2}}
|P623
|10 September 2014
|11 June 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/110798/Offshore-Patrol-Vessel-built-for-SL-Navy-launched|title=Offshore Patrol Vessel built for SL Navy launched|work=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|The Daily Mirror]]|date=2016-06-11|access-date=2017-07-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729162927/http://www.dailymirror.lk/110798/Offshore-Patrol-Vessel-built-for-SL-Navy-launched|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
|22 July 2017<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dominguez|first1=Gabriel|title=Sri Lanka Navy receives largest warship to date|url=http://www.janes.com/article/72554/sri-lanka-navy-receives-largest-warship-to-date|work=[[IHS Jane's Defence Weekly]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728020812/http://www.janes.com/article/72554/sri-lanka-navy-receives-largest-warship-to-date|archive-date=28 July 2017|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref>
|2 August 2017<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://news.navy.lk/eventnews/2017/08/02/201708021815|title=HE the President commissions new AOPV of SL Navy on ceremonial note|publisher=[[Sri Lanka Navy]]|date=2 August 2017|access-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802212100/http://news.navy.lk/eventnews/2017/08/02/201708021815|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Active
|-
|{{ship|SLNS|Sindurala||2}}<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=R_docking_of_Navys_second_Advanced_Offshore_Patrol_Vessel_20161218_01|title=Re-docking of Navy's second Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessel|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)]]|access-date=2017-07-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729143528/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=New_Navy_vessel_officially_launched_at_Goa_Shipyard_20170505_01|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
|P624
|9 May 2015<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://goashipyard.co.in/gallery/news-and-events/gsl-delivered-2nd-2500-tons-large-aopv-to-sri-lankan-navy/|title=GSL DELIVERED 2ND 2500 TONS LARGE AOPV TO SRI LANKAN NAVY, 25 DAYS AHEAD OF SCHEDULE|publisher=[[Goa Shipyard Limited]]}}</ref>
|2 May 2017<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=New_Navy_vessel_officially_launched_at_Goa_Shipyard_20170505_01|title=New Navy vessel officially launched at Goa Shipyard|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)]]|date=2017-05-05|access-date=2017-07-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729143528/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=New_Navy_vessel_officially_launched_at_Goa_Shipyard_20170505_01|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
|22 March 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navaltoday.com/2018/03/26/indias-goa-shipyard-delivers-second-opv-to-sri-lankan-navy/|title=India's Goa Shipyard delivers second OPV to Sri Lankan Navy|publisher=Naval Today|date=26 March 2018|access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref>
|19 April 2018<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=SLNS_Sindurala_joins_Navy_fleet_20180420_01|title=SLNS Sindurala joins Navy fleet|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)]]|date=20 April 2018}}</ref>
|}

==Operators==
*{{navy|IND}}
*{{navy|SL}}

==Gallery==

{{Gallery
|title=Saryu-class ships at sea
|width=160 | height=170
|File:Top view of INS Saryu (P54).jpg
|Top view of {{INS|Saryu|P54|2}}
|File:SLNS Sindurala and INS Sumedha during SLINEX 2019.jpg
|[[SLNS Sindurala]] and {{INS|Sumedha||2}} during [[SLINEX]] 2019
|File:INS Sunayna returns to Kochi post an 80 day anti piracy patrol in the Gulf of Aden.jpg
|{{INS|Sunayna|P57|2}} returns to [[Kochi]] post an 80 day anti piracy patrol in the [[Gulf of Aden]].
|File:INS Sunanya (P57) at sea.jpg
|{{INS|Sunayna|P57|2}} at sea.
|File:USS Russell (DDG 59) with INS Sumitra (P59) during a passex exercise.jpg
|{{USS|Russell|DDG-59}} with {{INS|Sumitra|P59|2}} during a passex exercise.
|File:INS Sumedha (P58) en-route to Bangladesh.jpg
|{{INS|Sumedha||2}} en-route to [[Port of Mongla|Mongla]], [[Bangladesh]]
|File:SLNS Sayurala at Goa Shipyard.jpg
|[[SLNS Sayurala (2016)|SLNS Sayurala]] at [[Goa Shipyard]].
}}

==See also==
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
*[[List of Sri Lanka Navy equipment]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.goashipyard.co.in/products_specialized_products_105_m_naval_advanced_offshore_patrol_vessel.asp|105 M Naval offshore patrol vessel official website}}
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Saryu.html Saryu Class Offshore Patrol Vessel]
* [http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=58420&n_tit=News+in+Pics+by+Kalakruti+-+Panaji Images from INS Saryu launch ceremony]
* [http://www.goashipyard.co.in/control/files/5~19~2011~3~29~08~PM~105MeterNOPVPicture.jpg.jpeg Graphical Image of NPOV]

{{Saryu-class patrol vessel}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saryu Class Patrol Vessel}}
[[Category:Patrol boats of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Patrol ship classes]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Saryu-class patrol vessels]]

Sugar Salt Ani Prem

2026-03-04T09:45:10Z

2famrtf: starting a entry

{{Short description|2015 Marathi film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sugar Salt Ani Prem
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Sonali Bangera
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sonali Kulkarni]]
*[[Sameer Dharmadhikari]]
*[[Ajinkya Dev]]
*[[Shilpa Tulaskar]]
*[[Prasad Oak]]
*[[Kranti Redkar]]
}}
| cinematography = Rahul Jadhav
| editing =
| music = [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|06|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sugar Salt ani Prem''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film director, writer and produced by Sonali Bangera. The film stars [[Sonali Kulkarni]], [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]], [[Ajinkya Dev]], [[Shilpa Tulaskar]], [[Prasad Oak]] and [[Kranti Redkar]]. Music by [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]. The film was released on 12 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title='शुगर सॉल्ट आणि प्रेम' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/1111773/sugar-salt-ani-prem-will-tell-the-tale-of-three-women/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128131928/https://www.loksatta.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/1111773/sugar-salt-ani-prem-will-tell-the-tale-of-three-women/ |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
When tragedy strikes Soumya, she meets two like-minded women, Ananya and Aditi, who are struggling in their lives. When their bond strengthens, they decide to overcome their problems together.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2015 |title=शुगर, सॉल्ट आणि प्रेम |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/sugar-salt-ani-prem/articleshow/47649021.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128132557/https://maharashtratimes.com/sugar-salt-ani-prem/articleshow/47649021.cms |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] As Aditi
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as Rahul
* [[Ajinkya Deo]] as Ajay
* [[Kranti Redkar]] as Soumya
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Ananya
* [[Prasad Oak]] as Ravindra

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sugar Salt ani Prem
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title= 'शुगर सॉल्ट आणि प्रेम' सिनेमाचा स्वरमयी सोहळा |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-sugar-salt-ani-prem-marathi-movie-music-launching-event-4980344-PHO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129055317/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-sugar-salt-ani-prem-marathi-movie-music-launching-event-4980344-PHO.html |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:35
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2014
| year = 2016
| next_title =
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|1Lil-mPFJjE| Sugar Salt aani Prem – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:35
| title1 = Disha Milali Aaj
| extra1 = [[Akriti Kakar]], [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 4:21
| title2 = Mann Mazhey
| extra2 = Nihira Joshi-Deshpande
| length2 = 5:07
| title3 = Saangto Goshta Hi
| extra3 = Shivam Mahadevan
| length3 = 6:07
}}

== Critical response ==
Sugar Salt aani Prem film received positive reviews from critics. Mihir Bhanage of [[The Times of India]] gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote "The film is a classic example of how a simple story can be turned into something that grips you and gives you a lesson in morality and empowerment".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=SUGAR SALT AANI PREM MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/sugar-salt-aani-prem/movie-review/47689612.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129053404/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/sugar-salt-aani-prem/movie-review/47689612.cms |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of [[Pune Mirror]] wrote "Maybe this is all unimportant for the filmmaker. Maybe these days people believe that doing a good Marathi film is as simple as designing an AI chair. All you need is finance".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2015 |title=Film Reviews: A screenplay of convenience |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-a-screenplay-of-convenience/cid5089296.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129053938/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-a-screenplay-of-convenience/cid5089296.htm |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English
}}</ref> Abhijeet Thite of [[Maharashtra Times]] gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "Although acting and cinematography are good, I feel that more attention should have been paid to the screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2015 |title=माप चुकले नसते तर... |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sugar-salt-ani-prem/amp_moviereview/47648654.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129054819/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sugar-salt-ani-prem/amp_moviereview/47648654.cms |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt3693976}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/sugar_salt_ani_prem}}

[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]

Raja Desingu

2026-03-04T05:17:31Z

2famrtf: updated content for consistency and improved wording per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Raja Desingu (1960).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. R. Raghunath]]
| writer = [[Kannadasan]] Makkalanban
| producer = [[Lena Chettiar]]
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[S. S. Rajendran]] [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| cinematography = M. A. Rehman
| editing = V. B. Natarajan
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| studio = Krishna Pictures
| released = {{film date|1960|9|2|df=y}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Raja Desingu''''' ({{translation|King Desingu}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[biographical film]] starring [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]. Based on the life of [[Desingh]], the film was directed by [[T. R. Raghunath]] and had a delayed release on 2 September 1960.

== Plot ==
[[Swarup Singh of Gingee|Raja Swaroop Singh]] [[Bundela]] won the respect and loyalty of the people of [[Gingee|Senji]] during his rule, where Hindus and Muslims lived in peace and prosperity. A son was born to Swaroop Singh and his wife Rambai [[Bundela]], whom they named [[Desingh|Tej Singh]] [[Bundela]] pronounced as Desingu in Tamil. Swaroop Singh has a secret [[Muslim]] concubine called Jaan Bibi, and they have a son called Dawood Khan, who was a little older than Desingu. Fearing that Dawood might pose a threat to the succession of the throne in years to come, on the advice of his commander and close confidant Yusuf Khan, Swaroop Singh persuades Jaan Bibi to leave Senji, taking little Dawood with her. Desingu, who has integrity and courage grows up with his childhood friend, another brave young man called Mohammed Khan, and two are always inseparable.

At this juncture, the Sultan of Delhi offers to free any state coming under his dominion whose ruler manages to tame a wild horse in his stable. Hearing this in the intention to have a free kingdom, Swaroop Singh leaves to Delhi without letting know Rambai and Desingu. Despite trying very hard, he failed to tame the wild horse and was imprisoned by the Sultan of Delhi. Upon hearing this, the minister informs Desingu, who rushes to Delhi where he meets his uncle Bheem Singh [[Bundela]] for advice. The dauntless Desingu manages to tame the stallion and ride it, to the loud cheers of the huge audience. Filled with admiration, the Sultan frees Swaroop Singh, who had earlier failed in this endeavour and gives them a written proclamation of Senji's independence. Desingu marries Ranibai [[Bundela]], who is Bheem Singh's daughter. Pandiyan, who works in the horse stable comes along to Senji and works as assistant to Mohamad Khan's father and falls in love and marries Sengkamalam, who is also Mohamad Khan's adopted sister.

Meanwhile, growing up as an illegitimate child, Dawood vows to rule Senji some day. But on her deathbed, Jaan Bibi extracts a promise from Dawood that he would not cause any harm to Desingu. Dawood goes to Arcot and wins the confidence of the Nawab, when he rescues the Nawab's infant son from being crushed under an elephant's feet. The grateful Nawab appoints him as his general. When Dawood expresses his determination to subjugate Senji, the Nawab expresses his helplessness, stating that nothing could be done as long as Desingu has the written proclamation of Senji's independence in his custody. It is around the same time that Desingu dismisses his general Yusuf Khan from service when he is caught trying to commit adultery molesting Sengkamalam. Abetted by the humiliated Yusuf Khan who has now turned traitor, Dawood makes use of his striking resemblance to Desingu and extracts the written parchment from the unsuspecting wife of Desingu.

When Mohammed Khan falls in love with the pretty Ayisha, he anticipates no opposition from his parents for the match. However, he finds that his mother and father have each identified a girl of their own choice to be his wife. When he informs them that he has already chosen his life partner, his father proposes that they go the queen for an appropriate decision. Ranibai asks each of them to write down the name of the girl they have in mind, and then discovers that all 3 of them have written Ayisha's name.

When the royal astrologer suggests that Desingu and Ranibai be separated for 3 years as an antidote for the inauspicious placement of their stars, Desingu pours scorn upon such beliefs. However, considering the welfare of Senji and heeding to his mother's plea, Desingu is forced to consent to such separation. He carries on stolidly with his responsibilities as the ruler of Senji during the day.

The [[Nawab of Arcot]] and Dawood Khan send a man to meet Desingu to request Senji kingdom to pay tax. Desingu announces in agony that Senji would not bow to the Sultanate of Delhi. Now that Senji had no proof of its independence, Arcot declares war on Senji for non-payment of taxes. Under the resolute leadership of Mohammed Khan, Senji emerges triumphant in warding off the Arcot forces. But even as Mohammed Khan fetches water to quench the thirst of a dying soldier of Arcot, Yusuf Khan shoots him from the back. And not satisfied with dastardly act, Yusuf Khan kills Mohammed Khan's fiancée Ayisha, who had come to the battlefield in search of her beloved. Wanting the brothers to fight against each other now, Yusuf Khan carries false reports to Desingu that it was Dawood who killed Mohammed Khan. Thirsting for revenge for the death of his friend, Desingu rushes to the war front and soon challenges Dawood to a duel. Dawood is hesitant to fight with his brother, and even advises Desingu that they could leave the fighting to their troops. But Desingu is no mood to listen and soon the brothers are engaged in a bitter duel. Handicapped by his oath not to harm Desingu, Dawood is soon vanquished and lies mortally wounded. Desingu's delight is short-lived, for Yusuf Khan now informs him that Dawood is none other than his brother. Adding to his grief at the death of his friend, Desingu is horrified at having killed his brother, and in a moment of abject remorse, kills himself.

== Cast ==
''Cast according to the opening credits''
{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as [[Desingh|Desingu]] / Dawood Khan
* [[S. S. Rajendran]] as Mohamed Khan
* [[T. S. Balaiah]]
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Pandiyan
* [[M. G. Chakrapani]] as Nawab of Arcot
* [[T. K. Ramachandran]] as General Yusuf Khan
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as King Swaroop Singh
* [[M. R. Santhanam]] as Bheem Singh
* [[R. Balasubramaniam]]
* Alwar Kuppusami
* M. N. Krishnan
* [[Karikol Raju]] as Minister
* Thirupathisami
* Venkatachalam as Royal Astrologer
* [[N. S. Krishnan|{{small|Kalaivanar}} N. S. Krishnan]] as Mohamed Khan's Father
;Stunt
* R. N. Nambiar
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]] as Ranibai
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Ayisha
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Sengamalam
* [[T. A. Madhuram]] as Mohamed Khan's Mother
* Lakshmiprabha as Jaan Bibi
* [[M. Saroja]]
* [[Rushyendramani]] as Queen Rambai
;Dance
* [[Kumari Kamala|Kamalalakshman]]
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]
* [[Kusalakumari]]
;Choreographers
* [[Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai]]
* P. S. Gopala Krishnan
* Thangaraj
* Chinni-Sampath
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
''Raja Desingu'' is based on the life of [[Desingh]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=7 May 2020 |title=Where the ballad scores over history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/where-the-ballad-scores-over-history/article31525509.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135334/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/where-the-ballad-scores-over-history/article31525509.ece |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=14 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> with [[M. G. Ramachandran]] portraying the title character, renamed Desingu. The film was in production for over two years due to various troubles. The director [[T. R. Raghunath]] had already shot a [[Bharatanatyam]] sequence with [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], when her character was initially written as a [[Hindus|Hindu]] princess. When the character was changed into a [[Muslims|Muslim]], the song became incongruous. Ramachandran objected to it, and the sequence was removed.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=15 August 2015 |title=Raja Desingu (1960) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-raja-desinghu-1960-featuring-mgr/article7544279.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101004641/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-raja-desinghu-1960-featuring-mgr/article7544279.ece |archive-date=1 January 2020 |access-date=14 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> However, when the film was released, it was a flop. So, the producer included Padmini's dance scene and re-released the film. This dance is not included in the DVD of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |author=மணியன் |first=பி.ஜி.எஸ். |title=இசைச் சக்கரவர்த்தி திரு. ஜி. ராமநாதன் - 23 |url=https://www.thamizhstudio.com/Koodu/thodargal_4_49.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127160224/https://www.thamizhstudio.com/Koodu/thodargal_4_49.php |archive-date=27 November 2018 |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=thamizhstudio.com |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music composed by [[G. Ramanathan]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]], [[Kannadasan]], and [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1960 |title=Raja Desingu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/raja-desingu/bSC034KhvIo_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627101521/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/raja-desingu/bSC034KhvIo_ |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=14 April 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The songs ''Vanamevum Raajakumaraa'' and ''Sarasaraani Kalyani'' were well received.<ref name="hindu" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Aadhi Kadavul Ondruthan' || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] || 02:52
|-
| "Iyalodu Isaipole" || [[C. S. Jayaraman]] & [[P. Bhanumathi]] || 01:24
|-
| "Kaadhalin Bimbam" || [[P. Susheela]] ||
|-
| "Kanangkuruvi Kaattuppuraa" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & [[P. Leela]] || 04:07
|-
| "Mannavane Senji" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & P. Leela ||
|-
| "Paarkadal Alaimele" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] || 07:25
|-
| "Vanamevum Raajakumaraa" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & [[Jikki]] || 04:19
|-
| "Podapporaaru" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Sarasaraani Kalyani" || C. S. Jayaraman & P. Bhanumathi || 02:54
|-
| "Vaazhga Engal" || P. Leela & Jikki ||
|-
| "Pazhanimalai" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Vandhaan Paaru" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & P. Leela ||
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Raja Desingu'' was released on 2 September 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2011 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆர். நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181114041813/http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=14 April 2021 |website=Ithayakkani |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Table: Chronological List of MGR's Movies released between 1960 and 1967 |url=https://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616112435/http://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=14 April 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the film for showing the Muslim community in a favourable light, and Ramachandran's dual role performance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 1960 |title=M.G.R. Sets New Vogue In ''Raja Desingu'' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19601002&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=21 August 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to historian [[Randor Guy]], Ramachandran's fans did not want their favourite actor to die onscreen, and had not arrived to theatres to see the film. The film was declared a failure due to its protracted production schedule; its theatrical run lasted 6–7 weeks.<ref name="hindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960s biographical films]]
[[Category:1960s historical films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Raghunath]]
[[Category:Films produced by Lena Chettiar]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi

2026-03-03T19:35:42Z

2famrtf: Started the entry first draft

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[[Mahatma Gandhi|'''Mahatma''' '''Gandhi''']]'s statements, letters and life have attracted much political and scholarly analysis of his principles, practices and beliefs, including what influenced him. Some writers present him as a paragon of [[ethical living]] and [[pacifism]], while others present him as a more complex, contradictory and evolving character influenced by his culture and circumstances.<ref>{{cite book|author=William Borman|title=Gandhi and Non-Violence|url= https://archive.org/details/gandhinonviolenc0000borm |url-access=registration|year= 1986|publisher= [[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0-88706-331-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhinonviolenc0000borm/page/192 192]–95, 208–29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dennis Dalton|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxUp1igCL_0C |year=2012|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-15959-3|pages=30–35 |quote=Yet he [Gandhi] must bear some of the responsibility for losing his followers along the way. The sheer vagueness and contradictions recurrent throughout his writing made it easier to accept him as a saint than to fathom the challenge posed by his demanding beliefs. Gandhi saw no harm in self-contradictions: life was a series of experiments, and any principle might change if Truth so dictated}}.</ref>

== Influences ==
[[File:Tagore Gandhi.jpg|thumb|Gandhi with poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]], 1940.]]

Gandhi grew up in a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] religious atmosphere in his native Gujarat, which were his primary influences, but he was also influenced by his personal reflections and literature of [https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/tradition/movements-and-leaders/the-bhakti-saints/ Hindu Bhakti saints], [[Advaita Vedanta]], [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]], and thinkers such as [[Tolstoy]], [[John Ruskin|Ruskin]] and [[Thoreau]].<ref name=brown93>{{cite book|author1=Brown, Judith M.|author2=Parel, Anthony|name-list-style=amp|title=The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLM8kMZZu-IC&pg=PA93|year=2011|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-13345-6|page=93|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073115/https://books.google.com/books?id=KLM8kMZZu-IC&pg=PA93|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Indira Carr|editor=Stuart Brown|display-editors=etal|title=Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZQqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-92796-8|pages=263–64}}, Quote: "Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand. Indian. born: 2 October 1869, Gujarat; (...) Influences: [[Vaishnavism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]]."</ref> At age 57 he declared himself to be [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaitist Hindu]] in his religious persuasion, but added that he supported [[Dvaita|Dvaitist]] viewpoints and religious pluralism.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. Jordens|title=Gandhi's Religion: A Homespun Shawl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELODDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|year=1998|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-37389-1|page=116|quote=I am an advaitist, and yet I can support Dvaitism}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffrey D. Long|editor=Rita Sherma and Arvind Sharma|title=Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4eXRvwyvtMC&pg=PA194|year=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-8192-7|page=194|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073153/https://books.google.com/books?id=x4eXRvwyvtMC&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gandhi, Mahatma|title=Hinduism According to Gandhi: Thoughts, Writings and Critical Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYsxh5qiUc0C&pg=PA85|year=2013|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|isbn=978-81-222-0558-9|page=85}}</ref>

Gandhi was influenced by his devout Vaishnava Hindu mother, the regional Hindu temples and [[Bhakti movement|saint tradition]] which co-existed with Jain tradition in Gujarat.<ref name=brown93 /><ref>{{cite book|author=Anil Mishra|title=Reading Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa8cD95Mt4YC&pg=PA2 |year=2012|publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-81-317-9964-2|page=2}}</ref> Historian R.B. Cribb states that Gandhi's thought evolved over time, with his early ideas becoming the core or scaffolding for his mature philosophy. He committed himself early to truthfulness, [[Temperance (virtue)|temperance]], [[chastity]], and vegetarianism.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cribb |first1=R. B. |year=1985 |title=The Early Political Philosophy of M. K. Gandhi, 1869–1893 |journal=Asian Profile |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=353–60}}</ref>

Gandhi's London lifestyle incorporated the values he had grown up with. When he returned to India in 1891, his outlook was parochial and he could not make a living as a lawyer. This challenged his belief that practicality and morality necessarily coincided. After moving to South Africa in 1893, he found a solution to this problem and developed the central concepts of his mature philosophy.<ref name="Crib1985">Crib (1985).</ref>

According to Bhikhu Parekh, three books that influenced Gandhi most in South Africa were [[William Mackintire Salter|William Salter's]] ''Ethical Religion'' (1889); [[Henry David Thoreau]]'s ''[[Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)|On the Duty of Civil Disobedience]]'' (1849); and [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s ''[[The Kingdom of God Is Within You]]'' (1894). The art critic and critic of political economy [[John Ruskin]] inspired his decision to live an austere life on a commune, at first on the Phoenix Farm in Natal and then on the [[Tolstoy Farm]] just outside Johannesburg, South Africa.<ref name="Parekh2001">{{cite book|last=Parekh|first=Bhikhu C.|title=Gandhi: a very short introduction|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC|isbn=978-0-19-285457-5|year=2001|page=7|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501150721/https://books.google.com/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC|url-status=live}}</ref> His book ''[[Sarvodaya]]'' (1908) in Gujarati is a translation of Ruskin's ''[[Unto This Last]]'' which he read on a 24-hour train journey in South Africa.<ref>Marbaniang, D. (2023). Gandhian Pluralist Spirituality and the Anticorruption Mission of the Aam Aadmi Party in Delhi. In: KWAN, S.SM., CHOW, WY. (eds) Asian Spiritualities and Social Transformation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2641-1_14</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mahatma Gandhi|title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/262|access-date=23 November 2016|volume=39|year=1957|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|isbn=978-0-8070-5909-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/299 299-300]}}</ref> The most profound influence on Gandhi were those from Hinduism, Christianity and Jainism, states Parekh, with his thoughts "in harmony with the classical Indian traditions, specially the Advaita or monistic tradition".<ref>{{cite book|author=Bhikhu C. Parekh|title=Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qwyjly4tTUUC |year=2001|publisher=Sterling Publishing|isbn=978-1-4027-6887-3|pages=43, 71}}</ref>

According to Indira Carr and others, Gandhi was influenced by Vaishnavism, Jainism and Advaita Vedanta.<ref>{{cite book|author=Indira Carr|editor=Stuart Brown|display-editors=etal|title=Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZQqBgAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-92796-8|page=263}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Glyn Richards|title=Studies in Religion: A Comparative Approach to Theological and Philosophical Themes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ2_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |year=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-24147-7|pages=64–78}}</ref> Balkrishna Gokhale states that Gandhi was influenced by Hinduism and Jainism, and his studies of Sermon on the Mount of Christianity, [[John Ruskin|Ruskin]] and Tolstoy.<ref name="BGB">{{cite journal |last1=Gokhale |first1=Balkrishna Govind |author-link=Balkrishna Govind Gokhale |year=1972 |title=Gandhi and History |journal=History and Theory |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=214–25 |doi=10.2307/2504587 |jstor=2504587 }}</ref>

Additional theories of possible influences on Gandhi have been proposed. For example, in 1935, N. A. Toothi stated that Gandhi was influenced by the reforms and teachings of the [[Swaminarayan]] tradition of [[John Ruskin|Hinduism]]. According to Raymond Williams, Toothi may have overlooked the influence of the Jain community, and adds close parallels do exist in programs of social reform in the Swaminarayan tradition and those of Gandhi, based on "nonviolence, truth-telling, cleanliness, temperance and upliftment of the masses."<ref name=rbw01>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|title=An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-65422-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/173 173]}}</ref><ref name="mhe94">{{cite book|last=Meller|first=Helen Elizabeth|title=Patrick Geddes: social evolutionist and city planner|year=1994|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-10393-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/patrickgeddessoc0000mell/page/159 159]|url=https://archive.org/details/patrickgeddessoc0000mell/page/159|author-link=Helen Elizabeth Meller}}</ref> Historian Howard states the culture of Gujarat influenced Gandhi and his methods.<ref name=Spodek>{{cite journal|last=Spodek|first=Howard|title=On the Origins of Gandhi's Political Methodology: The Heritage of Kathiawad and Gujarat|journal=Journal of Asian Studies|year= 1971| volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=361–72 |jstor=2942919 |doi=10.2307/2942919|s2cid=155257004 }}</ref>

=== Leo Tolstoy ===
[[File:Gandhi Tolstoy Farm.jpg|thumb|Mohandas K. Gandhi and other residents of [[Tolstoyan movement#Africa|Tolstoy Farm]], South Africa, 1910]]

Along with ''[[The Kingdom of God Is Within You]]'' in 1908, [[Leo Tolstoy]] wrote ''[[A Letter to a Hindu]]'', which said that only by using love as a weapon through [[passive resistance]] could the Indian people overthrow colonial rule. In 1909, Gandhi wrote to Tolstoy seeking advice and permission to republish ''A Letter to a Hindu'' in Gujarati. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death in 1910 (Tolstoy's last letter was to Gandhi).<ref>{{cite book|title=Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy: Letters |editor=B. Srinivasa Murthy|year= 1987|publisher=Long Beach Publications |isbn= 0-941910-03-2}}</ref> The letters concern practical and theological applications of nonviolence.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy: Letters|editor=Murthy, B. Srinivasa|year=1987|isbn=0-941910-03-2|url=http://bsmurthy.com/download/Mahatma_Gandhi_Leostoy_Letters_by_BSM.pdf |publisher=Long Beach Publications|location=Long Beach, California|access-date=14 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917094806/http://bsmurthy.com/download/Mahatma_Gandhi_Leostoy_Letters_by_BSM.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2012}}</ref> Gandhi saw himself a disciple of Tolstoy, for they agreed regarding opposition to state authority and colonialism; both hated violence and preached [[Nonresistance|non-resistance]]. However, they differed sharply on political strategy. Gandhi called for political involvement; he was a nationalist and was prepared to use nonviolent force. He was also willing to compromise.<ref name="Green1986">{{cite book|author=Green, Martin Burgess|title=The origins of nonviolence: Tolstoy and Gandhi in their historical settings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0luAAAAMAAJ|access-date=17 January 2012|year=1986|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]]|isbn=978-0-271-00414-3|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073120/https://books.google.com/books?id=D0luAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> It was at [[Tolstoy Farm]] where Gandhi and [[Hermann Kallenbach]] systematically trained their disciples in the philosophy of nonviolence.<ref name="Bhana">{{cite journal |last1=Bhana |first1=Surendra |year=1979 |title=Tolstoy Farm, A Satyagrahi's Battle Ground |journal=Journal of Indian History |volume=57 |issue=2/3 |pages=431–40}}</ref>

=== Shrimad Rajchandra ===
Gandhi credited [[Shrimad Rajchandra]], a poet and Jain philosopher, as his influential counsellor. In ''Modern Review'', June 1930, Gandhi wrote about their first encounter in 1891 at P.J. Mehta's residence in Bombay. He was introduced to Shrimad by Pranjivan Mehta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raychandbhai |url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/autobio/chap26.htm |website=MK Gandhi |publisher=Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal & Gandhi Research Foundation |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702084005/https://www.mkgandhi.org/autobio/chap26.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Gandhi exchanged letters with Rajchandra when he was in South Africa, referring to him as ''Kavi'' (literally, "poet"). In 1930, Gandhi wrote, "Such was the man who captivated my heart in religious matters as no other man ever has till now."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gandhi|first1=Mahatma|title=Gandhi: An Autobiography|isbn=0-8070-5909-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/63 63–65]|edition=[[Beacon Press]]|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/63|year=1993|publisher=Beacon Press }}</ref> "I have said elsewhere that in moulding my inner life Tolstoy and Ruskin vied with Kavi. But Kavi's influence was undoubtedly deeper if only because I had come in closest personal touch with him."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Webber|first1= Thomas|title=Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor|year=2011|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn =978-0-521-17448-0|pages=33–36 |edition= 3}}</ref>

Gandhi, in his autobiography, called Rajchandra his "guide and helper" and his "refuge [...] in moments of spiritual crisis". He had advised Gandhi to be patient and to study Hinduism deeply.<ref name="Gandhi1957">{{cite book|author=Mahatma Gandhi|title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/262|access-date=23 November 2016|volume=39|year=1957|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|isbn=978-0-8070-5909-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/262 262]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mahatma Gandhi|title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/262|access-date=23 November 2016|volume=39|year=1957|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|isbn=978-0-8070-5909-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/262 262]}}</ref><ref name="Weber2004">{{cite book|author=Thomas Weber|title=Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe|url-access=registration|year= 2004|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-45657-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe/page/34 34]–36}}</ref>

=== Religious texts ===
During his stay in South Africa, along with scriptures and philosophical texts of Hinduism and other Indian religions, Gandhi read translated texts of Christianity such as the Bible, and Islam such as the [[Quran]].<ref name=britgandhirel /> A Quaker mission in South Africa attempted to convert him to Christianity. Gandhi joined them in their prayers and debated Christian theology with them, but refused conversion stating he did not accept the theology therein or that Christ was the only son of God.<ref name=britgandhirel /><ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Burgess Green|title=Gandhi: voice of a new age revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhivoiceofnew00gree/page/123|year=1993|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-0620-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhivoiceofnew00gree/page/123 123–25]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Fischer Louis|title=The life of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmahatmagan00fisc_0/page/43|year=1950|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=978-0-06-091038-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofmahatmagan00fisc_0/page/43 43–44]}}</ref>

His comparative studies of religions and interaction with scholars, led him to respect all religions as well as become concerned about imperfections in all of them and frequent misinterpretations.<ref name=britgandhirel /> Gandhi grew fond of Hinduism, and referred to the [[Bhagavad Gita]] as his spiritual dictionary and greatest single influence on his life.<ref name=britgandhirel>{{Cite encyclopedia| title=Mahatma Gandhi – The religious quest {{!}} Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts| url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi/Resistance-and-results#toc22635| encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]| year=2015| access-date=3 June 2017| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513020112/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi/Resistance-and-results#toc22635| archive-date=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ghose, Sankar |title=Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C |year=1991|publisher= Allied Publishers|pages= 377–78|isbn= 978-81-7023-205-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard H. Davis|title=The "Bhagavad Gita": A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ3rAwAAQBAJ| year= 2014|publisher= [[Princeton University Press]]|isbn= 978-1-4008-5197-3|pages=137–45}}</ref> Later, Gandhi translated the ''Gita'' into Gujarati in 1930.<ref>{{cite journal | title= The Story of Antaryami |last=Suhrud |first=Tridip |author-link=Tridip Suhrud |journal=[[Social Scientist]] |volume=46|issue=11–12|date=November–December 2018 |page=45 |jstor=26599997}}</ref>

==== Sufism ====
Gandhi was acquainted with [[Sufi Islam]]'s [[Chishti Order]] during his stay in South Africa. He attended [[Khanqah]] gatherings there at Riverside. According to Margaret Chatterjee, Gandhi as a Vaishnava Hindu shared values such as humility, devotion and brotherhood for the poor that is also found in [[Sufism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Margaret|title=Gandhi and the Challenge of Religious Diversity: Religious Pluralism Revisited|date=2005|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-46-0|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_06rcmT0b7UC&pg=PA119|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073115/https://books.google.com/books?id=_06rcmT0b7UC&pg=PA119|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fiala|first=Andrew|title=The Routledge Handbook of Pacifism and Nonviolence|date=2018|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-27197-0|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y35KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073122/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y35KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|url-status=live}}, Fiala quotes Ambitabh Pal, "Gandhi himself followed a strand of Hinduism that with its emphasis on service and on poetry and songs bore similarities to Sufi Islam".</ref> [[Winston Churchill]] also compared Gandhi to a Sufi [[fakir]].<ref name="Herman">{{cite book|author=Arthur Herman|title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C&pg=PA359|year=2008|publisher=[[Random House]]|page=359|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101071616/https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C&pg=PA359|archive-date=1 January 2016|isbn=978-0-553-90504-5}}</ref>

==Gandhi on war==
Gandhi participated in forming the [[Indian Ambulance Corps]] in the South African war against the Boers, on the British side in 1899.<ref name=ghose275 /> Both the Dutch settlers called Boers and the imperial British at that time discriminated against the coloured races they considered as inferior, and Gandhi later wrote about his conflicted beliefs during the Boer war. He stated that "when the war was declared, my personal sympathies were all with the Boers, but my loyalty to the British rule drove me to participation with the British in that war. I felt that, if I demanded rights as a British citizen, it was also my duty, as such to participate in the defence of the British Empire, so I collected together as many comrades as possible, and with very great difficulty got their services accepted as an ambulance corps."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/short/ev6.htm |title=Returning his Medals |access-date=16 May 2021 |publisher=Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal & Gandhi Research Foundation |quote=When the war was declared, my personal sympathies were all with the Boers, but my loyalty to the British rule drove me to participation with the British in that war. I felt that, if I demanded rights as a British citizen, it was also my duty, as such to participate in the defence of the British Empire. so I collected together as many comrades as possible, and with very great difficulty got their services accepted as an ambulance corps. |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516190207/https://www.mkgandhi.org/short/ev6.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

During World War I (1914–1918), nearing the age of 50, Gandhi supported the British and its allied forces by recruiting Indians to join the British army, expanding the Indian contingent from about 100,000 to over 1.1 million.<ref name="green89">{{cite book|author1=Michael J. Green|author2=Nicholas Szechenyi|title=A Global History of the Twentieth Century: Legacies and Lessons from Six National Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xHnDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |year=2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-7972-8|pages=89–90}}</ref><ref name=ghose275 /> He encouraged Indian people to fight on one side of the war in Europe and Africa at the cost of their lives.<ref name=ghose275>{{cite book |author=Ghose, Sankar |title=Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA275 |year=1991 |publisher=Allied Publishers |page=275 |isbn=978-81-7023-205-6 |access-date=2023-07-20 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073116/https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA275 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pacifists criticised and questioned Gandhi, who defended these practices by stating, according to Sankar Ghose, "it would be madness for me to sever my connection with the society to which I belong".<ref name=ghose275 /> According to Keith Robbins, the recruitment effort was in part motivated by the British promise to reciprocate the help with ''swaraj'' (self-government) to Indians after the end of World War I.<ref name=robbins133>{{cite book|author=Keith Robbins|title=The First World War|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qnTq4w-Ny3oC |year=2002|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|isbn= 978-0-19-280318-4|pages=133–37}}</ref> After the war, the British government offered minor reforms instead, which disappointed Gandhi.<ref name="green89" /> He launched his ''satyagraha'' movement in 1919. In parallel, Gandhi's fellowmen became sceptical of his pacifist ideas and were inspired by the ideas of nationalism and anti-imperialism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rahul Sagar|editor=David M. Malone|display-editors=etal|title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=McwfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |year=2015 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|isbn= 978-0-19-106118-9|pages=71–73}}</ref>

In a 1920 essay, after the World War I, Gandhi wrote, "where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence." Rahul Sagar interprets Gandhi's efforts to recruit for the British military during the War, as Gandhi's belief that, at that time, it would demonstrate that Indians were willing to fight. Further, it would also show the British that his fellow Indians were "their subjects by choice rather than out of cowardice." In 1922, Gandhi wrote that abstinence from violence is effective and true forgiveness only when one has the power to punish, not when one decides not to do anything because one is helpless.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rahul Sagar|editor=David M. Malone|display-editors=etal|title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=McwfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |year=2015 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|isbn= 978-0-19-106118-9|page=70}}</ref>

After World War II engulfed Britain, Gandhi actively campaigned to oppose any help to the British war effort and any Indian participation in the war by launching [[Quit India Movement]]. According to Arthur Herman, Gandhi believed that his campaign would strike a blow to imperialism.<ref name="herman467">{{cite book|author=Arthur Herman|title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|year=2008|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-0-553-90504-5|pages=467–70|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913065817/http://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The British government responded with mass arrests including that of Gandhi and Congress leaders and killed over 1,000 Indians who participated in this movement.<ref name="auto">{{cite book | last=Marques | first=J. | title=The Routledge Companion to Inclusive Leadership | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Companions in Business, Management and Marketing | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-000-03965-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCrXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT403 | page=403 | access-date=2023-07-20 | archive-date=2023-03-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=vCrXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT403 | url-status=live }}</ref> A number of violent attacks were also carried out by the nationalists against the British government.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite book | last1=Anderson | first1=D. | last2=Killingray | first2=D. | title=Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism, and the Police, 1917-65 | publisher=Manchester University Press | series=Studies in imperialism | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-7190-3033-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rni7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51 | quote=Britain's hold over India weakened and an early resumption of Congress rule appeared inevitable | page=51 | access-date=2023-07-20 | archive-date=2023-03-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=rni7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51 | url-status=live }}</ref> While 2.5 million Indians volunteered and joined on the British side and fought as a part of the Allied forces in Europe, North Africa and various fronts of the World War II,<ref name="herman467" /> the Quit India Movement played a role in weakening the control over the South Asian region by the British regime and ultimately paved the way for Indian independence.<ref name="Anderson"/><ref name="herman467"/>

== Gandhi on nonviolence ==
=== Truth and Satyagraha ===
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi on Rumours.jpg|thumb|Plaque displaying one of Gandhi's quotes on rumour]]

Gandhi dedicated his life to discovering and pursuing truth, or ''[[Satya]]'', and called his movement [[satyagraha]], which means "appeal to, insistence on, or reliance on the Truth".<ref>{{cite book|author=Gene Sharp|title=Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power: Three Case Histories |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiwieldsweap00shar |year=1960|publisher=Navajivan|page=[https://archive.org/details/gandhiwieldsweap00shar/page/4 4]}}</ref> The first formulation of the ''satyagraha'' as a political movement and principle occurred in 1920, which he tabled as "Resolution on Non-cooperation" in September that year before a session of the Indian Congress. It was the ''satyagraha'' formulation and step, states Dennis Dalton, that deeply resonated with beliefs and culture of his people, embedded him into the popular consciousness, transforming him quickly into Mahatma.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dennis Dalton|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxUp1igCL_0C |year=2012|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-15959-3|pages=30–32}}</ref>

[[File:God is Truth.jpg|thumb|left|"God is truth. The way to truth lies through [[ahimsa]] (nonviolence)" – [[Sabarmati Ashram|Sabarmati]], 13 March 1927]]

Gandhi based ''Satyagraha'' on the Vedantic ideal of self-realisation, ahimsa (nonviolence), vegetarianism, and universal love. William Borman states that the key to his ''satyagraha'' is rooted in the Hindu [[Upanishads|Upanishadic]] texts.<ref>{{cite book|author=William Borman|title=Gandhi and Non-Violence|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhinonviolenc0000borm |url-access=registration|year=1986|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0-88706-331-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhinonviolenc0000borm/page/26 26]–34}}</ref> According to Indira Carr, Gandhi's ideas on ''ahimsa'' and ''satyagraha'' were founded on the philosophical foundations of Advaita Vedanta.<ref>{{cite book|author=Indira Carr|editor=Stuart Brown|display-editors=etal|title=Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZQqBgAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-92796-8|page=264}}</ref> I. Bruce Watson states that some of these ideas are found not only in traditions within Hinduism, but also in Jainism or Buddhism, particularly those about non-violence, vegetarianism and universal love, but Gandhi's synthesis was to politicise these ideas.<ref name="Watson">{{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=I. Bruce |year=1977 |title=Satyagraha: The Gandhian Synthesis |journal=Journal of Indian History |volume=55|issue=1/2 |pages=325–35 }}</ref> Gandhi's concept of ''satya'' as a civil movement, states Glyn Richards, are best understood in the context of the Hindu terminology of [[Dharma]] and ''[[Ṛta]]''.<ref name=richards1>{{Cite journal|last=Richards|first=Glyn|date=1986|title=Gandhi's Concept of Truth and the Advaita Tradition|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20006253|journal=Religious Studies|volume=22|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1017/S0034412500017996|jstor=20006253|s2cid=170379545|issn=0034-4125|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408032828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20006253|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarised his beliefs first when he said "God is Truth". He would later change this statement to "Truth is God". Thus, ''satya'' (truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is "God".<ref name="Parel2006">{{cite book|author=Parel, Anthony|title=Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC&pg=PA195|access-date=13 January 2012|year=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-86715-3|page=195|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073617/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC&pg=PA195|url-status=live}}</ref> Gandhi, states Richards, described the term "God" not as a separate power, but as the Being (Brahman, Atman) of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] tradition, a nondual universal that pervades in all things, in each person and all life.<ref name=richards1 /> According to Nicholas Gier, this to Gandhi meant the unity of God and humans, that all beings have the same one soul and therefore equality, that ''atman'' exists and is same as everything in the universe, ahimsa (non-violence) is the very nature of this ''atman''.<ref name=gier40>{{cite book|author=Nicholas F. Gier|title=The Virtue of Nonviolence: From Gautama to Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVLt99uleLwC&pg=PA40|year=2004|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0-7914-5949-2|pages=40–42|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073707/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVLt99uleLwC&pg=PA40|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Gandhi at Dandi, 5 April 1930.jpg|thumb|Gandhi picking salt during [[Salt March|Salt Satyagraha]] to defy colonial law giving salt collection monopoly to the British.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salt March | Definition, Causes, History, & Facts | Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March|access-date=20 February 2023|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=21 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121121103/https://www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March|url-status=live}}</ref> His ''satyagraha'' attracted vast numbers of Indian men and women.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sita Anantha Raman|title=Women in India: A Social and Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwKrCQAAQBAJ |year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-01440-6|pages=164–66}}</ref>]]

The essence of [[Satyagraha]] is "soul force" as a political means, refusing to use brute force against the oppressor, seeking to eliminate antagonisms between the oppressor and the oppressed, aiming to transform or "purify" the oppressor. It is not inaction but determined passive resistance and non-co-operation where, states Arthur Herman, "love conquers hate".<ref>{{cite book|author=Arthur Herman|title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C&pg=PA176 |year=2008|publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=978-0-553-90504-5|page=176}}</ref> A euphemism sometimes used for Satyagraha is that it is a "silent force" or a "soul force" (a term also used by Martin Luther King Jr. during his "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech). It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical power. Satyagraha is also termed a "universal force", as it essentially "makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man and woman, friend and foe."<ref name="rules">{{cite journal | last1 = Gandhi | first1 = M.K. | title = Some Rules of Satyagraha ''Young India (Navajivan)'' 23 February 1930 | journal = The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi | volume = 48 | page = 340 }}</ref>

Gandhi wrote: "There must be no impatience, no barbarity, no insolence, no undue pressure. If we want to cultivate a true spirit of democracy, we cannot afford to be intolerant. Intolerance betrays want of faith in one's cause."<ref>{{cite book
| editor1-last=Prabhu | editor1-first= R. K.
| editor2-last = Rao | editor2-first= U. R.
| year =1967
| chapter-url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap34.htm
| chapter= Power of Satyagraha
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902015645/http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap34.htm |archive-date=2 September 2007 | title=The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi
| place = Ahemadabad
| publisher= Navajivan Mudranalaya
| isbn = 81-7229-149-3
}}</ref> [[Civil disobedience]] and non-co-operation as practised under Satyagraha are based on the "law of suffering",<ref name="CollectedWorks20">{{cite book |title=Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi |chapter=156. The Law of Suffering |last=Gandhi |first=M. K. |volume=20 |year=1982 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=electronic |pages=396–99 |chapter-url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL020.PDF |orig-year=Young India, 16 June 1920 |access-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128150127/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL020.PDF |archive-date=28 January 2012 }}</ref> a doctrine that ''the endurance of suffering is a means to an end''. This end usually implies a moral upliftment or progress of an individual or society. Therefore, non-co-operation in Satyagraha is in fact a means to secure the co-operation of the opponent consistently with [[truth]] and [[justice]].<ref name="Sharma2008">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Jai Narain|title=Satyagraha: Gandhi's approach to conflict resolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxJvoBWTAXoC&pg=PA17|access-date=26 January 2012|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-480-6|page=17|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073713/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxJvoBWTAXoC&pg=PA17|url-status=live}}</ref>

While Gandhi's idea of ''satyagraha'' as a political means attracted a widespread following among Indians, the support was not universal. For example, Muslim leaders such as Jinnah opposed the ''satyagraha'' idea, accused Gandhi to be reviving Hinduism through political activism, and began effort to counter Gandhi with Muslim nationalism and a demand for Muslim homeland.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. Taras|title=Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Npt_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|year= 2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-59640-5|page=91}}, '''Quote:''' "In 1920 Jinnah opposed satyagraha and resigned from the Congress, boosting the fortunes of the Muslim League."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Yasmin Khan|title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/11|year=2007|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-12078-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/11 11–22]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rafiq Zakaria|title=The Man who Divided India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RdITXUpyVgC |year=2002|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-145-7|pages=83–85}}</ref> The untouchability leader [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]], in June 1945, after his decision to convert to Buddhism and the first [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice minister]] of modern India, dismissed Gandhi's ideas as loved by "blind Hindu devotees", primitive, influenced by spurious brew of Tolstoy and Ruskin, and "there is always some simpleton to preach them".<ref name="Herman2008p586">{{cite book|author=Arthur Herman|title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|year=2008|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-0-553-90504-5|page=586|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913065817/http://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Cháirez-Garza | first=Jesús Francisco | s2cid=145020542 | title=Touching space: Ambedkar on the spatial features of untouchability | journal=Contemporary South Asia | publisher=Taylor & Francis | volume=22 | issue=1 | date=2 January 2014 | doi=10.1080/09584935.2013.870978 | pages=37–50}}; B.R. Ambedkar (1945), [https://archive.org/stream/Dr.BabasahebAmbedkarWritingsAndSpeechespdfsAllVolumes/Volume_09#page/n15/mode/2up/search/ahimsa What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables], Thacker & Co. Editions, First Edition, pp. v, 282–97</ref> [[Winston Churchill]] caricatured Gandhi as a "cunning huckster" seeking selfish gain, an "aspiring dictator", and an "atavistic spokesman of a pagan Hinduism". Churchill stated that the civil disobedience movement spectacle of Gandhi only increased "the danger to which white people there [British India] are exposed".<ref>{{cite book|author=Arthur Herman|title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|year=2008|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-0-553-90504-5|pages=359, 378–80|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913065817/http://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Nonviolence ===
[[File:Gandhi at Darwen with women.jpg|thumb|Gandhi with textile workers at [[Darwen]], Lancashire, 26 September 1931]]

Although Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of nonviolence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a large scale.<ref>{{Cite book|last =Asirvatham|first =Eddy|title =Political Theory|publisher=S.chand|isbn=81-219-0346-7|year =1995}}</ref><ref name="Parel20162">{{citation |last=Parel |first=Anthony J |title=Pax Gandhiana: The Political Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMGSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |pages=202– |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-049146-8 |access-date=2023-07-20 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073651/https://books.google.com/books?id=bMGSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |url-status=live }} Quote: "Gandhi staked his reputation as an original political thinker on this specific issue. Hitherto, violence had been used in the name of political rights, such as in street riots, regicide, or armed revolutions. Gandhi believes there is a better way of securing political rights, that of nonviolence, and that this new way marks an advance in political ethics."</ref> The concept of nonviolence (''[[ahimsa]]'') has a long history in Indian religious thought, and is considered the highest dharma (ethical value/virtue), a precept to be observed towards all living beings (''sarvbhuta''), at all times (''sarvada''), in all respects (''sarvatha''), in action, words and thought.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Chapple|title=Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Y00Q0_mOkAC |year=1993|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0-7914-1497-2|pages=16–18, 54–57}}</ref> Gandhi explains his philosophy and ideas about ''ahimsa'' as a political means in his autobiography ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]''.<ref name="Borman1986">{{Citation | last = Gandhi | first = Mohandis K. | date = 11 August 1920 | journal = Young India | publisher = M. K. Gandhi | page = 3 | title = The Doctrine of the Sword | url = https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/datalink/files/ghp_journals/journal_image_3/young_india_vol2_img251.jpg | access-date = 3 May 2017 | archive-date = 19 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171019152536/https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/datalink/files/ghp_journals/journal_image_3/young_india_vol2_img251.jpg | url-status = live }} Cited from {{cite book|author=Borman, William|title=Gandhi and nonviolence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6DE9OUvrTEC&pg=PA253|year=1986|publisher=SUNY Press|page=253|isbn=978-0-88706-331-2|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073653/https://books.google.com/books?id=U6DE9OUvrTEC&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Faisal Devji, ''The Impossible Indian: Gandhi and the Temptation of Violence'' (Harvard University Press; 2012)</ref><ref name="Johnson2006">{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Richard L.|title=Gandhi's Experiments With Truth: Essential Writings By And About Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC&pg=PR11|access-date=9 May 2012|year=2006|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-1143-7|page=11|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073651/https://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC&pg=PR11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stein20102">{{citation |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=GBS.PA289 |pages=289– |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 |quote=Gandhi was the leading genius of the later, and ultimately successful, campaign for India's independence. |author-link=Burton Stein |access-date=2023-07-20 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074132/https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=GBS.PA289 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gandhi's views came under heavy criticism in Britain when it was under attack from [[Nazi Germany]], and later when the [[Holocaust]] was revealed. He told the British people in 1940, "I would like you to lay down the arms you have as being useless for saving you or humanity. You will invite Herr [[Hitler]] and Signor [[Mussolini]] to take what they want of the countries you call your possessions... If these gentlemen choose to occupy your homes, you will vacate them. If they do not give you free passage out, you will allow yourselves, man, woman, and child, to be slaughtered, but you will refuse to owe allegiance to them."<ref name="Wolpert2002">[[#Wolpert|Wolpert]], p. 197.</ref> [[George Orwell]] remarked that Gandhi's methods confronted "an old-fashioned and rather shaky despotism which treated him in a fairly chivalrous way", not a totalitarian power, "where political opponents simply disappear."<ref>Orwell, review of [[Louis Fischer]]'s ''Gandhi and Stalin'', ''The Observer'', 10 October 1948, reprinted in ''It Is what I Think'', pp. 452–53.</ref>

In a post-war interview in 1946, he said, "Hitler killed five million [[Jews]]. It is the greatest crime of our time. But the Jews should have offered themselves to the butcher's knife. They should have thrown themselves into the sea from cliffs... It would have aroused the world and the people of Germany... As it is they succumbed anyway in their millions."<ref>{{Cite book|year=1950|title=The life of Mahatma Gandhi|author=Fischer, Louis|publisher=Harper|page=348|isbn=978-0-06-091038-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHcGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA348|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074133/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHcGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA348|url-status=live}}</ref> Gandhi believed this act of "collective suicide", in response to the Holocaust, "would have been heroism".<ref>George Orwell, "[[Reflections on Gandhi]]", ''Partisan Review'', January 1949.</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2022|reason="would have been heroism" does appear to be something Gandhi said, but isn't quoted in the Orwell article}}

Gandhi as a politician, in practice, settled for less than complete non-violence. His method of non-violent Satyagraha could easily attract masses and it fitted in with the interests and sentiments of business groups, better-off people and dominant sections of peasantry, who did not want an uncontrolled and violent social revolution which could create losses for them. His doctrine of ahimsa lay at the core of unifying role played by the Gandhian Congress.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reddy|first=K Krishna|title=Indian History|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2011|isbn=978-0-07-132923-1|location=New Delhi|pages=C214}}</ref> However, during the Quit India Movement, even many staunch Gandhians used 'violent means'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Bipan|title=India's Struggle for Independence|url=https://www.mentorstudypoint.in/downloads/(Bipan_Chandra.pdf|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=1988|isbn=978-8-184-75183-3|pages=475|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2021-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707173634/https://www.mentorstudypoint.in/downloads/(Bipan_Chandra.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== On inter-religious relations ==
=== Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs ===
Gandhi believed that Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism were traditions of Hinduism, with a shared history, rites and ideas. At other times, he acknowledged that he knew little about Buddhism other than his reading of [[Edwin Arnold]]'s book on it. Based on that book, he considered Buddhism to be a reform movement and the Buddha to be a Hindu.<ref name="Jordens1998p107" /> He stated he knew Jainism much more, and he credited Jains to have profoundly influenced him. Sikhism, to Gandhi, was an integral part of Hinduism, in the form of another reform movement. Sikh and Buddhist leaders disagreed with Gandhi, a disagreement Gandhi respected as a difference of opinion.<ref name="Jordens1998p107">{{cite book|author=J. T. F. Jordens|title=Gandhi's Religion: A Homespun Shawl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELODDAAAQBAJ |year=1998|publisher=New York: Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-37389-1|pages=107–08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|editor=Harold Coward|title=Indian Critiques of Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5iQbjXgA0cC |year=2003|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0-7914-8588-0|pages=185–88}}</ref>

=== Muslims ===
Gandhi had generally positive and empathetic views of [[Islam]], and he extensively studied the [[Quran]]. He viewed Islam as a faith that proactively promoted peace, and felt that non-violence had a predominant place in the Quran.<ref name="Gorder">{{cite book |last1=Gorder |first1=A. Christian Van |title=Islam, Peace and Social Justice: A Christian Perspective |date=2014 |publisher=James Clarke & Co |isbn=978-0-227-90200-4 |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVWlAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT166 |access-date=2023-07-20 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074135/https://books.google.com/books?id=JVWlAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT166 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also read the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]'s biography, and argued that it was "not the sword that won a place for Islam in those days in the scheme of life. It was the rigid simplicity, the utter self-effacement of the Prophet, the scrupulous regard for pledges, his intense devotion to his friends and followers, his intrepidity, his fearlessness, his absolute trust in God and in his own mission."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malekian |first1=Farhad |title=Corpus Juris of Islamic International Criminal Justice |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-1693-9 |page=409 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-pwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 |access-date=2023-07-20 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074140/https://books.google.com/books?id=b-pwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gandhi had a large [[Indian Muslim]] following, who he encouraged to join him in a mutual nonviolent [[jihad]] against the social oppression of their time. Prominent Muslim allies in his nonviolent resistance movement included [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] and [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]. However, Gandhi's empathy towards Islam, and his eager willingness to valorise peaceful Muslim social activists, was viewed by many Hindus as an appeasement of Muslims and later became a leading cause for his assassination at the hands of intolerant [[Hindu extremists]].<ref>Yasmin Khan, "Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state." ''[[Modern Asian Studies]]'' 45.1 (2011): 57–80.</ref>

While Gandhi expressed mostly positive views of Islam, he did occasionally criticise Muslims.<ref name="Gorder" /> He stated in 1925 that he did not criticise the teachings of the Quran, but he did criticise the interpreters of the Quran. Gandhi believed that numerous interpreters have interpreted it to fit their preconceived notions.<ref>{{cite book|author=M K Gandhi|title=Young India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XfjAAAAMAAJ|year=1925|publisher=Navajivan Publishing|pages=81–82}}</ref> He believed Muslims should welcome criticism of the Quran, because "every true scripture only gains from criticism". Gandhi criticised Muslims who "betray intolerance of criticism by a non-Muslim of anything related to Islam", such as the penalty of stoning to death under Islamic law. To Gandhi, Islam had "nothing to fear from criticism even if it be unreasonable".<ref name="Gandhi2004p193">{{cite book|author=Mohandas Karmchand Gandhi|editor=V Geetha|title=Soul Force: Gandhi's Writings on Peace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wwkt5TX623UC|year=2004|publisher=Gandhi Publications Trust |isbn=978-81-86211-85-4|pages=193–94}}</ref><ref name=nagler17>{{cite book|author1=Mohandas K. Gandhi|author2-link=Michael N. Nagler |author2=Michael Nagler (Ed) |title=Gandhi on Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3MRPQAACAAJ |year=2006|publisher=Berkeley Hills|isbn=1-893163-64-4|pages=1–17, 31–38}}</ref> He also believed there were material contradictions between Hinduism and Islam,<ref name=nagler17 /> and he criticised Muslims, along with communists, whom he claimed were quick to resort to violence.<ref>{{cite book |author=Niranjan Ramakrishnan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMPZvrd3BzwC&pg=PA59 |title=Reading Gandhi in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-137-32514-3 |page=59 |quote=His main criticism of Islam was its quickness to violence, just as his principle disagreement with communism was its emphasis upon the same.}}</ref>

One of the strategies Gandhi adopted was to work with Muslim leaders of pre-partition India, to oppose the British imperialism in and outside the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=paine20>{{cite book|author=Sarah C.M. Paine|title=Nation Building, State Building, and Economic Development: Case Studies and Comparisons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ9sBgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46409-9|pages=20–21}}</ref><ref name=ghosep161 /> After the First World War, in 1919–22, he won the Muslim leadership support of the Ali Brothers by backing the [[Khilafat Movement]] in favour of the Islamic Caliph and his historic [[Ottoman Caliphate]], and opposing the secular Islam-supporting [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. By 1924, Atatürk had ended the Caliphate, the Khilafat Movement was over, and Muslim support for Gandhi had largely evaporated.<ref name=paine20 /><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kumaraswamy | first1 = P. R. | year = 1992 | title = Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home: An Assessment | journal = Asian and African Studies: Journal of the Israel Oriental Society | volume = 26 | issue = 1| pages = 1–13 }}</ref><ref name=ghosep161>{{cite book|author=Ghose, Sankar|title=Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA164|year=1991|publisher=Allied Publishers|pages=161–64|isbn=978-81-7023-205-6|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074142/https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA164|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1925, Gandhi gave another reason for why he had got involved in the Khilafat movement and the Middle East affairs between Britain and the Ottoman Empire. Gandhi explained to his co-religionists (Hindus) that he sympathised and campaigned for the Islamic cause, not because he cared for the Sultan, but because "I wanted to enlist the Mussalman's sympathy in the matter of cow protection".<ref>{{cite book|author=Simone Panter-Brick|title=Gandhi and Nationalism: The Path to Indian Independence |year=2015 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-aIcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78453-023-5|pages=118–19}}</ref> According to the historian M. Naeem Qureshi, like the then Indian Muslim leaders who had combined religion and politics, Gandhi too imported his religion into his political strategy during the Khilafat movement.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Naeem Qureshi|title=Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czKYZPyoyx0C&pg=PA104|year=1999|editor=Reinhard Schulze|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=90-04-11371-1|pages=104–05 with footnotes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424072809/https://books.google.com/books?id=czKYZPyoyx0C&pg=PA104|archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref>

In the 1940s, Gandhi pooled ideas with some Muslim leaders who sought religious harmony like him, and opposed the proposed partition of British India into India and Pakistan. For example, his close friend [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan|Badshah Khan]] suggested that they should work towards opening Hindu temples for Muslim prayers, and Islamic mosques for Hindu prayers, to bring the two religious groups closer.<ref>{{cite book|author=Muhammad Soaleh Korejo|title=The Frontier Gandhi: His Place in History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGduAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-577461-0|pages=77–79|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074152/https://books.google.com/books?id=JGduAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Gandhi accepted this and began having Muslim prayers read in Hindu temples to play his part, but was unable to get Hindu prayers read in mosques. The Hindu nationalist groups objected and began confronting Gandhi for this one-sided practice, by shouting and demonstrating inside the Hindu temples, in the last years of his life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stanley Wolpert|title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-972872-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp/page/243 243]–44}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rein Fernhout|editor=ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad Naʻim, Jerald Gort and Henry Jansen|title=Human Rights and Religious Values: An Uneasy Relationship?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plEEQnaDGYYC&pg=PA126 |year= 1995|publisher= Rodopi|isbn= 978-90-5183-777-3|pages=126–31}}</ref>

=== Christians ===
Gandhi praised Christianity. He was critical of Christian missionary efforts in British India, because they mixed medical or education assistance with demands that the beneficiary convert to Christianity.<ref name="Bauman2015p56" /> According to Gandhi, this was not true "service" but one driven by an ulterior motive of luring people into religious conversion and exploiting the economically or medically desperate. It did not lead to inner transformation or moral advance or to the Christian teaching of "love", but was based on false one-sided criticisms of other religions, when Christian societies faced similar problems in South Africa and Europe. It led to the converted person hating his neighbours and other religions, and divided people rather than bringing them closer in compassion. According to Gandhi, "no religious tradition could claim a monopoly over truth or salvation".<ref name="Bauman2015p56">{{cite book|author=Chad M. Bauman|title= Pentecostals, Proselytization, and Anti-Christian Violence in Contemporary India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg6aBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |year=2015|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-020210-1|pages=50, 56–59, 66}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Eric Frykenberg|author2=Richard Fox Young|title=India and the Indianness of Christianity|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgubl3CQQDgC&pg=PA211 |year=2009|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-8028-6392-8|pages=211–14}}</ref> Gandhi did not support laws to prohibit missionary activity, but demanded that Christians should first understand the message of [[Jesus]], and then strive to live without stereotyping and misrepresenting other religions. According to Gandhi, the message of Jesus was not to humiliate and imperialistically rule over other people considering them inferior or second class or slaves, but that "when the hungry are fed and peace comes to our individual and collective life, then Christ is born".<ref name=coward81>{{cite book|editor=Harold Coward|title=Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Perspectives and Encounters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eHgNyNimoAC|author=John C.B. Webster|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1158-4|pages=81–86, 89–95|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317045104/http://books.google.com/books?id=6eHgNyNimoAC|archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

Gandhi believed that his long acquaintance with Christianity had made him like it as well as find it imperfect. He asked Christians to stop humiliating his country and his people as heathens, idolators and other abusive language, and to change their negative views of India. He believed that Christians should introspect on the "true meaning of religion" and get a desire to study and learn from Indian religions in the spirit of universal brotherhood.<ref name=coward81 /> According to [[Eric J. Sharpe|Eric Sharpe]] – a professor of Religious Studies, though Gandhi was born in a Hindu family and later became Hindu by conviction, many Christians in time thought of him as an "exemplary Christian and even as a saint".<ref>{{cite book|editor= Harold Coward|title= Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Perspectives and Encounters|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6eHgNyNimoAC|author= Eric J. Sharpe|year= 1993|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 978-81-208-1158-4|page= 105|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150317045104/http://books.google.com/books?id=6eHgNyNimoAC|archive-date= 17 March 2015}}</ref>

Some colonial era Christian preachers and faithfuls considered Gandhi as a saint.<ref name="Johnson 2006">{{cite book | last=Johnson | first=R.L. | title=Gandhi's Experiments with Truth: Essential Writings by and about Mahatma Gandhi | publisher=Lexington Books | series=Studies in Comparative Philosophy | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7391-1143-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC | page=269 | access-date=2023-07-20 | archive-date=2023-07-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074703/https://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Markovits 2004">{{cite book | last=Markovits | first=C. | title=The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma | publisher=Anthem Press | series=Anthem South Asian studies | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-84331-127-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpDvZO8xNNgC&pg=PA1616 | page=16 | access-date=2023-07-20 | archive-date=2023-07-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074653/https://books.google.com/books?id=SpDvZO8xNNgC&pg=PA1616 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Rudolph Rudolph 2010">{{cite book | last1=Rudolph | first1=L.I. | last2=Rudolph | first2=S.H. | title=Postmodern Gandhi and Other Essays: Gandhi in the World and at Home | publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-226-73131-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_wBDYZCRG4C | pages=99, 114–18 | access-date=2023-07-20 | archive-date=2023-07-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074637/https://books.google.com/books?id=s_wBDYZCRG4C | url-status=live }}</ref> Biographers from France and Britain have drawn parallels between Gandhi and Christian saints. Recent scholars question these romantic biographies and state that Gandhi was neither a Christian figure nor mirrored a Christian saint.<ref name="de Saint-Cheron 2017 p. 13">{{cite book | last=de Saint-Cheron | first=M. | title=Gandhi: Anti-Biography of a Great Soul | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-351-47062-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13 | access-date=1 April 2018 | page=13 | archive-date=21 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074638/https://books.google.com/books?id=KkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13 | url-status=live }}</ref> Gandhi's life is better viewed as exemplifying his belief in the "convergence of various spiritualities" of a Christian and a Hindu, states Michael de Saint-Cheron.<ref name="de Saint-Cheron 2017 p. 13" />

=== Jews ===
According to Kumaraswamy, Gandhi initially supported Arab demands with respect to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. He justified this support by invoking Islam, stating that "non-Muslims cannot acquire sovereign jurisdiction" in ''Jazirat al-Arab'' (the Arabian Peninsula).<ref name="Kumaraswamy2010p36" /> These arguments, states Kumaraswamy, were a part of his political strategy to win Muslim support during the [[Khilafat Movement#Khilafat Movement in Indian Subcontinent|Khilafat movement]]. In the post-Khilafat period, Gandhi neither negated Jewish demands nor did he use Islamic texts or history to support Muslim claims against Israel. Gandhi's silence after the Khilafat period may represent an evolution in his understanding of the conflicting religious claims over Palestine, according to Kumaraswamy.<ref name="Kumaraswamy2010p36" /> In 1938, Gandhi spoke in favour of Jewish claims, and in March 1946, he said to the Member of British Parliament [[Sidney Silverman]], "if the Arabs have a claim to Palestine, the Jews have a prior claim", a position very different from his earlier stance.<ref name="Kumaraswamy2010p36">{{cite book|author=P. R. Kumaraswamy|title=India's Israel Policy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5EHJHVXmLeEC |year= 2010|publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-52548-0|pages=36–38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Fischer Louis|title=The life of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmahatmagan00fisc_0/page/424|year=1950|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=978-0-06-091038-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofmahatmagan00fisc_0/page/424 424]}}</ref>

Gandhi discussed the [[History of the Jews in Germany#Jews under the Nazis (1933–1939)|persecution of the Jews in Germany]] and the [[Aliyah#Zionist Aliyah (1882 on)|emigration of Jews from Europe to Palestine]] through his lens of [[Satyagraha]].<ref name=gs>{{cite book|last=Lelyveld|first=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Lelyveld|title=Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India|url=https://archive.org/details/greatsoulmahatma0000lely/page/278|year=2011|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-26958-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatsoulmahatma0000lely/page/278 278–81]}}</ref><ref>Panter-Brick, Simone (2008), ''Gandhi and the Middle East: Jews, Arabs and Imperial Interests''. London: [[I.B. Tauris]], {{ISBN|1-84511-584-8}}.</ref> In 1937, Gandhi discussed [[Zionism]] with his close Jewish friend Hermann Kallenbach.<ref name=dream>Panter-Brick, Simone. [http://www.dur.ac.uk/anthropology.journal/vol16/iss2/panter-brick.pdf "Gandhi's Dream of Hindu-Muslim Unity and its two Offshoots in the Middle East"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717192928/http://www.dur.ac.uk/anthropology.journal/vol16/iss2/panter-brick.pdf |date=17 July 2012 }}. ''Durham Anthropology Journal'', Volume 16(2), 2009: pp. 54–66.</ref> He said that Zionism was not the right answer to the problems faced by Jews<ref name=Jack>[[#Jack|Jack]], p. 317.</ref> and instead recommended Satyagraha. Gandhi thought the Zionists in Palestine represented European imperialism and used violence to achieve their goals; he argued that "the Jews should disclaim any intention of realising their aspiration under the protection of arms and should rely wholly on the goodwill of Arabs. No exception can possibly be taken to the natural desire of the Jews to find a home in Palestine. But they must wait for its fulfilment till Arab opinion is ripe for it."<ref name=gs />

In 1938, Gandhi stated that his "sympathies are all with the Jews. I have known them intimately in South Africa. Some of them became life-long companions." Philosopher [[Martin Buber]] was highly critical of Gandhi's approach and in 1939 wrote an open letter to him on the subject. Gandhi reiterated his stance that "the Jews seek to convert the Arab heart", and use "''satyagraha'' in confronting the Arabs" in 1947.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Murti, Ramana V.V. |title=Buber's Dialogue and Gandhi's Satyagraha|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume= 29|issue=4 |year=1968|pages=605–13|jstor=2708297|doi=10.2307/2708297}}</ref> According to Simone Panter-Brick, Gandhi's political position on Jewish-Arab conflict evolved over the 1917–1947 period, shifting from a support for the Arab position first, and for the Jewish position in the 1940s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panter-Brick|first=Simone|date=2009|title=Gandhi's Views on the Resolution of the Conflict in Palestine: A Note|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40262646|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=45|issue=1|pages=127–133|doi=10.1080/00263200802547719|jstor=40262646|s2cid=143820059|issn=0026-3206|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408032834/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40262646|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== On life, society and other application of his ideas ==
=== Vegetarianism, food, and animals ===
Gandhi was brought up as a vegetarian by his devout Hindu mother.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stanley Wolpert|title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C|year=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-515634-8|pages=14, 25–27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219190635/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C|archive-date=19 February 2017}}, Quote: "The Gandhis had always been strict vegetarians, as are all devout Hindus".</ref><ref name=kemmerer65 /> The idea of vegetarianism is deeply ingrained in [[Hindu]] Vaishnavism and [[Jain]] traditions in India, such as in his native Gujarat, where meat is considered as a form of food obtained by violence to animals.<ref name="Tahtinen1979p62">{{cite book|author=Unto Tähtinen|title=The Core of Gandhi's Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPk72b6A8yYC&pg=PA61 |year=1979|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-8364-0516-3|pages=61–62, 51–52}}</ref><ref>Chitrita Banerji, ''Eating India: an odyssey into the food and culture of the land of spices'' (2007), p. 169.</ref> Gandhi's rationale for vegetarianism was largely along those found in Hindu and Jain texts. Gandhi believed that any form of food inescapably harms some form of living organism, but one should seek to understand and reduce the violence in what one consumes because "there is essential unity of all life".<ref name=kemmerer65>{{cite book|author=Lisa Kemmerer|title=Animals and World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JowVDAAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-979068-5|pages=65–68}}</ref><ref name=terchek204 />

Gandhi believed that some life forms are more capable of suffering, and non-violence to him meant not having the intent as well as active efforts to minimise hurt, injury or suffering to all life forms.<ref name=terchek204>{{cite book|author=Ronald Terchek|title=Gandhi: Struggling for Autonomy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hg1MqCeW7OUC |year= 1998|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn= 978-0-8476-9215-6|pages=204–06}}</ref> Gandhi explored food sources that reduced violence to various life forms in the food chain. He believed that slaughtering animals is unnecessary, as other sources of foods are available.<ref name="Tahtinen1979p62" /> He also consulted with vegetarianism campaigners during his lifetime, such as with [[Henry Stephens Salt]]. Food to Gandhi was not only a source of sustaining one's body, but a source of his impact on other living beings, and one that affected his mind, character and spiritual well being.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Becker, Carol|title=Gandhi's Body and Further Representations of War and Peace|journal=Art Journal|volume= 65|issue=4 |pages=78–95|year=2006 |doi=10.2307/20068500|jstor=20068500}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph S. Alter |author-link=Joseph Alter |title=Gandhi's Body: Sex, Diet, and the Politics of Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2U_SqENK3T8C|year=2011|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|isbn=978-0-8122-0474-2|pages=4–5, 21–22, 34–38, 162–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kerry S. Walters|author2=Lisa Portmess|title=Ethical Vegetarianism: From Pythagoras to Peter Singer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ti_kVvWVBwC&pg=PA139 |year=1999|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0-7914-4043-8|pages=139–144}}</ref> He avoided not only meat, but also eggs and milk. Gandhi wrote the book ''The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism'' and wrote for the London Vegetarian Society's publication.<ref>[[#Wolpert|Wolpert]], p. 22.</ref>

Beyond his religious beliefs, Gandhi stated another motivation for his experiments with diet. He attempted to find the most non-violent vegetarian meal that the poorest human could afford, taking meticulous notes on vegetables and fruits, and his observations with his own body and his ''ashram'' in Gujarat.<ref name=herman89 /><ref name=gandhi328 /> He tried fresh and dry fruits ([[fruitarianism]]), then just sun dried fruits, before resuming his prior vegetarian diet on advice of his doctor and concerns of his friends. His experiments with food began in the 1890s and continued for several decades.<ref name=herman89>{{cite book|author=Arthur Herman|title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|year=2008|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-0-553-90504-5|pages=89–90, 294–95|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913065817/http://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=gandhi328>{{cite book|author=Mahatma Gandhi|title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/328|year=1957|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|isbn=978-0-8070-5909-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/328 328–30]}}</ref> For some of these experiments, Gandhi combined his own ideas with those found on [[mitahara|diet]] in Indian [[yoga]] texts. He believed that each vegetarian should experiment with their diet because, in his studies at his ''ashram'' he saw "one man's food may be poison for another".<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph S. Alter|title=Gandhi's Body: Sex, Diet, and the Politics of Nationalism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2U_SqENK3T8C|year= 2011|publisher= [[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|isbn=978-0-8122-0474-2|pages=21–22, 34–34, 74–75, 162–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Georg Feuerstein|title=The Path of Yoga: An Essential Guide to Its Principles and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Knp7nmz8qgMC |year=2011|publisher=Shambhala Publications|isbn=978-0-8348-2292-4|page=66}}</ref>

Gandhi championed animal rights in general. Other than making vegetarian choices, he actively campaigned against dissection studies and experimentation on live animals ([[vivisection]]) in the name of science and medical studies.<ref name="Tahtinen1979p62" /> He considered it a violence against animals, something that inflicted pain and suffering. He wrote, "Vivisection in my opinion is the blackest of all the blackest crimes that man is at present committing against God and His fair creation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/views_on_sci.htm |title=Towards an understanding of Gandhi's views on Science |publisher=Mkgandhi.org |date=1 November 1934 |access-date=12 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311184704/http://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/views_on_sci.htm |archive-date=11 March 2016 }}</ref>

=== Fasting ===
{{See also|List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi}}
[[File:Gandhi fasting 1948.jpg|thumb|Gandhi's last political protest using fasting, in January 1948]]

Gandhi used [[fasting]] as a political device, often threatening suicide unless demands were met. Congress publicised the fasts as a political action that generated widespread sympathy. In response, the government tried to manipulate news coverage to minimise his challenge to the Raj. He fasted in 1932 to protest the voting scheme for separate political representation for Dalits; Gandhi did not want them segregated. The British government stopped the London press from showing photographs of his emaciated body, because it would elicit sympathy. Gandhi's 1943 hunger strike took place during a two-year prison term for the anti-colonial Quit India movement. The government called on nutritional experts to demystify his action, and again no photos were allowed. However, his final fast in 1948, after the end of British rule in India, his hunger strike was lauded by the British press and this time did include full-length photos.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Pratt, Tim |author2=Vernon, James |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1086/424944|title='Appeal from this fiery bed...': The Colonial Politics of Gandhi's Fasts and Their Metropolitan Reception|journal=Journal of British Studies|year=2005|volume=44|issue=1|pages=92–114|s2cid=145072298 }}</ref>

Alter states that Gandhi's fasting, vegetarianism and diet was more than a political leverage, it was a part of his experiments with self restraint and healthy living. He was "profoundly skeptical of traditional Ayurveda", encouraging it to study the scientific method and adopt its progressive learning approach. Gandhi believed yoga offered health benefits. He believed that a healthy nutritional diet based on regional foods and hygiene were essential to good health.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Alter, Joseph S. |title=Gandhi's body, Gandhi's truth: Nonviolence and the biomoral imperative of public health|journal=Journal of Asian Studies|year=1996|volume=35|issue=2|pages=305–06, 309–10, 313–17, 320–21 (all with footnotes)|jstor= 2943361| doi= 10.2307/2943361|s2cid=162424304 }}</ref> Recently [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] made Gandhi's health records public in a book 'Gandhi and Health@150'. These records indicate that despite being underweight at 46.7 kg Gandhi was generally healthy. He avoided modern medication and experimented extensively with water and earth healing. While his cardio records show his heart was normal, there were several instances he suffered from ailments like Malaria and was also operated on twice for piles and appendicitis. Despite health challenges, Gandhi was able to walk about 79000 km in his lifetime which comes to an average of 18 km per day and is equivalent to walking around the earth twice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://krishijagran.com/news/mahatma-gandhis-underweight-health-records-revealed-for-the-1st-time-know-his-heart-health-serious-diseases/|title=Mahatma Gandhi's Underweight Health Records Revealed For the 1st Time; Know his Heart Health, Serious Diseases|website=krishijagran.com|access-date=26 March 2019|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326062112/https://krishijagran.com/news/mahatma-gandhis-underweight-health-records-revealed-for-the-1st-time-know-his-heart-health-serious-diseases/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Women ===
Gandhi strongly favoured the emancipation of women, and urged "the women to fight for their own self-development." He opposed ''[[purdah]]'', [[child marriage]], [[dowry]] and ''[[sati (practice)|sati]]''.<ref name="Norvell1997">{{cite journal |last1=Norvell |first1=Lyn |year=1997 |title=Gandhi and the Indian Women's Movement |url=http://www.bl.uk/eblj/1997articles/article2.html |journal=British Library Journal |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=12–27 |issn=0305-5167 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223515/http://www.bl.uk/eblj/1997articles/article2.html |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref> A wife is not a slave of the husband, stated Gandhi, but his comrade, better half, colleague and friend, according to Lyn Norvell.<ref name="Norvell1997" /> In his own life however, according to Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert, Gandhi's relationship with his wife were at odds with some of these values.<ref name=suruchi77>{{cite book|author=Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert|title=Women in the Indian National Movement: Unseen Faces and Unheard Voices, 1930–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OyILUFU1NQC&pg=PA77|year=2006|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3407-3|pages=77–79}}</ref>

At various occasions, Gandhi credited his orthodox Hindu mother, and his wife, for first lessons in ''satyagraha''.<ref name="Kishwar2008p132">{{cite book|author=Madhu Purnima Kishwar|title=Zealous Reformers, Deadly Laws|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5rSGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |year=2008 |publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0009-6|pages=132–33}}</ref> He used the legends of Hindu goddess [[Sita]] to expound women's innate strength, autonomy and "lioness in spirit" whose moral compass can make any demon "as helpless as a goat".<ref name="Kishwar2008p132" /> To Gandhi, the women of India were an important part of the "swadeshi movement" (Buy Indian), and his goal of decolonising the Indian economy.<ref name="Kishwar2008p132" />

Some historians such as Angela Woollacott and Kumari Jayawardena state that even though Gandhi often and publicly expressed his belief in the equality of sexes, yet his vision was one of gender difference and complementarity between them. Women, to Gandhi, should be educated to be better in the domestic realm and educate the next generation. His views on women's rights were less liberal and more similar to puritan-Victorian expectations of women, states Jayawardena, than other Hindu leaders with him who supported economic independence and equal gender rights in all aspects.<ref>{{cite book|author=Angela Woollacott|title=Gender and Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5YcBQAAQBAJ |year=2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-20485-0|pages=107–08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kumari Jayawardena|title=Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vj_OCgAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-78478-431-7|pages=95–99}}</ref>

=== Brahmacharya: abstinence from sex and food ===
Along with many other texts, Gandhi studied the Bhagavad Gita while in South Africa.<ref name="apsharma154">{{cite book|author=A. P. Sharma|title=Indian & Western Educational Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2o4bTpFQtdIC |year=2010|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-7806-201-3|pages=154–56}}</ref> This Hindu scripture discusses [[jnana yoga]], [[bhakti yoga]] and [[karma yoga]] along with virtues such as non-violence, patience, integrity, lack of hypocrisy, self restraint and abstinence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Winthrop Sargeant|editor=Christopher Key Chapple|title=The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COuy5CDAqt4C|year=2010|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-1-4384-2840-6|pages=x–xviii, 285 (verse 6.14), 415 (verse 10.5), 535 (verse 13.7)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012931/https://books.google.com/books?id=COuy5CDAqt4C|archive-date=15 April 2017}}</ref> Gandhi began experiments with these, and in 1906 at age 37, although married and a father, he vowed to abstain from sexual relations.<ref name="apsharma154" />

Gandhi's experiment with abstinence went beyond sex, and extended to food. He consulted the [[Jain]] scholar Rajchandra, whom he fondly called Raychandbhai.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Weber|title=Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe |url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-45657-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe/page/33 33]}}</ref> Rajchandra advised him that milk stimulated sexual passion. Gandhi began abstaining from cow's milk in 1912, and did so even when doctors advised him to consume milk.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mahatma Gandhi|title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/262|access-date=23 November 2016|volume=39|year=1957|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|isbn=978-0-8070-5909-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/328 328]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sankar Ghose|title= Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C |year=1991|publisher= Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-205-6|pages=66–67}}</ref> According to Sankar Ghose, Tagore described Gandhi as someone who did not abhor sex or women, but considered sexual life as inconsistent with his moral goals.<ref name=ghose354>{{cite book|author=Sankar Ghose|title= Mahatma Gandhi |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C |year= 1991|publisher= Allied Publishers|isbn= 978-81-7023-205-6|pages=354–57}}</ref>

Gandhi tried to test and prove to himself his ''brahmacharya''. The experiments began some time after the death of his wife in February 1944. At the start of his experiment, he had women sleep in the same room but in different beds. He later slept with women in the same bed, often naked. In April 1945, Gandhi referenced being sleeping with several "women or girls" in a letter to Birla as part of the experiments.<ref name=parekh210>{{cite book|author=Bhikhu C. Parekh|title=Colonialism, tradition, and reform: an analysis of Gandhi's political discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXhuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9382-7|pages=210–21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629120818/http://books.google.com/books?id=exhuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> According to the 1960s memoir of his grandniece Manu, Gandhi feared in early 1947 that he and she may be killed by Muslims in the run-up to India's independence in August 1947, and asked her when she was 18 years old if she wanted to help him with his experiments to test their "purity", for which she readily accepted.<ref name="jadadams2012">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/thrill-of-the-chaste-the-truth-about-gandhis-sex-life-1937411.html|title=Thrill of the chaste: The truth about Gandhi's sex life|date=2 January 2012|work=[[The Independent]]|author=Jad Adams|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603033106/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/thrill-of-the-chaste-the-truth-about-gandhis-sex-life-1937411.html|archive-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> Gandhi also shared his bed with 18-year-old Abha, wife of his grandnephew Kanu. Gandhi would sleep with both Manu and Abha at the same time.<ref name="jadadams2012" /><ref name=majumdar224>{{cite book|author=Uma Majmudar|title=Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: From Darkness to Light|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XombmM30kAC&pg=PA224 |year=2012 |publisher= [[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0-7914-8351-0|pages=224–25}}</ref> According to Vinay Lal, Gandhi slept naked with Manu and Abha several times, in order to test his celibacy and his will to abstain from committing sexual acts, in order to fulfill the conditions he felt were required in order to become a ''brahmacharya.''

According to Sean Scalmer, Gandhi in his final year of life was an [[ascetic]], and his sickly skeletal figure was caricatured in Western media.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sean Scalmer|title=Gandhi in the West: The Mahatma and the Rise of Radical Protest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDcXJxRR4TUC&pg=PA16|year=2011|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=12–17 with footnotes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101071616/https://books.google.com/books?id=oDcXJxRR4TUC&pg=PA16|archive-date=1 January 2016|isbn=978-1-139-49457-1}}</ref> In February 1947, he asked his confidants such as Birla and Ramakrishna if it was wrong for him to experiment his ''brahmacharya'' oath.{{clarify|date=December 2023|reason=Experiment with his oath?}}<ref name=ghose354 /> Gandhi's public experiments, as they progressed, were widely discussed and criticised by his family members and leading politicians. However, Gandhi said that if he would not let Manu sleep with him, it would be a sign of weakness. Some of his staff resigned, including two of his newspaper's editors who had refused to print some of Gandhi's sermons dealing with his experiments.<ref name="jadadams2012" /> Nirmalkumar Bose, Gandhi's Bengali interpreter, for example, criticised Gandhi, not because Gandhi did anything wrong, but because Bose was concerned about the psychological effect on the women who participated in his experiments.<ref name=majumdar224 /> Veena Howard states Gandhi's views on brahmacharya and religious renunciation experiments were a method to confront women issues in his times.<ref name=howard2013>{{cite journal |author=Howard, Veena R. |year=2013|title=Rethinking Gandhi's celibacy: Ascetic power and women's empowerment|journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=130–61 [130, 137] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi= 10.1093/jaarel/lfs103 }}</ref>

Gandhi also supported [[alcohol abstinence]], advocating [[Prohibition]] as the only effective way to deal with alcohol usage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History An International Encyclopedia · Volume 1 |date=2003 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=692}}</ref>

=== Untouchability and castes ===
Gandhi spoke out against untouchability early in his life.<ref name="Jaffrelotp62">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Dr. Ambedkar and Untouchability: Fighting the Indian Caste System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1590ts70g0C&pg=PA60|year=2005|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-13602-0|pages=60–63}}</ref> Before 1932, he and his associates used the word ''antyaja'' for untouchables. In a major speech on untouchability at [[Nagpur]] in 1920, Gandhi called it a great evil in Hindu society but observed that it was not unique to Hinduism, having deeper roots, and stated that Europeans in South Africa treated "all of us, Hindus and Muslims, as untouchables; we may not reside in their midst, nor enjoy the rights which they do".<ref name=gandhi149 /> Calling the doctrine of untouchability intolerable, he asserted that the practice could be eradicated, that Hinduism was flexible enough to allow eradication, and that a concerted effort was needed to persuade people of the wrong and to urge them to eradicate it.<ref name=gandhi149 />

According to [[Christophe Jaffrelot]], while Gandhi considered untouchability to be wrong and evil, he believed that caste or class is based on neither inequality nor inferiority.<ref name="Jaffrelotp62" /> Gandhi believed that individuals should freely intermarry whomever they wish, but that no one should expect everyone to be his friend: every individual, regardless of background, has a right to choose whom he will welcome into his home, whom he will befriend, and whom he will spend time with.<ref name="Jaffrelotp62" /><ref name=gandhi149>MK Gandhi (1920), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.164029/2015.164029.The-Collected-Works-Of-Mahatma-Gandhi-Xix-November-1920--April-1921#page/n163/mode/2up Speech at Antyaj Conference], Nagpur, pp. 148–55</ref>

In 1932, Gandhi began a new campaign to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he began to call ''[[harijan]]s'', "the children of god".<ref name="Coward2003">{{cite book|author=Coward, Harold G.|author-link=Harold Coward|title=Indian Critiques of Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGGudMuE4PIC&pg=PA52|year=2003|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5910-2|pages=52–53|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408083957/https://books.google.com/books?id=GGGudMuE4PIC&pg=PA52|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 May 1933, Gandhi began a 21-day fast of self-purification and launched a year-long campaign to help the ''harijan'' movement.<ref>[[#Desai|Desai]], pp. 230–89.</ref> This campaign was not universally embraced by the [[Dalit (outcaste)|Dalit]] community: [[Ambedkar]] and his allies felt Gandhi was being paternalistic and was undermining Dalit political rights. Ambedkar described him as "devious and untrustworthy".<ref name="GreatSoulReview">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703529004576160371482469358 |title=Among the Hagiographers (A book review of "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India" by Joseph Lelyveld) |author=Roberts, Andrew |author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian) |date=26 March 2011 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103114003/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703529004576160371482469358.html |archive-date=3 January 2012 }}</ref> He accused Gandhi as someone who wished to retain the caste system.<ref name="Dirks2011p267">{{cite book|author=Nicholas B. Dirks|title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UP7vmkFSJhIC&pg=PA268|year=2011|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-1-4008-4094-6|pages=267–74|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721085014/https://books.google.com/books?id=UP7vmkFSJhIC&pg=PA268|url-status=live}}</ref> Ambedkar and Gandhi debated their ideas and concerns, each trying to persuade the other.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gandhi-Ambedkar Correspondence|work=Selected Letters of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/Selected%2520Letters/amb-gandhi%2520corr..htm|access-date=20 February 2023|publisher=www.mkgandhi.org|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161241/https://www.mkgandhi.org/Selected%20Letters/amb-gandhi%20corr..htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC|year=2006|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-25570-8|pages=333–59|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222104043/https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC|archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> It was during the Harijan tour that he faced the first assassination attempt. While in Poona, a bomb was thrown by an unidentified assailant (described only as a [[Sanātanī|sanatani]] in the press<ref>{{cite news|date=27 June 1934|title=Mahatma martyred will be stronger than Mahatma living. Act Marks Lowest Depth of Perversity, Says Asaf Ali.|page=1|newspaper=[[The Bombay Chronicle]]}}</ref>) at a car belonging to his entourage but Gandhi and his family escaped as they were in the car that was following. Gandhi later declared that he "cannot believe that any sane sanatanist could ever encourage the insane act ... The sorrowful incident has undoubtedly advanced the Harijan cause. It is easy to see that causes prosper by the martyrdom of those who stand for them."<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Benjamin, N.|author2=Narkulwad, Ganesh|year=2019|title=Gandhi's Links with Poona: An Overview|url=https://gandhimargjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/1.-OCTOBER-2018-MARCH-2019.pdf#page=38|journal=Gandhi Marg|volume=40|issue=3–4|pages=165–186|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161249/https://gandhimargjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/1.-OCTOBER-2018-MARCH-2019.pdf#page=38|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bombay Chronicle June 27 1934.jpg|thumb|Coverage of the assassination attempt, ''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'', 27 June 1934]]

In 1935, Ambedkar announced his intentions to leave Hinduism and join Buddhism.<ref name="Dirks2011p267" /> According to Sankar Ghose, the announcement shook Gandhi, who reappraised his views and wrote many essays with his views on castes, intermarriage, and what Hinduism says on the subject. These views contrasted with those of Ambedkar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sankar Ghose|title=Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA236 |year=1991|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-205-6|page=236}}</ref> Yet in the elections of 1937, excepting some seats in Mumbai which Ambedkar's party won, India's untouchables voted heavily in favour of Gandhi's campaign and his party, the Congress.<ref>{{cite book|author= Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA385 |year=2006 |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn= 978-0-520-25570-8|page= 385}}</ref>

Gandhi and his associates continued to keep in touch with Ambedkar. Ambedkar worked with other Congress leaders through the 1940s and the headed committee of India's constitution in the late 1940s, but did indeed convert to Buddhism in 1956.<ref name="Dirks2011p267" /> According to Jaffrelot, Gandhi's views evolved between the 1920s and 1940s; by 1946, he actively encouraged intermarriage between castes. His approach, too, to untouchability differed from Ambedkar's, championing fusion, choice, and free intermixing, while Ambedkar envisioned each segment of society maintaining its group identity, and each group then separately advancing the "politics of equality".<ref name="Jaffrelotp62" />

Ambedkar's criticism of Gandhi continued to influence the Dalit movement past Gandhi's death. According to Arthur Herman, Ambedkar's hatred for Gandhi and Gandhi's ideas was so strong that, when he heard of Gandhi's assassination, he remarked after a momentary silence a sense of regret and then added, "My real enemy is gone; thank goodness the eclipse is over now".<ref name="Herman2008p586" /><ref>{{cite journal|author= KR Rao|editor =MVVS Murthi|display-editors=etal|journal=Journal of Gandhian Studies|title = Satyagraha: Gandhi's yoga of nonviolence| volume = 3|year=1975|page=48|publisher= Gandhi Bhawan, University of Allahabad}}; Laxman Kawale (2012), ''Dalit's Social Transformation: Redefining the Social Justice'', ISRJ, Volume 1, Issue XII, page 3; Quote: "Even though Ambedkar was a party to Poona Pact, he was never reconciled to it. His contempt against [sic] Gandhi ... continued even after his assassination on January 30, 1948. On the death of Gandhi, he expressed, "My real enemy has gone; thank goodness the eclipse is over". He equated the assassination of Gandhi with that of Caesar and the remark of Cicero to the messenger – "Tell the Romans, your hour of liberty has come". He further remarked, "While one regrets the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, one cannot help finding in his heart the echo of the sentiments expressed by Cicero on the assassination of Caesar".</ref> According to [[Ramachandra Guha]], "ideologues have carried these old rivalries into the present, with the demonization of Gandhi now common among politicians who presume to speak in Ambedkar's name."<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|date=22 June 2012|title=The Other Liberal Light|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/104203/the-other-liberal-light|access-date=20 February 2023|issn=0028-6583}}</ref>

=== Nai Talim, basic education ===
{{Main|Nai Talim}}

Gandhi rejected the colonial Western format of the education system. He stated that it led to disdain for manual work, generally created an elite administrative bureaucracy. Gandhi favoured an education system with far greater emphasis on learning skills in practical and useful work, one that included physical, mental and spiritual studies. His methodology sought to treat all professions equal and pay everyone the same.<ref>{{cite book|author=V. R. Devika |author2=G. Arulmani|editor= Gideon Arulmani|display-editors=etal|title=Handbook of Career Development: International Perspectives|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_RS4BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA111| year=2014|publisher= Springer Science|isbn= 978-1-4614-9460-7|page=111}}</ref><ref name=weber80 /> This leads him to create a university in Ahmedabad, [[Gujarat Vidyapith]].

Gandhi called his ideas ''Nai Talim'' (literally, 'new education'). He believed that the Western style education violated and destroyed the indigenous cultures. A different basic education model, he believed, would lead to better self awareness, prepare people to treat all work equally respectable and valued, and lead to a society with less social diseases.<ref>{{cite book|author=J.J. Chambliss|title=Philosophy of Education: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncDYnnvzm1sC |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-51161-5|page=233}}</ref><ref>Dehury, Dinabandhu "Mahatma Gandhi's Contribution to Education", ''Orissa Review'', [http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/sept-oct2006/engpdf/11-15.pdf September/October 2006, pp. 11–15] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215184920/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/sept-oct2006/engpdf/11-15.pdf |date=15 February 2010 }}; [http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/December-2008/engpdf/1-5.pdf December 2008, pp. 1–5.] </ref>

Nai Talim evolved out of his experiences at the [[Tolstoy Farm]] in South Africa, and Gandhi attempted to formulate the new system at the Sevagram ashram after 1937.<ref name=weber80>{{cite book|author=Weber, Thomas |title=Gandhi As Disciple And Mentor|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe|url-access=registration |year=2004|publisher=Cambridge U. Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe/page/80 80] with footnote 42|isbn=978-1-139-45657-9}}</ref> Nehru government's vision of an industrialised, centrally [[planned economy]] after 1947 had scant place for Gandhi's village-oriented approach.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Yencken, David|author2=Fien, John|author3=Sykes, Helen|name-list-style=amp|title=Environment, Education, and Society in the Asia-Pacific: Local Traditions and Global Discourses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpE3W2MhC78C&pg=PA107|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|page=107|isbn=978-0-203-45926-3|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721080138/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpE3W2MhC78C&pg=PA107|url-status=live}}</ref>

In his autobiography, Gandhi wrote that he believed every Hindu child must learn [[Sanskrit]] because its historic and spiritual texts are in that language.<ref name="Childhood">{{Cite web|last=Gandhi|first=Mohandas K.|year=1940|work=[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]|title=At the High School|url=http://wikilivres.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/At_the_High_School|access-date=20 February 2023|publisher=Wikilivres|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307155915/http://wikilivres.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/At_the_High_School|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Swaraj, self-rule ===
{{Main|Swaraj}}

Gandhi believed that ''swaraj'' not only can be attained with non-violence,<ref name="GangulyDocker20082">{{citation |title=Rethinking Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality: Global Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cId9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |pages=4– |year=2008 |editor-last1=Ganguly |editor-first1=Debjani |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-07431-0 |editor-last2=Docker |editor-first2=John |access-date=2023-07-20 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721085146/https://books.google.com/books?id=cId9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |url-status=live }} Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti-colonial nationalist politics in the twentieth-century in ways that neither indigenous nor westernized Indian nationalists could."</ref> but it can also be run with non-violence. A military is unnecessary, because any aggressor can be thrown out using the method of non-violent non-co-operation. While the military is unnecessary in a nation organised under ''swaraj'' principle, Gandhi added that a police force is necessary given human nature. However, the state would limit the use of weapons by the police to the minimum, aiming for their use as a restraining force.<ref name="Chakrabarty">{{cite book|author=Chakrabarty, Bidyut|title=Social and political thought of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/socialpoliticalt0000chak/page/138|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-36096-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialpoliticalt0000chak/page/138 138–39]}}</ref>

According to Gandhi, a non-violent state is like an "ordered anarchy".<ref name="Chakrabarty" /> In a society of mostly non-violent individuals, those who are violent will sooner or later accept discipline or leave the community, stated Gandhi.<ref name="Chakrabarty" /> He emphasised a society where individuals believed more in learning about their duties and responsibilities, not demanded rights and privileges. On returning from South Africa, when Gandhi received a letter asking for his participation in writing a world charter for human rights, he responded saying, "in my experience, it is far more important to have a charter for human duties."<ref>[[Eknath Easwaran|Easwaran, Eknath]]. ''[[Gandhi the Man]]''. Nilgiri Press, 2011. p. 49.</ref>

Swaraj to Gandhi did not mean transferring colonial era British power brokering system, favours-driven, bureaucratic, class exploitative structure and mindset into Indian hands. He warned such a transfer would still be English rule, just without the Englishman. "This is not the Swaraj I want", said Gandhi.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gillen, Paul |author2=Ghosh, Devleena |name-list-style=amp |title=Colonialism and Modernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnQk28Du5poC&pg=PA130|year=2007|publisher=UNSW Press|pages=129–31|isbn=978-0-86840-735-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anil Mishra|title=Reading Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa8cD95Mt4YC |year=2012|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-81-317-9964-2|pages=167–70}}</ref> Tewari states that Gandhi saw democracy as more than a system of government; it meant promoting both individuality and the self-discipline of the community. Democracy meant settling disputes in a nonviolent manner; it required freedom of thought and expression. For Gandhi, democracy was a way of life.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tewari | first1 = S. M. | year = 1971 | title = The Concept of Democracy in the Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi | journal = Indian Political Science Review | volume = 6 | issue = 2| pages = 225–51 }}</ref>

=== Hindu nationalism and revivalism ===
Some scholars state Gandhi supported a religiously diverse India,<ref>{{cite book|author1=John L. Esposito|author2=Darrell J. Fasching|author3=Todd Lewis|title=Religion & globalization: world religions in historical perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9QQAQAAIAAJ |year= 2007|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-517695-7|pages=543–44}}</ref> while others state that the Muslim leaders who championed the partition and creation of a separate Muslim Pakistan considered Gandhi to be Hindu nationalist or revivalist.<ref>{{cite book|author= Chetan Bhatt|title= Hindu nationalism: origins, ideologies and modern myths|url= https://archive.org/details/hindunationalism00chet/page/111|year= 2001|publisher= Berg|isbn= 978-1-85973-343-1|pages= [https://archive.org/details/hindunationalism00chet/page/111 111–12]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Leora Batnitzky|author2=Hanoch Dagan|title=Institutionalizing Rights and Religion: Competing Supremacies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIA7DgAAQBAJ |year=2017|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-108-17953-9|page=250}}, Quote: "Many Muslims viewed Gandhi not as a secularist, but as a Hindu nationalist."</ref> For example, in his letters to Mohammad Iqbal, Jinnah accused Gandhi to be favouring a Hindu rule and revivalism, that Gandhi-led Indian National Congress was a fascist party.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lars Tore Flåten|title=Hindu Nationalism, History and Identity in India: Narrating a Hindu past under the BJP|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NZRDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT249 |year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-20871-6|page=249}}</ref>

In an interview with C.F. Andrews, Gandhi stated that if we believe all religions teach the same message of love and peace between all human beings, then there is neither any rationale nor need for proselytisation or attempts to convert people from one religion to another.<ref name=singh79 /> Gandhi opposed missionary organisations who criticised Indian religions then attempted to convert followers of Indian religions to Islam or Christianity. In Gandhi's view, those who attempt to convert a Hindu, "they must harbour in their breasts the belief that Hinduism is an error" and that their own religion is "the only true religion".<ref name=singh79 /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Mahatma Gandhi|author2=Anand T. Hingorani|title=All Religions are True|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2rDWAAAAMAAJ|year= 1962|publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=112–13}}</ref> Gandhi believed that people who demand religious respect and rights must also show the same respect and grant the same rights to followers of other religions. He stated that spiritual studies must encourage "a Hindu to become a better Hindu, a Mussalman to become a better Mussalman, and a Christian a better Christian."<ref name=singh79>{{cite journal| author1=Singh AR| author2= Singh SA| title=Gandhi on religion, faith and conversion: secular blueprint relevant today | journal=Mens Sana Monographs | year= 2004 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 79–88 | pmid=22815610 | pmc=3400300 }}</ref>

According to Gandhi, religion is not about what a man believes, it is about how a man lives, how he relates to other people, his conduct towards others, and one's relationship to one's conception of god.<ref name=parekh82>{{cite book|author=Bhikhu C. Parekh|title=Gandhi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Qwyjly4tTUUC |year= 2001|publisher= Sterling Publishing|isbn= 978-1-4027-6887-3|pages= 82–84}}</ref> It is not important to convert or to join any religion, but it is important to improve one's way of life and conduct by absorbing ideas from any source and any religion, believed Gandhi.<ref name=parekh82 />

=== Gandhian economics ===
{{Main|Gandhian economics}}

Gandhi believed in the ''sarvodaya'' economic model, which literally means "welfare, upliftment of all".<ref name=rivett1>{{cite journal | last=Rivett | first=Kenneth | title=The Economic Thought of Mahatma Gandhi | journal=The British Journal of Sociology | publisher=JSTOR | volume=10 | issue=1 | year=1959 | doi=10.2307/587582 | pages=1–15| jstor=587582 }}</ref> This, states Bhatt, was a very different economic model than the socialism model championed and followed by free India by Nehru – India's first prime minister. To both, according to Bhatt, removing poverty and unemployment were the objective, but the Gandhian economic and development approach preferred adapting technology and infrastructure to suit the local situation, in contrast to Nehru's large scale, socialised state owned enterprises.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bhatt | first1 = V. V. | year = 1982 | title = Development Problem, Strategy, and Technology Choice: Sarvodaya and Socialist Approaches in India | journal = Economic Development and Cultural Change | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 85–99 | jstor=1153645 | doi = 10.1086/451307| s2cid = 154077320 }}</ref>

To Gandhi, the economic philosophy that aims at "greatest good for the greatest number" was fundamentally flawed, and his alternative proposal ''sarvodaya'' set its aim at the "greatest good for all". He believed that the best economic system not only cared to lift the "poor, less skilled, of impoverished background" but also empowered to lift the "rich, highly skilled, of capital means and landlords". Violence against any human being, born poor or rich, is wrong, believed Gandhi.<ref name=rivett1 /><ref>{{cite journal | last=Rothermund | first=Indira | title=The Individual and Society in Gandhi's Political Thought | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | volume=28 | issue=2 | year=1969 | doi=10.2307/2943005 | pages=313–20| jstor=2943005 | s2cid=145179518 }}</ref> He stated that the mandate theory of majoritarian democracy should not be pushed to absurd extremes, individual freedoms should never be denied, and no person should ever be made a social or economic slave to the "resolutions of majorities".<ref>{{cite book|author=Ramjee Singh|editor=Ronald Bontekoe|display-editors=etal|title=Justice and Democracy: Cross-cultural Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcGvAzjPSboC&pg=PA233 |year=1997|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1926-2|pages=233–35}}</ref>

Gandhi challenged Nehru and the modernisers in the late 1930s who called for rapid industrialisation on the Soviet model; Gandhi denounced that as dehumanising and contrary to the needs of the villages where the great majority of the people lived.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chakrabarty, Bidyut |title=Jawaharlal Nehru and Planning, 1938–1941: India at the Crossroads|journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]]|year=1992|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–87|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00009781|s2cid=143462773}}</ref> After Gandhi's assassination, Nehru led India in accordance with his personal socialist convictions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Socialism and Indian economic policy|author=Padma Desai and Jagdish Bhagwati|journal=World Development|volume= 3|issue= 4|year= 1975|pages=213–21|doi=10.1016/0305-750X(75)90063-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Socialism at crossroads|author=B.K. Nehru|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=17|date=Spring 1990|pages=1–12|jstor=23002177|issue=1}}</ref> Historian Kuruvilla [[Pandikattu]] says "it was Nehru's vision, not Gandhi's, that was eventually preferred by the Indian State."<ref>{{cite book|author=Pandikattu, Kuruvila |title=Gandhi: the meaning of Mahatma for the millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrGadHsc1bUC&pg=PA237 |year=2001 |publisher=CRVP |isbn=978-1-56518-156-4|page=237}}</ref>

Gandhi called for ending poverty through improved agriculture and small-scale cottage rural industries.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rivett | first1 = Kenneth | year = 1959 | title = The Economic Thought of Mahatma Gandhi | journal = British Journal of Sociology | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 1–15 | jstor=587582 | doi = 10.2307/587582}}</ref> Gandhi's economic thinking disagreed with Marx, according to the political theory scholar and economist [[Bhikhu Parekh]]. Gandhi refused to endorse the view that economic forces are best understood as "antagonistic class interests".<ref name=parekh5 /> He argued that no man can degrade or brutalise the other without degrading and brutalising himself and that sustainable economic growth comes from service, not from exploitation. Further, believed Gandhi, in a free nation, victims exist only when they co-operate with their oppressor, and an economic and political system that offered increasing alternatives gave power of choice to the poorest man.<ref name=parekh5>{{cite book|author=Bhikhu C. Parekh|title=Gandhi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Qwyjly4tTUUC |year= 2001|publisher= Sterling Publishing|isbn= 978-1-4027-6887-3|pages= 5–6, 15–16}}</ref>

While disagreeing with Nehru about the socialist economic model, Gandhi also critiqued capitalism that was driven by endless wants and a materialistic view of man. This, he believed, created a vicious vested system of materialism at the cost of other human needs, such as spirituality and social relationships.<ref name=parekh5 /> To Gandhi, states Parekh, both communism and capitalism were wrong, in part because both focused exclusively on a materialistic view of man, and because the former deified the state with unlimited power of violence, while the latter deified capital. He believed that a better economic system is one which does not impoverish one's culture and spiritual pursuits.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bhikhu Parekh| author-link = Bhikhu Parekh| title=Gandhi's Political Philosophy: A Critical Examination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sP2wCwAAQBAJ |year=1991|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-349-12242-4|pages=133–36}}</ref>

=== Gandhism ===
{{Main|Gandhism|Gandhians}}

''Gandhism'' designates the ideas and principles Gandhi promoted; of central importance is nonviolent resistance. A [[Gandhians|Gandhian]] can mean either an individual who follows, or a specific philosophy which is attributed to, Gandhism.<ref name="Hardiman2001">{{cite journal|title=Champaran and Gandhi: Planters, Peasants and Gandhian Politics by Jacques Pouchepadass (Review)|first=David|last=Hardiman|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=11|issue=1|date=April 2001|pages=99–101|jstor=25188108|doi=10.1017/S1356186301450152|s2cid=154941166}}</ref> M. M. Sankhdher argues that Gandhism is not a systematic position in metaphysics or in political philosophy. Rather, it is a political creed, an economic doctrine, a religious outlook, a moral precept, and especially, a humanitarian world view. It is an effort not to systematise wisdom but to transform society and is based on an undying faith in the goodness of human nature.<ref>Sankhdher, M. M. (1972), "Gandhism: A Political Interpretation", ''Gandhi Marg'', pp. 68–74.</ref> However Gandhi himself did not approve of the notion of "Gandhism", as he explained in 1936:

{{blockquote|There is no such thing as "Gandhism", and I do not want to leave any sect after me. I do not claim to have originated any new principle or doctrine. I have simply tried in my own way to apply the eternal truths to our daily life and problems ... The opinions I have formed and the conclusions I have arrived at are not final. I may change them tomorrow. I have nothing new to teach the world. Truth and nonviolence are as old as the hills.<ref>Kamath, M.V. (2007), ''Gandhi, a spiritual journey'', Indus Source, {{ISBN|81-88569-11-9}}, p. 195.</ref>}}

== Eleven vows ==
{{Main|Eleven vows}}
Mahatma Gandhi prescribed [[eleven vows]] for ashrama inmates and insisted on their observance. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Parikh |first1=Nilam |title=Gandhi wrote to his sons and daughter-in-law |date=2008 |publisher=National Gandhi Museum |location=[[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] |isbn=978-81-87458-17-3 |page=194 |edition=First}}</ref> These were:
* ''Ahimsa'' ([[non-violence]])
* ''[[Satya]]'' (truth)
* ''[[Asteya]]'' (Non-Stealing)
* ''[[Brahmacharya]]'' (self-control)
* ''Asangraha'' ([[Non-possession]])
* ''Sharir shram'' (body labour)
* ''Asvada'' (control of the palate)
* ''Swadeshi'' (self-reliance)
* ''Samanlok'' (equal respect for all religions)
* ''Abhaya'' (fearlessness on all occasions)
* ''Asparsh'' (no [[untouchability]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gandhi}}

[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi]]

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2026-03-03T09:43:24Z

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{{Short description|2022 Indian thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| name = Vazhakku
| caption =
| director = [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]
| based_on =
| producer = {{Ubl | Parrot Mount Pictures | Tovino Thomas Productions}}
| writer = Sanal Kumar Sasidharan
| screenplay =
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Tovino Thomas]]
| [[Kani Kusruti]]
| [[Sudev Nair]]
| [[Azees Nedumangad]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Chandru Selvaraj]]
| editing = [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]
| music = {{ubl
| [[music director|Prithvi Chandrasekhar]]
}}
| studio = {{Ubl | Parrot Mount Pictures | Tovino Thomas Productions}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|07|29|df=y|}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vazhakku''''' ({{Translation|Quarrel}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed and edited by [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]] starring [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Kani Kusruti]], [[Sudev Nair]], and [[Azees Nedumangad]]. The film is about a lawyer named Siddharthan who is going through a divorce. He meets a woman named Sathi and her daughter, who are also going through marital problems. The two families are going through their difficult times.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sanal-kumar-sasidharan-says-vazhakkugetting-an-official-selection-at-the-27th-iffk-is-important-to-him-as-several-people-have-been-trying-to-paint-him-as-a-women-abuser-in-film-circles/articleshow/94841479.cms|title=Sanal Kumar Sasidharan says 'Vazhakku'getting an official selection at the 27th IFFK is important to him, as several people have been trying to paint him as a 'women abuser' in film circles|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

The film was released on 29 July 2022, in India. The film was screened at the 27th edition of the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] among the only 12 [[Malayalam language]] film screened and was also selected to premier at Korean international Film Festival IFFSA-SEOUL 2022. Vazhakku won several awards at the [[54th Kerala State Film Awards]], including three [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]], [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] and Best Visual Effects.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/sanal-kumar-sasidharans-vazhakk-is-an-intriguing-well-acted-film|title=Sanal Kumar Sasidharan's Vazhakk Is An Intriguing, Well-Acted Film|work=filmcompanion.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/12/iffk-vazhakku-movie-venue-tovino-thomas-sanalkumar-sasidharan-film-delegates-fight.html|title=IFFK: Brawl breaks out between delegates, volunteers during screening of Tovino's 'Vazhakku'|work=onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/tovino-s-vazhakku-screening-ends-up-in-quarrel-at-iffk-delegates-mark-protest-1.8126948|title=Tovino's 'Vazhakku' screening ends up in quarrel at IFFK, delegates mark protest|work=english.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref> The film was later released for free on [[Vimeo]] on 14 May 2024.

== Plot ==
Siddharthan ([[Tovino Thomas]]), a lawyer, was going through a tumultuous divorce. On the day scheduled for the signing of their mutual divorce agreement, he betrayed his wife, Lakshmi, by engaging in infidelity before embarking on an inland drive. Desperate to salvage their marriage, he pleaded with Lakshmi over the phone to postpone the divorce, citing their daughter Tara's well-being. His attempt, however, proved futile. During his return journey, a chance encounter with Sathi ([[Kani Kusruti]]) and her mute daughter, who were also facing marital turmoil, profoundly altered his perspective on life. Feeling a deep sense of dissatisfaction and emptiness, he sought meaning in his existence. His meeting with Sathi, a woman similarly disillusioned with her marriage, led to further complications in both their lives.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/sanal-kumar-sasidharans-vazhakk-is-an-intriguing-well-acted-film|title=Sanal Kumar Sasidharan's Vazhakk Is An Intriguing, Well-Acted Film|work=filmcompanion.in}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Tovino Thomas]] as Sidharthan
*Devaki Rajendran as Lakshmi
* [[Kani Kusruti]] as Sathi
* [[Sudev Nair]] as Unknown Authority
* [[Azees Nedumangad]] as Reghu
* Byju Netto as Helper
* Thanmaya Sol as Thara

== Awards and nominations ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Recipient!! Result !! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist (Female)]] || Thanmaya Sol || {{Won}} || rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-best-film-mammootty-vincy-aloshious-mahesh-narayanan-8851060/|title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam named Best Film; Mammootty, Vincy Aloshious, Mahesh Narayanan bag top honours|work=indianexpress.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] || [[Chandru Selvaraj]]|| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Visual Effects || Anish T, Sumesh Gopal || {{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13748326|Vazhakku}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Justin Prabhakaran]]

Dhilluku Dhuddu 2

2026-03-03T03:01:44Z

2famrtf: minor cleanup

{{short description|2019 Indian Tamil-language horror comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhilluku Dhuddu 2
| image = Dhilluku Dhuddu 2 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Rambhala]]
| producer = [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
| writer = [[Rambhala]]
| starring = [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] [[Shritha Sivadas]] Deepti [[Ayesha Zeenath]] [[Rajendran]] Bipin [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
| music = [[Shabir]]
| cinematography = Deepak Kumar Padhy
| editing = Madhavan M.
| studio = Handmade films
| distributor = Trident Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|02|07}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Dhilluku Dhuddu 2''''' is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language [[horror comedy film]] written and directed by [[Rambhala]]. The film stars [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Shritha Sivadas]], while [[Rajendran]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] play supporting roles. The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Shabir]]. The film is a spiritual sequel to 2016 film ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' and is the second film in the ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu (film series)|Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' film series. The movie was released to mixed reviews but was a surprise hit at the box-office.

The film was shot in 90
days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title='Dhilluku Dhuddu 2' to be more than a horror film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/sep/11/dhilluku-dhuddu-2-to-be-more-than-a-horror-film-1870711.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202739/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/sep/11/dhilluku-dhuddu-2-to-be-more-than-a-horror-film-1870711.html |archive-date=10 December 2018 |access-date=10 December 2018 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film released on 7 February 2019. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 3]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2019 |title=Raju Gari Gadhi 3, a remake of Dhilluku Dhuddu 2 |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/article/raju-gari-gadhi-3-a-remake-of-dhilluku-dhuddu-2-14468.html/14468 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923162606/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/article/raju-gari-gadhi-3-a-remake-of-dhilluku-dhuddu-2-14468.html/14468 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=23 September 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The climax of the movie is heavily inspired by the Hollywood film ''[[The Conjuring 2]]''. A third film, titled ''[[DD Returns]]'', was released in 2023.

== Plot ==
Viji and his maternal uncle are happy-go-lucky guys who create a nuisance for their neighbours due to their drunken antics. The neighbours try out different methods to escape their antics, but in vain. One of the neighbours, Karthik, who is a doctor by profession, comes across nurse Maya, whom he is in love with. However, when Karthik tries to express his love, he is beaten black and blue by a mysterious ghost. After finding out details about Maya and the ghost, the doctor and other neighbours plot against Viji to make him fall in love with Maya and let the ghost take care of him. Injured in a fight, Viji, seeking a physiotherapist's help, falls in love with Maya, who was engineered by his neighbours. Things take a twist, and Viji is thrashed by the ghost. Viji finds out that Maya's father Garudaraja Bhattadhri is a powerful magician in [[Kerala]] and that he had set the ghost to protect Maya. Viji sets out to Kerala to convince Maya's father, along with his uncle. They insult Bhattadhri, and he sets out to do a pooja to harm them. To escape that, they ask for Chakra Mahadevi's help. It turns out that both Bhattadhri and Mahadevi are fake and that there is a real ghost protecting Maya. They go to a [[black magic]]ian, where he reveals the flashback about the ghost.

In 1857, a British man named George Williams went to [[India]], where he seduced girls and ruined their lives. Due to a job transfer, he came to Kerala, where his lustful gaze fell on Devyani Kutti, but he was unaware that she was the daughter of the king of black magic, Marthanda Varma. Soon, Marthanda Varma learned about George, so to kill George, he took the great Yatchi palm script on a pournami day and gave an order to Yatchi to protect his daughter. That night, George proposes to Devyani and at that moment, Yatchi killed George. After British left India, he stuffed Yatchi into an idol and buried it.

After that, Maya's father says that he has a similar Yatchi in his house, so the magician does some pooja to determine whether it is active, so that time it is active. To kill the Yatchi, they need to retrieve the palm script from the bungalow where Maya's father took the Yatchi which happens to be the black magician Marthanda Varma lived. Viji and others had various encounters with other ghosts there, they finally retrieved the palm script and gave to the magician who continues the pooja, where he requests the Yatchi to leave Maya as she is to be married. The Yatchi refuses, thrashing down the magician and throws the palm script to fire pit. The Yatchi possess Maya attempting for her to get suicide on the bungalow. When Viji and Maya's father attempts to save her were failing, to everyone's surprise, the ghost of king of black magic, Marthanda Varma comes at right time performing the closure ritual and thereby killing the ghost. The end credits show Viji confronting his neighbors who were enjoying his departure were shocked to see him alive and well with Viji thanking them their attempts to throw him down has turned over a new leaf in his life where he and Maya got settled along with Viji maternal uncle lived happily ever after.

== Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Vijay (Viji)
* [[Shritha Sivadas]] as Dr. Maya
* [[Rajendran]] as Viji's uncle
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Chakra Mahadevi
* Bipin as Garudaraja Bhattadhri (Maya's father)
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Dr. Karthik
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Thalaivar
* [[K. Sivasankar]] as Viji's neighbour
* K. Bujji Babu as Viji's neighbour
* KPY Ramar as Viji's neighbour
* Dhanasekar as Azhagu, Viji's neighbour
* [[Lollu Sabha Maaran|Maaran]] as "Mike" Maaran
* Sri Kala
* Deepti as Yatchi
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shabir]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Dhilluku Dhuddu 2
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Shabir]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| length = 8:39
| label = Think Music India
| producer = [[Shabir]]
| prev_title = [[Neeya 2]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mavanae Yaarukittae
| extra1 = Gana Vinoth, [[Shabir]], Yamini Ghantasala
| length1 = 2:52
| title2 = Kathadi Pol
| extra2 = Maria Vincent, [[Shabir]]
| length2 = 3:03
| title3 = Mavanae Yaarukittae Remix
| extra3 = Rabbit Mac, [[Shabir]]
| length3 = 2:44
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film released on 7 February 2019 to mixed reviews from critics and positive response from audience and became an box office success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2019 |title='Dhilluku Dhuddu 2': The release date of the Santhanam starrer unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhilluku-dhuddu-2-the-release-date-of-the-santhanam-starrer-unveiled/articleshow/67768613.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201190619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhilluku-dhuddu-2-the-release-date-of-the-santhanam-starrer-unveiled/articleshow/67768613.cms |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=1 February 2019 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five wrote that "While many comedy scenes hit the target, some of them fail to do so. The spooky scenes in the pre climax portions have ample fun elements, though it's a bit stretched which affected the mood to a small extent".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhilluku Dhuddu 2 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dhilluku-dhuddu-2/movie-review/67880390.cms |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Some gags work, some lines are funny, many are offensive… and for the most part, the film’s just tiresome".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=7 February 2019 |title=Dhilluku Dhuddu 2 Review: A testing sequel with the rare funny joke |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/Feb/07/dhilluku-dhuddu-2-review-a-testing-sequel-with-the-rare-funny-joke-10006.html |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Dhilluku Dhuddu 2'' is certainly late to the party as far as the ‘horror comedy’ bandwagon is concerned, but it might just give some hope to Santhanam’s dwindling career".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=17 February 2019 |title='Dhilluku Dhuddu 2' review: Nothing fresh in this late entrant to the horror-comedy genre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/dhilluku-dhuddu-2-review-nothing-fresh-in-this-late-entrant-to-the-horror-comedy-genre/article26204406.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922130543/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/dhilluku-dhuddu-2-review-nothing-fresh-in-this-late-entrant-to-the-horror-comedy-genre/article26204406.ece |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film one out of five and wrote that "Overall, ''Dhilluku Dhuddu 2'' plays out like a rehashed ‘[[Lollu Sabha]]’ rehearsal session, sans purpose, fun and good humour".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title=Dhilluku Dhuddu 2 review: A distasteful 'horror' film; barely funny or scary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dhilluku-dhuddu-2-movie-review-rating-5574385/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728081328/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dhilluku-dhuddu-2-movie-review-rating-5574385/ |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9615016}}

[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian haunted house films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Standard of living in India

2026-02-27T19:03:23Z

2famrtf:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
The '''standard of living in India''' varies from state to state. In 2021, extreme poverty was reduced to 0.8%<ref name="worldpoverty.io">{{cite web |url=https://worldpoverty.io/ |title = World Poverty Clock}}</ref> and [[India]] is no longer the nation with the largest population living in poverty.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/10/india-is-no-longer-home-to-the-largest-number-of-poor-people-in-the-world-nigeria-is/| title = India is no longer home to the largest number of poor people in the world. Nigeria is. - The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

There is significant [[income inequality in India|income inequality within India]], as it is simultaneously home to some of the world's richest people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Issues/Driving-growth/Middle-class-growth-in-emerging-markets---China-and-India-tomorrow-s-middle-classes |title=Middle class growth in emerging markets - China and India: Tomorrow's middle classes - EY - Global |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090932/http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Issues/Driving-growth/Middle-class-growth-in-emerging-markets---China-and-India-tomorrow-s-middle-classes |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The average wages are estimated to quadruple between 2013-30.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/average-wages-in-india-could-quadruple-by-2030-pwc-report/article5186360.ece|title=Average wages in India could quadruple by 2030: PwC report|work=thehindu.com|date=30 September 2013}}</ref>

The standard of living in India shows large geographical disparity as well. For example, most metropolitan cities and other urban and suburban regions have world-class medical establishments, luxurious hotels, sports facilities and leisure activities similar to that of Western nations, while there is significant poverty in rural areas of India, where medical care tends to be very basic or unavailable due to a lack of doctors. Similarly, the latest machinery may be used in most construction projects, but some construction staff work without mechanisation in some projects, predominantly in very rural parts.<ref>[http://www.sewaresearch.org/pdf/researches/labouring_brick_by_brick.pdf Labouring Brick by Brick: A Study of Construction Workers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705011010/http://www.sewaresearch.org/pdf/researches/labouring_brick_by_brick.pdf |date=5 July 2010 }} – www.sewa.org</ref> However, a rural middle class is now emerging in India, with some rural areas seeing increasing prosperity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/487357/rural-areas-see-middle-class.html|title=Rural areas see middle class rise|website=Deccan Herald|date=4 July 2015}}</ref>

As per the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]'s World Economic Outlook for 2020, the per capita PPP-adjusted GDP for India was estimated to be US$9,027.<ref name="IMF">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=80&pr.y=11&sy=2020&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C546%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C314%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C181%2C313%2C867%2C419%2C682%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C273%2C913%2C868%2C124%2C921%2C339%2C948%2C638%2C943%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C836%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C962%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=World Economic Outlook – GDP per capita|date=October 2019|work=International Monetary Fund|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>

== Poverty ==
{{Main|Poverty in India}}
As of 2023 5.3% of India’s population live in extreme poverty ($3 per day) which is a decline from 24.3% of the population earning less than US$1 (PPP, around US$0.25 in nominal terms) a day in 2005, down from 42.1% in 1981.<ref name="WorldBankPoverty">{{cite web|url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&piPK=64165421&theSitePK=469372&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000158349_20080826113239|title=The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty|publisher=World Bank|year=2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323214139/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&piPK=64165421&theSitePK=469372&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000158349_20080826113239|archive-date=23 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="business-standard.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=332669|title=India has fewer poor people: World Bank|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> 41.6% of its population (540 million people approx.) is living below the new international poverty line of $1.25 (PPP) per day, down from 59.8% in 1981.<ref name="WorldBankPoverty"/> India, in 2019 has about 2.7%<ref name="worldpoverty.io"/> population under poverty level and is no longer holding the largest population under poverty level, considering Nigeria and Congo.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/>
On the other hand, the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] of India uses its own criteria and has estimated that 27.5% of the population was living below the [[poverty line]] in 2004–2005, down from 51.3% in 1977–1978, and 36% in 1993–1994.<ref>[http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/news/prmar07.pdf Poverty estimates for 2004–05], Planning commission, [[Government of India]], March 2007. Accessed: 25 August 2007</ref> The source for this was the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (NSS) and the criterion used was monthly per capita consumption expenditure below {{INR}} 356.35 for rural areas and {{INR}} 538.60 for urban areas. 75% of the poor are in rural areas, most of them are [[wage|daily wagers]], self-employed householders and landless labourers.

Although The Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades, its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas.<ref name="World bank 2006">{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/DPR_FullReport.pdf |title=Inclusive Growth and Service delivery: Building on India's Success |publisher=[[World Bank]]|year=2006 |access-date=28 April 2007}}</ref> For the year 2015–16, the GSDP growth rates of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] was higher than [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]] or [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|title=AP stands 1st in India in GSDP growth rate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/AP-stands-1st-in-India-in-GSDP-growth-rate/articleshow/52709609.cms |newspaper =[[The Times of India]] |access-date =13 April 2017}}</ref>

Since the early 1950s, successive governments have implemented various schemes, under [[Planned economy|planning]], to alleviate poverty, that have met with partial success. Programmes like ''Food for work'' and ''National Rural Employment Programme'' have attempted to use the unemployed to generate productive assets and build rural infrastructure.<ref name="survey">{{cite web|title=Economic Survey 2004–2005|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2004-05/esmain.htm| access-date = 15 July 2006}}</ref> In August 2005, the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]] passed the ''Rural Employment Guarantee Bill'', the largest programme of this type, in terms of cost and coverage, which promises 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in 200 of [[Districts of India|India's 600 districts]].  The Indian government is planning to bring in more economic reforms which can help farmers and unskilled labourers transition into industrialised sectors.

{{see also|List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth}}

== Physical infrastructure ==
{{Main|Transport in India|Water supply and sanitation in India}}
[[Image:DelhiMetro.jpg|thumb|right|Pictured here, is the [[New Delhi Metro]], operational since 2002 and seen as a model for other metros.]]
Since independence, India has allocated nearly half of the total outlay of the five-year plans for [[infrastructure|infrastructural]] development. Much of the total outlay was spent on large projects in the area of irrigation, energy, transport, communications and social overheads. Development of infrastructure was completely in the hands of the public sector and was plagued by corruption, bureaucratic inefficiencies, urban-bias and an inability to scale investment.<ref name="infra">{{cite book | author=Sankaran, S | title=Indian Economy: Problems, Policies and Development | publisher=Margham Publications | year=1994 }}</ref>
[[Kolkata]] was the first city in India to boast of a metro-system. The government has partially opened up infrastructure to the private sector allowing foreign investment. India holds second position in the world in roadways' construction.

As of 2024, there were an estimated 18,170,000 broadband lines in India. The country boasts the second highest number of internet users at 900 million which translates to around 60% of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India - The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023536/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2021|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref>

A study by [[WaterAid]] estimated as many as 157 million Indians live without adequate sanitation. India comes top for having the greatest number of urbanites living without sanitation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Overflowing Cities: 157 Million Indians Still Without Toilets| date=27 November 2016| url=https://international.thenewslens.com/article/55250| access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

== Regional imbalance ==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of India}}
One of the critical problems facing India's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India's different states and territories in terms of per capita income, poverty, availability of infrastructure and socio-economic development. For instance, the difference in growth rate between the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|forward and backward states]] was 0.3% (5.2% & 4.9%) during 1980–81 to 1990–91, but had grown to 3.3% (6.3% & 3.0%) during 1990–91 to 1997–98.<ref name="Datt-13">{{cite book |author1=Datt, Ruddar |author2=Sundharam, K.P.M. |name-list-style=amp | title=Indian Economy | pages = 471–472 | chapter = 27}}</ref>

The five-year plans have attempted to reduce regional disparities by encouraging industrial development in the interior regions, but industries still tend to concentrate around urban areas and port cities. Even the industrial townships in the interiors, [[Bhilai]] for instance, resulted in very little development in the surrounding areas.<ref name="bharadwaj-1">{{cite book | author=Bharadwaj, Krishna | year=1991 | chapter = Regional differentiation in India | editor=Sathyamurthy, T.V. | title = Industry & agriculture in India since independence | pages=189–199 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-564394-1}}</ref> After liberalisation, the disparities have grown despite the efforts of the union government in reducing them. Part of the reason being that manufacturing and services and not agriculture are the engines of growth. The more advanced states are better placed to benefit from them, with infrastructure like well developed ports, urbanisation and an educated and skilled workforce which attract manufacturing and service sectors. The union and state governments of backward regions are trying to reduce the disparities by offering tax holidays, cheap land, etc., and focusing more on sectors like tourism, which although being geographically and historically determined, can become a source of growth and is faster to develop than other sectors.<ref name="understanding-2">{{cite journal |author1=Sachs, D. Jeffrey |author2=Bajpai, Nirupam |author3=Ramaiah, Ananthi |name-list-style=amp |title=Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India |year=2002 |version=Working paper 88 |url=http://www2.cid.harvard.edu/cidwp/088.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042205/http://www2.cid.harvard.edu/cidwp/088.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="planning-2">{{cite web | author=Kurian, N.J. | title=Regional disparities in india | url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/vision2025/regdsprty.doc | access-date=6 August 2005 }}</ref>
{{See also|List of Indian states and union territories by GDP}}
==Material prosperity==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Product'''
| '''Percentage of household ownership'''
|-
| Air Conditioner
| 25%<ref>{{Cite web|last=AFP|date=2018-12-04|title=How India's expected AC explosion will make world hotter|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/4kjGaYOUa27mUkZsYcGt0J/How-Indias-expected-AC-explosion-will-make-the-world-hotter.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Refrigerator
| 65%<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: refrigerator market penetration rate 2009-2020|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/857117/india-refrigerator-market-penetration-rate/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Microwave
| 5%<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Virendra|title=Panasonic sees growth in microwave oven market|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/panasonic-sees-growth-in-microwave-oven-market/article8924913.ece|access-date=2021-08-27|website=@businessline|date=31 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Television
| 87%<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: penetration rate of home appliances|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/370635/household-penetration-home-appliances-india/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Washing Machine
| 18%<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: penetration rate of home appliances|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/370635/household-penetration-home-appliances-india/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| PC
| 15%<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: Online|url=https://www.cbgaindia.org/blog/indian-education-cant-go-online-8-homes-young-members-computer-net-link/#:~:text=While%2024%25%20Indians%20own%20a,has%20been%20haphazard%20and%20exclusionary.|access-date=2021-08-27|website=cbgaindia.org|date = 5 May 2020|language=en-in}}</ref>
|-
| Smartphone
| 74.8<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Amit |date=2023-01-21 |title=Number of smartphones doubled in rural India from pre-covid era: ASER |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2023/Jan/21/number-of-smartphones-doubled-in-rural-india-frompre-covid-era-aser-2540034.html |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Car
| 8%<ref>{{Cite web|title=22 cars per 1000 individuals in India:-NITI Aayog|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/india-has-22-cars-per-1000-individuals-amitabh-kant/67059021|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Auto Economic Times—India Times|language=en-in}}</ref>
|-
| Two Wheeler
| 55%<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-03 |title=India on sixth in list of countries with highest two-wheeler usage: Check full list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/policy-and-industry/india-on-sixth-in-list-of-countries-with-highest-two-wheeler-usage-check-full-list/articleshow/103320483.cms |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Internet
| 85.5% of households<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Internet Penetration in India|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/792074/india-internet-penetration-rate/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=statista|language=en-in}}</ref>
|
'''By Gender–'''
*{{small|Male- 67%}}
*{{small|Female- 33%}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: Online& The Gender Gap of Internet Access|url=https://www.cbgaindia.org/blog/indian-education-cant-go-online-8-homes-young-members-computer-net-link/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=cbgaindia.org|date=5 May 2020|language=en-in}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Economy of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Life in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Asia topic|Standard of living in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Standard Of Living In India}}
[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:Poverty in India]]
[[Category:Standard of living|India]]

Pankaja Munde

2026-02-26T14:30:58Z

2famrtf:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pankaja Gopinath Munde
| image = Pankaja Munde Powerful Leader.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Munde in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|07|26}}
| birth_place = [[Parli Vaijnath]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| residence = [[Mumbai|Peddar Road, Mumbai]]
| death_date =
| office = [[Third Fadnavis ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| minister = *[[Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (Maharashtra)|Environment and Climate Change]]
*[[Ministry of Animal Husbandry (Maharashtra)|Animal Husbandry]]
| term_start = 15 December 2024
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 3blankname = Guardian Minister
| 3namedata = [[Jalna District]]
| predecessor = *[[Eknath Shinde]] (Environment and Climate Change)
*[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] (Animal Husbandry)
| successor =
| office1 = [[List of leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Deputy Leader of the House, Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 21 December 2024
| term_end1 =
| 2blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata1 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 3blankname1 = Leader of the House
| 3namedata1 = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| predecessor1 = [[Uday Samant]]
| term_start2 = 09 July 2016
| term_end2 = 12 November 2019
| 2blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata2 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 3blankname2 = Leader of the House
| 3namedata2 = [[Chandrakant Patil]]
| predecessor2 = [[Chandrakant Patil]]
| successor2 = [[Subhash Desai]]
| office3 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| governor3 = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]], [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| 1blankname3 = [[List of chairmen of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Chairperson of Council]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Neelam Gorhe]] ''(additional charge)''
| term_start3 = 28 July 2024
| constituency3 = ''Elected by Members of Legislative Assembly''
| predecessor3 = [[Nilay Naik]]
| office4 = National Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start4 = 26 September 2020
| president4 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of Rural Development Government of Maharashtra|Minister of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department]], [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| 1blankname5 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata5 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 2blankname5 = Guardian Ministers
| 2namedata5 = [[Beed District]]
| term_start5 = 31 October 2014
| term_end5 = 12 November 2019
| predecessor5 = *[[Jayant Patil]]
*[[R. R. Patil]] (Guardian Minister)
| successor5 = *[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
*[[Dhananjay Munde]] (Guardian Minister)
| office6 = [[Ministry of Woman and Child Development Government of Maharashtra|Minister of Women and Child Development]], [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| 1blankname6 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata6 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| governor6 = *[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
*[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| term_start6 = 31 October 2014
| term_end6 = 12 November 2019
| predecessor6 = [[Varsha Gaikwad]]
| successor6 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| office7 = [[Ministry of Earthquake Rehabilitation (Maharashtra)|Minister of Earthquake Rehabilitation]], [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| 1blankname7 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata7 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| governor7 = *[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
*[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| term_start7 = 8 July 2016
| term_end7 = 12 November 2019
| predecessor7 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| successor7 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| office8 = [[Ministry of Tourism (Maharashtra)|Minister of Tourism]], [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| 1blankname8 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata8 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| governor8 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| term_start8 = 4 June 2016
| term_end8 = 8 July 2016
| predecessor8 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| successor8 = [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]
| office9 = [[Ministry of Animal Husbandry (Maharashtra)|Minister of Animal Husbandry]], [[Ministry of Fisheries (Maharashtra)|Fisheries]] and [[Ministry of Dairy Development (Maharashtra)|Dairy Development]], [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| status9 = Additional Charge
| status8 = Additional Charge
| 1blankname9 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata9 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| governor9 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| term_start9 = 4 June 2016
| term_end9 = 8 July 2016
| predecessor9 = [[Eknath Khadse]]
| successor9 = [[Mahadev Jankar]]
| office10 = [[Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation (Maharashtra)|Minister of Soil and Water Conservation]], [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| 1blankname10 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata10 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| governor10 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| term_start10 = 31 October 2014
| term_end10 = 08 July 2016
| predecessor10 = [[Shashikant Shinde]]
| successor10 = [[Ram Shinde]]
| office11 = [[Ministry of Employment Guarantee (Maharashtra)|Minister of Employment Guarantee]], [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| 1blankname11 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata11 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| governor11 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| term_start11 = 31 October 2014
| term_end11 = 8 July 2016
| predecessor11 = [[Jitendra Awhad]]
| successor11 = [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]
| office12 = [[Ministry of Public Health (Maharashtra)|Minister of Public Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| 1blankname12 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata12 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| governor12 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| term_start12 = 31 October 2014
| term_end12 = 5 December 2014
| predecessor12 = [[Suresh Shetty]]
| successor12 = [[Deepak Sawant]]
| office13 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency13 = [[Parli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parli]]
| term_start13 = 2009
| term_end13 = 2019
| predecessor13 = ''constituency established''
| successor13 = [[Dhananjay Munde]]
| profession = Politician, Social Activist
| relations = [[Pritam Munde]] (sister) Yashashri Munde (sister) Dhananjay Munde (cousin) [[Pramod Mahajan]] (uncle) [[Poonam Mahajan]] (cousin)
| spouse = {{marriage|Amit Palwe|2001}}
| parents = [[Gopinath Munde]] (father) Pradnya Munde (mother)
| alma_mater =
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|www.pankajagopinathmunde.com}}
| signature =
}}

'''Pankaja Gopinathrao Munde''' (born 26 July 1979) is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. She is eldest daughter of the late [[Gopinath Munde]], a former [[Union Council of Ministers|central cabinet minister of India]] and former [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-26 |title=Gopinath Munde takes oath as Cabinet Minister; OBC face of BJP in Maharashtra |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gopinath-munde-takes-oath-as-cabinet-minister-obc-face-of-bjp-in-maharashtra/articleshow/35621265.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> She is the National Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] and also serves as an MLC in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lokmat.com/politics/vinod-tawde-pankaja-munde-finally-got-place-honor-bjp-give-place-national-executive-council-a301/|title=विनोद तावडे, पंकजा मुंडेंना अखेर भाजपाकडून मानाचं पान, राष्ट्रीय कार्यकारिणीत दिलं स्थान |date=26 September 2020 }}</ref> She is currently serving as [[Cabinet Minister]] for Animal Husbandry, [[Natural environment|Environment]] and Climate change in the [[Third Fadnavis ministry]].<ref> {{cite news |date=2020-12-16 |title=Maharashtra cabinet expansion: Full list of 39 ministers joining the Devendra Fadnavis government |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/maharashtra-cabinet-expansion-full-list-of-39-ministers-joining-the-devendra-fadnavis-government/article68990901.ece |work=THE HINDU}} </ref>

== Early life ==

Pankaja Munde was born to [[Gopinath Munde]] and Pradnya Munde on 26 July 1979 as their eldest child. She has two younger sisters, [[Pritam Munde]] and Yashashari. She completed her graduation and also holds an MBA. from USA.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pankaja Munde: BJP leader is set to battle estranged cousin in Parli|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/photo/Pankaja-Munde-The-fiesty-leader-who-broke-norm-after-father-Gopinath-Munde-s-death-44605/3|access-date=2022-01-09|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>

She is a niece of [[Pramod Mahajan]], and a cousin to [[Rahul Mahajan]] and [[Poonam Mahajan]]. NCP [[Nationalist Congress Party]] leader [[Dhananjay Munde]] is also her cousin.

==Political career==

Gopinath Munde, Pankaja Munde's father, served as the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra in the 1990s. Pankaja Munde herself has held several significant positions in Maharashtra politics. She was the Minister of Rural Development, Women, and Child Welfare in the Devendra Fadnavis cabinet. Besides her political career, she is recognized as a sugar factory and banking businesswoman. In 2017, she received ‘The Powerful Politician’ award and was known as Maharashtra’s prominent and dynamic leader.

In 2012, Pankaja Munde served as the State President of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM), the BJP’s youth wing. She was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from the Parli constituency in 2009. She took oath as a Maharashtra Cabinet Minister on 31 October 2014, being allotted the Ministry of Rural Development, Women, and Child Welfare.

Pankaja Munde also established a memorial for her father, Gopinath Munde, in Parli, Beed district. The 20-foot-tall statue, called '''Gopinath Gad''', is located on the premises of the Vaidyanath Cooperative Sugar Mill and was inaugurated by Amit Shah and Devendra Fadnavis. Through the Gopinath Gad Prathisthan, several social activities, such as drought relief, skill development, and education scholarships, have been initiated.'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gopinath-gad-to-be-set-up-in-memory-of-late-gopinath-munde/articleshow/45494403.cms?from=mdr|title = 'Gopinath Gad' to be set up in memory of late Gopinath Munde|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-chief-amit-shah-to-inaugurate-gopinath-munde-memorial-tomorrow-1253884|title=BJP Chief Amit Shah To Inaugurate Gopinath Munde Memorial Tomorrow|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

On Gopinath Munde's seventh death anniversary, the Government of India unveiled a unique postal cover in his honor. The cover was inaugurated virtually by BJP National President JP Nadda and Union Telecom Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad, highlighting Gopinath Munde's efforts to bring the party closer to Dalits and deprived classes in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/from-the-wires/maha-nadda-unveils-special-postal-cover-honouring-gopinath-munde/|title = Maha: Nadda unveils special postal cover honouring Gopinath Munde|date = 3 June 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, Pankaja Munde led the BJP to victory in the Nagar Panchayat elections in the Beed district. The BJP emerged as the top party by winning all four Nagar Panchayats, showcasing her effective leadership and the public's support for her.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/beed-bjp-gets-an-upper-hand-in-polls/articleshow/89006388.cms|title = Pankaja: Beed: BJP Gets an Upper Hand in Polls | Aurangabad News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=20 January 2022 }}</ref>

In September 2023, she respectfully embarked on the ''''Shivshakti Parikrama''',' a sacred journey where she visited 11 revered temples of Jyotirlinga and Shaktipeethas located in 10 districts of the state. Throughout her pilgrimage, she was warmly welcomed and received enthusiastic support from the people.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Shiv Shakti Parikrama Yatra: Pankaja Munde receives enthusiastic welcome in Satara - www.lokmattimes.com | url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/shiv-shakti-parikrama-yatra-pankaja-munde-receives-enthusiastic-welcome-in-satara/ | access-date=2025-07-18 | website=www.lokmattimes.com}}</ref>

Pankaja Munde contested the Beed constituency as the BJP candidate in the 2024 General Elections but lost to Bajrang Manohar Sonwane of the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP). On 12 July 2024, Pankaja Munde emerged victorious in the Maharashtra Legislative Council elections.<ref name="Eleven MLCs take oath in Maharashtra">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |date=28 July 2024 |title=Eleven MLCs take oath in Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/11-mlcs-take-oath-in-maharashtra/article68456573.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124135618/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/11-mlcs-take-oath-in-maharashtra/article68456573.ece |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> She also holds the position of a national secretary (BJP) and incharge of the Madhya Pradesh.<ref>Maharashtra Legislative Council polls won on Friday by engineering a cross-voting from among the opposition ranks.</ref>

== Controversy ==
In June 2015, the opposition party, Indian National Congress, accused Pankaja Munde of being involved in the chikki scam, alleging that she had flouted norms by clearing the purchase without floating tenders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharashtra-minister-pankaja-munde-accused-of-rs-200-crore-scam-by-opposition-774826|title=Maharashtra Minister Pankaja Munde Rejects Congress Charge of 200-Crore Scam|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/rs-206-crore-chikki-scam-hits-maharashtra-government-bjp-mp-pankaja-munde-under-scanner-1011152.html|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=27 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227064845/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/rs-206-crore-chikki-scam-hits-maharashtra-government-bjp-mp-pankaja-munde-under-scanner-1011152.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Munde rejected the accusations of corruption, arguing that a policy for an online tendering system was not in place when she commissioned the purchase. Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] also defended her, stating that the norm of inviting e-tenders was introduced by his government in April, two months after Munde cleared the contracts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/munde-row-fadnavis-meets-pm-modi-says-no-irregularities-prima-facie-2312826.html|title=Munde row: Fadnavis meets PM Modi, says no irregularities 'prima facie'|website=Firstpost|date=25 June 2015}}</ref> Munde challenged the opposition, saying, "If proven guilty, I shall not just resign, but quit politics permanently if I’ve taken even a rupee from anyone."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/486084/will-quit-politics-proven-guilty.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305012130/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/486084/will-quit-politics-proven-guilty.html |archive-date=5 March 2023 |title=Will quit politics if proven guilty, says Pankaja }}</ref>

After a few days, the Anti-Corruption Bureau of Maharashtra gave a clean chit to Pankaja Munde in connection with the 206 crore Chikki scandal alleged by the opposition. It said the tender was given in compliance with the court's rules, with no facts in this regard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/Mumbai-news/chikki-scam-pankaja-Munde-gets-clean-chit-from-Maharashtra-acb/story-hpSlJd6caxbvB3EPaP9oRM.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921173448/https://m.hindustantimes.com/Mumbai-news/chikki-scam-pankaja-Munde-gets-clean-chit-from-Maharashtra-acb/story-hpSlJd6caxbvB3EPaP9oRM.html|archive-date=2019-09-21|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=Pankaja Munde given clean chit by Maharastra ACB in chikki sca}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Pankaja is married to Amit Palwe. The couple has one son whose name is Aryaman. She has authored a [[photobiography]] of her father, titled '''''Lokneta Gopinath Munde''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5042145073247202839&SectionId=4924098573178130559&SectionName=Latest%20News&NewsDate=20110307&NewsTitle=Photobiography%20released%20on%20ex-dy%20CM%E2%80%99s%20life%20story|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607011436/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5042145073247202839&SectionId=4924098573178130559&SectionName=Latest%20News&NewsDate=20110307&NewsTitle=Photobiography%20released%20on%20ex-dy%20CM%E2%80%99s%20life%20story|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 June 2014|title=Sakaal Times}}</ref>'''
[[File:Pankaja_Munde_and_Gopinath_Munde.jpg|thumb|Pankaja Munde and Gopinath Munde 2009 Loksabha Result.]] She is a political figure belonging to the dominant [[Vanjari_caste|Vanjari]] community of Maharashtra and has held significant roles in [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Dasara (Dussehra) Melava ==

The tradition of Dasara (Dussehra) Melava is a testament to the unity and strength of the collective Hindu communities. It was initiated by Gopinath Munde twenty-five years ago at Bhagwangad, the 'Samadhi' and spiritual residence of the great [[Warkari|Varkari]] Saint Bhagwan Baba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gopinath Munde start the Dasera Melava at Bhagwangad|date=18 January 2014|url=https://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta-news/hitting-on-bhagwangad-political-leader-gopinath-munde-350006|publisher=loksatta}}</ref>
During this Melava, Gopinath Munde addressed the community, setting new directions and conditions, known as 'Shimoullanghan,' symbolizing the start of something new.

After his death, his successor, daughter Pankaja Munde, took over the tradition. In 2016, due to a dispute with the Mahant of the Gad, Pankaja Munde decided to hold the Dasara Melava at Savargaon, the birthplace of Saint Bhagwan Baba.<ref>{{cite web|title=pankaja Munde moves Bhagwangad to Savargaon|url=http://www.saamana.com/dassera-malava-of-pankaja-munde-in-savargaon/|publisher=Saamana|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927175325/http://www.saamana.com/dassera-malava-of-pankaja-munde-in-savargaon/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Dassara Melava, held with large crowds and great enthusiasm, was successfully continued by Pankaja Munde in Savargaon.

Bhagwangad is a place of power for every hindu community who respect and follow the [[Natha Sampradaya|Varkari Sampraday]]. Over the years, many notable figures have attended the rally and addressed the gathering, including veterans like Sambhaji Raje, Amit Shah, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, Mahadev Jankar, Eknath Khadse and many other monks and saints.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amit Shah addressing Dasara rally in Bhagwangad|date=3 October 2014|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141003/nation-current-affairs/article/bjp-president-amit-shah-pledges-fight-poor-obcs-under-pankajas|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=many veterans join Dasera melava rally|date=18 January 2014|url=https://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta-news/hitting-on-bhagwangad-political-leader-gopinath-munde-350006|publisher=loksatta}}</ref>

Every year, lakhs of devotees and supporters enthusiastically participate in this rally.<ref>{{cite web|title= millions of chairing in rally|date=30 September 2017|url=https://www.thodkyaat.com/imp-points-of-pankaja-munde-speech-in-savargaon-300917/|publisher=Loksatta}}</ref>
[[File:2024;-_Dussera_melava.jpg|thumb|Dussera Meet in Beed (2024)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=munde |first=pankaja |date= |title=Pnakaja Munde |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election-bjp-mlc-pankaja-munde-opposes-yogi-adityanaths-batenge-to-katenge-slogan-11731558905614.html}}</ref>

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140606075816/http://www.pankajagopinathmunde.com/ Official Website]

{{s-start}}

{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jayant Patil]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Cabinet Minister for Rural Development, Maharashtra State|years= December 2014– November 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Devendra Fadnavis]]}}

{{s-bef|before= [[Varsha Gaikwad]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Cabinet Minister for Women and Child Development, Maharashtra State|years= December 2014– November 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Devendra Fadnavis]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Harshvardhan Patil]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Maharashtra State Guardian Minister for [[Latur district]]|years= December 2014– November 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Amit Deshmukh]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[R. R. Patil]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Maharashtra State Guardian Minister for [[Beed district]]|years= December 2014– November 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Dhananjay Munde]]}}

{{s-end}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munde, Pankaja}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Beed district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women state cabinet ministers of India]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Women members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

Administrative divisions of Chennai

2026-02-22T06:56:04Z

2famrtf:

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Chennai zones.png|thumb|right|15 Zones of the Chennai Corporation after expansion]]
The city of [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, is managed by the [[Corporation of Chennai]]. Established as Madras Corporation in 1688, it is the oldest municipal body in India.<ref name=hindu1>{{Cite news |last=Achuthan |first=Kamal |title=Chennai Corporation to celebrate 320 years |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/23/stories/2008092357680100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923115809/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/23/stories/2008092357680100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2008 |accessdate=31 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="Committee1994">{{Cite book |last=Committee |first=Madras Tercentenary Celebration |title=The Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwMk4FIcpuUC |access-date=31 August 2012 |year=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0537-4 |page=192}}</ref><ref name="Aggarwal">{{Cite book |last=Aggarwal |first=Anjana |title=Comprehensive Reading & Writing in English XII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPmWPN60yxoC |access-date=31 August 2012 |publisher=Firewall Media |isbn=978-81-7008-734-2 |page=114}}</ref> It is headed by a [[List of mayors of Chennai|mayor]], who presides over 200 [[councillor]]s each of whom represents a [[Ward (country subdivision)|ward]]. The current mayor of Chennai was elected on 4 March 2022.

Prior to its expansion in late 2011, the city occupied an area of {{Convert|174|km2|abbr=on}}; its merger with 42 local bodies at that time more than doubled its extent, resulting in a combined area of {{Convert|426|km2|abbr=on}}. Chennai Corporation absorbed seven [[Municipality|municipalities]], three town [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s and 13 panchayat unions in [[Tiruvallur district]] and two municipalities, five town panchayats and 12 panchayat unions in [[Kanchipuram district]].<ref name=hindu3>{{Cite news |title=More areas to come under Chennai Corporation |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/30/stories/2009123057580100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102070154/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/30/stories/2009123057580100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2010 |accessdate=31 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 December 2009}}</ref> A total of nine municipalities merged into the city: [[Alandur]], [[Ambattur]], [[Kattivakkam]], [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]], [[Maduravoyal]], [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]], [[Tiruvottiyur]], [[Ullagaram]]-[[Puzhuthivakkam]] and [[Valasaravakkam]]. A total of eight town panchayats merged into the city: [[Chinnasekkadu]], [[Puzhal]], [[Porur]], [[Nandambakkam]], [[Meenambakkam]], [[Perungudi]], [[Pallikaranai]], [[Sholinganallur]]. A total of twenty-six village panchayats merged into the city: [[Edayanchavadi]], [[Sadayankuppam]], [[Kadapakkam, Chennai|Kadapakkam]], [[Theeyampakkam]], [[Mathur, Chennai|Mathur]], [[Vadaperumbakkam]], [[Surapet]], [[Kathirvedu]], [[Puthagaram]], [[Nolambur]], [[Karambakkam]], [[Nerkundram]], [[Ramapuram, Chennai|Ramapuram]], [[Mugalivakkam]], [[Manapakkam]], [[Kottivakkam]], [[Palavakkam]], [[Neelankarai]], [[Injambakkam]], [[Karapakkam]], [[Thuraipakkam|Okkiyam-Thuraipakkam]], [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]], Madipakkam-B / Madipakkam-II (only revenue and disaster management merged with Zone-14 Puzhuthivakkam of the city, local body administration is under Kovilambakkam rural village panchayat), [[Jaladampet]], [[Semmencherry]], and [[Uthandi]].<ref name=hindu3/>

The expanded city contains 4.41 million voters and was re-organised into 15 zones consisting of 200 wards.<ref name=hindu2>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Deepa H |title=Details of merged wards online soon |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2468466.ece |accessdate=31 August 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The newly annexed areas were divided into 93 wards, and the remaining 107 wards were created out of the original 155 within the old city limits.<ref name=oneindia>{{Cite web |title=சென்னை மாநகராட்சி எல்லைகள் விஸ்தரிப்பு- 200 வார்டுகளுடன் மெகா மாநகராட்சியானது |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2011/09/09/chennai-corporation-will-have-200-wards-15-zones-aid0091.html |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref> {{As of|2011|09}}, the new wards are yet to be named.<ref name=hindu2/> Out of the 200 wards, 26 were reserved for [[scheduled castes and scheduled tribes]] and 58 were reserved for women.<ref name=oneindia/>

==Other Corporation in Chennai Metropolitan Area==
{{Further|Mylapore (Corporation zone)|label1=Mylapore Corporation zone}}

===[[Avadi Municipal Corporation|Avadi Corporation]]===
===[[Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation|Kanchipuram Corporation]]===
===[[Tambaram Municipal Corporation|Tambaram Corporation]]===

==Zones==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Zone !! Wards !! [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Assembly constituency]] !! [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Tamil Nadu (39)|Parliamentary constituency]] !! [[Taluk]] !! [[District]]
|-
| 1
| [[Thiruvottiyur]]
| 1 – 14
| [[Thiruvottiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvottiyur]]
| [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]]
| [[Tiruvottiyur taluk|Tiruvottiyur]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 2
| [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]]
| 15 – 22
| [[Thiruvottiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvottiyur]]/[[Madhavaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Madhavaram]]/[[Ponneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Ponneri]] (Part)
| [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]]/[[Thiruvallur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvallur]]
| [[Tiruvottiyur taluk|Tiruvottiyur]]/[[Madhavaram taluk|Madhavaram]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 3
| [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]]
| 23 – 33
| [[Madhavaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Madhavaram]]
| [[Thiruvallur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvallur]]
| [[Madhavaram taluk|Madhavaram]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 4
| [[Tondiarpet]]
| 34 – 48
| [[Perambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambur]]/[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|RK Nagar]]/[[Royapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Royapuram]]
| [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]]
| [[Tondiarpet taluk|Tondiarpet]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 5
| [[Royapuram]]
| 49 – 63
| [[Royapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Royapuram]]/[[Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)|Harbour]]/[[Egmore (State Assembly Constituency)|Egmore]]/[[Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)|Chepauk-Tiruvallikenni]]
| [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]]/[[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
| [[Egmore taluk|Egmore]]/[[Purasaiwalkam taluk|Purasaiwalkam]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 6
| [[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar]]
| 64 – 78
| [[Kolathur (State Assembly Constituency)|Kolathur]]/[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar]]/[[Egmore (State Assembly Constituency)|Egmore]]
| [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]]
| [[Perambur taluk|Perambur]]/[[Ayanavaram taluk|Ayanavaram]]/[[Purasaiwalkam taluk|Purasaiwalkam]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 7
| [[Ambattur]]
| 79 – 93
| [[Ambattur (State Assembly Constituency)|Ambattur]]/[[Maduravoyal (State Assembly Constituency)|Maduravoyal]](Part)
| [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| [[Ambattur taluk|Ambattur]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 8
| [[Anna Nagar]]
| 94 – 108
| [[Villivakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Villivakkam]]/[[Egmore (State Assembly Constituency)|Egmore]]/[[Anna Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Anna Nagar]]
| [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
| [[Ayanavaram taluk|Ayanavaram]]/[[Aminjikarai taluk|Aminjikarai]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 9
| [[Teynampet]]
| 109 – 126
| [[Thousand Lights (State Assembly Constituency)|Thousand Lights]]/[[Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]/[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
| [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
| [[Mylapore taluk|Mylapore]]/[[Egmore taluk|Egmore]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 10
| [[Kodambakkam]]
| 127 – 142
| [[Maduravoyal (State Assembly Constituency)|Maduravoyal]] (Part)/[[Virugambakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Virugambakkam]]/[[Theagaraya Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|T.Nagar]]/[[Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)|Saidapet]]
| [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
| [[Mambalam taluk|Mambalam]]/[[Guindy taluk|Guindy]]/[[Egmore taluk|Egmore]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 11
| [[Valasaravakkam]]
| 143 – 155
| [[Maduravoyal (State Assembly Constituency)|Maduravoyal]]
| [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| [[Maduravoyal taluk|Maduravoyal]]/[[Alandur taluk|Alandur]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 12
| [[Alandur]]
| 156 – 167
| [[Alandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Alandur]]/[[Pallavaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Pallavaram]] (Part)/[[Sholinganallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sholinganallur]] (Part)
| [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| [[Alandur taluk|Alandur]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 13
| [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]]
| 168 – 180
| [[Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)|Saidapet]]/[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]/[[Velachery (State Assembly Constituency)|Velachery]]
| [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]]
| [[Velachery taluk|Velachery]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 14
| [[Perungudi]]
| 181 – 191
| [[Velachery (State Assembly Constituency)|Velachery]] (Part)/[[Alandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Alandur]] (Part)/[[Sholinganallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sholinganallur]]
| [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]]
| [[Sholinganallur taluk|Sholinganallur]]
| [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|-
| 15
| [[Sholinganallur]]
| 192 – 200
| [[Sholinganallur (state assembly constituency)|Sholinganallur]]
| [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]]
| [[Sholinganallur taluk|Sholinganallur]]
| [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|}

== Proposed Zones==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! New Zone No. !! Old Zone !! Assembly Constituencies !! No of Wards !! Ward Numbers
|-
|1
|1, 2
|[[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madhavaram]], [[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]], [[Thiruvottriyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottriyur]]
|19
|1 to 16, 20, 21
|-
|2
|2, 3
|[[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madhavaram]], [[Thiruvottriyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottriyur]]
|14
|17, 19, 22 to 33
|[[File:Constitution-Madavaram.svg|100px]]
|-
|3
|4
|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]], [[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]
|11
|34 to 43, 47
|-
|4
|4, 5
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]], [[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|12
|48 to 57, 59, 60
|[[File:Constitution-Royapuram.svg|100px]]
|-
|5
|6
|[[Thiru.Vi.Ka Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru.Vi.Ka Nagar]], [[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]], [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
|12
|44 to 46, 64 to 72
|-
|6
|7
|[[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]], [[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]
|13
|79 to 90, 93
|[[File:Constitution-Ambattur.svg|100px]]
|-
|7
|8
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]], [[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|6
|94 to 98, 102 to 104
|-

|-
|5
|4
|[[Tondiarpet]]
|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|7
|38 to 43, 47
|[[File:Constitution-Radhakrishnan Nagar.svg|100px]]
|-
|7
|5
|[[Royapuram]]
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|6
|54 to 57, 59, 60
|[[File:Constitution-Harbour.svg|100px]]
|-
|8
|6
|[[Thiru.Vi.Ka Nagar]]
|[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru. Vi. Kalyanasundranar Nagar]]
|6
|71 to 76
|[[File:Constitution-Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar.svg|100px]]
|-
|11
|8
|[[Anna Nagar]]
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|7
|100 to 103, 105 to 107
|[[File:Constitution-Anna Nagar.svg|100px]]
|-
|12
|5, 6, 8
|[[Royapuram]], [[Thiru.Vi.Ka Nagar]], [[Anna Nagar]]
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]]
|6
|58, 61, 77, 78, 104, 108
|-
|13
|5, 9
|[[Royapuram]], [[Teynampet]]
|[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepakkam-Thiruvallikeni]]
|7
|62, 63, 114 to 116, 119, 120
|[[File:Constitution-Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni.svg|100px]]
|-
|14
|9
|[[Teynampet]]
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Aayiramvillaku]]
|7
|109 to 113, 117, 118
|[[File:Constitution thousand light.svg|100px]]
|-
|15
|10
|[[Kodambakkam]]
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagaraya Nagar]]
|7
|130 to 135, 141
|[[File:Constitution-Thiyagaraya Nagar.svg|100px]]
|-
|16
|10
|[[Kodambakkam]]
|[[Virugampakkam Assembly constituency|Virugambakkam]]
|6
|127 to 129, 136 to 138
|[[File:Constitution-Virugampakkam.svg|100px]]
|-
|14
|7, 11
|[[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]
|9
|91, 92, 143, 144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 153
|-
|15
|12
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]], [[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Sholinganallur]], [[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]]
|12
|156 to 167
|-
|16
|10, 13
|[[Kodambakkam]], [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapettai]], [[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]]
|8
|139, 140, 142, 168, 169, 172, 175, 176
|[[File:Constitution-Saidapet.svg|100px]]
|-
|17
|9, 13
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Thirumayilai]], [[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapettai]], [[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]]
|9
|126, 170, 171, 173, 174, 177 to 180
|[[File:Constitution-Mylapore.svg|100px]]
|-
|18
|13
|[[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]], [[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Sholinganallur]]
|7
|181 to 184, 192 to 194
|[[File:Constitution-Velachery.svg|100px]]
|-
|19
|14
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]], [[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Sholinganallur]]
|6
|185 to 190
|-
|20
|15
|[[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Sholinganallur]]
|9
|191, 195 to 200
|}

==Other Constituencies in [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]==
#[[Avadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Avadi]]
#[[Pallavaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Pallavaram]]
#[[Poonamallee (State Assembly Constituency)|Poonamallee]]
#[[Tambaram (state assembly constituency)|Tambaram]]
#[[Thiruporur (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruporur]]

==Other Taluks in [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]==
#[[Avadi taluk|Avadi]]
#[[Poonamallee taluk|Poonamalee]]
#[[Tambaram taluk|Tambaram]]
#[[Pallavaram taluk|Pallavaram]]
#[[Vandalur taluk|Vandalur]]

==Municipalities in [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]==
===[[Tiruvallur District]]===
#[[Poonamallee]]
#[[Thiruverkadu]]
#[[Thiruninravur]]

===[[Kancheepuram District]]===
#[[Kunrathur]]
#[[Mangadu]]

===[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu District]]===
#[[Nandivaram-Guduvancheri]]
#[[Maraimalainagar]]
#[[Chengalpattu]]

==Town Panchayats in [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]==

===[[Tiruvallur District]]===
#[[Minjur]]
#[[Naravarikuppam]]
#[[Thirumazhisai]]
#[[Gummidipoondi]]

===[[Kancheepuram District]]===
#[[Sriperumbudur]]
#[[Walajabad]]

===[[Chengalpattu District]]===
#[[Thiruporur]]
#[[Mamallapuram]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[List of mayors of Chennai]]

==References==
;General
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web|title=Newly formed zones|url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/wards_commitee.pdf|publisher=Chennai Corporation|accessdate=31 August 2012|format=PDF}}
{{refend}}
* [http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/rules-procedures/roadMaintenance.htm Official Zone wise executive engineers contact details]
* [http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/zone/index.htm Official zone details]
;Specific
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/MAP_ZONE_WARD.jpg Expansion of Chennai – Zone map]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070210124909/http://www.eci.gov.in/electionanalysis/AE/S22/a_index_right1.htm ECI - Chennai Assembly results]

{{Chennai Topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Corporation zones}}
[[Category:Greater Chennai Corporation|Zones]]
[[Category:Chennai-related lists]]

Sheo Dan Mal

2026-02-18T05:29:43Z

2famrtf:

{{onesource|date=November 2018}}
{{Short description|Indian architect (1923–2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox architect
|name = Sheodanmal Mokha
|image =
|image_size = (if image is smaller than 250px)
|caption =
|nationality =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1923|08|05}}
|birth_place = Phalodi, [[Jodhpur State]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|01|24|1923|8|23}}
|death_place = Nagpur, [[Maharashtra]], India
|alma_mater =
|practice =
|significant_buildings= [[Deekshabhoomi]], Yashwant Stadium, Nagpur; Panchasheel Theatre etc.
|significant_projects =
|significant_design =
|awards =
}}
'''Sheodanmal Mokha''' (5 August 1923 – 24 January 2007) was an Indian architect. He is known for designing [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s memorial at [[Deekshabhoomi]] in [[Nagpur]].<ref name="Dr Ambedkar memorial architect Sheo Dan Mal passes away">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| title =Dr Ambedkar memorial architect Sheo Dan Mal Mokha passes away
| publisher =OneIndia
| date = 25 January 2007
| url =https://www.oneindia.com/2007/01/24/dr-ambedkar-memorial-architect-sheo-dan-mal-passes-away-1169695243.html
| access-date = 20 January 2009}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deekshabhoomi |url=https://www.deekshabhoomi.org/architecture/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.deekshabhoomi.org}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sheodanmal Mokha was born in [[Phalodi]], a city and a [[municipality]] in [[Jodhpur district]], [[Rajasthan]] on 5 August 1923. He studied [[architecture]] at [[All India Council for Technical Education]], and completed his diploma. He became an Associate Member of the Institution of Engineer (AMIE) in 1954.<ref name="Dr Ambedkar memorial architect Sheo Dan Mal passes away" />

== Career ==
After serving in many post, he went to the Indian city of [[Nagpur]] in 1956.<ref name="Dr Ambedkar memorial architect Sheo Dan Mal passes away" /> In Nagpur the first building he designed was the Panchasheel cinema theatre, later it became a landmark. He also designed the Guru Nanak Bhawan auditorium of the [[University of Nagpur]], the buildings of the local branches of Indian Medical Association and the Institution of Engineers, the Town Hall of Nagpur Municipal Corporation, Yeshwant Stadium, and the sprawling market yard of Nagpur Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee (APMC). He designed many complexes in Indian cities such as Indore, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore, Kolkata, etc.<ref name="Dr Ambedkar memorial architect Sheo Dan Mal passes away" /> His most notable architectural achievement is the design of the Buddhist Stupa named Deekshabhoomi. Sheo Dan Mal took inspiration of the historic [[Sanchi|Sanchi Stupa]], while designing the [[Deekshabhoomi]]. The stupa, constructed under the guidance of the Ambedkar Smarak Samiti and was inaugurated by then President, [[K. R. Narayanan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Hengul J. DasHengul J. |title=Deekshabhoomi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/deekshabhoomi/articleshow/59489633.cms |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
He died on 24 January 2007 in Nagpur.<ref name="Dr Ambedkar memorial architect Sheo Dan Mal passes away" />

[[File:Sheo Dan Mal Street.jpg|200px|thumb|Sheo Dan Mal Street]]
The [[Nagpur Municipal Corporation|Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC)]] honored the legacy of Sheo Dan Mal, by naming a road after him. The road stretches from Panchsheel Talkies Square to VIP Road in [[Nagpur]]. This gesture was officially marked by a ceremony, which was inaugurated by [[Nitin Gadkari]], then, the national president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] and currently cabinet minister. The naming recognizes Sheo Dan Mal's substantial contribution to the city's architectural heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-12-11 |title=Road named after Sheo Dan Mal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/road-named-after-sheo-dan-mal/articleshow/17576291.cms |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mal, Sheo Dan}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]

[[Category:People from Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Artists from Rajasthan]]

Dhun (song)

2026-02-18T00:45:38Z

2famrtf: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Saiyaara (soundtrack)]]
[[Category:2025 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mithoon]]
[[Category:Arijit Singh songs]]
[[Category:Songs from Saiyaara]]

Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri

2026-02-08T17:56:55Z

2famrtf: Created Stub

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1892–1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri Noori
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Dargah Aala Hazrat 2.jpg
| native_name_lang = Arabic
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1892|7|18}} (22nd [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] 1310 [[Islamic calendar|AH]])
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[North-Western Provinces]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age |1981|11|11|1891|7|18|df=yes}} (14 [[Muharram]] 1402 [[Islamic calendar|AH]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alahazrat.net/islam/introduction-maulana-mustafa-raza-khan.php |title=Brief Introduction Maulana Mufti Mustafa Raza Khan |access-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406202014/http://www.alahazrat.net/islam/introduction-maulana-mustafa-raza-khan.php |archive-date=6 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| death_place = [[Bareilly]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| years_active =
| era = [[List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam|Contemporary]]
| employer =
| organization = [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]
| known_for = [[Fatawa-e-Mustafawia]]
| notable_works = [[Fatawa-e-Mustafawia]], 1977 (against vasectomy)
| works =
| credits =
| predecessor = Ahmad Raza Khan
| successor = [[Akhtar Raza Khan]]
| spouse =
| children = 7<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.taajushshariah.com/Mufti%20Azam.htm|title=Ghausul Waqt, Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam Hind, Mawlana Mustapha Raza Khan|id=Marriage|website=taajushshariah.com|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311054033/http://www.taajushshariah.com/Mufti%20Azam.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| mother =
| father = [[Ahmad Raza Khan]]
| relatives = [[Hamid Raza Khan]] Elder brother
| family = [[Raza Khan family]]
| callsign =
| awards =
| honors =
| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography
|embed = yes
| religion = Islam
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| movement = [[Barelvi]]
|lineage=
|sect=
|founder= Darul Uloom Mazhar E Islam
|subsect=
|philosophy=
|known_for= Taqwa & Fatwa
|education=Manzar E Islam
|alma_mater=
|monastic_name=
|pen_name=
|posthumous_name=
|flourished=
|home_town=[[Bareilly]]
|spouse=
|children=7
|mother=
|father=[[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]
|location=
|teacher= [[Ahmad Raza Khan]]
|students=[[Sardar Ahmad Chishti]], [[Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki]], [[Qamaruzzaman Azmi]]
|works=
|literary_works = [[#Literary works|See the list]]
|signature=
|background=lightgreen
|influences=[[Ahmed Raza Khan]]
}}
}}
{{Sufism}}
{{Barelvi}}
'''Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri''' (18 July 1892{{Snd}}11 November 1981) was an Indian Islamic scholar affiliated with the [[Barelvi movement]]. He was the son of [[Ahmad Raza Khan]]. On his death date his followers celebrate his [[urs]] on every 14th [[Muharram]] of the Islamic calendar.{{Sfnp|Sanyal|1998}}

==Lineage==

{{Lineage
| 1|-1|[[Naqi Ali Khan]]|1830-1880
| 2| 1|[[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Ahmad Raza Khan]] |1856 -1921
| 3| 1|[[Hassan Raza Khan]]|1859 -1908
| 4| 1|Muhammad Raza Khan|
| 5| 1|3 Daughters|
| 6| 2|[[Hamid Raza Khan]] |1875 -1943
| 7| 2|Mustafa Raza Khan|1892–1981
| 8| 2|5 Daughters|
}}

==Life==
He wrote books on Islam in Arabic, Urdu, Persian, and announced judgments on several thousand Islamic problems in his compilation of [[fatawa]] ''Fatawa-e-Mustafwia''. Thousands of Islamic scholars were counted as his spiritual successors.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book|title=Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age|author=Ridgeon, L.|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781472532237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WipfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|page=187|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209222709/https://books.google.com/books?id=WipfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the main leader of the [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]] in Bareilly, which opposed the [[Shuddhi movement]] to convert Muslims to Hinduism in pre-Partition India.<ref name="books.google.co.in"/><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Communal and pan-Islamic trends in colonial India|author1=Hasan, M.|author2=Jamia Millia Islamia (India). Dept. of History|date=1985|publisher=Manohar|isbn=9780836416206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRBuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209222824/https://books.google.com/books?id=xRBuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> It would also act as a quasi-political organisation in opposition to the Deobandi-dominated [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]].<ref name="Jackson">Jackson, William Kesler (2013), p. 189.</ref> Khan participated in one of the [[All India Sunni Conference]] meeting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zahoor |first=Bilal |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Rethinking_Pakistan/RxD8DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mustafa+raza+khan+barelvi&pg=PA35&printsec=frontcover |title=Rethinking Pakistan: A 21st Century Perspective |last2=Rumi |first2=Raza |date=2020-09-23 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78527-493-0 |language=en}}</ref>

Khan was known by his followers as ''Tajdar-e-Ahle Sunnat'', ''Mufti-e-Azam'' and ''Mustafavi Miyan''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Jamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVnVOGluM3UC&q=mufti+azam+-e-+hind+mustafa+raza+khan&pg=PA34 |title=Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror? |date=27 November 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134107636 |page=34 |quote=Among the guests at the ceremony were Maulana Mustafa Raza Khan of Bareilly (d. 1981), who was known to his followers as 'Mufti-Azam-i-Hind', and, second in importance ... |access-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407010257/https://books.google.com/books?id=NVnVOGluM3UC&q=mufti+azam+-e-+hind+mustafa+raza+khan&pg=PA34 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfnp|Razvi|2011}}<ref name=":0" /> During the time of emergency in 1977 in India, he issued a [[fatwa]] against [[vasectomy]] which was made compulsory and 6.2 million Indian men were sterilized in just a year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30040790|title = India's dark history of sterilisation|work = BBC News|date = 14 November 2014|last1 = Biswas|first1 = Soutik|access-date = 14 March 2019|archive-date = 1 May 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501202340/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30040790|url-status = live}}</ref> In such circumstances Mustafa Raza Khan argued this order of Indian government given by [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>Arun Shourie, ''The World of Fatwas or the Sharia in Action'', pg. 135. ASA Publications, 1995. {{ISBN|9788190019958}}</ref><ref name="noori">{{cite web|url=http://www.noori.org/files/products/61-1379508485.pdf|date=11 April 2011|title=Shajrah-E-Muqad'das of the Silsila Aaliyah Qaaderiyah Barakaatiyah Radawiyyah|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711100450/http://www.noori.org/files/products/61-1379508485.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Works==
Raza Khan's books include:<ref name="nafseislam">{{cite web|url=http://books.nafseislam.com/authors.php?id=207&auth=maulana-mufti-mustafa-raza-khan|title=maulana mufti mustafa raza khan – Nafeislam.Com | Islam | Quran | Tafseer | Fatwa | Books | Audio | Video | Muslim | Sunni|website=books.nafseislam.com|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711134759/http://books.nafseislam.com/authors.php?id=207&auth=maulana-mufti-mustafa-raza-khan|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*''[[Fatawa-e-Mustafawia]]'' 7 volumes (Religious rulings Mustafa Raza)
*''Al Malfoozat of Ala Hazrat'' (Sayings of Ahmed Raza Khan)
*''Saman-e-Bakhshish'' (Compilation of Islamic Poetry in the Honor of Prophet Muhammad)<ref name="alahazratnetwork">{{cite web|url=http://www.alahazratnetwork.org/modules/sunnilibrary/item.php?itemid=22|title=Saman-e-Bakhshish – اسلامی شاعری و نعتیہ دیوان – – Sunni Library – Alahazrat Network|publisher=alahazratnetwork.org|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711112251/http://www.alahazratnetwork.org/modules/sunnilibrary/item.php?itemid=22|archive-date=11 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Saamaan e Bakhshish • Ridawiyyah|url=https://ridawiyyah.com/download/saamaan-e-bakhshish/|access-date=2021-09-12|website=Ridawiyyah|language=en-GB|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628215647/https://ridawiyyah.com/download/saamaan-e-bakhshish/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Taqiya Baazi'' (Hidden Faces of Wahhabism)
*''Waqat-us-Sinan، Adkhal-us-Sinan، Qahr Wajid Diyan''
*''Turq-ul-Huda Wal Irshad Ilaa Ahkam Al Amara Wal Jehad''
*''Tasheeh Yaqeen Bar Khatm-e-Naiyeeen''
*''Tardush Shaitan An Sabee Lur Rehman'' (Fatwa Refuting Government of Saudi Arabia For Imposing Tax on Pilgrims in 1365 A.H)
*''No Caste is Inferior''

==Disciples==
His disciples include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/scholar/mufti-azam-hind-muhammad-mustafa-raza-khan-noori|title=Muslim Scholar, Mufti Azam Hind Muhammad Mustafa Raza Khan Noori, Islamic Story in Urdu, Family Tree, Photoes, Date of Birth, Islamic Scholar – Ziaetaiba.|website=www.ziaetaiba.com|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929175655/http://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/scholar/mufti-azam-hind-muhammad-mustafa-raza-khan-noori|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Failed verification|reason=There seems no immediate way this source can contribute straightforwardly to this list|date=June 2020}}
*[[Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0uNFAQAAIAAJ|title=امام دار البعثة السيد محمد بن علوي المالكي الحسني وآثاره في الفكر الاسلامي|year=2010|page=37|publisher=دار الكتب العلمية،|isbn=9782745164469|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311054020/https://books.google.com/books?id=0uNFAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Sayed Muhammad Ameen<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=http://www.taajushshariah.com/Mufti%20Azam.htm|title=Ghausul Waqt, Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam Hind, Mawlana Mustapha Raza Khan|id=Famaous Khulafa|website=taajushshariah.com|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311054033/http://www.taajushshariah.com/Mufti%20Azam.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Muhammad Mujeeb Ashraf<ref name="U">{{Cite web|url=http://ashrafulfuqaha.com/aboutus.htm|title=Ashraful Fuqaha, Mufti-e-Azam Maharashtra, Mufti Muhammad Mujeeb Ashraf|id=Famous Khulafa|website=ashrafulfuqaha.com|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722102009/http://www.ashrafulfuqaha.com/aboutus.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Mahmood Ahmad Razvi Quadri Ashrafi{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
*Muhammad Idrees Raza Khan Qadri Razvi Hashmati<ref name="U"/>
*[[Akhtar Raza Khan]]<ref name="T"/>
*Muhammad Afzal Husain<ref name="T"/>
*Muhammad Husain<ref name="T"/>
*[[Rayhan Raza Khan]]<ref name="T"/>
*Tehseen Raza Khan<ref name="T"/>
*Sayed Noor Muhammad<ref name="T"/>
*Zia Ul Mustafa{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
*Shaykh Abdul Hadi Qaadri<ref name="T"/>
*Ahmad Muqaddam Qaadri<ref name="T"/>
* Badrul Qaadri<ref name="T"/>
*Ghulam Sarwar Al Qaadri<ref name="T"/>
*Mahmood Ahmad Qadri Rafaqati{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
*[[Arshadul Qadri]]{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
*Muhammad Ibrahim Raza<ref name="T"/>
*Muhammed Abdul Hamid Palmer Razvi<ref name="T"/>
*Muhammad Ghufraan Siddiqi<ref name="T"/>
*[[Muhammad Muslehuddin Siddiqui]]{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
*Sayed Shah [[Shah Turab-ul-Haq]]<ref name="T"/>
*Dr. Mufti Ghulam Sarwar Qadri
*Badruddin Ahmed Qadri
*Mufti Abdul Rashid Mufti e Azam Baraar
*Mufti Mujeeb Ali
*Allahma Akbar ali Rezvi
*Mufti Anwarul Hak Qadri

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Razvi |editor-first=Moulana Muhammad Afthab Cassim|date=10 May 2011|title=Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind — Imam Mustapha Raza Khan
|publisher=books.nafseislam.com|url=http://www.nafseislam.com/en/Literature/English/Books/MuftieAzam/MuftieAzam.pdf
|url-status=live|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612223501/http://www.nafseislam.com/en/Literature/English/Books/MuftieAzam/MuftieAzam.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Sanyal|first=Usha|date=July 1998
|title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century
|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=32|issue=3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=635–656|doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059|jstor=313161}}

{{Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan Qadri, Mustafa Raza}}
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Family of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Students of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Manzar-e-Islam]]
[[Category:Manzar-e-Islam alumni]]

Puri

2026-02-04T00:19:10Z

2famrtf: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|City in Odisha, India}}
{{About|the city in Odisha, India|}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Puri
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Shri Jagannatha Temple.jpg{{!}}
| image2 = Kelucharan Mohapatra 2023 stamp of India.jpg {{!}}
| image3 = Jagannath img.jpg {{!}}
| image5 = Puri Ratha Yatra.jpg {{!}}
| image4 = Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg {{!}}
| image6 = Chandan Yatra of Lord Jagannath in Puri.jpg{{!}}
| image7 = Puri Sea Beach viewed from the light house.jpg {{!}}
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption ='''Left to right, top to bottom:''' [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], One of the [[Char Dham]]; [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]]; [[Jagannath]]; [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]; [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)]]; [[Chandan Yatra]]; and [[Puri Beach|Golden Beach]]
| nicknames = Spiritual City, Sri Jagannath Dham
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19|48|38|N|85|49|53|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Puri district|Puri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = More than thousand years old
| founder =
| named_for = [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = Puri Municipal Corporation
| leader_title2 = [[District Collector|Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name2 =Dibya Jyoti Parida, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref name="Whos_Who"/>
| leader_title3 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name3 = Prateek Singh, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref name="Whos_Who">{{cite web |title=Who's Who |url=https://puri.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/ |work=Puri District Administration |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name = [[Sambit Patra]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title1 = [[Puri (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name1 = Sunil Kumar Mohanty ([[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Puri City |url=http://purimunicipality.nic.in/ |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130023719/http://purimunicipality.nic.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.84
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 0.1
| population_total = 200,564
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|India 228th]], [[List of cities in Odisha by population|Odisha 5th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 752001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = Puri:06752, Nimapara:06758
| registration_plate = OD-13
| blank3_name =
| blank3_info =
| website = https://www.puri.odisha.gov.in
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
{{location map+|India|float=right|width=270|caption=[[Char Dham]]|places=
{{location map~|India|label=[[Badrinath]]|position=left|lat=30.73|long=79.48}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Dwarka]]|position=right|lat=22.23|long=68.97}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Jagannath Puri]]|position=left|lat=19.81|long=85.83}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Rameswaram]]|position=left|lat=9.28|long=79.3}}
}}

'''Puri''', also known as '''Jagannath Puri''', ({{IPA|or|ˈpuɾi|lang|Puri.ogg}}) is a [[coast]]al city and a [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]] in the state of [[Odisha]] in eastern [[India]]. It is the district headquarters of [[Puri district]] and is situated on the [[Bay of Bengal]], {{convert|60|km|mi|0}} south of the state capital of [[Bhubaneswar]]. It is home to the 12th-century [[Jagannath Temple (Puri)|Jagannath Temple]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023|title=পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত|page=4|language=bn|date=28 June 2023|access-date=28 June 2023|website=dainikstatesmannews.com|publisher=[[Dainik Statesman]] (The Statesman Group)|location=Kolkata|first=Yogabrata|last=Chakraborty|trans-title=Puridham and the tale of lord Jagannath's legendary 'Bramharup'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053933/https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023#page/1/1|archive-date=28 June 2023|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> and is one of the original [[Char Dham]] pilgrimage sites for [[Hindus]]. Puri has been known by several names since ancient times and was locally known as "Sri Kshetra" and the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] is known as "Badadeula". Puri and the Jagannath Temple were invaded 18 times by Muslim rulers, from the 7th century AD until the early 19th century with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple. Odisha, including Puri and its temple, were part of [[British India]] from 1803 until India attained independence in August 1947. Even though [[princely states]] do not exist in India today, the heirs of the [[Gajapati (title)|House of Gajapati]] still perform the ritual duties of the temple. The temple town has many Hindu religious [[Matha|''matha''s]] or monasteries.

The economy of Puri is dependent on the religious importance of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] to the extent of nearly 80 per cent. The 24 festivals, including 13 major ones, held every year in the temple complex contribute to the economy; [[Ratha Yatra]] and its related festivals are the most important which are attended by millions of people every year. [[Sand art and play|Sand art]] and [[applique]] art are some of the important crafts of the city.

Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for [[Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana]] (HRIDAY) scheme of Government of India.

Puri is a significant part of the "Krishna pilgrimage circuit" which also includes [[Mathura]], [[Vrindavan]], [[Barsana]], [[Gokul]], [[Govardhan]], [[Kurukshetra]] and [[Dwarka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development of Ramayana and Krishna Circuits |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1513307 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>

==History==
{{For timeline}}

===Names in history===
Puri, the holy land of [[Jagannatha]], also known by the popular vernacular name Srikshetram, has many ancient names in the Hindu scriptures such as the [[Rigveda]], [[Matsya purana]], [[Brahma Purana]], [[Narada Purana]], [[Padma Purana]], [[Skanda Purana]], [[Kapila Purana]] and Niladrimahodaya. In the Rigveda, in particular, it is mentioned as a place called Purushamandama-grama meaning the place where the Creator deity of the world – Supreme Divinity deified on an altar or [[mandapa]] was venerated near the coast and prayers offered with [[Vedic hymns]]. Over time the name got changed to Purushottama Puri and further shortened to Puri, and the Purusha came to be known as Jagannatha. Sages like [[Bhrigu]], [[Atri]] and [[Markandeya]] had their hermitage close to this place.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xxix}} Its name is mentioned, conforming to the deity worshipped, as [[Srikshetra]], Purusottama Dhāma, [[Purusottama Kshetra]], Purusottama Puri and [[Jagannath Puri]]. Puri, however, is the popular usage. It is also known by the geographical features of its location as [[Shankhakshetra]] (the layout of the town is in the form of a conch shell),{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xxx}} Neelāchala ("Blue mountain" a terminology used to name a very large sand lagoon over which the temple was built but this name is not in vogue), Neelāchalakshetra, [[Neelādri]].{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xxxi}} In [[Sanskrit Language|Sanskrit]], the word "Puri" means town or city,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glashoff |first1=Klaus |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=puri&trans=Translate&direction=SE |title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit |publisher=Spokensanskrit.de |access-date=19 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003141324/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=puri&trans=Translate&direction=SE |archive-date=3 October 2011 }}</ref> and is cognate with ''polis'' in [[Greek language|Greek]].{{Sfn|Ananda|2015|p=11}}

Another ancient name is Charita as identified by General [[Alexander Cunningham]] of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], which was later spelled as Che-li-ta-lo by Chinese traveller [[Hiuen Tsang]]. When the present temple was built by the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] king [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] in the 11th and 12th centuries AD, it was called Purushottamkshetra. However, the [[Mughal people|Moghul]]s, the [[Marathas]] and early [[British Raj|British ruler]]s called it Purushottama-chhatar or just Chhatar. In Moghul ruler [[Akbar]]'s [[Ain-i-Akbari]] and subsequent Muslim historical records it was known as Purushottama. In the Sanskrit drama ''Anargha Raghava Nataka'' as well, authored by Murari Mishra, a playwright, in the 8th century AD, it is referred to as Purushottama.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xxx}} It was only after the 12th century AD that Puri came to be known by the shortened form of Jagannatha Puri, named after the deity or in a short form as Puri.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xxxi}} It is the only shrine in India, where [[Radha]], along with [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati]], [[Durga]], [[Bhudevi]], [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]], [[Parvati]], and [[Shakti]], abodes with [[Krishna]], who is also known by the name [[Jagannath]]a.<ref name="Jagannathyatra">{{cite web|title=Jagannathyatra|url=http://jagannathyatra.com/about_puri.html|publisher=Jagannathyatra|access-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051306/http://jagannathyatra.com/about_puri.html|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>

===Ancient period===
[[File:Watercolour painting on paper of Indradyumna seated in a carriage.jpg|right|thumb|King [[Indradyumna]] of [[Ujjayani]] credited with building the original Puri Jagannath temple in 318 AD]]
According to the chronicle [[Madala Panji]], in 318 AD {{Dubious|date=January 2025}}, the priests and servitors of the temple spirited away the idols to escape the wrath of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] king [[Govinda III|Rakatavahu]].{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=7}} In the temple's historical records it finds mention in the Brahma Purana and Skanda Purana stating that the temple was built by the king [[Indradyumna]], [[Ujjayani]].{{Sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=5890}}

S. N. Sadasivan, a historian, in his book ''A Social History of India'' quotes William Joseph Wilkins, author of the book ''Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Purānic'' as stating that in Puri, [[Buddhism]] was once a well established practice but later [[Buddhism]] faded and [[Brahmanism]] became the order of the religious practice in the town; the [[Buddha]] deity is now worshipped by the Hindus as Jagannatha. It is also said by Wilkinson that some relics of Buddha were placed inside the idol of Jagannatha which the Brahmins claimed were the bones of Krishna. Even during [[Maurya dynasty|Maurya]] king [[Ashoka]]'s reign in 240 BC, [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] was a Buddhist center and that a tribe known as Lohabahu (barbarians from outside Odisha) converted to Buddhism and built a temple with a statue of Buddha which is now worshipped as Jagannatha. Wilkinson also says that the Lohabahu deposited some Buddha relics in the precincts of the temple.{{Sfn|Sadasivan|2000|p=211}}

Construction of the present Jagannath Temple started in 1136 AD and completed towards the latter part of the 12th century. The [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] king [[Anangabhima III]] dedicated his kingdom to Jagannatha, then known as the Purushottama-Jagannatha, and resolved that from then on he and his descendants would rule under "divine order as Jagannatha's sons and vassals". Even though [[princely state]]s do not exist in India today, the heirs of the [[Puri Estate]] still perform the ritual duties of the temple; the king formally sweeps the road in front of the chariots before the start of the [[Ratha Yatra]]. This ritual is called Cherra Pahanra.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=699}}

===Medieval and early modern periods===
The history of Puri is on the same lines as that of the Jagannath Temple, which was invaded 18 times during its history to plunder the treasures of the temple, rather than for religious reasons. The first invasion occurred in the 8th century AD by Rastrakuta king [[Govinda III]] (798–814 AD), and the last took place in 1881 AD by the [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] followers of ''Alekh'' ([[Mahima Dharma]]) who did not recognise the worship of Jagannatha.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=82}} From 1205 AD onward{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=699}} there were many invasions of the city and its temple by Muslims of [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] and Moghul descent, known as [[Yavanas]] or foreigners. In most of these invasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priests and the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the temple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by the kings of the region. However, the treasures of the temple were repeatedly looted.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xliii7}} The table lists all the 18 invasions along with the status of the three images of the temple, the triad of Jagannatha, Balabhadra and Subhadra following each invasion.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=82}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Invasion number !! Invader (s), year (s) AD !!Local rulers !! Status of the three images of the Jagannath temple
|-
|1 ||Raktabahu or [[Govinda III]] (798–814) of the [[Rashtrakuta Empire]]||King Subhanadeva of [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhaumakara]] dynasty || Idols shifted to Gopali near [[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]]. Were brought back to Puri by Yayati I after 146 years and re-consecrated after performing Nabakalebara.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=82–83}}
|-
|2 || Illias Shah, [[Sultan of Bengal]], 1340||Narasinghadeva III||Images shifted to a secret location.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=83}}
|-
|3 || [[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]], 1360||Ganga King Bhanudeva III ||Images not found, though rumoured that they were thrown into the Bay of Bengal.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=83}}
|-
|4 || Ismail Ghazi commander of [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]] of Bengal, 1509||King Prataprudradeva ||Images shifted to Chandhei Guha Pahada near Chilika Lake.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=83}}
|-
|5 || Kalapahara, army assistant general of [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani|Sulaiman Karrani]] of the Afghan Sultan of Bengal, 1568|| Mukundadeva Harichandan ||Images initially hidden in an island in Chilika Lake. However, the invader took the idols from here to the banks of the [[Ganges River]] and burnt them. Bisher Mohanty, a Vaishnavite saint, who had followed the invading army, retrieved the ''Brahmas'' and hid it in a drum at Khurdagada in 1575 AD and finally re-installed it in the deities. Deities were brought back to Puri and consecrated in the Jagannath Temple.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=84}}
|-
|6 || Suleman, the son of Kuthu Khan and Osman, the son of Isha (ruler of Orissa), 1592
|| Ramachandradeva, the Bhoi dynasty ruler of Khurda || Revolt was by local Muslim rulers who desecrated the images.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=85}}
|-
|7 || Mirza Khurum, the commander of [[Islam Khan I]], the Nawab of Bengal, 1601
||Purushottamadeva of Bhoi Dynasty || Image moved to Kapileswarpur village by boat through the river Bhargavi and kept in the Panchamukhi Gosani temple. Thereafter, the deities were kept in Dobandha—Pentha.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=85}}
|-
|8 || Hasim Khan, the Subedar of Orissa, 1608 ||Purushottam Deva, the King of Khurda
|| Images shifted to the Gopal temple at Khurda and brought back in 1608.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=85}}
|-
|9 || Kesodasmaru, 1610||Purusottamdeva, the king of Khurda||Images kept at the Gundicha Temple and brought back to Puri after eight months.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=85}}
|-
|10 || Kalyan Malla, 1611||Purushottamadeva, the King of Khurda|| Images moved to 'Mahisanasi' also known as'Brahmapura' or 'Chakanasi' in the Chilika Lake where they remained for one year.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|pp=86–87}}
|-
|11 || Kalyan Malla, 1612 ||Paiks of Purushottamadeva, the King of Khurda || Images placed on a fleet of boats at Gurubai Gada and hidden under the 'Lotani Baragachha' or [[Banyan]] tree) and then at 'Dadhibaman Temple'.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=87}}
|-
|12 || Mukarram Khan, 1617||Purushottama Deva, the King of Khurda ||Images moved to the Bankanidhi temple, Gobapadar and brought back to Puri in 1620.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=87}}
|-
|13 || Mirza Ahmad Beg, 1621 ||Narasingha Deva ||Images shifted to 'Andharigada' in the mouth of the river Shalia across the Chilika Lake. Moved back to Puri in 1624.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|pp=87–88}}
|-
|14 || Amir Mutaquad Khan alias Mirza Makki, 1645|| Narasingha Deva and Gangadhar|| Not known.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=88}}
|-
|15 ||Amir Fateh Khan, 1647||Not known|| Not known{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=88}}
|-
|16 ||Ekram Khan and Mastram Khan on behalf of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Emperor Aurangzeb]], 1692 ||Divyasingha Deva, the king of Khurda|| Images moved to 'Maa Bhagabati Temple' and then to Bada Hantuada in Banpur across the Chilika Lake, and finally brought back to Puri in 1699.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=88}}
|-
|17 ||[[Muhammad Taqi Khan]], 1731 and 1733 ||Birakishore Deva and Birakishore Deva of Athagada || Images moved to Hariswar in Banpur, Chikili in Khalikote, Rumagarh in Kodala, Athagada in Ganjam and lastly to Marda in Kodala. Shifted back to Puri after 2.5 years.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=88}}
|-
|18 ||Followers of [[Mahima Dharma]], 1881 ||Birakishore Deva and Birakishore Deva of Athagada || Images burnt in the streets.{{Sfn|Dash|2011|p=89}}
|}

Puri is the site of the [[Govardhana matha|Govardhana Matha]], one of the four cardinal institutions established by [[Adi Shankaracharya]], when he visited Puri in 810 AD, and since then it has become an important ''dham'' (divine centre) for the Hindus; the others being those at [[Sringeri]], [[Dwarka]] and [[Jyotirmath]]. The ''Matha'' (monastery of various Hindu sects) is headed by [[Shankaracharya|Jagatguru Shankarachrya]]. It is a local belief about these dhams that Vishnu takes his dinner at Puri, has his bath at [[Rameshwaram]], spends the night at Dwarka and does penance at [[Badrinath]].{{Sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=5890}}{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xxxii}}

In the 16th century, [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] of [[Bengal]] established the [[Bhakti]] movements of India, now known by the name the [[Hare Krishna movement]]. He spent many years as a devotee of Jagannatha at Puri; he is said to have merged with the deity.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=697}} There is also a ''matha'' of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu here known as [[Radhakanta Math]].{{Sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=5890}}

In the 17th century, for the sailors sailing on the east coast of India, the temple served as a landmark, being located in a plaza in the centre of the city, which they called the "White Pagoda" while the [[Konark Sun Temple]], {{Convert|60| km}} away to the east of Puri, was known as the "Black Pagoda".{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=697}}

The iconic representation of the images in the Jagannath temple is believed to be the forms derived from the worship made by the tribal groups of [[Sabaras]] belonging to northern Odisha. These images are replaced at regular intervals as the wood deteriorates. This replacement is a special event carried out ritualistically by special group of carpenters.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=697}}
[[File:Goverdhana matha.jpg|thumb|[[Govardhana matha]] main gate]]
The city has many other ''Mathas'' as well. The [[Emar Matha]] was founded by the [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] saint [[Ramanujacharya]] in the 12th century AD. This Matha, now destroyed, was located in front of Simhadvara across the eastern corner of the Jagannath Temple, and reported to have been built in the 16th century during the reign of kings of [[Gajapati Kingdom|Suryavamsi Gajapati]]s. The Matha was in the news on 25 February 2011 for the large cache of 522 silver slabs unearthed from a closed chamber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orpuri117.pdf|title=Documentation format for Archaeological / Heritage Sites / Monuments|work=Emar Matha, Puri town|access-date=25 September 2015|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001172142/http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orpuri117.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1493118.ece|title=Hidden treasure' worth Rs. 90 crores found in Puri's Emar Mutt|access-date=25 September 2015|date=28 February 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023222343/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1493118.ece|archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

The British conquered Orissa in 1803, and, recognising the importance of the Jagannath Temple in the life of the people of the state, they initially appointed an official to look after the temple's affairs and later declared the temple as part of a district.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=699}}

===Modern history===
[[File:Jagat Guru Sankaracharya Nischalananda Saraswati.jpg|thumb|H.H Jagadguru Swami Nischalananda Saraswati, The Shankaracharya of Puri]]
In 1906, [[Sri Yukteswar]], an exponent of [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]] and a resident of Puri, established an [[ashram]], a spiritual training center, named "Karar Ashram"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriya Yoga Teaching & Meditation Centre {{!}} Karar Ashram |url=http://www.kararashram.org/ |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=kararashram.org |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201103922/http://kararashram.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in Puri. He died on 9 March 1936 and his body is buried in the garden of the ashram.{{Sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=248}}{{Sfn|Davis|1997|p=265}}

The city is the site of the former summer residence of British Raj, the [[Raj Bhavan (Puri)|Raj Bhavan]], built in 1913–14 during the era of governors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in/rajbhavanpuri.asp|title=Raj Bhavan, Puri|access-date=25 September 2015|publisher=Official website of rajbhavan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121021301/http://www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in/rajbhavanpuri.asp|archive-date=21 November 2015}}</ref>

For the people of Puri, [[Jagannath]]a, visualised as [[Krishna]], is synonymous with their city. They believe that Jagannatha looks after the welfare of the state. However, after the partial collapse of the Jagannath Temple (in the [[Amalaka]] part of the temple) on 14 June 1990, people became apprehensive and considered it a bad omen for Odisha. The replacement of the fallen stone by another of the same size and weight ({{Convert|7|tonne}}), that could be done only in the early morning hours after the temple gates were opened, was done on 28 February 1991.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=697}}

Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the [[Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana]] scheme of the Indian Government. It is chosen as one of the 12 [[Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana|heritage cities]] with "focus on holistic development" to be implemented within 27 months by the end of March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hridayindia.in/|title=Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana|access-date=30 September 2015|publisher=HRIDAY National Project Management Unit National Institute of Urban Affairs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826075658/http://hridayindia.in/|archive-date=26 August 2015}}</ref>

In January 2024, the Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor (also called "Srimandir Parikrama") was inaugurated to enhance security and ease of movement around the Jagannath Temple. The project includes a 75-meter corridor, improved drainage, CCTV surveillance, and dedicated zones for pilgrims and servitors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2024 |title=Puri Jagannath Heritage Corridor project opens for public: 10 things to know |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/puri-jagannath-heritage-corridor-project-to-open-for-public-on-january-17-ten-things-to-know/articleshow/106859921.cms |work=Economic TImes |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref> Its implementation needed the tearing down of several ancient buildings and historic institutions that formed the sanctuary's core outer landscape, such as the [[Emar Matha|Emar Mutt]] and its Raghunandan library.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohanty |first=Debabrata |date=3 October 2019 |title=Protect ancient mutts around Jagannath temple: SC to Odisha govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/protect-ancient-mutts-around-jagannath-temple-consult-religious-leaders-sc-to-odisha-govt/story-2jl5GkoX7jKbnPmWs4naMP.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

Non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the shrines but were historically allowed to view the temple and the proceedings from the roof of the erstwhile Raghunandan library, originally located within the precincts of the temple, for a small donation.{{Sfn|Bindloss|Brown| Elliott |2007|p=253}}

==Geography and climate==
===Geography===

[[File:Atharanala, Puri.JPG|thumb|The [[Atharanala]] Bridge dating back to the 16th century at the entrance of Puri]]
Puri, located on the east coast of India on the [[Bay of Bengal]], is in the centre of the [[Puri district]]. It is delimited by the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, the Mauza Sipaurubilla on the west, [[Gopinathpur, Baleshwar|Mauza Gopinathpur]] in the north and Mauza Balukhand in the east. It is within the {{Convert|67|km}} coastal stretch of sandy beaches that extends between [[Chilika Lake]] and the south of Puri city. However, the administrative jurisdiction of the Puri Municipality extends over an area of {{Convert|16.3268|km2}} spread over 30 wards, which includes a shore line of {{Convert|5|km}}.{{Sfn|Managers|2006|p=1–2}}

Puri is in the coastal delta of the [[Mahanadi River]] on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. In the ancient days it was near to [[Sisupalgarh]] (also known as "Ashokan Tosali"). Then the land was drained by a [[tributary]] of the [[Bhargavi River]], a branch of the Mahanadi River. This branch underwent a meandering course creating many arteries altering the [[estuary]], and formed many sand hills. These sand hills could be cut through by the streams. Because of the sand hills, the Bhargavi River, flowing to the south of Puri, moved away towards the [[Chilika Lake]]. This shift also resulted in the creation of two [[lagoons]], known as Sar and Samang, on the eastern and northern parts of Puri respectively. Sar lagoon has a length of {{Convert|5|mi}} in an east–west direction and a width of {{Convert|2|mi}} in north–south direction. The estuary of the Bhargavi River has a shallow depth of just {{Convert|5|ft}} and the process of siltation continues. According to a 15th-century [[Odia language|Odia]] writer [[Sarala Das|Saraladasa]], the bed of the unnamed stream that flowed at the base of the Blue Mountain or ''Neelachal'' was filled up. ''Katakarajavamsa'', a 16th-century chronicle (c.1600), attributes filling up of the bed of the river which flowed through the present Grand Road, as done during the reign of King Narasimha II (1278–1308) of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]].{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=1}}

===Climate===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen–Geiger climate classification system]] the climate of Puri is classified as [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]] (Tropical savanna climate). The city has moderate and tropical climate. Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. The temperature during summer touches a maximum of {{Convert|36|C}} and during winter it is {{Convert|17|C}}. The average annual rainfall is {{Convert|1337|mm}} and the average annual temperature is {{Convert|26.9|C}}. The weather data is given in the following table.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xxxiiii}}<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |archive-date = 5 February 2020 |url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |title = Station: Puri Climatological Table 1981–2010 |work= Climatological Normals 1981–2010 |publisher= India Meteorological Department |date = January 2015 |pages = 629–630 |access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date= 5 February 2020 |url= https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title= Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012 |publisher= India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page= M166 |access-date= 10 January 2021}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Puri (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 33.4
| Feb record high C = 35.8
| Mar record high C = 40.0
| Apr record high C = 41.1
| May record high C = 42.2
| Jun record high C = 44.2
| Jul record high C = 37.6
| Aug record high C = 36.8
| Sep record high C = 39.1
| Oct record high C = 36.1
| Nov record high C = 34.2
| Dec record high C = 32.8
| year record high C = 44.2
| Jan high C = 27.3
| Feb high C = 29.4
| Mar high C = 31.4
| Apr high C = 32.3
| May high C = 33.2
| Jun high C = 32.7
| Jul high C = 31.9
| Aug high C = 31.8
| Sep high C = 32.3
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Nov high C = 30.2
| Dec high C = 28.2
| year high C = 31.1
| Jan low C = 17.5
| Feb low C = 21.5
| Mar low C = 25.1
| Apr low C = 26.5
| May low C = 27.7
| Jun low C = 27.6
| Jul low C = 26.9
| Aug low C = 26.8
| Sep low C = 26.8
| Oct low C = 25.1
| Nov low C = 21.2
| Dec low C = 17.7
| year low C = 24.2
| Jan record low C = 10.6
| Feb record low C = 12.2
| Mar record low C = 12.1
| Apr record low C = 17.4
| May record low C = 16.7
| Jun record low C = 19.4
| Jul record low C = 19.4
| Aug record low C = 20.9
| Sep record low C = 17.0
| Oct record low C = 16.3
| Nov record low C = 11.8
| Dec record low C = 8.6
| year record low C = 8.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 15.9
| Feb rain mm = 12.5
| Mar rain mm = 16.3
| Apr rain mm = 26.6
| May rain mm = 72.3
| Jun rain mm = 171.5
| Jul rain mm = 340.9
| Aug rain mm = 360.9
| Sep rain mm = 272.1
| Oct rain mm = 204.4
| Nov rain mm = 56.8
| Dec rain mm = 15.4
| year rain mm = 1565.7
| Jan rain days = 0.8
| Feb rain days = 1.0
| Mar rain days = 1.2
| Apr rain days = 1.4
| May rain days = 3.8
| Jun rain days = 8.2
| Jul rain days = 12.0
| Aug rain days = 13.5
| Sep rain days = 10.9
| Oct rain days = 7.5
| Nov rain days = 2.1
| Dec rain days = 0.4
| year rain days = 62.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 70
| Feb humidity = 74
| Mar humidity = 79
| Apr humidity = 83
| May humidity = 83
| Jun humidity = 82
| Jul humidity = 84
| Aug humidity = 83
| Sep humidity = 81
| Oct humidity = 74
| Nov humidity = 66
| Dec humidity = 63
| year humidity = 77
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals/><ref name=IMDextremes/>
}}

==Demographics==
{{See also|List of cities in Odisha}}
{{Historical populations
|1872|22263
|1881|22095
|1891|28794
|1901 |49334
|1911 |39686
|1921 |38694
|1931 |37568
|1941 |41055
|1951 |49057
|1961 |60815
|1971 |72674
|1981 |100942
|1991 |125199
|2001 |157837
|2011 |200567
|source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{citation|title=Census of India 1901 vol.6-A (Lower Probinces of Bengal and their feudatoties); pt.2 (Imperial tables) |date=1902 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30991/page/n7/mode/1up |page=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Population growth of ULBs in Orissa (1901 – 2001) |url=http://rcueslucknow.org/states/Compendium%20of%20Urban%20Data%20(Orissa)/_21_%20POPULATION%20GROWTH%20OF%20ULBs%20IN%20ORISSA%20_1901-2001_.pdf
|website=The Regional Centre for Urban & Environmental Studies (RCUES)}}</ref>}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious Demographic in Puri Municipality (2011)<ref name="Census_2011_Religion"/>
|label1= [[Hinduism]]
|value1= 97.84
|color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|value2 = 1.64
|color2 = dodgerblue
|other = yes
|other-color = black
}}
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Puri is an [[urban agglomeration]] governed by the Municipal Corporation in Odisha state, with a population of 200,564,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2118_PART_B_DCHB_PURI.pdf|title=Puri District Handbook 2011|access-date=19 June 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022230559/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2118_PART_B_DCHB_PURI.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> comprising 104,086 males, 96,478 females, and 18,471 children (under six years of age). The sex ratio is 927. The average literacy rate in the city is 88.03 per cent (91.38 per cent for males and 84.43 per cent for females).


===Religion===
The overwhelming majority of the people in the city (98%) are [[Hindus]], with a small Christian population.<ref name="Census_2011_Religion">{{cite web |title=C-01: Population by religious community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Puri Municipality (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|value1 = 83.98
|color1 = saddlebrown
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|value2 = 12.33
|color2 = steelblue
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value3 = 2.28
|color3 = pink
|label4 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value4 = 0.85
|color4 = Orange
|label5 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value5 = 0.43
|color5 = green
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 0.13
|color6 = Black
}}

Majority of the people speaks [[Odia language|Odia]], followed by a large minority of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speakers, with substantial number of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]] speakers.<ref name="Census_2011_Languages">{{cite web |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10247/download/13359/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

==Administration==
The Puri Municipality, Puri Konark Development Authority, Public Health Engineering Organisation and Orissa Water Supply Sewerage Board are some of the principal organisations that are devolved with the responsibility of providing for civic amenities such as water supply, sewerage, waste management, street lighting and infrastructure of roads. The major activity, which puts maximum pressure on these organisations, is the annual event of the Ratha Yatra held during June- July. According to the Puri Municipality more than a million people attend this event. Hence, development activities such as infrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims, apart from security, gets priority attention.{{Sfn|Managers|2006|p=3}}

The civic administration of Puri is the responsibility of the Puri Municipality. The municipality came into existence in 1864 in the name of the Puri Improvement Trust, which was converted into Puri Municipality in 1881. After India's independence in 1947, the Orissa Municipal Act (1950) was promulgated entrusting the administration of the city to the Puri Municipality. This body is represented by elected representatives with a chairperson and councillors representing the 30 wards within the municipal limits.{{Sfn|Managers|2006|p=4}}

The electricity is provided by [[Tata Power Central Odisha Distribution Limited]] in the city and the entire district.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Vikash |title='Irregularities' In Meter Installation By TPCODL: Puri Congress Stages Dharna, Admin Sets Up Committee |url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/-irregularities-in-meter-installation-by-tpcodl-puri-congress-stages-dharna-160027 |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Odisha TV |date=19 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325101849/https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/-irregularities-in-meter-installation-by-tpcodl-puri-congress-stages-dharna-160027 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of Puri is dependent on tourism to the extent of about 80 per cent. The temple is the focal point of the city and provides employment to the people of the town. Agricultural production of rice, ghee, vegetables and so forth of the region meet the large requirements of the temple. Many settlements around the town exclusively cater to the other religious requirements of the temple.{{Sfn|Managers|2006|pp=2–3}} The temple administration employs 6,000 men to perform the rituals. The temple also provides economic sustenance to 20,000 people.{{Sfn|Bindloss|Brown|Elliott|2007|p=253}} According to [[Colleen Taylor Sen]], an author on food and travel, writing on the food culture of India, the temple kitchen has 400 cooks serving food to as many as 100,000 people.{{Sfn|Sen|2004|p=126}} According to J Mohapatra, Director, Ind Barath Power Infra Ltd (IBPIL), the kitchen is known as "a largest and biggest kitchen of the world."{{Sfn|Mohapatra|2013|p=61}}

==Culture and cityscape==
===Landmarks===
====Jagannath Temple at Puri====
{{main|Jagannath Temple (Puri)}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Sri Jagannath Temple Puri, Orissa.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Sri_Jagannath_Temple_Puri,_Orissa.jpeg
| width2 = 192
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: Jagannath Temple at Puri Right: View of the temple at night
}}

The Jagannath Temple at Puri is one of the major Hindu temples built in the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] style of architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orissaculture.gov.in/Architecture.asp|title=Temple Architecture|publisher=Culture Department, Government of Orissa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707223017/http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/Architecture.asp|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> The temple tower, with a spire, rises to a height of {{Convert|58|m}}, and a flag is unfurled above it, fixed over a wheel (''chakra'').{{Sfn|Bindloss|Brown| Elliott |2007|p=253}}<ref name=Seven>{{cite web |url=http://www.7wonders.org/wonders/asia/india/puri/jagannath-temple.aspx |title=Jagannath Temple, India – 7 wonders |work=7wonders.org |year=2012 |quote=The temple is divided into four chambers: Bhogmandir, Natamandir, Jagamohana and Deul |access-date=3 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612083058/http://www.7wonders.org/wonders/asia/india/puri/jagannath-temple.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Jagannatha Puri temple chakra.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Left:Ritual chakra and flags at the top [[Sikhara|shikhara]] of Puri temple of [[Jagannatha]] also related to [[Sudarsana chakra]]. The red flag (12 hand or {{Convert|14|ft}} denotes that Jagannath is within the temple.
| image2 = Jagannath Temple, Puri 10 - Arun.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Right: Statue of Aruna the charioteer of the Sun God on top of the Aruna Stambha in front of the Singhadwara
| footer =
}}
The temple is built on an elevated platform (of about {{Convert|420000|ft2}} area),<ref name=Official/> {{convert|20|ft}} above the adjacent area. The temple rises to a height of {{Convert|214|ft}} above the road level. The temple complex covers an area of {{Convert|10.7| acre}}.{{Sfn|Managers|2006|p=3}} There are four entry gates in four cardinal directions of the temple, each gate located at the central part of the walls. These gates are: the eastern gate called the ''Singhadwara'' (Lions Gate), the southern gate known as ''Ashwa Dwara'' (Horse Gate), the western gate called the ''Vyaghra Dwara'' (Tigers Gate) or the ''Khanja'' Gate, and the northern gate called the ''Hathi Dwara'' or (elephant gate). These four gates symbolise the four fundamental principles of [[Dharma]] (right conduct), [[Jnana]] (knowledge), [[Vairagya]] (renunciation) and [[Aishwarya]] (prosperity). The gates are crowned with pyramid shaped structures. There is a stone pillar in front of the Singhadwara, called the ''Aruna Stambha'' {Solar Pillar}, {{Convert|11|m}} in height with 16 faces, made of chlorite stone; at the top of the stamba an elegant statue of [[Aruṇa]] (Sun) in a prayer mode is mounted. This pillar was shifted from the [[Konarak Sun Temple]].{{Sfn|Managers|2006|pp=3–4}} The four gates are decorated with guardian statues in the form of lion, horse mounted men, tigers, and elephants in the name and order of the gates.{{Sfn|Bindloss|Brown| Elliott |2007|p=253}} A pillar made of fossilised wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, which is guarded by two guardian deities [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya and Vijaya]].<ref name=Official>{{Cite web|url=http://jagannath.nic.in/?q=node/81|title=About Jagannath Temple|access-date=27 September 2015|publisher=Official Website of Shree jagannath temple Administration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831140432/http://jagannath.nic.in/?q=node%2F81|archive-date=31 August 2015}}</ref>{{Sfn|Managers|2006|pp=3–4}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Temple information: Jagannath temple|url=http://www.fullodisha.com/puri/temple_temple.htm|publisher=Full Orissa|access-date=28 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827024854/http://www.fullodisha.com/puri/temple_temple.htm|archive-date=27 August 2015}}</ref> The main gate is ascended through 22 steps known as ''Baisi Pahaca'', which are revered, as it is believed to possess "spiritual animation". Children are made to roll down these steps, from top to bottom, to bring them spiritual happiness. After entering the temple, on the left side, there is a large kitchen where food is prepared in hygienic conditions in huge quantities; the kitchen is called as "the biggest hotel of the world".<ref name=Official/>
[[File:Jagannath Temple, Puri 01.jpg|thumb|The main entrance of the Jagannath Temple]]
According to a legend King Indradyumma was directed by Jagannatha in a dream to build a temple for him which he did as directed. However, according to historical records the temple was started some time during the 12th century by King Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. It was completed by his descendant, Anangabhima Deva, in the 12th century. The wooden images of Jagannatha, Balabhadra and Subhadra were then deified here. The temple was under the control of the Hindu rulers up to 1558. Then, when Orissa was occupied by the Afghan Nawab of Bengal, it was brought under the control of the Afghan General Kalapahad. Following the defeat of the Afghan king by [[Raja Mansingh]], the General of Mughal emperor [[Akbar]], the temple became part of the [[Mughal Empire]] till 1751. Subsequently, it was under the control of the Marathas till 1803. During the British Raj, the Puri Raja was entrusted with its management until 1947.<ref name=Seven/>

The triad of images in the temple are of Jagannatha, personifying Krishna, Balabhadra, His older brother, and Subhadra, His younger sister. The images are made of neem wood in an unfinished form. The stumps of wood which form the images of the brothers have human arms, while that of Subhadra does not have any arms. The heads are large, painted and non-carved. The faces are marked with distinctive large circular eyes.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=697}}

==== The Pancha Tirtha of Puri====
{{main|Pancha Tirtha of Puri}}
[[File:Markandeshwar Tank.jpg|thumb|Markandeshwar Tank]]
Hindus consider it essential to bathe in the [[Pancha Tirtha of Puri|Pancha Tirtha]] or the five sacred bathing spots of Puri, to complete a pilgrimage to Puri. The five [[Sacred waters|sacred water bodies]] are the Indradyumana Tank, the Rohini Kunda, the Markandeya Tank, the Swetaganga Tank, and the Bay of Bengal also called the ''Mahodadhi'', in Sanskrit 'Mahodadhi' means a "great ocean";{{Sfn|Ravi|p=230}} all are considered sacred bathing spots in the [[Swargadwara]] area.<ref name="Sri">{{cite web|title=Panch Tirtha of Puri|url=http://www.shreekhetra.com/panchatirtha.html|publisher=Shreekhetra|access-date=5 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015074001/http://shreekhetra.com/panchatirtha.html|archive-date=15 October 2012}}</ref>{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p = 10}}{{Sfn|Madan1988|p=161}} These tanks have perennial sources of supply from rainfall and ground water.{{Sfn|Managers|2006|p=7}}
[[File:Sunrise at Puri Sea Beach.jpg|thumb|Sunrise at Puri Sea Beach]]

====Gundicha Temple====
{{main|Gundicha Temple}}
[[File:Puri-gundica-mandir.jpg|thumb|Main entrance of the Gundicha Temple]]
The Gundicha Temple, known as the Garden House of Jagannatha, stands in the centre of a garden, bounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a distance of about {{convert|3|km}} to the northeast of the Jagannath Temple. The two temples are located at the two ends of the ''Bada Danda'' (Grand Avenue), which is the pathway for the Ratha Yatra. According to a legend, Gundicha was the wife of King Indradyumna who originally built the Jagannath temple.{{Sfn|Bansal|2012|pp=30–31}}

The temple is built using light-grey [[sandstone]], and, architecturally, it exemplifies typical [[Kalinga architecture|Kalinga temple architecture]] in the ''[[Deula]]'' style. The complex comprises four components: [[vimana]] (tower structure containing the sanctum), [[jagamohana]] (assembly hall), nata-[[mandapa]] (festival hall) and ''bhoga-mandapa'' (hall of offerings). There is also a kitchen connected by a small passage. The temple is set within a garden, and is known as "God's Summer Garden Retreat" or garden house of Jagannatha. The entire complex, including the garden, is surrounded by a wall which measures {{Convert|430|x|320|ft}} with height of {{Convert|20|ft}}.<ref name=Mahapatra>{{Cite web|last=Mahapatra|first=Bhagaban|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2013/jul/engpdf/77-79.pdf|title=Significance of Gundicha Temple in Car festival|access-date=3 October 2015|publisher=E-Magazine, Government of Orissa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004163057/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2013/jul/engpdf/77-79.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2015}}</ref>

Except for the 9-day Ratha Yatra, when the triad images are worshipped in the Gundicha Temple, otherwise it remains unoccupied for the rest of the year. Tourists can visit the temple after paying an entry fee. Foreigners (generally prohibited entry in the main temple) are allowed inside this temple during this period.<ref>{{cite news|last=Panda|first=Namita|title=Ready for the Trinity|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120622/jsp/odisha/story_15644438.jsp|access-date=4 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=22 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621103006/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120622/jsp/odisha/story_15644438.jsp|archive-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> The temple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri, the governing body of the main temple. A small band of servitors maintain the temple.<ref name= Mahapatra/>

====Swargadwar====
[[File:Swargadwar, Puri 2.JPG|thumb|Sea at Swargadwar of Puri]]
[[Swargadwara|Swargadwar]] is the name given to the cremation ground or burning ghat which is located on the shores of the sea. Here thousands of dead bodies of Hindus brought from faraway places are cremated. It is a belief that the Chaitanya Mahaparabhu disappeared from this Swargadwar about 500 years back.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|pp=xl–xli}}

====Beach====
[[File:Puri sea sunrise.jpg|thumb|Puri sea sunrise]]
[[File:Puri Sea Beach viewed from the light house.jpg|thumb|Puri sea beach viewed from the light house]]
The beach at Puri, known as the "Ballighai beach, at the mouth of Nunai River", is {{Convert|8|km}} away from the town and is fringed by casurina trees.{{Sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=5890}} It has golden yellow sand. Sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic attractions here.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xiii}} Waves break in at the beach which is long and wide.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=697}}

====District museum====
The Puri district museum is located on the station road where the exhibits in display are the different types of garments worn by Jagannatha, local sculptures, [[patachitra]] (traditional, cloth-based scroll painting), ancient [[Palm-leaf manuscript]]s, and local craft work.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xli}}

====Raghunandana library====
Raghunandana Library was a library located in the [[Emar Matha|Emara Matha]] complex (opposite Simhadwara or lion gate, the main entrance gate). The Jagannatha Aitihasika Gavesana Samiti (Jagannatha Historical Centre) is also located here. The library housed ancient [[Palm-leaf manuscript|palm leaf manuscripts]] on Jagannatha, his cult and the history of the city.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xli}} The Raghunandana Library is now defunct, destroyed along with the centuries-old Embar Mutt in 2021, deemed as an encroaching element in the [[Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor, Puri|Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor]] project. Its collections were taken out from the Mutt possession in 2019 and are now displaced to the Puri collectorate office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/Aug/29/emar-mutt-pulled-down-in-demolition-drive-around-jagannath-temple-2025955.html|title=Emar Mutt pulled down in demolition drive around Jagannath temple|date=9 August 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===Festivals of Puri===
{{main|List of festivals observed at Jagannatha Temple, Puri}}

[[File:Grand Road, Puri 02.jpg|thumb|The Grand Road near the Jagannath Temple]]
Puri witnesses 24 festivals every year, of which 13 are major. The most important of these is the [[Ratha Yatra]], or the car festival, held in the June–July, which is attended by more than 1 million people.{{Sfn|Managers|2006|p=2}}

====Ratha Yatra at Puri====
{{Main|Ratha-Yatra (Puri)}}

[[File:Rath Yatra Puri 07-11027.jpg|thumb|The [[Ratha Yatra]] in Puri in modern times showing the three chariots of the deities with the Temple in the background]]
The Jagannath Temple triad are normally worshipped in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the month of [[Asadha]] (rainy season of Orissa, usually in June or July), they are brought out on the Bada Danda (main street of Puri) and taken over a distance of ({{Convert|3|km}}) to the [[Gundicha Temple]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roaddistance.in/odisha/bada-danda-puri-puri-to-gundicha-temple-puri-distance/by-road/ |title=Bada Danda Puri Puri and Gundicha Temple Puri by Road, Distance Between Bada Danda Puri Puri and Gundicha Temple Puri, Distance by Road from Bada Danda Puri Puri and Gundicha Temple Puri with Travel Time, Gundicha Temple Puri Distance from Bada Danda Puri Puri, Driving Direction Calculator from bada danda puri puri and gundicha temple puri |access-date=6 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818091839/http://www.roaddistance.in/odisha/bada-danda-puri-puri-to-gundicha-temple-puri-distance/by-road/ |archive-date=18 August 2016 }}</ref> in huge chariots (''ratha''), allowing the public to have [[darśana]] (holy view). This festival is known as the Ratha Yatra, meaning the journey (''yatra'') of the chariots.{{Sfn|Das|1982|p = 40}} The yatra starts every year according to the Hindu calendar on the Asadha Sukla Dwitiya day, the second day of bright fortnight of Asadha (June–July).<ref name=Barik>{{Cite web|last=Barik|first=Sarmistha|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june_july-2007/engpdf/Pages18-24.pdf|title=Festivals in Shri Jagannath Temple|access-date=28 September 2015|publisher=Government of Odisha|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928213056/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june_july-2007/engpdf/Pages18-24.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2015}}</ref>

Historically, the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the Ratha Yatra on the completion of the Jagannath Temple around 1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p = 133}} [[Odoric of Pordenone|Friar Odoric]], in his account of 1321, reported how the people put the "idols" on chariots, and the King, the Queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=129}}{{Sfn|Das|1982|p=48}}

The Rathas are huge wooden structures provided with large wheels, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannatha is about {{Convert|45|ft}} high and {{Convert|35|ft2}} and takes about 2 months for its construction.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p = 16}} The chariot is mounted with 16 wheels, each of {{Convert|7|ft}} diameter. The carving in the front face of the chariot has four wooden horses drawn by [[Maruti Nandan|Maruti]]. On its other three faces, the wooden carvings are of [[Rama]], [[Surya]] and Vishnu. The chariot is known as Nandi Ghosha. The roof of the chariot is covered with yellow and red coloured cloth. The next chariot is of Balabhadra which is {{Convert|44|ft}} in height fitted with 14 wheels. The chariot is carved with [[Satyaki]] as the charioteer, roof covered in red and green coloured cloth, and the chariot is known as Taladhwaja. The carvings on this chariot include images of [[Narasimha]] and [[Rudra]] as Jagannatha's companions. The next chariot in the order is of Subhadra, which is {{Convert|43|ft}} in height supported on 12 wheels, roof covered in black and red colour cloth, and the chariot is known as Darpa Dalaan and the charioteer carved is [[Arjuna]]. Other images carved on the chariot are of [[Vana Durga]], [[Tara (Devi)|Tara Devi]] and [[Chandi Devi]].<ref name=Barik/><ref name=Chariot>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDmwCcLza2AC&pg=PA1077|year=1999|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-064-1|pages=1076–77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303152455/https://books.google.com/books?id=sDmwCcLza2AC&pg=PA1077|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne.{{Sfn|Das|1982|p = 40}} The chariots of Jagannatha pulled during Ratha Yatra is the etymological origin of the [[English language|English]] word [[Juggernaut]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Juggernaut-Definition and Meaning|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/juggernaut|publisher=Merriam Webster Dictionary|access-date=28 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107120441/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/juggernaut|archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> The Ratha Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha yatra and Ghosha yatra<ref name=Barik/>
[[File:Jagannath 4 - Pahandi bije.jpg|thumb|right|Pahandi bije during Ratha Yatra at Puri]]

====Chhera Panhara====
The Chhera Panhara<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://learningandcreativity.com/lord-jagannath-tales-the-royal-sweeper/|title=Tales of Lord Jagannath: Chera Panhara, The Royal Sweeper|author=Ramendra Kumar|date=26 July 2015|access-date=13 October 2020|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014042102/https://learningandcreativity.com/lord-jagannath-tales-the-royal-sweeper/|url-status=live}}</ref> (sweeping with water) is a significant ritual associated with the Ratha Yatra. During this ritual, the Gajapati King wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots. The king cleans the road in front of the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles [[sandalwood]] water and powder. As per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been considered the most exalted person in [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|the Kalingan kingdom]], he still renders the menial service to Jagannatha. This ritual signifies that under the lordship of Jagannatha, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign and the humblest devotee.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karan|first=Jajati|title=Lord Jagannatha yatra to begin soon|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lord-jagannath-yatra-to-begin-soon/68263-3-2.html|access-date=28 November 2012|newspaper=IBN Live|date=4 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215117/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lord-jagannath-yatra-to-begin-soon/68263-3-2.html|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

====Chandan Yatra====
[[File:Narendra Pokhari.jpg|thumb|right|The '''Narendra Tirtha''' tank where ceremonies of [[Chandan Yatra]] are performed]]
{{main|Chandan Yatra}}

The [[Chandan Yatra]] festival held every year on [[Akshaya Tritiya]] day marks the commencement of the construction of the chariots of the Ratha Yatra. It also marks the celebration of the Hindu new year.{{Sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=5890}}

====Snana Yatra====
{{main|Snana Yatra}}

Every year, on the [[Full Moon|Purnima]] day in the Hindu calendar month of [[Jyestha]] (June), the triad images of the Jagannath Temple are ceremonially bathed and decorated on the occasion of Snana Yatra. Water for the bath is taken in 108 pots from the ''Suna kuan'' (meaning: "golden well") located near the northern gate of the temple. Water is drawn from this well only once in a year for the sole purpose of the religious bath of the deities. After the bath the triad images are dressed in the fashion of the elephant god, [[Ganesha]]. Later, during the night, the original triad images are taken out in a procession back to the main temple but kept at a place known as ''Anasara pindi''.<ref name=Barik/> After this the [[Jhulan Purnima|Jhulan Yatra]] is performed when proxy images of the deities are taken out in a grand procession for 21 days, cruised over boats in the Narendra Tirtha tank.{{Sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=5890}}

====Anavasara or Anasara====
Anasara, a derivative of the Sanskrit word "Anavasara",<ref name=Govt>{{cite book|title=Orissa Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQhDAAAAYAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Home Department, Government of Orissa|page=29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303152455/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQhDAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> literally means vacation. Every year after the holy Snana Yatra, the triad images, without the [[Sudarshana Chakra]], are taken to a secret altar named ''Anavasara Ghar'' (also known as ''Anasara pindi,'' 'pindi' is Oriya term meaning "platform" <ref name=Govt/>) where they remain for the next fortnight of ([[Krishna paksha]]); devotees are not allowed to view these images. Instead, devotees go to the nearby [[Brahmagiri, Orissa|Brahmagiri]] to see the Lord in the four-handed form of Alarnath, a depiction of Vishnu.<ref name=Barik/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shreekhetra.com/alarnath.html|title=Temple of Alarnath|access-date=4 October 2015|publisher=Official web site of Shreekshetra|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129105746/http://shreekhetra.com/alarnath.html|archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> Devotees then get the first glimpse of the Lord only on the day before Ratha Yatra, which is called ''Navayouvana.'' It is a local belief that the gods suffer from fever after taking an elaborate ritual bath, and they are treated by the special servants, the Daitapatis, for 15 days. Daitapatis perform special [[Ethics in religion#Hindu ethics|niti]]s (rites) known as ''Netrotchhaba'' (a rite of painting the eyes of the triad). During this period cooked food is not offered to the deities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |title=Festivals of Lord Sri Jagannath |work=nilachakra.org |year=2010 |quote=suffer from fever on the account of elaborate bath and for that they are kept in dietary provisions (No cooked food is served) and are nursed by the Daitas |access-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022015102/http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012 }}</ref>

====Naba Kalebara====
{{main|Nabakalevara|Nabakalebara 2015}}

Naba Kalebara is one of the most grand events associated with the LJagannatha that takes place when one [[lunar month]] of Ashadha is followed by another of Ashadha called Adhika Masa (extra month). This can take place at an interval of 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally meaning the "New Body" (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body) in Odia, the festival is witnessed by millions of people and the budget for this event generally exceeds $500,000. The event involves installation of new images in the temple and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili Vaikuntha. During the [[Nabakalebara 2015|Nabakalebara ceremony held during July 2015]] the idols that were installed in the temple in 1996 were replaced by specially carved new images made of neem wood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/30988-puri-gearing-up-for-2015-nabakalebar.html |title=Puri gearing up for 2015 Nabakalebar |work=dailypioneer.com |year=2011 |quote=Nabakalebar ritual of Lord Jagannath to be held in 2015, |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162629/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/30988-puri-gearing-up-for-2015-nabakalebar.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=Bije/> More than 3 million people are reported to have attended this festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.ca/license/482086448|title=During the tight security of the millennium's first…|date=7 July 2015|access-date=3 February 2016|publisher=Gettyimages.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208213121/http://www.gettyimages.ca/license/482086448|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Suna Besha====
{{main|Suna Besha}}

[[File:Suna Vesha or Golden Attire of Lord Shri Jagannath of Puri.jpg|thumb|[[Suna Besha]] or Golden Attire of Lord Jagannatha]]
Suna Besha, ('Suna besh'in English translates to "gold dressing"<ref>{{cite book|title=The Eastern Anthropologist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZMiAQAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303152455/https://books.google.com/books?id=hZMiAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>) also known as Raja or Rajadhiraja Bhesha{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=103}} or Raja Bhesha, is an event when the triad images of the Jagannath Temple are adorned with gold jewellery. This event is observed five times in a year. It is commonly observed on [[Magha (month)|Magha]] [[Purnima]] (January), Bahuda Ekadashi also known as [[Asadha]] [[Ekadashi]] (July), [[Dashahara]] (Bijayadashami) (October), [[Karthik Purnima]] (November), and Pousa Purnima (December).<ref name=Bhesha>{{Cite web|url=http://www.puripolice.nic.in/?q=node/417|title=Suna Bhesha(Ashadha/ June – July)|access-date=2 July 2015|publisher=National Informatics center|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704085052/http://www.puripolice.nic.in/?q=node%2F417|archive-date=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Arts of Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY1MAAAAYAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Arts of Asia|page=84|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303152455/https://books.google.com/books?id=OY1MAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> One such Suna Bhesha event is observed on Bahuda Ekadashi during the Ratha Yatra on the chariots placed at the Simhadwar. The other four Beshas are observed inside the temple on the ''Ratna Singhasana'' (gem studded altar). On this occasion gold plates are decorated over the hands and feet of Jagannatha and Balabhadra; Jagannatha is also adorned with a [[Chakra]] (disc) made of gold on the right hand while a silver conch adorns the left hand. Balabhadra is decorated with a plough made of gold on the left hand while a golden [[Kaumodaki|mace]] adorns his right hand.<ref name=Bhesha/>

====Niladri Bije====
Niladri Bije, celebrated in the Hindu calendar month Asadha (June–July) on Trayodashi (13th day),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |title=Festivals of Lord Sri Jagannath |work=nilachakra.org |year=2010 |quote=NILADRI BIJE – Celebrated on 13th day of bright fortnight of Asadha. |access-date=4 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022015102/http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012 }}</ref> marks the end of the Ratha Yatra. The large wooden images of the triad of gods are taken out from the chariots and then carried to the sanctum sanctorum, swaying rhythmically; a ritual which is known as ''pahandi''.<ref name=Bije>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nabakalebara-festival-comes-to-end-with-niladri-bije/article7483145.ece|title=Nabakalebara festival comes to end with Niladri Bije|date=31 July 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303152455/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nabakalebara-festival-comes-to-end-with-niladri-bije/article7483145.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

====Sahi yatra====
[[File:Sahi Yatra of Puri, Odisha.jpg|thumb|right| A scene from a play being enacted during the Sahi Yatra]]
The Sahi Yatra, considered the world's biggest open-air theatre,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahapatra|first1=Prasanta|title=World's Biggest Open-Air Theatre Sahi Yatra Begins at Puri|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/worlds-biggest-open-air-theatre--sahi-yatra-begins-at-puri.html|access-date=19 March 2015|publisher=The Pioneer|date=24 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230303/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/worlds-biggest-open-air-theatre--sahi-yatra-begins-at-puri.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> is an annual event lasting 11 days; a traditional cultural theatre festival or folk drama which begins on [[Ram Navami]] and ends on Rama ''[[Abhisheka|avishke]]'' (Sanskrit meaning : anointing). The festival includes plays depicting various scenes from the [[Ramayana]]. The residents of various localities, or
Sahis, are entrusted the task of performing the drama at the street corners.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xl}}

====Samudra Arati====
[[File:Samudra arati.jpg|thumb|Samudra arati of worship of the sea by disciples of the Matha at Puri]]
The Samudra [[arati]] is a daily tradition started by the present Shankaracharya 9 years ago.<ref name=Aarti>{{cite news|last1=Sahu|first1=Monideepa|title=The great fire|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/532849/fire.html|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=6 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306214139/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/532849/fire.html|archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> The daily practise includes prayer and fire offering to the sea at Swargadwar in Puri by disciples of the Govardhan Matha. On Paush Purnima of every year the Shankaracharya himself comes out to offer prayers to the sea.<ref name=Aarti/>

===Arts and crafts===
====Sand art====
[[File:Puri Sterling 12.jpg|thumb|220 px|Sand art of a baby elephant]]
[[Sandpainting|Sand art]] is a special art form that is created on the beaches of Puri. The art form is attributed to Balaram Das, a poet who lived in the 14th century. Sculptures of various gods and famous people are now created in sand by amateur artists. These are temporary in nature as they get washed away by waves. This art form has gained international fame in recent years. One of the famed sand artists of Odisha is [[Sudarshan Patnaik]]. He established the Golden Sand Art Institute in 1995, in the open air on the shores of Bay of Bengal, to provide training to students interested in this art form.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL010&vchplinkid=PL060&vchslinkid=SL035|title=Sand Arts|access-date=28 September 2015|publisher=Government of Orissa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926033747/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL010&vchplinkid=PL060&vchslinkid=SL035|archive-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xl}}

====Appliqué art====
[[File:Quilt block applique flower detail.jpg|right|thumb|An applique art work]]
[[Appliqué|Appliqué art]], which is a stitching-based craft unlike embroidery, was pioneered by Hatta Maharana of [[Pipili]]. It is widely used in Puri, both for decoration of the deities and for sale. Maharana's family members are employed as [[darji]]s or tailors or ''sebaks'' by the Maharaja of Puri. They prepare articles for decorating the deities in the temple for various festivals and religious ceremonies. The appliqué works are brightly coloured and patterned fabric in the form of canopies, umbrellas, drapery, carry bags, flags, coverings of dummy horses and cows, and other household textiles; these are marketed in Puri. The cloth used is made in dark colours of red, black, yellow, green, blue and turquoise blue.{{Sfn|Naik|1996|pp=95–96}}

====Pattachitra====
[[Pattachitra]], one of the oldest forms of cloth-based scroll painting of the region, originally created for ritual use and as souvenirs for pilgrims to Puri, as well as other temples in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gadon|first=Elinor W.|date=February 2000|title=Indian Art Worlds in Contention: Local, Regional and National Discourses on Orissan Patta Paintings. By Helle Bundgaard. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series, No. 80. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 1999. 247 pp. $45.00 (cloth).|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/indian-art-worlds-in-contention-local-regional-and-national-discourses-on-orissan-patta-paintings-by-helle-bundgaard-nordic-institute-of-asian-studies-monograph-series-no-80-richmond-surrey-curzon-1999-247-pp-4500-cloth/F46E8FB8E5D42BF037AA4A8178BDFB75|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|language=en|volume=59|issue=1|pages=192–194|doi=10.2307/2658630|jstor=2658630|s2cid=201436927|issn=1752-0401|access-date=10 March 2022|archive-date=29 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829190142/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/indian-art-worlds-in-contention-local-regional-and-national-discourses-on-orissan-patta-paintings-by-helle-bundgaard-nordic-institute-of-asian-studies-monograph-series-no-80-richmond-surrey-curzon-1999-247-pp-4500-cloth/F46E8FB8E5D42BF037AA4A8178BDFB75|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Cultural activities===
[[File:Nandini Ghosal.jpg|thumb|[[Odissi]] dancer|alt=]]
[[File:Samudra arati.jpg|thumb|Samudra arati or worship of the sea at Swargadwar by disciples of the [[Govardhana matha]] ]]
Cultural activities, including the annual religious festivals, in Puri are: The Puri Beach Festival held from 5 to 9 November every year, and the Shreekshetra Utsav held from 20 December to 2 January every year. The cultural programs include unique sand art, display of local and traditional handicrafts and food festival.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=Xxxviii}} In addition, cultural programs are held for two hours on every second Saturday of the month at the district Collector's Conference Hall near Sea Beach Police Station. [[Odissi dance]], [[Odissi music]] and folk dances are part of this event.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=Xxxviii}} [[Odissi|Odissi dance]] is the cultural heritage of Puri. This dance form originated in Puri from the dances performed by [[Devadasis]] (Maharis) attached to the Jagannath Temple who performed dances in the Nata ''mandapa'' of the temple to please the deities. Though the devadasi practice has been discontinued, the dance form has become modern and classical and is widely popular; many of the Odissi virtuoso artists and gurus (teachers) are from Puri.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=XL}} Some of the notable Odissi dancers are [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]], [[Mayadhar Raut]], [[Sonal Mansingh]], and [[Sanjukta Panigrahi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIJVEAAAQBAJ&dq=Some+of+the+notable+Odissi+dancers+are+Kelucharan+Mohapatra,+Mayadhar+Raut,+Sonal+Mansingh,+and+Sanjukta+Panigrahi.&pg=PT53|last=Maharaj|first=Guru Pandit Shyamal|title=The Idea of Dance|year=2021|page=53|publisher=Notion Press.com|isbn=9781685097950|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408144529/https://books.google.com/books?id=sIJVEAAAQBAJ&dq=Some+of+the+notable+Odissi+dancers+are+Kelucharan+Mohapatra,+Mayadhar+Raut,+Sonal+Mansingh,+and+Sanjukta+Panigrahi.&pg=PT53|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transport==
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=== Road ===
Earlier, when roads did not exist, people used to walk or travel by animal-drawn vehicles or carriages along beaten tracks to reach Puri. Travel was by riverine craft along the [[Ganges]] up to Calcutta, and then on foot or by carriages. It was only during the Maratha rule that the Jagannath Sadak (Road) was built around 1790. The [[East India Company]] laid the rail track from Calcutta to Puri, which became operational in 1898.{{Sfn|Mahanti|2014|p=xxxiii}} Puri is now well-connected by rail, road and air services.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ&dq=Puri+is+now+well-connected+by+rail,+road+and+air+services.&pg=PR33|last=Mani|first=J.C.|title=The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri|year=2014|page=33|publisher=VIJ Books|isbn=9789382652458|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408144524/https://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ&dq=Puri+is+now+well-connected+by+rail,+road+and+air+services.&pg=PR33|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Train ===
A [[broad gauge]] railway line of the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways]] which connects Puri with [[Kolkata]] and Khorda Road is an important railway junction on this route. The rail distance is {{Convert|499|km}} from Kolkata and {{Convert|468|km}} from [[Vishakhapatnam]]. Road network includes [[National Highway 203 (India, old numbering)|NH 203]] that links the city with Bhubaneswar, the state capital, situated about {{Convert|60|km}} away. NH 203 B connects the city with [[Satapada]] via [[Brahmagiri, Odisha|Brahmagiri]]. Marine drive, which is part of NH 203 A, connects Puri with Konark. [[Puri railway station]] is among the top hundred booking stations of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roaddistance.in/west-bengal/kolkata-west-bengal-to-puri-distance/by-road/|title=Kolkata West Bengal and Puri By Road, Distance Between Kolkata West Bengal and Puri, Distance By Road From Kolkata West Bengal and Puri with Travel Time, Puri Distance from Kolkata West Bengal, Driving Direction Calculator from kolkata west bengal and puri|website=www.roaddistance.in|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011902/https://www.roaddistance.in/west-bengal/kolkata-west-bengal-to-puri-distance/by-road/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html|title = Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry|work = Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways|publisher = IRFCA|accessdate = 4 January 2013|archive-date = 10 May 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Puri railway station is {{Convert|1321| km}} away from New Delhi.{{Sfn|Managers|2006|p=2}}<ref name=Rail>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL7pGaL3vooC&dq=Air,+road,+Train+connectivity+to+Puri&pg=PA75|last=Silas|first=Sandeep|title=Discover India by Rail|year=2005|page=75|publisher=Sterlingpublishers.com|isbn=9788120729391|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025556/https://books.google.com/books?id=gL7pGaL3vooC&dq=Air,+road,+Train+connectivity+to+Puri&pg=PA75|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Air ===
{{Update section|date=April 2025}}
A proposal was received from the State Government of Odisha for development of a Greenfield Airport at Puri to the Ministry of Civil Aviation seeking 'Site Clearance' approval under GFA Policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SwainShashank/status/1650517779160735744?s=20 |url=https://twitter.com/SwainShashank/status/1650517779160735744|access-date=25 April 2023 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

[[Puri International Airport|Shree Jagannath International Airport]] is likely to be operational by 2029.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/aai-technical-team-visits-proposed-site-of-puri-international-airport/articleshow/90084494.cms?from=mdr|title=AAI technical team visits proposed site of Puri international airport|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=8 March 2022|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011900/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/aai-technical-team-visits-proposed-site-of-puri-international-airport/articleshow/90084494.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Scs college puri.jpeg|thumb|right|Samanta Chandra Sekhara College, Puri]]

===Schools===


* [[Bholanath Vidyapith]]
* [[Biswambhar Bidyapitha]]
* [[Blessed Sacrament High School Puri]]
* [[D.A.V Public School]], Puri<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to DAV Public School, Puri |url=http://davpuri.in/ |website=davpuri.in |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331070547/http://davpuri.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], Puri<ref>{{cite web |title=KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA PURI {{!}} KVS- Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan {{!}} Government of India |url=https://kvsangathan.nic.in/kendriya-vidyalaya-puri |website=kvsangathan.nic.in |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815093024/https://kvsangathan.nic.in/kendriya-vidyalaya-puri |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Puri Zilla School]]

===Colleges and Universities===


* [[Central Sanskrit University]], Shri Sadashiv Campus
* [[Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology and Management]]
* [[Shree Jagannath Sanskrit University]]
* [[Sri Jagannath Medical College and Hospital]]

==Notable people==

*[[Bidhu Bhusan Das]] - Academic and Vice-Chancellor, DPI Odisha
*[[Gopabandhu Das]] – Social worker
*[[Nilakantha Das]] – Social activist
*[[Pankaj Charan Das]] – Odissi dancer
*[[Prabhat Nalini Das]] - pro Vice-Chancellor, academician, feminist, Dean IIT Kanpur
*[[Gajapati Maharaja Dibyasingha Deb]] - Odia King
*[[Charles Garrett]] – Cricketer
*[[Chakhi Khuntia]] – Freedom fighter <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/144birth_anniversary_chakhi_khuntia.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191331/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/144birth_anniversary_chakhi_khuntia.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
*[[Mayadhar Mansingh]] - Odia poet and writer
*[[Pinaki Misra]] - Politician
*[[Kelucharan Mohapatra]] – Odissi dancer
*[[Raghunath Mohapatra]] – Architect and sculptor
*[[Baisali Mohanty]] - ALC Global Fellow at [[University of Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]]
*[[Rituraj Mohanty]] – Singer
*[[Sarat Kumar Mukhopadhyay]] - Poet, novelist
*[[Sudarshan Pattnaik]] – Sand Artist
*[[Jayee Rajguru]] - Freedom fighter
*[[Madhusudan Rao]] – Odia Poet
*[[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] - spiritual master and founder of [[Gaudiya Math]]
*[[Sudarshan Sahoo]] - Sculptor

==See also==
* [[Chari Kshetra]]
* [[Konark Dance Festival]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Ananda|first=Sri G.|title=Empires of the Vedas Volume IV: The Kingdom of God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMeVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|date=2015|publisher=Art of Unity|isbn=978-1-5078-9942-7}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite book|last=Bansal|first=Sunita Pant|title=HIndu Pilgrimage: A journey through the holy places of hindus all over India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqONAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|date=1 April 2012|publisher=V&S Publishers|isbn=978-93-5057-251-1}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite book|last= Das |first=Manoranjan |title=The wooden horse: drama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciFNAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Bookland International}}
*{{Cite web|last=Dash|first=Abhimanyu|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/july/engpdf/82-89.pdf|title=Invasions on the Temple of Lord Jagannath, Puri|date=July 2011|publisher=Government of Odisha|access-date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329120858/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/july/engpdf/82-89.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|last1= Bindloss |first1=Joe |last2= Brown |first2=Lindsay |last3= Elliott |first3=Mark |last4=Harding|first4=Paul|title=Northeast India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmR5p1tb5mcC&pg=PA253|year=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-095-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Davis |first=Roy Eugene |title=Life Surrendered in God: The Philosophy and Practices of Kriya Yoga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Kadb8hYtC0C&pg=PA265|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1495-0}}
*{{cite book|last1= Jones |first1=Constance |last2= Ryan |first2=James D. |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA248|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Kapoor |first=Subodh |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDh2WjvLo7gC&pg=PA5890|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Madan|first=T. N |title=Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC&pg=PA161|date=1 January 1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0527-9}}
*{{Cite web|last=Managers|first=City|url=http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Puri.pdf|title=Puri City DevelopmentPlan 2006|access-date=16 September 2015|year=2006|publisher=Puri Municipality:Government of Odisha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021617/http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Puri.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|last= Mahanti |first=J C |title=The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri (: Story of Lord Jagannatha and his Temple)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA311|date=2014|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-82652-45-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Mohapatra |first=J |title=Wellness In Indian Festivals & Rituals: Since the Supreme Divine is manifested in all the Gods, worship of any God is quite legitimate.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0aVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=24 December 2013|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1689-1}}
*{{cite book|last= Naik |first=Shailaja D. |title=Traditional Embroideries of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNAwl-jS3gwC&pg=PA95|date=1 January 1996|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-731-9}}
*{{cite book|last1= Ring |first1=Trudy |last2= Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3= Boda |first3=Sharon La |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA697|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}}
*{{cite book|last= Sadasivan |first=S. N. |title=A Social History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&pg=PA211|date=1 January 2000|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-170-0}}
*{{cite book|last= Starza |first=O. M. |title=The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8C|year=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09673-6}}

==External links==

{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.puri.nic.in www.puri.nic.in] – Official website of Puri District]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140524024433/http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/portal/ Odisha Tourism]
* [https://otdc.in/ OTDC]

{{Hindu Temples in Puri|state=expanded}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Puri district}}
{{Municipalities of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Puri]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Puri district]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]

Gujarat Administrative Service

2026-01-22T13:50:12Z

2famrtf: Started entry

{{Infobox
| title = Gujarat Administrative Service
| headerstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| header1 = Service Overview
| data2 = [[File:Government Of Gujarat Seal In All Languages.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
| label3 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data3 = 7 November 1974
| label4 = State
| data4 = [[Gujarat]]
| label5 = Staff College
| data5 = Sardar Patel Institute of Public Administration, [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| label6 = Cadre Controlling Authority
| data6 = Personnel Division, General Administration Department, [[Government of Gujarat]]
| label7 = Minister Responsible
| data7 = [[Bhupendra Patel]], [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] and Minister of General Administration Department
| label8 = Legal personality
| data8 = [[Governmental]]: [[Civil service]]
| label9 = Duties
| data9 =
| label10 = [[En cadre|Current Cadre Strength]]
| data10 = 880 members<ref name="2019 GAS Cadre Review">{{cite web|title=GAS cadre review|url=https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/Personnel/Portal/Document/1_2015_1_GAS_Cadre%20Review-05.07.2019.pdf|website=General Administrative Department, [[Government of Gujarat]]|access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>
| label11 = Selection
| data11 = State Civil Services Examination
| label12 = Association
| data12 = GAS Association
| header13 = Head of the State Civil Services
| label14 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
| data14 = Raj Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| label15 = [[Additional chief secretary|Additional Chief Secretary]] (GAD)
| data15 = Kamal Dayani, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}
'''Gujarat Administrative Service''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Gujarāta Vahīvaṭī Sēvā}}), often abbreviated to as '''GAS''', is the [[Public administration|administrative]] [[Civil Services of India|civil service]] of the [[Government of Gujarat]] comprising Group A posts. It is also the feeder service for the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/Personnel/introduction.htm|title=GAS cadre and GAD|website=Personnel Division, General Administration Department, [[Government of Gujarat]]|access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>

GAS officers hold various posts at sub-divisional, district and state levels from conducting revenue administration and maintenance of law and order. The Personnel Division in General Administrative Department of the [[Government of Gujarat]] is the cadre-controlling authority of the service. Along with the Gujarat Police Service (GPS) and the Gujarat Forest Service (GFS), the GAS is one of the three feeder services to its respective [[All India Services]].

== Recruitment ==

One-third of the recruitment to the service is made on the basis of an annual competitive examination conducted by the [[Gujarat Public Service Commission]] called direct GAS officers as they are directly appointed at [[Deputy collector|Deputy Collector]] rank. Two third of the total strength is filled by promotion from Mamlatdar-Class II and Gujarat Development Service-Class II cadre who are known as promotee GAS officers. GAS officers, regardless of their mode of entry, are appointed by the [[List of governors of Gujarat|Governor of Gujarat]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-hard-truth-30-vacancies-plague-gujarat-administrative-service-cadre-1910047/amp|title=30% vacancies plague Gujarat Administrative Service cadre|date=28 October 2013|website= Daily News and Analysis|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>

== Salary structure ==
At the entry level; GAS (Junior scale) which has sanctioned strength of 606 officers, 202 posts are filled through direct recruitment while 404 posts are filled through promotion of which 269 posts are reserved for Mamlatdar cadre and 135 posts are reserved for Gujarat Development Service officers. GAS (Senior Scale), GAS (Selection grade) and GAS (Apex grade) are filled by the promotion of GAS (Junior Scale) officers.

Generally those who were directly recruited by GPSC as GAS (Junior scale) officers get promoted into the IAS after reaching up-to the level of Additional Collector. Unlike other states civil services in India, GAS officers are rarely posted in the State Secretariat until promoted to IAS officers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url= https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/personnel/images/pdf/GAS-Civil-List-2023-new.pdf|title=GAS Civil List 2023|date=1 January 2023|website=General Administrative Department|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
The salary structure of the Gujarat Administrative Service
|-
! Grade/level on pay matrix !! Base Salary (per month) !! Sanctioned Strength !! Some Positions in the Government of Gujarat Government !! Years of service
|-
| GAS Apex grade (pay level 13A) || ₹131100–216600 || 15 || Resident Additional Collector (Additional District Magistrate), Additional Collector, Director of District Rural Development Agency, Deputy Municipal Commissioner, Regional Transport Commissioner || 15th year
|-
| GAS Selection grade (pay level 13) || ₹123100–215900 || 69 || Resident Additional Collector (Additional District Magistrate), Additional Collector, Director of District Rural Development Agency, Deputy Municipal Commissioner, Regional Transport Commissioner || 10th year
|-
| GAS Senior scale (pay level 12) || ₹78800–209200 || 190 || Resident Additional Collector (Additional District Magistrate), Additional Collector, Director of District Rural Development Agency, Deputy Municipal Commissioner, Regional Transport Commissioner || 5th year
|-
| GAS Junior scale (pay level 10) || ₹56100–177500 || 606 || Prant Officer (Sub Divisional Magistrate), District Supply Officer, Deputy Collector, Deputy District Development Officer, Deputy District Election Officer, Special Land Acquisition Officer || Initial year
|-
|}

==Major concerns and reforms==
===Promotee-direct GAS quota change===
Gujarat Government amended GAS Rules, 1974 changed ratio of 3:1 to 2:1 between promoted and direct GAS officers on 1 March 2014. Earlier 75% of GAS (Junior scale) posts were reserved for Class II Mamlatdars and Gujarat Development Service Class II officers while 25% were directly recruited. This resulted in career stagnation and slower promotion avenues for promoted officers. Direct GAS officers too didn't like the move as larger intake results in slower promotion into IAS. However GAS aspirants welcomed the move because it increased the vacancies.

===Postings in State Secretariat===
Currently only two posts of Deputy Secretary in Revenue Department are reserved for GAS officers after 2019 cadre review. Gujarat Secretariat Service (GSS) officers have opposed postings of GAS officers into State Secretariat. GAS officers have demanded for earmarking posts of Additional Secretaries and Joint Secretaries in all departments of State Secretariat to ensure proper field-secretariat relationship and synergy between policy formulation and policy implementation of various government policies. Since almost all state civil/administrative services have such nature of postings in India.

===Revival of divisions===
The office of divisional commissioners was abolished in 1950 when Gujarat was part of Bombay State. It was revived back in 1958 under Commissioner of Divisions Act, 1958. When Gujarat was separated from Bombay State in 1960, many senior IAS officers opted newly formed Maharashtra over Gujarat. Hence Gujarat Government had to abolish the posts once again due to shortage of senior IAS officers. GAS officers worked in divisions at various capacities such as Deputy Commissioner (Revenue), Deputy Commissioner (Panchayats) and Deputy Commissioner (Municipalities).

===Pay parity===
GAS Association has demanded on many occasions to have complete implementation of seventh pay commission report and pay parity on par with other state civil services in India such as [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)]], [[Rajasthan Administrative Service]]. Introduction of Pay Level 11 and Pay Level 14 has been the demand of GAS officers.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:State civil services of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1974]]

Mechipari territory

2026-01-22T03:32:34Z

2famrtf: adding

{{Infobox settlement
|name =
|native_name = मेचीपारि
|native_name_lang = 
|settlement_type = Land across the [[Mechi River]]
|pushpin_map = Nepal#Koshi Province
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_label_position =
|coordinates = {{coordinates|26.5464|88.1064|display=inline,title}}
|coor_pinpoint =
|coordinates_footnotes =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Nepal]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|population_total =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Nepal]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Nepal|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Koshi Province]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Nepal|Municipalities]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Bhadrapur Municipality|Bhadrapur]], [[Mechinagar Municipality|Mechinagar]]
| government_type = Ward area
| governing_body = Ward No. 1, 3, 15
|website = 
}}
'''Mechipari''' is a territory that lies in the eastern part of [[Mechi River]] in [[Jhapa District]] in [[Koshi Province]] of [[Nepal]]. Mechipari is an eastern area of ward No. 1, 3 and 5 of [[Bhadrapur Municipality]] and ward no. 15 of [[Mechinagar Municipality]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/social-affairs/437931-1611023089.html |title=मेचीपारि पहिलोपटक बन्यो प्रहरीको अस्यायी बिट |date=18 January 2021|website= |publisher=Nagrik news|access-date=21 May 2024 |trans-title =Police beat has been established first time across the Mechi river |language = Nepali}}</ref> Literally the meaning of Mechipari in English is "Across the Mechi river". Mechipari is located in the eastern part of the Mechi river bordering India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/11/10/mechi-pari-locals-feel-snubbed-by-leaders |title=Mechi Pari locals feel snubbed by leaders |date=10 November 2017|website= |publisher=Kathmandu post|access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nepallive.com/story/307175 |title=मेचीपारि जग्गा नेपालको, खेतीपाती भारतीयको |date=4 May 2023 |website= |publisher=Nepal live publication |access-date=21 May 2024 |trans-title =Indian farming the Nepali land across the Mechi river|language =Nepali }}</ref>

{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|26.5464|88.1064}}
| zoom = 12
| float = right
| width = 300
| height = 260
| caption = Mechipari
| title = Mechipari
| minimap = file bottom right 
| mini-file = Nepal rel location map.svg
| mini-width = 100 
| mini-height = 60 
| minipog-gx = 100 
| minipog-gy = 99 
| label1 = Mechipari 
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|26.5464|88.1064}}
| mark1 = Red pog.svg 
| mark-size1 = 8
| label-pos1 = right 
| label-size1 = 15 
| label-color1 = black 
| mark-title1 =
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1=
| label2 = Nepal 
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|26.5639217|88.0687921}}
| mark2 =
| mark-size2 = 0
| label-size2 = 25
| label-pos2 = bottom
| label3 = India
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|26.536716|88.140358}}
| mark3 =
| mark-size3 = 0
| label-size3 = 25
| label-pos3 = top
| label4 =
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|26.5602682|88.1098326}}
| mark4 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size4 = 5
| label-size4 = 25
| label-pos4 = top
| arc-coordA = {{coord|26.5691497|88.1057888}}
| arc-textA = Mechi river
| arc-text-sizeA = 10
|arc-text-colorA = 
| arc-angleA = 100
| arc-gapA = 1.5
| arc-radiusA = 0.6
}}

The [[Mechi River]] is the international border between [[Nepal]] and [[India]] which was fixed in 1816 by signing the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] between [[Kingdom of Nepal]] and [[British East India Company]] during [[Company rule in India]]. But although the river is the official boundary line, much of the land east of the river belongs to Nepal due to changes in the course of the river. Between 1818 and 1873, the Mechi River changed course, resulting in some parts of Nepal moving across the river.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/asia/nepal/cut-off-country-people-want-bridge/ |title=Cut Off From Their Own Country, All These People Want Is a Bridge |date=1 May 2024 |website= |publisher=Global press gernal |access-date=21 May 2024 }}</ref>

==Dolobasti==
Dolobasti (Bhangbari) is the village located in Mechipari ward no. 3. There are 300 families in Dolobasti
<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/residents-of-village-beyond-mechi-river-left-in-lurch
| title = Residents of village beyond Mechi River left in lurch
| date = 1 July 2020
| website =
| publisher = The Himalayan Times
| access-date = 21 May 2024
| quote = }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Kalapani territory]] (disputed)
* [[Susta territory]] (disputed)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Jhapa District]]
[[Category:Koshi Province]]

Main Chala

2026-01-21T15:38:19Z

2famrtf: data

{{Short description|Bollywood song}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2022}}
{{notability|1=Music|date=January 2022}}
}}
'''"Main Chala"'''is an Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi-language]] Bollywood song by Guru Randhawa and Iulia Vantur. When the song was released, it received millions of views in a few minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-22 |title=Salman Khan song 'Main Chala' released, got more than millions of views in a few minutes |language=en-US |url=https://newsdne.com/entertainment/salman-khan-song-main-chala-released-got-more-than-millions-of-views-in-a-few-minutes/ |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref> A new music video titled Main Chala, starring actors Salman Khan and Pragya Jaiswal, was released online. It also features artists Guru Randhawa and Iulia Vantur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-22 |title=Main Chala: Salman Khan gets flowing hair shampooed by Pragya Jaiswal, gives her back massage with his elbows. Watch |language=en |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/main-chala-salman-khan-gets-flowing-hair-shampooed-by-pragya-jaiswal-gives-her-back-massage-with-his-elbows-watch-101642830711515.html |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suri |first=Ridhi |date=2022-01-22 |title=Main Chala Out: Salman Khan-Pragya Jaiswal look dreamy in Guru Randhawa-Iulia Vantur's love song |language=en |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/main-chala-out-salman-khan-pragya-jaiswal-look-dreamy-in-guru-randhawa-iulia-vantur-romantic-song-2022-01-22-755695 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Main Chala Music Video: सलमान-प्रज्ञा जायसवाल का रोमांस, गर्लफ्रेंड Iulia Vantur की मखमली आवाज का जादू |language=hi |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/salman-khan-pragya-jaiswal-music-video-main-chala-out-guru-randhawa-and-iulia-vantur-mesmerizing-voice-tmov-1397324-2022-01-22 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref> A music video featuring Bollywood star Salman Khan and Pragya Jaiswal has been released. 'Main Chala' is a love music video featuring Lulia Vantur and Guru Randhawa, who have sung the song.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Salman Khan, Pragya featuring 'Main Chala' music video out |language=en |url=https://www.ap7am.com/lv-358425-salman-khan-pragya-featuring-main-chala-music-video-out |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]

Bhadravati, Maharashtra

2026-01-20T04:15:56Z

2famrtf: update article after review and improved wording per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{multiple issues|
{{One source|date=October 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Cleanup list|date=August 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhadravati
| other_name = Bhandak
| nickname = भांडक
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline = Main road Bhadravati.jpg
| image_alt = Main Road, Bhadravati
| image_caption = Bhadravati
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20|6|35|N|79|7|12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Bhadravati Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 20
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 84,147
| population_as_of = 2011(84,147) on next census( 2021) due to covid it was postponed
| population_rank = 3rd In Chandrapur District = 17 In Vidarbha
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = Reference
Census 2011 Data - censusindia.gov.in
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 442902
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 07175
| registration_plate = MH 34
| website = {{URL|maharashtra.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
| official_name = Bhadravathi,Maharastra.
}}
'''Bhadravati''' (formerly ''Bhandak'') is a city and a [[municipal council]] in [[Chandrapur district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It lies 26 km from [[Chandrapur]] city.
Bhadravati city has recently bagged the Best City in 'Innovation & Best Practices' award under the population Category - 50K to 1 Lakh from the Government of India under Swach Surverkshan Awards-2021.
It has also bagged 8th Rank in being the cleanest city under category population Category - 50K to 1 Lakh under Swach Surverkshan Awards-2021 amongst 132 cities nominated. [https://www.ehitavada.com/index.php?edition=VLpage&date=2021-11-22&page=5]

Chandrapur district is famous for tribal folk dances such as Dandar, Gondi and Rela.Adiwasi folk dance in Diwali known as Dandar. Speciely in the respect of lord Krishna.

It has an ordnance factory and several open-cast coal mines.

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
Gavrala, a small hamlet near Bhadravati, has been excavated by the Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archeology, Nagpur during 2006–07. They have unearthed fortifications of the [[Vakataka]] period.

==Historic places ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}

===Bhadrawati Fort===
The Bhadrawati Fort is located In heart of Bhadrawati City. This historical monument was made by the Gond king Bhankyasing across 3 acres of land. There is a big gate to the front of the fort, and all four sides are surrounded by huge walls. There is also a deep ancient well at the center of the fort. The locals say that the fort developed over 2000 years ago. Outside of the forth there are a few houses in which local residents live. Some structural stones are present in near area.

===Bhadranag Mandir===
The city has an ancient temple of ''Bhadranag'' a form of Lord [[Shiva]], popularly known as ''Nagoba Mandir'' or ''Nag Mandir''. It is visited by a large number of devotees on Mahashivratri and Nag-Panchami. This temple gives the city its name of Bhadravati.

===Jain Mandir===
There is [[Jain temple]] dedicated to 23rd Jain Tirthankar [[Parshvanath]] known as ''Kesariyaji Parshvanath'' located in Bhadravati. The temple belongs to [[Shwetamber]] sect of Jain religion.

===Ganesh Temple===
There is also a Ganesh temple at Gavrala and its architecture and archaeological remains refers the art of the late ancient historic period.

===Vijasan Tekdi===
There are 2000 years old Buddhist caves in [[Vijasan Caves|Vijasan Tekdi]] at Vijasan village. These caves have hosted International Buddha Dhamma conventions. Several leaders and Monks of Buddha Dhamma from all over the world have represented at the convention.

===Bhawani Mata Mandir===
Bhawani Mata Mandir Is an ancient temple Located near Bhadranag Temple. this temple is Underground Temple in Special vocation Navratra And Astami This Place is Full Of Crowd.

===Mahishasur Mardini Mandir===
An Ancient temple Located On Vijasan Tekdi deoolwada road Bhadrawati This Place was huge Gathering in Navaratri.

===Chandika Mata Mandir===
This Ancient temple Is located behind Jain Temple. There are ancient structures around the Temple.

==Religious places==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
{{Cleanup list|section|date=August 2020}}

===Temples===

* Sai Mandir, Bagade Wadi
* Vithhal Rukmai Mandir, Vithhal Mandir Ward
* Old Bhairawa Shiva Temple, Bengali Camp Road
* Remains Of Old Temple, Near Bagade Wadi
* Durga Mandir, Bengali Camp
* Videhi Sadguru Jagannath Maharaj Math, Vijasan
* Datta Mandir, Sane Guruji Society
* Shiva Temple, Malhari Baba Society, Sumthana
* Balaji Temple, O.F Chanda - Sumthana Road
* Remains Of Medieval Temple, Dollara Talav
* Zinguji Maharaj Math, Zinguji Ward
* Gajanan Maharaj Mandir, Suraksha Nagar

===Mosques===
* Khwaja Garib Nawaz Masjid, Bhojward
* Jama Masjid, Bazar Ward
* Madina Masjid, Shahi Square
* Defence Mosque, O.F Chanda - Sumthana Road
* Hanfiya Masjid, Dollara Talav
* Noorani Masjid, Gaurala
* Aqsa Masjid, Santaji Nagar

===Gurudwaras===
* Gurudwara Gurunanak Sahib, Dollara
* Gurudwara, O.F Chanda - Sumthana Road

===Churches===
* St. Thomas Church, Gandhi Square
* The Pentecostal Mission Church, Thenge Plot, Chichordi
* O.F Chanda Church, O.F Chanda - Sumthana Road
* Christian Church, Dollara Talav
*Jesus Evangelical Church, Guru nagar Near Murmura Karkhana

==Economy==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
{{Cleanup list|section|date=August 2020}}

=== Major Employers===
* Ordnance Factory
* Western Coalfields Limited
* Karnataka EMTA
* Open Cast Coal Mines

Bhadravati is surrounded by open cast coal mines. There are mines at Majri, Chargaon, New Kunada, Telvasa, Dhorwasa, Baranj.

'''Bhadrawati Market'''
Bhadravati also has a market place (composed of grain and grocery stores, cloths and general shops, households appliances, specialized hospitals, medical stores, good hotels, etc.) serving the localities and nearby villages.

==Transport==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}

===Bus===

The city is served by a MSRTC bus stand on NH-930, or the Nagpur-Chandrapur Highway. Buses run to various destinations like Aurangabad, Mancherial, Nagpur, Pune, Wardha, Gondia, Yeotmal, Ambejogai, and Shirdi. There are also private buses to Nagpur, Chandrapur, Chimur, and Pune other destinations.

===Railway===
Bhadrawati Railway Station is Regular Type Railway Station. The Name Of Bhadrawati Railway Station is ''Bhandak'' Railway Station. Is Situated at 4 km South at Gaurala From MSRTC Bus Stop.
This Railway Station Situated At Delhi-Chennai Route Under Central Railway Nagpur Region.
There are few stoppages of train here.

===Road===
At As the city is located on MH MSH 264 or NH-930 it has good transport facility. Bhadrawati Also Connected To Bhadrawati-Chandankheda-Shegaon Road, Bhadrawati-Konda-Majri-Wani Road

===Local Transport===

[[Auto rickshaw]]s are the only public transport in the city.
Black And Yellow Taxies And Rikshaws Also Available for Chandrapur, Lonara, Ghodpeth, Tadali, Padoli, Dhorwasa, Telwasa, Chandankheda, Baranj, Konda & Majari etc.

===Other Transport===
Bhadrawati is connected with major cities like Chandrapur, Nagpur, Pune, Aurangabad, Adilabad, Akola, Amravati, Yeotmal, Pusad, Asifabad, Hyderabad Raipur, Washim, Gadchiroli, Darwha, Digras, Ner etc... by MSRTC buses, Private Transport System & CR Railway.

==Education==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
{{Cleanup list|section|date=August 2020}}
Bhadravati has below education facilities.

===Schools and Colleges===
* Dr. Ambedkar Memorial High School
* Shri Sai Convent State & CBSE
* N.S. College of Science.
* Fairyland school
* Vivekanand College
* New Vivekanand Kanya Vidyalaya.
* Z.P. High School
* Lokmanya Tilak Maha Vidyalaya
* St Anne's High School
* Ordnance Factory High School
* K.V.O.F. Chanda
* Karmavir Vidyalaya
* Takshshila College
* Y.S. Jr. College
* Macaroon Student's Academy
* Manwatkar college of pharmacy
* CIBMRD COLLEGE.
* NAFS Fire&safety College
* jijamata DED College
* Sky education
* Tarashakti Pvt ITI

===Primary Schools===
* Eurolittles Pre School
* Twinkling Stars Kindergarten
* Bhadrawati Public School
* Dnyaandeep English Medium School
* Shri Sai Convent
* Ankur Vidya Mandir
* Dafodil Convent
* Yashwantrao shinde primary school
* Children's Academy English Medium School.

===Industrial Training & Engineering College===
* Shri Sai College of Engineering and Technology
* Govt. Industrial Training Institute
* Shri Sai Industrial Training Institute
* Nilkanthrao Shinde Pvt. Industrial Training Institute
* Priyadarshini Industrial Training Institute
* Kutemate Industrial Training Institute

==Demographics==
Bhadravati is a Municipal Council city in district of Chandrapur, Maharashtra. The Bhadravati city is divided into 26 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Bhadravati Municipal Council has population of 40,565 of which 21,451 are males while 19,114 are females as per report released by [[census of India]] 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

Population of children with age of 0-6 is 6211 which is 10.26% of total population of Bhadravati. Female Sex Ratio is of 926{{clarify|this is a number, not a ratio|date=July 2020}} against state average of 929. Child sex ratio in Bhadravati is around 954 compared to Maharashtra state average of 894. Literacy rate of Bhadravati city is 89.26%, higher than state average of 82.34%. Male literacy is 93.02% while female literacy rate is 85.19%.

Bhadravati Municipal Council has over 14,617 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within municipal council limits and impose taxes on properties under its jurisdiction.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! rowspan="2" |Total Population
! rowspan="2" |Change
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)
|-
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikhs
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Other religions and persuasions
!Religion not stated
|-
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |29812
| style="text-align:right;" |27091
| style="text-align:right;" |56903
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" |74.479
| style="text-align:right;" |4.334
| style="text-align:right;" |0.963
| style="text-align:right;" |0.213
| style="text-align:right;" |19.363
| style="text-align:right;" |0.315
| style="text-align:right;" |0.322
| style="text-align:right;" |0.012
|-
|2011<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |31451
| style="text-align:right;" |29114
| style="text-align:right;" |60565
| style="text-align:right;" |0.064
| style="text-align:right;" |75.481
| style="text-align:right;" |4.770
| style="text-align:right;" |0.657
| style="text-align:right;" |0.132
| style="text-align:right;" |18.403
| style="text-align:right;" |0.327
| style="text-align:right;" |0.149
| style="text-align:right;" |0.081
|}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = line
| y1=0.74479,0.75481
| y2=0.04334,0.0477
| y3=0.00963,0.00657
| y4=0.00213,0.00132
| y5=0.19363,0.18403
| y6=0.00315,0.00327
| y7=0.00322,0.00149
| y8=0.00012,0.00081
}}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = rect
| y1=0.74479,0.75481
| y2=0.04334,0.0477
| y3=0.00963,0.00657
| y4=0.00213,0.00132
| y5=0.19363,0.18403
| y6=0.00315,0.00327
| y7=0.00322,0.00149
| y8=0.00012,0.00081
}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140223113840/http://shrikeshariyaparshwanath.org/ Jain Temple Bhadrawati]

{{Chandrapur district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chandrapur district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Vidarbha]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Vidarbha]]

Uttar Jadupur

2026-01-05T20:01:12Z

2famrtf: starting stub

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Uttar Jadupur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.98|N|88.11|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5911
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|2011]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 732103<ref>{{Cite web|title= Jadupur Pin Code|work = abplive.com |url= https://news.abplive.com/pincode/west-bengal/malda/jadupur-pincode-732212.html|access-date= 16 September 2025}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Malda Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Uttar Jadupur''' is a village located in [[English Bazar (community development block)|English Bazar]] CD block of the [[Malda district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK MALDAH |work=[[2011 census of India]], DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS WEST BENGAL |url=https://westbengal.census.gov.in/DCHB_2011_WB_Part_B/1906_PART_B_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Village : Uttar Jadupur|url= https://civicatlas.in/village-Uttar%20Jadupur-313408|website=civicatlas.in|access-date= 16 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Malda district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

K. K. Chettur

2026-01-03T00:12:55Z

2famrtf: quick fix

{{Short description|Indian civil servant and diplomat (1901–1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Krishna Krishna Chettur
|native_name =
|image =
|office2 = [[List of ambassadors of India to Japan|Ambassador of India to Japan]]
|1blankname2 =
|1namedata2 =
|term_start2 = 28 April
|term_end2 = September 1952
|predecessor2 = ''Embassy established''
|successor2 = M. A. Rauf
|office3 = Ambassador of India to Burma
|1blankname3 =
|1namedata3 =
|term_start3 = September 1952
|term_end3 = 30 August 1954
|predecessor3 = Muhammad Abdul Rauf
|successor3 = Radhey Raman Saksena
|office4 = Ambassador of India to Belgium and Luxembourg<ref name="Embassy of India: Belgium, Luxembourg, EU">{{cite web|title=Embassy of India: Belgium, Luxembourg & the European Union|url=http://www.indembassy.be/pages.php?id=375|website=Embassy of India: Belgium, Luxembourg & the European Union|accessdate=13 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813225350/http://www.indembassy.be/pages.php?id=375|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|1blankname4 =
|1namedata4 =
|term_start4 = 30 August 1954
|term_end4 = 29 April 1956 (''died in office'')
|predecessor4 = P. A. Menon
|successor4 = B. N. Kaul
|birth_date = {{birth date|1901|03|10|df=y}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{death date and age|1956|04|29|1901|03|10|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
|party =
|spouse =
|relatives = [[C. Sankaran Nair]] {{small|(uncle)}}
|alma_mater =
|religion =
|awards =
|signature =
}}

[[File:K.K._Chettur,_Indian_Ambassador_to_Japan_shaking_hands_with_Katsuo_Okazaki,_Japanese_Foreign_Minister,_after_signing_the_Indo-Japanese_Treaty_of_Peace_in_Tokyo.jpg | thumb | right | K.K. Chettur, Indian Ambassador to Japan shaking hands with Katsuo Okazaki, Japanese Foreign Minister, after signing the Indo-Japanese Treaty of Peace in Tokyo]]
'''Krishna Krishna Chettur''' [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|ICS]] (10 March 1901 – 29 April 1956) was an Indian civil servant and diplomat who served as India's first ambassador to Japan.

==Career==
After university, during which he took an MA, Chettur entered the Indian Civil Service on 5 March 1925, serving in the Indian Audit Department.<ref name="chettur">{{cite book|pages=160|title=The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945|first= |last=|publisher=Harrison & Sons, Ltd.|year=1945|isbn=|subject=}}</ref> From October 1930 to April 1933, he was posted as a currency officer in Rangoon (now [[Yangon]]), the capital of [[British Burma]] (now [[Myanmar]]) and then a province of British India.<ref name="chettur"/> From 1933 until May 1937, he served in the same role in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) before being posted to the Finance Department of the Government of India as an under-secretary. He was promoted to deputy secretary (''ex-officio'') in April 1940 and to deputy secretary in the Commerce Department in August 1944.<ref name="chettur"/> Following India's independence in August 1947, he rose to the officiating rank of a Secretary in the Commerce Department.<ref name="Gazette_of_India">{{cite web|title=The Gazette of India - Extraordinary (Ministry of External Affairs: Notification)|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_16/ACC%20NO%20285-BR/EXT-1956-04-30_5572.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref>

From 8 March 1950, Chettur was posted to [[Tokyo]] as the Head of the Indian Liaison Mission and Political Representative of India with the [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers|Supreme Commander Allied Powers]] (SCAP), in which capacity he held the personal rank of a Minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 2 |page=2 |date=1 April 1950|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1950/O-2343-1950-0001-108679.pdf |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref> He was promoted to the rank of Ambassador on 24 November 1951.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 2 |page=358 |date=1 December 1951|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1951/O-2307-1951-0048-107867.pdf |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref> On 28 April 1952, following India's official peace treaty with Japan, he was appointed India's first Ambassador to Japan, with effect from 7 May 1952,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 2 |page=176 |date=7 June 1952|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1952/O-2276-1952-0023-105682.pdf |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref> and served in that role until 25 July 1952, when he was appointed Ambassador to Burma.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's New Ambassadors to Japan and Burma|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_14/ACC%20NO%20274-BR/EXT-1952-07-25_2571.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref> In September 1954, he was appointed as Ambassador to [[Belgium]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Shri K. K. Chettur Appointed Ambassador to Belgium|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_15/ACC%20NO%20278-BR/EXT-1954-07-19_3849.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref> formally retiring from government service on his 55th birthday, but continuing to serve as Ambassador to Belgium.<ref name="Gazette_of_India"/> Just over a month later, while playing [[golf]], he succumbed to a sudden [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in Brussels on 29 April 1956.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title = Jaya Jaitly: A journey into the self | date=31 August 2002 | newspaper=The Times of India|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Jaya-Jaitly-A-journey-into-the-self/articleshow/20778144.cms|accessdate = 12 August 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chettur was born into a distinguished political family. His uncle was Sir [[C. Sankaran Nair]], a judge of the [[Madras High Court]] and the [[President of the Indian National Congress]] in 1897, who subsequently served as [[Advocate-General]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] from 1906 to 1908. Among his cousins was the [[Indian Army]] general [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth]].{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

Chettur's daughter [[Jaya Jaitly]] is a noted socialist politician and activist who founded the [[Samata Party]]; his granddaughter Aditi is married to [[cricketer]] [[Ajay Jadeja]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajay Jadeja wife's Aditi Jadeja: Family Bio|url=https://www.playersgf.com/2017/10/ajay-jadeja-wifes-aditi-jadeja-family.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=PlayersGF.com - Girlfriend, Wife, Wags & Boyfriend Photo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chettur, K. K.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Japan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Myanmar]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Belgium]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]